Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6668 687566 628773 2026-07-12T14:38:25Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687566 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọchịchị ime obodo Arochukwu Gee ntị mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ '''Arochuku''' ma ọ bụ '''Aro Oke [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]]''' bụ mpaghara gọọmentị nke atọ kachasị ukwuu na Steeti Abia(mgbe [[Abá|Aba]] na [[Umuahia]] gasịrị) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjịrịa]] na ala nna nke ndị Igbo, [[Ndi Arọ|Ndị Aro]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=places|date=1970-01-01|title=Towns & Villages in Arochukwu « Abia State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/arochukwu/|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}</ref> Arochukwu nọ na mpaghara Abia North nke Steeti Abia, Naịjịrịa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=David|date=2022-04-20|title=30 years after, Sen Kalu constructs abandoned roads in Arochukwu|url=https://thesun.ng/30-years-after-sen-kalu-constructs-abandoned-roads-in-arochukwu/|accessdate=2025-06-25|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwere agbụrụ ise bụ Abam, Aro, Ihechiọwa, Ututu na Isu. Arochukwu bụ isi obodo akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ala Igbo. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime obodo ndị dị na Southern protectorate nke gọọmentị Britain na-achị. Ọtụtụ ebe nlereanya ndị njem nleta dị n'obodo ahụ. Ndị njem nleta na-eleta ụlọ nsọ [[Ibinùkpaabi|Ibini Ukpabi]], ụzọ ndị ohu na ihe ncheta ndị ọzọ nke oge ahịa ohu ugboro ugboro. Ọ dịkwa na 'belt' nri nke Steeti Abia ebe a na-emepụta ọtụtụ nri.<ref name=":3" /> Tupu ndị Igbo abịarute n'ókèala Aro, otu ìgwè ndị Ibibio kwagara n'ógbè ahụ wee guzobe Alaeze Ibom n'oge mgbasawanye Bantu. Otu Ibibio a sitere na Usak Edet (Isanguele), akụkụ nke Ejagham na Southern Cameroon nke oge a. Ndị Igbo mbụ rutere n'ógbè ahụ bụ ótù nke Eze Agwụ nke onye ndú ha [[Agwu Inobia]] si [[Abiriba]] duziri. Esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Igbo bi ebe ahụ na ndị Ibibio bụ nwa afọ dugara n'Agha Aro-Ibibio. Ndị Efik sitere n'alaeze Ibom, nwere ike ịhapụ tupu ma ọ bụ n'oge Agha Aro-Ibibio. Na mbụ agha ahụ kwụsituru n'enweghị onye mmeri ma ótù Eze Agwụ mechara kpọọ onye ụkọchukwu aha ya bụ Nnachi sitere n'ezinụlọ Edda nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Alaigbo. Eze Agwụ na Nnachi jikọtara aka na nwa eze Akakpokpo Okon nke Alaeze Ibom. Akakpokpo Okon bụ nwa sitere n'alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Igbo nke ezinụlọ Eze Agwụ na Eze Obong Okon Ita na mgbalị nke nkwekọrịta udo. Òtù Eze Agwụ / Nnachi kpebiri inyere Akakpokpo aka ịnwa iwepu nwanne ya nwoke bụ eze Akpa Okon. Nnachi kpọrọ ndị Akpa site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ȯra Cross River|Ofe Osimiri]] Ndị agha Akpa nke Osim na Akuma Nnubi duziri, nyeere ìgwè ndị nnupụisi aka weghara mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Nke a guzobere njikọ nke steeti ọhụrụ na nke ochie 19 n'ógbè a maara dị ka alaeze Arochukwu n'ihe dị ka 1650-1700. Eze mbụ (ma ọ bụ Eze Aro) nke Arochukwu dị n'otu bụ Akuma mana mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nwa Nnachi bụ Oke Nnachi weghaara ya ma ụmụ ya nwere ocheeze ruo taa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aro History|url=https://www.arochukwu.info/brief-aro-history|accessdate=2023-07-26|work=Notable Aros|language=en}}</ref> ejmajqiz8zstc6vxtt2zbmx15pc8a2j 0 11209 687674 93003 2026-07-13T01:22:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Princess Shyngle''' (amụrụ 25 Disemba 1990) bụ onye omee ihe nkiri na onye mmepụta Gambia. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Princess Shyngle na Gambia. Nna ya, Winston Shyngle, bụ osote onyeisi obodo na Gambia na nne ya bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị ya na [[The Gambia|Gambia]], obere obodo dị na West Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-27|title=Who is Princess Shyngle? All you need to know about her|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/all-you-need-to-know-about-princess-shyngle/2lelfbd|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ime ihe == Mgbe ọ pụtachara dị ka onye nke atọ kachasị mma na asọmpi Next Movie Star Africa, Princess Shyngle egosila na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri kemgbe ahụ, ọkachasị na [[Ghana]] . A họpụtara Princess Shyngle maka "nchọpụta nke afọ" na 2015 Ghana Movie Awards . O meela ihe nkiri n'ime ihe nkiri ole na ole ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Ghana ndị ọzọ dị ka [[Juliet Ibrahim]], John Dumelo, [[Martha Ankomah]], na D-Black . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gatwiri|first=Juster|date=2019-12-10|title=All you ever wanted to know about Princess Shyngle|url=https://yen.com.gh/139915-princess-shyngle-biography-photos-age-boyfriend.html|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> Isi ọrụ ya gụnyere ''Why do Men Get Married The Dormitory usoro 8'', usoro ''5 Brides'', na ''The Hidden Fantasy'' . N'afọ 2020, ọ malitere ihe ngosi TV nke eziokwu ya akpọrọ ''Discovering Princess Shyngle'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tv|first=Bn|date=2020-03-25|title=Princess Shyngle is Set to Launch a Reality TV Show & You Can Watch the Trailer Here|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/03/discovering-princess-shyngle/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Shyngle abụrụla onye ama ama maka obere úkwù ya na nkwupụta arụmụka na mgbasa ozi ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-02|title=Outrage as Princess Shyngle claims to have removed 5 ribs to have tiny waist|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/outrage-as-princess-shyngle-claims-to-have-removed-5-ribs-to-have-tiny-waist/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluwafunmilayo|first=Akinpelu|date=2019-04-17|title=All actresses are recycling and dating same boyfriends - Princess Shyngle|url=https://www.legit.ng/1234091-all-actresses-recycling-dating-boyfriends-princess-shyngle.html|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2020-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610152013/https://www.legit.ng/1234091-all-actresses-recycling-dating-boyfriends-princess-shyngle.html}}</ref> A na-ekwuputa na Princess na-enwe mmekọrịta na onye na-agu ihe nkiri afrobeat Nigeria, [[Burna Boy|Burnaboy]] . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-26|title=Burna Boy Reportedly Dating Princess Shyngle, Dumps Stefflon Don|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/08/26/burna-boy-reportedly-dating-princess-shyngle-dumps-stefflon-don/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Within Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> N'otu oge, ọ gara na ibe mgbasa ozi ọha ya iji kwupụta njikọ aka ya na ọmarịcha Senegalese ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Owolawi|first=Taiwo|date=2019-09-21|title=I said yes! - Curvy actress Princess Shyngle set to get married to boyfriend|url=https://www.legit.ng/1260704-gambian-actress-princess-shyngle-accepts-boyfriends-marriage-proposal-video.html|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2020-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610152012/https://www.legit.ng/1260704-gambian-actress-princess-shyngle-accepts-boyfriends-marriage-proposal-video.html}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ enweela ọtụtụ esemokwu dịka ọ kpọkuru enyi ya nwoke otu oge maka ịghọ aghụghọ na mmekọrịta ahụ ma mesịa rịọ mgbaghara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=I gave you my heart and you cheated - Gambian actress Princess Shyngle blasts her Senegalese ex-boyfriend|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/lifestyle/celebs/i-gave-you-my-heart-and-you-cheated-gambian-actress-princess-shyngle-blasts-her-senegalese-ex-boyfriend/ar-BBWZCgu|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=www.msn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Isaac|first=Michael|date=2019-12-01|title=Princess Shyngle Apologizes For Publicly Disgracing Her Ex-Boyfriend|url=https://www.informationng.com/2019/12/princess-shyngle-apologizes-for-publicly-disgracing-her-ex-boyfriend.html|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=Information Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Princess kpughere na ọ dị ime <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pregnant Princess Shyngle cries out over jailed fiance - P.M. News|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/04/03/pregnant-princess-shyngle-cries-out-over-jailed-fiance/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=www.pmnewsnigeria.com}}</ref> ma na-agbasi mbọ ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ya kemgbe ndị uwe ojii jidere onye mmekọ ya <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-03|title=Princess Shyngle: My man is in jail, I'm struggling... nobody is supporting me|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/princess-shyngle-my-man-is-in-jail-im-struggling-nobody-is-supporting-me/|accessdate=2020-06-10|work=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nsidee == {{Reflist}}   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9kv2ucnmk7rpzizkfrg8tiqh8txm6hy 0 11943 687655 496001 2026-07-12T19:36:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Osinachi Ohale (cropped).jpg|thumb|Osinachi Ohale]] '''Osinachi Marvis Ohale''' (amụrụ 21 na ọnwa Disemba 1991) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria [[Footbọl|na]] -egwu egwu dịka etiti azụ ma ọ bụ azụ aka nri maka ọgbakọ Spanish Primera División Alavés na otu mba ụmụ nwanyị Nigeria . == Ọrụ klọb == Ohale played for Houston Dash in the National Women's Soccer League throughout the 2014 season before returning home to Nigeria with Rivers Angels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.houstondynamo.com/news/2014/04/osinachi-ohales-route-united-states-houston-dash-answer-prayers|title=Osinachi Ohale's route to United States, Houston Dash is an answer to prayers|publisher=Houston Dash Website|work=Houston Dash|accessdate=9 October 2014|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043253/http://www.houstondynamo.com/news/2014/04/osinachi-ohales-route-united-states-houston-dash-answer-prayers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=12018|title=Exclusive: Agent Tips Osinachi Ohale To Be An Instant Hit at Houston Dash|publisher=All Nigeria soccer Website|work=AllNigeriaSoccer.com|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> Na 2016, o sonyeere Swedish Damallsvenskan n'akụkụ Vittsjö GIK, na-egwuri egwu maka ụlọ ọrụ na oge 22 tupu ịkwaga Vaxjo DFF ọnwa iri na asatọ ka e mesịrị na August 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/osinachi-ohale-super-falcons-star-moves-to-vaxjo-dff-in-sweden/knb4vm9|title=Super Falcons star moves to Växjö DFF in Sweden|publisher=Pulse.ng|work=Pulse.ng|date=August 2018|accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> Na 11 Septemba 2019, ọ bịanyere aka na CD Tacón n'akụkụ Spanish na mbufe na-adịgide adịgide, na-egwu egwuregwu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 3 – 0 meriri Sporting de Huelva nanị ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/osinachi-ohale-super-falcons-defender-joins-cd-tacon-from/scmji8xqzgsx1bazn32h63tj2|title=Osinachi Ohale: Super Falcons defender joins CD Tacon from Vaxjo DFF|publisher=Goal.com|work=Goal.com|accessdate=17 September 2019}}</ref> Na ọnwa 30 Julaị 2020, Ohale bịanyere aka na AS Roma Women, onye mba Nigeria kewara ụzọ na akụkụ Spanish CD Tacon (nke akpọrọ Real Madrid ugbu a), n'ọnwa gara aga (June, 2020) ka ngwụcha nke nkwekọrịta ya na ekike Primera Iberdrola . Ọ sonyeere ekike Njikọ Ụmụ nwanyị Serie A na nkwekọrịta otu afọ maka ego akọwapụtaghị. N'ịmeghachi omume na njem akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Ohale gwara ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2020/7/osinachi-ohale-joins-roma-women|title=Osinachi Ohale joins Roma Women!|work=asroma.com|accessdate=2022-03-05|archivedate=2022-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305155726/https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2020/7/osinachi-ohale-joins-roma-women}}</ref> "M họọrọ Roma n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe; ọtụtụ ihe dị ịtụnanya banyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, banyere obodo a na obodo a nke nwere mmasị na m ". "Ọ dị m ka ọ ga-abụ nnukwu ihe nye m, ịchọpụta na ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ na ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2020/7/ohale-impressed-by-spirit-as-she-joins-up-with-new-teammates|title=Ohale impressed by spirit as she joins up with new teammates|work=asroma.com|accessdate=2022-03-05|archivedate=2022-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305155727/https://www.asroma.com/en/news/2020/7/ohale-impressed-by-spirit-as-she-joins-up-with-new-teammates}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ nọchiri anya Naijiria na asọmpi asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke 2010, 2014, 2016 na 2018 . O meriri asọmpi ahụ ugboro anọ niile. Ọ nọkwa na ndị otu Naijiria na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke FIFA na 2011, 2015 na 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/people/nigeria/55060/osinachi-ohale/national|title=Osinashi Ohale on Goal.com Website|publisher=Goal.com Website|work=Goal.com|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == === Klọb === ; Delta Queens FC * Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria (2): 2011, 2012 === Mba ụwa === ; Naijiria * Iko Mba Afrịka Ụmụ nwanyị (4): 2010, 2014, 2016, 2018 * Otu nwanyị IFFHS CAF nke afọ iri 2011-2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=28 January 2021|accessdate=5 March 2022|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Osinachi Ohale ndekọ asọmpi * [http://www.houstondynamo.com/houstondash/players/osinachi-ohale Profaịlụ] na Houston Dash * Osinachi Ohale {{Deportivo Alavés Gloriosas squad}}{{Navboxes|title=Nigeria squads|bg=#008751|fg=white|list1={{Nigeria squad 2010 African Women's Championship}} {{Nigeria squad 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Nigeria squad 2014 African Women's Championship}} {{Nigeria squad 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup}} {{Nigeria squad 2016 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Nigeria squad 2018 Africa Women Cup of Nations}} {{Nigeria squad 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup}}}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] svyv0s38w4fanqizd2pacvyiuc1no1k 0 12015 687561 643814 2026-07-12T14:29:00Z Akwugo 11031 /* Njikọ mpụga */ Fixed reference error 687561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Anyanacho''' (amuru na ọnwa 9 Eprel nke afọ 1999) bu onye egwuregwu taekwondo nke Naijiria. O sonye na egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019, wee nweta ihe nrite ọla na kilogram 67. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Busari|first=Niyi|date=2019-08-25|title=Rabat 2019: Nigeria Medals Update|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=BSN Sports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115920/https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru maka asọmpi Summer Summer 2020, n'agbanyeghị na o bu n'obi ịsọ mpi na Olympic ruo 2024. Ọ gaara abụ onye Naijiria mbụ ga-asọ mpi n'egwuregwu ya afọ iri na isii ma ọ bụrụ na ebigharịghị asọmpi Olympic. Onye asọmpi gara aga bụ Princess Dudu na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ == Ọ meriri n'asọmpi Nigeria Open 2019, na Abuja, meriri Judith Usifoh . <ref name=":0" /> N'August 2020, egosipụtara ya na mmemme "Ndị na-agbanwe egwuregwu" nke Malala Fund, usoro na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị 30 na-eme egwuregwu gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị na-emegide mgbakọ na n'èzí. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensịbịa == <references /> <ref></ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{sports links}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anyanacho, Elizabeth}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iw7dx1w5fsc44a23dldayh06js3l7c8 687562 687561 2026-07-12T14:30:35Z Akwugo 11031 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 687562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elizabeth Anyanacho''' (amuru na ọnwa 9 Eprel nke afọ 1999) bu onye egwuregwu taekwondo nke Naijiria. O sonye na egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019, wee nweta ihe nrite ọla na kilogram 67. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Busari|first=Niyi|date=2019-08-25|title=Rabat 2019: Nigeria Medals Update|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=BSN Sports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502115920/https://bsnsports.com.ng/rabat-2019-nigeria-medals-update/}}</ref> Ọ ruru eru maka asọmpi Summer Summer 2020, n'agbanyeghị na o bu n'obi ịsọ mpi na Olympic ruo 2024. Ọ gaara abụ onye Naijiria mbụ ga-asọ mpi n'egwuregwu ya afọ iri na isii ma ọ bụrụ na ebigharịghị asọmpi Olympic. Onye asọmpi gara aga bụ Princess Dudu na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ == Ọ meriri n'asọmpi Nigeria Open 2019, na Abuja, meriri Judith Usifoh . <ref name=":0" /> N'August 2020, egosipụtara ya na mmemme "Ndị na-agbanwe egwuregwu" nke Malala Fund, usoro na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị 30 na-eme egwuregwu gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị na-emegide mgbakọ na n'èzí. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensịbịa == <references /> <ref></ref> == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0wb8lza1iu0jwohclz9tetoyb4afs89 0 12104 687712 577579 2026-07-13T04:21:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rediet Abebe''' ( Amharic : redEt Abebe; amụrụ 1991) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa Etiopia na-arụ ọrụ na algọridim na ọgụgụ isi . Ọ bụ onye enyemaka prọfesọ nke sayensị Kọmputa na Mahadum California, Berkeley . Na mbụ, ọ bụ Junior Fellow na Harvard Society of Fellows . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/listed-term-0/|title=Current and Former Junior Fellows|work=Harvard Society of Fellows|accessdate=2019-10-09|archivedate=2025-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330051430/https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/listed-term-0}}</ref> Nchọpụta Abebe na-ewepụta usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na mgbakọ maka nyocha ajụjụ ndị metụtara ahaghị nhata na ikpe ziri ezi nkesa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://events.technologyreview.com/video/watch/rediet-abebe-pioneers-tr35-2019/|title=Meet the Innovators Under 35|work=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=2019-10-10}}</ref> Ọ kwadoro atụmatụ nyocha ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ''MD4SG'' na Black na AI . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackinai.org/|title=Black in AI|work=blackinai.org|accessdate=2019-10-09|archivedate=2020-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819061805/https://blackinai.github.io/}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://md4sg.com/|title=Mechanism Design for Social Good|work=md4sg.com|accessdate=2019-10-09}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ya == Abebe mụrụ ma zụlite na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] . <ref name=":">{{Cite web|url=http://leversinheels.com/featured/how-ethiopias-rediet-abebe-is-using-algorithms-and-ai-to-address-socio-economic-inequality/#.XZ69ZXVKjDp|title=How Ethiopia's Rediet Abebe is using algorithms and AI to address socio-economic inequality|work=Levers in Heels|date=25 April 2018|accessdate=2019-10-09|archivedate=2020-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222130403/http://leversinheels.com/featured/how-ethiopias-rediet-abebe-is-using-algorithms-and-ai-to-address-socio-economic-inequality/#.XZ69ZXVKjDp}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na usoro ọmụmụ mba Etiopia na ụlọ akwụkwọ Nazareth tupu ya emeri agụm akwụkwọ na-asọmpi asọmpi iji gaa International Community School nke Addis Ababa maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. <ref name=":"/> Abebe gara mahadum Harvard ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na mgbakọ na [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mwepụ]] ma mechaa nweta nzere Master of Science na mgbakọ na mwepụ . Dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ nyocha na mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics, na ahụike ọha. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2363025|title=Breast Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Mortality Across US Counties|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|year=2015|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3043|accessdate=2019-10-09|author=Harding|first=Charles|volume=175|issue=9|pages=1483–9|pmid=26147578}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Long-Distance Spin-Spin Coupling via Floating Gates|year=2012|doi=10.1103/PhysRevX.2.011006|author=Trifunovic|first=Luka|journal=Physical Review X|volume=2|issue=1|pages=011006}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Harvard, Abebe nyere aka na ''Harvard Crimson'' dị ka onye edemede ọrụ, ebe o lekwasịrị anya na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Cambridge (2009-2011). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/writer/1205065/Rediet_T._Abebe/|title=Rediet T. Abebe - Writer Page|publisher=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|accessdate=2020-04-18}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, ọ gara Mahadum Cambridge dị ka Gọvanọ William Shirley Ọkà mmụta na kọleji Pembroke . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hcs.uraf.harvard.edu/former-scholars|title=The Harvard-Cambridge Scholarships – Former Scholars|work=The Harvard-Cambridge Scholarships|accessdate=2019-10-09|archivedate=2024-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728200357/https://hcs.uraf.harvard.edu/former-scholars}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2013/07/cambridge-scholars|title=Cambridge Scholars|work=Harvard Magazine|date=17 June 2013|accessdate=2019-10-10}}</ref> Ọ gụchara akụkụ nke atọ nke mgbakọ mgbakọ na mwepụ wee nweta Master of Advanced Studies na mgbakọ na mwepụ dị ọcha n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye ndu Imre . Abebe gụchara akara ugo mmụta doktoral na sayensị kọmputa na mahadum Cornell, ebe Jon Kleinberg nyere ya ndụmọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/|title=Jon Kleinberg – Home Page|work=Cornell University|accessdate=2019-10-10}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede ya nyere onyinye ama ama n'ofe ọtụtụ ngalaba na sayensị kọmputa, na-anata 2020 ACM SIGKDD akwukwo akwukwo na aha nsọpụrụ maka ACM SIGecom akwukwo akwukwo award. Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ mezuru Ph.D. na sayensị kọmputa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mahadum. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cornellsun.com/2019/11/17/last-week-rediet-abebe-presented-her-thesis-in-december-she-will-be-the-first-black-woman-to-receive-a-ph-d-in-computer-science-at-cornell/|title=In December, Rediet Abebe Will Become the First Black Woman to Receive a Ph.D. in Computer Science at Cornell|work=The Cornell Sun|accessdate=2019-10-09}}</ref> == Nnyocha na ọrụ ya == Nnyocha Abebe na-emepụta usoro na AI na algọridim, na-elekwasị anya na ahaghị nhata na ikpe ziri ezi nkesa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://events.technologyreview.com/video/watch/rediet-abebe-mechanism-design-social-good/|title=Mechanism Design for Social Good – MIT Technology Review|work=MIT Technology Review Events|accessdate=2019-10-09}}</ref> Ọrụ ya ewebatala usoro algorithmic ọhụrụ maka nyocha ajụjụ ndị metụtara ịkpa oke na ahaghị nhata. N'ime 2019 Abebe jere ozi na National Institutes of Health Working Group na AI tinyere ndị ọkachamara AI gụnyere Kate Crawford, Dina Katabi, Daphne Koller, na Eric Lander . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acd.od.nih.gov/working-groups/ai.html|title=ACD Working Group on Artificial Intelligence|work=NIH Advisory Committee to the Director|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-09|archivedate=2019-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009211845/https://acd.od.nih.gov/working-groups/ai.html}}</ref> E nyere ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ ịmepụta akụkọ zuru oke na ndụmọdụ, bụ ndị Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ kwadoro na onye isi na NIH onye isi nchịkwa Francis Collins . <ref name=":2" /> Na afọ 2019, ewebatara Abebe na Harvard Society of Fellows . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/rediet-abebe|title=Rediet Abebe|date=2019-08-16|work=Berkman Klein Center|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-09}}</ref> Ọ bụ Junior Fellow nke abụọ nwere CS Ph.D., nwanyị mbụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa, na onye mbụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa Black na akụkọ ntolite Society. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/listed-field-0/|title=Current and Former Junior Fellows|work=Harvard Society of Fellows|accessdate=2019-10-09|archivedate=2019-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717173518/https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/listed-field-0}}</ref> Abebe sonyeere ngalaba nke Injinia Eletriki na Kọmputa Sayensị na Mahadum California, Berkeley dịka onye enyemaka Prọfesọ, lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara nyocha nke Artificial Intelligence; Ozi, Data, Network, na Science Communications; na Theory. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediet Abebe {{!}} EECS at UC Berkeley|url=https://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Faculty/Homepages/rabebe.html|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=www2.eecs.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ nwanyị ojii mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngalaba na nke abụọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke kọleji injinia. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=May 21, 2020|title=Cornell's first black female CS Ph.D. blazed her own trail|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2020/05/cornells-first-black-female-cs-phd-blazed-her-own-trail|accessdate=2020-05-22|publisher=[[Cornell Chronicle]]}}</ref> Abebe bụ onye otu ụlọ nyocha nyocha Artificial Intelligence Berkeley (BAIR); <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berkeley Artificial Intelligence Research Lab|url=https://bair.berkeley.edu/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=bair.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Berkeley Institute for Data Science (BIDS); <ref>{{Cite web|title=Berkeley Institute for Data Science|url=https://bids.berkeley.edu/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=Berkeley Institute for Data Science|language=en}}</ref> Berkeley Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization (BEAAMO); <ref>{{Cite web|title=BEAAMO|url=https://www.beaamo.com/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=www.beaamo.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305202714/https://www.beaamo.com/}}</ref> na Center for Information Technology Research na mmasị nke Society - Banatao Institute (CITRIS). <ref>{{Cite web|title=CITRIS and the Banatao Institute - University of California|url=https://citris-uc.org/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=CITRIS and the Banatao Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Abebe bụkwa onye na-atụnye aka na Center for theoretical Foundations of Learning, Inference, Information, Intelligence, Mathematics, and Microeconomics na Berkeley (CLIMB), na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ na data, ntinye na mkpebi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Center for Learning, Information, Inference, Intelligence, and Mathematics at Berkeley|url=http://climb.berkeley.edu/faculty|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=climb.berkeley.edu|archivedate=2022-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305202714/http://climb.berkeley.edu/faculty}}</ref> === Mechanism chepụta maka ọdịmma ọha === Abebe kwadoro atụmatụ nyocha MD4SG, mkpokọta nyocha ọtụtụ ọzụzụ nke na-eji algọridim na nhazi usoro iji gboo ahaghị nhata, ya na Kira Goldner, na afọ 2016. Ebe Abebe so Irene Lo na Ana-Andreea Stoica na-ahazi atụmatụ a kemgbe. MD4SG na-akwado usoro ọmụmụ ihe kwa afọ na-akọwapụta ọrụ yana ijikọ obodo ndị nyocha na-agba mbọ iji algọridim iji kwalite ọdịmma ọha. N'afọ 2021, o mebere ACM Conference on Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization (EAAMO) wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche mmemme mmemme. <ref>{{Cite web|url=eaamo.org/|title=EAAMO|work=ACM EAAMO|accessdate=2021-12-31}}</ref> A sọpụrụ Abebe dịka onye ọsụ ụzọ na 2019 MIT Technology Review's Innovators Under 35 n'otu akụkụ maka ọrụ ya na-arụkọ ọrụ MD4SG. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://events.technologyreview.com/video/watch/rediet-abebe-pioneers-tr35-2019/|title=Meet the Innovators Under 35 – MIT Technology Review|work=MIT Technology Review Events|accessdate=2019-10-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/rediet-abebe/|title=35 Innovators Under 35 - Pioneers|publisher=[[MIT Technology Review]]|accessdate=2020-04-18}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede ya nwetara 2020 ACM SIGKDD Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ yana nkwanye ugwu maka ACM SIGecom Akwukwo ihe nrite maka inye ntọala nke mpaghara nyocha a na-apụta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sigecom.org/award-phd.html|title=ACM SIGecom Dissertation Award|accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref> === Black na AI === Abebe kwadoro ''Black na AI'', netwọk nke ndị nchọpụta 1,500 na-arụ ọrụ na AI, na Timnit Gebru, na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Forbes|date=2019-02-22|title=Rediet Abebe, Co-Founder of Black in AI, talks about the need for more diversity in AI job roles, and why she founded her own organization|url=https://twitter.com/forbes/status/1099141957950099457?lang=en|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-10-09|work=@forbes|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-16|title=Rediet Abebe|url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/people/rediet-abebe|accessdate=2019-10-09|work=Berkman Klein Center|language=en}}</ref> Nzukọ a na-ahazi ọmụmụ ihe kwa afọ na Nzukọ on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) ma na-enye ohere ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet na imekọ ihe ọnụ. Site na Black in AI, Abebe ebutela mmemme mmụta, nke a na-asọpụrụ ya na ndepụta 2019 Bloomberg 50 dị ka onye ga-ekiri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=The Bloomberg 50|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-bloomberg-50/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> == Akụkọ == {| class="wikitable" |+Edemede na ụbọchị mbipụta nke '''Rediet Abebe''' dere | Isiokwu edemede ! Ụbọchị E bipụtara ya |- | Okwu Mmalite Algorithmic maka okirikiri ego | 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ikeokwu|first=Chris|date=2022|title=An Algorithmic Introduction to Savings Circles|url=https://www.christianikeokwu.com/assets/pdf/savings_circles_preprint.pdf|accessdate=3/5/22|work=chrisikeokwu.com|archivedate=2022-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305200551/https://www.christianikeokwu.com/assets/pdf/savings_circles_preprint.pdf}}</ref> |- | Ịdị mma, nha nha na ike na Mkpebi Algorithmic | 2021 <ref name=":1" /> |- | Akụkọ na nkọwa okwu gbasara ikesa data na Africa | 2021 <ref name=":1" /> |- | Ekenye enyemaka n'ebe ihe nhụsianya ego dị | 2021 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Rediet Abebe|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mO15JvwAAAAJ&hl=en|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=scholar.google.com|archivedate=2021-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029145252/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=mO15JvwAAAAJ&hl=en}}</ref> |- | Nyochaa usoro na Meta-Analysis nke ịda mbà n'obi, nchegbu, na echiche igbu onwe n'etiti Ph.D. Ụmụ akwụkwọ | 2021 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Satinsky|first=Emily N.|date=2021-07-13|title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among Ph.D. students|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|issue=1|pages=14370|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-93687-7|issn=2045-2322|pmid=34257319}}</ref> |- | Ịkọwapụta njirimara obodo nke ịnwụ anwụ n'iji Social Media | 2020 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2020-04-20|title=Quantifying Community Characteristics of Maternal Mortality Using Social Media|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/2004.06303|journal=Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020|pages=2976–2983|doi=10.1145/3366423.3380066}}</ref> |- | Ọrụ maka Kọmputa na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha | 2020 <ref name=":1" /> |- | Usoro Kadịnal Eziokwu Maka Mmakọ Otu Akụkụ | 2020 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2020-01-20|title=A Truthful Cardinal Mechanism for One-Sided Matching|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.07797|journal=arXiv:1903.07797 [cs]}}</ref> |- | Ọgụgụ isi Artificial na nta akụkọ | 2019 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Broussard|first=Meredith|date=2019-07-31|title=Artificial Intelligence and Journalism|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1077699019859901|journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly|volume=96|issue=3|pages=673–695|doi=10.1177/1077699019859901|issn=1077-6990}}</ref> |- | Iji ajụjụ ọchụchọ iji ghọta mkpa ozi ahụike dị n'Africa | 2019 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2019-07-06|title=Using Search Queries to Understand Health Information Needs in Africa|url=https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3360|journal=Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media|language=en|volume=13|pages=3–14|issn=2334-0770}}</ref> |- | Echiche mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọdịmma ọha mmadụ na ịnweta ohere | 2018 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=AbebeCV.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tafgZiuM4WmtCC9Zt2TwaY14yqkp_XId/view?usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=Google Docs}}</ref> |- | Mechanism chepụta maka ọdịmma ọha | 2018 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2018|title=Mechanism Design for Social Good|url=http://sigai.acm.org/static/aimatters/4-3/AIMatters-4-3-10-Abebe.pdf|journal=AI Matters|volume=4|issue=3|pages=27–34|doi=10.1145/3284751.3284761}}</ref> |- | Mbelata mkpughe oke na ire ahịa Viral | 2018 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2017-11-08|title=Mitigating Overexposure in Viral Marketing|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1709.04123|journal=arXiv:1709.04123 [cs]}}</ref> |- | Mgbanwe echiche nwere ike ịdịgasị iche maka nkwenye | 2018 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2018-01-24|title=Opinion Dynamics with Varying Susceptibility to Persuasion|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.07863|journal=arXiv:1801.07863 [physics]}}</ref> |- | Akuko banyere ogbako maka imewe ihe eji eme ihe maka ọdịmma ọha | 2018 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=June 2018|title=A Report on the Workshop on Mechanism Design for Social Good|url=https://www.sigecom.org/exchanges/volume_16/2/ABEBE.pdf|journal=ACM SIGecom Exchanges|volume=16|issue=2|pages=2–11|doi=10.1145/3331041.3331043}}</ref> |- | Mmechi dị mfe na amụma njikọ dị elu | 2018 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=Austin R.|date=2018-11-09|title=Simplicial closure and higher-order link prediction|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=115|issue=48|pages=E11221–E11230|doi=10.1073/pnas.1800683115|issn=0027-8424|pmid=30413619}}</ref> |- | Nkewa ziri ezi site na ntụnyere ọha | 2017 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2018-02-25|title=Fair Division via Social Comparison|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1611.06589|journal=arXiv:1611.06589 [cs, math]}}</ref> |- | Nyochaa ọrịa ara ara, ihe omume, na ọnwụ n'ofe mpaghara US | 2015 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Harding|first=Charles|date=2015-09-01|title=Breast Cancer Screening, Incidence, and Mortality Across US Counties|url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3043|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|language=en|volume=175|issue=9|pages=1483–1489|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3043|pmid=26147578|issn=2168-6106}}</ref> |- | Ahaghị nhata nke Brouwer maka nleba anya Laplacian dị elu | 2014 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abebe|first=Rediet|date=2019-07-17|title=A Conjectural Brouwer Inequality for Higher-Dimensional Laplacian Spectra|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1907.07541|journal=arXiv:1907.07541 [math]}}</ref> |- | Ogologo oge Spin-Spin Njikọta site na Floating Gates | 2012 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Trifunovic|first=Luka|date=2012-01-26|title=Long-Distance Spin-Spin Coupling via Floating Gates|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.2.011006|journal=Physical Review X|volume=2|issue=1|pages=011006|doi=10.1103/PhysRevX.2.011006}}</ref> |} Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu Abebe gụnyere: * 2020: ACM SIGKDD Nrite akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kdd.org/awards/sigkdd-dissertation-award|title=ACM SIGKDD Dissertation Award|accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref> * 2020: ACM SIGecom Dissertation Award (akpọrọ aha). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sigecom.org/award-phd.html|title=ACM SIGecom Dissertation Award|accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref> * 2020: Innovation for Equity, Rising Star Award. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.innovationequity.org/event/ae6300a7-36ab-467f-b7f1-402dd326292c/websitePage:aff855eb-b84b-4002-ae46-ce131185ad76|title=Innovation for Equity|accessdate=2020-09-07|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030125540/https://www.innovationequity.org/event/ae6300a7-36ab-467f-b7f1-402dd326292c/websitePage:aff855eb-b84b-4002-ae46-ce131185ad76}}</ref> * 2020: 100 Ndị ntorobịa Africa kacha nwee mmetụta, onyinye nturu ugo n'Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=ayadmin|date=2020-11-03|title=2020 100 Most Influential Young Africans List Announced|url=https://www.africayouthawards.org/2020-100-most-influential-young-africans/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=Africa Youth Awards|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-11-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120222125/https://www.africayouthawards.org/2020-100-most-influential-young-africans/}}</ref> * 2020: Ngalaba Nkà Mmụta Sayensị Kọmputa, Mahadum Cornell. <ref name=":5"/> * 2019: Cornell Social Justice Award, Mahadum Cornell. <ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Graduate Diversity & Inclusion Awardees : Graduate School|url=https://gradschool.cornell.edu/diversity-inclusion/graduate-diversity-inclusion-awards/graduate-diversity-inclusion-awardees/|accessdate=2022-03-05|work=gradschool.cornell.edu}}</ref> * 2019: Harvard Society of Fellows, Junior Fellow. <ref name=":5" /> * 2019: MIT Technology Review, 35 N'okpuru 35. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/rediet-abebe/|title=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref> * 2018: Bloomberg 50, Otu ga-ekiri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-bloomberg-50/|title=Bloomberg 50|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref> * 2018: Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-ebi akwụkwọ, Mahadum Cornell. <ref name=":5" /> * 2018: Cornell University Fellowship, Mahadum Cornell. <ref name=":5" /> * 2018: Harvard-Cambridge Fellowship, Harvard. <ref name=":5" /> == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == # {{google scholar id|id=mO15JvwAAAAJ}} # [https://www.technologyreview.com/innovator/rediet-abebe/ Ọ na-eji algọridim na AI ọgụ megide enweghị ahaghị nhata] nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na MIT Technology Review 'Ndị ọsụ ụzọ, na-emebi ụzọ ochie, ha na-emepụta AI ka mma, ọgwụ nje na ọbụna ihe owuwu'. {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8n55aq4l05zxra68wta1kdx2v1ygaql 0 12185 687733 145608 2026-07-13T07:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronelda Kamfer''' ( amụrụ afo 1981 na Blackheath, na nso Cape Town <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/13273/Ronelda-Kamfer/en/nocache|accessdate=31 August 2021|title=Ronelda Kamfer (South Africa, 1981)|publisher=Poetry International}}</ref> ) bụ onye na-ede uri South Afrika na-asụ Afrịka. == Ndụ == O tolitere na nne na nna ya ochie, ndị ọrụ ugbo na Grabouw, na mpaghara mara maka ubi mkpụrụ osisi na ubi vaịn ya, nke dị ezigbo kilomita iri isii site na Cape Town na obodo ya. Ọ laghachiri na nne na nna ya, bụ ndị, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ato, biri na Eersterivier, nke nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu ọha na eze - ịda ogbenye, ime ihe ike, ọgwụ ọjọọ, agha òtù. Ahụmahụ a mere ka ndụ ya na ihe odide ya mara nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ronelda Kamfer (poet) - South Africa - Poetry International|url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/13273/10/Ronelda-Kamfer|work=www.poetryinternationalweb.net|accessdate=2016-01-19|archivedate=2016-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094607/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/13273/10/Ronelda-Kamfer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ronelda, raconte moi les townships|url=http://maze.fr/litterature/01/2014/ronelda-raconte-moi-les-townships/|work=Maze Magazine|accessdate=2016-01-27|language=en-US|date=2014-01-04|archivedate=2016-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203131614/http://maze.fr/litterature/01/2014/ronelda-raconte-moi-les-townships/}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na afo 1999; ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche: onye na-eje ozi, onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, nọọsụ, mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ ma na-amụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Western Cape, ebe ọ nwetara Master of Letters (Afrikaans na Dutch). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ronelda Kamfer|url=http://www.biennaledespoetes.fr/2013/12/ronelda-kamfer-2/|work=Biennale des poetes en Val de Marne|accessdate=2016-01-19|language=fr-fr|archivedate=2016-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125052053/http://www.biennaledespoetes.fr/2013/12/ronelda-kamfer-2/}}</ref> Ronelda Kamfer bipụtara uri mbụ na akụkọ mgbe ochie na akwụkwọ akụkọ na South Africa na Netherlands. N'etiti ndị edemede nke mmetụta ya, ọ na-akpọ Derek Walcott, Charles Bukowski na Antjie Krog . Ronelda Kamfer lụrụ onye na-ede uri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nathan Trantraal; ha nwere otu nwa. == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2009, Ronelda Kamfer meriri - ya na Loftus Marais - ihe nrite Eugene Marais (Eugene Maraisprys) nke South Afrika Academy nyere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ronelda Kamfer - Artist - citybooks|url=http://www.citybooks.eu/en/artist/p/ronelda-kamfer|work=www.citybooks.eu|accessdate=2016-01-27|archivedate=2016-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201092026/http://www.citybooks.eu/en/artist/p/ronelda-kamfer}}</ref> Na afo 2016, e nyere ya ihe nrite Jan Rabie en Marjorie Wallace-writers. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nb.bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/12/21/ronelda-kamfer-ontvang-jan-rabie-en-marjorie-wallace-skrywersbeurs-2016/|title=Ronelda Kamfer ontvang Jan Rabie en Marjorie Wallace-skrywersbeurs 2016|accessdate=2022-03-15|archivedate=2019-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916085956/http://nb.bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/12/21/ronelda-kamfer-ontvang-jan-rabie-en-marjorie-wallace-skrywersbeurs-2016/}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * {{Cite book|author=Ronelda S Kamfer|title=Noudat slapende honde|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hZSBAAAQBAJ|date=21 June 2011|publisher=Kwela|isbn=978-0-7957-0362-1}}(now that the dog is sleeping) * {{Cite book|author=Ronelda S Kamfer|title=grond/Santekraam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXNRBAAAQBAJ|date=15 July 2011|publisher=Kwela|isbn=978-0-7957-0380-5}} === Abụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * ''Missives'' n° 253, ''Littératures d'Afrique du Sud'', juin 2009, Paris * ''Confluences Poétiques'' n° 4, ọnwa nke 2011, Paris * Po&sie n° 143, Juin 2013, Éditions Belin, Paris * ''Mpaghara nwere ezi uche'' n°1, juin 2014, "Poésie et événement", Biennale internationale des poètes na Val-de-Marne, Ivry '''Poèmes na anthologies''' * Denise Coussy, Denis Hirson et Joan Metelerkamp, ''Afrique du Sud - Une traversée littéraire'', Philippe Rey Éditeur, mkpokọta Cultures Sud, Paris 2011 * ''Poésie au cœur du monde'', Biennale Internationale des Poètes na Val-de-Marne, juin 2013 * ''Pas de blessure, pas d'histoire: Poèmes d'Afrique du Sud 1996-2013'', edition dirigée par Denis Hirson, Bacchanales n° 50, Maison de la poésie Rhône-Alpes, 2013 === na Bekee === Mwepụta sitere na mkpokọta abụọ nke uri Ronelda Kamfer, Charl JF Cilliers tụgharịrị, gụnyere n'ime akwụkwọ ọgụgụ dị n'ịntanetị nke abụ uri Afrịka nke oge a akpọrọ N'oké osimiri na-ere ọkụ - ''uri Afrikaans Contemporary na ntụgharị asụsụ'' . ==== nnabata ==== Nkatọ Burger na-etinye Kamfer iji mmiri mee ihe dị ka ihe ederede n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ na-ede uri South Africa, dị ka Koleka Putuma . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Burger|first=Bibi|date=2019-12-18|title='Our respect for water is what you have termed fear': The Ocean in the Poetry of Ronelda S. Kamfer and Koleka Putuma|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=46|pages=23–38|doi=10.1080/03057070.2020.1697552|issn=0305-7070}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212050/http://international.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=13273 Critique du Poetry International Web – South Africa], par Charl-Pierre Naudé. * <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFred_de_Vries2008">[[Special:BookSources/9781868144693|9781868144693]]</cite></bdi> * http://www.kwela.com/authors/5797 * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1OgwmfNqHU Ronelda S. Kamfer, odee bi na Amsterdam] na YouTube [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5nmnl7ozrh4broxi0kij4ht3gyp3p6t 0 13304 687666 148292 2026-07-12T22:55:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pavel Alekseyevich Astakhov''' (Russian: ) (amụrụ na 8 Septemba 1966 na mba Moscow<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=http://english.rfdeti.ru/content.php?id=12|title=Pavel A. Astakhov|work=Official website of the Children's Rights Commissioner for the President of the Russian Federation|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309110944/http://english.rfdeti.ru/content.php?id=12|archivedate=9 March 2012}}</ref>) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Russia, onye ọka iwu ama ama na onye telivishọn.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|first=Clifford J.|author=Levy|authorlink=Clifford J. Levy|title=Russia Seeks Ways to Keep Its Children|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/world/europe/16adopt.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 April 2010|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> N'ụbọchị 30 Disemba n'afọ 2009 Dmitry Medvedev kpọrọ Astakhov dị ka Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka maka onye isi ala nke Russian Federation (ombbudsman ụmụaka).<ref name="bio"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136054.htm|title=2009 Human Rights Report: Russia|date=11 March 2010|work=Official website of the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]]|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2016 mgbe ọ na-eche nkatọ siri ike n'ihi okwu ya banyere ọnwụ ụmụaka iri na anọ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name="yle210916">{{Cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/venajalla_huolestuttiin_jalleen_lasten_huostaanotoista_suomessa/9181876|title=Venäjällä huolestuttiin jälleen lasten huostaanotoista Suomessa|author=Heikki Heiskanen|date=21 September 2016|work=[[Yleisradio|Yle.fi]], News|accessdate=22 May 2017|language=fi}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Astakhov gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba iwu nke Dzerzhinsky KGB School na mba Moscow n'afọ 1991.<ref name="bio" /><ref name="rp">{{Cite web|url=http://russiaprofile.org/background/resources_whoiswho_alphabet_a_astakhov/print_edition/|title=Astakhov, Pavel Alekseyevich|date=9 July 2010|work=Russia Profile|accessdate=7 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227094235/http://russiaprofile.org/background/resources_whoiswho_alphabet_a_astakhov/print_edition/|archivedate=27 February 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, ọ natara Master of Laws na Mahadum nke Pittsburgh School of Law.<ref name="bio"/> N'afọ 2006, Astakhov natara Dọkịta nke Iwu na mba Russia. Nke mbụ bụ obodo Dissernet, mgbe ahụ, Ọbá akwụkwọ Steeti nke mba Russia nwalere akwụkwọ doctoral ya maka plagiarism ma chọpụta na ọ bụ naanị 0.68% nke ederede ahụ bụ ọrụ mbụ, ndị fọdụrụ na-edepụta site na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cook.livejournal.com/254442.html|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128063135/http://cook.livejournal.com/254442.html|archivedate=28 January 2014}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ Bekee, Swedish, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese na mba French yana mba Russian.<ref name="rp"/> == Onye ọka iwu == Astakhov malitere ịrụ ọrụ iwu n'afọ 1991.<ref name="rp"/> N'afọ 1994, ọ ghọrọ onye otu mba Moscow Bar ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke ya, nke a maara kemgbe afọ 2003 dị ka "Pavel Astakhov Lawyers Board".<ref name="rp" /> Astakhov nọchitere anya ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ama ama na mba Russia, gụnyere onye isi obodo mba Moscow Yury Luzhkov, ụmụ nke usoro ndị eze Romanov, ọtụtụ ndị pop-stars mba Russia na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="rp" /> === Edmond Pope === Ikpe mbụ nke mere ka Pavel Astakhov pụta ìhè bụ nke Edmond Pope. N'ụbọchị nke 5 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2000, ndị ọrụ nchekwa ụgbọ mmiri nke mba Russia (FSB) jidere Pope, onye ọrụ nyocha nke US lara ezumike nká na mba Moscow mgbe ya na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị torpedo nke mba Russia kpọtụrụ. E boro Pope ebubo nledo, na-achọ atụmatụ maka bọmbụ VA-111 Shkval dị elu n'okpuru mmiri. Edmond Pope bụ naanị onye mba America nke abụọ n'ime afọ iri anọ ikpe maka nledo na mba Moscow. Nke mbụ, Francis Gary Powers, onye na-anya ụgbọelu nledo U-2 nke a gbagburu n'afọ 1960, gbanwere ya maka onye nledo Soviet a mara ikpe, Rudolf Abel. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2000, Astakhov tụrụ ụlọ ikpe ahụ n'anya site n'inye okwu mmechi ya n'amaokwu.<ref name="pope" /> Ọ gụpụtara abụ dị peeji iri na abụọ o dere na pentameters iambic, na-agba ụlọ ikpe ume ka ha tọhapụ Pope.<ref name="pope">{{Cite news|title=US 'spy' defended in verse|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1050566.stm|work=[[BBC World Service]]|date=1 December 2000|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> Nkà uri nke Astakhov enweghị mmasị n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ ma Pope natara mkpọrọ afọ iri abụọ; Vladimir Putin mechara gbaghara ya ma jiri ụgbọelu laghachi mba US.<ref>{{Cite news|title=American Jailed as Spy in Moscow Is Freed on Putin's Orders; U.S. Welcomes Gesture|first=Sabrina|author=Tavernise|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/15/world/american-jailed-as-spy-in-moscow-is-freed-on-putin-s-orders-us-welcomes-gesture.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 December 2000|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> === Vladimir Gusinsky === N'afọ 2000-2001 Pavel Astakhov nyeere onye mgbasa ozi mba Russia bụ Vladimir Gusinsky aka ịgbanahụ ebubo aghụghọ abụọ. N'ụbọchị 13 Juun, n'afọ 2000, e jidere Gusinsky na ebubo izu ohi ihe onwunwe ruru ihe karịrị nde $ 10 site na ụlọ ọrụ "Russian Video" nke steeti, mana ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Astakhov rịọrọ arịrịọ, a tọhapụrụ Gusinsky na mgbapụta. Mgbe e mesịrị, Astakhov na onye ọka iwu ọzọ a ma ama, Henri Reznik, jisiri ike kwụsị ikpe mpụ megide Gusinsky, onye jiri ụgbọelu gaa Spain. E mepere ikpe ọzọ n'ụbọchị 17 Septemba, na-ebo ebubo izu ohi nke nde $ 300 site na Gazprom, na 17 Nọvemba ndị ọkàiwu maliteghachiri ikpe mbụ. E jidere Gusinsky na mba Spain na akwụkwọ ikike njide mba ụwa na 12 Disemba.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Will Russia get Gusinsky?|author=Lannin, Patrick|url=http://www.news24.com/xArchive/Archive/Will-Russia-get-Gusinsky-20001213#|work=[[News24 (website)|News24]]|date=14 December 2000|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba, a tọhapụrụ ya na mgbapụta nke otu ijeri pesetas ($ 5.5 nde). Pavel Astakhov na ndị na-agbachitere Gusinsky kwuru na ebubo ndị ahụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na 24 Eprel n'afọ 2001 onye ọka ikpe Spain bụ Baltasar Garzon jụrụ ịnyefe Gusinsky na mba Russia. N'ịgbaso ọrụ ya na ikpe Pope na Gusinsky, a kpọrọ Astakhov ka ọ gaa mba US isonye na tebụl gbara gburugburu nke US Congress haziri. Ọ nọrọ n'afọ sochirinụ na Pittsburgh na-emecha Master's in Law. === Saddam Hussein === N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2003, Pavel Astakhov zigara ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya mba US na Moscow akwụkwọ ozi, na-adụ onye isi ala George W. Bush na onye nnọchi anya Alexander Vershbow ọdụ na ọ ga-achọ ịnọchite anya Saddam Hussein.<ref name="shm">{{Cite news|title=News in Brief: Lawyer Chases Hussein|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19782633_ITM|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|date=19 December 2003|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> Mgbe onye nta akụkọ jụrụ ya ma ọ dị njikere ịgbachitere Saddam Hussein n'efu, Astakhov zara, sị: "Echeghị m na onye bụbu onye isi ala Iraq ga-ekweta ịnakwere enyemaka iwu n'efu."<ref>{{Cite news|first=Наташа|author=Ваульс|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/press/newsid_3329000/3329565.stm#2|work=[[BBC Russian Service]]|date=18 December 2003|accessdate=9 March 2012|language=ru}}</ref> Saddam Hussein, Otú ọ dị, enweghị ohere iji ọrụ Astakhov. == Onye TV na onye edemede == N'afọ 2003 Astakhov ghọrọ onye na-elekọta ''Chas Suda'' (Hour of Judgment) nke gosipụtara na REN TV.<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="rp"/> Ọ bụ ihe ngosi mbụ nke onye ọka ikpe mba Russia. N'adịghị ka ''Onyeikpe Judy'' na mba US, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri, Astakhov na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka ikpe. Ihe ngosi a ghọrọ ihe a ma ama ma Astakhov guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Pravo TV, iji mee mmemme ndị ọzọ nwere isiokwu iwu.<ref name="rp" /> Astakhov bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke ọma, na-ede banyere ahụmịhe ya na usoro iwu Moscow, yana ịmepụta usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ nke gosipụtara ndị ọka iwu.<ref name="rp"/> == Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'oge mbụ nke Vladimir Putin, Astakhov bụ onye nkatọ siri ike nke ndị ọchịchị Russia, na-ebo ha ebubo mkpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị ahịa ya, Vladimir Gusinsky na Edmond Pope. O kwuru banyere "nleghara ikike mmadụ anya" ma kwuo na ndị ọkàiwu "na-eme ihe ndị ọchịchị chọrọ".<ref name="anti">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/06aug2001/astakhov_print.html|work=[[NEWSru]]|date=6 August 2001|accessdate=7 March 2012|language=ru}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Astakhov gbanwere ogo 180 na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị a ma ama na-akwado ndị isi ọchịchị mba Russia. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2007, ọ tọrọ ntọala ma duzie otu mba ''Za Putina'' (For Putin).<ref>{{Cite news|title=United Behind a Putin Third Term|first=Natalya|author=Krainova|url=http://www.pressmon.com/cgi-bin/press_view.cgi?id=265728|work=[[Moscow Times]]|date=12 November 2007|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> Na nzukọ ntọala, Astakhov kọwara ebumnuche nke mmegharị ọhụrụ ahụ dị ka ndị a: "Anyị ahọrọghị nna ukwu n'ụlọ? Ọfọn, ebe a ka anyị na-atụ aro ịchọta nna ukwu maka mba ahụ. "<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fans want Putin to stay in power|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/printArticle.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=184968&version=1&template_id=39&parent_id=21|work=[[Gulf Times]]|date=16 November 2007|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> == Kọmishọna Ụmụaka == N'ụbọchị 30, n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2009 Onye isi ala Medvedev họpụtara Astakhov dị ka Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka maka onye isi ala nke mba Russian Federation, ọkwa a na-akpọkarị ombudsman ụmụaka.<ref name="bio"/><ref name="rp"/> N'oge a họpụtara ya, Astakhov bụ otu n'ime ndị ọka iwu onwe onye na mba Russia, mana ọ nweghị nzụlite ọdịmma ụmụaka.<ref name="nyt"/> Onye bu ya ụzọ na onye mbụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Alexei Golovan, gbara arụkwaghịm na mberede na 26 n'ọnwa Disemba, naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka a họpụtara ya. (Golovan nọgidere na-etinye aka n'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụaka ma n'afọ 2012 tinye aka na mmepe iwu iji chebe ikike ụmụaka n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei.) Ndị nkatọ Astakhov na mba Russia boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye na-achọ ohere na onye na-achọ mgbasa ozi. Ụfọdụ ndị otu na-akwado ụmụaka chọrọ ka ọ "lebara anya n'ichebe ikike ụmụaka na mba Russia na obere PR maka onwe ya".<ref name="wp">{{Cite news|title=Pavel Astakhov, star of courtroom and TV, is Russia's ombudsman for children|first=Philip|author=Pan|authorlink=Philip Pan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/05/AR2010050505236.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=6 May 2010|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, Astakhov kọwara ndị otu na-akwado ụmụaka dị ka "ụdị kachasị mma nke nkwado iwu nke obodo ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụaka".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Лев|author=Сирин|url=http://www.fontanka.ru/2010/04/19/079/|work=Фонтанка.ру|date=19 April 2010|accessdate=7 March 2012|language=ru}}</ref> === Nkwenye mba ụwa === Dị ka ombudsman Astakhov chọrọ ime ka a mara ọdịmma nke ụmụaka mba Russia nke ezinụlọ ndị mba ọzọ nakweere.<ref name="rp"/> Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị mba Russia si kwuo, ngụkọta nke ụmụaka mba Russia iri na itoolu a nakweere anwụọla n'ụwa niile n'ihi iti ihe ma ọ bụ nleghara anya, kemgbe afọ 1991.<ref name="died" /> Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-akatọ Astakhov boro ebubo na ọ na-elebara anya nke ukwuu n'okwu mmetọ ahụ mgbe a nakweere ya na mba ụwa ma ọ bụghị nke zuru ezu maka ikpe mmetọ ụmụaka na mba Russia n'onwe ya, ebe a na-egbu ihe dị ka ụmụaka 2,000 kwa afọ n'ihi mmetọ ụmụaka n'ụlọ.<ref name="died">{{Cite news|title=Russian ombudsman slams US acquittal in Russian child death|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20111202/169243111.html|date=2 December 2011|accessdate=7 March 2012}}</ref> Onye isi ala Medvedev gwara Astakhov n'ọnwa Disemba 2011: "Echere m na anyị enweghị ike ime ọdịiche ọ bụla ebe a n'etiti ikpe na mba ọzọ na ikpe n'ụlọ. Ndị a niile bụ mpụ, mpụ dị egwu. "<ref name="president">{{Cite web|title=Working meeting with Pavel Astakhov and Yury Chaika|url=http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/3160|work=Official website of the [[President of Russia]]|date=3 December 2011|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> Astakhov tinyere aka nke ukwuu na nkwadebe nke nkwekọrịta mba Russia na mba US banyere nnabata, nke onye odeakwụkwọ nke mba US na Mịnịsta mba ofesi nke Russia bịanyere aka na 13 Julaị n'afọ 2011.<ref name="treaty" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/07/168478.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718115215/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/07/168478.htm|archivedate=18 July 2011|title=Remarks With Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov After their Meeting|date=13 July 2011|work=Official website of the [[United States Department of State|US Department of State]]|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta a machibidoro nkuchi onwe onye nke ụmụ mba Russia, na-ahapụ nkuchi site na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka naanị nhọrọ.<ref name="treaty">{{Cite news|author=Берсенева, Анастасия|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2011/07/13/3694881.shtml|work=[[Gazeta.ru]]|date=14 July 2011|accessdate=7 March 2012|language=ru}}</ref> Ụmụ amaala America ndị chọrọ ịnabata nwa site na mba Russia site na ụlọ ọrụ ga-akwụ $ 40-50 puku ebe maka ụmụ amaala mba Russia usoro ahụ bụ n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theadoptionguide.com/options/adoption-from-russia|title=Adoption from Russia|work=The Adoption Guide|publisher=Adoptive Families magazine|accessdate=3 March 2012}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ndị nne na nna nkuchi n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Russia na-enweta enyemaka ego site n'aka ndị isi mpaghara, nke mgbe ụfọdụ ruru RUR 300 puku (ihe dị ka $ 10 puku) kwa nwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usynovite.ru/massmedia/6e7aa78b8e.html|work=Усыновление в России|publisher=[[Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation]]|accessdate=7 March 2012|language=ru}}</ref> Onye isi ala Medvedev gwara Pavel Astakhov na 3 Disemba 2011: "Ọ dịghị ihe dị njọ na nnabata ụmụ anyị na mba ọzọ ... eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ amaala mba ọzọ na-eme ya anaghị emerụ ha n'ụzọ ọ bụla, ma n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ na-egosi ọchịchọ ha inyere ụmụaka ndị a aka. "<ref name="president"/> Otú ọ dị, izu abụọ ka e mesịrị, na nnọkọ ajụjụ na azịza Vladimir Putin na ọha na eze kwa afọ, na-agbasa ozi n'ofe mba Russia, Astakhov kwupụtara onwe ya dịka "onye mmegide zuru oke nke nnabata mba ụwa" ma gwa Putin ka ọ gbanwee iwu ahụ ma machibido nnabata mba ụwa niile na Russia.<ref name="ast" /><ref name="ast">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moskva-putinu.ru/|publisher=[[All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company]]|date=15 December 2011|accessdate=7 March 2012|language=ru|title=Archive copy|archivedate=1 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601124911/http://www.moskva-putinu.ru/}}</ref> "Anyị aghaghị, dịka o kwere mee, idebe ụmụ anyị na mba anyị," Astakhov kwuru n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Quotes of the Day|url=http://www.time.com/time/quotes/0,26174,1982523,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=16 April 2010|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, Astakhov tụrụ aro na ụmụ amaala mba R[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|us]]<nowiki/>sia kwesịrị itinye akwụkwọ ịnabata ụmụ US, ọ bụ ezie na a ka nwere ụmụ mgbei 665,987 na mba Russia n'onwe ya dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ọhụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnabata na Russia na-ada kwa afọ kemgbe afọ 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://vz.ru/news/2012/4/16/574696.html|work=Взгляд|date=16 April 2012|accessdate=21 April 2012|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usynovite.ru/statistics/2010/2/|work=Усыновление в России|publisher=[[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation]]|accessdate=21 April 2012|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usynovite.ru/statistics/2010/3/|work=Усыновление в России|publisher=[[Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)|Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation]]|accessdate=21 April 2012|language=ru}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012 Astakhov kwupụtara na n'ime afọ 5 na asatọ sochirinụ, a ga-emechi ọtụtụ ụlọ ụmụ mgbei na ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ndị mba Russia, ndị ezinụlọ ndị mba Russia nakweere ndị bi na ha.<ref name="orphanages" /> O kwuru na a ga-ekenyekwu ego steeti maka ezinụlọ ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka" iji "nye ume ọhụrụ nye ndị nne na nna na-elekọta nwa... Russia na-enweghị okwu ụmụ mgbei kwesịrị ịbụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị mkpa maka gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ ọhaneze. "<ref name="orphanages">{{Cite news|title=Most orphanages to be closed in Russia, children to be adopted|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c154/353743.html|date=28 February 2012|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara, Otú ọ dị, kwuru na ịdabere na Astakhov na mkpali ego emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụaka laghachi n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei.<ref name="bum" /> Dị ka akụkọ nke onye isi oche nke kọmitii ndị omeiwu Russia na ezinụlọ na ụmụaka Yelena Mizulina si kwuo n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, ndị nne na nna na-elekọta ụmụaka maka ego, ma mesịa jụ ha mgbe a kwụrụ ụgwọ enyemaka ego.<ref name="bum">{{Cite news|url=http://www.deti.rian.ru/usynovlenie/20100423/200018500.html|date=23 April 2010|accessdate=21 April 2012|language=ru}}</ref> Mizulina kwuru na ezinaụlọ ndị mba Russia na-elekọta, ndị na-elekọta ma ọ bụ ndị na-elekọta ụmụaka 30,000 n'ụlọ ọrụ n'ime afọ atọ gara aga: "Ndị ọkachamara na-akpọ ọganihu dị otú ahụ na nloghachi ọdachi enyemaka mmadụ."<ref name="bum" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=International adoption: Everyone wants the best for children|url=http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20100430/158820438.html|date=30 April 2010|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="mizulina">{{Cite news|first=Clifford J.|author=Levy|authorlink=Clifford J. Levy|title=Russian Orphanage Offers Love, but Not Families|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/04/world/europe/04adopt.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=3 May 2010|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref> N'agbanyeghi ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ndị mba Russia dị egwu nke ọgba aghara nke nkuchi, Pavel Astakhov dọọrọ uche ndị mgbasa ozi gaa n'okwu banyere nwata dị afọ asaa, Artem Saveliev (Justin Hansen), onye nọọsụ Tennessee Torry Hansen nakweere n'afọ 2009, mana n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010 ka e zighachiri ya na mba Russia na akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ọ "enweghị uche na-adịghị mma".<ref name="nyt"/> Astakhov jiri ikpe a kpọọ oku maka mmachi ndị ọzọ na nnabata mba ụwa na mba Russia.<ref name="nyt" /> === Alụmdi na Nwunye Ụmụaka === N'afọ 2015, Astakhov gbachitere alụmdi na nwunye nke onye isi ndị uwe ojii dị afọ iri anọ na asaa na Luiza "Kheda" Goilabiyeva dị afọ iri na asaa na Chechnya. E nwere akụkọ zuru oke na a na-eyi Goilabiyeva egwu na a ga-atọrọ ya na ime ihe ike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ kwenyeghị ịlụ Nazhud Guchigov, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ na LifeNews ebe o kwuru na ọ lụrụ Guchigov n'onwe ya.<ref name="sydney">{{Cite news|title=Ally of Chechen strongman marries teen|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/ally-of-chechen-strongman-marries-teen-20150517-gh3s74.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=18 May 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="novaya">{{Cite news|title=В Чечне начальник РОВД женился на 17-летней Луизе Гойлабиевой|url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/1693839.html|work=Novaya Gazeta|date=16 May 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Life">{{Cite news|title=Луиза Гойлабиева рассказала LifeNews о предстоящей свадьбе|url=http://lifenews.ru/news/153777|date=12 May 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ megidere iwu ndị mba Russia banyere ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị na afọ iwu kwadoro nke okenye, Astakhov gbachitere alụmdi na nwunye ahụ, na-ekwu na "ntozu okè mmekọahụ na-eme na mbụ [na Caucasus]" na "e nwere ebe ụmụnwanyị na-ebelata mgbe ha dị afọ 27, na site na ụkpụrụ anyị, ha yiri ka ha dị afọ 50. "<ref name="rferl">{{Cite news|title=Russian official stirs scandal with underage marriage and 'shriveled' women remarks|first=Carl|author=Schreck|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-underage-marriage-shriveled-women/27017059.html|date=14 May 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> Okwu ya kpaliri ọtụtụ ụmụnwanyị itinye foto nke wrinkles ha n'okpuru hashtag #смор'енная'ен'ина (#wrinkledwoman).<ref name="wrinkledwomen">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wonderzine.com/wonderzine/life/news/213693-smorschennaya|title=В инстаграме набирает обороты акция #сморщеннаяженщина|date=17 May 2015|accessdate=2 May 2022|archivedate=22 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122155329/https://www.wonderzine.com/wonderzine/life/news/213693-smorschennaya}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke okwu a aghọwo alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, Astakhov na-ekwusi ike na "ị gaghị echegbu onwe gị banyere alụmdi na nwunye n'oge ... kama banyere ndụ mmekọahụ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma.<ref name="meduza">{{Cite news|title=Russia's 'wedding of the century' The country's rage about a 17-year-old girl marrying a 47-year-old Chechen police chief|url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2015/05/18/russia-s-wedding-of-the-century|date=18 May 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> A ghaghị ichekwa ha abụọ. Romeo na Juliet rọrọ nrọ ịlụ di na nwunye, ọ bụghị mmekọrịta chiri anya.<ref name="shrivelled">{{Cite news|title=Russian official causes outrage with 'shrivelled women' remarks|author=Walker|first=Shaun|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/15/russian-official-shrivelled-women-marriage|date=15 May 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ihe mere na Rantala * Ihe omume Anton == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120221001345/http://english.rfdeti.ru/ Official website] nke Russian Children's Rights Commissioner * Official account of Pavel Astakhov on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mfcp501kt4b5z14twpn3hm3txm0ysy3 0 13329 687616 96569 2026-07-12T18:28:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Oron Museum''' bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na Oron, Nigeria . E guzobere ya bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ n'afọ 1958 iji nabata narị mmadụ asatọ (108) a maara (Ekpu Oro) nke ndị Oron nke a kwenyere na ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe osise osisi kachasị ochie na nke kachasị mma na Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 |title=Nigerian Embassy |accessdate=2022-05-07 |archivedate=2012-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303091843/http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 }}</ref> N'oge agha obodo, e bukọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise osisi ahụ ma mebie ihe ngosi nka ahụ nke ukwuu. N'afọ 1975, e megharịrị ihe ngosi nka ahụ ma taa, ọ nwere ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na Naịjirịa. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ahụ nwekwara ihe ngosi nke bunkers eji eme ihe n'oge agha obodo yana obodo ọrụ aka. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ȯra Akwa Ibom]] [[Òtù:Ụlọ Ihe Ngosi Nke Naijiria]] pnzmkc1w5d9a38deybsb173ersdqb8f 0 13373 687658 96568 2026-07-12T20:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687658 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Owo Museum''' bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na Owo, Naijiria . E hiwere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ n'afọ 1968 iji kwado ihe ochie ndị dịbu n'obí Olowo. Ihe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ihe ndị mgbe ochie dị ịrịba ama na ihe gbasara agbụrụ achọpụtara na mpaghara Owo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 |title=Nigerian Embassy |accessdate=2022-05-18 |archivedate=2012-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303091843/http://nigerianembassy.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid=50 }}</ref> Ekpo Eyo gwupụtara ebe Owo n'afọ 1969-1971 n'okpuru nkwado nke Ngalaba Antiquities nke Gọọmentị Naịjirịa. N'ihi ebe Owo dị n'etiti ebe nka abụọ a ma ama nke Ife na Benin, saịtị ahụ gosipụtara ọdịnala nka abụọ ahụ. Nchọpụta ndị dị mkpa gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ terracotta nke sitere na narị afọ nke iri na ise. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ụlọ Ihe Ngosi Nke Naijiria]] qt1skj9tvlicef8zyam4izxp4t6o5on 0 13444 687662 214100 2026-07-12T21:29:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Pape Alassane Gueye''' (ka amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 24 n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1999) bụ [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] nke na-agbara Ligue 1 club Olympique de Marseille bọọlụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marseille and Pape Gueye both face stiff punishments over disputed Watford deal, per report|url=https://www.cbssports.com/soccer/news/marseille-and-pape-gueye-both-face-stiff-punishments-over-disputed-watford-deal-per-report/|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=CBSSports.com|language=en}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na France, ọ na-agbara ndị otu mba Senegal bọọlụ. == Ọrụ klọb == === Le Havre === Gueye mere egwuregwu izizi ya maka Le Havre na 0–0 Ligue 2 tie na Chamois Niortais na 5 Mee 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lfp.fr/ligue2/feuille_match/82529|title=LFP.fr - Ligue de Football Professionnel - Domino's Ligue 2 - Saison 2016/2017 - 36ème journée - Havre AC / Chamois Niortais|work=www.lfp.fr}}</ref> Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara mbụ ya na 20 June 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maligue2.fr/2017/06/20/havre-premier-contrat-pro-pape-gueye/|title=Le Havre : premier contrat pro pour Pape Gueye - MaLigue2|date=20 June 2017|publisher=|accessdate=24 May 2022|archivedate=4 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204234304/https://maligue2.fr/2017/06/20/havre-premier-contrat-pro-pape-gueye/}}</ref> === Watford === Na 29 Eprel 2020, ekpughere na Gueye kwetara isonyere ndị otu Premier League Watford mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Le Havre gwụrụ na 1 Julaị 2020. Gueye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na Watford ma yi uwe klọb ahụ, dị ka ihe nkwado na nkwupụta mgbasa ozi nke klọb ahụ mere..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/club/official-hornets-sign-gueye|title=Official: Hornets Sign Gueye|publisher=Watford FC|date=29 April 2020|accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Reuters|title=Marseille receives one-year transfer ban over Gueye dispute - Watford|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/marseille-one-year-transfer-ban-over-pape-gueye-dispute-watford-senegal-fifa/article38285617.ece|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe awa iri abụọ na anọ gasịrị, Watford kwetara nkwekọrịta maka mbufe Gueye na Ligue 1 klọb Marseille, nke gụnyere ire ere maka Watford. Gueye kwuru na onye ọrụ ya nyere "ndụmọdụ ọjọọ", na-ekwu na nkwekọrịta Watford ya nwere ụgwọ ọrụ nke £ 45,000 kwa ọnwa, ọ bụghị £ 45,000 kwa izu, nke onye ọrụ ya hotara Gueye na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Adam|author=Leventhal|title=Exclusive: Pape Gueye pictured 'signing' for Watford — but now unlikely to join|url=https://theathletic.com/1899937/2020/06/30/exclusive-pape-gueye-watford-marseille-transfer/|work=The Athletic|publisher=The Athletic Media Company|date=30 June 2020|accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marseille handed transfer ban in Pape Gueye dispute|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/marseille-handed-transfer-ban-pape-122835324.html|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=sports.yahoo.com|language=en-US|archivedate=27 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127150529/https://sports.yahoo.com/marseille-handed-transfer-ban-pape-122835324.html}}</ref> === Marseille === N'ụbọchị nke mbụ nke ọnwa Julaị 2020, Gueye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na Ligue 1 n'akụkụ Marseille, maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ nde € 3 (£ 2.7 nde).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Transferts-pape-gueye-a-l-om-officiel/1148755|title=Transferts : Pape Gueye à l'OM (officiel)|date=1 July 2020|work=[[L'Équipe]]|accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Walters|first=Mike|date=2 July 2020|title=Watford sell Pape Gueye to Marseille just 17 hours after finalising arrival|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/watford-sell-pape-gueye-marseille-22287414|publisher=[[Daily Mirror]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A mụrụ Gueye na France ma ọ bụ onye Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dakaractu.com/Le-Havre-Pape-Gueye-signe-son-premier-contrat-professionnel_a133567.html|title=Le Havre Pape Gueye sign son premier contrat professionnel - Dakar Actu|date=20 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba France n'okpuru afọ iri na asatọ na France U19s. Otú ọ dị, o kpebiri ịnọchite anya Senegal na ọkwa okenye. Ọ malitere na ndị otu mba Senegal na mmeri 2–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification meriri Congo na 14 Nọvemba 2021.<ref name="Global Sports Archive 2021">{{Cite web|title=Match Report of Senegal vs Congo - 2021-11-14 - WC Qualification|work=Global Sports Archive|date=14 November 2021|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2021-11-14/senegal-vs-congo/2358612/|accessdate=15 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pape Gueye Stats|url=https://fbref.com/en/players/7155e3e1/Pape-Gueye|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=FBref.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ụdị egwuregwu == Gueye bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ na ọkpọ, amaara maka ụdị egwuregwu ya na-eme ihe ike na asọmpi dị ukwuu. O nwekwara ezigbo ikiri egwuregwu na ike anụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.numero-diez.com/milan-udinese-pape-gueye-calciomercato/|title=ESCLUSIVA - Milan e Udinese si muovono per un talento della Ligue 2|author=|first=|date=7 February 2020|work=Numero Diez|language=it|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205223325/https://www.numero-diez.com/milan-udinese-pape-gueye-calciomercato/|archivedate=5 December 2020|accessdate=3 March 2020}}</ref> == Ọnụọgụgụ ọrụ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ọdịdị na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |National cup[lower-alpha 1] ! colspan="2" |Njikọ iko [lower-alpha 2] ! colspan="2" |Continental[lower-alpha 3] ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ [lower-alpha 4] ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Le Havre B |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Mba 2 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- |2018–19 |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !12 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !12 !1 |- | rowspan="5" |Le Havre |2016–17 | rowspan="4" |Ligue 2 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2017–18 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |12 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |2019–20 |25 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !39 !0 !2 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !42 !0 |- |Marseille |2020–21 |Ligue 1 |32 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |1 |0 |39 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ngụkọta ọrụ !83 !3 !4 !0 !1 !0 !4 !0 !1 !0 !93 !3 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Senegal''' * Iko mba Afrịka: 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/liverpool/news/africa-cup-of-nations-senegal-beat-egypt-to-win-final-afcon|title=Africa Cup Of Nations: Senegal Beat Egypt To Win Final (AFCON)|publisher=Sports Illustrated|date=6 February 2022|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0vyvuboa7qhzjyakxrkx4n8n19vs451 0 14044 687811 596042 2026-07-13T11:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Samuel Óghalé Oboh|image=Sam Oboh trnsprnt_r.png|caption=2015 President of the [[Royal Architectural Institute of Canada]], Architect, 2021-2023 Vice President of UIA and Consul for the Republic of Botswana in Canada|nationality=Canadian|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1971|03|27}}|birth_place=[[Lagos, Nigeria]]|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[University of Alberta]]<br /> [[Ahmadu Bello University]]<br /> [[Ambrose Alli University]]|significant_projects=[[International Law Enforcement Academy]] [[Gaborone]]<br /> Red Deer Civic Yards<br /> [[Botswana Police College]]<br /> Maun District Hospital<br /> Alberta at the Smithsonian Folk Life Festival, Washington DC<br /> Alberta Legislature Centre Redevelopment Master Plan Royal Alberta Museum of History Development on the Legislature Grounds, Edmonton|awards=Recipient of the 2016 Excellence Awards for Leadership<br /> [[IBI Group]] Team member, [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] Gold Award for South East Division Police Station Project in Edmonton<br /> 2018 Distinguished Fellow of the [[American Institute of Architects]] (FAIA)<br /> Named: One of Canada’s Leadership and Innovation Visionaries - commemorating Canada’s 150th anniversary<br /> 2015 - [[American Institute of Architects]] Presidential Medal Recipient 2015 - Named: One of Alberta’s 50 Most Influential People in [[Alberta]] by Alberta Venture Magazine|spouse=|children=Noora, Oreva|parents=Eunice + Johnson Oboh|practice=Ensight+|significant_buildings=Red Deer Civic Yards Villa Caritas International Law Enforcement Academy}} '''Samuel Óghalé Oboh''' (amụrụ na Machị 27, 1971) bụ onye Canada na-ewu ụlọ, onye njikwa, onye ndu, onye bụbu osote onye isi ala - Architecture na AECOM Canada Architects Ltd - ụlọ ọrụ Fortune 500 na onye isi oche 2015 nke Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC).<ref name="canadiangovernmentexecutive.ca3">{{Cite web|title=Managing change in the modern public service|url=http://www.canadiangovernmentexecutive.ca/category/item/1171-managing-change-in-the-modern-public-service.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203061322/http://www.canadiangovernmentexecutive.ca/category/item/1171-managing-change-in-the-modern-public-service.html|archivedate=3 December 2014|accessdate=11 September 2015|work=canadiangovernmentexecutive.ca}}</ref><ref name="Samuel Oboh">{{Cite web|title=Samuel Oboh|url=https://www.uia-cahr.com/samuel-oboh|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Community Arch|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008065655/https://www.uia-cahr.com/samuel-oboh}}</ref><ref name="Samuel Oboh" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-28|title=Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada|url=https://www.canadianarchitect.com/samuel-oboh-inducted-as-the-76th-president-of-the-royal-architectural-institute-of-canada/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Canadian Architect|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raic.org/news/samuel-oboh-inducted-76th-president-raic|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=raic.org|title=Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the RAIC|date=23 January 2015|archivedate=2020-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009221046/https://raic.org/news/samuel-oboh-inducted-76th-president-raic}}</ref><ref name="edmontonjournal.com">{{Cite web|title=Edmonton architect elected to lead Royal Institute|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/edmonton-architect-elected-to-lead-royal-institute|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=Edmonton Journal|language=en-CA}}</ref> Sam Oboh (dị ka a maara ya nke ọma) bụ onye Canada mbụ sitere n'agbụrụ Afrịka nke a họpụtara dị ka onye isi oche nke Canadian Royal Institute - ihe omume nke onye nduzi oge ochie nke Institute of African Studies na Mahadum Carleton - Ottawa, prọfesọ Pius Adesanmi nwụrụ anwụ kọwara dị ka "ihe omume na-emeputa ihe dị egwu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-26|title=Samuel Oghale Oboh, the Nigerian who Conquered Canadian Architecture By Pius Adesanmi|url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/01/26/samuel-oghale-oboh-nigerian-who-conquered-canadian-architecture-pius-adesanmi|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, na Rio General Assembly, a họpụtara Oboh dị ka osote onye isi ala maka mpaghara nke atọ nke otu dị na Paris a kpọrọ International Union of Architects (UIA) - otu United Nations nabatara nke na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ndị na-ewu ụlọ dị n'otu, na-emetụta iwu ọha na eze, ma na-akwalite ụlọ iji gboo mkpa ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Website|title=UIA - About the UIA {{!}} UIA, International Union of Architects - Bureau|url=https://www.uia-architectes.org/webApi/en/about/bureau|accessdate=2021-11-08|work=UIA - About the UIA {{!}} UIA, International Union of Architects - Bureau|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Update from the International Union of Architects (UIA) - September 2021|url=https://www.aiainternational.org/news-feed/2021/9/17/updates-from-the-international-union-of-architects-uia-sept-2021|accessdate=2021-11-08|work=AIA INTERNATIONAL|language=en-US}}</ref> E buliri Oboh na College of Fellows nke American Institute of Architects na mmemme itinye ego nke emere na New York na June 22, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2018 FAIA Directory|url=https://issuu.com/aiacollegeoffellows/docs/faia_dir_2018_digital|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Issuu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Institute Of Architects Admits Oboh Into College Of Fellows {{!}} Independent Newspapers Nigeria|url=https://www.independent.ng/american-institute-of-architects-admits-oboh-into-college-of-fellows/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=www.independent.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RAIC Bulletin|url=https://raic.org/civicrm/mailing/view?reset=1&id=1488|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=raic.org}}</ref> Ihe odide a gụrụ na mmemme itinye ego ahụ kwuru na "Oboh na-egosipụta echiche nke nlekọta dị mma site n'ịkwalite nkwado ọha na eze - na-akpali ọdịiche dị iche iche, na-akwalite ezi atụmatụ na ịkwado atụmatụ mgbanwe maka ọdịmma ọha na eze. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAIC Bulletin|url=https://raic.org/civicrm/mailing/view?reset=1&id=1488|accessdate=2021-01-11|work=raic.org}}</ref> Site na ntinye ego ya, Oboh ruru eru iji aha FAIA. Naanị ihe dị ka pasent atọ nke ndị na-ewu ụlọ na United States of America (na karịa) nwere ọdịiche a pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Fellows - AIA|url=https://www.aia.org/pages/6075263-college-of-fellows|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=www.aia.org|archivedate=2020-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007181240/https://www.aia.org/pages/6075263-college-of-fellows}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Oboh bụ onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye na nkwanye ugwu nke gụnyere NCBN Professional Excellence of the Year Award na 2018, na 2016 Excellence Magazine Award for Leadership.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Igbinosun|first=Jackson|date=2018-02-20|title=NCBN holds first diversity in leadership celebration awards|url=https://newsverge.com/2018/02/20/ncbn-holds-first-diversity-leadership-celebration-awards/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=NEWSVERGE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NCBN Leadership awards|url=http://blackottawascene.com/ncbn-leadership-awards/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=blackottawascene.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BREAKING NEWS :: RECIPIENTS OF THE 2016 EXCELLENCE AWARDS - OCTOBER 29TH 2016|url=https://myemail.constantcontact.com/BREAKING-NEWS--------RECIPIENTS-OF-THE-2016-EXCELLENCE-AWARDS---OCTOBER-29TH-2016.html?soid=1101744887454&aid=aO4V_JsViWI|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=myemail.constantcontact.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Principal Sam Oboh receives Leadership Award from Excellence Magazine for their 2016 Excellence Awards!|url=http://kasian.com/news/principal-sam-oboh-receives-leadership-award-from-excellence-magazine-for-their-2016-excellence-awards/|accessdate=2020-10-04|language=en-CA|archivedate=2020-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124150039/http://kasian.com/news/principal-sam-oboh-receives-leadership-award-from-excellence-magazine-for-their-2016-excellence-awards/}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị Canada otú narị na iri ise pụrụ iche na-akpali ndị Canada ọgbọ ọzọ (na ncheta nke sesquicentennial nke Canadian Confederation); ma kpọọkwa ya otu n'ime ndị mmadụ iri ise kachasị nwee mmetụta na Alberta site n'aka Alberta Venture .<ref>{{Cite book|title=150 Extraordinary Canadians|publisher=Silvertrust Media|year=2018|isbn=978-1775378600|pages=226–227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alberta's 50 Most Influential: Samuel Oboh|url=http://albertaventure.com/2015/07/samuel-oboh-albertas-50-influential-people-2015/|accessdate=11 September 2015|work=Alberta Venture|archivedate=1 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001071359/http://albertaventure.com/2015/07/samuel-oboh-albertas-50-influential-people-2015/}}</ref> Kemgbe ngwụsị afọ 2015, Oboh malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya kachasị elu na Consul maka Republic of Botswana na qCanada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honorary Consuls {{!}} Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.botswanaembassy.org/page/honorary-consuls|accessdate=2017-12-20|work=www.botswanaembassy.org|language=en}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Oboh na [[Lagos]], Nigeria, n'afọ 1971, ọ bụ nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ isii.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|date=2015-05-21|title=The Will to Succeed|url=https://dolcemag.com/successstories/samuel-oboh-architect/17526|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Dolce Luxury Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Nna ya, Johnson Oboh, bụ onye na-ahụ maka injinia n'ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland - UTC nke ọrụ ya mere ka ha biri n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mba ahụ - Lagos, Maiduguri, na Yola, n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ. Oboh gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'isi klas ya nke afọ 1987 na nsonaazụ kacha mma nke set ya na Government Day Secondary School, Army Barracks, Yola na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naịjirịa. A nabatara ya ozugbo na Mahadum Bendel State (nke bụzi Ambrose Alli University) na ndịda mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii iji mụọ ihe gbasara owuwu.<ref name=":03" /> Oboh mechara wee nweta nzere bachelọ ya (B.Sc) na-enweta akara kachasị elu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ niile na-ewu ụlọ na klas ya na-agụsị akwụkwọ na 1992 na Upper Second-Class Honours.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Oboh {{!}} Black In Canada|url=http://www.blackincanada.com/2010/11/10/samuel-oboh/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=www.blackincanada.com}}</ref> Ọ gara [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria iji nweta nzere Master of Science na Architecture na 1996. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Sam Oboh gara Africa 2000 Conference on Architecture na 1995 na Mahadum nke Cape Town, nke onye isi nke School of Architecture, Planning & Geomatics, Prọfesọ Ivor Prinsloo onye bụkwa otu n'ime ndị cheputara Cape Town's V&A Waterfront.<ref>{{Cite web|title=V&A Waterfront architect dies in Gifberg fall|url=https://www.iol.co.za/travel/south-africa/v-and-a-waterfront-architect-dies-in-gifberg-fall-83817|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=V&A Waterfront – Welcome to our neighbourhood|url=https://www.waterfront.co.za/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=V&A Waterfront|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Obere oge na Mahadum nke Cape Town ga-emesị gosipụta ọrụ Oboh - na-egosi mmeghe ya na mpaghara ndịda Afrịka. Cape Town stint na-anọchite anya mmalite maka ọrụ Oboh na-ewu ụlọ - nke a na-akpọsa site na nzute ohere n'etiti Oboh na Wouter Gildenhuys - onye na-ewu ụlọ ibe ya na onye isi ngalaba nke Architecture na ML Sultan Technikon (nke bụzi Durban University of Technology) na Durban, Kwazulu Natal - na-eduga n'ọrụ mbụ Oboh na South Africa. Oboh ga-emecha nweta nzere masta nke abụọ - Master of Arts in Communication & Technology (na-elekwasị anya na Architectural Communication) na 2010 site na Mahadum Alberta<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.mact.ualberta.ca/en/~/media/mact/Documents/UofA_MACT_Brochure_2012.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025154118/http://www.mact.ualberta.ca/en/~/media/mact/Documents/UofA_MACT_Brochure_2012.pdf|archivedate=2014-10-25|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref> - ebe ọ bụ onye natara Herbert Marshall McLuhan Graduate Student Award na Faculty of Extension.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Oboh inducted as the 76th President of the RAIC {{!}} Royal Architectural Institute of Canada|url=https://www.raic.org/news/samuel-oboh-inducted-76th-president-raic#sthash.Ybb9S99I.dpuf|accessdate=2017-12-20|work=www.raic.org|date=23 January 2015|language=en|archivedate=2017-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054708/https://www.raic.org/news/samuel-oboh-inducted-76th-president-raic#sthash.Ybb9S99I.dpuf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.mact.ualberta.ca/en/Research/McLuhanAward.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929204821/http://www.mact.ualberta.ca/en/Research/McLuhanAward.aspx|archivedate=2015-09-29|accessdate=2015-09-29}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello dị na Zaria ebe ọ nwetara nzere Master of Science na Architecture n'afọ 1996 ma mechaa mmemme ọrụ ndị ntorobịa ya na [[Katsina]] (n'akụkụ ókèala [[Niger]] Republic), Oboh sonyeere F&A Services - ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na-ewu ụlọ - dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị otu na-ahụ maka nrụzigharị ụlọ nkwari akụ Federal Palace nke dị na Victoria Island, ebe a bịanyere aka na Nkwupụta nnwere onwe nke Naịjirịa.<ref name=":03"/> N'oge na-adịghị anya n'afọ 1998, a họpụtara Oboh dị ka onye nkuzi na ML Sultan Technikon (nke bụzi Durban University of Technology) na-akụzi African Architecture. Ọ ga-emesị sonye na FMA Architects Southern Africa na ngwụcha afọ 1998 dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ Gaborone Botswana ha na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche. Oboh ghọrọ FMA's Resident Architect na Botswana Police College project na Otse na International Law Enforcement Academy - nke o duziri ma hazie (n'ịgbaso iwu nke ọrụ ahụ site na nkwekọrịta mba abụọ bịanyere aka na July 24, 2000 n'etiti Festus Mogae - duziri Gọọmenti Botswana na Gọọmenti nke United States of America - n'okpuru ọchịchị Bill Clinton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Award - February 2015|url=http://digital.canadawide.com/i/458437-february-2015/6|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=digital.canadawide.com|archivedate=2025-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811164448/http://digital.canadawide.com/i/458437-february-2015/6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ACADEMY|first=United States Government|title=ILEA Gaborone|url=https://gaborone.ilea.state.gov/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=gaborone.ilea.state.gov}}</ref> Site na Otse, Oboh gara n'ebe ugwu ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ewu ụlọ na ụlọ ọgwụ dị na mpaghara Maun, 'ọnụ ụzọ' na Okavango Delta. Nke a ga-ewe nde dọla otu narị na iri ịse.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maun General Hospital|title=The Electives Network: Maun General Hospital|url=https://www.electives.net/hospital/3490/preview|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=www.electives.net|archivedate=2021-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918022423/https://www.electives.net/hospital/3490/preview}}</ref> Ezubere ụlọ ọgwụ Maun District iji jeere mpaghara North-West District nke Botswana (Ngamiland) dum ozi nke gụnyere Okavango Delta - mpaghara nwere oke mma ma nwee anụ ọhịa nke na June 2014, ọ ghọrọ ebe nke otu puku edere na UNESCO World Heritage List ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere mpaghara ahụ dị ka ezigbo paradaịs.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|title=Okavango Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1432/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> Oboh kwagara Canada na Disemba 2003 wee sonye ozugbo na IBI Group Architects - ebe ọ nwetara aha LEED Accredited Professional ma malite ịrụ ọrụ dịka Edmonton Police Service - Southeast Division Station na Peter Bull na Peter Semchuk. Kpọmkwem, Oboh rụrụ ọrụ na akụkụ nkwado nke ọrụ ndị uwe ojii nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ma duzie akwụkwọ LEED / ntinye akwụkwọ nke mere ka ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị 4,300 m² nweta ọnọdụ LEED Gold.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South East Police Station|url=http://www.marshall-lee.ca/south-east-police-station|accessdate=2020-10-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ South East Division Station ghọrọ ọrụ mbụ na Obodo Edmonton iji nweta ọnọdụ LEED Gold ma bụrụkwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii mbụ na North America iji nweta ụkpụrụ LEED Gold.<ref>{{Cite book|author=City of Edmonton Green Building Plan|title=City of Edmonton Green Building Plan: THE WAY WE GREEN|publisher=City of Edmonton|date=June 20, 2012|url=https://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/documents/PDF/GreenBuildingPlanFINAL(low_res).pdf|pages=22}}</ref> Na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma na Peter Bull, Oboh bụkwa IBI Group's Project Architect maka $ 118-million City of Red Deer Civic Yard (nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ụdị ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe), nke e wuru na 28.1 ha (69.5 acres) ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=City of Red Deer|first=Civic Yards Project|date=2009-05-22|title=New civic yards officially opened|url=https://www.reddeeradvocate.com/news/new-civic-yards-officially-opened/|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=Red Deer Advocate|language=en-US}}</ref> Oboh na IBI Group Team bịakwutere Civic Yards Project na nkwado n'uche - na ụlọ atọ dị na saịtị ahụ (Ogige Nchịkwa, Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe / ụlọ ahịa / ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na-asacha ụg ụgbọash ka e mereọ dị n' ka ụkpụrụ LEED.<ref>{{Cite web|author=LEED CANADA|first=GBIG|title=7721 40 Avenue Overview :: Green Building Information Gateway|url=http://www.gbig.org/buildings/99322|accessdate=2020-10-05|work=GBIG|language=en|archivedate=2024-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205132020/https://www.gbig.org/buildings/99322}}</ref> Oboh sonyeere Kasian Architecture dị ka onye mmekọ na 2007 wee bụrụ onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Kasian Architecture|title=Sam Oboh Joins Kasian's Edmonton Office as Principal|url=http://kasian.com/news/sam-oboh-joins-kasians-edmonton-office-as-principal/|accessdate=2020-10-06|language=en-CA|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930083402/http://kasian.com/news/sam-oboh-joins-kasians-edmonton-office-as-principal/}}</ref> Site n'ọrụ ya, Oboh kwenyere na enwere ike imepụta ihe kachasị mma site na njikọta nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1" /> O gosipụtara nkwenkwe ya na ọrụ ndị dị ka Alberta Legislature Centre Redevelopment Master Plan ebe dị ka Onye Ndú Architect, o duuru ndị otu ya ijide mmụọ nke ebe nketa kachasị mkpa nke Alberta n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke okike na nke ọhụrụ - si otú a na-akpali echiche nke ebe, nganga, inwe na obodo ndị Albertan niile.<ref name="edmontonjournal.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=BEYOND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT|title=Samuel Oboh|url=https://www.beyondthebuilt.com/samuel-oboh|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=BeyondtheBuilt.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Oboh duziri mgbalị mmepe azụmahịa - na-akwado, na-enweta ma na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị dị ka mmepe nke Alberta Legislature Grounds, Royal Alberta Museum of History, na LEED Gold Edmonton Federal Building project (chebere iji gosipụta nkwa Gọọmenti nke Alberta maka ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Government of Alberta|title=History of the building|url=https://www.alberta.ca/federal-building-history.aspx|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=www.alberta.ca|language=en-CA}}</ref> Site na 2010 ruo 2016, Oboh sonyeere Ngalaba Ọrụ Ọha na Ọrụ Gọọmenti Canada (nke bụzi Ọrụ Ọha na Azụmaahịa Canada) dị ka onye isi na-ewu ụlọ na onye njikwa mpaghara nke Architecture na Engineering Centre of Expertise na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ - nke Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Nunavut na Northwest Territories mejupụtara. O duziri nguzobe nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke Architecture and Engineering Centre of Expertise, nke gụnyere ihe karịrị ndị ọkachamara iri ise, ndị ọrụ nchịkwa na ndị ọkachamara na nkà na ụzụ. Oboh mepụtara atụmatụ dị ka Stewardship Excellence Protocol, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite ọdịbendị nke ịdị mma na ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti Canada.<ref name="canadiangovernmentexecutive.ca3"/> Ọ nwetara ikikere dị ka onye na-ewu ụlọ n'ọtụtụ ikike nke gụnyere steeti [[Texas]], United States, na mpaghara Canada nke Alberta, Ontario, Manitoba<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manitoba Association of Architects|url=https://www.mbarchitects.org/member_profile.php?id=1247|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=www.mbarchitects.org}}</ref> na British Columbia, Oboh bụ onye nnọchi anya mpaghara mba ụwa na American Institute of Architects 'College of Fellows na onye otu Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.tbae.state.tx.us/PublicInfo/archdata.txt|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602155415/http://www.tbae.state.tx.us/PublicInfo/archdata.txt|archivedate=2008-06-02|accessdate=2008-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AAA - Member Directory|url=https://www.aaa.ab.ca/Public-Resources/Member-Directory?searchtext=&searchmode=allwords&namefilterexactphrase=oboh&membertypefilter=0&cityfilterexactphrase=|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=www.aaa.ab.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Members|url=https://oaa.on.ca/find-an-architect/search-architects?Name=Samuel%20Oghale%20Oboh&|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=oaa.on.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Architectural Institute of BC|url=https://aibc.memberpro.net/main/body.cfm?menu=directory&submenu=directoryMember|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=aibc.memberpro.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Fellows Representative - Election results|url=https://www.aiainternational.org/news-feed/2019/1/3/college-of-fellows-representative-election-results|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=AIA INTERNATIONAL REGION|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Oboh|url=https://www.aiainternational.org/samuel-oboh|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=AIA INTERNATIONAL REGION|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028082148/https://www.aiainternational.org/samuel-oboh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Royal Architectural Institute of Canada|first=College of Fellows|title=2013 Class of Fellows|url=https://raic.org/sites/raic.org/files/fellows-2019.pdf|pages=79}}</ref> O nwere ikikere na Botswana na South Africa ma bụrụ onye otu Chartered Architect nke Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) site na 2000-2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Oboh {{!}} Black In Canada|url=http://www.blackincanada.com/2010/11/10/samuel-oboh/|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=www.blackincanada.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=One of Canada's most influential Africans|url=http://www.consultingarchitects.ab.ca/one-of-canada-s-most-influential-africans|accessdate=11 September 2015|work=consultingarchitects.ab.ca|archivedate=29 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929144101/http://www.consultingarchitects.ab.ca/one-of-canada-s-most-influential-africans}}</ref> Na Mee 16, 2015, Oboh nwetara ihe nrite onye isi ala site n'aka American Institute of Architects na Atlanta Georgia na nsọpụrụ onye isi ala site na Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) dị ka onye otu nsọpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAIC {{!}} Bulletin {{!}} June 2015|url=https://raic.org/bulletins/2015/june/news_e.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929200847/https://raic.org/bulletins/2015/june/news_e.htm|archivedate=2015-09-29|accessdate=2017-12-20|work=raic.org}}</ref> Oboh bụ onye ndu echiche na onye na-ekwu okwu mgbe niile na ọtụtụ nzukọ mba ụwa na nnọkọ gburugburu ụwa. - gụnyere [[Kánada|Canada]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [[Brazil]], [[London|London - England]], Paris - France, Brussels - Belgium, Berlin - Germany, Singapore, Seoul - South Korea, Lahore - Pakistan, Tokyo - Japan, Brisbane, Sydney na Melbourne [[Ostraliya|Australia]], N'djamena - Chad, [[Lagos|Lagos - Nigeria]], Kampala - Uganda, Gaborone - Botswana, Maseru - Lesotho, na obodo dị iche iche na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ottawa Citizen|title=Adam: A call for government buildings that don't look cheap|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/adam-a-call-for-government-buildings-that-dont-look-cheap|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=Ottawa Citizen|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ERIEC {{!}} 2017 Global Talent Conference: Communicating with Confidence|url=https://www.eriec.ca/stories/global2017-talent-conference-communicating-confidence/|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=ERIEC: Career Resources for Immigrants|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JustCity Jozi Speakers|url=https://www.uia-cahr.com/speakers|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=Community Arch|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014094311/https://www.uia-cahr.com/speakers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Engaging Change: A Discussion on Anti-Black Racism|url=http://torontosocietyofarchitects.ca/event/engaging-change-a-discussion-on-anti-black-racism/|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=Toronto Society of Architects|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117000707/http://torontosocietyofarchitects.ca/event/engaging-change-a-discussion-on-anti-black-racism/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AIA IR 2018 Conference - Convergence in Singapore|url=https://www.aiainternational.org/news-feed/2019/1/9/aia-ir-2018-conference-convergence-in-singapore|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=AIA INTERNATIONAL REGION|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ARCASIA + V4AF III Roundtable on Heritage-Conservation-Renovation "Old Towns and Cities" {{!}} Recent Events {{!}} Events {{!}} ARCASIA|url=http://www.arcasia.org/events/recent-events/415-arcasia-v4af-iii-roundtable-on-heritage-conservation-renovation-old-towns-and-cities|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=www.arcasia.org|archivedate=2020-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630110107/http://www.arcasia.org/events/recent-events/415-arcasia-v4af-iii-roundtable-on-heritage-conservation-renovation-old-towns-and-cities}}</ref> O nweela onye nkuzi / onye na-eleta ọrụ nkatọ studio na mahadum dị iche iche gụnyere Mahadum Calgary, Mahadum Toronto, Mahadum Carleton, na Mahadum South Africa nke Pretoria na Mahadum Teknụzụ Durban . N'afọ 2006, o duziri nguzobe nke isi obodo mbụ nke RAIC na Alberta, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka Onye isi ala na 2007/2008.<ref name=":03"/> N'oge ọchịchị ya, Oboh duziri ma kwado ọtụtụ atụmatụ nkwado ụlọ nke gụnyere nhazi nke Alberta Architecture dị ka akụkụ nke ngosi Gọọmenti Alberta na 2006 Smithsonian Folklife Festival na Washington, DC. N'afọ 2017, Oboh na onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Berlin bụ [[Diébédo Francis Kéré|Francis Kéré]] rụkọrọ ọrụ iji duzie atụmatụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọdịbendị Afrịka nke ọtụtụ nde dollar na Alberta - Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines.|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/edmonton-journal/20180226/281659665531208|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=www.pressreader.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oboh and Kéré to Lead Construction of Africa Centre New Building – Diversity Magazine|url=https://www.diversitymag.ca/oboh-and-kere-to-lead-construction-of-africa-centre-new-building/|accessdate=2020-10-06|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Architect March 2018|url=https://issuu.com/iqbusinessmedia/docs/ca_mar_18_de/10|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=Issuu|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[List of Nigerian architects]] * Ndepụta nke ndị Canada * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ewu ụlọ == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] exdixaozpulrykb8hx5eucideroxgj4 0 14258 687706 594834 2026-07-13T02:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Raimi Olakunle Gbadamosi''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1965 na Manchester) bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe na onye edemede. Ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka isiokwu nke njirimara na nkà nka, na-eji akara ngosi ya nke odo, ọcha na oji. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Aha etiti ya sitere na okwu "Ola" nke pụtara "ọgaranya" na "Kunle" nke pụtara "ihe karịrị n'ụlọ" na Yoruba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://names.newkerala.com/baby-name/4297/ola|title=Ola: the meaning of the name|work=Newkerala|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2017-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180321/http://names.newkerala.com/baby-name/4297/ola}}</ref> Gbadamosi nwetara nzere doctorati ya na nka na The Slade, [[London]], n'afọ 2001. O nwekwara MA na nka na Manchester Metropolitan University (1995) na BA na nka na Staffordshire University (1994). Gbadamosi kụziri ezigbo nka dị ka onye nyocha na-asọpụrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Slade nke Nka ma hazie ihe ngosi dị iche iche.<ref>[http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/textonly/museumsnewsitem?newsid=148200 plymouth.gov.uk]</ref> Dị ka onye edemede, e bipụtala ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ nka nke atọ, n'etiti akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Ọ bikwa na Johannesburg, South Afrịka ebe ọ kụziri nka na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raimi Gbadamosi {{!}} Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research|url=https://wiser.wits.ac.za/users/raimi-gbadamosi|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=wiser.wits.ac.za|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926191716/https://wiser.wits.ac.za/users/raimi-gbadamosi}}</ref> na Mahadum nke Pretoria .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fine Arts staff show, Tempo, hosted by the Department of Visual Arts in collaboration with JazzUP Tshwane {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/visual-arts/news/post_2262564-fine-arts-staff-show-tempo-hosted-by-the-department-of-visual-arts-in-collaboration-with-jazzup-tshwane-|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=www.up.ac.za|language=en|archivedate=2023-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007062010/https://www.up.ac.za/visual-arts/news/post_2262564-fine-arts-staff-show-tempo-hosted-by-the-department-of-visual-arts-in-collaboration-with-jazzup-tshwane-}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ Mahadum nke Pretoria n'afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=School of the Arts: Visual Arts {{!}} University of Pretoria|url=https://www.up.ac.za/visual-arts|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=www.up.ac.za|archivedate=2020-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028233931/https://www.up.ac.za/visual-arts}}</ref> Dị ka Zoe Li, nke Arts Council England si kwuo: "Ọrụ Raimi na-enyocha mgbagwoju anya nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala, na-agbakarị echiche anyị banyere agbụrụ, agbụrụ na ọdịbendị."<ref>Zoe Li, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210307085930/http://www.calling.org.uk/pages/commentary/gbadamosi/Gbadamosi_bio.php "Raimi Gbadamosi biography"], calling.org.uk.</ref> Akụkụ ndị dị mkpa gụnyere "Swadsquad", bọọdụ chess nwere akụkụ atọ. N'afọ 2007, ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Plymouth City Museum na Art Gallery, ebe o mepụtara njem ọzọ nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie akpọrọ ''Drakes Circus'', na-adọrọ uche gaa n'ihe ndị metụtara ịgba ohu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Glen|first=Colin|title=Human Cargo|work=[[Art Monthly]]|date=November 2007|url=https://www.questia.com/library/1G1-171440574/human-cargo}}</ref> A na-enwe ihe atụ nke ọrụ Gbadamosi n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta nka ọha, gụnyere Henry Moore Institute na Leeds, Novas na Liverpool na Étíti maka Nka Ọhụrụ, University of Central Lancashire . Site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya, ndị na-ekiri nwere ike ibudata ma debe ihe osise 'Free' nke onye na-ese ihe, nke kachasị n'ụdị okwu ederede.<ref>{{Cite web|title=©RGb|url=http://raimigbadamosi.net/RGb_Website.html|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=raimigbadamosi.net|archivedate=2020-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929071938/http://raimigbadamosi.net/RGb_Website.html}}</ref> Gbadamosi egosipụtala ọrụ ya na Britain niile yana mba ụwa. N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Gbadamosi ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe Sasol New Signatures art award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet our judges: Raimi Gbadamosi {{!}} Sasol New Signatures|url=https://www.sasolsignatures.co.za/blog/meet-our-judges-raimi-gbadamosi|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=www.sasolsignatures.co.za|archivedate=2017-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101135927/http://www.sasolsignatures.co.za/blog/meet-our-judges-raimi-gbadamosi}}</ref> N'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, a kagburu asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sasol New Signatures {{!}}|url=https://www.sasolsignatures.co.za/|accessdate=2020-10-02|work=www.sasolsignatures.co.za}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o83ge7tybymevp7vvzung90dzo626qm 0 15407 687807 199859 2026-07-13T11:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687807 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Samta Benyahia</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1950<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Algeria]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A maara ya maka&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Plastic arts|Nkà plastik]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240514123835/https://samtabenyahia.com/ samtabenyahia.com]</span> |} '''Samta Benyahia''' ({{lang-ar|صامته بن يحيى}}) a mụrụ na Constantine, Algeria, n'afo1950, bu onye eserese Algerian,<ref name="Moore2008">{{Cite book|author=Moore|first=Lindsey|title=Arab, Muslim, woman: voice and vision in postcolonial literature and film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbVjzIgLNowC&pg=PR11|accessdate=18 June 2011|date=24 June 2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-40416-7|pages=11–}}</ref> a mara maka Arab Berber Andalusian geometrical patterns and rosaceae ya, a na akpọ ''fatima''. Benyahia gụrụ akwụkwọ na École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Décoratifs, Paris site na 1974 ruo 1980, ma mesịa kụzie na École supérieure des Beaux-Arts fr: École des beaux-arts d'Alger na Algiers site na 1980 ruo 1988. Ọ kwagara France na 1988 wee nata Master of Advanced Studies nka plastik arts na Mahadum Paris nke asatọ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-ebi na Paris ugbu a. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, Benyahia esonyewo n'ọtụtụ Ihe ngosi nka nke otu na nke onwe ya n'ebe dị iche iche n'ụwa niile, gụnyere Dak"Art Biennale nke Dakar, [[Senegal]] (2004), '''Venice Biennial''' (2003), Nka Ọhụrụ Oxford, England (2003), na '''Kulturhuset''', [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] (2004), Galari Spacex, Exeter, UK (2001-2002), obibi na ngosi pụta nka na General, New York City (1996), yana n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi Europe na ụwa. Samta bụ nwanne nwanyị nke onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akpụ ihe Ahmed Benyahia, nwa akwụkwọ nke Caesar Baldaccini na l'École des Beaux-Arts na Paris, ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-emepụta Ihe nrite Caesar, Ihe nkiri French nke yiri nke Amerika [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]. Ọ bụ nwanne nne nke onye Algeria na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-ese foto [[Racim Benyahia]]. == Ọrụ == Na Architecture of the Veil, a kọwara ọrụ Benyahia dị ka inweta isiokwu ya:<blockquote>site na '''Mashrabiya''', ihe ngosi oghere eji eme ihe na owuwu alakuba Mediterranean iji kpuchie windo na balkoni, na-enye ndị nọ n'ime - ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị - ohere ile ụwa dị n'èzí n'enweghị ịhụ ha. Ntinye ahụ na-enye nyocha mara mma na nke siri ike nke okike yana dialectic n'etiti ime na mpụga, ìhè na onyinyo, izochi na mkpughe, na nzuzo na oghere ọha.Otú ọ dị, ihe siri ike ịkọwa n'okwu bụ otú ọrụ ya si mara mma ma na-adọrọ mmasị. N'ịbụ onye agba na ụkpụrụ dọtara mmasị ya, a na-akpọ onye na-ekiri ya ka ọ kwurịta ókèala ndị e chepụtara echepụta n'ime oghere nke oge a nke ihe ngosi nka ebe ojiji ọ na-eji atụmatụ ọdịnala nke North Africa na-enyocha echiche nke enweghị njedebe. Site n'iji ugboro ugboro, ndị na-emepụta ihe na-akụzi ihe si n'Arebia oge ochie yana ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a dị ka Benyahia na-eji usoro dị mgbagwoju anya ma bụrụ nke a maara nke ọma iji nye echiche nke enweghị njedebe, nke a na-ejikọkarị na echiche Alakụba banyere Chineke. Na-egbuke egbuke dị ka ngosipụta nke oké osimiri, ihe osise ya bụ ọkpụkpọ òkù dị egwu maka "ịla n'iyi" n'ime ihe ịchọ mma n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/Town-Hall-Centre.aspx|title=Capturing Paradise, Braintree Town Hall Museum and Art Gallery, Siobhan Suleyman, September 14 to October 31, 2007|accessdate=1 March 2010|archivedate=9 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709040704/http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/Town-Hall-Centre.aspx}}</ref></blockquote> == Ebe mụ si dee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241203213551/https://samtabenyahia.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Samta Benyahia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100707042015/http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/incEngine/?content=cm&cm=past_news&article_id=1052158432&art=&did=31 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Fowler na UCLA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194806/http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/nafas/articles/2007/samta_benyahia Nafas Art Magazine] * [http://www.enjoybraintreedistrict.co.uk/GetFile.aspx?aliaspath=%2FPDFs%2FCapturing-Paradise-catalogue-w Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Braintree Town Hall] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rplm1lxu5v8u52nn4w4ylx74wagmpxw 0 18768 687540 183151 2026-07-12T13:02:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Beef_pepper_soup.jpg|thumb|Beef pepper soup]] '''Ofe anụ ewu''', nke a na-akpọkwa 'goat meat pepper soup' na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. A na-eji anụ ewu eme ihe dị ka isi ihe, ụfọdụ nsụgharị nwere ike iji crayfish.<ref name="NFTV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianfoodtv.com/2014/01/nigerian-goat-meat-pepper-soup.html|title=Nigerian Goat Meat Pepper Soup|author=Nky Lily Lete|work=nigerianfoodtv.com|accessdate=26 May 2015}}</ref> Maka ọdịiche dị iche iche, a pụrụ itinye poteto, ma ọ bụ plantain. Ụdị ofe nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ma na-ekpo ọkụ. A na-enye ofe ahụ ọkụ mgbe niile ma jiri ngwakọta nke ihe dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ mee ya nke na-enye ụtọ na ụtọ dị ukwuu na ofe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avartsycooking.com/2012/02/nigerian-pepper-soup/|title=Nigerian Pepper Soup|publisher=Avartsycooking.com|accessdate=5 June 2015|date=27 February 2012|archivedate=27 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527001352/http://www.avartsycooking.com/2012/02/nigerian-pepper-soup/}}</ref> A kọwawo nri ahụ dị ka nke kachasị ewu ewu n'ime [[Peppersoup|ofe ose]] Naijiria niile. Ọ bụ ofe dị mfe nke a na-akwadebe mgbe niile n'ejighị mmanụ, a pụkwara ịṅụ ya n'ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ. N'ihi ọdịdị nke ofe ahụ, a na-eri ya naanị ya mana enwere ike iso ya na nri a maara dị ka agidi (ụdị nri ọka nke a na-ewere dị ka nke kachasị mma na okra na ofe ose, n'otu aka ahụ). Osikapa ọcha bụkwa nri a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ofe ose anụ ewu. A kọwawo ya dị ka nke na-ejikọta nke ọma na [[mmanya nkwụ]] na biya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-eri ofe ose anụ ewu n'afọ niile na Naịjirịa, n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oge oyi. A na-azọrọ na ọ na-enyere aka belata influenza ma ọ bụ oyi ma ọ bụrụ na esi ya n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị [nkọwa dị mkpa]. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri akụkụ dịgasị iche iche nke ewu mee ihe, ụfọdụ akụkụ nwere ike ịchọ ka esi ogologo oge karịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="NFTV"/> E nwere ụdị ofe ose dị iche iche nke dịgasị iche dabere na mpaghara, yana ngwakọta dị iche iche na-esi ísì ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2011/03/01/how-to-make-nigerian-pepper-soup|title=How To Make Nigerian Pepper Soup|author=Kitchen Butterfly|date=1 March 2011|work=Kitchen Butterfly|accessdate=26 May 2015|archivedate=26 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526130603/http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2011/03/01/how-to-make-nigerian-pepper-soup/}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Ndị Ìgbò|ndị Igbo]], n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na [[Ȯra Rivers|ndị]] Riverians n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ, na-eji tomato, yabasị na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-akwadebe ofe ose ha. Ndị si [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]] na-eji ataiko, uda, gbafilo, rigije, na akwụkwọ ahịhịa lemon emepụta ofe ose mgbe ụfọdụ. N'asụsụ [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]], a na-akpọ ofe ose anụ ewu mgbe ụfọdụ Ogun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goat meat peppersoup Recipe by Mjays_kitchen 😋|url=https://cookpad.com/ng/recipes/8251849-goat-meat-peppersoup|accessdate=2022-06-15|work=Cookpad|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwadebe == E nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche a na-eji eme ihe dabere na mpaghara na nnweta. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na ofe ose anụ ewu bụ anụ ewu, crayfish, Uziza, Ụda (nke a na-akpọkwa Uda Ewentia ma ọ bụ Enge) na nutmeg, dị ka Calabash Nutmeg (nke a makwaara dị ka Ehu ma ọ bụ Ariwo).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-23|title=The Ultimate Guide To Making Goat Meat Peppersoup|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/the-ultimate-guide-to-making-goat-meat-peppersoup/|accessdate=2022-06-15|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe mgbe enwere oke ịnweta ihe ọdịnala bụ bouillon cubes, yabasị, nnu, ose, basil na ose.<ref name="NFTV"/> Ụfọdụ nsụgharị na-ejikwa isi ewu. Nkwadebe na-agụnye ihicha na itinye anụ ahụ n'ime ya na iji yabasị a pịrị apị sie ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbakwunye mmiri ma na-esi nri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Goat Meat Pepper Soup|url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/restaurant/goatmeat-pepper-soup/|accessdate=2022-06-15|work=All Nigerian Recipes|language=en-US}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ihe na-atọ ụtọ dị ka nnu, ose na basil mechie nri ahụ.<ref name="NFTV" /> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta nri ewu * Ndepụta ofe * [[Peppersoup]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite web|author=Martineau|first=Chantal|title=Buka Invites You to Sweat It Out Over Nigerian Pepper Soup|work=Village Voice|date=4 June 2010|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2010/06/buka_early_work.php|accessdate=26 May 2015|archivedate=26 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526110234/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/forkintheroad/2010/06/buka_early_work.php}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/soups/pepper-soup.html Otu esi esi esi nri Naịjirịa Pepper Soup]. Allnigerianrecipes.com. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150527001352/http://www.avartsycooking.com/2012/02/nigerian-pepper-soup/ Avartsycooking.com] qrpuxn7skfwjuo3ktx4fn4niptkc7n8 0 19041 687798 540994 2026-07-13T11:03:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Sambasa Nzeribe|image=|caption=|birth_name=Chiedozie Nzeribe Siztus|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Anambra State]], [[Nigeria]]|alma_mater=|occupation=Actor|years_active=|children=|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Sambasa Nzeribe''' listen (onye a mụrụ Chiedozie Nzeribe Siztus) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn, nlereanya na [[Actor|onye na-eme]] ntụrụndụ.{{Audio|Ig-Sambasa Nzeribe.ogg|listen}} == Ndabere == Ọ si Anambra [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Steeti]] nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ == O gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Naijiria na-aga nke ọma, gụnyere A Mile from Home (2013) Out of Luck ([[A Soldier's Story (2015 film)|2015]]), Just Not Married (2015), A Soldier's Story (2015), Hotel Choco (2015), The Wedding Party (2016), The Island (2018), Slow Country (2018), Elevator Baby (2019), ''Kasala'' (2018) na The Ghost and the Tout (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ekoiff-2016-just-not-married-ijeoma-grace-agu-muyiwa-ademola-among-winners/pjdy892|title="Just Not Married," Ijeoma Grace Agu, Muyiwa Ademola among winners|date=31 October 2016|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/artistes-gather-just-not-married-premiere/|title=Artistes gather for Just Not Married premiere|date=10 May 2016|work=The Nation Newspaper|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/|title=A Soldier Story: New Film Set To Hit Up The Nigerian Screen – >>Best Of Nollywood|accessdate=4 November 2019|archivedate=4 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104201905/http://www.bestofnollywood.tv/2015/09/03/a-soldier-story-new-film-set-to-hit-up-the-nigerian-screen/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://funtaqa.wordpress.com/2016/09/28/new-movie-trailer-slow-country-by-eric-aghimien/|title=New Movie Trailer: “SLOW COUNTRY” by Eric Aghimien|author=funtaqa|date=28 September 2016|work=funtaqa|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/five-highest-grossing-nollywood-movies-2018/|title=Five highest grossing Nollywood movies so far in 2018|date=15 November 2018|work=TheCable Lifestyle|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myfilmhouse.ng/watch-online/the-ghost-and-the-tout|title=MYFILMHOUSE|work=myfilmhouse.ng|accessdate=4 November 2019|archivedate=29 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029031547/https://myfilmhouse.ng/watch-online/the-ghost-and-the-tout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-ghost-and-the-tout-watch-toyin-aimakhu-chioma-chukwuka-chiwetalu-agu-sambasa/vv2h6rf|title=Watch Toyin Aimakhu, Chioma Chukwuka, Chiwetalu Agu, Sambasa Nzeribe in trailer|date=10 April 2018|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=4 November 2019|archivedate=28 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028183810/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-ghost-and-the-tout-watch-toyin-aimakhu-chioma-chukwuka-chiwetalu-agu-sambasa/vv2h6rf}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2016, ọ meriri [[Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|AMVCA]] nke abụọ ya n'usoro maka "Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Drama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nea-2016-joseph-benjamin-faithia-balogun-sambasa-nzeribe-among-winners/8mb2phl|title=Joseph Benjamin, Faithia Balogun, Sambasa Nzeribe among winners|date=6 September 2016|work=pulse.ng|accessdate=4 November 2019|archivedate=28 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028213900/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/nea-2016-joseph-benjamin-faithia-balogun-sambasa-nzeribe-among-winners/8mb2phl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://xplorenollywood.com/eric-aghimiens-award-winning-slow-country-to-premiere-in-may/|title=Eric Aghimien's Award Winning "Slow Country" To Premiere in May {{!}} Xplorenollywood|author=Kareem|first=Tolu|accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9005530/|title=Sambasa Nzeribe|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=6 November 2019}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Otu'' kilomita si n'ụlọ (2013) * <nowiki><i id="mwQg">Enweghị ihu ọma</i></nowiki> (2015) * ''Ọ lụghị di'' (2015) * [[A Soldier's Story (2015 film)|''Akụkọ Onye Agha'' (2015)]] * ''Ụlọ oriri Choco'' (2015) * [[The Wedding Party (2016 film)|''Ememme agbamakwụkwọ'' (2016)]] * Nwunye m na m (2017) * ''Àgwàetiti ahụ'' (2018) * <nowiki><i id="mwVQ">Mba Na-adịghị</i></nowiki> Agwụ Agwụ (2018) * Elevator Baby (2019) * ''Kasala'' (2018) * ''Ọ'' Na-abịa Site na Nzuzu (2018) * ''[[The Ghost and the Tout|Mmụọ na Ihe]]'' Ọgaranya (2018) * Ndị Aghụghọ anọ na Onye Ọhụrụ (2011) == Ndụ onwe == Sambasa tolitere n'ọnọdụ siri ike, ebe nna ya nwụnahụrụ ya n'oge. Ọ tolitere na Isolo, [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] State. Ọ zụlitere mmasị maka ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ na-etolite, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ukwuu na ndị ukwe chọọchị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/spotlight/5-minutes-with-sambasa-nzeribe/|title=5 Minutes With Sambasa Nzeribe|date=4 November 2019|work=guardian.ng|accessdate=4 November 2019|archivedate=4 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104200403/https://guardian.ng/life/spotlight/5-minutes-with-sambasa-nzeribe/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twmagazine.net/tw-opinion/articles/who-is-sambasa-nzeribe/|title=WHO IS SAMBASA NZERIBE?|date=13 March 2017|work=TW Magazine Website|accessdate=4 November 2019|archivedate=28 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028184039/https://twmagazine.net/tw-opinion/features/who-is-sambasa-nzeribe/}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ememe mmeri !Ụdị !Ihe nkiri !Nsonaazụ !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" |[[2017 Best of Nollywood Awards|Ihe nrite kacha mma nke Nollywood]] |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu - Bekee |''Mba Na-adịghị Amami'' |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- |Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma |''[[Tatu (film)|Tatu]]'' |{{Nom}} |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] emc958lje42mguq02awsru5gbvtlvpe 0 21203 687735 99976 2026-07-13T07:42:47Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:2008ACCCGVT offense 1st half.JPG|thumb|2008 ACC Championship Game ]] '''2008''' ACC Championship Game bụ '''egwuregwu''' bọọlụ kọleji n'etiti Virginia Tech Hokies na Boston College Eagles . Egwuregwu ahụ, nke Dr Pepper kwadoro, bụ asọmpi ikpeazụ nke oge bọọlụ kọleji nke afọ 2008 maka Nzukọ Atlantic Coast. Virginia Tech meriri Boston College, merie asọmpi bọọlụ Atlantic Coast Conference, 30 o12. Ruo 2021, nke a bụ egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke ACC Championship na-enweghị Clemson ma ọ bụ Florida State site na Atlantic Division. A họpụtara Virginia Tech Hokies ka ọ nọchite anya ngalaba Coastal site na mmeri nke agbaji isi na isi megide ndị na-asọmpi Georgia Tech wee bata n'egwuregwu ahụ jiri ndekọ 8–4 (5-3 na egwuregwu ACC). Na-anọchite anya ngalaba Atlantic bụ kọleji Boston, nke nwere ndekọ 9–3 (5–3 ACC). Otu abụọ a bụ ndị mmeri nke oge esemokwu chiri anya na ACC. Ọnweghị otu ọ bụla jigidere otu ebe na egwuregwu ahụ ruo izu ikpeazụ tupu asọmpi ahụ, ha abụọ ga-adabere na iwu imebi njikọ ogbako iji nweta ntụpọ. Egwuregwu ahụ bụ ngbanwe nke asọmpi afọ gara aga, nke Virginia Tech meriri, 30–16.. b0h4w1cfjpby1q23q22m3kx98v3adzf 0 22127 687727 140596 2026-07-13T07:05:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robina Gureme Rwakoojo''' bụ onye ọka iwu Ugandan, onye omeiwu nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nnọchi anya onye omeiwu maka Gomba West County na Gomba District na omeiwu nke iri na otu nke Uganda.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Uganda|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=100|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=www.parliament.go.ug|archivedate=2021-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430205903/https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=100}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ na National Resistance Movement (NRM).<ref>{{Cite web|title=RWAKOOJO ROBINA GUREME|url=https://nrm.co.ug/staff/rwakoojo-robina-gureme/|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=NRM|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803093722/https://nrm.co.ug/staff/rwakoojo-robina-gureme/}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke iri nke Uganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.mpscanug.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020ParliamentScorecard-2018-2019-draft-FINAL.pdf-Sent-for-Print-2020-7-21.pdf|title=The Parliamentary Performance Scorecard 2018- 2019|publisher=[[Africa Leadership Institute]]|year=2018|isbn=978-947478-111-0|location=Kampala|pages=61, 74, 82, 120, 123, 146, 616, 715, 737}}</ref> Ọ sonyekwara n'asọmpi maka onye nnọchi anya onye isi okwu na nke 11th parliament nke Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kibanzanga|first=Jerry|date=25 March 2021|title=Hon Robina Rwakoojo joins Deputy Speaker race pledges to stand for unity all arms of govt|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2021/03/25/hon-robina-rwakoojo-joins-deputy-speaker-race-pledges-to-stand-for-unity-all-arms-of-govt/|accessdate=28 March 2021|publisher=[[The Insider (news website)|The Insider]]|archivedate=27 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227154424/https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2021/03/25/hon-robina-rwakoojo-joins-deputy-speaker-race-pledges-to-stand-for-unity-all-arms-of-govt/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=AMON KATUNGULU|date=2021-03-26|title=Gomba West's Robina Rwakoojo officially launches bid for deputy speakership position|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/2021/03/26/gomba-wests-robina-rwakoojo-officially-launches-bid-for-deputy-speakership-position/|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=Nile Post|language=en-US}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Kahungu|first=Misairi Thembo|date=2021-02-03|title=Battle for Deputy Speaker job heats up as minister joins race|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/battle-for-deputy-speaker-job-heats-up-as-minister-joins-race--3277906|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Robina Gureme Rwakoojo na 17 Julaị 1964 n'ezinụlọ Anglican.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Primary Leaving Examinations 1976 na Nakasero Primary School. Ọ gara Nabumali High School ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Uganda Certificate of Education na 1980. Ma site na Kings College Budo na 1984, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education.<ref name=":4"/> Rwakoojo Gureme Rwakoojo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na Law na Mahadum Makerere na 1990. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Postgraduate Diploma na Legal Practice site na Law Development Centre na 1990 na Postgr graduate Diploma na Public Administration and Management site na Uganda Management Institute na afo puku na asaa.<ref name=":4"/> == Ahụmahụ ọrụ == Robina Gureme Rwakoojo bụ onye ọka iwu steeti maka Ngalaba Ọchịchị Ọchịchị n'okpuru Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs site na 1990 - 1992 ma n'ime otu nzukọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye ọka iwu obodo site na 1992 - 1995.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> Ọ ghọrọ Onye Ọkaiwu Steeti maka Ngalaba Ọchịchị Ọchịchị n'okpuru Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs site na 1995 - 1996. Maka Directorate of Legal Advisory Services n'okpuru Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, ọ bụ (onye ọka iwu ukwu steeti site na 1996 - 1999 ma mesịa ghọọ onye ọka iwu steeti 1999 - 2003).<ref name=":4" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye ọka iwu steeti maka Directorate of Civil Litigation n'okpuru Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs site na 2003 - 2007. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi na-anọchite anya, maka Directorate of Civil Litigation n'okpuru Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs site na 2007 - 2008. Rwakoojo ghọrọ onye na-anọchite anya onye nduzi Civil Litigation maka Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs site na 2008 - 2013.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ ghọrọ Kọmishọna Line Ministries maka Directorate of Civil Litigation n'okpuru Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs site na 2010 - 2015. N'afọ 2016, ọ meriri oche maka ịbụ onye nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu maka Gomba West County na Gomba District na nke iri nke Uganda. A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka otu oche ahụ na puku abụọ na iri abụọ na abụọ .<ref name=":4"/> Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii maka nhọpụta, ọ bụkwa Onye isi oche nke Iwu na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na nzuko omeiwu nke iri na otu nke Uganda. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ohere Ịha nhata na ndị omeiwu nke iri.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi kọmitii ahọpụtara site na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na ntụziaka nke Onye isi oche Rebecca Kadaga nke nyochara ebubo nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na iyi egwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, mahadum na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=OKELLO|first=GEORGE|date=2019-03-11|title=VERDICT: New report pins 60 teachers, lecturers on sexually abusing students|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/news/2019/03/verdict-new-report-pins-60-teachers-lecturers-on-sexually-abusing-students.html|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=PML Daily|language=en-US}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=John|first=Agaba|date=2019-03-21|title=19 academics under scrutiny as ‘sexual predators’|url=https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20190319115230889|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=University World News}}</ref> == Onyinye ndị ọzọ == ụfọdụ n'ime Robina Gureme Rwakoojo ọrụ ndị ọzọ na onyinye gụnyere ịkwado ndị otu bọọlụ na mpaghara ahụ, ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị SACCOS, mmezu nke Borehole Project na Mpanda, Kyegonza, Kanoni TC maka ndị ya na Gomba West County.<ref name=":0"/> O sonyekwara na nyocha nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na iyi egwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, mahadum na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu.<ref name=":2"/> O sonyekwara na ọgụgụ nke abụọ nke Iwu Ndezigharị Iwu ma vootu Ee na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=KEMIGISA JACKY|date=28 March 2018|title=How MPs voted on the second reading of the Constitution Amendment Bill – Parliament Watch|url=http://parliamentwatch.ug/how-mps-voted-on-the-second-reading-of-the-constitution-amendment-bill/|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=parliamentwatch.ug}}</ref> O sonyekwara n'ọtụtụ ikpe ụlọ ikpe<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tral Ltd v Attorney General (CAD/ARB/-2012/10) [2012] UGCADER 3 (27 May 2012); {{!}} Ulii|url=https://ulii.org/ug/judgment/center-arbitration-and-dispute-resolution-uganda/2012/3|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=ulii.org|archivedate=2021-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921165342/https://ulii.org/ug/judgment/center-arbitration-and-dispute-resolution-uganda/2012/3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EALA Speaker, Members Join Court Contest Over Election to Regional Assembly|url=https://www.eala.org/index.php/media/view/eala-speaker-members-join-court-contest-over-election-to-regional-assembly|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=[[East African Legislative Assembly]]|publisher=[[East African Court of Justice]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * National Resistance Movement * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri na otu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ekfzyj9cs2apd8pxwo74ut1pki2z04f 0 22513 687703 687300 2026-07-13T02:36:20Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Akụkọ ndụ[1][1] */ 687703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988. == Akụkọ ndụ<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent" /> == A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.<ref name="independent">{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.<ref name="afrik">{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.<ref name="independent" /> Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị. A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.<ref name="independent" /> Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.<ref name="kapitalis">{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.<ref name="ar">{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987.<ref name="independent" /> Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ. Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị. == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fj1m1x1jttr0d6k48g03u12yazprgxv 687704 687703 2026-07-13T02:37:30Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Akụkọ ndụ[1][1] */ 687704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988. == Akụkọ ndụ<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent" /> == A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.<ref name="independent">{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.<ref name="afrik">{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.<ref name="independent" /> Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị. A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị.<ref name="independent" /> Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.<ref name="kapitalis">{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.<ref name="ar">{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987. Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ. Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị. == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g9mb1drol8yojmadcv8swkgs88yqxof 687705 687704 2026-07-13T02:38:21Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Akụkọ ndụ[1][1] */ 687705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Naïma Ben Ali''' (Arabic), bụ onye bụbu nwanyị mbụ nke Tunisia na nwunye mbụ nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị mbụ site na 1987 ruo mgbe ya na Ben Ali gbara alụkwaghịm na 1988. == Akụkọ ndụ<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent" /> == A mụrụ ya '''Naïma Kefi''', ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Mohamad Kefi, onye isi ndị agha Tunisia a ma ama nke nwere ọkwá dị elu na gọọmentị nwere nnwere onwe.<ref name="independent">{{Cite news|title=Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali: Former president of Tunisia toppled at the start of the Arab Spring|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/zine-al-abidine-ben-ali-death-president-tunisia-north-africa-arab-spring-a9118826.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2019-11-04|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ọ zutere onye na-eto eto nke ndị agha Tunisia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 ma ọ bụ 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ nke nzukọ ha ka na-arụrịta ụka.<ref name="afrik">{{Cite news|first=Khaled A.|author=Nasri|title=Ben Ali, de Naima Kéfi à Leïla Trabelsi|url=https://www.afrik.com/ben-ali-de-naima-kefi-a-leila-trabelsi|work=[[Afrik.com]]|date=2008-07-30|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na 1964.<ref name="independent" /> Alụmdi Ben Ali na Naïma, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi agha dị elu, nyeere ọrụ ya aka ozugbo ma mesịa nyere aka mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị. A họpụtara Ben Ali, onye bụ naanị onye ọrụ na-abụghị onye ọrụ n'oge ahụ, dịka onye isi nke ndị agha na 1964, obere oge ka agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị. Naïma Ben Ali na Ben Ali nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ha niile lụrụ ndị ọchụnta ego Tunisia a ma ama: Ghazoua Ben Ali, amụrụ na Machị 8, 1963, na Le Bardo tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, wee lụọ Slim Zarrouk. Dorsaf Ben Ali, amụrụ na July 5, 1965, onye bụ nwunye Slim Chiboub. A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị nke nta, Cyrine Ben Ali, n'August 21, 1971.<ref name="kapitalis">{{Cite news|title=La nouvelle liste des Tunisiens dont les avoirs sont gelés en Suisse|url=http://www.kapitalis.com/politique/national/2583-la-nouvelle-liste-des-tunisiens-dont-les-avoirs-sont-geles-en-suisse-.html|work=Kapitalis.com|date=2011-02-05|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, Ben Ali, onye isi nchịkwa nke National Security n'oge ahụ, na onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye ọ zutere na 1984, na-egosi mmalite nke njedebe nke alụmdi na nwunye ya na Naïma Ben Ali.<ref name="ar">{{Cite news|first=Abdelaziz|author=Barrouhi|title=Fallen Queens: Tunisia's femme fatale|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/7509/fallen-queens-tunisias-femme-fatale/|work=[[The Africa Report]]|date=2012-03-08|accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> Ben Ali na Trabelssi mụrụ nwa nwanyị na-abụghị alụmdi na nwunye na Jenụwarị 1987. Naïma Ben Ali ghọrọ First Lady nke Tunisia na 1987 mgbe Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ghọrọ onye isi ala. Otú ọ dị, Onye isi ala Ben Ali gbara Naïma alụ kwa ghịm na 1988, mgbe afọ 24 nke alụmdi na nwunye gasịrị, maka ihu ọma nke onye isi ya, Leïla Trabelssi, onye kwa gara na obí onye isi ala obere oge ka a mara ọkwa nkewa ahụ. Naïma Ben Ali nọ gi dere na Tunis mgbe mgbanwe Tunisian gasịrị, nke chụpụrụ di mbụ ya n'ọchịchị. == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dob8unzyppnkn8pe6dxqyowfzgoxbt8 0 24260 687754 628634 2026-07-13T10:02:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Sadio Mané''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị iri n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1992) bụ [[Footbọl|onye]] Senegal na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka otu Bundesliga Bayern Munich na otu mba [[Senegal]]. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma n'ụwa na n'etiti ndị egwuregwu [[Afrịka]] kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile, a maara ya maka ịpị ya, dribbling, na ọsọ. Mané malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Ligue 2 club Metz mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, mana ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu oge gachara iji sonye na klọb [[Austrian World Summit|Austrian]] Red Bull Salzburg na 2012 maka ego nke € 4 nde, na-emeri league na iko mba okpukpu abụọ na oge 2013 Xia14. Ka e mesịrị n'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, Mané gafere na klọb England Southampton maka ego ndekọ nke £ 11.8 nde. N'ebe ahụ, o setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ nke Premier League maka hat-trick kachasị ọsọ, gbara na sekọnd 176 na mmeri 6 na Aston Villa na 2015. Mané bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League ibe ya bụ Liverpool na 2016, maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 34 nde. O nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka iru asọmpi UEFA Champions League na 2018 na 2019, merie nke ikpeazụ. Ọ gwụkwara dị ka onye na-agba goolu kachasị elu na league n'afọ 2018 na 19, na-emeri na Premier League Golden Boot. Mané wee nyere aka kwụsị afọ iri atọ Liverpool na-enweghị isi site na mmeri na 2019 China20 Premier League. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, ọ gbara goolu nke 100 ya na Premier League, na-aghọ onye Afrịka nke atọ ruru akara ahụ. Mané mechara nke anọ na nke abụọ na mbipụta 2019 na 2022 nke Ballon d'Or, n'otu n'otu; na The Best FIFA Men's Player ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke ise na 2019 na nke anọ na 2020. Na mba ụwa, Mané edebanyela goolu 34 na egwuregwu 93 maka Senegal kemgbe ọ malitere na 2012, ma ugbu a ọ bụ onye na-agba goolu kachasị elu na mba ya, na nke atọ na oge niile. Ọ nọchitere anya Senegal na 2012 Olympics, yana 2015, 2017, 2019 na 2021 mbipụta nke [[Africa]] Cup of Nations. Na asọmpi nke afọ 2019, Mané nyeere Senegal aka iru onye nke abụọ, otu afọ ka e mesịrị, a kpọrọ ya onye na-agba bọọlụ nke Afọ n'Afrịka. Na ngwụcha nke afọ 2021, Mané gbara bọọlụ mmeri na penalty shoot-out iji nye Senegal aha mbụ ha nke Africa Cup of Nations ma kpọọkwa ya onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi ahụ. N'afọ 2022, e chiri ya onye egwuregwu Afrịka nke Afọ nke ugboro abụọ. Mané nọchitekwara anya mba ya na 2018 FIFA World Cup, na nke abụọ ọ pụtara na asọmpi ahụ. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === A mụrụ Mané na Bambali, Sédhiou, Senegal.<ref name="theguardian">{{Cite web|author=Aarons|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/apr/08/sadio-mane-documentary-made-in-senegal-liverpool|title=Sadio Mané: 'I wanted to build a hospital to give people hope'|work=The Guardian|date=8 April 2020|accessdate=17 June 2022}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ọrụ na bọọlụ, mana nna ya (onye bụ imam) machibidoro ya igwu egwuregwu ahụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata; Otú ọ dị, nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadio Mané révèle que son père lui interdisait de jouer au foot|url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/football/video-sadio-mane-revele-que-son-pere-lui-interdisait-de-jouer-au-foot_AN-201712030126.html|publisher=RMC Sport News|accessdate=30 April 2018|date=3 December 2017|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ gbapụrụ n'obodo ya wee gaa Dakar iji chụsoo ọchịchọ ya nke ịghọ onye na-agba bọọlụ; site n'oge ahụ, ezinụlọ ya kwadoro ya iji mezuo ikike ya.<ref name="theguardian" /> N'afọ 2009, mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu na M'Bour, ndị scouts hụrụ ya ma mesịa kpọtụrụ ya Génération Foot, klọb nke o nyeere aka inweta nkwalite na nke abụọ na oge 2010 na 11.<ref name="theguardian"/><ref name="ledauphine">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ledauphine.com/sport/2018/06/19/senegal-sadio-mane-l-ascension-qui-fait-rever|title=Sénégal: Sadio Mané, l'ascension qui fait rêver|work=[[Le Dauphiné libéré]]|language=fr|date=19 June 2018|accessdate=17 June 2022}}</ref> === Metz === N'afọ 2011, Mané sonyeere Metz nke ya na Génération Foot nwere mmekọrịta.<ref name="ledauphine"/> O mere nke mbụ ya na 14 Jenụwarị 2012, na-abịa dị ka onye nọchiri Kévin Diaz na nkeji nke 75 nke mmeri 0X1 n'ụlọ megide Bastia na Ligue 2.<ref name="FFT">{{Cite web|author=Ratcliffe|first=Alison|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/sadio-mane-liverpool-senegal-african-footballer-year-hospital-school-champions-league-jurgen-klopp|title=The journey of Liverpool's Sadio Mane to become one of the world's best footballers|date=6 February 2022|accessdate=17 June 2022|work=[[FourFourTwo]]}}</ref> Ọ pụtara ugboro iri na itoolu n'oge egwuregwu mbụ ya, iri na abụọ dị ka onye mbido, wee gbaa otu goolu na mmeri Guingamp na Stade Saint-Symphorien na 4 Mee.<ref name="FFT" /> E wepụrụ Metz na Championnat National na ngwụcha oge ahụ. === Red Bull Salzburg === [[Usòrò:RBS_gegen_Metz59.JPG|thumb|Mané (n'aka nri) na-egwuri egwu maka Red Bull Salzburg na 2013]] Metz setịpụrụ ọnụahịa na-arịọ maka € 2 nde maka Mane, ọ dọtakwara uche, gụnyere site n'aka Red Bull Salzburg nke Austrian Bundesliga, onye nduzi egwuregwu Ralf Rangnick.<ref name="FFT"/> N'ịbụ onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye n'oge ọkọchị, Metz buliri ọnụahịa ha na-arịọ ka ọ bụrụ € 4 nde, ọ kwagara Salzburg na 31 Ọgọstụ 2012, ego mbufe nke atọ kachasị ukwuu Metz natara.<ref name="FFT" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadio Mané transféré au Red Bull Salzburg|url=http://www.fcmetz.com/article/Transfert/2012-08-31-17-25-55_sadio-mane-transfere-au-red-bull-salzburg.html|publisher=FC Metz|accessdate=2 September 2014|language=fr|date=31 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103230754/http://www.fcmetz.com/article/Transfert/2012-08-31-17-25-55_sadio-mane-transfere-au-red-bull-salzburg.html|archivedate=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Die Bullen im Kaufrausch|url=http://www.news.at/a/red-bull-salzburg-die-bullen-kaufrausch-340805|work=news.at|accessdate=2 September 2014|language=de|date=31 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ gbara hat-trick mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 31 Ọktoba, na mmeri 3 na SC Kalsdorf na agba nke atọ nke Austrian Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalsdorf 1–3 Salzburg|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ie/match/kalsdorf-vs-salzburg/1397693/lineups|work=Goal.com|accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013, o mere hat-trick mbụ ya na Austrian Bundesliga, n'oge mmeri 3 na Grödig.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grödig 0–3 Salzburg|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/gr%C3%B6dig-vs-salzburg/1487388/preview|work=Goal.com|accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref> O nyere goolu atọ ọzọ na 7 Mee 2014 ka Salzburg meriri 7o0 na Horn na ọkara ikpeazụ nke iko; oge ahụ kwụsịrị na ndị otu ahụ meriri okpukpu abụọ n'ime ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Red Bulls in cup final after goal fest!|url=http://www.redbulls.com/en/fc-red-bull-salzburg/news/saison_2013_14/red-bulls-in-cup-final-after-goal-fest.html|accessdate=23 February 2015|publisher=FC Red Bull Salzburg|date=7 May 2014}}</ref> Na ngwụcha ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014 Mané manyere ịpụ na klọb ahụ, site n'ịghara ịbịa ọzụzụ na egwuregwu kachasị mkpa maka Salzburg n'oge ahụ iji ruo eru maka Champions League.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135906/http://www.weltfussball.at/news/_n1232661_/skandal-um-sadio-mane-vor-malmoe-spiel/ Skandal um Sadio Mané vor Malmö-Spiel], weltfussball.at, 26 August 2014</ref> === Southampton === ==== Afọ 2014-15 ==== N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2014, Mané gafere n'otu Southampton nke Premier League maka £ 11.8 nde, na-etinye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Southampton sign £10m forward Sadio Mané & Toby Alderweireld|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29025087|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=3 September 2014|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ ka e mesịrị na mmeri nke League Cup na Arsenal, na-emeri penalty maka goolu mbụ nke Southampton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arsenal 1–2 Southampton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29216769|work=BBC Sport|date=23 September 2014|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref> O mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri ọzọ nke 2-1 na Queens Park Rangers na 27 Septemba, malite ma nyere Ryan Bertrand aka maka goolu mbụ nke egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29289926|title=Southampton 2–1 Queens Park Rangers|work=BBC Sport|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 810 megide Sunderland na 18 Ọktoba, ọ bụ ezie na nke a mechara bụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Patrick van Aanholt.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reddy|first=Luke|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29580147|title=Southampton 8–0 Sunderland|work=BBC Sport|date=18 October 2014|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Southampton 8 – 0 Sunderland|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/matchday/matches/2014-2015/epl.match-stats.html/southampton-vs-sunderland|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=24 October 2014|date=18 October 2014|archivedate=2 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902121522/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/matchday/matches/2014-2015/epl.match-stats.html/southampton-vs-sunderland}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu ya ọzọ, mmeri 1 na 0 na Stoke City otu izu ka e mesịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canavan|first=Steve|title=Southampton 1–0 Stoke|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29670448|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=26 October 2014|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba na Jenụwarị, ọ gbara bọọlụ atọ n'usoro, megide Crystal Palace, Chelsea<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30566736|title=Southampton 1–1 Chelsea|work=BBC Sport|date=28 December 2014|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref> na Arsenal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30544147|title=Crystal Palace 1–3 Southampton|work=BBC Sport|date=26 December 2014|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30600817|title=Southampton 2–0 Arsenal|work=BBC Sport|date=1 January 2015|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref> Mané gbara goolu mmeri abụọ n'ikpeazụ na mmeri league na Queens Park Rangers na 7 Febụwarị 2015 na n'ụlọ Crystal Palace na 3 Machị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31071178|title=QPR 0–1 Southampton|work=BBC Sport|date=7 February 2015|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31598153|title=Southampton 1–0 Crystal Palace|work=BBC Sport|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e wepụrụ Mané site na Southampton maka mmeri ha meriri Liverpool n'ụlọ na 22 Febụwarị dị ka ntaramahụhụ maka ịbịa n'ámá egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Southampton: Sadio Mané dropped for being late – Koeman|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/31579123|accessdate=22 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=22 February 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Mee, n'oge egwuregwu ikpeazụ Southampton n'ụlọ n'oge ahụ, Mané gbara bọọlụ ugboro atọ n'ime nkeji abụọ na sekọnd iri ise na isii na mmeri Aston Villa iji setịpụ ndekọ ọhụrụ nke Premier League maka ngwa ngwa hat-trick. Robbie Fowler nwere ndekọ ahụ kemgbe afọ 1994, onye gbara Arsenal atọ na nkeji 4 na sekọnd 33.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/may/16/southampton-aston-villa-premier-league-match-report|title=Southampton's Sadio Mané hits record hat-trick to rout Aston Villa|date=16 May 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Mané ji goolu iri n'ime egwuregwu iri atọ na abụọ n'asọmpi niile mechie oge ahụ. ==== Afọ 2015-16 ==== [[Usòrò:Audi-_quattro-Cup_23.JPG|thumb|Mané (n'aka nri) na-egwuri egwu maka Southampton na 2015]] Mané malitere oge 2015 na 16 site na ịdebanye aha abụọ na UEFA Europa League nke atọ na Vitesse Arnhem n'ụlọ ma gbaa bọọlụ n'akụkụ nloghachi, ka Southampton na-agafe na agba ọzọ 5 na ngụkọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33667103|title=Southampton 3–0 Vitesse Arnhem|work=BBC Sport|date=30 July 2015|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33738509|title=Vitesse Arnhem 0–2 Southampton|work=BBC Sport|date=6 August 2015|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Disemba, o were sekọnd iri atọ na itoolu iji mepee akara megide Liverpool na nkeji iri na ise nke iko Njikọ , mana ndị Ndị nsọ mechara merie 6 Xia1 n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Southampton 1–6 Liverpool|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34918281|accessdate=2 December 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=2 December 2015}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2, 2016, onye njikwa Ronald Koeman wepụrụ ya ọzọ na mbido egwuregwu na Norwich obodo mgbe ọ bịara n'azụ oge maka nzukọ tupu egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadio Mané: Southampton midfielder dropped for being late|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/35214588|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Ọ natara kaadị uhie kwụ ọtọ na 12 Machị na njedebe nke mmeri 2 na Obodo Stoke maka mmetụ na Erik Pieters, ọ bụ ezie na a gbanwere nke a ngwa ngwa na mkpesa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sharpe|first=Rich|title=Stoke City 1 Southampton 2: Ronald Koeman says his side will appeal against Sadio Mané's red card|url=http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/Stoke-City-1-Southampton-2-Ronald-Koeman-says/story-28913551-detail/story.html|accessdate=13 March 2016|work=The Sentinel|date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Southampton win appeal against Sadio Mané red card|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35803664|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=15 March 2016|date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadio Mané's claim against red card upheld by Commission|url=http://www.thefa.com/news/governance/2016/mar/sadio-mane-southampton-red-card-appeal-upheld|publisher=The FA|accessdate=15 March 2016|date=15 March 2016}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye na-emeghị goolu na njiko ruo ihe karịrị ọnwa anọ, Mané gbara goolu ugboro abụọ na mmeri 3 na 2 megide Liverpool na 20 Machị 2016, wee soro goolu ise na egwuregwu ise sochirinụ, gụnyere ugboro atọ na mmeri 4 na 2 megide Manchester City na 1 Mee.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Henson|first=Mike|title=Southampton 3 Liverpool 2|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35796778|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=2 May 2016|date=20 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rich|first=James|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/may/01/southampton-manchester-city-premier-league-match-report|title=Southampton's Sadio Mané in hat-trick romp against Manchester City|accessdate=2 May 2016|work=The Guardian|date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Ọ gwụchara oge ahụ dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na Southampton, na goolu iri na ise na asọmpi niile. === Liverpool === ==== Oge 201617 ==== [[Usòrò:Liver-SM_2017_(11_cropped).jpg|thumb|Mané na-egwuri egwu maka Liverpool na 2017]] Na 28 June 2016, Mané sonyeere Liverpool maka ego mbufe nke £ 34 nde na nkwekọrịta afọ ise. Ụgwọ mbufe ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ Afrịka kachasị ọnụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36642523|title=Sadio Mané: Liverpool complete £34m signing of Southampton forward|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 June 2016|date=28 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11669/10326309/sadio-mane-has-medical-as-liverpool-agree-transfer-fee-of-16334m-with-southampton|title=Sadio Mane has medical as Liverpool agree transfer fee of £34m with Southampton|date=28 June 2016|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, o mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na Reds na Njikọ Njikọ, na-agba goolu nke anọ na mmeri 4 na 3 megide Arsenal.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chowdhury|first=Saj|title=Liverpool held on to beat Arsenal in a stunning Premier League opening-weekend encounter at Emirates Stadium.|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/37001073|accessdate=14 August 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=14 August 2016}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye na-enweghị mmeri Liverpool na Burnley saịtị na obere mmerụ ahụ n'ubu, Mané laghachiri na mbido mmalite megide Burton Albion na Njikọ iko ebe o nyere aka abụọ na mmeri 5 0 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool hit five to see of Burton in EFL Cup|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/232883-liverpool-hit-five-to-see-off-burton-in-efl-cup|accessdate=23 August 2016|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|date=23 August 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Disemba, Mané gbara naanị goolu nke 227th Merseyside derby na oge agbakwunyere megide Everton na Goodison Park.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/dec/19/everton-liverpool-premier-league-match-report|title=Sadio Mané's injury-time winner earns Liverpool dramatic derby victory|date=19 December 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, Mané gbara goolu abụọ n'ime nkeji abụọ megide Tottenham Hotspur na Anfield, maka mmeri mbụ Liverpool meriri na 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/feb/11/liverpool-tottenham-hotspur-premier-league-match-report|title=Liverpool's Sadio Mané fires quickfire double to stun Tottenham|first=Paul|author=Wilson|work=The Guardian|date=11 February 2017|accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/02/11/liverpool-vs-tottenham-premier-league-live-score/|title=Liverpool 2 Tottenham 0: Sadio Mané scores twice as Reds record first league win of 2017|first=Sam|author=Wallace|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=12 February 2017|accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2017, a kpọrọ Mané aha na PFA Team nke Afọ mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu iri na atọ na oge mbụ ya na Liverpool.<ref name="PFA1617">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39648483|title=PFA teams of the year: Chelsea and Tottenham dominate Premier League XI|work=BBC Sport|date=20 April 2017|accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ hapụrụ akụkụ ikpeazụ nke mkpọsa ahụ site na mmerụ ahụ, e nyere Mané onyinye Liverpool Onye egwu oge na 9 Mee 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shaw|first=Chris|title=Sadio Mané takes top prizes at LFC Players' Awards|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/262799-sadio-mane-takes-top-prizes-at-lfc-players-awards|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|accessdate=10 May 2017|date=9 May 2017}}</ref> ==== Afọ 2017-18 ==== N'egwuregwu mbụ nke oge ọhụrụ ahụ, na 12 Ọgọstụ 2017, na-aga Watford, Mané gbara goolu mbụ nke Liverpool n'oge ahụ na 3 zọ. A kpọrọ ya onye egwuregwu nke ọnwa nke Premier League mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu na egwuregwu atọ nke Reds n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Frankland|first=Josh|title=Liverpool's Sadio Mané wins August's Premier League Player of the Month award|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11669/11025598/liverpools-sadio-mane-wins-augusts-premier-league-player-of-the-month-award|accessdate=8 September 2017|work=Sky Sports|date=8 September 2017}}</ref> N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2017, e nyere ya kaadị uhie kwụ ọtọ na ọkara mbụ nke mmeri Manchester City maka buutu dị elu megide onye na-edebe goolu Ederson, nke mere ka a machibido ya iwu egwuregwu atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogden|first=Mark|title=Man City ease past Liverpool after Mane sees red for Ederson challenge|url=http://www.espnfc.com/blog/the-match/60/post/3199105/man-city-ease-past-liverpool-after-sadio-mane-sees-red-for-ederson-challenge|accessdate=9 September 2017|work=ESPN FC|date=9 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadio Mané: Liverpool lose appeal against length of ban for red card|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41232863|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=22 September 2017|date=12 September 2017}}</ref> Mané, Mohamed Salah, Roberto Firmino na Philippe Coutinho mejupụtara otu ndị na-awakpo ndị a kpọrọ "Fab Four" na "Fab Three" mgbe ọpụpụ nke ikpeazụ n'etiti oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Burton|first=Chris|title=Klopp sees Mané mojo back as part of Liverpool's 'Fab Three'|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/klopp-sees-mane-mojo-back-as-part-of-liverpools-fab-three/1mzi60n72yhyr1f4yt92n0oku1|accessdate=22 April 2018|publisher=Goal.com|date=20 February 2018}}</ref> N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2018, Mané gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Liverpool na mmeri 5 na-agafe Porto na agba nke iri na isii nke mbụ nke 2017 na UEFA Njikọ Njikọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/feb/14/sadio-mane-liverpool-jurgen-klopp-porto-champions-league|title=Sadio Mané is Liverpool's comeback king with hat-trick, says Jürgen Klopp|date=14 February 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 February 2018}}</ref> N'ime nke a, ọ ghọrọ naanị onye ọkpụkpọ nke abụọ na-agba ugboro atọ maka klọb ahụ na Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/332404-liverpool-2018-review|title=Records, special nights and new stars – the story of Liverpool's 2018|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Flemming|first=Scott|date=1 January 2019|accessdate=1 January 2019}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, site na goolu na mmeri 3 na 0 na AFC Bournemouth na 14 Eprel, ọ gafere ndekọ Demba Ba nke 43 iji bụrụ onye Senegal kachasị elu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Njikọ Njikọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mané makes Premier League history with latest Liverpool goal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-om/news/mane-makes-premier-league-history-with-latest-liverpool-goal/l41g5m3n7cwy1xk09e1ljeh2y|accessdate=22 April 2018|work=Goal.com|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Mee, n'oge asọmpi UEFA Njikọ Njikọ nke 2018 megide Real Madrid, Mané gbara goolu Liverpool na mmeri 3o1.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Avi Creditor|title=LIVE: Benzema Blocks Karius Throw for Bizarre Opener, Mané Answers in UCL Final|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2018/05/26/real-madrid-liverpool-champions-league-final-goals-video-salah-mane-ronaldo-isco|date=26 May 2018|accessdate=26 May 2018|journal=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> N'ime nke a, ọ ghọrọ onye egwuregwu Senegal mbụ gbara na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya bụkwa nke iri ya maka mkpọsa ahụ nke hụrụ Liverpool ka ọ bụrụ otu mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji nwee ndị egwuregwu atọ nyere goolu 10+ n'otu oge Njikọ Njikọ, Mané na-enweta ihe dị ịrịba ama n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu Salah na Firmino.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/mane-makes-champions-league-history-for-liverpools-fab-three/1igcjwc8w03114w064vd49r2x|title=Mané makes Champions League history for Liverpool's 'Fab Three'|work=Goal.com|author=Burton|first=Chris|date=26 May 2018|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref> ==== Oge 2018-19 ==== Na 22 Nọvemba 2018, Mané bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ogologo oge na Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadio Mané: Senegal forward agrees new long-term Liverpool deal|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/46310219|work=BBC Sport|date=22 November 2018}}</ref> N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2019, Mané gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na mmeri 4102 megide Burnley, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ goolu asọmpi nke iri ise ya maka Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/mar/10/liverpool-burnley-premier-league-match-report|title=Liverpool 4–2 Burnley|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.in/football/english-premier-league/23/blog/post/3794114/liverpool-buoyed-by-mane-9-10-and-firmino-8-10-to-beat-burnley|title=Mané scores his 50th goal for Liverpool|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya hụkwara ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye egwuregwu Liverpool nke ise na-agba bọọlụ n'egwuregwu Njikọ Njikọ isii n'usoro mgbe Michael Owen, Fernando Torres, Luis Suárez na Salah gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/sadio-mane-reaches-liverpool-milestone-with-brace-against/17liiwuwg88ox1v3sldcstg5jw|title=Sadio Mané reaches Liverpool milestone with brace against Burnley|work=Goal.com|author=Taiwo|first=Taiye|date=11 March 2019|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref> Ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ ọzọ na mmeri 3 na 1 megide Bayern Munich iji nyere Liverpool aka ịga n'ihu na nkeji iri na ise nke Njikọ Njikọ. N'ime nke a, ọ ghọrọ onye na-agba goolu na klọb ahụ n'èzí n'ụlọ na asọmpi ahụ na goolu asaa n'aha ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/47564339|title=Champions League last 16: Best of the stats in Europe|work=BBC Sport|date=14 February 2019|accessdate=14 March 2019}}</ref> N'oge egwuregwu ọzọ nke Liverpool, ọ mebiri ihe ndekọ ọzọ nke Ba iji bụrụ onye egwuregwu Senegal nwere ọtụtụ goolu a gbara n'otu oge Njikọ Njikọ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu nke iri na asaa maka mkpọsa ahụ na mmeri 2 na Fulham.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/mane-breaks-premier-league-record-as-liverpool-hot-streak/12alut43syok81uliikiiqmosf|title=Mané breaks Premier League record as Liverpool hot streak continues|work=Goal.com|author=Storer|first=Tom|date=17 March 2019|accessdate=28 March 2019}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu isii a họpụtara maka onyinye PFA Players' Onye ọkpụkpọ nke afọ n'akụkụ onye otu ya Virgil van Dijk.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/04/20/pfa-player-yearvirgil-van-dijk-raheem-sterling-lead-way-six/|title=PFA Player of the Year: Virgil van Dijk and Raheem Sterling lead the way in six-man shortlist|work=The Telegraph|date=20 April 2019|accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref> A kpọkwara ya aha na PFA Team of the Year n'akụkụ ndị otu Liverpool, Trent Alexander-Arnold, Andrew Robertson na Van Dijk.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thepfa.com/news/2019/4/25/premier-league-team-of-the-year|title=PFA Premier League Team of the Year|publisher=Professional Footballers' Association|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> N'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke mkpọsa ime obodo, Mané gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na mmeri 2 na Wolverhampton Wanderers. Mgbalị ya mere ka ọ nweta goolu iri abụọ na abụọ maka mkpọsa ahụ nke mere ka ya na Salah na Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang nke Arsenal kerịta ihe nrite Golden Boot nke Njikọ Njikọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/349839-mohamed-salah-sadio-mane-premier-league-golden-boot|title=Sadio Mane and Mohamed Salah win Premier League Golden Boot|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Williams|first=Sam|date=12 May 2019|accessdate=13 May 2019}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Juun, Mané nyere aka merie penalties mbụ maka Liverpool na 2019 UEFA Champions League Final megide Tottenham, naanị 24 sekọnd mgbe a malitere ya, mgbe e kpebiri na obe ya kụrụ aka Moussa Sissoko n'ime ebe penalties; Salah mechara gbanwee site n'ebe ahụ iji mepee akara ahụ, Liverpool mechara merie egwuregwu ahụ 2化0 iji nweta aha ahụ.<ref name="2018–19UCL">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48368443|title=Tottenham Hotspur 0–2 Liverpool|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=1 June 2019|accessdate=1 June 2019}}</ref> ==== Oge 201920 ==== [[Usòrò:FC_Salzburg_gegen_Liverpool_FC_(UEFA_Champions_League_10.Dezember_2019)_52.jpg|thumb|322x322px|Mané na-egwuri egwu maka Liverpool na UEFA Champions League, Disemba 2019]] N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2019, Mané gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na asọmpi UEFA Super Cup nke 2019 megide Chelsea n'egwuregwu Liverpool meriri 5 na penalties mgbe egwuregwu ahụ mechara 2 na nkeji 120.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Adrian the hero as Liverpool beat Chelsea on penalties to win Super Cup|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49332825|accessdate=14 August 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> A kpọrọ Mané nwoke nke egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/match/2025638--liverpool-vs-chelsea/postmatch/report/|title=Liverpool beat Chelsea on penalties to win Super Cup|publisher=UEFA|date=14 August 2018|accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref> N'otu ọnwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara bọọlụ ugboro abụọ na mmeri 3 na1 megide Newcastle United ma gbasaa ndekọ egwuregwu ya na-enweghị mmeri Liverpool na Anfield ruo egwuregwu 50, ndekọ league nke onye ọ bụla na-egwu egwuregwu n'otu ámá egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/364571-sadio-mane-reaches-unbeaten-premier-league-landmark-at-anfield|title=Sadio Mane reaches unbeaten Premier League landmark at Anfield|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Shaw|first=Chris|date=14 September 2019|accessdate=14 September 2019}}</ref> N'egwuregwu 100 ya na Liverpool na Premier League n'ụbọchị nke 5 n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Mané gbara goolu 50 ya na klọb ahụ na mmeri 2 na Leicester City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/367859-liverpool-leicester-premier-league-talking-points|title=Liverpool 2–1 Leicester: Five talking points|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Price|first=Glenn|date=5 October 2019|accessdate=5 October 2019}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a kpọrọ Mané aha na ndepụta mmadụ iri atọ maka 2019 Ballon d'Or. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwarị, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ nke anọ maka onyinye ahụ, n'azụ Lionel Messi, onye otu Liverpool Virgil van Dijk na Cristiano Ronaldo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sen.com.au/news/2019/10/21/30-man-shortlist-for-2019-ballon-dor-announced/|title=30-man shortlist for 2019 Ballon d'Or announced|accessdate=21 October 2019|work=sen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 December 2019|title=Lionel Messi remporte le Ballon d'Or France Football pour la sixième fois de l'histoire|language=fr|work=France Football|url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Lionel-messi-remporte-le-ballon-d-or-france-football-pour-la-sixieme-fois-de-l-histoire/1085998|accessdate=2 December 2019}}</ref> Ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gbara otu ugboro ma nyere goolu abụọ ọzọ ka Liverpool meriri Everton 5ī2 na Merseyside derby iji gbasaa ọsọ ha na-enweghị mmeri na egwuregwu bọọlụ league ruo egwuregwu 32, nke bụ ndekọ ọhụrụ nke klọb.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2019/12/04/liverpool-vs-everton-premier-league-live-score-latest-updates/|title=Liverpool put five past Everton for new unbeaten club record as Marco Silva teeters on the brink after derby defeat|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=4 December 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|author=Bascombe|first=Chris}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, Liverpool meriri 2019 FIFA Club World Cup, ebe Mané setịpụrụ goolu mmeri Firmino gbara na nke ikpeazụ megide Flamengo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Firmino winner seals Club World Cup win|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50869633?isBumped=0&postFreq=0&isEmpty=0&isProfane=0&tooLong=0&charCount=0&isAwaitingProcessPreMod=0&isSubmitted=1&filter=none&initial_page_size=10&postId=137711507|accessdate=21 December 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Na 7 Jenụwarị 2020, a kpọrọ Mané onye na-agba bọọlụ nke afọ nke CAF.<ref name="Guardian070120">{{Cite news|author=Aarons|first=Ed|title=Liverpool's Sadio Mané named African Footballer of the Year for first time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/jan/07/liverpools-sadio-mane-named-african-footballer-of-the-year-for-first-time|work=The Guardian|date=7 January 2020|accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Andrews|first=Patrick|title=Sadio Mané new king of Africa|url=https://football-news24.com/news/sadio-mane-new-king-of-africa/|work=football-news24.com|date=8 January 2020|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị onye Senegal nke abụọ (mgbe El Hadji Diouf gasịrị) meriri ihe nrite a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2020/1/7/sadio-mane-has-been-named-the-2019-african-player-of-the-year|title=Sadio Mané has been named the 2019 African Player of the Year|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=7 January 2020|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, Mané gbara onye mmeri na mmeri 3 na2 n'ụlọ megide West Ham United na Premier League ka Liverpool mere ya mmeri iri abụọ na otu n'ụlọ, ihe ndekọ league ya na ndị otu Bill Shankly Liverpool site na 1972, ma mee ka ọ bụrụ mmeri iri na asatọ na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/football/liverpool-equal-premier-league-winning-run-record-a4370351.html|title=Liverpool equal Premier League winning run record with victory over West Ham|accessdate=24 February 2020|date=24 February 2020|work=Evening Standard|first=Malik|author=Ouzia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Which Premier League records can Liverpool break?|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1561869|accessdate=25 February 2020|publisher=Premier League}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa Machị, Mané gbara goolu mmeri na mmeri 2 na Bournemouth na Anfield ka Liverpool setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ nke ndị England nke mmeri 22 n'ụlọ n'usoro.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Salah and Milner reaction: 'We showed our mentality to win'|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/389748-salah-milner-liverpool-mentality-bournemouth-reaction|accessdate=7 March 2020|publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> Liverpool gara n'ihu merie Premier League na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2020|title=Liverpool confirmed as Premier League champions|url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/1697247|accessdate=5 February 2021|work=www.premierleague.com}}</ref> ==== Oge nke afọ 2020 ==== N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2020, Mané meghere ihe ndekọ ịgba goolu ya na 2020 Premier League na goolu abụọ Liverpool gbara na mmeri 2 na Chelsea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chelsea 0 Liverpool 2|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54135434|accessdate=20 September 2020|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020, a chọpụtara na Mané nwere COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadio Mane tests positive for COVID-19|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/411091-sadio-mane-tests-positive-for-covid-19|date=2 October 2020|work=Liverpool FC}}</ref> N'iburu ya na Liverpool n'uche, Mané kwuru na 2020 bụ oge kachasị njọ n'ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Liverpool's Sadio Mané admits to enduring 'worst season of my career'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/may/11/liverpools-sadio-mane-admits-to-enduring-worst-season-of-my-career|date=11 May 2021|work=The Guardian}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2021, ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge League, Mané gbara bọọlụ na mmeri 2 na Crystal Palace wee nweta ọkwa nke atọ maka Liverpool na iru eru maka oge Champions League na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/57132111|title=Liverpool 2–0 Crystal Palace|work=BBC Sport|date=23 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Premier League hits and misses: Farewell Sergio Aguero, Liverpool's second chance, Arsenal's glimpse of future|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12314477/premier-league-hits-and-misses-farewell-sergio-aguero-liverpools-second-chance-arsenals-glimpse-of-future|date=24 May 2021|work=SkySports}}</ref> ==== Oge nke afọ 2021 ==== [[Usòrò:Liverpool_FC_gegen_1._FSV_Mainz_05_(Testspiel_23._Juli_2021)_05.jpg|thumb|Mané na Salah n'oge egwuregwu tupu oge ezumike na 2021]] N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2021, Mané gbara goolu nke 100 ya na Liverpool na mmeri 3 na Crystal Palace na Premier League.<ref name="Mané 100" /> Goolu ahụ megide Crystal Palace hụkwara Mané setịpụrụ ndekọ Premier League ọhụrụ site n'ịghọ onye ọkpụkpọ mbụ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu league itoolu n'usoro megide otu onye mmegide ahụ.<ref name="Mané 100">{{Cite news|title=Mané scores 100th goal in Liverpool win|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58525384|accessdate=18 September 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba, Mané gbara goolu nke 100 ya na Premier League wee bụrụ onye Afrịka nke atọ ruru akara ahụ mgbe Didier Drogba na Salah na goolu mmeghe nke Liverpool na mmeri 5 na Watford.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadio Mane: Liverpool winger reaches 100 Premier League goals to join Mohamed Salah in '100 Club'|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12432092/sadio-mane-liverpool-winger-reaches-100-premier-league-goals-to-join-mohamed-salah-in-100-club|accessdate=16 October 2021|work=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Watford 0-5 Liverpool: Roberto Firmino hat-trick and Mohamed Salah scores another stunner|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58833884|accessdate=16 October 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri atọ, Mané gbara goolu Liverpool gbara n'egwuregwu ha na Manchester City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-au/news/liverpool-s-mane-joins-rooney-in-hallowed-premier-league/bltae349183109ad807|title=Liverpool's Mane joins Rooney in hallowed Premier League ranks with Manchester City goal|date=11 April 2022|accessdate=11 April 2022|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|author=Oludare, Shina}}</ref> Mané wee soro nke a site na goolu abụọ megide otu ndị mmegide ahụ na 16 Eprel na Wembley Stadium na ọkara ikpeazụ nke FA Cup, na mmeri 3102 iji nyere Liverpool aka iru FA Cup Final mbụ ha kemgbe 2012, nke ha mechara merie.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Manchester City 2 Liverpool 3|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61120882|accessdate=27 April 2022|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa Mee, ọ gbara goolu mmeri na mmeri 3 na-aga Villarreal na ọkara ikpeazụ nke Champions League, iji chekwaa ọnọdụ ndị otu ya na nke ikpeazụ, nke Liverpool mechara merie Real Madrid na 1 na 0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talksport.com/football/1100380/liverpool-sadio-mane-equals-frank-lampard-champions-league-record/|title=ICONIC Liverpool star Sadio Mane equals incredible Frank Lampard stat in Champions League semi-final clash with goal in comeback win against Villarreal|work=Talksport|date=4 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report?gameId=634861|title=Real Madrid overcome Liverpool to clinch record 14th Champions League title|work=ESBN|date=28 May 2022}}</ref> === Bayern Munich === Na 22 June 2022, Mané sonyeere klọb Bundesliga Bayern Munich na nkwekọrịta ya na ndị Germany ruo 30 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2022|title=FC Bayern sign Sadio Mané|url=https://fcbayern.com/en/news/2022/06/fc-bayern-sign-sadio-mane|work=fcbayern.com}}</ref> A kọrọ na ego ahụ bụ € 32 nde (£ 27.4m) nke nwere ike ịrị elu ruo € 41 nde (£ 35m) dabere na ọdịdị tinyere ihe ndị mmadụ na ndị otu rụzuru.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mane leaves Liverpool to join Bayern in £35m deal|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/61877332|accessdate=22 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2022|title=Mane leaves Liverpool to join Bayern Munich|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/soccer-transfers/story/4689018/liverpools-sadio-mane-joins-bayern-munichending-trophy-filled-six-years-at-anfield|accessdate=22 June 2022|work=ESPN.com}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, Mane mere nke mbụ ya, malite na 2022 DFL-Supercup wee gbaa goolu mbụ ya iji nyere Bayern aka imeri RB Leipzig na Red Bull Arena.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 July 2022|title=Mane scores first Bayern goal in Super Cup win|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62363061|accessdate=6 August 2022}}</ref> Ọ sochiri nke a otu izu ka e mesịrị site na goolu mbụ ya na Bundesliga na mmeri 6 na 1 na Eintracht Frankfurt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eintracht Frankfurt 1 Bayern Munich 6|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62443884|work=BBc Sport|accessdate=6 August 2022|date=5 August 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Mané so n'òtù Senegal na asọmpi Olympic nke afọ 2012, ma malite egwuregwu ọ bụla ka ha na-aga n'ihu site na Group A dị ka ndị na-esote Great Britain tupu ha efunahụ 4102 mgbe oge gbakwunyere na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ na ndị mmeri Mexico. A chụpụrụ Mané n'òtù ndị Senegal maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2015 mgbe o merụrụ nwa ehi ahụ na mmeri Southampton meriri Arsenal na 1 Jenụwarị 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadio Mané: Senegal midfielder to miss Africa Cup of Nations|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30676190|accessdate=5 January 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=4 January 2014}}</ref> O mechara laghachi na ndị otu ahụ, wee malite n'egwuregwu abụọ ikpeazụ ha na South Africa na Algeria na mpụga nke otu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Begley|first=Emlyn|title=South Africa 1–1 Senegal|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30843618|accessdate=23 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Ian|title=Senegal 0–2 Algeria|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/30891881|accessdate=23 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Mané nọchitere anya Senegal na 2017 Africa Cup of Nations na Gabon ma gbaa goolu na egwuregwu abụọ mbụ nke mba ahụ, mmeri 2 na Tunisia na Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisisanfield.com/2017/01/senegal-africa-cup-nations-quarter-finals-sadio-mane-scores/|title=Senegal through to Africa Cup of Nations quarter-finals as Sadio Mane scores again|work=This is Anfield|author=Lusby|first=Jack|date=20 January 2017|accessdate=29 January 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị mmeri na-enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ na asọmpi nke anọ na Cameroon, ọ hapụrụ penalty na shoot-out nke hụrụ Senegal wepụrụ na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/jan/28/cameroon-senegal-sadio-mane-burkina-faso-tunisia-africa-cup-of-nations|title=Cameroon through to semi-finals after Senegal's Sadio Mané misses penalty|work=The Guardian|date=28 January 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ Mané aha na ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Senegal maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – 23-man & preliminary lists & when will they be announced?|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal.com|accessdate=18 May 2018}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mmeghe n'egwuregwu 2X2 megide Japan n'ọkwa otu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44439190|title=World Cup 2018: Japan come back twice against Senegal to draw 2–2|date=24 June 2018|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=25 June 2018}}</ref> Mané malitere egwuregwu atọ niile nke Senegal ka e wepụrụ ha mgbe nke mbụ gasịrị, na-agwụ n'okpuru Japan na ihe egwuregwu ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/colombia-advance-to-last-16-senegal-eliminated|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709143025/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/colombia-advance-to-last-16-senegal-eliminated|archivedate=9 July 2018|title=Colombia advance to last 16, Senegal eliminated|date=28 June 2018|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=28 June 2018}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Finales_CAN_2021_(13).jpg|thumb|Mané na Senegal na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations.]] A kpọrọ Mané ọzọ ka ọ bịa na ndị otu ikpeazụ nke Senegal maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/06/13/senegal-announce-strong-afcon-squad/|title=Senegal announce strong AFCON squad|work=KingFut|date=13 June 2019|accessdate=23 June 2019}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu abụọ ma hapụ penalty na mmeri 3 na Kenya, ebe Senegal mechara nke abụọ na mpaghara otu wee ruo eru maka ọkwa knockout.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya 0–3 Senegal|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48740626|accessdate=20 March 2020|work=BBC Sport|date=1 July 2019}}</ref> Mané gbara naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ wee hapụ penalty ọzọ na mmeri Senegal meriri Uganda na agba nke iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda 0–1 Senegal|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48795601|accessdate=20 March 2020|work=BBC Sport|date=5 July 2019}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu atọ sochirinụ nke Senegal ka ha na-aga n'ihu na nke ikpeazụ, Algeria meriri ya n'egwú mmeghe nke Senegal na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senegal 0–1 Algeria|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48959714|accessdate=20 March 2020|work=BBC Sport|date=19 July 2019}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ gwụchara asọmpi ahụ dị ka onye nke abụọ, a kpọrọ Mané aha na Team of the Tournament.<ref name="AFCON TOTY">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/international/categories/afcon-2019/caf-announces-2019-africa-cup-of-nations-team-of-the-tourmanent/659542?gallery=659542&gallery-page=1|title=Caf Announces Afcon Team of The Tournament|work=soccerladuma.co.za|author=Kappel|first=David|date=21 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019|archivedate=7 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607140705/https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/international/categories/afcon-2019/caf-announces-2019-africa-cup-of-nations-team-of-the-tourmanent/659542?gallery=659542&gallery-page=1}}</ref> Na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, Mané gbara bọọlụ maka Senegal ka ha meriri asọmpi ahụ na nke mbụ ya. N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya na Egypt, egwuregwu nke mere ka ọ gaa megide onye otu ya na Liverpool bụ Mohamed Salah Mané hụrụ penalty ya na nkeji nke asaa, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-agba bọọlụ mmeri na penalty shoot-out.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadio Mane named AFCON player of the tournament|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/sadio-mane-named-afcon-player-tournament|author=Williams|first=Sam|date=6 February 2022|accessdate=7 February 2022|work=Liverpool FC}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ịgba goolu siri ike iji merie iko ahụ, Mané gbara goolu atọ ma nwee enyemaka abụọ tupu nke ikpeazụ, a kpọkwara ya onye ọkpụkpọ nke asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Whitehead|first=Jacob|title=Sadio Mane named AFCON player of the tournament after Senegal triumph|url=https://theathletic.com/news/sadio-mane-named-afcon-player-of-the-tournament-after-senegal-triumph/v6gyftYnA6fk/|date=7 February 2022|accessdate=7 February 2022|work=The Athletic}}</ref> N'agba nke atọ nke asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2022, o mekwara mmeri n'asọmpi penalty megide Ijipt mgbe ọ gbasịrị 1 01, iji mee ka mba ya ruo eruo na 2022 FIFA World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60881797|title=World Cup 2022: Mane helps Senegal beat Egypt and qualify for Qatar after penalty shootout|work=BBC Sport|date=29 March 2022}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2022, Mané gbara goolu na mmeri ha meriri Benin n'asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023, iji bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu iri atọ na abụọ na Senegal, karịa Henri Camara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/61692468|title=Sadio Mane shrugs off transfer talk in Senegal win in Nations Cup qualifier|work=BBC Sport|date=4 June 2022}}</ref> A họpụtara Mane dị ka akụkụ nke ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na isii ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka Senegal na World Cup 2022 na Qatar n'agbanyeghị mmerụ ahụ ọ merụrụ n'oge Bayern Munich 6-1 meriri Werder Bremen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allnews.ng/news/world-cup-2022-mane-makes-senegal-squad-for-qatar-full-list|title=World Cup 2022: Mane Makes Senegal Squad For Qatar [FULL LIST]|work=allnews.ng|date=11 November 2022|accessdate=11 November 2022|first=Oladimeji|author=Balogun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allnews.ng/news/sane-injury-not-too-bad-bayern-allay-senegals-fear|title=Mane Injury 'Not Too Bad' — Bayern Allay Senegal's Fear|work=allnews.ng|date=9 November 2022|accessdate=11 November 2022|first=Oladimeji|author=Balogun}}</ref> == Ụdị egwuregwu == [[Usòrò:Spartak_Moscow_VS._Liverpool_(9).jpg|thumb|Mané na Liverpool na 2017]] A kọwara Mané dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ zuru oke nke na-egwu "n'ogo dị elu nke ike na itinye uche" site n'aka onye otu Liverpool bụ Fabinho.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sa/news/mane-is-a-complete-player-makes-liverpool-tick-fabinho/rumcckf0xh9g1jq2mrl6a93xm|title=Liverpool news: 'Sadio Mané is a complete player & makes Reds tick' – Fabinho salutes 'great' Anfield colleague|author=Burton|first=Chris|date=14 June 2019|work=Goal.com|accessdate=1 January 2020}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye na-agbachitere Liverpool bụ Jamie Carragher kpọrọ Mané "onye na-agba ọsọ n'ụwa", na-eji ya tụnyere onye bụbu onye egwuregwu Liverpool bụ John Barnes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/world-class-mane-is-a-machine-says-carragher/2le5638cd63n1bp7amg00oj3x|title='World-class' Mané is a machine, says former Liverpool man Carragher|date=13 October 2019|work=Goal.com|accessdate=1 January 2020}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye na-agbachitere Ajax bụ Danny Blind jiri ya tụnyere Cristiano Ronaldo, onye toro ya maka ikike ya iji ụkwụ na isi gbaa bọọlụ, yana ịme ọsọ "dị ịtụnanya".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/dutch-legend-thinks-liverpools-sadio-17384044|title=Dutch legend thinks one Liverpool star can become new Ronaldo|author=O'Neill|first=Caoimhe|date=8 December 2019|work=Liverpool Echo|accessdate=1 January 2020}}</ref> Onye na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche, Mané bụ onye na-agba goolu, onye isi àgwà ya bụ njedebe ya, ọsọ, usoro, na aghụghọ ya, yana mkpebi ya, mmata usoro, ihe okike, agility, nguzozi, njikwa, aka na bọọlụ, na nkà dribbling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/liverpools-sadio-mane-speeds-up-in-the-race-to-be-among-the/1av6te8eir9501tr8vxckxai5i|title=Mane speeds up in race to be among Premier League's best|work=Goal.com|author=Reddy|first=Melissa|date=27 August 2017|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="rumours">{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2818029-sadio-mane-happy-at-liverpool-says-real-madrid-rumours-didnt-interest-him|title=Sadio Mane Happy at Liverpool, Says Real Madrid Rumours Didn't Interest Him|work=Bleacher Report|author=Jones|first=Matt|date=28 January 2019|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="quiet kid">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2018/06/08/sadio-mane-was-the-quiet-kid-with-the-superstar-talent/35833843/|title=Sadio Mane was the 'quiet kid' with the superstar talent|work=USA Today|date=8 June 2018|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="terrifying">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpool.com/liverpool-fc-news/features/liverpool-sadio-mane-jurgen-klopp-17742762|title=Sadio Mané is doing something Neymar and Hazard aren't, making him a uniquely terrifying fighter|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Austin|first=Daniel|date=14 February 2020|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/man-utd-liverpool-sadio-mane-17818963|title=Man Utd boss Solskjaer names the Club Brugge player who reminds him of Liverpool FC star Sadio Mane|work=Manchester Evening News|author=Marshall|first=Tyrone|date=26 February 2020|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> Ọ dọtara otuto na mgbasa ozi maka egwuregwu ya nwere ọgụgụ isi, ịgafe, na ikike ya ịbanye n'ọnọdụ dị mma, nke ọ nwere ike ịgba goolu ma ọ bụ mepụta ohere maka ndị otu.<ref name="rumours" /><ref name="quiet kid" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpool.com/liverpool-fc-news/features/sadio-mane-liverpool-champions-league-17399995|title=Sadio Mané has added a new facet to his game, eliminating his only remaining blind spot|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Rabinowitz|first=Joel|date=11 December 2019|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/sadio-mane-stars-as-creator-and-finisher-as-liverpool-look-short-/5ljdcf8sgbbc1fim2q7qmrl90|title=Sadio Mane stars as creator and finisher as Liverpool look short of guile again|work=Goal.com|author=Reddy|first=Melissa|date=19 August 2017|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> A maara ya maka àgwà ya dị jụụ na nke ihere, e gosikwara ikike ya ịnagide nrụgide dị ka otu n'ime ike ya.<ref name="quiet kid" /> E wezụga àgwà ya, nkà na ụzụ, na okike, ndị ọkachamara achọpụtala na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nchebe ya dị elu, yana ikike ya n'ime ikuku, n'agbanyeghị ịdị elu ya dị ala nke 1.75m (5' 9").<ref name="terrifying" /> Mané na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ n'akụkụ aka ekpe, ọnọdụ nke na-enye ya ohere ịbanye n'etiti ma jiri ụkwụ aka nri ya siri ike gbaa goolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpool.com/schedule/liverpool-sadio-mane-norwich-goal-17756340|title=Sadio Mané has become Liverpool's Arjen Robben, by doing the same in a totally opposite way|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|author=Austin|first=Daniel|date=16 February 2020|accessdate=4 March 2020}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2021, site na mbinye aka nke Luis Díaz, Mané malitere igwu egwu dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearce|first=James|title=Diaz's arrival has helped give outstanding Mane a new lease of life|url=https://theathletic.com/3254593/2022/04/17/diaz-arrival-helped-give-outstanding-mane-new-lease-life-liverpool/|work=The Athletic|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearce|first=James|title=New deal for 'machine' Mane should be high on Liverpool's to-do list|url=https://theathletic.com/3305156/2022/05/11/sadio-manes-new-contract-should-be-a-priority-for-liverpool-after-keeping-title-hopes-alive/|work=The Athletic|accessdate=27 May 2022}}</ref> == Obodo na ọrụ ebere == N'afọ 2019, Mané nyere £ 250,000 ($ 319,103, € 284,813) iji wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Bambali, Senegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.as.com/en/2019/10/17/soccer/1571297668_422970.html|title=Sadio Mané: "Why would I want 10 Ferraris? How would that help me or the world?"|publisher=sa.com|date=17 October 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, o nyere £ 500,000 ($ 684,932, € 561,987) maka iwu ụlọ ọgwụ na Bambali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/22/football/sadio-mane-funds-hometown-hospital-spt-intl/index.html|title=Sadio Mane donates $693,000 to fund hospital in his hometown in Senegal|publisher=CNN|date=22 June 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Mgbe ọ nọ na Liverpool Mané biri na Allerton, Liverpool, a na-ezu ohi ugboro abụọ, otu ugboro na Nọvemba 2017 na ọzọ na Febụwarị 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burglars target homes of Liverpool's Mané and Lovren|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-41848346|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=BBC News|date=2 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sadio Mané: Liverpool forward's house burgled during Champions League match|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/47309681|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=BBC Sport|date=20 February 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Alakụba na-eme ihe ma mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ahụ ya ka ọ na-eme du'a tupu mmalite nke egwuregwu ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sadio Mané: The little man with a big heart who has fuelled Liverpool's title challenge|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-little-man-big-12348124|first=James|author=Pearce|work=Liverpool Echo|date=20 December 2016|accessdate=14 January 2018}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 8 November 2022}}<ref name="sw">{{Soccerway|sadio-mane/201602|access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FIXTURES / RESULTS 2012–13|url=http://www.ligue1.com/coupeLigue/calendrier_resultat#sai=81&jour=56 |publisher=Ligue 1 |access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Metz B |2011-12 |Asọmpi Mba nke 2 |12 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |12 |2 |- | rowspan="3" |Metz |2011-12 |Njikọ nke 2 |19 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |19 |1 |- |201213 |Asọmpi Mba |3 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |4 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !22 !2 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |Ọdịdị !23 !2 |- | rowspan="4" |Red Bull Salzburg |201213 |Austrian Bundesliga |26 |16 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |29 |19 |- |201314 |Austrian Bundesliga |33 |13 |4 |5 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |13 [Lower-alpha 1] |5 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |50 |23 |- |2014-15 |Austrian Bundesliga |4 |2 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |3 [Lower-alpha 2] |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |8 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !63 !31 !8 !9 !0 !0 !16 !5 ! colspan="2" |Ọdịdị !87 !45 |- | rowspan="3" |Southampton |2014-15 |Njikọ Premier |30 |10 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |32 |10 |- |201516 |Njikọ Premier |37 |11 |1 |0 |2 |3 |3 [Lower-alpha 3] |1 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |43 |15 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !67 !21 !1 !0 !4 !3 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |Ọdịdị !75 !25 |- | rowspan="7" |Liverpool |201617 |Njikọ Premier |27 |13 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |29 |13 |- |2017 18 |Njikọ Premier |29 |10 |2 |0 |0 |0 |13 [Lower-alpha 2] |10 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |44 |20 |- |201819 |Njikọ Premier |36 |22 |0 |0 |1 |0 |13 [Lower-alpha 2] |4 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |50 |26 |- |201920 |Njikọ Premier |35 |18 |1 |0 |0 |0 |8[Lower-alpha 2] |2 |3 [Lower-alpha 4] |2 |47 |22 |- |2020 21 |Njikọ Premier |35 |11 |2 |2 |0 |0 |10 [Lower-alpha 2] |3 |1 [nke dị ala-alpha 5] |0 |48 |16 |- |2021 22 |Njikọ Premier |34 |16 |3 |2 |1 |0 |13 [Lower-alpha 2] |5 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |51 |23 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !196 !90 !8 !4 !4 !0 !57 !24 !4 !2 !269 !120 |- |Bayern Munich |202223 |Bundesliga |14 |6 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |Ọdịdị |6 [Lower-alpha 2] |3 |1 [nke dị ala-alpha 6] |1 |23 |11 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ zuru ezu !374 !152 !19 !14 !9 !3 !82 !33 !5 !3 !489 !205 |} {{notelist}} === Mba ụwa === {{updated|match played 27 September 2022}}<ref name="NFT Profile">{{NFT player|id=47674|access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwa !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="11" |Senegal |2012 |6 |2 |- |2013 |8 |1 |- |2014 |9 |3 |- |2015 |9 |3 |- |2016 |7 |1 |- |2017 |10 |4 |- |2018 |9 |1 |- |2019 |11 |4 |- |2020 |2 |2 |- |2021 |9 |5 |- |2022 |13 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !93 !34 |} : ''Ka ọ na-erule egwuregwu a gbara na 24 Septemba 2022. Akara Senegal depụtara nke mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ọ bụla Mané gbara.''<ref name="NFT Profile"></ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Sadio Mané gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Isi ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ndị a tụrụ ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |2 June 2012 |Egwuregwu Léopold Sédar Senghor, Dakar, Senegal | align="center" |2 | Liberia | align="center" |31 Nke 1 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |2014 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |2 |14 Nọvemba 2012 |Stade Général Seyni Kountché, Niamey, Niger | align="center" |6 | Niger | align="center" |1 1 1 1 | align="center" |1 1 1 1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |3 |7 Septemba 2013 |Ogige egwuregwu Marrakech, Marrakesh, Morocco | align="center" |12 | Uganda | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 0 |2014 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |4 |5 Machị 2014 |Stade Municipal Saint-Leu-la-Forêt, Saint-Leun-la-forêt, France | align="center" |15 | Mali | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 1 1 1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |5 |5 Septemba 2014 |Egwuregwu Léopold Sédar Senghor, Dakar, Senegal | align="center" |18 | Egypt | align="center" |2 na 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2015 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |6 |10 Septemba 2014 |Botswana National Stadium, Gaborone, Botswana | align="center" |19 | Botswana | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2015 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |7 |13 June 2015 |Egwuregwu Léopold Sédar Senghor, Dakar, Senegal | align="center" |27 | Burundi | align="center" |31 Nke 1 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |2017 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |8 |5 Septemba 2015 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | align="center" |28 | Namibia | align="center" |2 na 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2017 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |9 |13 Nọvemba 2015 |Mahamasina Municipal Stadium, Antananarivo, Madagascar | align="center" |31 | Madagascar | align="center" |2 Na2 | align="center" |2 Na2 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |10 |4 June 2016 |Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium, Bujumbura, Burundi | align="center" |36 | Burundi | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2017 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |11 |15 Jenụwarị 2017 |Stade de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon | align="center" |41 | Tunisia | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2017 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |12 |19 Jenụwarị 2017 |Stade de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon | align="center" |42 | Zimbabwe | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2017 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |13 |27 Machị 2017 |Stade Sébastien Charléty, Paris, France | align="center" |45 | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 1 1 1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |14 |5 Septemba 2017 |Ogige egwuregwu nke August 4, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso | align="center" |47 | Burkina Faso | align="center" |2 Na2 | align="center" |2 Na2 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |15 |24 June 2018 |Central Stadium, Yekaterinburg, Russia | align="center" |54 | Japan | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 Na2 |2018 FIFA World Cup |- | align="center" |16 |26 Machị 2019 |Egwuregwu Léopold Sédar Senghor, Dakar, Senegal | align="center" |60 | Mali | align="center" |1 1 1 1 | align="center" |2 1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |17 | rowspan="2" |1 Julaị 2019 | rowspan="2" |30 June Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | rowspan="2" align="center" |62 | rowspan="2" | Kenya | align="center" |2 na 0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |30 | rowspan="2" |2019 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |18 | align="center" |30 |- | align="center" |19 |5 Julaị 2019 |Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | align="center" |63 | Uganda | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 0 |2019 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |20 |11 Nọvemba 2020 |Ogige Lat-Dior, Thiès, Senegal | align="center" |70 | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |21 |15 Nọvemba 2020 |Estádio 24 de Setembre, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |71 | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |22 |5 June 2021 |Ogige Lat-Dior, Thiès, Senegal | align="center" |74 | Zambia | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |23 |8 June 2021 |Ogige Lat-Dior, Thiès, Senegal | align="center" |75 | Cape Verde | align="center" |2 na 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |24 |1 Septemba 2021 |Ogige Lat-Dior, Thiès, Senegal | align="center" |76 | Togo | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |25 |7 Septemba 2021 |Stade Alphonse Massamba-Débat, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo | align="center" |77 | Congo | align="center" |31 Nke 1 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |26 |9 Ọktoba 2021 |Ogige Lat-Dior, Thiès, Senegal | align="center" |78 | Namibia | align="center" |30 | align="center" |4 Na 1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |27 |10 Jenụwarị 2022 |Kouekong Stadium, Bafoussam, Cameroon | align="center" |81 | Zimbabwe | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 0 |2021 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |28 |25 Jenụwarị 2022 |Kouekong Stadium, Bafoussam, Cameroon | align="center" |84 | Cape Verde | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |2021 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |29 |2 Febụwarị 2022 |Ahmadou Ahidjo Stadium, Yaoundé, Cameroon | align="center" |86 | Burkina Faso | align="center" |31 Nke 1 | align="center" |31 Nke 1 |2021 Iko Mba Afrịka |- | align="center" |30 | rowspan="3" |4 June 2022 | rowspan="3" |Diamniadio Olympic Stadium, Dakar, Senegal | rowspan="3" align="center" |90 | rowspan="3" | Benin | align="center" |1 0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |31 Nke 1 | rowspan="3" |Ntinye aka nke iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 |- | align="center" |31 | align="center" |2 na 0 |- | align="center" |32 | align="center" |30 |- | align="center" |33 |7 June 2022 |Diamniadio Olympic Stadium, Dakar, Senegal | align="center" |91 | Rwanda | align="center" |1 0 | align="center" |1 0 |Ntinye aka nke iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 |- | align="center" |34 |24 Septemba 2022 |Stade de la Source, Orléans, France | align="center" |92 | Bolivia | align="center" |2 na 0 | align="center" |2 na 0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Red Bull Salzburg''' * Austrian Bundesliga: 2013 na 14 * Iko mba Austria: 2013 na 14 '''Liverpool''' * Premier League: 201920<ref name="PremProfile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/6519/Sadio-Man%C3%A9/overview|title=Sadio Mané: Overview|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=9 August 2020|archivedate=23 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623083029/https://www.premierleague.com/players/6519/Sadio-Man%C3%A9/overview}}</ref> * Iko FA: 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61429640|title=Chelsea 0–0 Liverpool|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=14 May 2022|accessdate=14 May 2022}}</ref> * Iko EFL: 202122<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/60450274|title=Chelsea 0–0 Liverpool|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=27 February 2022|accessdate=27 February 2022}}</ref> * UEFA Champions League: 2018-19; onye nke abụọ: 2017-18, 2021-22<ref name="2018–19UCL"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44258022|title=Real Madrid 3–1 Liverpool|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=26 May 2018|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61609200|title=Liverpool 0–1 Real Madrid: Reds beaten in Paris as Vinicius Jr hits winner|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=28 May 2022|accessdate=28 May 2022}}</ref> * UEFA Super Cup: 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49332825|title=Liverpool 2–2 Chelsea|first=Gary|author=Rose|work=BBC Sport|date=14 August 2019|accessdate=15 August 2019}}</ref> * FIFA Club World Cup: 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50869633|title=Liverpool 1–0 Flamengo|first=Harry|author=Poole|work=BBC Sport|date=21 December 2019|accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> '''Bayern Munich''' * DFL-Supercup: 2022<ref>{{Cite web|title=RB Leipzig 3–5 Bayern Munich: Sadio Mane scores on debut in German Super Cup win|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/62363061|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=31 July 2022|date=30 July 2022}}</ref> '''Senegal''' * Africa Cup of Nations: 2021; onye nke abụọ: 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48959714|title=Senegal 0–1 Algeria|first=Gary|author=Rose|work=BBC Sport|date=19 July 2019|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/liverpool/news/africa-cup-of-nations-senegal-beat-egypt-to-win-final-afcon|title=Africa Cup Of Nations: Senegal Beat Egypt To Win Final (AFCON)|work=Sports Illustrated|date=6 February 2022|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onyinye Socrates: 2022<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2022|title=Sadio Mane wins Socrates Award for charity work|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/sadio-mane-wins-socrates-prize-ballon-d-or-charity-work-bayern-munich-liverpool-senegal-21592|accessdate=17 October 2022|work=Bundesliga|language=}}</ref> * CAF Team of the Year: 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aubameyang, Samatta Rule Africa|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=rIVF4WCnlfavi%2FKHOwXX6w%3D%3D|publisher=Confederation of African Football|date=7 January 2016|accessdate=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=JjXA1yebDNx8I52tgKCOlg%3d%3d|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2016|publisher=Confederation of African Football|accessdate=7 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Salah and Mané Picked in First Africa Best 11|url=https://fifpro.org/news/salah-mahrez-and-mane-in-first-africa-best-11/en/|publisher=FIFPro|date=8 January 2019|accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mané, Oshoala named African Footballers of 2019 at CAF Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/awards/news/mane-oshoala-named-african-footballers-of-2019-at-caf-awards|publisher=Confederation of African Football|date=7 January 2020|accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref> * PFA Team of the Year: 201617 Premier League, 201819 Premier League, 201920 Premier League, 202122 Premier League<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/61736732|title=Mohamed Salah and Sam Kerr win PFA player of year awards|publisher=BBC Sport|date=9 June 2022|accessdate=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="PFA1617"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48028713|title=PFA Team of the Year: Paul Pogba, Raheem Sterling and Sadio Mané included in side|work=BBC Sport|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54044861|title=PFA Player of the Year: Kevin de Bruyne and Beth England named 2020 winners|work=BBC Sport|date=8 September 2020|accessdate=8 September 2020}}</ref> * PFA Fans' Player of the Month: August & September 2016, August 2018, March 2019<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 September 2016|title=Liverpool forward Sadio Mane wins PFA Fans' Premier League Player of the Month|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11669/10595106/liverpool-forward-sadio-mane-wins-pfa-fans-premier-league-player-of-the-month|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Sky Sports|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Morakinyo|first=Tosin|date=3 September 2018|title=Sadio Mane wins PFA Fans’ Player of the Month award|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/sadio-mane-wins-pfa-fans-player-of-the-month-award/1ic40mztkpwu411nuaznim0za7|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Goal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Taiwo|first=Taiye|date=8 April 2019|title=Liverpool's Sadio Mane named PFA Fans’ Player of the Month|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/liverpools-sadio-mane-named-pfa-fans-player-of-the-month/la5p9ttexgo17v44t4hx5hy3|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=Goal}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu Premier League nke ọnwa: August 2017, March 2019, November 2019<ref name="PremProfile"/> * Liverpool Fans' Player of the Season Award: 201617<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11669/10870841/liverpools-sadio-mane-scoops-two-player-of-the-year-awards|title=Liverpool's Sadio Mané scoops two Player of the Year awards|date=9 May 2017|work=Sky Sports|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref> * Liverpool Players' Player of the Season Award: 201617<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-double-2017-liverpool-13011798|title=Sadio Mané does the double at 2017 Liverpool Players' Awards|date=9 May 2017|work=Liverpool Echo|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref> * Golden Boot nke Premier League: 2018-19<ref name="PremProfile" /> * Ndị otu UEFA Champions League nke Oge: 2018X19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2607890.html|title=UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season|publisher=UEFA|date=2 June 2019|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> * UEFA Team of the Year: 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2637433.html|title=UEFA.com fans' Team of the Year 2019 revealed|publisher=UEFA|date=15 January 2020|accessdate=15 January 2020}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi iko mba Afrịka: 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cafonline.com/press-release/news/mane-cisse-mendy-aboubakar-take-totalenergies-afcon-individual-awards|title=Mane, Cissé, Mendy, Aboubakar take TotalEnergies AFCON individual awards|publisher=Confederation of African Football|date=8 February 2022|accessdate=8 February 2022}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2019, 2021<ref name="AFCON TOTY"/> * Onye bọọlụ bọọlụ Afrịka nke Afọ: 2019, 2022<ref name="Guardian070120"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51020846|title=Sadio Mané: Liverpool and Senegal forward named Caf African Player of the Year|work=BBC Sport|date=7 January 2020|accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=21 July 2022|title=Sadio Mane awarded African player of the year|url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/07/21/sadio-mane-awarded-african-player-of-the-year/|accessdate=21 July 2022|work=Africanews|language=|archivedate=3 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803071352/https://www.africanews.com/2022/07/21/sadio-mane-awarded-african-player-of-the-year//}}</ref> * Iri na otu ọla edo: 2018-19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shop.onzemondial.com/produit/numero-327-onze-dor-2019-sadio-mane-le-tube-de-lete/|title=Onze d'Or 2019, Sadio Mané le tube de l'été !|date=6 June 2019|work=Onze Mondial|language=fr|accessdate=6 June 2019|archivedate=7 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607235459/https://shop.onzemondial.com/produit/numero-327-onze-dor-2019-sadio-mane-le-tube-de-lete/}}</ref> * IFFHS Men's World Team: 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.de/iffhs-awards-the-iffhs-men-world-team-of-the-year-2019/|title=IFFHS Awards 2019 – The IFFHS Men World Team of the Year 2019|publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics|date=30 November 2019|accessdate=30 November 2019}}</ref> * ESM Team nke Afọ: 2018<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reus, Kimmich und ter Stegen im ESM-Team der Saison|url=https://www.kicker.de/750955/slideshow|work=kicker|accessdate=27 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630143727/https://www.kicker.de/750955/slideshow|archivedate=30 June 2019|language=de}}</ref> 1910 * PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2019X20 Premier League<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/first-team/405685-sadio-mane-wins-pfa-fans-player-of-the-year-award|title=Sadio Mane wins PFA Fans' Player of the Year award|publisher=Liverpool F.C.|date=17 August 2020|accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Men Team of The Year: 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=CAF MEN TEAM 2020 by IFFHS|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/832|accessdate=13 December 2020|work=IFFHS|archivedate=26 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226202258/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/832}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Men's Team of the Decade 2011 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=IFFHS (International Federation of Football for History & Statistics)|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/926|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=IFFHS|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612130142/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/926}}</ref> * IFFHS Best CAF Men's Player of the Year: 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/870|title=THE BEST MAN PLAYER IN CAF 2020 : SADIO MANE (SENEGAL/LIVERPOOL FC)|work=IFFHS|date=31 December 2020|accessdate=31 December 2020|archivedate=12 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112225505/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/870}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ds4ox1xj0g3x1b4q8dp38sy4uk4xhpw 0 25567 687740 111617 2026-07-13T08:43:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Rudnaya Pristan''' (Russian) ''Ore'' Wharf) bụ obodo (selo) dị n'ọnụ [[Rudnaya River|Osimiri Rudnaya]], n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Pacific]] nke Primorsky Krai . Ọ dị kilomita iri atọ na ise n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Dalnegorsk (nakwa na Primorsky Krai) na ihe dịka kilomita narị ịse na iri na anọ n'ebe ugwu Vladivostok. Ndị bi na ya bụ Puku abụọ na narị na asaa n'afọ 2010, Puku abụọ na narị abụọ na iri asatọ na itoolu n'afọ 2002, na Puku abụọ na narị itoolu na iri anọ na asaa n'afọ 1989.<ref>([[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]])</ref><ref>([[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]).</ref> Ịgbaze anwụrụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ isi n'obodo ahụ kemgbe e wuru ụlọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1930. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enyewo ọrụ na-aga n'ihu maka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ kemgbe oge ahụ, mana ọ na-efu nnukwu ego ma maka ahụike nke ndị bi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị bi ebe ahụ na-arịa ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike, gụnyere oke ọrịa kansa, ala ahụ emetọwokwa nke ukwuu na ihe ndị metụtara isi. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ Blacksmith kwupụtara Rudnaya Pristan, tinyere Dalnegorsk, otu n'ime ebe iri kachasị emetọ n'ụwa,ọ bụ ezie na Anatoly Lebedev, onye ndú nke ecological NGO BROK, na-arụ ụka na nsonye aka a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/site10j.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203232933/http://www.blacksmithinstitute.org/site10j.php|archivedate=2007-02-03|title=Rudnaya Pristan|publisher=Blacksmith Institute|accessdate=2021-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/725071.html|language=RU|title=Ecologists of Primorye Territory (Russia) surprised at listing Rudnaya Pristan among the most polluted places in the world|accessdate=2023-04-20|archivedate=2023-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420062004/https://regnum.ru/news/725071.html}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Rudnaya Pristan anọgidewo na-emepebeghị emepe, ihu igwe ya dịkwa njọ, nke nnukwu usoro nrụgide Siberia na-achịkwa n'oge oyi na ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. Nchikota a na-ebute oke oyi, oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke na-enwekarị oke ifufe, na oge okpomọkụ nke na-enye ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọmụmụ anwụnta.. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == {{Weather box|width=auto|location=Rudnaya Pristan (extremes 1932-present)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan record high C=8.4|Feb record high C=12.2|Mar record high C=23.5|Apr record high C=31.7|May record high C=35.4|Jun record high C=34.3|Jul record high C=37.8|Aug record high C=35.6|Sep record high C=31.4|Oct record high C=27.9|Nov record high C=22.3|Dec record high C=11.0|Jan high C=-4.9|Feb high C=-1.7|Mar high C=3.8|Apr high C=9.6|May high C=13.5|Jun high C=16.0|Jul high C=20.1|Aug high C=22.9|Sep high C=20.7|Oct high C=14.1|Nov high C=4.7|Dec high C=-3.6|Jan mean C=-10.3|Feb mean C=-7.4|Mar mean C=-1.6|Apr mean C=4.0|May mean C=8.3|Jun mean C=11.9|Jul mean C=16.6|Aug mean C=18.9|Sep mean C=15.2|Oct mean C=8.0|Nov mean C=-1.0|Dec mean C=-8.8|Jan low C=-14.7|Feb low C=-12.6|Mar low C=-6.6|Apr low C=-0.6|May low C=4.4|Jun low C=9.1|Jul low C=14.0|Aug low C=15.6|Sep low C=10.1|Oct low C=2.5|Nov low C=-5.7|Dec low C=-13.3|Jan record low C=-30.0|Feb record low C=-30.5|Mar record low C=-25.5|Apr record low C=-12.0|May record low C=-4.1|Jun record low C=0.2|Jul record low C=3.6|Aug record low C=1.9|Sep record low C=-3.5|Oct record low C=-11.3|Nov record low C=-22.0|Dec record low C=-30.1|Jan precipitation mm=15.5|Feb precipitation mm=14.0|Mar precipitation mm=26.7|Apr precipitation mm=52.7|May precipitation mm=82.7|Jun precipitation mm=93.3|Jul precipitation mm=125.9|Aug precipitation mm=124.7|Sep precipitation mm=110.6|Oct precipitation mm=70.9|Nov precipitation mm=39.7|Dec precipitation mm=22.9|source 1=pogoda.ru.net<ref>{{cite web|title=Климат Рудной Пристани|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/31959.htm|accessdate=December 29, 2022|language=Russian}}</ref>}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 52mf08kzqqs9qejazytgnqwks7kqdfa 0 26215 687694 193962 2026-07-13T01:58:39Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Nweghachi ihe onwunwe */ 687694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ ala na-anakọta ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche na-enye nchịkọta ihe mkpofu obodo mgbe niile n'ógbè dị na [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ekpokọta ihe mkpofu na-ere ihe mkpofu e-na-ọkụ na Agbogbloshie, ebe dị nso na Accra na Ghana nke na-edozi nnukwu ihe mkpofu eletrọniki mba ụwa. Ndị na-anakọta ihe na-ere plastik na ihe ndị ahụ ọkụ, ma na-anakkọta ọla maka imegharị ihe. Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-ekpughe ndị na-ere ihe na obodo ha na anwụrụ ọkụ na-egbu egbu.]] [[Usòrò:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe na ihe mkpofu na ike maka ihe mkpofu nke a na-ebupụghị]] {{Databox}}Ijikwa mkpofu ma ọ bụ mkpofu mkpofu gụnyere usoro na omume achọrọ iji jikwaa ihe mkpofu site na mmalite ya ruo na mkpofu ikpeazụ ya. Nke a gụnyere nchịkọta, ibufe, ọgwụgwọ na ikpofu ihe mkpofu, yana nlekota na nhazi nke usoro nhazi mkpofu na iwu metụtara mkpofu, teknụzụ, usoro akụ na ụba. Ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịbụ nke siri ike, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ gas na ụdị ọ bụla nwere ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu na njikwa. Nlekọta mkpofu na-emetụta ụdị mkpofu niile, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ndu, ezinụlọ, ime obodo, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mkpofu nwere ike ibute ahụike mmadụ egwu. A na-ejikọta nsogbu ahụike n'ime usoro nlekọta mkpofu niile. Okwu ahụike nwekwara ike ibilite n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ ozugbo: ozugbo site na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike, yana na-apụtaghị ìhè site na iri mmiri, ala na nri. A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu site na ọrụ mmadụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmịpụta na nhazi nke akụrụngwa. Ezubere njikwa mkpofu iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihe mkpofu na ahụike mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, akụrụngwa mbara ala na ịchọ mma. Ebumnuche nke njikwa mkpofu bụ ibelata mmetụta dị egwu nke ihe mkpofu dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ. Otu nnukwu akụkụ nke njikwa mkpofu na-ahụ maka mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo, nke a na-emepụta site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, azụmahịa na ụlọ. Usoro nlekọta mkpofu adịghị n'otu n'etiti mba (mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe); mpaghara (ime obodo na ime obodo), na ngalaba obibi na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike were ụzọ dị iche iche<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davidson|first=Gary|date=June 2011|title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review|accessdate=3 March 2017|publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability|url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf|archivedate=1 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf}}</ref> Nchịkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe mkpofu dị mkpa maka iwu obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide na ndị a na-ebi ebi, mana ọ ka bụ ihe ịma aka maka ọtụtụ mba na obodo ndị na'ime obodo na-emepe emepe. Akụkọ chọpụtara na njikwa ihe mkpofu dị oke ọnụ, na-agụnyekarị 20%-50% nke mmefu ego obodo. Ịrụ ọrụ obodo a dị mkpa chọrọ usoro jikọtara ọnụ nke dị irè, na-adịgide adịgide, na nkwado ọha na eze.<ref name="wb1">{{Cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Bank|language=en|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management}}</ref> Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke omume nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na emetụta ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo (MSW) nke bụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe mkpofu nke ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọrụ azụmahịa mepụtara.<ref name="HMSW">{{Cite book|year=2003|title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies|pages=337–465|doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3|chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms|isbn=9780750675079|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann}}</ref> Dị ka Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe(IPCC) si kwuo, a na-atụ anya na ihe mkpofu obodo ga-eru ihe dịka 3.4 Gt ka ọ na-erule 2050; Otú ọ dị, iwu na ime iwu nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu emepụtara na mpaghara na obodo dị iche iche nke ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/|accessdate=2022-04-05|work=www.ipcc.ch|language=en}}</ref> Nzọụkwụ nke njikwa ihe mkpofu na-agụnye usoro maka usoro teknụzụ na akụ na ụba nke akụ na ụba gburugburu, ụlọ ọrụ nkwụsị dị irè, mbupụ na mbubata na nhazi kachasị mma nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-emepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gollakota|first=Anjani R. K.|title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|date=1 May 2020|volume=261|pages=110234|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234|pmid=32148304|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=en|issn=0301-4797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Elegba|first=S. B.|title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407|work=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=English|date=2006|archivedate=20 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=E –Waste Management through Regulations|journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> Na nyocha nhazi nke mbụ nke ihe akaebe sayensị gburugburu ihe mkpofu ụwa, njikwa ya na mmetụta ya na ahụike mmadụ na ndụ mmadụ, ndị edemede kwubiri na ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe mkpofu terrestrial siri ike nke obodo anaghị anakọta na nke anọ ọzọ na-emezi ihe na-ezighi ezi mgbe nchịkọta, mgbe mgbe. a na-agba ya n'ime ọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa - ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ijeri tọn kwa afọ mgbe ejikọtara ya. Ha chọpụtakwara na mpaghara ndị kacha mkpa na nke ọ bụla enweghị "nchọpụta nyocha dị oke elu", akụkụ n'ihi enweghị "ego nyocha dị ukwuu", nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kpaliri na-achọkarị. Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị (ewaste) gụnyere ihe nleba anya kọmpụta a tụfuru, nne nne, ekwentị mkpanaaka na chaja, kọmpat diski (CD), ekweisi, igwe onyonyo, igwe ntụ oyi na friji. Dị ka Global E-waste Monitor 2017 si kwuo, [[Ndia|India]] na-emepụta ~ 2 nde tonnes (Mte) nke e-ifufe kwa afọ yana ọkwa nke ise n'etiti mba ndị na-emepụta e-ifufe, na-esote United States, Republic of China, [[Japan]] na Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|accessdate=21 June 2021}}</ref> == Ụkpụrụ nke njikwa ihe mkpofu == [[Usòrò:Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke usoro ihe mkpofu]] === Ọchịchị ndị na-emebi ihe === Ndị isi ihe mkpofu na-ezo aka na "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, nke na-ekewa usoro nlekọta mkpofu dịka ọchịchọ ha siri dị n'ihe gbasara mbelata ihe mkpofu. Ndị isi ihe mkpofu bụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ ibelata mkpofu. Ebumnobi nke ndị isi ihe mkpofu bụ iwepụta uru bara uru kachasị na ngwaahịa na iwepụta ntakịrị ihe mkpofu njedebe; hụ: mgbake akụ. A na-anọchi anya ndị isi ihe mkpofu dị ka pyramid n'ihi na ihe bụ isi bụ na atumatu kwesịrị ịkwalite usoro iji gbochie mmepụta ihe mkpofu. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe kachasị amasị bụ ịchọ ụzọ ọzọ maka ihe mkpofu emepụtara, ya bụ, site na iji ọzọ. Nke na-esote bụ imegharị ihe nke gụnyere composting. Ịgbaso usoro a bụ mgbake ihe onwunwe na ịla n'iyi na ike. Ihe ikpeazụ a na-eme bụ mkpofu, n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ site na ọkụ na-enweghị mgbake ike. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ a bụ ebe ikpeazụ maka mkpofu nke egbochibeghị, chegharịa ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ya. [peeji chọrọ] Ọchịchị mkpofu na-anọchi anya ọganihu nke ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ihe site na usoro usoro nke pyramid nke njikwa mkpofu. Ndị isi na-anọchi anya akụkụ ikpeazụ nke usoro ndụ maka ngwaahịa ọ bụla. === Ndụ ndụ nke ngwaahịa === Usoro ndụ na-amalite site n'ichepụta, wee malite site na nrụpụta, nkesa, na ojiji nke mbụ wee na-esote usoro mkpofu nke mbelata, ijigharị na imegharị ihe. Usoro nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndụ na-enye ohere maka itinye aka na amụma: ịtụgharị uche na mkpa ngwaahịa ahụ dị, imezigharị iji belata ikike mkpofu, na ịgbatị ojiji ya. [peeji chọrọ] Nyocha usoro ndụ ngwaahịa bụ ụzọ isi kwalite ojiji nke oke oke ụwa site n'izere ọgbọ mkpofu na-enweghị isi..<ref name="UN">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme|year=2013|title=Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities|url=http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf|isbn=978-92-807-3333-4|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> === Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma === Ịrụ ọrụ akụrụngwa na-egosipụta nghọta na ọganihu akụ na ụba ụwa na mmepe enweghị ike ịkwado n'ụdị mmepụta na oriri ugbu a. N'ụwa niile, ụmụ mmadụ na-ewepụta ọtụtụ akụrụngwa iji mepụta ngwaahịa karịa ụwa nwere ike imeju. [peeji chọrọ] arụmọrụ akụrụngwa bụ mbelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmepụta na oriri nke ngwaahịa ndị a, site na mmịpụta akụrụngwa ikpeazụ ruo na ojiji na mkpofu ikpeazụ.<ref name="UN">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme|year=2013|title=Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities|url=http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf|isbn=978-92-807-3333-4|accessdate=3 May 2014}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201816/http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf ''Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Environmental Programme. 2013. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-92-807-3333-4|<bdi>978-92-807-3333-4</bdi>]]. Archived from [http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Ụkpụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ mmetọ === Ụkpụrụ mmetọ-akwụ ụgwọ na-enye iwu ka ndị na-emetọ ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihe gbasara njikwa mkpofu, nke a na-ezokarị aka n'ihe achọrọ maka onye na-emepụta ihe mkpofu iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mkpofu nke ọma nke ihe a na-apụghị ịchọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-is-the-polluter-pays-principle/|title=What is the polluter pays principle?|work=LSE|accessdate=7 February 2020|date=11 May 2018|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206155404/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-is-the-polluter-pays-principle/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ime oge ka ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, oke mkpofu nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta adịchaghị mkpa n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na irigbu ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta n'oge gara aga bụ nke kachasị ntụ na ihe mkpofu nke mmadụ, ma eweghachitere ihe ndị a n'ime ala na mpaghara, na-enwe mmetụta kacha nta na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ejikarị osisi ma ọ bụ ígwè eme ihe ma ọ bụ na-ebufe ya n'ọgbọ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ mmepeanya amụbaala n'ihe mkpofu ha karịa ndị ọzọ. Karịsịa, ndị Maya nke Central America nwere ememe a kapịrị ọnụ kwa ọnwa, bụ́ nke ndị obodo ahụ na-ezukọta ma gbaa ihe mkpofu ha ọkụ n’ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Barbalace|first=Roberta Crowell|url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/environmental/wastehistory.html|title=The History of Waste|publisher=EnvironmentalChemistry.com|date=2003-08-01|accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref> === Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ === [[Usòrò:SirEdwinChadwick.jpg|thumb|Akụkọ Edwin Chadwick dere n'afọ 1842 The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịhụ na a gafere iwu mbụ e mere maka iwepụ na iwepụ ihe mkpofu.]] N'ịgbaso mmalite nke mmepụta ihe na mmepe obodo na-aga n'ihu nke nnukwu ebe ndị mmadụ na England, mwube ihe mkpofu n'obodo ndị ahụ mere ka ọ daa ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa ịdị ọcha na ụdị ndụ obodo mepere emepe. Unyi wee kpagbuo okporo ámá ndị ahụ n'ihi enweghị ụkpụrụ mkpofu mkpofu. Oku maka nguzobe ikike ime obodo nwere ikike iwepụ ihe mkpofu mere n'oge dị ka 1751, mgbe Corbyn Morris na [[London]] tụrụ aro na "... dị ka ichekwa ahụike nke ndị mmadụ dị oke mkpa, a na-atụ aro ka ihicha nke ahụ. obodo a, kwesịrị idobe n'okpuru otu njikwa ọha na eze, na ihe ruru unyi niile ... ga-ebuga Thames gaa n'ebe dị anya na obodo ahụ". Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na-emebiwanye na mpụta nke arụmụka ahụike ọha na eze kpaliri na iwu mbụ gbasara okwu ahụ pụtara. Ihe nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ọhụrụ a bụ akụkọ Ọnọdụ ịdị ọcha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na 1842 nke onye na-eme mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Edwin Chadwick, ebe ọ rụrụ ụka maka mkpa ọ dị iwepụ ihe mkpofu zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa iji melite ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị bi n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain|location=London|year=1842|pages=369–372|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html|author=Chadwick|first=Edwin|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Na UK, Iwu Mwepụ na Mgbochi Ọrịa nke 1846 malitere ihe ga-abụ usoro na-aga n'ihu nke inye nhazi nhazi mkpofu na London. Ụlọ ọrụ nke Obodo ukwu bụ ikike izizi obodo mepere emepe nke mebere iwu idebe ihe ọcha maka obodo na-agbasa ngwa ngwa, yana iwu ahụike ọha na eze 1875 mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na ezinụlọ ọ bụla tinye ihe mkpofu ha kwa izu n'ime “ebe a na-ebugharị ebugharị” maka mkpofu — echiche mbụ maka a. uzuzu uzuzu. N'Alaeze Ashanti ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 19, enwere ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọrụ ọha na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na Kumasi na ala ịta ahịhịa ya. Ha na-edobe okporo ámá ọcha kwa ụbọchị ma nye ndị nkịtị iwu ka ha na-edebe ogige ha ọcha na ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maier|first=D.|title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=21|issue=1|pages=63–81|year=1979|doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652|pmid=11614369}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Manlove,_Alliott_furnace.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructor oven. Ojiji nke incinerators maka ikpofu ihe ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.]] Mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke mkpofu maka mkpofu mere ka e mepụta osisi mbụ na-ere ọkụ, ma ọ bụ, dịka a na-akpọ ha, "ndị na-ebibi ihe". N'afọ 1874, Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. wuru ụlọ incinerator mbụ na Nottingham na imewe nke Alfred Fryer. Otú ọ dị, ndị a nwetara mmegide n'ihi nnukwu ntụ ha na-emepụta na nke na-efefe n'ógbè ndị dị nso..<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste|author=Gandy, Matthew|year=1994|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781853831683}}</ref> Usoro mkpofu mkpofu n'ime ime obodo yiri nke ahụ malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 n'obodo ukwu ndị ọzọ dị na Europe na n'Ebe Ugwu America. Na 1895, New York City ghọrọ obodo US mbụ nwere njikwa mkpofu ọha na eze.<ref name="NWRA">{{Cite web|title=History of Solid Waste Management|publisher=National Waste & Recycling Association|url=http://www.environmentalistseveryday.org/publications-solid-waste-industry-research/information/history-of-solid-waste-management/early-america-industrial-revolution.php|accessdate=2013-12-09|archivedate=24 October 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131024012358/http://www.environmentalistseveryday.org/publications-solid-waste-industry-research/information/history-of-solid-waste-management/early-america-industrial-revolution.php}}</ref> Ụgbọ ala ndị mbụ na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu bụ nanị gwongworo a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ghe oghe nke otu ìgwè ịnyịnya dọkpụrụ. Ha ghọrọ moto n'isi mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na gwongworo ahụ mechiri emechi nke mbụ iji kpochapụ isi ndị nwere usoro mkpofu ka ewebata na 1920 na Britain. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwadebere ihe ndị a nwere 'usoro hopper' bụ́ ebe a na-eju skooper n'ọkwa ala wee bulite ya n'ụzọ ígwè iji tinye ihe mkpofu n'ụgbọala ahụ. Garwood Load Packer bụ gwongworo mbụ na 1938, iji tinye compactor hydraulic. == Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na njem == [[Usòrò:Bin.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Plastik a kpụrụ akpụ, ebe a na-etinye ihe mkpofu na Berkshire, England]] Ụzọ nchịkọta mkpofu dịgasị iche iche n'etiti mba na mpaghara dị iche iche. Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na-enyekarị ọrụ mkpofu mkpofu ụlọ, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe maka mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa. Mpaghara ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị nọ na mba ndị mepere emepe enweghị usoro mkpofu ahịhịa. === Omume njikwa ihe mkpofu === Nchịkọta ihe mgbochi bụ ụzọ a na-ekpofukarị n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, Canada, New Zealand, United States, na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa mepere emepe ebe a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu n'oge oge site na gwongworo pụrụ iche. A na-ejikọta nke a na nkewa ihe mkpofu n'akụkụ mgbochi. N'ime ime obodo, enwere ike ibuga ihe mkpofu n'ebe a na-ebufe ya. A na-ebuga ihe mkpofu anakọtara na ebe mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nchịkọta oghere na-ebufe ihe mkpofu site n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa site na oghere n'akụkụ obere tubes. A na-eji sistemụ arụ ọrụ na Europe na North America. N'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ, a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu na-ekewaghị ekewa n'akụkụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ site na ọdụ ndị na-ebufe ihe mkpofu wee hazie ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-emegharịgharị na ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike iji. Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịhazi nnukwu mkpofu siri ike, na-echekwa ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị, na ịtụgharị nke fọdụrụ ka ọ bụrụ gas bio-gas na ntụ ntụ. Na San Francisco, gọọmentị ime obodo hibere Iwu Nrụgharị na Composting ya na-akwado ebumnuche ya nke "ihe mkpofu efu ka ọ na-erule 2020", chọrọ ka onye ọ bụla nọ n'obodo ahụ debe ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị na compotable na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. A na-anakọta iyi atọ a na sistemu “Fantastic 3” nke dị n'akụkụ --acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka compostable, na ojii maka ihe eji ekpofu ahịhịa - enyere ndị bi na azụmaahịa ma na-arụ ọrụ site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri San Francisco naanị, Recology. Usoro "Ụgwọ-Ị-Ị-Tụba" nke obodo ahụ na-ana ndị ahịa ụgwọ site n'ọnụọgụ nke ihe eji ekpofu ahịhịa, nke na-enye mkpali ego iji kewapụ ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atụfu ihe ndị ọzọ. Mmemme ihe mkpofu efu nke ngalaba nke gburugburu obodo emeela ka obodo ahụ nweta ntụgharị 80%, ọnụego ntụgharị kachasị elu na North America. Azụmahịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu na-eji agba dị iche iche na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahịhịa ahịhịa na mkpọ mkpọgharị. Na mgbakwunye, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa mkpofu mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị enweghị akara ndị na-enyere aka ịlele nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi nke omume ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaufman|first=Scott M.|date=2010-08-01|title=A Screening Life Cycle Metric to Benchmark the Environmental Sustainability of Waste Management Systems|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/es100505u|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=44|issue=15|pages=5949–5955|doi=10.1021/es100505u|pmid=20666561|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Nkewa nke ihe mkpofu ===   [[Usòrò:Recycling_point_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-emegharị ihe na Mahadum Teknụzụ Gdańsk]] Nke a bụ nkewa nke mkpofu mmiri na mkpofu akọrọ. Ebumnuche bụ iji megharịa ihe mkpofu akọrọ n'ụzọ dị mfe yana iji ihe mkpofu mmiri dị ka compost. Mgbe a na-ekewa ihe mkpofu, ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu na-eju ala na-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-ebute oke ikuku na mmetọ mmiri. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, nkewa ihe mkpofu kwesịrị ịdabere n'ụdị mkpofu na ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma na mkpofu. Nke a na-emekwa ka ọ dị mfe itinye usoro dị iche iche na mkpofu, dị ka composting, imegharị ihe na ịgba ọkụ. Ọ dị mkpa ịme njikwa mkpofu na nkewa dị ka obodo. Otu ụzọ isi na-eme nhazi mkpofu bụ ịhụ na enwere mmata. Ekwesịrị ịkọwara ndị obodo usoro nkewapụ ihe mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-02|title=Segregation of waste|url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/segregation-of-waste|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=The Nation|language=en|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925103353/https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/segregation-of-waste}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu nke kewapụrụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala iji kpofuo ya n'ihi na ọ dịghị achọ nhazi akwụkwọ ntuziaka dịka ihe mkpofu agwakọta. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa mere ikewapụ ihe mkpofu ji dị mkpa dịka ọrụ iwu, nchekwa ego na nchekwa ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ime ka ọ dịrị ndị ọrụ ha mfe ikewapụ ihe mkpofu ha nke ọma. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịkpọ aha, ijide n'aka na e nwere ebe nchekwa zuru ezu na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya ihe kpatara nkewa ji dị mkpa. Ịkpọ aha dị mkpa karịsịa mgbe a na-emeso ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ihi oke mmerụ ahụ na-emerụ ahụ ike mmadụ n'ịfefe nke usoro nuklia nwere ike ịkpata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Raj|first=K.|date=2006-04-01|title=Radioactive waste management practices in India|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029549306000859|journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design|language=en|volume=236|issue=7|pages=914–930|doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.036|issn=0029-5493|accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref> == Ụdị ego == N'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe, a na-enweta ego mkpofu mkpofu ụlọ site na ụtụ obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke nwere ike metụtara ego, ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ihe onwunwe. A na-anakarị mkpofu mkpofu azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka ọrụ azụmahịa, oge niile dịka ụgwọ agbakwunyere nke gụnyere ụgwọ mkpofu. Omume a nwere ike ịgba ndị na-arụ ọrụ mkpofu ume ịhọrọ nhọrọ mkpofu dị ọnụ ala dị ka mkpofu ahịhịa karịa ihe ngwọta kachasị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ijigharị na imegharị ihe. Ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu siri ike nwere ike ịkagbu gọọmentị obodo, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị na-ahụ ya dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa ha kwesịrị inye nwa amaala. Ndị na-enye onyinye na onyinye bụ usoro ego nke dabere na mmasị nke nzukọ ndị nyere onyinye. ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma isi zụlite akụrụngwa nchịkwa mkpofu obodo, ịdọta na itinye ego na-adabere naanị n'ihe onye nyere onyinye weere dị ka ihe dị mkpa. Ya mere, ọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka nye gọọmentị obodo ikwu ka a ga-esi kesaa ego ahụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-28|title=Financing of Solid Waste Management Projects {{!}} BioEnergy Consult|url=https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/financing-solid-waste-management/|accessdate=2020-09-28|language=en-US|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032840/https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/financing-solid-waste-management/}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ dị ka Taipei, gọọmentị obodo na-ana ndị ezinụlọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ya ụgwọ maka oke mkpofu ha na-emepụta. Ndị kansụl obodo na-anakọta ihe mkpofu naanị ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ime akpa mkpofu gọọmentị nyere. Amụma a emela nke ọma ibelata oke mkpofu obodo na-emepụta ma mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọgharị..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trash Per-bag Fee Collection Policy|url=https://www.inno4sd.net/trash-per-bag-fee-collection-policy-481|work=www.inno4sd.net|accessdate=13 August 2021|language=en|archivedate=13 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813081111/https://www.inno4sd.net/trash-per-bag-fee-collection-policy-481}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ sitere na mba nke na-amanye ụtụ isi n'efu bụ Italy. Kama iji akpa ndị gọọmentị nyere dị ka Taipei, ụtụ ahụ dabere na ọnụego abụọ: edozi na agbanwe. Ọnụego a kapịrị ọnụ na-adabere na nha ụlọ ahụ ebe a na-ekpebi mgbanwe site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ bi n'ụlọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4182310|title=The Waste Tax in Italy|date=5 August 2022|author=Ergun|first=Merve}}</ref> Ụlọ akụ ụwa na-enye ego ma na-adụ ọdụ maka ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu siri ike na-eji ụdị ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere mgbazinye ego omenala, ego dabere na nsonaazụ, ego amụma mmepe, na ndụmọdụ teknụzụ. Ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu nke ụlọ akụ mba ụwa na-akwado na-elebakarị anya n'usoro ndụ ihe mkpofu site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ịchịkọta na njem, na n'ikpeazụ ọgwụgwọ na mkpofu.<ref name="wb1">{{Cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Bank|language=en|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management "Solid Waste Management"]. ''World Bank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management Archived] from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ụzọ e si echekwa ihe == === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa === {{Excerpt|landfill}} [[Usòrò:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọala na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ.]] [[Usòrò:Spittelau_(Wien)_-_Müllverbrennungsanlage_(1).JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ Spittelau na Vienna]] === Ịkpọ ọkụ === [[Usòrò:Tarastenjärven_jätteenpolttolaitos.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ nke Tarastejärvi na Tampere, Finland]] Incineration bụ ụzọ mkpofu nke a na-etinye ihe mkpofu ahịhịa siri ike ka ọkụ wee gbanwee ha ka ọ bụrụ ihe fọdụrụ na gas. Usoro a bara uru maka mkpofu ma mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo yana ihe siri ike sitere na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu. Usoro a na-ebelata oke mkpofu siri ike site na pasent 80 ruo 95. A na-akọwa ọkụ ọkụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ mkpofu okpomọkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka "ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ". Ndị na-ere ọkụ na-agbanwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ, gas, uzuoku, na ntụ. A na-eme ihe nsure ọkụ ma na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ. A na-eji ya kpofuo ihe mkpofu siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. A na-amata ya dị ka ụzọ bara uru iji kpofuo ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ (dịka nsị ọgwụ nje). Incineration bụ ụzọ na-arụrịta ụka nke mkpofu mkpofu, n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka mpụta nke mmetọ ikuku gụnyere oke carbon dioxide. Ịkụ ọkụ na-adịkarị na mba ndị dị ka Japan ebe ala dị ụkọ, n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu anaghị achọ ebe dị ukwuu dị ka nsị. Egwu-na-ike (WtE) ma ọ bụ ike-si-ihe mkpofu (EfW) bụ okwu sara mbara maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ihe mkpofu n'ime ọkụ ma ọ bụ igwe ọkụ iji mepụta okpomọkụ, uzuoku ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik. Mkpọ ọkụ n'ime ihe nsure ọkụ anaghị adịcha mma mgbe niile yana enweela nchegbu gbasara mmetọ ikuku gas na-esi na mkpokọ ihe nsure ọkụ. Nchegbu pụrụ iche elekwasịla anya na ogige organic na-adịgide adịgide dị ka dioxins, furans, na PAHs, nke enwere ike ịmepụta na nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ụfọdụ ọla dị arọ dị ka mercury na lead nke nwere ike ịdaba na usoro ọkụ ọkụ. == Ime ihe ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Steel_recycling_bales.jpg|thumb|A kụrisịrị ígwè ma tụgharịa ya maka imegharị ya]] Imegharị ihe bụ omume mgbake akụrụngwa nke na-ezo aka na nchịkọta na ijigharị ihe mkpofu dị ka akpa ihe ọṅụṅụ efu. Usoro a na-agụnye ịkwatu na ijikwa ihe ndị a ga-ewepụ dị ka ihe mkpofu. Enwere otutu uru nke imegharị ihe, yana ọtụtụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ megharịa, ọ ga-ekwe omume ime ka ụwa dị ọcha. Imegharị ihe abụghị naanị uru gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa ọ na-emetụta akụ na ụba. Enwere ike ịme ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịnakọta ihe eji emegharị ihe dị iche iche site na mkpofu n'ozuzu site na iji bins na ụgbọ ala nnakọta, usoro a na-akpọ mkpokọta kerbside. N'ime obodo ụfọdụ, a chọrọ onye nwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ kewaa ihe ndị ahụ n'ime blọgụ dị iche iche (dịka maka akwụkwọ, plastik, ọla) tupu nchịkọta ya. N'ime obodo ndị ọzọ, a na-edobe ihe niile enwere ike ịmegharị n'ime otu akpa maka ịnakọta, a na-edozikwa nhazi ahụ ma emesịa na ebe etiti. A maara usoro nke ikpeazụ dị ka "nyogharị otu iyi." [[Usòrò:Recycling_point_in_Lappajärvi.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-emegharị ihe na Lappajärvi, [[Finland]]]] Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-agụnye aluminum dị ka ite ihe ọṅụṅụ, ọla kọpa dị ka waya, ígwè sitere na nri na ikuku aerosol, ihe eji eme ígwè ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ochie, taya roba, karama polyethylene na PET, karama iko na ite, katọn akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ. na akwụkwọ dị mfe, na igbe eriri fiberboard. PVC, LDPE, PP, na PS (lee koodu njirimara resin) nwekwara ike ịmegharị ya. Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị otu ụdị ihe eme ihe, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Ntugharị ngwaahịa dị mgbagwoju anya (dịka kọmputa na ngwa eletrọnịkị) siri ike karị, n'ihi nkwusa na nkewa ọzọ achọrọ. Ụdị ihe a na-anabata maka imegharị ihe dịgasị iche n'obodo na obodo. Obodo na obodo ọ bụla nwere mmemme imegharị ihe dị iche iche nwere ike ijikwa ụdị ihe dị iche iche enwere ike ịmegharị. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ mgbanwe dị na nnabata na-egosipụta na uru nzigharị nke ihe ahụ ozugbo emegharịrị ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ihe eji emegharị ihe gụnyere akwụkwọ mkpofu na kaadiboodu, imegharị plastik, imegharị ígwè, ngwa eletrọnịkị, imegharị osisi, imegharị iko, akwa na akwa na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, gọọmentị China kwupụtara mmachibido iwu mbubata nke ụdị 24 nke recyclable na ihe mkpofu siri ike, gụnyere plastik, textiles na akwụkwọ agwakọta, na-etinye mmetụta dị ukwuu na mba ndị mepere emepe n'ụwa niile, nke na-ebuga China ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>Walker, T. R. (2018). China's ban on imported plastic waste could be a game changer. Nature, 553(7689), 405–405.</ref> == Iji ya eme ihe ọzọ == === Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ === [[Usòrò:Compost_Heap.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta compost na-arụ ọrụ]] Enwere ike nwetaghachi ihe ndị a na-emezigharị bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ, ihe mkpofu nri, na ngwaahịa akwụkwọ, site na nhazi nhazi na mgbari nri iji mebie ihe ahụ. A na-emegharị ihe ndị sitere na organic dị ka mulch ma ọ bụ compost maka ebumnuche ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ nhazi ala. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ijide gas na-ekpofu ihe site na usoro (dị ka methane) ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ (CHP / cogeneration) na-eme ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo elu. Enwere ụdị composting na ụzọ mgbaze na teknụzụ dị iche iche. Ha na-adịgasị iche na mgbagwoju anya site n'obo compost dị mfe n'ụlọ ruo na mgbari ụlọ ọrụ dị ukwuu nke mkpofu ụlọ agwakọtara. Ụzọ dị iche iche nke ndakpọ ndu bụ nkewa dị ka ụzọ ikuku ma ọ bụ anaerobic. Ụzọ ụfọdụ na-eji ngwakọ nke ụzọ abụọ a. Mgbari anaerobic nke akụkụ organic nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mkpofu ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ ọkụ. Ebumnuche nke nhazi usoro ndu na njikwa mkpofu bụ ijikwa ma mee ngwa ngwa usoro okike nke ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. (Lee mgbake akụrụngwa). === Nweghachi ike === Iweghachi ike site na ihe mkpofu bụ ngbanwe nke ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ, ọkụ eletrik, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ site na usoro dị iche iche, gụnyere combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, mgbaze anaerobic, na mgbake gas. A na-akpọkarị usoro a n'efu-na-ike. Iweghachi ike site na mkpofu bụ akụkụ nke usoro nlekọta mkpofu na-adịghị ize ndụ. Iji mgbake ume iji gbanwee ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ, na-emepụta isi iyi ume ọhụrụ ma nwee ike ibelata ikuku carbon site na ịkwụsị mkpa ike sitere na isi mmalite yana ibelata ọgbọ methane site na nsị ala. N'ụwa niile, ihe mkpofu na ike bụ 16% nke njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=New Energy Corporation|year=2014|title=Waste Hierarchy|url=http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/what-we-do/waste-hierarchy/|accessdate=3 May 2014|archivedate=16 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516094044/http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/what-we-do/waste-hierarchy}}</ref> Enwere ike ijikwa ọdịnaya ike nke ngwaahịa mkpofu ozugbo site n'iji ha dị ka mmanụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ozugbo, ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ịhazi ha ka ọ bụrụ ụdị mmanụ ọzọ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ sitere na iji ihe mkpofu dị ka isi iyi mmanụ ọkụ maka isi nri ma ọ bụ kpo oku na iji mmanụ gas (lee n'elu), iji mee ka ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta steam na ọkụ eletrik na turbine. Pyrolysis na gasification bụ ụdị abụọ metụtara ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ ebe ihe mkpofu na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na obere ikuku oxygen. Usoro a na-emekarị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri mechiri emechi n'okpuru nnukwu nrụgide. Pyrolysis nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-atụgharị ihe ahụ n'ime ngwaahịa siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. Enwere ike ịgba mmiri mmiri na gas ọkụ iji mepụta ume ma ọ bụ nụchaa n'ime ngwaahịa kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ (ụlọ nrụpụta kemịkalụ). Enwere ike nụchaa ihe fọdụrụ siri ike (char) ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa dị ka carbon na-arụ ọrụ. A na-eji gasification na Plasma arc gasification dị elu iji gbanwee ihe ndị sitere n'okike ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ gas sịntetik (syngas) nke carbon monoxide na hydrogen mejupụtara. A na-ere gas ahụ ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na uzuoku. Nhọrọ ọzọ na pyrolysis bụ oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide mmiri dị oke egwu (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation). === Pyrolysis === A na-ejikarị pyrolysis eme ihe iji gbanwee ọtụtụ ụdị ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ụgbọala enwetara. Ụdị ntinye mkpofu dị iche iche (dị ka ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, ihe mkpofu nri, taya) etinyere na usoro pyrolysis nwere ike iwepụta ihe ọzọ na mmanụ ọkụ. Pyrolysis bụ usoro nke thermo-chemical ire ere nke organic ihe site okpomọkụ na enweghị stoichiometric quantities nke oxygen; ire ere na-emepụta gas hydrocarbon dị iche iche. N'oge pyrolysis, ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ama jijiji n'ogo dị elu ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-amalite ịkụda. Ọnụego nke pyrolysis na-abawanye na okpomọkụ. N'ime ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, okpomọkụ dị n'elu 430 °C (800 °F).<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> Pyrolysis nwayọọ na-emepụta gas na unyi siri ike. Pyrolysis na-ekwe nkwa ntụgharị nke biomass mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ mmiri bara uru. Pyrolysis nke osisi mkpofu na plastik nwere ike imepụta mmanụ. Ihe siri ike hapụrụ na pyrolysis nwere ọla, iko, aja na pyrolysis coke nke na-adịghị agbanwe gas. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịgba ọkụ, ụfọdụ ụdị usoro pyrolysis na-ahapụ ngwaahịa ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ọla alkali, sọlfọ na chlorine. Otú ọ dị, pyrolysis nke ụfọdụ mkpofu na-emepụta gas nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dịka HCl na SO2.<ref name="WMJ">{{Cite journal|date=December 2014|title=Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review|journal=Waste Management|volume=34|issue=12|pages=2466–2486|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004|pmid=25256662|author=Chen|first=Dezhen}}</ref> === Nweghachi ihe onwunwe === Ngwọta akụrụngwa bụ ntugharị ihe mkpofu n'usoro, nke ezubere maka mkpofu, maka ojiji ọzọ. Ọ bụ nhazi nke ihe eji emegharị ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ihe na akụrụngwa, ma ọ bụ gbanwee na ike. A na-eme ihe omume ndị a n'ebe a na-eweghachi ihe onwunwe. Iweghachite akụrụngwa abụghị naanị mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọ dịkwa ọnụ ahịa. Ọ na-ebelata oke mkpofu maka mkpofu, na-echekwa ohere na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, na-echekwa akụ ndị sitere n'okike.<ref name="traverse">{{Cite web|publisher=Grand Traverse County|year=2006|title=What is Resource Recovery?|url=http://www.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/departments/resource_recovery/What_is_Resource_Recovery_.htm|accessdate=3 April 2014|archivedate=7 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095910/http://www.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/departments/resource_recovery/What_is_Resource_Recovery_.htm}}</ref> Iweghachi ihe onwunwe (na-emegide njikwa mkpofu) na-eji LCA (nyocha usoro ndụ ndụ) na-anwa ịnye ụzọ ọzọ maka njikwa mkpofu. Maka agwakọta MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) ọtụtụ nchọpụta sara mbara egosila na nchịkwa, ikewapụta isi iyi na nnakọta na-esochi ya site na iji megharịa na imegharị akụkụ nke ndị na-abụghị organic na ume na compost/fatịlaịza mmepụta nke organic ihe site na mgbaze anaerobic ga-abụ. ụzọ amara. Dị ka ihe atụ nke otú imegharị ihe onwunwe pụrụ isi baa uru, ọtụtụ ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfu nwere ọla ndị a pụrụ ịrụgharịgharị iji nweta uru, dị ka ihe ndị dị na bọọdụ sekit. Enwere ike ịmegharị mkpụ osisi na pallets na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa bara uru maka ịkụ mkpụrụ. Ihe mgbawa ndị a megharịrị nwere ike ikpuchi ụzọ, ụzọ ije, ma ọ bụ ebe egwuregwu. # Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities. # Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practises, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities. # Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. # Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practises can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.{{page needed|date=November 2016}} === Mmetụta nke ihe mkpofu === {{Excerpt|waste valorization}} == Nchịkwa nke ihe mkpofu mmiri == Ihe mkpofu mmiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa mkpofu n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ịnagide ya. N'adịghị ka ihe mkpofu siri ike, ihe mkpofu mmiri enweghị ike iburu ngwa ngwa ma wepụ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe mkpofu mmiri na-agbasa, na-emerụkwa ebe mmiri mmiri ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na ebubata ya na kọntaktị. Ụdị mkpofu a na-abanyekwa n'ime ihe dịka ala na mmiri ala. Nke a na-ebutekwa imetọ osisi, anụmanụ ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ụmụ mmadụ nọ n'ime ebe mmetọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid Waste {{!}} Waste Management|url=https://u.osu.edu/wastemanagement/liquidwaste-anthony-ulman/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=u.osu.edu}}</ref> === Mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe === {{Excerpt|Industrial wastewater treatment}} qj7l7mpy36rhtm2wfvkvuvl0p7ragn6 687695 687694 2026-07-13T02:01:18Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma */ 687695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ ala na-anakọta ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche na-enye nchịkọta ihe mkpofu obodo mgbe niile n'ógbè dị na [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ekpokọta ihe mkpofu na-ere ihe mkpofu e-na-ọkụ na Agbogbloshie, ebe dị nso na Accra na Ghana nke na-edozi nnukwu ihe mkpofu eletrọniki mba ụwa. Ndị na-anakọta ihe na-ere plastik na ihe ndị ahụ ọkụ, ma na-anakkọta ọla maka imegharị ihe. Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-ekpughe ndị na-ere ihe na obodo ha na anwụrụ ọkụ na-egbu egbu.]] [[Usòrò:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe na ihe mkpofu na ike maka ihe mkpofu nke a na-ebupụghị]] {{Databox}}Ijikwa mkpofu ma ọ bụ mkpofu mkpofu gụnyere usoro na omume achọrọ iji jikwaa ihe mkpofu site na mmalite ya ruo na mkpofu ikpeazụ ya. Nke a gụnyere nchịkọta, ibufe, ọgwụgwọ na ikpofu ihe mkpofu, yana nlekota na nhazi nke usoro nhazi mkpofu na iwu metụtara mkpofu, teknụzụ, usoro akụ na ụba. Ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịbụ nke siri ike, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ gas na ụdị ọ bụla nwere ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu na njikwa. Nlekọta mkpofu na-emetụta ụdị mkpofu niile, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ndu, ezinụlọ, ime obodo, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mkpofu nwere ike ibute ahụike mmadụ egwu. A na-ejikọta nsogbu ahụike n'ime usoro nlekọta mkpofu niile. Okwu ahụike nwekwara ike ibilite n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ ozugbo: ozugbo site na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike, yana na-apụtaghị ìhè site na iri mmiri, ala na nri. A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu site na ọrụ mmadụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmịpụta na nhazi nke akụrụngwa. Ezubere njikwa mkpofu iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihe mkpofu na ahụike mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, akụrụngwa mbara ala na ịchọ mma. Ebumnuche nke njikwa mkpofu bụ ibelata mmetụta dị egwu nke ihe mkpofu dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ. Otu nnukwu akụkụ nke njikwa mkpofu na-ahụ maka mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo, nke a na-emepụta site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, azụmahịa na ụlọ. Usoro nlekọta mkpofu adịghị n'otu n'etiti mba (mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe); mpaghara (ime obodo na ime obodo), na ngalaba obibi na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike were ụzọ dị iche iche<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davidson|first=Gary|date=June 2011|title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review|accessdate=3 March 2017|publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability|url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf|archivedate=1 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf}}</ref> Nchịkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe mkpofu dị mkpa maka iwu obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide na ndị a na-ebi ebi, mana ọ ka bụ ihe ịma aka maka ọtụtụ mba na obodo ndị na'ime obodo na-emepe emepe. Akụkọ chọpụtara na njikwa ihe mkpofu dị oke ọnụ, na-agụnyekarị 20%-50% nke mmefu ego obodo. Ịrụ ọrụ obodo a dị mkpa chọrọ usoro jikọtara ọnụ nke dị irè, na-adịgide adịgide, na nkwado ọha na eze.<ref name="wb1">{{Cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Bank|language=en|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management}}</ref> Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke omume nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na emetụta ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo (MSW) nke bụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe mkpofu nke ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọrụ azụmahịa mepụtara.<ref name="HMSW">{{Cite book|year=2003|title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies|pages=337–465|doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3|chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms|isbn=9780750675079|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann}}</ref> Dị ka Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe(IPCC) si kwuo, a na-atụ anya na ihe mkpofu obodo ga-eru ihe dịka 3.4 Gt ka ọ na-erule 2050; Otú ọ dị, iwu na ime iwu nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu emepụtara na mpaghara na obodo dị iche iche nke ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/|accessdate=2022-04-05|work=www.ipcc.ch|language=en}}</ref> Nzọụkwụ nke njikwa ihe mkpofu na-agụnye usoro maka usoro teknụzụ na akụ na ụba nke akụ na ụba gburugburu, ụlọ ọrụ nkwụsị dị irè, mbupụ na mbubata na nhazi kachasị mma nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-emepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gollakota|first=Anjani R. K.|title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|date=1 May 2020|volume=261|pages=110234|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234|pmid=32148304|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=en|issn=0301-4797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Elegba|first=S. B.|title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407|work=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=English|date=2006|archivedate=20 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=E –Waste Management through Regulations|journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> Na nyocha nhazi nke mbụ nke ihe akaebe sayensị gburugburu ihe mkpofu ụwa, njikwa ya na mmetụta ya na ahụike mmadụ na ndụ mmadụ, ndị edemede kwubiri na ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe mkpofu terrestrial siri ike nke obodo anaghị anakọta na nke anọ ọzọ na-emezi ihe na-ezighi ezi mgbe nchịkọta, mgbe mgbe. a na-agba ya n'ime ọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa - ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ijeri tọn kwa afọ mgbe ejikọtara ya. Ha chọpụtakwara na mpaghara ndị kacha mkpa na nke ọ bụla enweghị "nchọpụta nyocha dị oke elu", akụkụ n'ihi enweghị "ego nyocha dị ukwuu", nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kpaliri na-achọkarị. Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị (ewaste) gụnyere ihe nleba anya kọmpụta a tụfuru, nne nne, ekwentị mkpanaaka na chaja, kọmpat diski (CD), ekweisi, igwe onyonyo, igwe ntụ oyi na friji. Dị ka Global E-waste Monitor 2017 si kwuo, [[Ndia|India]] na-emepụta ~ 2 nde tonnes (Mte) nke e-ifufe kwa afọ yana ọkwa nke ise n'etiti mba ndị na-emepụta e-ifufe, na-esote United States, Republic of China, [[Japan]] na Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|accessdate=21 June 2021}}</ref> == Ụkpụrụ nke njikwa ihe mkpofu == [[Usòrò:Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke usoro ihe mkpofu]] === Ọchịchị ndị na-emebi ihe === Ndị isi ihe mkpofu na-ezo aka na "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, nke na-ekewa usoro nlekọta mkpofu dịka ọchịchọ ha siri dị n'ihe gbasara mbelata ihe mkpofu. Ndị isi ihe mkpofu bụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ ibelata mkpofu. Ebumnobi nke ndị isi ihe mkpofu bụ iwepụta uru bara uru kachasị na ngwaahịa na iwepụta ntakịrị ihe mkpofu njedebe; hụ: mgbake akụ. A na-anọchi anya ndị isi ihe mkpofu dị ka pyramid n'ihi na ihe bụ isi bụ na atumatu kwesịrị ịkwalite usoro iji gbochie mmepụta ihe mkpofu. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe kachasị amasị bụ ịchọ ụzọ ọzọ maka ihe mkpofu emepụtara, ya bụ, site na iji ọzọ. Nke na-esote bụ imegharị ihe nke gụnyere composting. Ịgbaso usoro a bụ mgbake ihe onwunwe na ịla n'iyi na ike. Ihe ikpeazụ a na-eme bụ mkpofu, n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ site na ọkụ na-enweghị mgbake ike. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ a bụ ebe ikpeazụ maka mkpofu nke egbochibeghị, chegharịa ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ya. [peeji chọrọ] Ọchịchị mkpofu na-anọchi anya ọganihu nke ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ihe site na usoro usoro nke pyramid nke njikwa mkpofu. Ndị isi na-anọchi anya akụkụ ikpeazụ nke usoro ndụ maka ngwaahịa ọ bụla. === Ndụ ndụ nke ngwaahịa === Usoro ndụ na-amalite site n'ichepụta, wee malite site na nrụpụta, nkesa, na ojiji nke mbụ wee na-esote usoro mkpofu nke mbelata, ijigharị na imegharị ihe. Usoro nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndụ na-enye ohere maka itinye aka na amụma: ịtụgharị uche na mkpa ngwaahịa ahụ dị, imezigharị iji belata ikike mkpofu, na ịgbatị ojiji ya. [peeji chọrọ] Nyocha usoro ndụ ngwaahịa bụ ụzọ isi kwalite ojiji nke oke oke ụwa site n'izere ọgbọ mkpofu na-enweghị isi..<ref name="UN">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme|year=2013|title=Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities|url=http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf|isbn=978-92-807-3333-4|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> === Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma === Ịrụ ọrụ akụrụngwa na-egosipụta nghọta na ọganihu akụ na ụba ụwa na mmepe enweghị ike ịkwado n'ụdị mmepụta na oriri ugbu a. N'ụwa niile, ụmụ mmadụ na-ewepụta ọtụtụ akụrụngwa iji mepụta ngwaahịa karịa ụwa nwere ike imeju. [peeji chọrọ] arụmọrụ akụrụngwa bụ mbelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmepụta na oriri nke ngwaahịa ndị a, site na mmịpụta akụrụngwa ikpeazụ ruo na ojiji na mkpofu ikpeazụ. === Ụkpụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ mmetọ === Ụkpụrụ mmetọ-akwụ ụgwọ na-enye iwu ka ndị na-emetọ ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihe gbasara njikwa mkpofu, nke a na-ezokarị aka n'ihe achọrọ maka onye na-emepụta ihe mkpofu iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mkpofu nke ọma nke ihe a na-apụghị ịchọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-is-the-polluter-pays-principle/|title=What is the polluter pays principle?|work=LSE|accessdate=7 February 2020|date=11 May 2018|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206155404/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-is-the-polluter-pays-principle/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ime oge ka ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, oke mkpofu nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta adịchaghị mkpa n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na irigbu ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta n'oge gara aga bụ nke kachasị ntụ na ihe mkpofu nke mmadụ, ma eweghachitere ihe ndị a n'ime ala na mpaghara, na-enwe mmetụta kacha nta na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ejikarị osisi ma ọ bụ ígwè eme ihe ma ọ bụ na-ebufe ya n'ọgbọ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ mmepeanya amụbaala n'ihe mkpofu ha karịa ndị ọzọ. Karịsịa, ndị Maya nke Central America nwere ememe a kapịrị ọnụ kwa ọnwa, bụ́ nke ndị obodo ahụ na-ezukọta ma gbaa ihe mkpofu ha ọkụ n’ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Barbalace|first=Roberta Crowell|url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/environmental/wastehistory.html|title=The History of Waste|publisher=EnvironmentalChemistry.com|date=2003-08-01|accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref> === Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ === [[Usòrò:SirEdwinChadwick.jpg|thumb|Akụkọ Edwin Chadwick dere n'afọ 1842 The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịhụ na a gafere iwu mbụ e mere maka iwepụ na iwepụ ihe mkpofu.]] N'ịgbaso mmalite nke mmepụta ihe na mmepe obodo na-aga n'ihu nke nnukwu ebe ndị mmadụ na England, mwube ihe mkpofu n'obodo ndị ahụ mere ka ọ daa ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa ịdị ọcha na ụdị ndụ obodo mepere emepe. Unyi wee kpagbuo okporo ámá ndị ahụ n'ihi enweghị ụkpụrụ mkpofu mkpofu. Oku maka nguzobe ikike ime obodo nwere ikike iwepụ ihe mkpofu mere n'oge dị ka 1751, mgbe Corbyn Morris na [[London]] tụrụ aro na "... dị ka ichekwa ahụike nke ndị mmadụ dị oke mkpa, a na-atụ aro ka ihicha nke ahụ. obodo a, kwesịrị idobe n'okpuru otu njikwa ọha na eze, na ihe ruru unyi niile ... ga-ebuga Thames gaa n'ebe dị anya na obodo ahụ". Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na-emebiwanye na mpụta nke arụmụka ahụike ọha na eze kpaliri na iwu mbụ gbasara okwu ahụ pụtara. Ihe nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ọhụrụ a bụ akụkọ Ọnọdụ ịdị ọcha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na 1842 nke onye na-eme mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Edwin Chadwick, ebe ọ rụrụ ụka maka mkpa ọ dị iwepụ ihe mkpofu zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa iji melite ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị bi n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain|location=London|year=1842|pages=369–372|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html|author=Chadwick|first=Edwin|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Na UK, Iwu Mwepụ na Mgbochi Ọrịa nke 1846 malitere ihe ga-abụ usoro na-aga n'ihu nke inye nhazi nhazi mkpofu na London. Ụlọ ọrụ nke Obodo ukwu bụ ikike izizi obodo mepere emepe nke mebere iwu idebe ihe ọcha maka obodo na-agbasa ngwa ngwa, yana iwu ahụike ọha na eze 1875 mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na ezinụlọ ọ bụla tinye ihe mkpofu ha kwa izu n'ime “ebe a na-ebugharị ebugharị” maka mkpofu — echiche mbụ maka a. uzuzu uzuzu. N'Alaeze Ashanti ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 19, enwere ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọrụ ọha na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na Kumasi na ala ịta ahịhịa ya. Ha na-edobe okporo ámá ọcha kwa ụbọchị ma nye ndị nkịtị iwu ka ha na-edebe ogige ha ọcha na ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maier|first=D.|title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=21|issue=1|pages=63–81|year=1979|doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652|pmid=11614369}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Manlove,_Alliott_furnace.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructor oven. Ojiji nke incinerators maka ikpofu ihe ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.]] Mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke mkpofu maka mkpofu mere ka e mepụta osisi mbụ na-ere ọkụ, ma ọ bụ, dịka a na-akpọ ha, "ndị na-ebibi ihe". N'afọ 1874, Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. wuru ụlọ incinerator mbụ na Nottingham na imewe nke Alfred Fryer. Otú ọ dị, ndị a nwetara mmegide n'ihi nnukwu ntụ ha na-emepụta na nke na-efefe n'ógbè ndị dị nso..<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste|author=Gandy, Matthew|year=1994|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781853831683}}</ref> Usoro mkpofu mkpofu n'ime ime obodo yiri nke ahụ malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 n'obodo ukwu ndị ọzọ dị na Europe na n'Ebe Ugwu America. Na 1895, New York City ghọrọ obodo US mbụ nwere njikwa mkpofu ọha na eze.<ref name="NWRA">{{Cite web|title=History of Solid Waste Management|publisher=National Waste & Recycling Association|url=http://www.environmentalistseveryday.org/publications-solid-waste-industry-research/information/history-of-solid-waste-management/early-america-industrial-revolution.php|accessdate=2013-12-09|archivedate=24 October 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131024012358/http://www.environmentalistseveryday.org/publications-solid-waste-industry-research/information/history-of-solid-waste-management/early-america-industrial-revolution.php}}</ref> Ụgbọ ala ndị mbụ na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu bụ nanị gwongworo a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ghe oghe nke otu ìgwè ịnyịnya dọkpụrụ. Ha ghọrọ moto n'isi mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na gwongworo ahụ mechiri emechi nke mbụ iji kpochapụ isi ndị nwere usoro mkpofu ka ewebata na 1920 na Britain. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwadebere ihe ndị a nwere 'usoro hopper' bụ́ ebe a na-eju skooper n'ọkwa ala wee bulite ya n'ụzọ ígwè iji tinye ihe mkpofu n'ụgbọala ahụ. Garwood Load Packer bụ gwongworo mbụ na 1938, iji tinye compactor hydraulic. == Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na njem == [[Usòrò:Bin.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Plastik a kpụrụ akpụ, ebe a na-etinye ihe mkpofu na Berkshire, England]] Ụzọ nchịkọta mkpofu dịgasị iche iche n'etiti mba na mpaghara dị iche iche. Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na-enyekarị ọrụ mkpofu mkpofu ụlọ, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe maka mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa. Mpaghara ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị nọ na mba ndị mepere emepe enweghị usoro mkpofu ahịhịa. === Omume njikwa ihe mkpofu === Nchịkọta ihe mgbochi bụ ụzọ a na-ekpofukarị n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, Canada, New Zealand, United States, na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa mepere emepe ebe a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu n'oge oge site na gwongworo pụrụ iche. A na-ejikọta nke a na nkewa ihe mkpofu n'akụkụ mgbochi. N'ime ime obodo, enwere ike ibuga ihe mkpofu n'ebe a na-ebufe ya. A na-ebuga ihe mkpofu anakọtara na ebe mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nchịkọta oghere na-ebufe ihe mkpofu site n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa site na oghere n'akụkụ obere tubes. A na-eji sistemụ arụ ọrụ na Europe na North America. N'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ, a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu na-ekewaghị ekewa n'akụkụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ site na ọdụ ndị na-ebufe ihe mkpofu wee hazie ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-emegharịgharị na ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike iji. Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịhazi nnukwu mkpofu siri ike, na-echekwa ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị, na ịtụgharị nke fọdụrụ ka ọ bụrụ gas bio-gas na ntụ ntụ. Na San Francisco, gọọmentị ime obodo hibere Iwu Nrụgharị na Composting ya na-akwado ebumnuche ya nke "ihe mkpofu efu ka ọ na-erule 2020", chọrọ ka onye ọ bụla nọ n'obodo ahụ debe ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị na compotable na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. A na-anakọta iyi atọ a na sistemu “Fantastic 3” nke dị n'akụkụ --acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka compostable, na ojii maka ihe eji ekpofu ahịhịa - enyere ndị bi na azụmaahịa ma na-arụ ọrụ site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri San Francisco naanị, Recology. Usoro "Ụgwọ-Ị-Ị-Tụba" nke obodo ahụ na-ana ndị ahịa ụgwọ site n'ọnụọgụ nke ihe eji ekpofu ahịhịa, nke na-enye mkpali ego iji kewapụ ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atụfu ihe ndị ọzọ. Mmemme ihe mkpofu efu nke ngalaba nke gburugburu obodo emeela ka obodo ahụ nweta ntụgharị 80%, ọnụego ntụgharị kachasị elu na North America. Azụmahịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu na-eji agba dị iche iche na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahịhịa ahịhịa na mkpọ mkpọgharị. Na mgbakwunye, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa mkpofu mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị enweghị akara ndị na-enyere aka ịlele nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi nke omume ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaufman|first=Scott M.|date=2010-08-01|title=A Screening Life Cycle Metric to Benchmark the Environmental Sustainability of Waste Management Systems|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/es100505u|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=44|issue=15|pages=5949–5955|doi=10.1021/es100505u|pmid=20666561|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Nkewa nke ihe mkpofu ===   [[Usòrò:Recycling_point_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-emegharị ihe na Mahadum Teknụzụ Gdańsk]] Nke a bụ nkewa nke mkpofu mmiri na mkpofu akọrọ. Ebumnuche bụ iji megharịa ihe mkpofu akọrọ n'ụzọ dị mfe yana iji ihe mkpofu mmiri dị ka compost. Mgbe a na-ekewa ihe mkpofu, ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu na-eju ala na-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-ebute oke ikuku na mmetọ mmiri. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, nkewa ihe mkpofu kwesịrị ịdabere n'ụdị mkpofu na ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma na mkpofu. Nke a na-emekwa ka ọ dị mfe itinye usoro dị iche iche na mkpofu, dị ka composting, imegharị ihe na ịgba ọkụ. Ọ dị mkpa ịme njikwa mkpofu na nkewa dị ka obodo. Otu ụzọ isi na-eme nhazi mkpofu bụ ịhụ na enwere mmata. Ekwesịrị ịkọwara ndị obodo usoro nkewapụ ihe mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-02|title=Segregation of waste|url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/segregation-of-waste|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=The Nation|language=en|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925103353/https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/segregation-of-waste}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu nke kewapụrụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala iji kpofuo ya n'ihi na ọ dịghị achọ nhazi akwụkwọ ntuziaka dịka ihe mkpofu agwakọta. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa mere ikewapụ ihe mkpofu ji dị mkpa dịka ọrụ iwu, nchekwa ego na nchekwa ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ime ka ọ dịrị ndị ọrụ ha mfe ikewapụ ihe mkpofu ha nke ọma. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịkpọ aha, ijide n'aka na e nwere ebe nchekwa zuru ezu na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya ihe kpatara nkewa ji dị mkpa. Ịkpọ aha dị mkpa karịsịa mgbe a na-emeso ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ihi oke mmerụ ahụ na-emerụ ahụ ike mmadụ n'ịfefe nke usoro nuklia nwere ike ịkpata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Raj|first=K.|date=2006-04-01|title=Radioactive waste management practices in India|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029549306000859|journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design|language=en|volume=236|issue=7|pages=914–930|doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.036|issn=0029-5493|accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref> == Ụdị ego == N'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe, a na-enweta ego mkpofu mkpofu ụlọ site na ụtụ obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke nwere ike metụtara ego, ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ihe onwunwe. A na-anakarị mkpofu mkpofu azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka ọrụ azụmahịa, oge niile dịka ụgwọ agbakwunyere nke gụnyere ụgwọ mkpofu. Omume a nwere ike ịgba ndị na-arụ ọrụ mkpofu ume ịhọrọ nhọrọ mkpofu dị ọnụ ala dị ka mkpofu ahịhịa karịa ihe ngwọta kachasị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ijigharị na imegharị ihe. Ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu siri ike nwere ike ịkagbu gọọmentị obodo, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị na-ahụ ya dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa ha kwesịrị inye nwa amaala. Ndị na-enye onyinye na onyinye bụ usoro ego nke dabere na mmasị nke nzukọ ndị nyere onyinye. ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma isi zụlite akụrụngwa nchịkwa mkpofu obodo, ịdọta na itinye ego na-adabere naanị n'ihe onye nyere onyinye weere dị ka ihe dị mkpa. Ya mere, ọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka nye gọọmentị obodo ikwu ka a ga-esi kesaa ego ahụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-28|title=Financing of Solid Waste Management Projects {{!}} BioEnergy Consult|url=https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/financing-solid-waste-management/|accessdate=2020-09-28|language=en-US|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032840/https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/financing-solid-waste-management/}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ dị ka Taipei, gọọmentị obodo na-ana ndị ezinụlọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ya ụgwọ maka oke mkpofu ha na-emepụta. Ndị kansụl obodo na-anakọta ihe mkpofu naanị ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ime akpa mkpofu gọọmentị nyere. Amụma a emela nke ọma ibelata oke mkpofu obodo na-emepụta ma mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọgharị..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trash Per-bag Fee Collection Policy|url=https://www.inno4sd.net/trash-per-bag-fee-collection-policy-481|work=www.inno4sd.net|accessdate=13 August 2021|language=en|archivedate=13 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813081111/https://www.inno4sd.net/trash-per-bag-fee-collection-policy-481}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ sitere na mba nke na-amanye ụtụ isi n'efu bụ Italy. Kama iji akpa ndị gọọmentị nyere dị ka Taipei, ụtụ ahụ dabere na ọnụego abụọ: edozi na agbanwe. Ọnụego a kapịrị ọnụ na-adabere na nha ụlọ ahụ ebe a na-ekpebi mgbanwe site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ bi n'ụlọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4182310|title=The Waste Tax in Italy|date=5 August 2022|author=Ergun|first=Merve}}</ref> Ụlọ akụ ụwa na-enye ego ma na-adụ ọdụ maka ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu siri ike na-eji ụdị ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere mgbazinye ego omenala, ego dabere na nsonaazụ, ego amụma mmepe, na ndụmọdụ teknụzụ. Ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu nke ụlọ akụ mba ụwa na-akwado na-elebakarị anya n'usoro ndụ ihe mkpofu site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ịchịkọta na njem, na n'ikpeazụ ọgwụgwọ na mkpofu.<ref name="wb1">{{Cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Bank|language=en|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management "Solid Waste Management"]. ''World Bank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management Archived] from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ụzọ e si echekwa ihe == === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa === {{Excerpt|landfill}} [[Usòrò:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọala na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ.]] [[Usòrò:Spittelau_(Wien)_-_Müllverbrennungsanlage_(1).JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ Spittelau na Vienna]] === Ịkpọ ọkụ === [[Usòrò:Tarastenjärven_jätteenpolttolaitos.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ nke Tarastejärvi na Tampere, Finland]] Incineration bụ ụzọ mkpofu nke a na-etinye ihe mkpofu ahịhịa siri ike ka ọkụ wee gbanwee ha ka ọ bụrụ ihe fọdụrụ na gas. Usoro a bara uru maka mkpofu ma mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo yana ihe siri ike sitere na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu. Usoro a na-ebelata oke mkpofu siri ike site na pasent 80 ruo 95. A na-akọwa ọkụ ọkụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ mkpofu okpomọkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka "ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ". Ndị na-ere ọkụ na-agbanwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ, gas, uzuoku, na ntụ. A na-eme ihe nsure ọkụ ma na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ. A na-eji ya kpofuo ihe mkpofu siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. A na-amata ya dị ka ụzọ bara uru iji kpofuo ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ (dịka nsị ọgwụ nje). Incineration bụ ụzọ na-arụrịta ụka nke mkpofu mkpofu, n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka mpụta nke mmetọ ikuku gụnyere oke carbon dioxide. Ịkụ ọkụ na-adịkarị na mba ndị dị ka Japan ebe ala dị ụkọ, n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu anaghị achọ ebe dị ukwuu dị ka nsị. Egwu-na-ike (WtE) ma ọ bụ ike-si-ihe mkpofu (EfW) bụ okwu sara mbara maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ihe mkpofu n'ime ọkụ ma ọ bụ igwe ọkụ iji mepụta okpomọkụ, uzuoku ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik. Mkpọ ọkụ n'ime ihe nsure ọkụ anaghị adịcha mma mgbe niile yana enweela nchegbu gbasara mmetọ ikuku gas na-esi na mkpokọ ihe nsure ọkụ. Nchegbu pụrụ iche elekwasịla anya na ogige organic na-adịgide adịgide dị ka dioxins, furans, na PAHs, nke enwere ike ịmepụta na nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ụfọdụ ọla dị arọ dị ka mercury na lead nke nwere ike ịdaba na usoro ọkụ ọkụ. == Ime ihe ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Steel_recycling_bales.jpg|thumb|A kụrisịrị ígwè ma tụgharịa ya maka imegharị ya]] Imegharị ihe bụ omume mgbake akụrụngwa nke na-ezo aka na nchịkọta na ijigharị ihe mkpofu dị ka akpa ihe ọṅụṅụ efu. Usoro a na-agụnye ịkwatu na ijikwa ihe ndị a ga-ewepụ dị ka ihe mkpofu. Enwere otutu uru nke imegharị ihe, yana ọtụtụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ megharịa, ọ ga-ekwe omume ime ka ụwa dị ọcha. Imegharị ihe abụghị naanị uru gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa ọ na-emetụta akụ na ụba. Enwere ike ịme ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịnakọta ihe eji emegharị ihe dị iche iche site na mkpofu n'ozuzu site na iji bins na ụgbọ ala nnakọta, usoro a na-akpọ mkpokọta kerbside. N'ime obodo ụfọdụ, a chọrọ onye nwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ kewaa ihe ndị ahụ n'ime blọgụ dị iche iche (dịka maka akwụkwọ, plastik, ọla) tupu nchịkọta ya. N'ime obodo ndị ọzọ, a na-edobe ihe niile enwere ike ịmegharị n'ime otu akpa maka ịnakọta, a na-edozikwa nhazi ahụ ma emesịa na ebe etiti. A maara usoro nke ikpeazụ dị ka "nyogharị otu iyi." [[Usòrò:Recycling_point_in_Lappajärvi.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-emegharị ihe na Lappajärvi, [[Finland]]]] Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-agụnye aluminum dị ka ite ihe ọṅụṅụ, ọla kọpa dị ka waya, ígwè sitere na nri na ikuku aerosol, ihe eji eme ígwè ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ochie, taya roba, karama polyethylene na PET, karama iko na ite, katọn akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ. na akwụkwọ dị mfe, na igbe eriri fiberboard. PVC, LDPE, PP, na PS (lee koodu njirimara resin) nwekwara ike ịmegharị ya. Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị otu ụdị ihe eme ihe, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Ntugharị ngwaahịa dị mgbagwoju anya (dịka kọmputa na ngwa eletrọnịkị) siri ike karị, n'ihi nkwusa na nkewa ọzọ achọrọ. Ụdị ihe a na-anabata maka imegharị ihe dịgasị iche n'obodo na obodo. Obodo na obodo ọ bụla nwere mmemme imegharị ihe dị iche iche nwere ike ijikwa ụdị ihe dị iche iche enwere ike ịmegharị. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ mgbanwe dị na nnabata na-egosipụta na uru nzigharị nke ihe ahụ ozugbo emegharịrị ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ihe eji emegharị ihe gụnyere akwụkwọ mkpofu na kaadiboodu, imegharị plastik, imegharị ígwè, ngwa eletrọnịkị, imegharị osisi, imegharị iko, akwa na akwa na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, gọọmentị China kwupụtara mmachibido iwu mbubata nke ụdị 24 nke recyclable na ihe mkpofu siri ike, gụnyere plastik, textiles na akwụkwọ agwakọta, na-etinye mmetụta dị ukwuu na mba ndị mepere emepe n'ụwa niile, nke na-ebuga China ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>Walker, T. R. (2018). China's ban on imported plastic waste could be a game changer. Nature, 553(7689), 405–405.</ref> == Iji ya eme ihe ọzọ == === Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ === [[Usòrò:Compost_Heap.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta compost na-arụ ọrụ]] Enwere ike nwetaghachi ihe ndị a na-emezigharị bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ, ihe mkpofu nri, na ngwaahịa akwụkwọ, site na nhazi nhazi na mgbari nri iji mebie ihe ahụ. A na-emegharị ihe ndị sitere na organic dị ka mulch ma ọ bụ compost maka ebumnuche ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ nhazi ala. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ijide gas na-ekpofu ihe site na usoro (dị ka methane) ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ (CHP / cogeneration) na-eme ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo elu. Enwere ụdị composting na ụzọ mgbaze na teknụzụ dị iche iche. Ha na-adịgasị iche na mgbagwoju anya site n'obo compost dị mfe n'ụlọ ruo na mgbari ụlọ ọrụ dị ukwuu nke mkpofu ụlọ agwakọtara. Ụzọ dị iche iche nke ndakpọ ndu bụ nkewa dị ka ụzọ ikuku ma ọ bụ anaerobic. Ụzọ ụfọdụ na-eji ngwakọ nke ụzọ abụọ a. Mgbari anaerobic nke akụkụ organic nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mkpofu ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ ọkụ. Ebumnuche nke nhazi usoro ndu na njikwa mkpofu bụ ijikwa ma mee ngwa ngwa usoro okike nke ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. (Lee mgbake akụrụngwa). === Nweghachi ike === Iweghachi ike site na ihe mkpofu bụ ngbanwe nke ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ, ọkụ eletrik, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ site na usoro dị iche iche, gụnyere combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, mgbaze anaerobic, na mgbake gas. A na-akpọkarị usoro a n'efu-na-ike. Iweghachi ike site na mkpofu bụ akụkụ nke usoro nlekọta mkpofu na-adịghị ize ndụ. Iji mgbake ume iji gbanwee ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ, na-emepụta isi iyi ume ọhụrụ ma nwee ike ibelata ikuku carbon site na ịkwụsị mkpa ike sitere na isi mmalite yana ibelata ọgbọ methane site na nsị ala. N'ụwa niile, ihe mkpofu na ike bụ 16% nke njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=New Energy Corporation|year=2014|title=Waste Hierarchy|url=http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/what-we-do/waste-hierarchy/|accessdate=3 May 2014|archivedate=16 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516094044/http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/what-we-do/waste-hierarchy}}</ref> Enwere ike ijikwa ọdịnaya ike nke ngwaahịa mkpofu ozugbo site n'iji ha dị ka mmanụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ozugbo, ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ịhazi ha ka ọ bụrụ ụdị mmanụ ọzọ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ sitere na iji ihe mkpofu dị ka isi iyi mmanụ ọkụ maka isi nri ma ọ bụ kpo oku na iji mmanụ gas (lee n'elu), iji mee ka ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta steam na ọkụ eletrik na turbine. Pyrolysis na gasification bụ ụdị abụọ metụtara ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ ebe ihe mkpofu na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na obere ikuku oxygen. Usoro a na-emekarị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri mechiri emechi n'okpuru nnukwu nrụgide. Pyrolysis nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-atụgharị ihe ahụ n'ime ngwaahịa siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. Enwere ike ịgba mmiri mmiri na gas ọkụ iji mepụta ume ma ọ bụ nụchaa n'ime ngwaahịa kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ (ụlọ nrụpụta kemịkalụ). Enwere ike nụchaa ihe fọdụrụ siri ike (char) ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa dị ka carbon na-arụ ọrụ. A na-eji gasification na Plasma arc gasification dị elu iji gbanwee ihe ndị sitere n'okike ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ gas sịntetik (syngas) nke carbon monoxide na hydrogen mejupụtara. A na-ere gas ahụ ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na uzuoku. Nhọrọ ọzọ na pyrolysis bụ oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide mmiri dị oke egwu (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation). === Pyrolysis === A na-ejikarị pyrolysis eme ihe iji gbanwee ọtụtụ ụdị ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ụgbọala enwetara. Ụdị ntinye mkpofu dị iche iche (dị ka ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, ihe mkpofu nri, taya) etinyere na usoro pyrolysis nwere ike iwepụta ihe ọzọ na mmanụ ọkụ. Pyrolysis bụ usoro nke thermo-chemical ire ere nke organic ihe site okpomọkụ na enweghị stoichiometric quantities nke oxygen; ire ere na-emepụta gas hydrocarbon dị iche iche. N'oge pyrolysis, ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ama jijiji n'ogo dị elu ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-amalite ịkụda. Ọnụego nke pyrolysis na-abawanye na okpomọkụ. N'ime ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, okpomọkụ dị n'elu 430 °C (800 °F).<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> Pyrolysis nwayọọ na-emepụta gas na unyi siri ike. Pyrolysis na-ekwe nkwa ntụgharị nke biomass mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ mmiri bara uru. Pyrolysis nke osisi mkpofu na plastik nwere ike imepụta mmanụ. Ihe siri ike hapụrụ na pyrolysis nwere ọla, iko, aja na pyrolysis coke nke na-adịghị agbanwe gas. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịgba ọkụ, ụfọdụ ụdị usoro pyrolysis na-ahapụ ngwaahịa ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ọla alkali, sọlfọ na chlorine. Otú ọ dị, pyrolysis nke ụfọdụ mkpofu na-emepụta gas nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dịka HCl na SO2.<ref name="WMJ">{{Cite journal|date=December 2014|title=Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review|journal=Waste Management|volume=34|issue=12|pages=2466–2486|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004|pmid=25256662|author=Chen|first=Dezhen}}</ref> === Nweghachi ihe onwunwe === Ngwọta akụrụngwa bụ ntugharị ihe mkpofu n'usoro, nke ezubere maka mkpofu, maka ojiji ọzọ. Ọ bụ nhazi nke ihe eji emegharị ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ihe na akụrụngwa, ma ọ bụ gbanwee na ike. A na-eme ihe omume ndị a n'ebe a na-eweghachi ihe onwunwe. Iweghachite akụrụngwa abụghị naanị mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọ dịkwa ọnụ ahịa. Ọ na-ebelata oke mkpofu maka mkpofu, na-echekwa ohere na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, na-echekwa akụ ndị sitere n'okike.<ref name="traverse">{{Cite web|publisher=Grand Traverse County|year=2006|title=What is Resource Recovery?|url=http://www.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/departments/resource_recovery/What_is_Resource_Recovery_.htm|accessdate=3 April 2014|archivedate=7 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095910/http://www.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/departments/resource_recovery/What_is_Resource_Recovery_.htm}}</ref> Iweghachi ihe onwunwe (na-emegide njikwa mkpofu) na-eji LCA (nyocha usoro ndụ ndụ) na-anwa ịnye ụzọ ọzọ maka njikwa mkpofu. Maka agwakọta MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) ọtụtụ nchọpụta sara mbara egosila na nchịkwa, ikewapụta isi iyi na nnakọta na-esochi ya site na iji megharịa na imegharị akụkụ nke ndị na-abụghị organic na ume na compost/fatịlaịza mmepụta nke organic ihe site na mgbaze anaerobic ga-abụ. ụzọ amara. Dị ka ihe atụ nke otú imegharị ihe onwunwe pụrụ isi baa uru, ọtụtụ ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfu nwere ọla ndị a pụrụ ịrụgharịgharị iji nweta uru, dị ka ihe ndị dị na bọọdụ sekit. Enwere ike ịmegharị mkpụ osisi na pallets na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa bara uru maka ịkụ mkpụrụ. Ihe mgbawa ndị a megharịrị nwere ike ikpuchi ụzọ, ụzọ ije, ma ọ bụ ebe egwuregwu. # Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities. # Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practises, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities. # Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. # Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practises can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.{{page needed|date=November 2016}} === Mmetụta nke ihe mkpofu === {{Excerpt|waste valorization}} == Nchịkwa nke ihe mkpofu mmiri == Ihe mkpofu mmiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa mkpofu n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ịnagide ya. N'adịghị ka ihe mkpofu siri ike, ihe mkpofu mmiri enweghị ike iburu ngwa ngwa ma wepụ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe mkpofu mmiri na-agbasa, na-emerụkwa ebe mmiri mmiri ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na ebubata ya na kọntaktị. Ụdị mkpofu a na-abanyekwa n'ime ihe dịka ala na mmiri ala. Nke a na-ebutekwa imetọ osisi, anụmanụ ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ụmụ mmadụ nọ n'ime ebe mmetọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid Waste {{!}} Waste Management|url=https://u.osu.edu/wastemanagement/liquidwaste-anthony-ulman/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=u.osu.edu}}</ref> === Mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe === {{Excerpt|Industrial wastewater treatment}} 6sv9pzx19rrwindq3zl0t809h205ueu 687696 687695 2026-07-13T02:03:40Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ụdị ego */ 687696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ ala na-anakọta ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche na-enye nchịkọta ihe mkpofu obodo mgbe niile n'ógbè dị na [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ekpokọta ihe mkpofu na-ere ihe mkpofu e-na-ọkụ na Agbogbloshie, ebe dị nso na Accra na Ghana nke na-edozi nnukwu ihe mkpofu eletrọniki mba ụwa. Ndị na-anakọta ihe na-ere plastik na ihe ndị ahụ ọkụ, ma na-anakkọta ọla maka imegharị ihe. Otú ọ dị, usoro a na-ekpughe ndị na-ere ihe na obodo ha na anwụrụ ọkụ na-egbu egbu.]] [[Usòrò:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe na ihe mkpofu na ike maka ihe mkpofu nke a na-ebupụghị]] {{Databox}}Ijikwa mkpofu ma ọ bụ mkpofu mkpofu gụnyere usoro na omume achọrọ iji jikwaa ihe mkpofu site na mmalite ya ruo na mkpofu ikpeazụ ya. Nke a gụnyere nchịkọta, ibufe, ọgwụgwọ na ikpofu ihe mkpofu, yana nlekota na nhazi nke usoro nhazi mkpofu na iwu metụtara mkpofu, teknụzụ, usoro akụ na ụba. Ihe mkpofu nwere ike ịbụ nke siri ike, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ gas na ụdị ọ bụla nwere ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu na njikwa. Nlekọta mkpofu na-emetụta ụdị mkpofu niile, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ndu, ezinụlọ, ime obodo, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mkpofu nwere ike ibute ahụike mmadụ egwu. A na-ejikọta nsogbu ahụike n'ime usoro nlekọta mkpofu niile. Okwu ahụike nwekwara ike ibilite n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụ ozugbo: ozugbo site na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike, yana na-apụtaghị ìhè site na iri mmiri, ala na nri. A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu site na ọrụ mmadụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmịpụta na nhazi nke akụrụngwa. Ezubere njikwa mkpofu iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke ihe mkpofu na ahụike mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, akụrụngwa mbara ala na ịchọ mma. Ebumnuche nke njikwa mkpofu bụ ibelata mmetụta dị egwu nke ihe mkpofu dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ. Otu nnukwu akụkụ nke njikwa mkpofu na-ahụ maka mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo, nke a na-emepụta site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, azụmahịa na ụlọ. Usoro nlekọta mkpofu adịghị n'otu n'etiti mba (mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe); mpaghara (ime obodo na ime obodo), na ngalaba obibi na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike were ụzọ dị iche iche<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davidson|first=Gary|date=June 2011|title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review|accessdate=3 March 2017|publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability|url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf|archivedate=1 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf}}</ref> Nchịkwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe mkpofu dị mkpa maka iwu obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide na ndị a na-ebi ebi, mana ọ ka bụ ihe ịma aka maka ọtụtụ mba na obodo ndị na'ime obodo na-emepe emepe. Akụkọ chọpụtara na njikwa ihe mkpofu dị oke ọnụ, na-agụnyekarị 20%-50% nke mmefu ego obodo. Ịrụ ọrụ obodo a dị mkpa chọrọ usoro jikọtara ọnụ nke dị irè, na-adịgide adịgide, na nkwado ọha na eze.<ref name="wb1">{{Cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=World Bank|language=en|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management}}</ref> Akụkụ dị ukwuu nke omume nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na emetụta ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo (MSW) nke bụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe mkpofu nke ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọrụ azụmahịa mepụtara.<ref name="HMSW">{{Cite book|year=2003|title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies|pages=337–465|doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3|chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms|isbn=9780750675079|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann}}</ref> Dị ka Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe(IPCC) si kwuo, a na-atụ anya na ihe mkpofu obodo ga-eru ihe dịka 3.4 Gt ka ọ na-erule 2050; Otú ọ dị, iwu na ime iwu nwere ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu emepụtara na mpaghara na obodo dị iche iche nke ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/|accessdate=2022-04-05|work=www.ipcc.ch|language=en}}</ref> Nzọụkwụ nke njikwa ihe mkpofu na-agụnye usoro maka usoro teknụzụ na akụ na ụba nke akụ na ụba gburugburu, ụlọ ọrụ nkwụsị dị irè, mbupụ na mbubata na nhazi kachasị mma nke ngwaahịa ndị a na-emepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gollakota|first=Anjani R. K.|title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|date=1 May 2020|volume=261|pages=110234|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234|pmid=32148304|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=en|issn=0301-4797}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Elegba|first=S. B.|title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria|url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407|work=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference|accessdate=27 February 2021|language=English|date=2006|archivedate=20 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=E –Waste Management through Regulations|journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> Na nyocha nhazi nke mbụ nke ihe akaebe sayensị gburugburu ihe mkpofu ụwa, njikwa ya na mmetụta ya na ahụike mmadụ na ndụ mmadụ, ndị edemede kwubiri na ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ihe mkpofu terrestrial siri ike nke obodo anaghị anakọta na nke anọ ọzọ na-emezi ihe na-ezighi ezi mgbe nchịkọta, mgbe mgbe. a na-agba ya n'ime ọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa - ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ijeri tọn kwa afọ mgbe ejikọtara ya. Ha chọpụtakwara na mpaghara ndị kacha mkpa na nke ọ bụla enweghị "nchọpụta nyocha dị oke elu", akụkụ n'ihi enweghị "ego nyocha dị ukwuu", nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kpaliri na-achọkarị. Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị (ewaste) gụnyere ihe nleba anya kọmpụta a tụfuru, nne nne, ekwentị mkpanaaka na chaja, kọmpat diski (CD), ekweisi, igwe onyonyo, igwe ntụ oyi na friji. Dị ka Global E-waste Monitor 2017 si kwuo, [[Ndia|India]] na-emepụta ~ 2 nde tonnes (Mte) nke e-ifufe kwa afọ yana ọkwa nke ise n'etiti mba ndị na-emepụta e-ifufe, na-esote United States, Republic of China, [[Japan]] na Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|accessdate=21 June 2021}}</ref> == Ụkpụrụ nke njikwa ihe mkpofu == [[Usòrò:Waste_hierarchy_rect-en.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke usoro ihe mkpofu]] === Ọchịchị ndị na-emebi ihe === Ndị isi ihe mkpofu na-ezo aka na "3 Rs" Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, nke na-ekewa usoro nlekọta mkpofu dịka ọchịchọ ha siri dị n'ihe gbasara mbelata ihe mkpofu. Ndị isi ihe mkpofu bụ ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke ọtụtụ atụmatụ ibelata mkpofu. Ebumnobi nke ndị isi ihe mkpofu bụ iwepụta uru bara uru kachasị na ngwaahịa na iwepụta ntakịrị ihe mkpofu njedebe; hụ: mgbake akụ. A na-anọchi anya ndị isi ihe mkpofu dị ka pyramid n'ihi na ihe bụ isi bụ na atumatu kwesịrị ịkwalite usoro iji gbochie mmepụta ihe mkpofu. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe kachasị amasị bụ ịchọ ụzọ ọzọ maka ihe mkpofu emepụtara, ya bụ, site na iji ọzọ. Nke na-esote bụ imegharị ihe nke gụnyere composting. Ịgbaso usoro a bụ mgbake ihe onwunwe na ịla n'iyi na ike. Ihe ikpeazụ a na-eme bụ mkpofu, n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ site na ọkụ na-enweghị mgbake ike. Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ a bụ ebe ikpeazụ maka mkpofu nke egbochibeghị, chegharịa ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ya. [peeji chọrọ] Ọchịchị mkpofu na-anọchi anya ọganihu nke ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ihe site na usoro usoro nke pyramid nke njikwa mkpofu. Ndị isi na-anọchi anya akụkụ ikpeazụ nke usoro ndụ maka ngwaahịa ọ bụla. === Ndụ ndụ nke ngwaahịa === Usoro ndụ na-amalite site n'ichepụta, wee malite site na nrụpụta, nkesa, na ojiji nke mbụ wee na-esote usoro mkpofu nke mbelata, ijigharị na imegharị ihe. Usoro nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro ndụ na-enye ohere maka itinye aka na amụma: ịtụgharị uche na mkpa ngwaahịa ahụ dị, imezigharị iji belata ikike mkpofu, na ịgbatị ojiji ya. [peeji chọrọ] Nyocha usoro ndụ ngwaahịa bụ ụzọ isi kwalite ojiji nke oke oke ụwa site n'izere ọgbọ mkpofu na-enweghị isi..<ref name="UN">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations Environmental Programme|year=2013|title=Guidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to Opportunities|url=http://www.unep.org/ietc/Portals/136/Publications/Waste%20Management/UNEP%20NWMS%20English.pdf|isbn=978-92-807-3333-4|accessdate=3 May 2014}}</ref> === Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma === Ịrụ ọrụ akụrụngwa na-egosipụta nghọta na ọganihu akụ na ụba ụwa na mmepe enweghị ike ịkwado n'ụdị mmepụta na oriri ugbu a. N'ụwa niile, ụmụ mmadụ na-ewepụta ọtụtụ akụrụngwa iji mepụta ngwaahịa karịa ụwa nwere ike imeju. [peeji chọrọ] arụmọrụ akụrụngwa bụ mbelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmepụta na oriri nke ngwaahịa ndị a, site na mmịpụta akụrụngwa ikpeazụ ruo na ojiji na mkpofu ikpeazụ. === Ụkpụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ mmetọ === Ụkpụrụ mmetọ-akwụ ụgwọ na-enye iwu ka ndị na-emetọ ihe na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihe gbasara njikwa mkpofu, nke a na-ezokarị aka n'ihe achọrọ maka onye na-emepụta ihe mkpofu iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mkpofu nke ọma nke ihe a na-apụghị ịchọta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-is-the-polluter-pays-principle/|title=What is the polluter pays principle?|work=LSE|accessdate=7 February 2020|date=11 May 2018|archivedate=6 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206155404/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-is-the-polluter-pays-principle/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ime oge ka ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, oke mkpofu nke ụmụ mmadụ na-emepụta adịchaghị mkpa n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na irigbu ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Ihe mkpofu a na-emepụta n'oge gara aga bụ nke kachasị ntụ na ihe mkpofu nke mmadụ, ma eweghachitere ihe ndị a n'ime ala na mpaghara, na-enwe mmetụta kacha nta na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ejikarị osisi ma ọ bụ ígwè eme ihe ma ọ bụ na-ebufe ya n'ọgbọ. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ mmepeanya amụbaala n'ihe mkpofu ha karịa ndị ọzọ. Karịsịa, ndị Maya nke Central America nwere ememe a kapịrị ọnụ kwa ọnwa, bụ́ nke ndị obodo ahụ na-ezukọta ma gbaa ihe mkpofu ha ọkụ n’ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Barbalace|first=Roberta Crowell|url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/environmental/wastehistory.html|title=The History of Waste|publisher=EnvironmentalChemistry.com|date=2003-08-01|accessdate=2013-12-09}}</ref> === Oge Ọgbara Ọhụrụ === [[Usòrò:SirEdwinChadwick.jpg|thumb|Akụkọ Edwin Chadwick dere n'afọ 1842 The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịhụ na a gafere iwu mbụ e mere maka iwepụ na iwepụ ihe mkpofu.]] N'ịgbaso mmalite nke mmepụta ihe na mmepe obodo na-aga n'ihu nke nnukwu ebe ndị mmadụ na England, mwube ihe mkpofu n'obodo ndị ahụ mere ka ọ daa ngwa ngwa n'ọkwa ịdị ọcha na ụdị ndụ obodo mepere emepe. Unyi wee kpagbuo okporo ámá ndị ahụ n'ihi enweghị ụkpụrụ mkpofu mkpofu. Oku maka nguzobe ikike ime obodo nwere ikike iwepụ ihe mkpofu mere n'oge dị ka 1751, mgbe Corbyn Morris na [[London]] tụrụ aro na "... dị ka ichekwa ahụike nke ndị mmadụ dị oke mkpa, a na-atụ aro ka ihicha nke ahụ. obodo a, kwesịrị idobe n'okpuru otu njikwa ọha na eze, na ihe ruru unyi niile ... ga-ebuga Thames gaa n'ebe dị anya na obodo ahụ". Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na-emebiwanye na mpụta nke arụmụka ahụike ọha na eze kpaliri na iwu mbụ gbasara okwu ahụ pụtara. Ihe nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe ọhụrụ a bụ akụkọ Ọnọdụ ịdị ọcha nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na 1842 nke onye na-eme mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Edwin Chadwick, ebe ọ rụrụ ụka maka mkpa ọ dị iwepụ ihe mkpofu zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa iji melite ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị bi n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain|location=London|year=1842|pages=369–372|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/chadwick2.html|author=Chadwick|first=Edwin|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> Na UK, Iwu Mwepụ na Mgbochi Ọrịa nke 1846 malitere ihe ga-abụ usoro na-aga n'ihu nke inye nhazi nhazi mkpofu na London. Ụlọ ọrụ nke Obodo ukwu bụ ikike izizi obodo mepere emepe nke mebere iwu idebe ihe ọcha maka obodo na-agbasa ngwa ngwa, yana iwu ahụike ọha na eze 1875 mere ka ọ bụrụ iwu na ezinụlọ ọ bụla tinye ihe mkpofu ha kwa izu n'ime “ebe a na-ebugharị ebugharị” maka mkpofu — echiche mbụ maka a. uzuzu uzuzu. N'Alaeze Ashanti ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 19, enwere ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọrụ ọha na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha na Kumasi na ala ịta ahịhịa ya. Ha na-edobe okporo ámá ọcha kwa ụbọchị ma nye ndị nkịtị iwu ka ha na-edebe ogige ha ọcha na ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maier|first=D.|title=Nineteenth-Century Asante Medical Practices|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=21|issue=1|pages=63–81|year=1979|doi=10.1017/S0010417500012652|pmid=11614369}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Manlove,_Alliott_furnace.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructor oven. Ojiji nke incinerators maka ikpofu ihe ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.]] Mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke mkpofu maka mkpofu mere ka e mepụta osisi mbụ na-ere ọkụ, ma ọ bụ, dịka a na-akpọ ha, "ndị na-ebibi ihe". N'afọ 1874, Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. wuru ụlọ incinerator mbụ na Nottingham na imewe nke Alfred Fryer. Otú ọ dị, ndị a nwetara mmegide n'ihi nnukwu ntụ ha na-emepụta na nke na-efefe n'ógbè ndị dị nso..<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste|author=Gandy, Matthew|year=1994|publisher=Earthscan|isbn=9781853831683}}</ref> Usoro mkpofu mkpofu n'ime ime obodo yiri nke ahụ malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 n'obodo ukwu ndị ọzọ dị na Europe na n'Ebe Ugwu America. Na 1895, New York City ghọrọ obodo US mbụ nwere njikwa mkpofu ọha na eze.<ref name="NWRA">{{Cite web|title=History of Solid Waste Management|publisher=National Waste & Recycling Association|url=http://www.environmentalistseveryday.org/publications-solid-waste-industry-research/information/history-of-solid-waste-management/early-america-industrial-revolution.php|accessdate=2013-12-09|archivedate=24 October 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131024012358/http://www.environmentalistseveryday.org/publications-solid-waste-industry-research/information/history-of-solid-waste-management/early-america-industrial-revolution.php}}</ref> Ụgbọ ala ndị mbụ na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu bụ nanị gwongworo a na-ekpofu ahịhịa ghe oghe nke otu ìgwè ịnyịnya dọkpụrụ. Ha ghọrọ moto n'isi mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 na gwongworo ahụ mechiri emechi nke mbụ iji kpochapụ isi ndị nwere usoro mkpofu ka ewebata na 1920 na Britain. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a kwadebere ihe ndị a nwere 'usoro hopper' bụ́ ebe a na-eju skooper n'ọkwa ala wee bulite ya n'ụzọ ígwè iji tinye ihe mkpofu n'ụgbọala ahụ. Garwood Load Packer bụ gwongworo mbụ na 1938, iji tinye compactor hydraulic. == Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu na njem == [[Usòrò:Bin.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Plastik a kpụrụ akpụ, ebe a na-etinye ihe mkpofu na Berkshire, England]] Ụzọ nchịkọta mkpofu dịgasị iche iche n'etiti mba na mpaghara dị iche iche. Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na-enyekarị ọrụ mkpofu mkpofu ụlọ, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe maka mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa. Mpaghara ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị nọ na mba ndị mepere emepe enweghị usoro mkpofu ahịhịa. === Omume njikwa ihe mkpofu === Nchịkọta ihe mgbochi bụ ụzọ a na-ekpofukarị n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, Canada, New Zealand, United States, na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa mepere emepe ebe a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu n'oge oge site na gwongworo pụrụ iche. A na-ejikọta nke a na nkewa ihe mkpofu n'akụkụ mgbochi. N'ime ime obodo, enwere ike ibuga ihe mkpofu n'ebe a na-ebufe ya. A na-ebuga ihe mkpofu anakọtara na ebe mkpofu kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nchịkọta oghere na-ebufe ihe mkpofu site n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa site na oghere n'akụkụ obere tubes. A na-eji sistemụ arụ ọrụ na Europe na North America. N'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ, a na-anakọta ihe mkpofu na-ekewaghị ekewa n'akụkụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ site na ọdụ ndị na-ebufe ihe mkpofu wee hazie ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-emegharịgharị na ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike iji. Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịhazi nnukwu mkpofu siri ike, na-echekwa ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị, na ịtụgharị nke fọdụrụ ka ọ bụrụ gas bio-gas na ntụ ntụ. Na San Francisco, gọọmentị ime obodo hibere Iwu Nrụgharị na Composting ya na-akwado ebumnuche ya nke "ihe mkpofu efu ka ọ na-erule 2020", chọrọ ka onye ọ bụla nọ n'obodo ahụ debe ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị na compotable na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa. A na-anakọta iyi atọ a na sistemu “Fantastic 3” nke dị n'akụkụ --acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka compostable, na ojii maka ihe eji ekpofu ahịhịa - enyere ndị bi na azụmaahịa ma na-arụ ọrụ site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri San Francisco naanị, Recology. Usoro "Ụgwọ-Ị-Ị-Tụba" nke obodo ahụ na-ana ndị ahịa ụgwọ site n'ọnụọgụ nke ihe eji ekpofu ahịhịa, nke na-enye mkpali ego iji kewapụ ihe ndị a na-emegharịgharị na ihe ndị ọzọ na-atụfu ihe ndị ọzọ. Mmemme ihe mkpofu efu nke ngalaba nke gburugburu obodo emeela ka obodo ahụ nweta ntụgharị 80%, ọnụego ntụgharị kachasị elu na North America. Azụmahịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu na-eji agba dị iche iche na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahịhịa ahịhịa na mkpọ mkpọgharị. Na mgbakwunye, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa mkpofu mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị enweghị akara ndị na-enyere aka ịlele nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi nke omume ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaufman|first=Scott M.|date=2010-08-01|title=A Screening Life Cycle Metric to Benchmark the Environmental Sustainability of Waste Management Systems|url=https://doi.org/10.1021/es100505u|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=44|issue=15|pages=5949–5955|doi=10.1021/es100505u|pmid=20666561|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> === Nkewa nke ihe mkpofu ===   [[Usòrò:Recycling_point_Gdansk_University_of_Technology.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-emegharị ihe na Mahadum Teknụzụ Gdańsk]] Nke a bụ nkewa nke mkpofu mmiri na mkpofu akọrọ. Ebumnuche bụ iji megharịa ihe mkpofu akọrọ n'ụzọ dị mfe yana iji ihe mkpofu mmiri dị ka compost. Mgbe a na-ekewa ihe mkpofu, ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu na-eju ala na-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-ebute oke ikuku na mmetọ mmiri. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, nkewa ihe mkpofu kwesịrị ịdabere n'ụdị mkpofu na ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma na mkpofu. Nke a na-emekwa ka ọ dị mfe itinye usoro dị iche iche na mkpofu, dị ka composting, imegharị ihe na ịgba ọkụ. Ọ dị mkpa ịme njikwa mkpofu na nkewa dị ka obodo. Otu ụzọ isi na-eme nhazi mkpofu bụ ịhụ na enwere mmata. Ekwesịrị ịkọwara ndị obodo usoro nkewapụ ihe mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-02|title=Segregation of waste|url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/segregation-of-waste|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=The Nation|language=en|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925103353/https://nation.com.pk/03-Feb-2019/segregation-of-waste}}</ref> Ihe mkpofu nke kewapụrụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala iji kpofuo ya n'ihi na ọ dịghị achọ nhazi akwụkwọ ntuziaka dịka ihe mkpofu agwakọta. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe dị mkpa mere ikewapụ ihe mkpofu ji dị mkpa dịka ọrụ iwu, nchekwa ego na nchekwa ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ ọrụ kwesịrị ime ka ọ dịrị ndị ọrụ ha mfe ikewapụ ihe mkpofu ha nke ọma. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịkpọ aha, ijide n'aka na e nwere ebe nchekwa zuru ezu na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya ihe kpatara nkewa ji dị mkpa. Ịkpọ aha dị mkpa karịsịa mgbe a na-emeso ihe mkpofu nuklia n'ihi oke mmerụ ahụ na-emerụ ahụ ike mmadụ n'ịfefe nke usoro nuklia nwere ike ịkpata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Raj|first=K.|date=2006-04-01|title=Radioactive waste management practices in India|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029549306000859|journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design|language=en|volume=236|issue=7|pages=914–930|doi=10.1016/j.nucengdes.2005.09.036|issn=0029-5493|accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref> == Ụdị ego == N'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe, a na-enweta ego mkpofu mkpofu ụlọ site na ụtụ obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke nwere ike metụtara ego, ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ihe onwunwe. A na-anakarị mkpofu mkpofu azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka ọrụ azụmahịa, oge niile dịka ụgwọ agbakwunyere nke gụnyere ụgwọ mkpofu. Omume a nwere ike ịgba ndị na-arụ ọrụ mkpofu ume ịhọrọ nhọrọ mkpofu dị ọnụ ala dị ka mkpofu ahịhịa karịa ihe ngwọta kachasị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ijigharị na imegharị ihe. Ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu siri ike nwere ike ịkagbu gọọmentị obodo, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị na-ahụ ya dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa ha kwesịrị inye nwa amaala. Ndị na-enye onyinye na onyinye bụ usoro ego nke dabere na mmasị nke nzukọ ndị nyere onyinye. ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ụzọ dị mma isi zụlite akụrụngwa nchịkwa mkpofu obodo, ịdọta na itinye ego na-adabere naanị n'ihe onye nyere onyinye weere dị ka ihe dị mkpa. Ya mere, ọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe ịma aka nye gọọmentị obodo ikwu ka a ga-esi kesaa ego ahụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-28|title=Financing of Solid Waste Management Projects {{!}} BioEnergy Consult|url=https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/financing-solid-waste-management/|accessdate=2020-09-28|language=en-US|archivedate=23 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023032840/https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/financing-solid-waste-management/}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ dị ka Taipei, gọọmentị obodo na-ana ndị ezinụlọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ya ụgwọ maka oke mkpofu ha na-emepụta. Ndị kansụl obodo na-anakọta ihe mkpofu naanị ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ime akpa mkpofu gọọmentị nyere. Amụma a emela nke ọma ibelata oke mkpofu obodo na-emepụta ma mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọgharị..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trash Per-bag Fee Collection Policy|url=https://www.inno4sd.net/trash-per-bag-fee-collection-policy-481|work=www.inno4sd.net|accessdate=13 August 2021|language=en|archivedate=13 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813081111/https://www.inno4sd.net/trash-per-bag-fee-collection-policy-481}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ sitere na mba nke na-amanye ụtụ isi n'efu bụ Italy. Kama iji akpa ndị gọọmentị nyere dị ka Taipei, ụtụ ahụ dabere na ọnụego abụọ: edozi na agbanwe. Ọnụego a kapịrị ọnụ na-adabere na nha ụlọ ahụ ebe a na-ekpebi mgbanwe site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ bi n'ụlọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4182310|title=The Waste Tax in Italy|date=5 August 2022|author=Ergun|first=Merve}}</ref> Ụlọ akụ ụwa na-enye ego ma na-adụ ọdụ maka ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu siri ike na-eji ụdị ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere mgbazinye ego omenala, ego dabere na nsonaazụ, ego amụma mmepe, na ndụmọdụ teknụzụ. Ọrụ nlekọta mkpofu nke ụlọ akụ mba ụwa na-akwado na-elebakarị anya n'usoro ndụ ihe mkpofu site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ịchịkọta na njem, na n'ikpeazụ ọgwụgwọ na mkpofu. == Ụzọ e si echekwa ihe == === Ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa === {{Excerpt|landfill}} [[Usòrò:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọala na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ.]] [[Usòrò:Spittelau_(Wien)_-_Müllverbrennungsanlage_(1).JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ Spittelau na Vienna]] === Ịkpọ ọkụ === [[Usòrò:Tarastenjärven_jätteenpolttolaitos.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ nke Tarastejärvi na Tampere, Finland]] Incineration bụ ụzọ mkpofu nke a na-etinye ihe mkpofu ahịhịa siri ike ka ọkụ wee gbanwee ha ka ọ bụrụ ihe fọdụrụ na gas. Usoro a bara uru maka mkpofu ma mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo yana ihe siri ike sitere na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu. Usoro a na-ebelata oke mkpofu siri ike site na pasent 80 ruo 95. A na-akọwa ọkụ ọkụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ mkpofu okpomọkụ ndị ọzọ dị ka "ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ". Ndị na-ere ọkụ na-agbanwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ, gas, uzuoku, na ntụ. A na-eme ihe nsure ọkụ ma na obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ. A na-eji ya kpofuo ihe mkpofu siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. A na-amata ya dị ka ụzọ bara uru iji kpofuo ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ (dịka nsị ọgwụ nje). Incineration bụ ụzọ na-arụrịta ụka nke mkpofu mkpofu, n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka mpụta nke mmetọ ikuku gụnyere oke carbon dioxide. Ịkụ ọkụ na-adịkarị na mba ndị dị ka Japan ebe ala dị ụkọ, n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ n'ozuzu anaghị achọ ebe dị ukwuu dị ka nsị. Egwu-na-ike (WtE) ma ọ bụ ike-si-ihe mkpofu (EfW) bụ okwu sara mbara maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ihe mkpofu n'ime ọkụ ma ọ bụ igwe ọkụ iji mepụta okpomọkụ, uzuoku ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik. Mkpọ ọkụ n'ime ihe nsure ọkụ anaghị adịcha mma mgbe niile yana enweela nchegbu gbasara mmetọ ikuku gas na-esi na mkpokọ ihe nsure ọkụ. Nchegbu pụrụ iche elekwasịla anya na ogige organic na-adịgide adịgide dị ka dioxins, furans, na PAHs, nke enwere ike ịmepụta na nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ụfọdụ ọla dị arọ dị ka mercury na lead nke nwere ike ịdaba na usoro ọkụ ọkụ. == Ime ihe ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Steel_recycling_bales.jpg|thumb|A kụrisịrị ígwè ma tụgharịa ya maka imegharị ya]] Imegharị ihe bụ omume mgbake akụrụngwa nke na-ezo aka na nchịkọta na ijigharị ihe mkpofu dị ka akpa ihe ọṅụṅụ efu. Usoro a na-agụnye ịkwatu na ijikwa ihe ndị a ga-ewepụ dị ka ihe mkpofu. Enwere otutu uru nke imegharị ihe, yana ọtụtụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-eme ka ihe ndị ọzọ megharịa, ọ ga-ekwe omume ime ka ụwa dị ọcha. Imegharị ihe abụghị naanị uru gburugburu ebe obibi kamakwa ọ na-emetụta akụ na ụba. Enwere ike ịme ihe ndị sitere na ihe ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịnakọta ihe eji emegharị ihe dị iche iche site na mkpofu n'ozuzu site na iji bins na ụgbọ ala nnakọta, usoro a na-akpọ mkpokọta kerbside. N'ime obodo ụfọdụ, a chọrọ onye nwe ihe mkpofu ka ọ kewaa ihe ndị ahụ n'ime blọgụ dị iche iche (dịka maka akwụkwọ, plastik, ọla) tupu nchịkọta ya. N'ime obodo ndị ọzọ, a na-edobe ihe niile enwere ike ịmegharị n'ime otu akpa maka ịnakọta, a na-edozikwa nhazi ahụ ma emesịa na ebe etiti. A maara usoro nke ikpeazụ dị ka "nyogharị otu iyi." [[Usòrò:Recycling_point_in_Lappajärvi.jpg|thumb|Ebe a na-emegharị ihe na Lappajärvi, [[Finland]]]] Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-agụnye aluminum dị ka ite ihe ọṅụṅụ, ọla kọpa dị ka waya, ígwè sitere na nri na ikuku aerosol, ihe eji eme ígwè ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ochie, taya roba, karama polyethylene na PET, karama iko na ite, katọn akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ. na akwụkwọ dị mfe, na igbe eriri fiberboard. PVC, LDPE, PP, na PS (lee koodu njirimara resin) nwekwara ike ịmegharị ya. Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị otu ụdị ihe eme ihe, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Ntugharị ngwaahịa dị mgbagwoju anya (dịka kọmputa na ngwa eletrọnịkị) siri ike karị, n'ihi nkwusa na nkewa ọzọ achọrọ. Ụdị ihe a na-anabata maka imegharị ihe dịgasị iche n'obodo na obodo. Obodo na obodo ọ bụla nwere mmemme imegharị ihe dị iche iche nwere ike ijikwa ụdị ihe dị iche iche enwere ike ịmegharị. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ mgbanwe dị na nnabata na-egosipụta na uru nzigharị nke ihe ahụ ozugbo emegharịrị ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ihe eji emegharị ihe gụnyere akwụkwọ mkpofu na kaadiboodu, imegharị plastik, imegharị ígwè, ngwa eletrọnịkị, imegharị osisi, imegharị iko, akwa na akwa na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, gọọmentị China kwupụtara mmachibido iwu mbubata nke ụdị 24 nke recyclable na ihe mkpofu siri ike, gụnyere plastik, textiles na akwụkwọ agwakọta, na-etinye mmetụta dị ukwuu na mba ndị mepere emepe n'ụwa niile, nke na-ebuga China ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>Walker, T. R. (2018). China's ban on imported plastic waste could be a game changer. Nature, 553(7689), 405–405.</ref> == Iji ya eme ihe ọzọ == === Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ === [[Usòrò:Compost_Heap.jpg|thumb|Nchịkọta compost na-arụ ọrụ]] Enwere ike nwetaghachi ihe ndị a na-emezigharị bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ, ihe mkpofu nri, na ngwaahịa akwụkwọ, site na nhazi nhazi na mgbari nri iji mebie ihe ahụ. A na-emegharị ihe ndị sitere na organic dị ka mulch ma ọ bụ compost maka ebumnuche ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ nhazi ala. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ijide gas na-ekpofu ihe site na usoro (dị ka methane) ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ (CHP / cogeneration) na-eme ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo elu. Enwere ụdị composting na ụzọ mgbaze na teknụzụ dị iche iche. Ha na-adịgasị iche na mgbagwoju anya site n'obo compost dị mfe n'ụlọ ruo na mgbari ụlọ ọrụ dị ukwuu nke mkpofu ụlọ agwakọtara. Ụzọ dị iche iche nke ndakpọ ndu bụ nkewa dị ka ụzọ ikuku ma ọ bụ anaerobic. Ụzọ ụfọdụ na-eji ngwakọ nke ụzọ abụọ a. Mgbari anaerobic nke akụkụ organic nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mkpofu ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ ọkụ. Ebumnuche nke nhazi usoro ndu na njikwa mkpofu bụ ijikwa ma mee ngwa ngwa usoro okike nke ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. (Lee mgbake akụrụngwa). === Nweghachi ike === Iweghachi ike site na ihe mkpofu bụ ngbanwe nke ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ, ọkụ eletrik, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ site na usoro dị iche iche, gụnyere combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, mgbaze anaerobic, na mgbake gas. A na-akpọkarị usoro a n'efu-na-ike. Iweghachi ike site na mkpofu bụ akụkụ nke usoro nlekọta mkpofu na-adịghị ize ndụ. Iji mgbake ume iji gbanwee ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ike ịmegharị ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ, na-emepụta isi iyi ume ọhụrụ ma nwee ike ibelata ikuku carbon site na ịkwụsị mkpa ike sitere na isi mmalite yana ibelata ọgbọ methane site na nsị ala. N'ụwa niile, ihe mkpofu na ike bụ 16% nke njikwa mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=New Energy Corporation|year=2014|title=Waste Hierarchy|url=http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/what-we-do/waste-hierarchy/|accessdate=3 May 2014|archivedate=16 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516094044/http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/what-we-do/waste-hierarchy}}</ref> Enwere ike ijikwa ọdịnaya ike nke ngwaahịa mkpofu ozugbo site n'iji ha dị ka mmanụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ozugbo, ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ịhazi ha ka ọ bụrụ ụdị mmanụ ọzọ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ sitere na iji ihe mkpofu dị ka isi iyi mmanụ ọkụ maka isi nri ma ọ bụ kpo oku na iji mmanụ gas (lee n'elu), iji mee ka ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta steam na ọkụ eletrik na turbine. Pyrolysis na gasification bụ ụdị abụọ metụtara ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ ebe ihe mkpofu na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na obere ikuku oxygen. Usoro a na-emekarị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri mechiri emechi n'okpuru nnukwu nrụgide. Pyrolysis nke ihe mkpofu siri ike na-atụgharị ihe ahụ n'ime ngwaahịa siri ike, mmiri mmiri na gas. Enwere ike ịgba mmiri mmiri na gas ọkụ iji mepụta ume ma ọ bụ nụchaa n'ime ngwaahịa kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ (ụlọ nrụpụta kemịkalụ). Enwere ike nụchaa ihe fọdụrụ siri ike (char) ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa dị ka carbon na-arụ ọrụ. A na-eji gasification na Plasma arc gasification dị elu iji gbanwee ihe ndị sitere n'okike ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ gas sịntetik (syngas) nke carbon monoxide na hydrogen mejupụtara. A na-ere gas ahụ ọkụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na uzuoku. Nhọrọ ọzọ na pyrolysis bụ oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide mmiri dị oke egwu (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation). === Pyrolysis === A na-ejikarị pyrolysis eme ihe iji gbanwee ọtụtụ ụdị ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ụgbọala enwetara. Ụdị ntinye mkpofu dị iche iche (dị ka ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, ihe mkpofu nri, taya) etinyere na usoro pyrolysis nwere ike iwepụta ihe ọzọ na mmanụ ọkụ. Pyrolysis bụ usoro nke thermo-chemical ire ere nke organic ihe site okpomọkụ na enweghị stoichiometric quantities nke oxygen; ire ere na-emepụta gas hydrocarbon dị iche iche. N'oge pyrolysis, ụmụ irighiri ihe na-ama jijiji n'ogo dị elu ruo n'ókè nke na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-amalite ịkụda. Ọnụego nke pyrolysis na-abawanye na okpomọkụ. N'ime ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, okpomọkụ dị n'elu 430 °C (800 °F).<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> Pyrolysis nwayọọ na-emepụta gas na unyi siri ike. Pyrolysis na-ekwe nkwa ntụgharị nke biomass mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ mmiri bara uru. Pyrolysis nke osisi mkpofu na plastik nwere ike imepụta mmanụ. Ihe siri ike hapụrụ na pyrolysis nwere ọla, iko, aja na pyrolysis coke nke na-adịghị agbanwe gas. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịgba ọkụ, ụfọdụ ụdị usoro pyrolysis na-ahapụ ngwaahịa ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ọla alkali, sọlfọ na chlorine. Otú ọ dị, pyrolysis nke ụfọdụ mkpofu na-emepụta gas nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dịka HCl na SO2.<ref name="WMJ">{{Cite journal|date=December 2014|title=Pyrolysis technologies for municipal solid waste: A review|journal=Waste Management|volume=34|issue=12|pages=2466–2486|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2014.08.004|pmid=25256662|author=Chen|first=Dezhen}}</ref> === Nweghachi ihe onwunwe === Ngwọta akụrụngwa bụ ntugharị ihe mkpofu n'usoro, nke ezubere maka mkpofu, maka ojiji ọzọ. Ọ bụ nhazi nke ihe eji emegharị ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ihe na akụrụngwa, ma ọ bụ gbanwee na ike. A na-eme ihe omume ndị a n'ebe a na-eweghachi ihe onwunwe. Iweghachite akụrụngwa abụghị naanị mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọ dịkwa ọnụ ahịa. Ọ na-ebelata oke mkpofu maka mkpofu, na-echekwa ohere na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, na-echekwa akụ ndị sitere n'okike.<ref name="traverse">{{Cite web|publisher=Grand Traverse County|year=2006|title=What is Resource Recovery?|url=http://www.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/departments/resource_recovery/What_is_Resource_Recovery_.htm|accessdate=3 April 2014|archivedate=7 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095910/http://www.co.grand-traverse.mi.us/departments/resource_recovery/What_is_Resource_Recovery_.htm}}</ref> Iweghachi ihe onwunwe (na-emegide njikwa mkpofu) na-eji LCA (nyocha usoro ndụ ndụ) na-anwa ịnye ụzọ ọzọ maka njikwa mkpofu. Maka agwakọta MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) ọtụtụ nchọpụta sara mbara egosila na nchịkwa, ikewapụta isi iyi na nnakọta na-esochi ya site na iji megharịa na imegharị akụkụ nke ndị na-abụghị organic na ume na compost/fatịlaịza mmepụta nke organic ihe site na mgbaze anaerobic ga-abụ. ụzọ amara. Dị ka ihe atụ nke otú imegharị ihe onwunwe pụrụ isi baa uru, ọtụtụ ihe ndị a tụfuru atụfu nwere ọla ndị a pụrụ ịrụgharịgharị iji nweta uru, dị ka ihe ndị dị na bọọdụ sekit. Enwere ike ịmegharị mkpụ osisi na pallets na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa bara uru maka ịkụ mkpụrụ. Ihe mgbawa ndị a megharịrị nwere ike ikpuchi ụzọ, ụzọ ije, ma ọ bụ ebe egwuregwu. # Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycles can lead to efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the potential for new jobs and new business opportunities. # Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practises, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities. Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the developing poorer countries and cities. # Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. # Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practises can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more inclusive society and a cleaner environment.{{page needed|date=November 2016}} === Mmetụta nke ihe mkpofu === {{Excerpt|waste valorization}} == Nchịkwa nke ihe mkpofu mmiri == Ihe mkpofu mmiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke njikwa mkpofu n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike ịnagide ya. N'adịghị ka ihe mkpofu siri ike, ihe mkpofu mmiri enweghị ike iburu ngwa ngwa ma wepụ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe mkpofu mmiri na-agbasa, na-emerụkwa ebe mmiri mmiri ndị ọzọ ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na ebubata ya na kọntaktị. Ụdị mkpofu a na-abanyekwa n'ime ihe dịka ala na mmiri ala. Nke a na-ebutekwa imetọ osisi, anụmanụ ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ụmụ mmadụ nọ n'ime ebe mmetọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liquid Waste {{!}} Waste Management|url=https://u.osu.edu/wastemanagement/liquidwaste-anthony-ulman/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=u.osu.edu}}</ref> === Mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe === {{Excerpt|Industrial wastewater treatment}} axmwm1duki35ztr1gt0nhytew5evfca 0 27105 687615 113838 2026-07-12T18:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687615 wikitext text/x-wiki Oromia Bank (OB) bụ ụlọ akụ onwe onye nke dị na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]. E guzobere ya na 18 Septemba 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oromia Bank S.C|url=http://www.oromiabank.com/|accessdate=2023-06-10|archivedate=2023-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605010841/https://oromiabank.com/}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Oromia Bank S.C malitere ọrụ na 25 Ọktoba 2008 site n'isi obodo mmalite nke nde Birr 110 (Br), karịa nke kacha nta achọrọ site na nde 35 Br. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'ihu Dembel City Center, na nso Getu Commercial Center na ụlọ akụkọ 13 nke ya na Africa Avenue (Bole Road). N'ịbụ onye guzosiri ike na ebumnuche azụmahịa ụlọ akụ azụmaahịa, OIB na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ akụ azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mkpokọta nkwụnye ego, ịgbazinye ego, ọrụ nnyefe, na ọrụ ụlọ akụ mba ụwa na ụlọ akụ na-enweghị ọmụrụ nwa. Ụlọ akụ ewepụtala sistemu ụlọ akụ eletrọnịkị dị ka kaadị akụ nke a maara dị ka Oro-Card (ATM na POS), Mobile Banking akpọrọ Oro-Cash, Agent Banking-Oro Agent na Internet banking bụ Oro-Click. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke alaka OIB eruola 225 na Etiopia niile jikọtara ya na usoro ụlọ akụ isi. Banklọ akụ ugbu a bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akụ nzuzo kachasị emetụta na ama ama na Etiopia ma marakwa maka ịsụ ụzọ ọrụ ụlọ akụ na-enweghị mmasị. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Official website 4xzjqwmdjbpsvox9oibld1zkdquqfpy 0 28639 687660 125235 2026-07-12T21:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Atụmatụ a kpọrọ '''Program to Eradicate African Swine Fever and to Develop Pig Raising''' (French: Programme pour l'éradication de la peste porcine africaine et pour le développement de l'élevage porcin, '''PEPPADEP''') bụ ọrụ mmepe nke mere na Haiti n'afọ ndị 1980. Ọ malitere na 1981 site na Food and Agriculture Organization nke United Nations; Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrícolas (IICA), alaka nke Organization of American States; International Development Bank; gọọmentị [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], [[Kánada|Canada]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]; na gọọmentị Haiti iji "wepụ mmetụta na-emebi emebi nke African swine fever (ASF) na Haiti ma malite mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ezì na-amị.<ref name="Ebert1985">{{Cite web|url=http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/12/ebert-porkbarrel.html|title=Porkbarreling Pigs in Haiti: North American ‘Swine Aid’ an Economic Disaster for Haitian Peasants|work=Multinational Monitor|date=1985|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003033009/http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/12/ebert-porkbarrel.html|archivedate=2006-10-03|first=Allan|author=Ebert}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEbert1985">Ebert, Allan (1985). [http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/12/ebert-porkbarrel.html "Porkbarreling Pigs in Haiti: North American 'Swine Aid' an Economic Disaster for Haitian Peasants"]. ''Multinational Monitor''. Washington, DC. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0197-4637|0197-4637]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003033009/http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1985/12/ebert-porkbarrel.html Archived] from the original on 2006-10-03.</cite></ref> Ọrịa ezì nke Afrịka bụ ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-egbu egbu nke ezì, nke na-ebibi ọnụ ọgụgụ ezì n'ihi na ọ dịghị ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ. Mgbe ASF pụtara na mbụ na Dominican Republic, gọọmentị Haiti nyere iwu ka e kpochapụ ezì Haiti niile dị n'ókèala n'ime radius nke kilomita 15. E gburu ezì 100,000. Ndị ọrụ ugbo enwetaghị ụgwọ maka mfu ha tara ahụhụ na usoro mgbochi ahụ emeghị ka ọrịa ahụ ghara ịgbasa. Na ngwụcha afọ 1978, ASF gbasara na Haiti. Ndị agbata obi dị n'ebe ugwu Haiti ji egwu na-ele mgbasa ahụ. Nnyocha gosiri na ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ezì Africa abịa na United States ọ nwere ike imebi $ 150 nde ruo $ 5 ijeri. Egwu a mere ka gọọmentị America, Canada, na Mexico, site na IICA, tinye atụmatụ mkpochapụ nke Swine Fever na gọọmentị Haiti. Atụmatụ a, PEPPADEP, dị mfe: gbuo ezì niile dị na Haiti ma weghachite ezì ndị si mba ọzọ - ma ọ bụ site na United States, Canada, ma ọ bụ Mexico.<ref name="Ebert1985"/> ASF bụ ọrịa nje na-efe efe nke na-emetụta ezì ụlọ, warthogs na ezì ọhịa, yana akọrọ dị nro. Nje a na-akpata ọrịa na-egbu egbu n'ime ezì ụlọ; ụfọdụ ụdị nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime obere izu mgbe ọ butere ọrịa. E dekọrọ ọrịa ahụ na [[Kenya]] na 1921 ma chọta ya n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dị na mpaghara Sahara nke Africa. Ọ gbasara na ndịda Europe na 1957 na Caribbean na 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-30|title=Disease factsheet: African Swine Fever|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk//animalh/diseases/notifiable/asf/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703130111/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/asf/index.htm|archivedate=2009-07-03|accessdate=2009-06-30|work=Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs}}</ref> ASF si Europe ma ọ bụ Africa gaa Dominican Republic, ma gbasaa na Haiti. Mgbalị mkpochapụ a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ zuo oke mgbe a chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ezì na-efe efe dị n'ime ime obodo. Ndị South-East Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (SCWDS) rụkọrọ ọrụ na USDA iji chọpụta na ikpochapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ezì feral bụ ndị bu nje ASF na Haiti. Achọpụtara ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na otu ndị nọ n'ebe ugwu Gonaives nwalere ihe dị mma maka nje a. SCWDS depụtara iji nkịta ịchụ nta ndị America na Haiti belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ maka anụ ọhịa na onye na-achụ anụ anụ ọhịa Mark W. Hall na-edu mgbalị maka SCWDS ya na onye na-ahụ maka anụ ọhịa Matthew Knox. E wepụrụ ọtụtụ ezì na-efe efe na mpaghara Jacmel, Gonaives, Petit-Trou-de-Nippes, na Cap-Haitien. Ụlọ Nzukọ na Knox tụlere otu anụ nwụrụ anwụ nke a maara dị ka "Voodoo Hog" nke otu ndị Haiti ji egbe ji mma gbuo n'ubi okpete n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Cap-Haitien, na ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Peter K. Swiderek kpuchiri nchọpụta ọrịa ezì feral maka SCWDS. . Onye isi ala Jean-Claude Duvalier kwupụtara na e kpochapụrụ ọrịa ahụ na mba ahụ na Eprel 28, 1982, ma mechie mmemme PEPPADEP n'afọ sochirinụ. Ihe dị ka ezì 384,000 mechara bụrụ ndị e gburu na ọnụ ahịa nke ihe dị ka $ 9.5 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-17|title=ASF in the Americas is no science fiction at all|url=https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2020/1/ASF-in-the-Americas-is-no-science-fiction-at-all-522720E/|accessdate=2021-08-30|work=PigProgress|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830195536/https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2020/1/ASF-in-the-Americas-is-no-science-fiction-at-all-522720E/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} 48l15kxj6bin54dwr0vc9t7x6dgs2fo 0 28908 687729 656182 2026-07-13T07:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Roie Galitz''' (Hibru: רועי גליץ, amụrụ na November 20, 1980) bụ onye na-ese foto [[Israel]], onye ọchụnta ego na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.  A maara ya maka foto anụ ọhịa ya, nke ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwetara ihe nrite mba ụwa, karịsịa ndị e nwetara n'ebe ugwu nke Arctic Circle.  Na mpaghara, Galitz hibere ụlọ akwụkwọ foto kacha ukwuu nke Israel, ụlọ ọrụ njem na-ahụ maka foto na Nzukọ Foto Israel. Galitz bụ onye nnọchi anya Greenpeace ma na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ụwa. A maara ya maka okwu ya na United Nations, NYC Climate Week na okwu TEDx na Mahadum Helsinki, Glasgow na Wexford n'akụkụ mgbakọ ụwa niile. Galitz bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Nikon, Gitzo, G-Technology na Lowepro. Galitz tolitere na Netanya. Ugbu a, o bi na New York City. O nwere ụmụ anọ. == Ọrụ ise foto == Galitz malitere dị ka onye na-ese foto na-ese ihe ndị kwụ otu ebe dị ka ọla. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere mkpuchi ezumike nká, tupu ọ laghachi na foto. Ihe kacha amasị ya bụ njem na nchekwa anụ ọhịa.  N'afọ 2015, otu n'ime foto anụ ọhịa ya, akpọrọ Run for Life, nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na Siena International Photo Awards.. Na Mee 2015, na njem nke atọ ya na Svalbard, Galitz nwere ike ijide foto nke anụ ọhịa bea. Otu n'ime ihe oyiyi ndị dị otú ahụ, ebe anụ ọhịa bea jidere akara, nwetara aha nsọpụrụ na Siena Awards, 2016. N'afọ 2017 ọ nwetara ọnọdụ mbụ na Siena na Fragile Ice maka foto nke anụ ọhịa bea na-ehi ụra nke akpọrọ Dreaming on Sea Ice . Ihe ọzọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù, yana ihe nrite nka dị ịrịba ama, bịara na 2019 na Siena maka foto polar bear ndị ọzọ. Ihe nrite ndị ọzọ Galitz nwetara gụnyere ọnọdụ nke atọ na okike na anụ ọhịa na 2016 International Photography Awards. N'afọ 2017, ''Israel Hayom'' kpọrọ Galitz otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto okike na Israel na ụwa. == Ịchụnta ego == Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ nkuzi foto na 2007, Galitz mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ya, nke gara n'ihu wee bụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ kacha ukwuu n'ụdị a na Israel.  Ruo 2017, ọ jere ozi banyere ụmụ akwụkwọ 23,000 na klaasị 1,300.  Ewezuga ụlọ ọrụ Ramat Gan mbụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ mepere alaka ndị ọzọ na [[Jerusalem]] na Haifa. N'afọ 2010, o guzobere PhotoTeva, ụlọ ọrụ njem na-ahụ maka njem foto. O guzobekwara TalkMaster, ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha. N'afọ 2018, edepụtara Galitz dị ka otu n'ime ndị njikwa 40 na-erubeghị afọ 40 na Israel. == Mgbalị == Galitz anọwo na-eme mkpọsa iji mee ka a mara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, ụfọdụ n'ime ha zutere na njem ya na foto ya. Ọ bịanyere aka na ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] maka Greenpeace. O kwuru ọtụtụ okwu TEDx banyere isiokwu ahụ. == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi onwe onye''' * Septemba-Ọktoba 2015: ihe ngosi otu onye na-ese ihe na Jaffa Museum * 2016: A Disappearing World, Tel-Hai Museum of Photography, Israel<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.roiegalitz.com/awards|title=Photography Awards by Roie Galitz|work=www.roiegalitz.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> '''Ihe ngosi ìgwè''' * 2015: Beyond the Lens, Sienna<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4719455,00.html|title=פרס לברדלס: ציון לשבח לצלם מישראל באיטליה|date=2015-11-02|work=ynet|language=he|accessdate=2020-04-16|author=ארליכמן|first=ארז}}</ref> Photography Exhibition, Siena, Italy * 2016: Nature's Best Photography, Windland Smith Rice International Awards Exhibition,' ''Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History'', Washington DC, USA [citation needed]''[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022]]'' * 2016: Beyond the Lens, Sienna Photography Exhibition, Sienna, Italy [citation needed] * 2016: Global Arctic Awards Photo Exhibition, Gogol Centre, Moscow, Russia<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4757918,00.html|title=פרס לצלמי טבע מישראל בתחרות צילום ברוסיה|date=2016-01-27|work=ynet|language=he|accessdate=2020-04-16|author=ארליכמן|first=ארז}}</ref> * 2017: Beyond the Lens, Sienna Photography Exhibition, Sienna, Italy<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://sipacontest.com/gallery/2017/category.php?cat=9|title=Gallery {{!}} SIPAContest {{!}} Siena International Photography Awards|work=sipacontest.com|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405223755/https://sipacontest.com/gallery/2017/category.php?cat=9}}</ref> * 2018: Beyond the Lens, Sienna Photography Exhibition, Sienna, Italy [citation needed] * 2018: ''Onye na-ese foto'' njem nke afọ ngosi, [[London]] [ihe odide dị mkpa] * 2019: ''Glan Chaseter'' Exhibition of Nature Photography; State Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe, Germany<ref name=":0"/> * 2019: Wild and Crazy, The Finnish Nature Center Haltia, Helsinki, Finland<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haltia-2015.focusflow.net/en/exhibitions/special-exhibition/wild-and-crazy/|title=Wild and crazy|work=Haltia|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2019-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209210220/https://haltia-2015.focusflow.net/en/exhibitions/special-exhibition/wild-and-crazy/}}</ref> * 2019: Ncheta Maria Lucia, International Mountain, Nature and Adventure, Traveling Exhibition, Europe [citation needed] [[Usòrò:Roie_Galitz_winning_a_1st_prize_in_Siena.jpg|thumb|308x308px|Roie Galitz nwetara ihe nrite na 2017 Siena International Photography Awards maka foto ya akpọrọ: "Fragile Ice" (2017).]] [[Usòrò:Roie_Galitz_Speaking_03.jpg|thumb|306x306px|Roie Galitz na-ekwu okwu na Israel Photography Convention (2018).]] == Ihe nrite == * 2016: Olympic Photo Circuit, Nature & Open Color - PSA Gold<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympicphotocircuit.com/component/content/article/30-results/2016/128-aphrodite-acceptances-2016|title=2nd Salon "APHRODITE" - Acceptances|work=Olympic Photo Circuit, Greece - Olympic Photographic Circuit|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2016: Onye na-ese foto mba ụwa nke afọ - Ihe nrite nke abụọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iphotographeroftheyear.com/winners-gallery/ipoty-2016/professional/nature|title=International Photographer of the Year 2017 - Photo Contest - WinnersGallery|work=iphotographeroftheyear.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2016: PX3 Prix de la Photographie Paris, Professional Nature Wildlife - Ihe nrite nke atọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://px3.fr/winners/|title=Prix de la Photographie Winners|work=PX3 Photography Awards|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615154046/https://px3.fr/winners/}}</ref> * 2016: International Photography Awards, Professional Wildlife - Ihe nrite nke Atọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.photoawards.com/winner/?compName=IPA+2016|title=Winners|work=www.photoawards.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2017: Siena International Photography Awards, Fragile Ice - Ihe nrite mbụ<ref name=":4"/> * 2017: Glan Chaseter, Sleeping Animals - Ihe nrite mbụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pixcontests.com/glanzlichter-2017|title=Glanzlichter Nature Photo Contest 2017 Winners|work=pixcontests.com|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808180535/https://pixcontests.com/glanzlichter-2017}}</ref> * 2017: Global Arctic Awards, Antarctica - GPU Gold Medal<ref name=":3"/> * 2017: Global Arctic Awards, Polar Bears - PSA Gold Medal<ref name=":3" /> * 2017: Onye na-ese foto nke Afọ, Comedy - Ihe nrite nke Abụọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naturephotographeroftheyear.com/previous-editions/npoty-2017-results/|title=NPOTY 2017 results|work=Nature Photographer of the Year|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2017: International Photography Awards, Landscapes - Ihe nrite nke Atọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.photoawards.com/winner/?compName=IPA+2017|title=Winners|work=www.photoawards.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2017: One EyeLand Awards - 3 Bronze Medals * 2018: GTC Awards for Excellence, BBC ONE's Snow Bears' Camera Team<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gtc.org.uk/the-gtc-awards/gtc-awards/gtc-award-winners-2018.aspx|title=The Guild of Television Camera Professionals : GTC Award Winners 2018 - GTC {{!}} The Guild of Television Camera Professionals|work=www.gtc.org.uk|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813112633/https://www.gtc.org.uk/the-gtc-awards/gtc-awards/gtc-award-winners-2018.aspx}}</ref> * 2018: Otu Eyeland, Nature na Editorial - 2 ọla nchara<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://oneeyeland.com/award_winners_2018.php|title=One Eyeland Photography Awards 2018 - Title Winners|work=oneeyeland.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2018: Onye na-ese foto n'èzí nke Afọ, Hụ site n'elu - Ihe nrite nke abụọ<ref>{{Cite news|author=Guardian|first=The|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/feb/28/outdoor-photographer-of-the-year-2018-in-pictures|title=Outdoor Photographer of the Year 2018 – in pictures|date=2019-02-28|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-04-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> * 2018: Salon PhotoArt Celebration, Travel - CFFU Silver Medal * 2018: Onyinye Foto Anụ Ọhịa, Omume Anụ - Ihe Nrite nke Abụọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifephoto.com/contests/animal-behaviour-2018/|title=Animal Behaviour|work=Wildlife Photo|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201075224/http://www.wildlifephoto.com/contests/animal-behaviour-2018/}}</ref> * 2018: Egwuregwu Foto Nordic Nature, Foto Njem - Ihe nrite mbụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nnpc.no/en/winners/190-2018/fotoreisen|title=Nordic Nature Photo Contest - Fotoreisen|work=www.nnpc.no|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809053238/https://www.nnpc.no/en/winners/190-2018/fotoreisen}}</ref> * 2018: Kyrgyzstan Photo Salon, Nature & Travel - 2 Gold Medals<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wttxiVWj0n546g1iNohD65B8-iwY9GXX/view?usp=embed_facebook|title=AWARDS list.pdf|work=Google Docs|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2018: Israel Photo Salon, Blue & White - FIAP Gold medal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1iMcJXVhlqAV4v6oSmfB_ptcfzh4WDGZp|title=Israel results - Google Drive|work=drive.google.com|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2018: Otu Eyeland, Nature, Aerial - Gold Medal<ref name=":1" /> * 2018: Natural World International Photo Contest, Gran Prix d'Estate - Onye edemede kacha mma<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfoto.hiho.it/LENG/C49246/hhcm-home.html?cmd=listaPremiate&lingua=ENG|title=Invio Foto|work=cfoto.hiho.it|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2019: ND Awards, Professional Nature Wildlife - 3rd Prize<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndawards.net/winners-gallery/nd-awards-2019/professional/nature/|title=ND Awards 2019 Professional Nature - Winners' Gallery|work=ndawards.net|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2019: DNSY Salon, Black & White - Silver Medal<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://photobalkan.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Jury-report-Balkan-exhibition-2019.pdf|title=4th BALKAN EXHIBITION 2019|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> * 2019: NY Soho Salon, Nature - Silver Medal<ref name=":2" /> * 2019: WildlifePhoto, Animal Behavior - Ihe nrite nke abụọ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifephoto.com/elephant-queen/|title=User Profile|date=March 12, 2019|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712134650/http://www.wildlifephoto.com/elephant-queen/}}</ref> * 2019: 4th Balkan International Exhibition, Water - FIAP Gold Medal<ref name=":2" /> * 2019: 4th Balkan International Exhibition - FIAP Blue Badge for Best Author<ref name=":2" /> * 2019: 7th Greek Photographic Circuit, Nature - PSA Gold Medal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greekcircuit.com/results/36-results/2019/205-rhodos-awards-2019|title=4th Salon "RHODOS" - Awards|work=Greek Photographic Circuit|accessdate=2020-04-16}}</ref> * 2019: 12th NBPC International Salon of Photography, Nature - FIAP Gold Medal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbpcraiganj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/NATURE-Award-List-to-print.pdf|title=12th NBPC International Salon of Photography 2019|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> * 2019: ROAM Awards, Lessons - 1st Place<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://roammedia.com/awards/|title=Awards|work=Roam Media|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810060704/https://roammedia.com/awards/}}</ref> * 2019: Foto nke Afọ, Akụkọ, Sayensị & Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme - 2 Onyinye nke Ịdị Mma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.poy.org/76/76winnerslist.html|title=Pictures of the Year {{!}} 76th Annual Competition {{!}} 2019 Winners' List|work=www.poy.org|accessdate=2020-04-16|archivedate=2020-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518171031/https://www.poy.org/76/76winnerslist.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"> <ref name="blinker2"></ref> <ref name="greenpeace"></ref> <ref name="haaretz-interview"></ref> <ref name="israel-hayom"></ref> <ref name="jaffa"></ref> <ref name="ipa-2016"></ref> <ref name="mako-polar-bears"></ref> <ref name="siena-2017"></ref> <ref name="siena-2019"></ref> <ref name="tedx"></ref> <ref name="themarker-managers"></ref> <ref name="ynet-siena-2015"></ref> <ref name="ynet-siena-2016"></ref> <ref name="ynet-siena-2017"></ref> <ref name="ynet-siena-2019"></ref> </references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite web|url=https://photox.co.il|title=Israel Photography Conference}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pjqu9nv2er6nolijsavdjrmjvjhsnyl 0 29048 687707 118063 2026-07-13T03:05:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Rajendra K. Pachauri|image=Pachauri.jpg}} {{Databox}}'''Rajendra Kumar Pachauri''' (20 August 1940 - 13 February 2020) bụ onye isi oche nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) site n’afo 2002 ruo afo 2015, n'oge nke anọ na nke ise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Rajendra K. Pachauri — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/2020/02/14/obituary-rajendra-k-pachauri/|accessdate=2021-04-12}}</ref> N'okpuru idu ndú ya, e nyere IPCC ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n’afo 2007 ma nye akụkọ nyocha nke ise, ntọala sayensị nke nkwekọrịta Paris.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ nọ n'ọkwa ahụ site n’afo 2002 ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Febụwarị nke afo 2015 mgbe ọ na-eche ọtụtụ ebubo nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ ihu. N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ ya na ebubo iyi egwu mmekọahụ (Ụlọikpe nke Oge Mgbakwunye na Ụlọikpe Saket).<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|first=Vindhi|author=Doshi|date=22 Apr 2016|title=Rajendra Pachauri to face Delhi court on sexual harassment charges|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/22/rajendra-pachauri-court-delhi-sexual-assault-charges|accessdate=25 Jan 2018}}</ref> Hoesung Lee nọchiri anya ya. Pachauri malitere ọrụ ya dịka Chief Executive nke The Energy and Resources Institute n’afo 1981 wee duzie ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ wee chụpụ ọrụ ya dị hi onye isi oche nke TERI n’afo 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profile - Dr R K Pachauri|url=https://www.teriin.org/memoriam/bio.php|accessdate=2021-04-07|work=www.teriin.org|archivedate=2021-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025045642/https://www.teriin.org/memoriam/bio.php}}</ref> Pachauri, onye a maara n'ụwa niile dịka Patchy, bụ onye a ma ama n'ụwa nile na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu, na idu ndú ya nke IPCC nyere aka na nsogbu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara na-aghọ ihe a ma ama dịka ihe dị mkpa nke nchegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Pachauri na Nainital nke obodo India. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na La Martiniere College na obodo Lucknow ya na Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering na Jamalpur, Bihar. Ọ bụ onye Special Class Railway Apprentices nke 1958 Batch, atụmatụ ndị ama ama nke mara ọkwa mmalite nke agụmakwụkwọ injinia ya na nke obodo India.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tarannum|author=Manjul|title=At DLW, Pachy still brings a smile on employees' faces|date=14 October 2007|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/at-dlw-pachy-still-brings-a-smile-on-employees-faces/228140/|work=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Indian Railways na Diesel Locomotive Works na Varanasi. A nabatara ya na Mahadum North Carolina State dị na Raleigh, United States, ebe ọ nwetara MS na Injinia Ụlọ Ọrụ n’afo 1972, na PhD na co-majors na Injinịa Ụlọ Ọrụ na Economics n’afo 1974. A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya A dynamic model for forecasting of electrical energy demand in a specific region located in North and ''[[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]]''.<ref name="OCLC">{{Cite book|author=Pachauri, Rajendra K.|title=A dynamic model for forecasting of electrical energy demand in a specific region located in North and South Carolina|year=1974|oclc=19806155}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eri akwụkwọ nri, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi "ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe". aamnbotnf6lv1pcw7l1lkug7ziirj3k 0 29095 687784 118120 2026-07-13T10:40:06Z ONYEJEKWE JOY 63995 /* Mmekọrịta fungal bara uru */ 687784 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Amanita_praecox_86186.jpg|thumb|Ụdị ''Amanita'' bụ ectomycorrhizal nwere ọtụtụ osisi.]] {{Databox}} Mycoforestry bụ usoro nchịkwa ọhịa nke etinyere iji melite usoro okike ọhịa na obodo '''osisi''' site na iwebata mycorrhizal na saprotrophic fungi. A na-ewere Mycoforestry dị ka ụdị permaculture<ref>Friedman, Zev. [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/It%27s+good+to+grow+mushrooms:+Zev+Friedman+dishes+the+dirt+on+...-a0199193902 Digging In.] ''New Life Journal.'' 1 May 2009.</ref> ma nwee ike itinye ya n'ọrụ dị ka akụkụ bara uru nke usoro agroforestry. Mycoforestry nwere ike ịkwalite ihe ọkụkụ osisi ma mepụta mushrooms a na-eri eri, ihe bara uru na akụ na ụba. Site na ijikọta njikọ osisi-fungal n'ime usoro nchịkwa ọhịa, enwere ike ichekwa ọhịa, enwere enwere ike ịmegharị ihe mkpofu osisi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ịbawanye njide carbon, a na-eme ka ebe nrụzigharị a kụrụ akụ dịkwuo mma, a na mmeziwanye nkwado nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọhịa.<ref name="stamets">{{Cite book|title=Mycelium running: how mushrooms can help save the world|author=Stamets|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Stamets|year=2005|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|isbn=1-58008-579-2|url=https://archive.org/details/myceliumrunningh00stam_0|quote=mycoforestry.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thomas|first=Paul W.|date=2023-03-21|title=Edible fungi crops through mycoforestry, potential for carbon negative food production and mitigation of food and forestry conflicts|url=https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2220079120|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=120|issue=12|pages=e2220079120|doi=10.1073/pnas.2220079120|issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Mycoforestry bụ ihe ọzọ na-eme na mkpocha, nke na-ewepụ osisi nwụrụ anwụ n'oké ọhịa, si otú a na-ebelata nnweta ihe oriri ma na-ebepụ omimi ala.<ref name="dahlgren">Dahlgren, R. A.; Driscoll, C. T. [[doi:10.1007/BF00009499|The effects of whole-tree clear-cutting on soil processes at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA.]] ''Plant and Soil.'' Volume 158, Number 2 / January 1994.</ref> == Nhọrọ nke ụdị fungal == Dị ka Paul Stamets si kwuo, ụkpụrụ mbụ maka ịmepụta usoro mycoforestry bụ iji ụdị fungal nke ala.  Itinye usoro nke osisi mycoforestry na-enye ikike nke imeziwanye mbọ mweghachi na ohere nke uru akụ na ụba site na ịkụ ero na iwe ihe ubi.  Otú ọ dị, iji jiri ahịhịa fungal eme ihe, nke mbụ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị fungal dị ugbu a na mkpụrụ osisi uto, na ebe obibi kwesịrị ka a mụọ ya. Ụzọ dị mfe iji webata usoro mycoforestry ma bulie ihe ọkụkụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ bụ "iji mycorrhizal spore inoculum mgbe ị na-akụ ala ọhịa ọzọ".M<ref name="stamets" /><ref name="stamets" />aka usoro a, ọ kachasị mma iji jikọta osisi ndị a mụrụ na mycorrhizal fungi. Usoro a na-echekwa ma ga-akwalite ọrụ nke usoro okike, na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-eche na n'ime usoro okike na-arụ ọrụ na netwọk mycelial dị n'okpuru ala na-adịgide ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe na-amị mkpụrụ a na-ahụ anya.<ref name="frankland">Frankland, Juliet C. [http://fungus.org.uk/nwfg/mycapr97.htm All you ever wanted to know about Mycelium.] ''NWFG Newsletter.'' April 1997. (ISSN 1465-8054) Print.</ref> Oge nke anwụrụ ọkụ na-apụ n'anya n'ebe ekwesịghị ịkpata egwu. Iji mee ka e nwee ihe na-amị mkpụrụ, ọtụtụ ụdị fungal chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ụdị fungus anaghị amị mkpụrụ n'afọ niile. Mycoforestry bụ ngalaba sayensị na-apụta na omume.Ruo mgbe e mepụtara ma mezue usoro iwu zuru oke, nchịkọta nke ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ga-eme ka ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọrụ ahụ dịkwuo mma.<ref name="stamets" /> Ya mere, nyocha nke mmekọrịta fungal na saịtị ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma na nke na-adịghị mma bara uru maka mmejuputa usoro mycoforestry. == Fungi Saprotrophic == [[Usòrò:Und_wieder_Pilze.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mushrooms oyster a na-eri eri (''Pleurotus'' sp.) na-amị mkpụrụ site na ogwe osisi]] Ụkpụrụ nke abụọ bụ ịkwalite saprotrophic fungi na gburugburu ebe obibi.Saprophytic fungi dị oke mkpa maka usoro mycoforestry n'ihi na ndị a bụ ndị isi na-emepụta osisi ma na-eweghachi ihe oriri n'ala maka iji ya mee ihe n'ime ọhịa ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ime nke a site na itinye ihe mkpofu osisi n'ebe ahụ. Enwere ike iji mmanụ spore [jargon] mee ihe na chainsaws mgbe osisi siri ike ma ọ bụ nke na-awakpo chọrọ igbu osisi. Usoro a bụ ụzọ dị mfe iji tinye ọgwụ n'osisi. Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike itinye [[plug spawn]] ma tinye ya n'ime osisi ọzọ na-akpali mmeri site na fungus ahọpụtara. N'ikpeazụ, mgbalị ndị a na-eme ugboro ugboro ekwesịghị ịdị mkpa n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụdị ndụ fungal siri ike ma ga-agbasa ma na-adịgide n'ala n'onwe ha.<ref name="frankland">Frankland, Juliet C. [http://fungus.org.uk/nwfg/mycapr97.htm All you ever wanted to know about Mycelium.] ''NWFG Newsletter.'' April 1997. (ISSN 1465-8054) Print.</ref> Na njikwa nke usoro mycoforestry, ọ dị mkpa ka osisi nwụrụ anwụ metụta ala. Nke a na-enye ohere ka fungus si n'ala ruo ma mebie osisi dara ada na-ewepụta ihe oriri ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ osisi ahụ.Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ dị mkpa ịhapụ osisi nwụrụ anwụ n'ebe ahụ maka ire ure n'ime ala.<ref name="stamets" /> Echiche a dabere n'otu aka ahụ n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na igbu osisi n'ụzọ doro anya na-ebelata ihe oriri na ọkpụrụkpụ ala.<ref name="dahlgren">Dahlgren, R. A.; Driscoll, C. T. [[doi:10.1007/BF00009499|The effects of whole-tree clear-cutting on soil processes at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA.]] ''Plant and Soil.'' Volume 158, Number 2 / January 1994.</ref> == Mmekọrịta fungal bara uru == [[Usòrò:Armillaria_mellea_620.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Armillaria'', nje fungus na-egbu egbu]] Isi nke atọ bụ itinye n'ọrụ ụdị ndị a maara na ha na-abara ụdị osisi uru.Ndị a na-abụkarị mycorrhizal fungus nke na-ejikọta ogologo oge na osisi, na-agbasakarị n'ime mgbọrọgwụ osisi, na'arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro mgbọrọgwụ ọzọ, ma na-enye maka ịmịkọrọ ihe na-edozi ahụ na mmiri. Iji ụdị ero na-adọta ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ike ịbụ ebe bara uru nke nri azụ.  Omume a na-eme ka mycoforestry bụrụ usoro buru ibu.  N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ usoro ọrụ ugbo ọ na-enyere gburugburu ebe obibi aka n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.  Ọ na-ejikọta akụkụ niile dị ndụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọnụ, na-ekepụta ndụ na mmepụta nri na-adịgide adịgide yana ịkụ azụ na-adịgide adịgide dị ka Hawaiian Ahupua'a oge ochie, bụ nke jiri akụkụ nile nke ala na-adigide maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na nri. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike itinye ụdị fungal nke na-asọ mpi ọrịa na-akpata ọrịa dị ka Armillaria root rots,<ref name="stamets">{{Cite book|title=Mycelium running: how mushrooms can help save the world|author=Stamets|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Stamets|year=2005|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|isbn=1-58008-579-2|url=https://archive.org/details/myceliumrunningh00stam_0|quote=mycoforestry.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStamets2005">[[Paul Stamets|Stamets, Paul]] (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:myceliumrunningh00stam_0|''Mycelium running: how mushrooms can help save the world'']]</span>. [[Ten Speed Press]]. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:myceliumrunningh00stam_0/page/65|65]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-58008-579-2|<bdi>1-58008-579-2</bdi>]]. <q>mycoforestry.</q></cite></ref> iji nye nchebe ogologo oge maka usoro ọhịa. Tụkwasị na nke a, mmejuputa usoro agroforestry na-eme mycoremediation na mycofiltration, na-ehichapụ nsí ma na-eweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa == *  Trees portal * Mgbapụta == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://www.fungimag.com/spring-08-articles/sustainability.pdf Fungi na Sustainability]. ''Magazin Fungi'' Oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2008. * Stamets, Paul. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100310145312/http://www.fungi.com/mycotech/index.html Mycotechnology]. ''Fungi Perfecti'' 3xemunq786t2m6offdo6r6rqt17ahx6 0 29173 687743 118230 2026-07-13T08:50:52Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Sahab Library.jpg|thumb|'''Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute''']] .Sahab Geographic na Drafing Institute bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ izizi mpaghara na eserese eserese na mpaghara nzuzo nke Iran na Middle East. Ọ na-emepụta maapụ, globes, atlases na ihe nkuzi ndị ọzọ gbasara ọdịdị ala.[1][2][3] Onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ugbu a bụ Mohammad Reza Sahab.[4] == History == .Sahab Geographic na Drafting Institute hiwere na 1935 site n'aka Abolghasem Sahab na nwa ya nwoke Abbas Sahab.[1][2] .Ụlọ ọrụ Sahab ewepụtala aha karịrị 3000, dị ka maapụ, atlases, globes, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ mmado.[1] Sahab Library was established by Abolghasem Sahab, and was later developed by Abbas Sahab. There are about 32000 books and journals regarding geography. There are also around 20000 different maps. ''Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute'' has published many books and maps regarding Persian Gulf, its historical maps and the islands in the Persian Gulf. r7x7wbs0go6oy3ns8w2x97379ocrlcz 0 29345 687665 672038 2026-07-12T22:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Paul Franklin Watson''' (amụrụ na Disemba 2, 1950) bụ onye Canada-America naahụ maka nchekwa na [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|gburugburu ebe obibi]], onye guzobere [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Conservation Society]], otu naemegide ịchụ nta nazighị ezi naelekwasị anya na nchekwa mmiri. Atụmatụ ndị Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri ji mee ihe dọtara ndị mmegide, ebe gọọmentị Japan na [[Greenpeace]] boro ndị otu ahụ ebubo iyi ọha egwu.<ref name="Telegraph 2009-04-17">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html|title=Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts|accessdate=July 15, 2009|date=April 17, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref name="HARDLINE">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10619393|title=Hardline warrior in war to save the whale|date=January 11, 2010|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2008/04/14/williams-watson.html|title=Williams assails anti-sealing activist Watson as 'terrorist'|publisher=CBC|date=April 14, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> Watson bụ nwa amaala [[Kánada|Canada]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Nwa amaala Toronto sonyeere ngagharị iwe Sierra Club megide nnwale nuklia na 1969. Nihi na Watson rụrụ ụka maka atụmatụ nke ime ihe kpọmkwem nke naemegide nkọwa Greenpeace nke enweghị ime ihe ike, a chụpụrụ ya na bọọdụ ahụ na 1977. Otú ọ dị, Greenpeace ekwuola na Watson bụ onye otu mbụ nwere mmetụta, mana ọ bụghị otu nime ndị guzobere Greenpeace.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2008|title=Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061748/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|archivedate=26 August 2014|accessdate=22 November 2012|publisher=Greenpeace}}</ref> Notu afọ ahụ, o guzobere Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Society. Otu ahụ bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi nke a naakpọ Whale Wars. Ọ naakwalite veganism, mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na biocentric, karịa anthropocentric, echiche ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animalsaustralia.org/media/opinion.php?op=42|title=A Very Inconvenient Truth // Animals Australia|publisher=Animalsaustralia.org|accessdate=May 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/wonw.htm|title=About the Authors|publisher=Ecospherics.net|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=November 8, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108140818/http://www.ecospherics.net/pages/wonw.htm}}</ref> Ọrụ Watson emeela ka ndị ọchịchị na mba ndị gụnyere United States, Canada, [[Norway]], Costa Rica na Japan mee ihe nụzọ iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2012/12/17/12-35266.pdf|title=Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Richard A. Jones, District Judge, Presiding|first=Molly|author=Dwyer|publisher=United States Court of Appeals|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=January 5, 2013|archivedate=November 4, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104010815/https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2012/12/17/12-35266.pdf}}</ref> E jidere ya na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na arịrịọ nke Costa Rica na Mee 2012. E nyere ọkwa Interpol na Septemba 14, 2012, na arịrịọ nke [[Japan]] na Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News-media-releases/2012/N20120914|title=N20120914 / 2012 / News & media releases / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=September 14, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920030056/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News-media-releases/2012/N20120914|archivedate=September 20, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọrọ noké osimiri ruo ọnwa 15 mgbe ọ gbapụrụ na Germany, ebe a tọhapụrụ ya na mgbapụta, ọ laghachiri na Los Angeles na mbubreyo October 2013, naaga site na omenala na "ejideghị ya". Ọ pụtara nihu ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe US na Nọvemba 6, 2013, naekwu na ya ma ọ bụ Sea Shepherd Conservation Society emebighị iwu 2012 nke chọrọ ka ha hapụ naanị ụgbọ mmiri whaling. Ọ bụ ezie na United States bụ onye naedebanye aha na Interpol, Watson ejidebeghị maka ibuga Japan ma ọ bụ Costa Rica. Ọ naebi na Vermont, naede akwụkwọ. Ọ nọ na Paris ka ọnwa Julaị 1, 2014, mana ọ lọghachila United States kemgbe. Na Machị 2019, Costa Rica wepụrụ ebubo niile megide Watson ma wepụ ọkwa uhie nke Interpol.<ref name="maritime-executive.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/costa-rica-drops-charges-against-sea-shepherd-s-paul-watson|title=Costa Rica Drops Charges Against Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson}}</ref> == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka Sea Shepherd Conservation Society si kwuo, Paul Watson mụrụ na Toronto nye Anthony Joseph Watson na Annamarie Larsen, ma tolite na St. Andrews, New Brunswick, ya na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ na ụmụnne atọ. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ bụ onye otu n'ime ọgbakọ obiọma, bụ nke o kwuru na ọ kụziiri ya ka ọ "naasọpụrụ na ịgbachitere anụmanụ". Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye ndu njem na Expo 67, ngosi ngosi ụwa nke mere na Montreal na 1967, Watson kwagara Vancouver. Dị ka Sea Shepherd Conservation Society si kwuo, na 1968 na mmalite 1970s, ọ sonyeere ndị Canada Coast Guard, ebe ọ naeje ozi nụgbọ mmiri ihu igwe, nchọta na nnapụta, na ihe nrịbama. Ọ debanyere aha dị ka onye naanya ụgbọ mmiri na 1969 na ndị Consulate Norwegian na Vancouver wee bupu nụgbọ mmiri 30,000 ton Bris dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Edebara aha Bris ahụ na Oslo, Norway, ma gosipụta ya maka azụmaahịa India na Pacific. Nafọ 1972, o si na San Francisco si na San Francisco pụta na ụgbọ mmiri Sweden bụ Jarl R. Trapp naebu ton 35,000 wee gosipụta maka ahia mmiri India na Pacific. Watson nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Lilliolani (amụrụ nafọ 1980), ya na nwunye mbụ ya, Starlet Lum, onye bụ onye isi nke Greenpeace Quebec, Earthforce!, Project Wolf, na Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Captain Watson's Biography|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/captain-watsons-biography.html|publisher=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|accessdate=May 28, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504104656/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/captain-watsons-biography.html|archivedate=May 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/science/earth/kumi-naidoo-greenpeace-director-forges-a-broader-path-to-activism.html|title=Greenpeace leader visits boardroom, without forsaking social activism|first=John|author=Broder|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 6, 2011|accessdate=January 22, 2013|quote='It's all about extreme political correctness,' said Paul Watson, a founding director of Greenpeace who is now the head of Sea Shepherd}}</ref> Nwunye ya nke abụọ, Lisa Distefano, onye bụbu onye naeme ihe nkiri Playboy, bụ onye isi ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd n'oge mkpọsa Makah naemegide igbu whale na Friday Harbor. Nwunye ya nke atọ, Allison Lance, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ na onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Sea Shepherd. Watson nwere ụmụ ụmụ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-031206-3.html|title=Prosecutor Agrees to Release Allison and Alex but Fines Sea Shepherd for Freeing Dolphins! - Sea Shepherd|date=2003-12-03|accessdate=2011-12-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915133619/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-031206-3.html|archivedate=September 15, 2010|quote="Prosecutor Agrees to Release Allison and Alex jailed 22 days ... but Fines Sea Shepherd 800,000 Yen ($8,000 US) for freeing dolphins!" December 3, 2003.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://komonews.com/archive/animal-rights-activist-arrested-in-seattle-grand-jury-probe|title=Animal rights activist arrested in Seattle grand jury probe|publisher=Komo Staff and News Services|date=2004-01-15|accessdate=2016-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Shukovsky|first=Paul|title=No perjury charges vs. animal activist|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|date=2004-09-09}}</ref> Watson lụrụ nwunye ya nke anọ Yana Rusinovich na Febụwarị 14, 2015, na Paris.<ref name="Yana">{{Cite news|author=Lopez|first=Jaime|url=http://news.co.cr/sea-shepherds-paul-watson-gets-married-valentines-day/37019/|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson Gets Married on Valentine's Day|work=The Costa Rica Star|date=February 14, 2015|accessdate=March 4, 2015}}</ref> Watson na Rusinovich nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2016/10/05/whale-wars-captain-paul-watson-welcomes-son/|title=Whale Wars' Captain Paul Watson Welcomes Son Tiger|accessdate=January 19, 2018|archivedate=January 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175542/http://celebritybabies.people.com/2016/10/05/whale-wars-captain-paul-watson-welcomes-son/}}</ref> Watson gbara ọsọ maka ndị omeiwu na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke Canada ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-15/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-profile/4011498|title=Paul Watson: the man behind Sea Shepherd|date=2012-05-15|work=ABC News|language=en-AU|accessdate=2020-04-22}}</ref> == Mgbalị == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Nọnwa Ọktoba nafọ 1969, Watson sonyeere Sierra Club naeme ngagharị iwe megide nnwale nuklia na Amchitka Island. Otu nke e guzobere n'ihi ngagharị iwe ahụ bụ Don't Make a Wave Committee, nke ghọrọ otu a maara taa dị ka [[Greenpeace]].<ref name="GreenpeaceHistory">{{Cite news|author=Weyler|first=Rex|authorlink=Rex Weyler|title=Waves of Compassion|work=[[Utne Reader]]|date=October 9, 2007|publisher=Ogden Publications|url=http://www.utne.com/archives/WavesofCompassion.aspx|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref> Na mbido afọ 1970, Watson naarụkwa ọrụ na Vancouver Liberation Front na Vancouver Yippies.<ref name="Larry Gambone page 97">{{Cite book|author=Gambone|first=Larry|title=No Regrets|publisher=Black Cat Press|year=2015}}</ref> Watson ji ụgbọ mmiri dị ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace Too! nafọ 1971 wee bụrụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ''Greenpeace'' Astral nafọ 1972.<ref name="Tribute">{{Cite web|title=Paul Watson bio|work=Tribute.ca|publisher=Tribute Entertainment Media Group|url=http://www.tribute.ca/people/Paul+Watson/17619/13579|accessdate=February 4, 2009}}</ref><ref name="SS Bio">{{Cite web|title=Paul Watson Biography|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html|accessdate=July 27, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727083020/http://www.seashepherd.org/crew-watson.html|archivedate=July 27, 2008}}</ref> Paul Watson gara n'ihu dị ka onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, onye isi ụgbọ mmiri, na onye isi ụgbọ elu n'ọtụtụ njem Greenpeace n'etiti afọ ndị 1970. Dị ka The New Yorker, ''The New York Times'', na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ si kwuo, Watson bụ onye guzobere Greenpeace, mana nzukọ ahụ naagọnahụ nke a naekwu na ọ "bụ onye otu mbụ nwere mmetụta ma ọ bụghị, dịka ọ naekwu mgbe ụfọdụ, ''onye'' guzobere".<ref name="GreenpeaceSeaShepherdHistory">{{Cite web|title=Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson "Disappear"|publisher=seashepherd.org|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|accessdate=June 23, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=March 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=On the Frontlines: With Captain Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|year=2009|journal=[[Resistance: Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/world/asia/23whale.html|title=Battle Against Whaling, Groups Split on Strategy|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote="The shift infuriates Paul Watson, the Sea Shepherd founder and the captain of the ''Steve Irwin''. One of the original founders of Greenpeace in the early 1970s, he parted ways with the group in 1978 because he wanted it to be more aggressive."|date=2008-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and|title=Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|publisher=Greenpeace.org|accessdate=October 31, 2009|archivedate=May 1, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501013513/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/}}</ref> Greenpeace naazọrọ na Watson sonyeere Greenpeace na njem Amchitka ya, nke ha naazọ na ọ bụ njem nke abụọ ha, mana Paul Watson na-azụta na nke a bụ nzukọ mbụ nke [[Greenpeace]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sea Shepherd International: Paul Watson and Greenpeace|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|publisher=Sea Shepherd Conservational Society|accessdate=February 25, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=March 4, 2011}}</ref> === Sea Shepherd Conservation Society === A zụrụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke Sea Shepherd, Sea Shepherd na Disemba 1978 site n'enyemaka nke Fund for Animals na Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.<ref name="Tribute"/> Noge naadịghị anya, Sea Shepherd guzobere onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime òtù ndị na-ese okwu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a maara maka usoro mmegide na-akpali akpali. Atụmatụ ndị a gụnyere ịtụba ihe nelu ụgbọ mmiri ndị naegbu whale, iji "prop foulers" na mgbalị imebi ụgbọ mmiri, ịbanye ụgbọ mmiri ndị a naegbu egbu whale, na ịkụtu ụgbọ mmiri abụọ nọdụ ụgbọ mmiri [[Iceland]].<ref name="Iceland">{{Cite news|title=Whaling Ships Refloated in Iceland|work=The New York Times|date=November 20, 1986|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3D81E3BF933A15752C1A960948260|accessdate=February 11, 2009}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2013, Watson hapụrụ ọkwa onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ''Steve Irwin''.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Andrew Darby|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/8154923/Sea-Shepherd-founder-steps-down|title=Sea Shepherd founder steps down|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ na ọrụ ya iji kwụsị igbu whale bụ ihe a naelekwasị anya na usoro ihe nkiri TV, Whale Wars, nke a naegosi na Animal Planet. Nafọ 2010, Watson nonwe ya natara ihe karịrị $ 120,000 site na Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Daniel|author=Proussalidis|url=http://www.tillsonburgnews.com/2012/08/02/germans-search-for-eco-fugitive-paul-watson|title=Germans search for Watson|publisher=Tillsonburg News|date=August 3, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Nihi nsogbu iwu naarịwanye elu, Watson kwụsịrị dị ka onye isi nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society na 2013, iji mezuo iwu naegbochi ya ịnọ nso na ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan. Mgbe ngwọta nke okwu iwu metụtara ụlọ ọrụ Japan maka nyocha Cetacean, Watson laghachiri dị ka onye isi oche nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society na onye isi nke ụgbọ mmiri Sea Shepherd.<ref>{{Cite news|author=CBC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/01/08/canada-paul-watson-sea-shepherd-conservation-society-president.html|title=Paul Watson quits Sea Shepherd over U.S. court order – World – CBC News|work=Cbc.ca|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> === Ihe omume ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi === Watson bụ onye nnọchi anya ndị na-ahụ maka anụ ọhịa site na 1976 ruo 1980 na onye nnọchianya maka Fund for Animals site na 1978 ruo 1981.<ref name="Tribute"/> Watson bụkwa onye guzobere Friends of the Wolf na Earthforce Environmental Society.<ref name="Tribute" /> N'ime afọ 1980, Watson kwupụtara nkwado ya maka Earth First! ma zụlite ọbụbụenyi ya na David Foreman na Edward Abbey. O kwupụtara na Sea Shepherd bụ "ụgbọ mmiri" nke Earth First! Dị ka The New Yorker si kwuo, Watson weghachiri omume nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke ịpị osisi. Watson rụrụ ọrụ na Green Party nke British Columbia na Vancouver na 1980s na 90s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Cresdetail&Election=9577|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130101093746/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Cresdetail&Election=9577|archivedate=January 1, 2013|title=33rd Parliament Election Results|publisher=Parliament of Canada|accessdate=February 13, 2009}}</ref> Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ịbụ onye isi obodo n'afọ 1996, bụrụ onye nke anọ.<ref name="1996 election">{{Cite web|url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/election96/96results/mayor.htm|title=1996 Local General Election Results- Mayor|year=1996|publisher=City of Vancouver|accessdate=February 13, 2009|archivedate=October 11, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011110724/http://www.vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/election96/96results/mayor.htm}}</ref> Nọnwa Eprel afọ 2003, a họpụtara Watson ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Sierra Club maka afọ atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Watson is elected to the Sierra Club Board of Directors in April, 2003|publisher=SUPS.org|url=http://www.susps.org/candidates/watson.html|accessdate=February 25, 2010}}</ref> Nafọ 2006, ọ chọghị ka a họpụta ya ọzọ. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na bọọdụ otu ọnwa tupu oge ya agwụ, iji mee mkpesa megide nkwado nke nzukọ ahụ maka asọmpi edemede "Ihe mere m ji achụ nta".<ref name="ss1">{{Cite web|title=Sierra Club Director Paul Watson Resigns to Protest Hunting Prize|publisher=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|date=April 17, 2006|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_060417_1.html|accessdate=October 31, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416155448/http://www.seashepherd.org/news/media_060417_1.html|archivedate=April 16, 2008}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2008, ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ Paul Watson aha dịka otu n'ime "ndị 50 nwere ike ịzọpụta mbara ala" maka ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.<ref>{{Cite news|work=The Guardian|title=50 people who could save the planet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/05/activists.ethicalliving|accessdate=January 13, 2008|date=January 4, 2008|first=John|author=Vidal}}</ref> === Ihe odide banyere ime ihe ike === Watson bipụtara Earthforce!, ntuziaka maka atụmatụ maka ndị naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na 1993.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref> Nime ya, ọ kwadoro usoro nke "mkpịsị nkịta" nke Dave Foreman na Edward Abbey kọwara na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Foreman|title=Ecodefense: A field guide to monkeywrenching|location=Tucson, AZ|publisher=Ned Ludd Book|year=1987}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Abbey|first=Ed|title=The monkeywrench gang|location=Salt Lake City|publisher=Dream Garden Press|year=1985}}</ref> Dị ka Foreman si kwuo na ''Eco-Defense - The Field Guide to Monkey-Wrenching -'' ndị a bụ usoro nke imebi ihe, ọrụ nzuzo, na ime ihe kpọmkwem.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref> Watson naekwu na o tinyere ahụmịhe nke onwe ya n'ide akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref> N'ike Ụwa! Onye nduzi nke Earth Warrior to Strategy, Watson gosipụtara nlelị maka eziokwu nke mgbasa ozi:<blockquote>Ọdịdị nke mgbasa ozi taa bụ nke na eziokwu adịghị mkpa. Ihe bụ eziokwu na ihe ziri ezi nye ọha na eze bụ ihe mgbasa ozi kọwapụtara dị ka eziokwu na nke ziri ezi. Ronald Reagan ghọtara na eziokwu ndị ahụ adịghị mkpa. Ndị mgbasa ozi kọrọ ihe o kwuru dị ka eziokwu. Nnyocha naesote bụ "akụkọ ochie". Nkwupụta isi okwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ Mọnde karịrị mkpughe nke ezighị ezi ekpughere na obere igbe dị n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ na Tuesday ma ọ bụ Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref></blockquote>Watson kwuru nụzọ doro anya banyere ihe ọ ghọtara na ọ bụ enweghị eziokwu na mgbasa ozi: "Ọ bụrụ na ị maghị azịza, eziokwu, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, mgbe ahụ, soro ihe nlereanya nke onye isi ala America ma mee dị ka Ronald Reagan mere - mee ya ozugbo ma nyefee ozi ahụ nenweghị obi ike na n'enweghị mgbagha. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|year=1993|title=Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy|location=La Caňada, CA|publisher=Chaco Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Militants sink two of Iceland's Whaling Vessels|work=New York Times|date=1986-11-10}}</ref> Nakwụkwọ sochirinụ, Ocean Warrior, Watson gbasaa n'echiche a, naekwu, sị: "Ịdị ndụ na omenala mgbasa ozi pụtara ịzụlite nkà iji ghọta ma chịkwaa mgbasa ozi iji nweta ebumnuche atụmatụ".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Paul|title=Ocean Warrior|location=Toronto, Canada|publisher=Key Porter Books|year=1994|pages=23–24}}</ref> Nafọ 2007, Watson kọwara echiche ya banyere nchịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa na ọdịnihu maka ụmụ mmadụ nihi ọrụ ha na mkpochapụ Holocene, nke ọ naezo aka na ya dị ka "ihe omume igbu onwe onye nke Holocenic hominid":<blockquote>Taa, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ naarịwanye elu agafeela ikike ibu zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ugbu a na-emepụta nnukwu ihe siri ike, mmiri, na ihe mkpofu gas [.Ọ dịghị obodo mmadụ kwesịrị ibu karịa mmadụ 20,000 ma kewapụ ya na obodo ndị ọzọ site na mpaghara ọzara [.] Anyị kwesịrị iji nlezianya belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ruo ihe naerughị otu ijeri [.] Ịgwọ ọrịa kansa chọrọ ọgwụgwọ siri ike na nke naawakpo, ya mere, ịgwọ biosphere nke nje mmadụ ga-achọkwa ụzọ siri ike naawawakpo [.Ònye kwesịrị inwe ụmụ? Ndị naahụ maka ọrụ ma naetinye onwe ha kpamkpam nọrụ nke bụ nezie obere pasent nke ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name="seashepherdOrgWatson">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/commentary/the-beginning-of-the-end-for-life-as-we-know-it-on-planet-earth.html|title=The Beginning of the End for Life as We Know it on Planet Earth?|author=Watson|first=Paul|publisher=Sea Shepherd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101012958/https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/commentary/the-beginning-of-the-end-for-life-as-we-know-it-on-planet-earth.html|archivedate=2020-01-01}}</ref></blockquote> == Arụmụka == === Nkewapụ ya na Greenpeace === Paul Watson gara nihu dị ka onye ọrụ, onye isi, na onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (na 1972) nọtụtụ njem Greenpeace netiti afọ ndị 1970. Ọ naewere onwe ya dị ka onye guzobere Greenpeace na [[Greenpeace|Greenpeace International]], ihe [[Greenpeace]] naese okwu nagbanyeghị na a kpọtụrụ ya aha na ihe ngosi ahụ, How to Change the World nke naegosi na Watson bụ nezie [[Otu esi agbanwe ụwa (ihe nkiri)|''otu'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/how-change-world-sundance-review-766087|title='How to Change the World': Sundance Review|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> nime ndị guzobere Green Peace.<ref name="watson:founders">{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|title=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society: Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson 'Disappear'|publisher=Seashepherd.org|date=2008-05-15|accessdate=2011-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|title=Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|publisher=Greenpeace|date=2008-12-17|accessdate=2012-11-22|archivedate=2014-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061748/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/}}</ref> Watson boro Greenpeace ebubo na ha naede akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.<ref name="watson:founders" /> Nafọ 1977, a chụpụrụ Watson na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke Greenpeace site na votu nke 11 na 1 (Watson nonwe ya tụbara otu vootu megide ya).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeoplesvoice.org/TPV3/Voices.php/2008/12/25/sticking-it-to-the-man-21st-century-styl|title=Interview with Paul Watson|work=[[Village Voice]]|publisher=Thepeoplesvoice.org|date=December 25, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/paul-watson|title=History of Paul Watson|date=November 3, 2008|publisher=Greenpeace|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103090124/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/paul-watson|archivedate=November 3, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ chere na àgwà ya siri ike, "ihu na etiti" ma naekwukarị mmegide na nkọwa Greenpeace nke "enweghị ime ihe ike" bụ nkewa.<ref name="SBindependent">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2009/jan/29/sbiff-09-saving-seas|title=SBIFF '09: Saving the Seas Documentary Follows Paul Watson on Marine Crusades|author=Large|first=Joey|date=January 29, 2009|work=The Santa Barbara Independent|accessdate=February 12, 2009}}</ref> Watson mechara hapụ otu ahụ. Kemgbe ahụ, otu ahụ akpọwo omume ya n'oge ahụ dị ka nke "onye nnupụisi" n'ime ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and|title=Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|date=December 21, 2008|publisher=Greenpeace|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221020449/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and|archivedate=December 21, 2008|accessdate=February 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Warriors of the Rainbow: A Chronicle of the Greenpeace Movement|author=Hunter|first=Robert|isbn=978-0-03-043741-0|publisher=Henry Holt & Company, Inc.|year=1979}}</ref> Notu afọ ahụ, o guzobere otu nke ya, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.<ref name="NEVER">{{Cite news|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20100209zg.html|title=Watson to whalers: We will never surrender|date=February 9, 2010|work=The Japan Times|accessdate=February 20, 2010}}</ref> Noge a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ na CBC Radio nafọ 1978, Watson kwuru okwu megide Greenpeace (yana òtù ndị ọzọ) na ọrụ ha na ebumnuche ha maka mkpọsa mgbochi akara.<ref name="CBC Radio">{{Cite news|title=CBC interview of Paul Watson|author=Frum|first=Barbara|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Watson boro òtù ndị a ebubo na ha naeme mkpọsa megide ịchụ nta seal nke Canada nihi na ọ bụ ụzọ dị mfe iji nweta ego ma bụrụ onye naeme uru maka òtù ndị ahụ.<ref name="CBC Radio" /> Greenpeace akpọwo Watson onye naeme ihe ike ma ọ gaghịzi ekwu maka ọrụ ya.<ref name="Telegraph 2009-04-17"/> === Ebubo na ikpe === A mara Watson ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ụbọchị iri ma kwụọ ya $ 8,000 maka omume ya noge ngagharị iwe maka ịchụ nta seal na Canada na 1980, mgbe a mara ya ikpe maka ịwakpo onye ọrụ ịkụ azụ. Watson jere ozi ya na Her Majesty's Penitentiary, St. John's, Newfoundland na Labrador. A chọpụtakwara na ikpe mara ya nokpuru Iwu Nchedo Seal maka ite ụmụ nkịta seal naacha uhie uhie iji mee ka akpụkpọ ha ghara ịdị ọnụ ahịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hunt disrupter gets 10 days in Quebec jail|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1GUxAAAAIBAJ&pg=1227,81403&dq=paul+watson+convicted&hl=en|accessdate=September 17, 2010|work=The Montreal Gazette|date=March 11, 1980|page=14}}</ref> E jidere Watson na 1993 na Canada maka ebubo sitere na mmegide megide ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ Cuban na Spanish n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Newfoundland.<ref name="guardian.uk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2002/jun/03/fish.food|title=Champion of seas faces attempted murder case|author=Campbell|first=Duncan|date=June 3, 2002|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=February 12, 2009}}</ref> Nafọ 1997, ụlọ ikpe dị na Lofoten, Norway, mara Watson ikpe n'enweghị onye ọ bụla ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ụbọchị 120 maka ebubo nke ịnwa imebi obere ụgbọ mmiri Norwegian naegbu azụ na igbu whale ''Nybrænna'' na Disemba 26, 1992.<ref name="db">{{Cite news|title=Hvalsabotør går fri|work=[[Dagbladet]]|date=December 14, 1997|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/1997/12/14/46028.html|language=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highnorth.no/Library/Other_Texts/en-en-n.htm|title=Reine – a Norwegian Fishing and Whaling Community|publisher=Highnorth.no|date=May 14, 1993|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Dutch jụrụ inyefe ya naka ndị ọchịchị Norway ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọrọ ụbọchị 80 nlọ mkpọrọ na [[Netherlands]] naechere mkpebi maka ịnyefe ya tupu a tọhapụ ya.<ref name="db" /> Enweghị mgbalị ọ bụla gara nke ọma nịkụ Watson ikpe maka ọrụ ya na Sea Shepherd kemgbe ikpe ahụ na Newfoundland. Watson naagbachitere omume ya dị ka nke dabara nime iwu mba ụwa, ọkachasị ikike Sea Shepherd nwere itinye iwu ụgbọ mmiri megide ndị naegbu whale na ndị naachụ seal nụzọ iwu naakwadoghị.<ref name="independent.uk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-saviours-of-the-whale-758746.html|title=The saviours of the whale|author=Taylor|first=Jerome|date=November 20, 2007|work=The Independent|accessdate=February 12, 2009}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Paul_watson_protest_crop.jpg|thumb|Paul Watson na-eduga ngagharị iwe megide igbu whale Makah, Port Angeles, Washington, 1998.]] Ndị naeme ngagharị iwe na Sea Shepherd [[Rod Coronado]] na David Howitt gara [[Iceland]] na 1986 wee kụtuo ụgbọ mmiri abụọ naegbu whale na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Reykjavík ma mebie ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta anụ whale. Watson weere ọrụ maka ọrụ ahụ, naagbaso ụkpụrụ Sea Shepherd e bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLu5C4sYa_kC&q=Case+studies+in+environmental+ethics+hvalur&pg=PA28|title=Case Studies in Environmental Ethics – Patrick George Derr, Edward M. McNamara – Google Books|isbn=9780742531376|accessdate=May 22, 2014|author=Derr|first=Patrick George|year=2003}}</ref> Ọ gara Iceland naekwu, "Abụ m ọrụ maka ọrụ niile a naeme naha Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Ana m enye iwu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grapevine.is/Home/ReadArticle/WATSON-THE-VICTOR-Does-terrorism-pay-off-in-Iceland|title=The Reykjavik Grapevine – Life, Travel and Entertainment in Iceland / WATSON THE VICTOR Does terrorism pay off in Iceland?|language=is|publisher=Grapevine.is|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522123838/http://www.grapevine.is/Home/ReadArticle/WATSON-THE-VICTOR-Does-terrorism-pay-off-in-Iceland|archivedate=May 22, 2014}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ya nbughị ya ebubo ma Iceland naewere ya dị ka onye na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOw9avKdtGsC&q=%22paul+watson%22+iceland+%22persona+non+grata%22&pg=PA33|title=Operation Bite Back: Rod Coronado's War to Save American Wilderness – Dean Kuipers – Google Books|isbn=9781608191420|accessdate=May 22, 2014|author=Kuipers|first=Dean|date=July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dan Murphy|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/1029/south-park-puts-spotlight-on-paul-watson-and-his-whale-wars|title=South Park puts spotlight on Paul Watson and his "Whale Wars"|publisher=CSMonitor.com|date=October 29, 2009|accessdate=May 22, 2014}}</ref> Nọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri nke Japan nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ijide Watson "...nihi ebubo nke inye iwu ka e mebie ọrụ megide ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale nke Japan", Interpol edepụtara ya dịka achọrọ ya na arịrịọ nke Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/apr/30/japan-whaling-sea-shepherd|title=Japan obtains arrest warrant for anti-whaling group leader|work=The Guardian|date=April 30, 2010|accessdate=May 17, 2010|first=Justin|author=McCurry}}</ref> Nkwupụta uhie ahụ nwere ebubo ndị Japan nyere dị ka, "Nkebi n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, mmebi nke ihe onwunwe, mgbochi siri ike nke azụmahịa, mmerụ ahụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2010-28800|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol.int|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091534/http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2010-28800}}</ref> Nọnwa Machị afọ 2012, Interpol wepụtara "nkwupụta edere na mba 190 niile so na ya naeme ka o doo anya na ọ gaghị ebipụta Red Notice" maka njide Watson, mana ọ gbanwere ọnọdụ ahụ na Septemba afọ 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120514|title=N20120514 / 2012 / News / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=May 14, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522090424/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120514}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120914|title=N20120914 / 2012 / News / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=September 14, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091553/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120914}}</ref> Nime nkwupụta abụọ ahụ, Interpol kwuru na "Red Notice abụghị akwụkwọ ikike ijide mba ụwa" na ọ bụ "arịrịọ maka mba ọ bụla iji mata ma ọ bụ chọta onye ọ bụla iji jide ma nyefee ya dịka iwu mba ahụ si dị". [[Usòrò:Free_Paul_Watson_sign.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama na-akpọ maka iwepụ ebubo megide Watson]] Nọnwa Mee afọ 2012, ndị ọchịchị Germany jidere Watson nọdụ ụgbọ elu Frankfurt nihi arịrịọ sitere naka gọọmentị Costa Rica. Ebubo ahụ sitere na esemokwu dị noké osimiri nafọ 2002 nke Sea Shepherd kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri nke ọzọ naeme ka ụgbụ ụgbụ naakwadoghị na mmiri Guatemala. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ọzọ boro Sea Shepherd ebubo ịnwa igbu ha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/14/paul-watson-arrested_n_1513694.html|title=Paul Watson Arrested: Sea Shepherd Says Founder Arrested In Germany|work=The Huffington Post|date=May 14, 2012|accessdate=May 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/antiwhaling-activist-paul-watson-arrested-for-ramming-boat-10-years-ago-7746817.html|date=May 15, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012|first=Adams|author=Guy|work=The Independent|title=Anti-whaling activist Paul Watson arrested for ramming boat 10 years ago}}</ref> E boro Watson ebubo imebi iwu ụgbọ mmiri site na ịdọ aka ná ntị Interpol na-ekwu ebubo ahụ dị ka peligro de naufragio ("''ihe ize ndụ nke ụgbọ mmiri''").<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/germany-detains-activist-captain-connected-with-whale-wars|title=Germany Detains Activist "Whale Wars" Captain|work=The New York Times|date=May 16, 2012|accessdate=May 29, 2012|author=Slivka, Kelly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2013-60414|title=Interpol|publisher=Interpol.int|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091408/http://www.interpol.int/en/notice/search/wanted/2013-60414}}</ref> Esemokwu ahụ mere n'oge a na-ese ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri Sharkwater ma ndị ọkàiwu wepụrụ ebubo ahụ mgbe egosiri vidiyo nke ihe omume ahụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mere. Na Mee 21, a tọhapụrụ Watson na mgbapụta nke € 250,000 mana achọrọ ka ọ kọọrọ ndị uwe ojii na Frankfurt kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sea Shepherd founder Paul Watson released on bail after arrest in Germany|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/21/sea-shepherd-founder-paul-watson-released-on-bail-after-arrest-in-germany|work=National Post|date=May 21, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2012/june/29/costarica120062904.htm|title=Paul Watson Urges Costa Rica to Drop Charges|date=June 29, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun, Costa Rica rịọrọ ka e nyefee Watson na Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Foreign Ministry to send Paul Watson extradition request to German authorities Tuesday|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Foreign-Ministry-to-send-Paul-Watson-extradition-request-to-German-authorities-Tuesday_Monday-June-11-2012|work=Tico times|date=June 11, 2012|accessdate=July 17, 2012}}</ref> Na Julaị 19, 2012, Japan tinyere akwụkwọ maka iwu mgbapụta ma Watson hapụrụ Germany, nke mere ka ụlọ ikpe Germany nye iwu ka e jide ya ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/07/25/canadian-born-anti-whaling-crusader-skips-bail-in-germany-for-unknown-destination|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson skips bail in Germany for 'unknown destination' &#124; National Post|publisher=News.nationalpost.com|date=July 25, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18996972|title=Sea Shepherd founder Paul Watson 'flees Germany'|work=BBC News|accessdate=August 15, 2012|date=July 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigpondnews.com/articles/World/2012/07/26/Sea_Shepherd_founder_skips_bail_775988.html|title=Sea Shepherd founder skips bail &#124; World|publisher=BigPond News|date=July 26, 2012|accessdate=August 13, 2012}}</ref> A ghọtara na iwu nke njedebe na ebubo Costa Rican ya ga-agwụ na June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Interpol-alert-says-Paul-Watson-has-escaped-from-Germany_Monday-July-23-2012|title=Interpol alert says Paul Watson has escaped from Germany / News Briefs / Current Edition / Costa Rica Newspaper, The Tico Times|publisher=Ticotimes.net|date=July 23, 2012|accessdate=August 13, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813032632/http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Interpol-alert-says-Paul-Watson-has-escaped-from-Germany_Monday-July-23-2012|archivedate=August 13, 2012}}</ref> N'abalị asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, Interpol megharịrị Red Notice maka Watson na ebubo nke "ịkpata ihe ize ndụ nke mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdachi ụgbọelu" nke Costa Rica setịpụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120807Bis|title=N20120807Bis / 2012 / News / News and media / Internet / Home – INTERPOL|publisher=Interpol.int|date=August 7, 2012|accessdate=May 22, 2014|archivedate=May 22, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522091549/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2012/N20120807Bis}}</ref> A kọrọ na Watson ga-esi na nzuzo pụta iji sonyere Sea Shepherd na mkpọsa 2012-13 megide igbu whale na Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20121123f1.html|title=Sea Shepherd seeks to intercept whalers closer to Japan|work=The Japan Times|date=November 23, 2012|accessdate=November 23, 2012|author=Godoy, Jody}}</ref> Watson laghachiri na ndị ọrụ nke ''Steve Irwin'' na South Pacific na ngwụcha Nọvemba 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org.au/commentary-and-editorials/2013/01/07/statement-from-captain-paul-watson-592|title=Sea Shepherd Australia :: Statement from Captain Paul Watson|publisher=Seashepherd.org.au|date=January 7, 2013|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archivedate=August 28, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828165507/http://www.seashepherd.org.au/commentary-and-editorials/2013/01/07/statement-from-captain-paul-watson-592}}</ref> Na Machị 2019, Costa Rica wepụrụ ebubo niile megide Watson ma wepụ ọkwa uhie nke Interpol.<ref name="maritime-executive.com"/> Na Julaị 21, 2024, ndị ọchịchị Danish nwụchiri ya na Greenland n'ihi ọkwa na-acha uhie uhie nke Japan nyere ya megide ya na 2012. Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri mara ọkwa njide ya. Òtù ahụ na-akatọ mkpebi a, na-arụ ụka na "mgbe e biputere ya na ntanetị ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọkwa ahụ apụwo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site na weebụsaịtị Interpol, na-eduga Paul Watson na ndị ọka iwu ya ikwere na ọ nwere onwe ya ugbu a na mmegharị ya".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/greenland-anti-whaling-campaigner-paul-watson-japan-e8b736ac41ced122482ba446fdcba713|title=Anti-whaling campaigner arrested in Greenland and police say he may be extradited to Japan|work=AP News|date=July 21, 2024|accessdate=July 21, 2024|author=Agence Press}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ mbata nke Sierra Club === N'afọ 1999, Watson gbara ọsọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka ntuli aka na Sierra Club Board of Directors nke mba ahụ, na nkwado nke otu Sierrans na-emegide ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ maka US Population Stabilization (SUSPS).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/takeover-timeline|title=A 'Takeover' Timeline|accessdate=January 19, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe a họpụtara ya na bọọdụ na 2003, Watson kwadoro ndepụta na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị na-akwado nchịkwa mbata na ọpụpụ siri ike dị ka akụkụ nke iwu nkwụsi ike nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Onye ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa na ntuli aka ahụ, Morris Dees nke Southern Poverty Law Center, katọrọ mgbalị a dị ka "nnukwu mmegide" nke "ndị na-emegide ndị mbịarambịa".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davila|first=Florangela|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040218&slug=sierra18m|title=Immigration dispute spawns factions, anger in Sierra Club]|publisher=Seattle Times|date=2004-02-18|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2012-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001212355/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040218&slug=sierra18m}}</ref> Watson zaghachiri site n'ikwu na naanị mgbanwe ọ na-achọ n'ọnọdụ mbata nke nzukọ ahụ bụ iweghachi ọnọdụ ọ nwere tupu "iwu nnọpụiche" ya na 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Pedro|author=Monteiro|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-040406-1.html|title=Questions and Answers About the Sierra Club Elections: An Interview with Sierra Club Director Paul Watson|date=2004-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218001737/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-040406-1.html|archivedate=2009-02-18}}</ref> Watson hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Sierra Club n'afọ 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/history/officers/directors.pdf|title=Roster of Sierra Club Directors|publisher=Sierra Club|accessdate=October 23, 2009|archivedate=January 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107145205/http://www.sierraclub.org/history/officers/directors.pdf}}</ref> === Ọrụ mgbochi akara === N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, Watson kwuru na, ọ bụ ezie na ọnwụ nke ndị Canada atọ na-achụ nta seal (nke anọ ka na-efu) n'ihe mberede mmiri metụtara ụgbọ mmiri Canadian Coast Guard na ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ n'oge 2008 Canadian Commercial Seal Hunt bụ ọdachi, o chere na igbu ọtụtụ narị puku seal bụ ọdachi ka ukwuu. Minista na-ahụ maka ịkụ azụ na Canada Loyola Hearn boro Watson ebubo na ọ na-eme ka ncheta nke ndị na-egbu egbu ghara ịdị mfe. Watson zaghachiri na Hearn na-anwa ịdọpụ uche n'enweghị ike nke gọọmentị ya ka ụgbọ mmiri ndị ikom ahụ nọ na ya tụgharịrị mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ndị nche mmiri nke Canada na-adọkpụ ya, ebe ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya nọgidere na-akwado ma na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ebe na narị afọ nke 21.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/editorials/editorial_080404_1.html|title=Sea Shepherd – I'm Not Ready To Make Nice|accessdate=July 27, 2008|work=Sea Shepherd Society website|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907063308/http://seashepherd.org/editorials/editorial_080404_1.html|archivedate=September 7, 2008}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Watson gosipụtara mmegide megide nzukọ nnupụisi ịchụ nta, na-atụ aro n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Barbara Frum nke CBC na ịchekwa akara bụ ihe dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe ịnakọta ego nakwa na akara ekwesịghị ọnọdụ pụrụ iche karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ. Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams kwuru, sị, "Echere m na ihe ọtụtụ ndị na-amaghị bụ na nwoke a bụ onye na-eyi ọha egwu".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2008/04/14/williams-watson.html|title=Williams assails anti-sealing activist Watson as 'terrorist'|publisher=CBC|date=April 14, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref name="CTV.ca 2008-04-14">{{Cite news|title=Sealing activists bailed out with bag of toonies|date=April 14, 2008|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/sealing-activists-bailed-out-with-bag-of-toonies-1.289041|work=CTV.ca|accessdate=September 7, 2009}}</ref> === Nsogbu visa Australia === Nọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2009, Watson, onye naebu paspọtụ US, mere mkpesa na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi banyere ịjụ arịrịọ ya maka visa [[Ostraliya|Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-undeterred-by-US-court-order/tabid/417/articleID/280961/Default.aspx|title=Sea Shepherd undeterred by US court order|publisher=[[3 News]]|date=2012-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729164906/http://www.3news.co.nz/Sea-Shepherd-undeterred-by-US-court-order/tabid/417/articleID/280961/Default.aspx|archivedate=2014-07-29}}</ref> Ọ naekwu na gọọmentị Australia naanwa imebi mkpọsa Sea Shepherd nke 2010 naabịanụ site nịjụ ya ịbanye na mba ahụ. Watson na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ enweghị ike isonyere ''Steve Irwin'' na njem nkwalite ya na Australia ruo mgbe ha nwere ike inye akwụkwọ sitere na gọọmentị nke United States, Canada na Norway, naewepụ ha nomume ime ihe ike a naekwu na mbụ, ọkachasị nkwupụta nke Sea Shepherd nke ịkpachara anya naemikpu ụgbọ mmiri na Norway.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 5, 2009|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/10/whale-wars.html|title=Whale wars saga begins with Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson under investigation &#124; Outposts &#124; Los Angeles Times|publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 8, 2009|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/outposts/2009/10/sea-shepherds-frustrated-capt-paul-watson-lashes-out-against-australia.html|title=Sea Shepherd's frustrated Capt. Paul Watson lashes out at Australia &#124; Outposts &#124; Los Angeles Times|publisher=Latimesblogs.latimes.com|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26186894-12335,00.html|title=Rudd 'betrayed Aussies on whaling' &#124; The Australian|publisher=Theaustralian.news.com.au|date=October 9, 2009|accessdate=October 31, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015083316/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,26186894-12335,00.html|archivedate=October 15, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/whale-activist-hits-visa-hurdle-20091004-ghwm.html|title=Whale activist hits visa hurdle|work=The Age|date=October 5, 2009|accessdate=October 31, 2009|first=Andrew|author=Darby}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2013, ndị Krautungalung nke Ginai Nation nyere Paul Watson paspọtụ Aboriginal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://article.wn.com/view/WNAT8D6AAB032100EF9813C9E996D12C7010|title=Captain Paul Watson Granted Original Nation Passport (Sea Shepherd Conservation Society) - Worldnews.com|publisher=Article.wn.com|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> === Ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ịgba égbè === [[Usòrò:Paul_Watson_2005.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Paul Watson na ndị ọrụ ''[[RV Farley Mowat|Farley Mowat]]'' na 2005]] Na Machị 17, 2008, Watson kwuru na ndị [[Ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|ọrụ]] Japan ma ọ bụ ndị naeche nche nụsọ [[Southern Ocean|oké osimiri]] gbara ya égbè noge Operation Migaloo na-emegide igbu whale na Southern Ocean. A na-edekọ ihe omume ahụ noge oge ikpeazụ nke oge 1 nke ihe ngosi Whale Wars TV, a na-ekpuchi ihe omume isii mbụ dị ka ihe naeme ka ihe ngosi dị ka isi ihe mere noge mkpọsa ahụ. Ndị Japan zaghachiri site na ịtụ bọmbụ grenade, otu onye ọrụ ahụ merụrụ ahụ site na bọmbụ naagbawa n'azụ ya na onye ọzọ merụrụ ahụ naagbalị ịgbanahụ mgbawa ahụ.<ref name="smh20080307">{{Cite news|title=Japan denies Sea Shepherd claims|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=March 7, 2008|url=http://news.smh.com.au/japan-denies-sea-shepherd-claims/20080307-1xv6.html|accessdate=February 25, 2010}}</ref> A naegosi Watson ka ọ na-abanye n'ime jaket ya na ihe agha ahụ ya ma naekwu "A kụrụ m". Laa azụ n'ime àkwà mmiri nke ''Steve Irwin'', a hụrụ iberibe ígwè n'ime uwe elu ahụ.<ref name="BBC 2008-03-07">{{Cite news|title=Protester says whalers shot him|work=BBC News|date=March 7, 2008|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7282760.stm|accessdate=June 5, 2009}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka nyocha Cetacean naagbagha nkwupụta Sea Shepherd. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ndị naeche nche nụsọ oké osimiri kwuru na ha jiri grenade asaa mee ihe iji mee ka onye a naachọ daa mbà ruo nwa oge site nime ka ha kpuru ìsì ma kpọọ nkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ.<ref name="smh20080307"/> Gọọmentị Japan kwukwara na ndị naegbu whale na-agbapụ "ụgbọ ụzụ", nke a kọwara dị ka "ihe mgbochi mgbawa naegbuke egbuke".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan denies shooting at Sea Shepherd ship|author=McLeod|first=Shane|work=ABC News|date=March 8, 2008|publisher=ABC: News: World|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-07/japan-denies-shooting-at-sea-shepherd-ship/1065896?section=world|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref> Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla nime akụkọ abụọ ahụ naemegiderịta onwe ha ka a kwadoro. Ngalaba naahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi nke Australia katọrọ "omume ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla naakpata mmerụ ahụ". E wepụtara mgbasa ozi abụọ n'otu ụbọchị site nọfịs ahụ. Otu kwuru na ndị Japan gwara ndị nnọchi anya Australia nọ na Tokyo na ndị naegbu whale "gburu égbè ịdọ aka ná ntị" ebe mbipụta emelitere jiri okwu ahụ bụ "'ịdọ aka ná aka ná ntị' - nke a makwaara dị ka 'flashbangs' - agbaala ya égbè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2008/fa-s048_08.html|title=Incident in the Southern Ocean – The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs|publisher=Foreignminister.gov.au|date=March 7, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2008/fa-s049_08.html|title=Incident in the Southern Ocean – Update – The Hon Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs|publisher=Foreignminister.gov.au|date=March 7, 2008|accessdate=October 31, 2009}}</ref> === Ebubo nke iyi ọha egwu === Gọọmentị Japan akpọwo Watson onye naeyi ọha egwu gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro mmegide ya megide ndị naegbu whale, ọ kwughachikwara ọnọdụ ya mgbe esemokwu gasịrị noge oge igbu whale nke 2009-10.<ref name="Telegraph 2009-04-17"/> Na mgbakọ naahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ nafọ 2002, e hotara Paul Watson ka ọ naekwu, "Ọ dịghị ihe dị njọ na ịbụ onye naeyi ọha egwu, ọ bụrụhaala na ị meriri. Mgbe ahụ ị naede akụkọ ihe mere eme".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Douglass F. Rohrman|year=2004|title=Environmental Terrorism|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|volume=2|issue=6|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0332:ET]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Nafọ 2010, onye naakọwa Fox News bụ Glenn Beck kwurịtakwara nkọwa ahụ, na-akatọ echiche Watson.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Surprised Massachusetts Race Is Close?|author=Glenn Beck|publisher=Fox News|date=January 18, 2010|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,583319,00.html|accessdate=January 24, 2010}}</ref> Watson zaghachiri ihe Beck kwuru na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Sea Shepherd site nikwu na o kwuru na nke ahụ mana ewepụrụ ya nihe gbara ya gburugburu, na-ehota Gerald Seymour's "Otu nwoke na-eyi ọha egwu bụ onye agha nnwere onwe ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-100121-1.html|title=Glenn Beck – The Father of Freaky Fox Facts, Fables, Farces and Fantasies|first=Paul|author=Watson|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|date=January 21, 2010|accessdate=January 24, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328062422/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/editorial-100121-1.html|archivedate=March 28, 2010}}</ref> === Nkwupụta naesote ala ọma jijiji na tsunami na 2011 Tohoku === A katọrọ Watson maka uri ya bipụtara ozugbo naesote ala ọma jijiji na tsunami nke Tōhoku nke afọ 2011 nke tụrụ aro na ọdachi ahụ bụ iwe Neptune. Watson zaghachiri ndị nkatọ site na nkọwa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Sea Shepherd naekwupụta "nchegbu miri emi na ọmịiko maka ndị Japan naata ahụhụ site na otu nime ọdachi okike kachasị njọ nakụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepeanya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/captpaulwatson/posts/10150154562665932|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314212428/https://www.facebook.com/captpaulwatson/posts/10150154562665932|archivedate=March 14, 2011|title=Tsunami|publisher=Facebook|date=March 12, 2011|accessdate=August 21, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/commentary-and-editorials/2011/03/14/tears-for-the-land-of-the-rising-sun-13|title=Tears for the Land of the Rising Sun|publisher=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|date=March 14, 2011|accessdate=September 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215051242/http://www.seashepherd.org/commentary-and-editorials/2011/03/14/tears-for-the-land-of-the-rising-sun-13|archivedate=December 15, 2012}}</ref> === Nkatọ nke New Zealand === N'afọ 2013, ụgbọ mmiri atọ nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] kwụsịrị na New Zealand, ndị ọchịchị New Zealand chọkwara ha iji hụ ma Watson nọ nụgbọ ahụ. Ọ bụghị, ebe ọ gafere nụgbọ mmiri ọzọ dị na mmiri mba ụwa, ka ọ maara na a chọrọ ka New Zealand gwa Interpol ma ọ bụrụ na ọ banye na mba ahụ. Watson katọrọ ọchụchọ ahụ, na-ebo New Zealand ebubo na ọ naakwado Japan nokwu nke igbu whale na Southern Ocean.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/New-Zealand-siding-with-Japan---anti-whaling-activist/tabid/1160/articleID/282179/Default.aspx|work=3 News NZ|title=NZ siding with Japan – anti-whaling activist|date=January 7, 2013|accessdate=January 6, 2013}}</ref> === Nkewa site na Sea Shepherd === Na Septemba 3, 2022, Watson kwupụtara na ọ naahapụ Sea Shepherd ma guzobe otu nzukọ ọhụrụ, Captain Paul Watson Foundation na onye ọrụ ibe ya na enyi ya, Omar Todd. Watson kwuru "ihe mere m ji kpọọ ya nke ahụ bụ nihi na ọ naesiri onye ọ bụla ike ịbanye ma weghara otu nzukọ nke gụnyere aha m".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/environment/2022/10/15/the-last-pirate-paul-watson-splits-with-sea-shepherd|title=The last pirate: Paul Watson splits with Sea Shepherd|date=October 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzsprout.com/2048673?client_source=large_player&iframe=true&referrer=https://www.buzzsprout.com/2048673.js?container_id=buzzsprout-large-player&player=large#|title=Podcast Episode}}</ref> Na Disemba 2022 ntọala ahụ kwupụtara ụgbọ mmiri mbụ ha, 'John Paul Dejoria II'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.all-creatures.org/strategies/strategies-john-paul-dejoria.html|title=We Have a New Ship: The John Paul DeJoria|author=Watson|first=Paul|publisher=Captain Paul Watson Foundation|work=all-creatures.org|date=December 2022|accessdate=2023-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/eco-warrior-paul-watson-scourge-of-whalers-returns-to-the-seas/6848934.html|title=Eco-warrior Paul Watson, Scourge of Whalers, Returns to the Seas}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume na mmeghachi omume == Watson ekwuola na ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka 'onye naeme ngagharị iwe', kama ọ bụ onye na'etinye aka', ebe ọ naele ime ngagharị iwe anya dị ka onye na-edo onwe ya nokpuru.<ref name="DOWNED">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/article6982236.ece|title=Ady Gil downed by Japanese whalers|date=January 10, 2010|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=January 10, 2010|first=Peter|author=Millar}}</ref> Ọ naemekarị ka ọ naanọchite anya (ma ọ bụ naanọchi anya) mmanye iwu nke naachọghị ma ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ike itinye iwu ndị dị ugbu a n'ọrụ. A na-akpọ ụdị idu ndú ya dị mpako, yana ịkwanye onwe ya "ihu na etiti", nke a kpọtụrụ aha dị ka otu nime ihe kpatara ịchụpụ ya na Greenpeace. E jiri ikuku dị nụgbọ mmiri ya tụnyere "ọgba aghara nke Chineke naachị". Onye bụbu onye otu Sea Shepherd na onye isi ụgbọ mmiri MY Ady Gil [[Pete Bethune]] kọwara Watson dị ka "onye dara ogbenye" onye gaenye iwu ka a kpachara anya kpuo ụgbọ mmiri ya dị ka Ady Gil dị ka ụzọ isi "nweta ọmịiko nebe ọha na eze nọ ma mepụta TV ka mma". Watson gọnahụrụ nke a, naekwu, "Ọ dịghị onye nyere ya iwu ka ọ tụfuo ya. Pete Bethune bụ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri Ady Gil; mkpebi niile gbasara ''Ady Gil'' bụ nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8101062/Activist-says-Sea-Shepherd-sank-its-own-ship|title=Activist says Sea Shepherd sank its own ship|work=9News|date=October 7, 2010|accessdate=January 11, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520154538/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8101062/Activist-says-Sea-Shepherd-sank-its-own-ship|archivedate=May 20, 2012}}</ref> === Onyinye === Paul Watson natara onyinye Jules Verne na Ọktoba 10, 2012. Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ naesote Captain Jacques Cousteau ka a naasọpụrụ ya na Jules Verne Award raara nye ndị naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị njem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2012/10/16/captain-paul-watson-receives-jules-verne-award-1455|title=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society :: Captain Paul Watson Receives Jules Verne Award|publisher=Seashepherd.org|date=October 16, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110320/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2012/10/16/captain-paul-watson-receives-jules-verne-award-1455|archivedate=December 24, 2013}}</ref> Na June 28, 2010, Paul natara Asociación de Amigos del Museo de Anclas Philippe Cousteau: Defense of Marine Life Award, iji kwado uru ya nwetara site na ọrụ ọ rụrụ na nchekwa nke ndụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=La Nueva España|url=http://www.lne.es/aviles/2012/05/17/amigos-museo-anclas-pide-liberacion-premiados/1243002.html|title="Amigos del Museo de Anclas" pide la liberación de uno de sus premiados – La Nueva España – Diario Independiente de Asturias|publisher=Lne.es|date=May 17, 2012|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Nafọ 2002, a kpọbatara Paul na US Animal Rights Hall of Fame maka onyinye ya pụtara ìhè maka nnwere onwe anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arconference.org/hall-of-fame.htm|title=U.S. Animal Rights Hall of Fame|publisher=Animal Rights Conference|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206180318/http://www.arconference.org/hall-of-fame.htm|archivedate=February 6, 2016}}.</ref> Paul natara George H. W. Bush Daily Points of Light Award na 1999 na 2000, a kpọrọ ya otu nime Time Magazine's Top 20 Environmental Heroes of the 20th Century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pointsoflight.org/programs/recognition/dpol/awards/1404|title=Paul Watson|publisher=Points of Light|date=June 22, 1999|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> Na Mee 23, 2019, Paul Watson natara otuto site naka Gọvanọ Connecticut Ned Lamont na-ekwu na "State of Connecticut nyere ma nsọpụrụ na nkwanye ùgwù nye Captain Paul Watson".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seashepherd.org/2019/05/24/victory-for-sharks-in-connecticut./|title=Victory for Sharks in Connecticut|date=May 24, 2019|accessdate=August 19, 2023|archivedate=August 5, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805081050/https://seashepherd.org/2019/05/24/victory-for-sharks-in-connecticut./}}</ref> Nafọ 2007, Watson natara Amazon Peace Prize nke osote onye isi ala nke [[Ecuador]] Lenin Moreno nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/news/archive/captain-watson-receives-the-amazon-peace-prize.html/|title=Captain Watson Receives the Amazon Peace Prize|date=July 12, 2007|accessdate=August 19, 2023|archivedate=April 15, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415002825/https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/news/archive/captain-watson-receives-the-amazon-peace-prize.html/}}</ref> === Nkọwa mgbasa ozi === Ron Colby mepụtara ihe ndekọ akụkọ ndụ banyere mmalite ndụ Paul Watson nke akpọrọ Pirate for the Sea na 2008.<ref>{{IMDb title|1308738|Pirate for the Sea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artistsconfederacy.com/pirateforthesea/|title=Pirate for the Sea|work=www.artistsconfederacy.com|accessdate=January 19, 2018|archivedate=October 29, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029164047/http://www.artistsconfederacy.com/pirateforthesea/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siff.net/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=28869&FID=123|title=Seattle International Film Festival listing|accessdate=January 19, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030033447/http://www.siff.net/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=28869&FID=123|archivedate=October 30, 2012}}</ref> Ihe ngosi 2008 At the Edge of the World kọrọ banyere mbọ Watson na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 45 naagba iji gbochie ụgbọ mmiri ndị Japan naegbu whale na mmiri ndị gbara Antarctica gburugburu. Nafọ 2010, enyi ogologo oge na onye naeme ihe nkiri Peter Brown wepụtara ihe ngosi Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist, anya mkparị na afọ 30 gara aga.<ref>{{IMDb title|1720073|Confessions of an Eco-Terrorist}}</ref> Ihe ngosi Eco-Pirate: Akụkọ Paul Watson site na 2011 gosipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe nkiri na ndị otu Greenpeace Rex Weyler na Patrick Moore.<ref>{{IMDb title|1794779|Eco-Pirate: The Story of Paul Watson}}</ref> Watson, Whale Wars, na ụlọ ọrụ naegbu whale na Japan ka e mere ka ha bụrụ ihe mkparị na South Park "Whale Whores". Nihe ngosi Larry King ya, a kpọrọ Watson nonwe ya "Onye akwụna mgbasa ozi naenweghị ike nke chere na ọ naagha ụgha nye onye ọ bụla dị mma ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ naọrụ ya" na "Onye ụgha naagba afa, onye naarịa ọrịa ọgwụ ọjọọ naenweghị ntụkwasị obi".<ref name="CMSwhale">{{Cite news|url=http://features.csmonitor.com/globalnews/2009/10/29/south-park-puts-spotlight-on-paul-watson-and-his-whale-wars|title=South Park puts spotlight on Paul Watson and his "Whale Wars"|author=Murphy|first=Dan|date=October 29, 2009|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=November 3, 2009|quote=On Wednesday night, the satirists from the cartoon show South Park took aim at the group (and Japanese whalers and, typically, everyone else) in an episode that they named, in their inevitably "classy" fashion, "Whale Whores."}}</ref> Watson zaghachiri na ihe omume South Park site nikwu; "Nghọta m bụ na Praịm Minista Japan enweghị obi ụtọ na ndị naegbu whale na ndị naegbu dolphin naewe iwe nụzọ e si gosipụta ha, "Watson kwuru. "Nke ahụ bụ egwu nye ntị m. Ọ bụrụ na ndị naegbu whale naenweghị ọchị na ndị na'ụlọ akụ nke ndị na igbu dolphin enweghị mmasị na ihe ngosi ahụ, mgbe ahụ, nke ahụ bụ ihe niile m chọrọ iji kụọ ya aka.<ref name="SOUTHPARK">{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2009/11/04/fears-jeers-cheers-and-loathing-for-sea-shepherd-in-south-park-288|title=Fears, jeers, cheers and loathing for Sea Shepherd in South Park. An editorial by Captain Paul Watson|date=November 3, 2009|work=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society website|first=Paul|author=Watson|accessdate=November 4, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209163909/http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/2009/11/04/fears-jeers-cheers-and-loathing-for-sea-shepherd-in-south-park-288|archivedate=February 9, 2013}}</ref> E gosipụtara Watson (ya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|ndị]] dị ndụ whale, Nan Hauser), noge ihe omume ''60 Minutes'' nke gosipụtara na 2013, dị ka onye naenye aka nịlaghachi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ whale [[Megaptera novaeangliae|Humpback]] na South Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scott Pelley|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/return-of-the-humpbacks/|title=Return of the humpbacks|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=May 8, 2016}}</ref> Ihe nkiri 2019 bụ Watson, nke Lesley Chilcott duziri, gosipụtara ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''Watson''. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtakwara na Animal Planet na Disemba 22, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/watson-1205450|title='Watson': Film Review|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lavanyasunkara/2019/12/22/sea-shepherds-paul-watson-on-conservation-and-how-travelers-can-give-back/#3b47abad79d4|title=Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson on Conservation and How Travelers Can Give Back|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> == Ndepụta nke ọrụ == * Sea Shepherd: My Fight for Whales and Seals (1981) ( ) * ''Ike Ụwa! Akwụkwọ Nduzi nke Onye Agha Ụwa Maka Atụmatụ'' (1993) ( ) * Ocean Warrior: Agha m iji kwụsị igbu ọchụ iwu na-akwadoghị n'oké osimiri (1994) ( ) * ''Agha'' akara: Afọ iri abụọ na ise n'ihu na akara ụbọ akwara (2002) ( ) * Onye nyere aka na ''ndị naeyi ọha egwu ma ọ bụ ndị naalụ ọgụ'' nnwere onwe?: Reflections on the Liberations of Animals (2004) ( ) * ''Ike Ụwa! Akwụkwọ nduzi nke onye agha ụwa maka atụmatụ nke abụọ'' (2012) * ''Agha nke Zọpụtara Whales'' (2019) * ''Abụ'' sitere na Southern Ocean (2020) * The Haunted Mariner (2020) * Imeso Mgbanwe ihu igwe na nrụgide (2020) * ''Orcapedia'' (2020) * Akụkọ ifo: Theology, Ecology and the General Insanity of Humanity (2020) * ''Ọnwụ'' nke Whale (2021) * ''Ọ dị Uche! Zọpụta Oké Osimiri Anyị Ka Anyị Zọpụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe'' (2021) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-echekwa ihe * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eri nri == Ihe odide == {{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html|title=Paul Watson: Sea Shepherd eco-warrior fighting to stop whaling and seal hunts|access-date=July 15, 2009|date=April 17, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420214019/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/5166346/Paul-Watson-Sea-Shepherd-eco-warrior-fighting-to-stop-whaling-and-seal-hunts.html|archive-date=April 20, 2009}} {{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10619393|title=Hardline warrior in war to save the whale|date=January 11, 2010|agency=[[The Observer]]|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|access-date=November 2, 2011}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sityi9n7dtc3o9q012nkpzoshn1giqq 0 29660 687545 209904 2026-07-12T13:36:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:07_Imotski_Crveno_Jezero_(1).jpg|thumb|Olulu mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Uhie na [[Kroatia|Croatia]]]] '''Olulu mmiri''' bụ oghere ma ọ bụ oghere dị nala nke ụdị ọdịda nke elu ya kpatara. A naeji okwu ahụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji zoo aka na '''doline''', '''oghere ndị''' a naakpọkwa ''vrtače'' na shakeholes, na oghere ebe mmiri dị nelu naabanye nime ụzọ ndị dị nokpuru ala a maara dị ka ''ponor'', '''oghere''' swallow ma ọ bụ swallet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Williams|first=Paul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhiJ10Xx9VwC|title=Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science|date=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-399-6|editor=Gunn|pages=628–642|language=en|chapter=Dolines}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Kohl|first=Martin|year=2001|title=Subsidence and sinkholes in East Tennessee. A field guide to holes in the ground|url=https://www.tn.gov/assets/entities/environment/attachments/geology_sink-hole.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714081131/http://www.tn.gov/assets/entities/environment/attachments/geology_sink-hole.pdf|archivedate=14 July 2015|accessdate=18 February 2014|publisher=State of Tennessee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dictionary of Physical Geography|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|isbn=978-1444313161|editor=Thomas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Monroe|first=Watson Hiner|date=1970|title=A glossary of Karst terminology|journal=U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper|volume=1899-K|doi=10.3133/wsp1899k}}</ref> ''Cenote'' bụ ụdị olulu mmiri nke naekpughe mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.<ref name=":2" /> Mmiri na ''mmiri naasọba'' bụ okwu ndị ọzọ maka ebe ndị naewepụ ''mmiri'' nelu, ikekwe site na ịbanye nime ala ma ọ bụ nkume dara ada.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe ka ọtụtụ nime sinkholes naakpata usoro karst - mmebi nke nkume carbonate, ọdịda ma ọ bụ usoro mbuze.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="bgs">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/karst_3.htm|title=Caves and karst – dolines and sinkholes|publisher=British Geological Survey}}</ref> Sinkholes naadịkarị okirikiri ma dịgasị iche iche nibu site na iri ruo ọtụtụ narị mita ma nobosara na omimi, ma dịgasịa iche nụdị site na efere ndị dị nala ruo noghere ndị dị nakụkụ nkume. Oghere nwere ike ịpụta nke nta nke nta ma ọ bụ na mberede, a naahụkwa ya nụwa niile.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0" /> == Ọzụzụ == [[Usòrò:Dead_Sea_sinkhole_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Olulu mmiri dị nso nOké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, nke e mepụtara mgbe nnu dị nokpuru ala naagbaze site na mmiri dị ọcha, nihi na mmiri naaga nihu naada.]] [[Usòrò:Chinchón_dolina_c1991.jpg|thumb|Olulu mmiri dara na Chinchón, Spain.]] === Usoro okike === Olulu mmiri nwere ike ijide mmiri naagba ọsọ ma ọ bụ mmiri kwụ ọtọ, mana ọ pụkwara ịpụta nebe dị elu na ebe kpọrọ nkụ nebe ụfọdụ. Olulu mmiri nke naejide mmiri nwere ike ijide ya na nnukwu ọgba limestone. Ọgba ndị a nwere ike ịba nakụkụ osimiri ndị buru ibu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/travel/escapes/05adventure.html|title=Getting Down and Dirty in an Underground River in Puerto Rico|author=Breining|first=Greg|date=5 October 2007|work=The New York Times|accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Palmer|first=Arthur N.|date=1 January 1991|title=Origin and morphology of limestone caves|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|language=en|volume=103|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0001:oamolc>2.3.co;2|issn=0016-7606}}</ref> Ọdịdị nke sinkholes naagụnye usoro okike nke erosion ma ọ bụ nke nta nke nta wepụ ala naagbaze (dị ka limestone) site na mmiri naagbapụta, ọdịda nke elu ọgba, ma ọ bụ mbelata nke tebụl mmiri. [1] Sinkholes naemekarị site na usoro nke suffosion.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Friend|first=Sandra|title=Sinkholes|publisher=Pineapple Press Inc|year=2002|isbn=978-1-56164-258-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sinkholes0000frie|accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Quarrying and the environment|url=https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/caveskarst/karst_3.htm|work=bgs|accessdate=3 June 2018}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri dị nokpuru ala nwere ike ịgbaze carbonate cement naejikọta ụmụ irighiri nkume ma wepụ ụmụ irighari ndị ahụ, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ mepụta oghere. Mgbe ụfọdụ, olulu mmiri nwere ike igosi oghere a naahụ anya nime ọgba dị nokpuru. Nihe banyere nnukwu sinkholes, dị ka Minyé sinkhole na Papua New Guinea ma ọ bụ Cedar Sink na Mammoth Cave National Park na [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]], enwere ike ịhụ iyi ma ọ bụ osimiri dị n'okpuru ala ya site n'otu akụkụ gaa n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Sinkholes bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ebe nkume dị nokpuru ala bụ limestone ma ọ bụ nkume carbonate ndị ọzọ, ala nnu, ma ọ bụ na nkume ndị ọzọ a naagbaze agbaze, dị ka gypsum, nke nwere ike ịgbaze nuzọ okike site na mmiri dị nime ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/geosights/sinkhole.htm|title=Sinkholes in Washington County|publisher=Utah gov Geological Survey|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323204811/http://www.geology.utah.gov/surveynotes/geosights/sinkhole.htm|archivedate=23 March 2011}}</ref> Sinkholes naapụta na sandstone na quartzite ala. Ka nkume ahụ naagbaze, oghere na ọgba naetolite nokpuru ala. Olulu mmiri ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị egwu, nihi na ala dị nelu naanọkarị ruo mgbe nkwado zuru ezu. Mgbe ahụ, ọdịda mberede nke ala nwere ike ime. === Ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe === Nụbọchị nke abụọ nọnwa Julaị nafọ 2015, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ na oghere ndị naarụ ọrụ, ndị metụtara ọdịda nke olulu mmiri na ikekwe jikọtara ya na mgbawa, achọtara na comet 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko site na nyocha mbara igwe ''Rosetta''.<ref name="NAT-20150702">{{Cite journal|date=2 July 2015|title=Large heterogeneities in comet 67P as revealed by active pits from sinkhole collapse|journal=Nature|volume=523|issue=7558|pages=63–66|doi=10.1038/nature14564|author=Vincent, Jean-Baptiste|pmid=26135448|url=https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01176031/file/JBV2015.pdf}}</ref><ref name="AP-20150701">{{Cite news|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150701/us-sci--comet_sinkholes-11254d29fb.html|title=It's the pits: Comet appears to have sinkholes, study says|author=Ritter|first=Malcolm|date=1 July 2015|work=[[AP News]]|accessdate=2 July 2015}}</ref> === Usoro aka mere ===   [[Usòrò:Sinkhole.jpg|thumb|Nkwada nke mmiri ozuzo naagbapụta nokporo ụzọ ma naebute ala nime paịpụ nsị gbawara agbawa.]] Nkwada, nke a naakpọkarị sinkholes, naemekwa n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, dị ka ọdịda nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na nchekwa nnu nime ụlọ nnu nebe ndị dị ka [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]], Mississippi na [[Texas]], na United States of America. Nozuzu, ọdịda naeme n'obodo ukwu nihi nkwụsị mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdịda nke nsị mgbe ọkpọkọ ochie naahapụ. Ha nwekwara ike ime site na ịdọrọ mmiri nokpuru ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru. Oghere nwekwara ike ịpụta mgbe a gbanwere usoro mmiri naadọba mmiri ma mepụta usoro mmiri ọhụrụ. Ụfọdụ sinkholes naapụta mgbe a na-agbanwe ala, dị ka mgbe a naemepụta ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri naechekwa mmiri; ịdị arọ nke ihe ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ime ka elu ụlọ nke oghere ma ọ bụ oghere dị nokpuru ala daa, naakpata mmepe nke sinkhole. == Nchịkọta == === Olulu mmiri === Ngwọta ma ọ bụ ịgbaze sinkholes naemepụta ebe mmiri naagbaze limestone nokpuru ihe mkpuchi ala. Dissolution naeme ka oghere okike dị na nkume dị ka nkwonkwo, ọkpụkpụ, na ihe ndina. Ala naagbadata nime oghere ndị buru ibu naeme ka obere ndagwurugwu dị n'elu ala.<ref name="USGSsinkholesweb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/sinkholes?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects|title=Sinkholes|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=Water Science School|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Dissolution_sinkhole.png|alt=USGS dissolution sinkhole.|center|Ugboro abụọ nke USGS.]] === Olulu mmiri naekpuchi ala === A naemepụta oghere ndị dị nokpuru ala ebe oghere dị nime limestone dị nala naenye ohere ka ala dịkwuo ala iji mepụta nnukwu ndagwurugwu.<ref name="USGSsinkholesweb"/> [[Usòrò:Cover-subsidence_sinkhole.png|alt=USGS cover-subsidence sinkhole.|center|Olulu mmiri nke USGS.]] === Olulu mmiri naada === Olulu mmiri naada ma ọ bụ "ụda" naemepụta ebe ọtụtụ ala naagbadata nime oghere dị na limestone nke na ala naada. Nkwada elu nwere ike ime na mberede ma kpatara mmebi ọdachi. Ọgba mmiri ọhụrụ nwekwara ike ịpụta mgbe ọrụ mmadụ naagbanwe usoro mmiri na mpaghara karst.<ref name="USGSsinkholesweb"/> [[Usòrò:Cover-collapse_sinkhole.png|alt=USGS cover-subsidence sinkhole.|center|Olulu mmiri nke USGS.]] === Ọgba mmiri ndị a na-akpọ pseudokarst === Pseudokarst sinkholes yiri karst sinkholas mana usoro ndị ọzọ naabụghị nke okike nke nkume mejupụtara ya: 4<ref name="SiteCharacterizationBenson">{{Cite book|author=Benson|first=Richard C.|date=2015|title=Site Characterization in Karst and Pseudokarst Terraines: Practical Strategies and Technology for Practicing Engineers, Hydrologists and Geologists|location=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-9924-9|isbn=978-94-017-9923-2}}</ref>  == Ọgba mmiri naagba ọsọ nke mmadụ == [[Usòrò:Subsurface_erosion_of_soil_into_karst_conduit_by_water_level_fluctuation.jpg|alt=Four panels illustrate the growth of soil cavities above a rock cavity. Rising water softens soil. Downward moving water carries softened soil down into rock cavity.|thumb|Ihe omume ndị mmadụ mere na mgbanwe ala nke naakpata mgbanwe nke mmiri naeme ka ọgba aghara naada ngwa ngwa]] U.S. Geological Survey naekwu na "Ọ bụ echiche naatụ egwu iche nechiche ala dị nokpuru ụkwụ gị ma ọ bụ ụlọ naada na mberede ma naemepụta nnukwu oghere nala".<ref name="USGSsinkholesweb"/> Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ime ka ọdịda nke karst sinkholes dị ngwa, naakpata ọdịda nime afọ ole na ole nke gaagbanwe nime ọtụtụ puku afọ nokpuru ọnọdụ okike.: 2: 1 na 92 Mmiri ọdịda ala, nke a naakọwa site na ọdịda nke oghere dị nime ala nke mepụtara ebe ala na-adaba nime oghere nkume dị nokpuru, naeweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ na ihe onwunwe.<ref name="SinkholesResultingFromMan">{{Cite book|author=Newton|first=John G.|date=1987|chapter=Development of sinkholes resulting from man's activities in the eastern United States|series=U.S. Geological Survey Circular 968|chapterurl=https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1987/0968/report.pdf|publisher=U.S. Government Print Office|doi=10.3133/cir968|title=Circular}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kambesis|first=P.|date=2005|chapter=Collapse sinkhole at Dishman Lane, Kentucky|title=Sinkholes and Subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction|url=https://archive.org/details/sinkholessubside00walt|location=Berlin|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/b138363|isbn=3-540-20725-2}}</ref><ref name="SiteCharacterizationBenson"/> Mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri naeme ka usoro ọdịda a dị ngwa. Mgbe mmiri naarịgo site na oghere dị na nkume, ọ naebelata ịdị n'otu nke ala. Ka oge naaga, ka mmiri naagbadata, ala dị nro na-agbanye nime oghere nkume. Mmiri naasọ nime ọwara karst naebupụ ala, naegbochi ala ịba nime oghere nkume ma naekwe ka usoro ọdịda gaa nihu: 52-53<ref name="BuildingOnSinkholes">{{Cite book|author=Sowers|first=George F.|date=1996|title=Building on sinkholes|location=New York|publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers|doi=10.1061/9780784401767|isbn=0-7844-0176-4}}</ref>  Igwe mmiri naakpata naeme ebe ọrụ mmadụ na-agbanwe otú mmiri dị nelu si eme ka mmiri dị nokpuru ala. Ọtụtụ sinkholes sitere na mmadụ naeme ebe a naemetụta ihe okike naagbanye mmiri ma naagbakọta mmiri nelu. Ihe omume ndị nwere ike ime ka olulu mmiri daa ngwa ngwa gụnyere iwepụ osisi, ịdọrọ ọwa, ịtọ paịpụ, nsị, eriri mmiri, mmiri ozuzo, na igwu egwu. Ihe omume ndị a nwere ike ịbawanye mmegharị mmiri naagbadata karịa ọnụego okike nke mmiri dị nokpuru ala.: 26-29 Mmụba nke mmiri naesi n'elu okporo ụzọ, elu ụlọ, na ebe a naadọba ụgbọala naeme ka ọgba aghara nke mmadụ kpatara: 8<ref name="SinkholesResultingFromMan"/><ref name="SiteCharacterizationBenson"/>  Ụfọdụ sinkholes naebute akara ịdọ aka ná ntị, dị ka oghere, mkpọtụ, ma ọ bụ mkpọtụ, mana ndị ọzọ naetolite na obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ịdọ akaebe.: 32-34 Otú ọ dị, a ghọtara mmepe karst nke ọma, na njirimara ebe kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike izere ọdachi karst.<ref name="SinkholesResultingFromMan"/> Nihi ya, ọtụtụ ọdachi sinkhole bụ ndị a na-ahụ anya na ndị a na'egbochi karịa "omume Chineke".: xii: 17 na 104 American Society of Civil Engineers ekwuputala na ikike maka ọdịda sinkhole gaabụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji ala eme ihe na mpaghara karst.<ref name="Waltham2005">{{Cite book|author=Waltham|first=Tony|title=Sinkholes and subsidence: karst and cavernous rocks in engineering and construction|year=2005|publisher=Springer [u.a.]|location=Berlin [u.a.]|isbn=978-3540207252|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name="SiteCharacterizationBenson"/> Ebe ọgba aghara nke ihe owuwu nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ, a gaeme ka ọha na eze mara ihe ize ndụ: 88<ref name="BuildingOnSinkholes"/>  Ebe ndị nwere ike ịdaba na sinkhole bụ ebe enwere nnukwu njupụta nke sinkholes dị ugbu a. Ọnụnọ ha naegosi na ala nwere usoro ọgba ma ọ bụ oghere ndị ọzọ naadịghị akwụsi ike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GIS and Spatial Statistical Methods for Determining Sinkhole Potential in Frederick Valley, Maryland, page 100 in Kuniansky, E.L., 2008, U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings, Bowling Green, Kentucky, May 27–29, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5023, 142 p.|author=Doctor|first=Katarina|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5023/pdf/SIR2008-5023.pdf|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=27 November 2018}}</ref> Ebe nnukwu oghere dị na limestone nnukwu ọdịda nwere ike ime, dị ka Winter Park, Florida sinkhole collapse.: 91-92 Ntuziaka maka iji ala eme ihe na mpaghara karst kwesịrị izere ma ọ bụ belata mgbanwe nke ala na mmiri ozuzo.: 36<ref name="SiteCharacterizationBenson"/><ref name="SinkholesResultingFromMan"/>  Ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri naeme ka ọgba aghara daa ngwa ngwa, a ghaghị ime ihe iji belata mgbanwe nke ọkwa ማይ. Enwere ike ịchọpụta ma zere ebe ndị nwere ike ịdaba na sinkhole.: 88 Nógbè karst, nyocha ntọala ọdịnala (nke nwere ikike na ebe obibi) nke ikike ala nwere ịkwado ihe owuwu ga-agbakwunye site na nyocha nke ebe geotechnical maka oghere na ntụpọ dị nokpuru nkume.: 113 Ebe ọ bụ na ala / nkume dị nógbè ndị karst adịghị mma, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe nlele nokpuru ala (ọhịa na isi ihe n'ọ́tụ̀ ọ bụla) achọrọ naadịkarị ukwuu karịa nóebe ndị naabụghị karst: 98-99<ref name="BuildingOnSinkholes"/><ref name="BuildingOnSinkholes" /><ref name="BuildingOnSinkholes" />  [[Usòrò:December_Giant_sinkhole_collapse_USGS_1972.jpg|alt=More than three acres of trees are missing in a forest after collapsing into a funnel shaped pit with water at the bottom.|thumb|Ihe karịrị hekta atọ nke oké ọhịa na mberede furu efu n'ime olulu mmiri a "December Giant" na Montevallo, Alabama, USA.]] Nafọ 2015, U.S. Geological Survey mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa maka nrụzi nke mmebi sitere na usoro metụtara karst dị ka ọ dịkarịa ala $ 300 nde kwa afọ nime afọ 15 gara aga, mana o kwuru na nke a nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu ihe naezughị ezu dabere na data ezughi oke.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70155910|title=The cost of karst subsidence and sinkhole collapse in the United States compared with other natural hazards|author=Weary|first=David J.|editor=Doctor|date=2015|publisher=University of South Florida|doi=10.5038/9780991000951|isbn=978-0-9910009-5-1|accessdate=30 May 2019}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke mmebi nke karst sinkhole na United States naeme na Florida, Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, na Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuniansky|first=E.L.|date=2016|title=The current status of mapping karst areas and availability of public sinkhole-risk resources in karst terrains of the United States|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10040-015-1333-3.pdf|journal=Hydrogeology Journal|volume=24|issue=3|doi=10.1007/s10040-015-1333-3|accessdate=5 May 2019}}</ref> Olulu mmiri kachasị ukwuu na nso nso a na USA nwere ike ịbụ nke e guzobere na 1972 na Montevallo, Alabama nihi na mmadụ mere ka mmiri dị ala nebe a naegwupụta nkume dị nso. "December Giant" ma ọ bụ "Golly Hole" sinkhole a naatụle 130 m (425 ft) ogologo, 105 m (350 ft) obosara na 45 m (150 ft) omimi: 1-2: 61-63<ref name="SinkholesResultingFromMan"/><ref name="BuildingOnSinkholes"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.usgs.gov/photo/#/item/51ddc5cae4b0f72b44720f4b|title=Possibly the nation's largest recent sinkhole – the "December Giant" measuring 425 feet long, 350 feet wide and 150 feet deep – formed in central Alabama.|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=USGS Denver Library Photographic Collection|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=28 May 2019}}</ref>  Ebe ndị ọzọ nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ karst gụnyere Ebro Basin n'ebe ugwu [[Spain]]; agwaetiti Sardinia; ala mmiri nke Ịtali; mpaghara Chalk nebe ndịda England; Sichuan, [[China]]; [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]]; [[France]]; [[Kroatia|Croatia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Parise|first=M.|title=Natural and anthropogenic hazards in karst areas: an introduction|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|date=2007|volume=279|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1144/SP279.1}}</ref>; [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]]; [[Slovenia]]; na Russia, ebe otu ụzọ nụzọ atọ nke ala niile dị nokpuru karst.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bonacci|first=O.|title=Karst flash floods: an example from the Dinaric karst (Croatia)|journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences|date=31 March 2006|volume=6|issue=2|pages=195–203|doi=10.5194/nhess-6-195-2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tolmachev|first=Vladimir|title=Experience in Collapse Risk Assessment of Building on Covered Karst Landscapes in Russia|journal=Karst Management|date=2011|pages=75–102|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1207-2_4}}</ref> == Ihe mere == [[Usòrò:AlapahaRiver2002.jpg|thumb|Mmiri niile na-asọ nelu Osimiri Alapaha dị nso na Jennings, Florida nabanye nime olulu mmiri naeduga na mmiri dị nokpuru ala nke Floridan Aquifer]] [[Usòrò:Gouffre-v-hdr.jpg|thumb|Gouffre de Padirac na France a maara kemgbe 3rd c. ma nyochaa na 1889]] [[Usòrò:240_Faithway_Drive_sinkhole,_2015.png|thumb|Olulu mmiri dị na Florida n'afọ 2015]] Sinkholes naemekarị na ala karst. [1] Ala karst nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ puku sinkholes nime obere ebe, naenye ala ahụ ọdịdị akara. Olulu mmiri ndị a naagbanye mmiri niile, nihi ya, ọ bụ naanị osimiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala dị nebe ndị a. Ihe atụ nke [[Mamo Plateau|ala]] karst nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu sinkholes gụnyere [[Khammouan Mountains|Ugwu Khammouan]] (Laos) na Mamo Plateau (Papua New Guinea).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnc3.co.tt/about/what-sinkhole|title=What is a sinkhole?|work=CNC3|accessdate=31 March 2016|date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="wondermondo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Best/World/Sinkholes.htm|title=Largest and most impressive sinkholes of the world|publisher=Wondermondo|date=19 August 2010|accessdate=19 August 2023|archivedate=14 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314152911/http://www.wondermondo.com/Best/World/Sinkholes.htm}}</ref> Nnukwu sinkholes a maara nke e guzobere na sandstone bụ Sima Humboldt na Sima Martel na [[Venezuela]].<ref name="wondermondo" /> Ụfọdụ sinkholes naemepụta nime nnukwu okpokoro nke homogeneous limestone. Ọdịdị ha naeme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe site na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, nke mmiri ozuzo dị ukwuu naakpata; mmiri ozuzo ndị dị otú ahụ naakpatakarị mmepụta nke nnukwu sinkholes na Ugwu Nakanaï, na agwaetiti New Britain na Papua New Guinea.<ref name="wondermondo2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Au/Papua/EastNewBritain/Nare.htm|title=Naré sinkhole|publisher=Wondermondo|date=5 August 2010|accessdate=19 August 2023|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231946/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Au/Papua/EastNewBritain/Nare.htm}}</ref> Osimiri ndị dị ike nokpuru ala nwere ike ịpụta na njikọ dị netiti limestone na nkume naadịghị agwakọta, naemepụta nnukwu oghere nokpuru. Nọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, nnukwu sinkholes a maara nụwa emeela, dị ka 662 mita miri emi (2,172 ) Xiaozhai Tiankeng (Chongqing, China), nnukwu sótanos na Querétaro na San Luis Potosí steeti na Mexico na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="wondermondo"/><ref name="Zhu_tiankeng">{{Cite journal|author=Zhu|first=Xuewen|title=Tiankengs in the karst of China|journal=Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers|year=2006|volume=4|pages=1–18|url=http://www.speleogenesis.info/pdf/SG9/SG9_artId3290.pdf|issn=1814-294X|accessdate=23 September 2010}}</ref> Usoro ndị a naadịghị ahụkebe emeela nnukwu sinkholes nke Sistema Zacatón na Tamaulipas (Mexico), ebe ihe karịrị sinkholes 20 na usoro karst ndị ọzọ ejirila mmiri ọkụ naekpo ọkụ, acidic n'okpuru ala kpụọ.<ref name="gary">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/faculty/jmsharp/zacaton/default.htm|title=Sistema Zacatón|publisher=by Marcus Gary|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2018-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214005659/http://www.geo.utexas.edu/faculty/jmsharp/zacaton/default.htm}}</ref><ref name="wondermondo3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/NA/Mexico/Tamaulipas/SistemaZacaton.htm|title=Sistema Zacatón|publisher=Wondermondo|date=3 July 2010|accessdate=19 August 2023|archivedate=8 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108043452/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/NA/Mexico/Tamaulipas/SistemaZacaton.htm}}</ref> Nke a emeela ka ọ bụghị naanị mmepụta nke olulu mmiri jupụtara n'ụwa - Zacatón - kamakwa usoro pụrụ iche nke travertine sedimentation nakụkụ elu nke olulu, naeduga na akara nke olulu ndị a na mkpuchi travertine.<ref name="wondermondo3" /> A maara steeti [[Flórídạ|Florida]] dị na North America maka inwe ọgba mmiri naada ugboro ugboro, ọkachasị nakụkụ etiti nke steeti ahụ. Limestone dị nokpuru ebe ahụ dị site na nde afọ 15 ruo 25. Nakụkụ steeti ahụ, sinkholes dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ naadịghị adị; limestone dị ihe dị ka afọ 120,000.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Tyler|author=Vazquez|title=The Hole Truth|url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/27/experts-say-sinkholes-unlikely-brevard-county/704151001/|work=Florida Today|pages=1A,2A|date=29 September 2017|accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref> Mpaghara Murge dị nebe ndịda Ịtali nwekwara ọtụtụ olulu mmiri. Enwere ike ịmepụta oghere n'ime ọdọ mmiri naejigide mmiri site na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/geotech/geo_support/geophysics_geology/documents/geophysics_2002/114garman_sinkhole4.pdf|title=IDENTIFICATION AND DELINEATION OF SINKHOLE COLLAPSE HAZARDS IN FLORIDA USING GROUND PENETRATING RADAR AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING|author=William L. Wilson|publisher=Subsurface Evaluations, Inc.|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2017-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225215949/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/geotech/geo_support/geophysics_geology/documents/geophysics_2002/114garman_sinkhole4.pdf}}</ref> Nala oké osimiri Arctic, ikuku methane emeela ka nnukwu olulu mepụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paull|first=Charles K.|title=Rapid seafloor changes associated with the degradation of Arctic submarine permafrost|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=22 March 2022|volume=119|issue=12|pages=e2119105119|doi=10.1073/pnas.2119105119|pmid=35286188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Katie Hunt|title=Holes the size of city blocks are forming in the Arctic seafloor|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/14/world/arctic-seafloor-holes-permafrost-scn/index.html|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=CNN}}</ref> == Ojiji mmadụ naeji ya eme ihe == A naeji oghere eme ihe ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ dị ka ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa maka ụdị ihe mkpofu dị iche iche. Nsonaazụ nke a bụ [[Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala|mmetọ nke]] ihe onwunwe mmiri dị nokpuru ala, naenwe mmetụta siri ike na ahụike nebe ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Erchul|first=R.A.|year=1991|chapter=Illegal disposal in sinkholes: The threat and the solution.|title=Appalachian Karst: Proceedings of the Appalachian Karst Symposium. 1991|publisher=National Speleological Society|isbn=9780961509354}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vesper|first=D.J.|year=2001|title=Contaminant transport in karst aquifers.|journal=Theoretical and Applied Karstology|volume=13|pages=101–111|url=http://speleogenesis.info/directory/karstbase/pdf/seka_pdf4490.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2020}}</ref> Mmepeanya Maya naeji sinkholes na Yucatán Peninsula (nke a maara dị ka cenotes) dị ka ebe a naetinye ihe ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa na àjà mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140116-maya-mexico-yucatan-cenote-bones-haunted-taboo-archaeology-science/|title="Haunted" Maya Underwater Cave Holds Human Bones|date=16 January 2014|accessdate=24 June 2019}}</ref> Mgbe olulu mmiri dị omimi ma ọ bụ jikọọ ya na ọgba, ha nwere ike inye ihe ịma aka maka ndị nwere ahụmahụ ma ọ bụ, mgbe mmiri jupụtara, ndị naegwu mmiri. Ụfọdụ nime ndị kachasị mma bụ Zacatón cenote na Mexico (oghere mmiri jupụtara nụwa), oghere Boesmansgat na South Africa, Sarisariñama tepuy na Venezuela, Sótano del Barro na Mexico, na nobodo Mount Gambier, South Australia. A maara oghere ndị naetolite na coral reefs na agwaetiti ndị naadaba na nnukwu omimi dị ka oghere naacha anụnụ anụnụ ma naaghọkarị ebe a ma ama naegwu mmiri.<ref name="Rock_DivingBelize">{{Cite book|author=Rock|first=Tim|title=Diving & Snorkeling Belize|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|location=Footscray, Vic.|isbn=9781740595315|edition=4th}}</ref>{{clear left}} == Aha obodo == [[Usòrò:Great_Blue_Hole.jpg|thumb|Great Blue Hole dị nso na Ambergris Caye, Belize]] Nnukwu oghere ndị a naadịghị ahụkebe amarala ndị obodo ahụ nke ọma kemgbe oge ochie. Noge ndị a, a naachịkọta sinkholes ma naakpọ aha na aha pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ aha nkịtị. E depụtara ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke aha ndị dị otú ahụ n'okpuru ebe a.<ref name="wondermondo4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Attractions/Sinkholes.htm|title=Sinkholes|date=19 August 2010|publisher=Wondermondo|accessdate=19 August 2023|archivedate=10 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610044105/http://www.wondermondo.com/Attractions/Sinkholes.htm}}</ref> * '''Aven''' - Nebe ndịda France aha a pụtara ọgba nasụsụ Occitan. * Oghere ojii (ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na '''oghere ojii''' nke mbara igwe) - Okwu a naezo aka nìgwè nke oghere pụrụ iche, gburugburu, jupụtara na mmiri na Bahamas. Ọdịdị ndị a yiri ka mmiri oké osimiri naagbaze nime apịtị carbonate site nelu. Ọchịchịrị nke mmiri naesite na mkpuchi nke microorganisms phototropic nke naelekwasị anya na mkpuchi, naacha odo odo na 15 ruo 20 m (49 ruo 66 ) omimi; mkpuchi a "naeri" ìhè. Metabolism na okpokoro nke microorganisms naakpata okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Otu nime ha bụ Black Hole nke Andros.<ref name="wondermondo5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/NA/Bahamas/SouthAndros/AndrosBlackHole.htm|title=Black Hole of Andros|date=17 August 2010|publisher=Wondermondo|accessdate=19 August 2023|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052825/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/NA/Bahamas/SouthAndros/AndrosBlackHole.htm}}</ref> * Blue holes - A naenye aha a na mbụ na omimi sinkholes nke Bahamas mana a naejikarị ya eme ihe maka olulu mmiri ọ bụla jupụtara na nkume carbonate. Aha ahụ sitere na ụcha naacha anụnụ anụnụ nke mmiri na sinkholes ndị a, nke mmiri dị elu na nnukwu omimi nke sinkholes mepụtara; naanị ụcha naacha anụnụ uhie nke ụyọkọ a naahụ anya nwere ike ịbanye nime omimi dị otú ahụ ma laghachi mgbe ọ tụgharịrị. * Cenotes - Nke a naezo aka na sinkholes jupụtara na mmiri na Yucatán Peninsula, Belize na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ cenotes emeela na limestone nke a naetinye noké osimiri ndị naadịghị omimi nke mmetụta nke Chicxulub meteorite mepụtara. * Sótanos - A naenye ọtụtụ nnukwu olulu aha a n'ọtụtụ steeti nke Mexico. * Tiankengs - Ndị a bụ nnukwu olulu mmiri, nke na-adịkarị omimi ma obosara karịa 250 m (820 ft), nke nwere ọtụtụ mgbidi kwụ ọtọ, nke a na-emekarị site na ọdịda nke ọgba. Okwu a pụtara oghere igwe na Chinese; ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị oghere mmiri a kachasị ukwuu dị na China: 64<ref name="Waltham2005"/>  * '''[[Tomo (sinkhole)|Tomo]]''' - A naeji okwu a eme ihe na mba karst nke New Zealand iji kọwaa oghere ite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://waikatoregion.govt.nz/services/regional-services/regional-hazards-and-emergency-management/subsidence/|title=Subsidence|work=Waikato Regional Council|language=en-NZ|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref> == Ọkpụkpọ pseudokarst == Oghere mmiri nke Guatemala City nke afọ 2010 malitere na mberede na Mee nke afọ ahụ; a naata nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sitere na Tropical Storm Agatha na usoro mmiri dị njọ ụta maka okike ya. O riri ụlọ nwere okpukpu atọ na ụlọ; ọ tụrụ ihe dịka 20 (66 ft) nobosara na 30 m (98 ) nomimi. [1] E guzobere oghere yiri nke ahụ na Febụwarị 2007.<ref name="LUN_quediablos">{{Cite news|author=Vidal|first=Luis|title=¿Que diablos provoco este escalofriante hoyo?|url=http://www.lun.com/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?dt=2010-06-02&NewsID=95483&BodyID=0&PaginaId=14|accessdate=20 March 2013|work=Las Ultimas Noticias|date=2 June 2010|language=es}}</ref> Nnukwu oghere a kwụ ọtọ abụghị ezigbo oghere, ebe ọ naemeghị site na mgbawa nke limestone, dolomite, marble, ma ọ bụ nkume ọ bụla ọzọ naagbaze na mmiri.<ref name="Waltham2008">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1144/1470-9236/07-211|title=Sinkhole hazard case histories in karst terrains|year=2008|author=Waltham|first=T.|journal=Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology|volume=41|issue=3|pages=291–300}}</ref><ref name="Halliday2007">{{Cite journal|author=Halliday|first=W.R.|title=Pseudokarst in the 21st Century|journal=Journal of Cave and Karst Studies|year=2007|volume=69|issue=1|pages=103–113|url=http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v69/cave-69-01-103.pdf|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, ha bụ ihe atụ nke "pseudokarst" nke e mepụtara site na ọdịda nke nnukwu oghere ndị mepụtara na ebe na-adịghị ike, nke naagbawa agbawa nke Quaternary dị nokpuru obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naadịghị ike ma naagbawa agbawa, ihe ndị a naagbọpụta ọkụ nwere njikọ zuru ezu iji nye ha ohere iguzo nihu kwụ ọtọ ma mepụta nnukwu oghere dị nokpuru ala nime ha. Usoro a naakpọ "ụgbọ ala" bu ụzọ mepụta nnukwu oghere n'okpuru ala, ka mmiri si na mmiri naagbapụta na-agafe nime ebe ndị a naagbọpụta ọkụ ma jiri ígwè naasacha ihe ndị dị mma nke ugwu mgbawa nime ha, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ naagbaze ma wepụ ihe ndị siri ike. Nikpeazụ, oghere ndị a dị nokpuru ala buru ibu nke na elu ụlọ ha dara iji mepụta nnukwu oghere.<ref name="Waltham2008" /> == Oghere okpueze == Oghere okpueze bụ ọdịda nihi ọrụ mmadụ nokpuru ala, dị ka igwu ala na oghere ndị agha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gyproc.ie/subsidence-incident|title=Subsidence Incident &#124; Gyproc|accessdate=2023-08-19|archivedate=2023-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930052133/https://www.gyproc.ie/subsidence-incident}}</ref><ref name="magheracloone">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/regional/2020/0417/1132198-crownhole-monaghan/|title=Crown hole appears in Magheracloone, Co Monaghan|journal=RTÉ News|date=17 April 2020|author=Hussey|first=Sinéad}}</ref> Ihe atụ gụnyere, ihe atụ ndị dị nelu oghere Agha Ụwa Mbụ na Ypres, [[Belgium]]; nakụkụ ebe a naegwupụta ihe na Nitra, [[Slovakia]]; ebe a naebe a naegwute nkume limestone na Dudley, England; na nelu ebe a na naegwe ihe ochie na Magheracloone, Ireland.<ref name="LLHungary" /><ref name="LLHungary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/nostalgia/spare-thought-cricket-club-went-13767093|title=The cricket club that went down the hole|date=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Landscapes and Landforms of Hungary – World Geomorphological Landscapes|title=The Crater Lakes of Nagyhegyes|year=2015}}</ref><ref name="magheracloone" /> == Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama == [[Usòrò:Oman2-056_(8479895991).jpg|thumb|Bimmah ma ọ bụ Falling Star Sinkhole na Oman]] === N'Africa === * Boesmansgat - olulu mmiri dị ọcha nke South Africa, ihe dịka 290 m (950 ) miri emi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beaumont|first=P.B.|title=On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa|journal=South African Journal of Science|date=May–June 2006|volume=102|pages=217–228|issn=0038-2353}}</ref> * Ọdọ Mmiri Kashiba - Zambia. Ihe dị ka hekta 3.5 (8.6 acres) na mpaghara na ihe dị ka 100 m (330 ) omimi. === N'Eshia === * Blue Hole - Dahab, Egypt. Olulu mmiri gbara gburugburu ma ọ bụ oghere naacha anụnụ anụnụ, 130 m (430 ) miri emi. Ọ naagụnye ụzọ naeduga nOké Osimiri Uhie na 60 m (200 ), nke bụ ebe ọtụtụ nnwere onwe na mgbalị scuba, nke ikpeazụ naegbu egbu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Halls|first=Monty|title=Scuba diving|year=2006|publisher=DK Pub.|location=New York|isbn=9780756619497|edition=1st American|url=https://archive.org/details/scubadiving0000hall/page/267}}</ref> * Akhayat sinkhole dị na Mersin Province, Turkey. Ọdịdị ya dị ihe dị ka 150 (490 ft) nobosara na omimi kachasị nke 70 m (230 ). * Olulu mmiri nke Barhout - Yemen. Ọgba dị omimi dị mita 112 (367 ) na Al-Mahara, Yemen. * Bimmah Sinkhole (Hawiyat Najm, Falling Star Sinkhole, Dibab Sinkhole) - Oman, ihe dịka 30 m (98 ) miri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rajendran|first=Sankaran|year=2014|title=ASTER mapping of limestone formations and study of caves, springs and depressions in parts of Sultanate of Oman|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|volume=71|issue=1|pages=133–146, figure 9d (page 142), page 144|doi=10.1007/s12665-013-2419-7|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258244404}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Oman/Muscat/Bimmah.htm|title=Bimmah sinkhole|date=3 February 2013|publisher=Wondermondo|accessdate=19 August 2023|archivedate=1 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201063127/http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Oman/Muscat/Bimmah.htm}}</ref> * [[Baatara gorge sinkhole|Olulu mmiri Baatara]] na nsụda mmiri Baatara dị nakụkụ Tannourine na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] * [[Dashiwei Tiankeng]] na Guangxi, China, dị 613 m (2,011 ) miri emi, nwere mgbidi kwụ ọtọ. Nala bụ mpaghara ọhịa dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ụkọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Zhu, Xuewen|year=2003|title=广西乐业大石围天坑群发现探测定义与研究|publisher=Guangxi Scientific and Technical Publishers|location=Nanning, Guangxi, China|isbn=978-7-80666-393-6}}</ref> * Dragon Hole, nke dị nebe ndịda nke Paracel Islands, bụ olulu mmiri kachasị omimi nokpuru mmiri nụwa. Ọ dị 300.89 m (987.2 ) miri emi.<ref name="xinhaunet">{{Cite news|title=China Exclusive: South China Sea "blue hole" declared world's deepest|work=New China|publisher=Xinhua|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/23/c_135534400.htm}}</ref><ref name="washpost">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/07/26/researchers-just-discovered-the-worlds-deepest-underwater-sinkhole-in-the-south-china-sea/|title=Researchers just discovered the world's deepest underwater sinkhole in the South China Sea|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> * Shaanxi tiankeng cluster, na Daba Mountains nke ndịda Shaanxi, China, naekpuchi ebe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ square kilomita 5019 na nnukwu olulu mmiri bụ mita 520 n'obosara na mita 320 omimi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=陕西发现天坑群地质遗迹并发现少见植物和飞猫|publisher=Sohu.com Inc.|url=http://news.sohu.com/20161124/n474066542.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 November 2016|title=时事新闻--解密汉中天坑群——改写地质历史的世界级"自然博物馆"|publisher=Hanzhong People's Municipal Government|url=http://www.zb.gov.cn/ssxw/zbxw/201611/t20161125_373374.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127164343/http://www.zb.gov.cn/ssxw/zbxw/201611/t20161125_373374.html|archivedate=27 November 2016}}</ref> * [[Teiq Sinkhole]] (Taiq, Teeq, Tayq) na Oman bụ otu n'ime nnukwu sinkholes nụwa site na oke: 90,000,000 m (3.2×109 ). Ọtụtụ wadis na-adịgide adịgide na-ada na nsụda mmiri dị egwu nime oghere miri emi 250 m (820 ).<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 2015|title=Dhofar caves: A tourist's paradise|work=Muscat Daily|url=http://www.muscatdaily.com/Archive/Oman/Dhofar-caves-A-tourist-s-paradise-3qrf/(language)/eng-GB}}</ref> * Xiaozhai Tiankeng - Chongqing, China. Oghere mmiri nwere oghere abụọ nwere mgbidi kwụ ọtọ, 662 m (2,172 ) miri emi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhu|first=Xuewen|year=2006|title=Tiankeng: definition and description|journal=Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–8, Fig. 4. Structural interpretation of Xiaozhai Tiankeng, page 4|url=http://speleogenesis.info/pdf/SG9/SG9_artId3292.pdf|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref> === Na Caribbean === * Dean's Blue Hole - Bahamas. Olulu mmiri nke abụọ a maara nokpuru oké osimiri, omimi 203 m (666 ). Ebe a ma ama maka asọmpi ụwa nke free diving, yana ntụrụndụ diving. === Na Central America === * Great Blue Hole - Belize. Ọmarịcha, oghere dị gburugburu, 124 m (407 ) miri. Ihe ndị a naadịghị ahụkebe bụ stalactites naagbadata na omimi, nke naegosi ebe mbụ nke ọkwa limestone dị mgbe olulu mmiri a dị n'elu oke osimiri. * 2007 Olulu mmiri nke Guatemala City * 2010 Mmiri ozuzo nke Guatemala City === Na Europe === * Hranice Abyss, nke dị na mpaghara Moravia nke Czech Republic, bụ ọgba kachasị omimi n'okpuru mmiri nụwa. Ogologo ala a kwadoro (dị ka 27 Septemba 2016) bụ 473 m (404 m n'okpuru ọkwa mmiri). * Pozzo del Merro, nso Rome, Ịtali. Na ala nke olulu conical 80 (260 ft), na dịka 400 m (1,300 ) miri emi, ọ bụ otu nime olulu mmiri miri emi n'ụwa (lee Sótano del Barro n'okpuru). * Ọdọ Mmiri Uhie - [[Kroatia|Croatia]]. Ihe dị ka 530 (1,740 ft) oghere miri emi nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbidi kwụ ọtọ, nwere ihe dị ka 280-290 m (920-950 ) ọdọ mmiri miri emi. * Ọwara Padirac - France Ọ dị 103 m (338 ) miri emi, na dayameta nke 33 mita (108 ụkwụ). Ndị nleta naagbadata mita 75 site na lift ma ọ bụ steepụ gaa nọdọ mmiri naenye ohere njem ụgbọ mmiri mgbe ha banyere nime usoro ọgba nke nwere osimiri dị nokpuru ala nke dị kilomita 55. * Vouliagmeni - Gris. A maara olulu mmiri nke Vouliagmeni dị ka "Olulu Ekwensu", [ odide dị mkpa] nihi na a naewere ya dị ka ihe dị oke egwu. Mmadụ anọ naegwu mmiri anwụọla na ya.<ref name="vogliameni">{{Cite news|author=Schonauer|first=Scott|title=Missing American divers will be laid to rest after 30 years|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/missing-american-divers-will-be-laid-to-rest-after-30-years-1.66763|accessdate=28 April 2013|work=Stars and Stripes|date=21 July 2007}}</ref> Ogologo oimi nke 35.2 m (115 in) na ịbanye n'akụkụ nke 150 m (490 ). * Pouldergaderry - Ireland. Olulu mmiri a dị n'obodo Kilderry South dị nso na Milltown, County Kerry na {{Coor|52|7|57.5|N|9|44|45.4|W|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.ie/maps/place/52%C2%B007%2757.5%22N+9%C2%B044%2745.4%22W/@52.1324101,-9.7467001,2000m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland|work=52°07'57.5"N 9°44'45.4"W · Kilderry South, Co. Kerry, Ireland}}</ref>  Sinkhole ahụ, nke dị na mpaghara ebe akwa karst, dị ihe dịka mita 80 (260 ft) na dayameta yana mita 30 (98 ft) miri emi nke nwere ọtụtụ osisi tozuru oke naeto nala nke oghere ahụ. Nogo nke ala gbara ya gburugburu, sinkhole ahụ naekpuchi ihe dịka 1.3 acres. E gosiputara ọnụnọ ya na map Survey Ordnance malitere laa azụ na 1829. === Na North America === ==== Mexico ==== * Ọgba nke Swallows - San Luis Potosí. 372 m (1,220 ) miri emi, oghere dị gburugburu nwere mgbidi dị elu. * Puebla sinkhole - Santa Maria Zacatepec, Puebla. 120 m (400 ft) n'obosara na 15 m (50 ) omimi, ọ ka na-eto eto ka ọ na-erule June 2021[update].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Guzman|first=Joseph|title=A sinkhole larger than a football field has appeared in Mexico — and it's still growing|url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/557844-a-sinkhole-larger-than-a-football-field-has|work=TheHill|accessdate=June 11, 2021|language=en|date=2021-06-10}}</ref> * Sima de las Cotorras - Chiapas. 160 m (520 ft) n'obosara, 140 m (460 ) miri emi, na ọtụtụ puku parakeets na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ihe osise nkume oge ochie. * Zacatón - Tamaulipas. Olulu mmiri kacha omimi , 339 m (1,112 ) omimi. [nkọwa ọzọ dị mkpa] ==== United States ==== * Amberjack Hole - oghere na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke dị 48 (30 mi) nụsọ oké osimiri Sarasota, Florida. * Bayou Corne sinkhole - Assumption Parish, Louisiana. Ihe dị ka 25 acres na 230 m (750 ) omimi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wines|first=Michael|title=Ground Gives Way, and a Louisiana Town Struggles to Find Its Footing|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/26/us/ground-gives-way-and-a-louisiana-town-struggles-to-find-its-footing.html|accessdate=26 September 2013|work=New York Times|date=25 September 2013}}</ref> * Blue Hole - Santa Rosa, New Mexico. Ọnụ ụzọ mbata dị nelu bụ naanị 80 feet (24 ) nobosara, ọ naagbasa ruo 130 feet (40 m) nobosara nala. * Daisetta Sinkholes - Daisetta, Texas. E epụtara ọtụtụ sinkholes, nke kachasị ọhụrụ na 2008 na oke obosara nke 620 ft (190 ) na oke omimi nke 45 m (150 ).<ref>{{Cite news|author=Horswell|first=Cindy|title=Daisetta sinkhole still a mystery 8 months after it formed|url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Daisetta-sinkhole-still-a-mystery-8-months-after-1605010.php|accessdate=29 June 2013|work=Houston Chronicle|date=5 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Blumenthal|first=Ralph|title=Sinkhole and Town: Now You See It|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/us/09sinkhole.html?em&ex=1210478400&en=d764ffeb80ef3667&ei=5087%0A&_r=0|accessdate=29 June 2013|work=The New York Times|date=9 May 2008}}</ref> * Devil's Millhopper - Gainesville, Florida. 35 (120 ) omimi, 500 (150 m) obosara. Isi iyi iri na abụọ, ụfọdụ naahụ anya karịa ndị ọzọ, na-enye ọdọ mmiri dị na ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floridastateparks.org/devilsmillhopper|title=Devils Millhopper Geological State Park|publisher=Floridastateparks.org|accessdate=3 May 2014|archivedate=2 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102012348/http://www.floridastateparks.org/devilsmillhopper/}}</ref> * Golly Hole ma ọ bụ December Giant - Calera, Alabama. E wepụtara ya nụbọchị nke abụọ nọnwa Disemba afọ 1972. Ihe dị ka 300 site na 325 ft (91 site na 99 ) na 35 (120 ) miri emi.<ref>"[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cBIdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MpwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5787%2C5468505 Nation's largest sinkhole may be near Montevallo]" (29 March 1973) ''The Tuscaloosa News''</ref> * Grassy Cove - Cumberland County, Tennessee. 13.6 km2 (5.3 mi) na mpaghara na 42.7 m (140 in) omimi, National Natural Landmark.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tnlandforms.us/landforms/m.php?wpt=CUX001|author=Dunigan, Tom|title=Grassy Cove|work=Tennessee Landforms|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> * Green Banana Hole - oghere naacha anụnụ anụnụ nke dị 80 (50 mi) nụsọ oké osimiri Sarasota, Florida. * Gypsum Sinkhole - Utah, na Capitol Reef National Park. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 15 (49 ft) nobosara na ihe dịka 60 m (200 ) omimi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cathedral Valley – Capitol Reef National Park|url=http://www.nps.gov/care/planyourvisit/cathedralvalley.htm|publisher=National Park Service, US Dept of Interior|accessdate=24 March 2013}}</ref> * Ọdọ Mmiri Kingsley - Clay County, Florida. 8.1 km2 (2,000 acres) nógbè, 27 m (89 ) miri emi na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ gburugburu. * Ọdọ Mmiri Peigneur - New Iberia, Louisiana. Ogologo oge bụ 3.4 m (11 ft), ugbu a 400 m (1,300 ) na Diamond Crystal Salt Mine collapse. * Winter Park Sinkhole - Winter Park, Florida. E wepụtara ya na 8 Mee 1981. Ọ dị ihe dịka 110 (350 ft) nobosara na 25 m (75 ) omimi. Ọ bụ ihe a ma ama dị ka otu nime nnukwu sinkholes naadịbeghị anya na United States. A maara ya ugbu a dị ka Lake Rose.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Huber, Red|date=13 November 2012|title=Looking back at Winter Park's famous sinkhole|work=Orlando Sentinel|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/os-fla360-looking-back-at-winter-parks-famous-sinkhole-20121113-story.html}}</ref> === Na Oceania === * Harwood Hole - Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand. 183 m (600 ) miri. === Na South America === * Sima Humboldt - Bolívar, Venezuela. Olulu mmiri kachasị ukwuu na sandstone, 314 m (1,030 ) miri emi, na mgbidi kwụ ọtọ. Ọhịa pụrụ iche, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ nala. * Nakụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Cerro Duida, Venezuela, e nwere mgbagwoju anya nke canyons nwere sinkholes. Olulu miri kachasị omimi bụ 450 m (1,480 ft) omimi (site na ala kachasị ala n'ime canyon); omimi 950 m (3,120 ). == Hụkwa ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ceadv1lgvblx4hfzvo4obkquljzr13l 0 29930 687546 539867 2026-07-12T13:48:44Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687546 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Achuar |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |''Shiwiar'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Peru, Ecuador |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Achuar people|Ndị Achuar]], [[Shiwiar]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |4,420 na Peru (2012) <ref name="e25">[https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/acu Achuar] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span></ref>,520 na Ecuador (2007) <ref name="e25" />&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Chicham languages|Chicham]] * '''Achuar''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:acu|acu]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/achu1248 achu1248]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20250318160844/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/648 Achuar] |} [[Faịlụ:Pwanchir Pitu, Shaman et chef spirituel du peuple Achuar.jpg|thumb|Achuar]] Shiwiar, nke a ịdị ka Achuar, Jivaro na Maina, bụ Asụsụ Chicham a na-asụ n'ụdị osimiri Pastaza na Bobonaza na Ecuador.  Shiwiar bụ otu n'ime ọrụ iri na atọ nke Ecuador.  [1] Asụsụ ụmụ amaala ndị a niile n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="Atlas 2010">{{Cite book|title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|date=2010|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-104095-5|editor=Moseley|edition=3rd|location=Paris|language=en|oclc=610522460}}</ref> == Ndị ọkà okwu == Shiwiar bụ asụsụ ndị Achuar nke mpaghara Amazon nke Ecuador na-asụ.<ref name="Crevels 2012">{{Cite book|author=Crevels|first=M.|title=The Indigenous Languages of South America|date=2012|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-025803-5|editor=Campbell|location=Berlin|pages=167–234|language=en|chapter=Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking|doi=10.1515/9783110258035.167}}</ref> Ndị Achuar na-asụkwa Spanish, Shuar, na Kichwa tinyere asụsụ ala ha, Shiwiar. <ref name="Crevels 2012" /> Shuar sitere n'otu ezinụlọ asụsụ dị ka Shiwiar - Jivaraan . <ref name="Crevels 2012" /> Ọ bụ ebe na ndị Achuar bi na Amazon Basin, iwepụta njirimara na ihe ndị a na-ahụ site na Ecuador site na igwu ala emeela ka obodo ndị Achuara ma tinye ụlọ ha n'ihe ize ndụ ndụ..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-17|title=Achuar and the Amazon Basin|url=https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/the-achuar-and-the-amazon-basin/|accessdate=2020-12-11|work=Indigenous Religious Traditions|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204020028/http://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/the-achuar-and-the-amazon-basin/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe na egwuregwu nke Ecuador bụ Spanish, ndị Achuar na-ama ndị obodo ndị ọzọ nwere ikike iji nke ha na ike site na iwu gọọmentụ nke Ecuador akwụkwọ na Decree No. 000529, Article 27, na Dirección Nacional de Educación Indígena Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIIB)). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=King|first=K. A.|date=2002|title=Language Planning and Policy in Ecuador|journal=Current Issues in Language Planning|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=359–424|doi=10.1080/14664200208668046}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ndị na-esote [6] ! !Bilabial !Alveolar !Postalveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | |ŋ | |- !Kwụsị |p |t | | |k |ʔ |- !Africate | |ts |tʃ | | | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | |s |ʃ | |x | |- !Ihe atụ | | | |j |w | |- !Tap | |ɾ | | | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ụdaume [6] ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i. Ọ bụ:iː | |u ũ uː |- !N'etiti etiti | |Sọnwa Anyanwụ | |- !Emeghe | |a na-akpọ aː | |} * {{IPA|/i/}} na {{IPA|/u/}} nwere obere allophones [ɪ] na [ʊ], n'otu n'otu.[8] [ebe ndị mmadụ nọ?][in which environments?] * {{IPA|/a, ã, aː/}} bụ phonetically etiti {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a̠}}, {{IPAplink|ã̠}}, {{IPAplink|a̠ː}}]}}.[8] /a, ã/ (ma ọ bụghị ogologo /aː/) nwere allophones ndị a: oghere etiti a na-agbaghị gburugburu [a̠, ã̠], oghere etiti n'ihu a na-agaghị agba gburugburu [ɛ, ɛ̃], oghere n'etiti n'ihu [e, ẽ] na oghere n"etiti n'azụ [o, õ] . [8] [Gịnị bụ nkesa ha?] ** {{IPA|/a, ã/}} (ma ọ bụghị ogologo {{IPA|/aː/}}) nwere allophones ndị a: oghere etiti a na-agbaghị gburugburu {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a̠}}, {{IPAplink|ã̠}}]}}, oghere etiti n'ihu a na-agaghị agba gburugburu {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɛ̃}}]}}, oghere n'etiti n'ihu {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|ẽ}}]}} na oghere n"etiti n'azụ {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|o}}, {{IPAplink|õ}}]}} . [8] [Gịnị bụ nkesa ha?][what is their distribution?] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == *   *   *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == *   * [https://www.bible.com/bible/4/jhn.1.acunt Agba Ọhụrụ n'Achuar] * The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Achuar * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210727102927/http://www.shiwiar.org/ Ihe Omume Oké Ọhịa Shiwiar] * [http://www.native-languages.org/achuar.htm Achuar-Shiwiar na Asụsụ Ndị A mụrụ n'Amerịka] * [http://globalrecordings.net/langcode/acu Gee ihe atụ nke Achuar-Shiwiar site na Global Recordings Network] * [http://www.language-archives.org/language/acu Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere Achuar-Shiwiar] pdho5wii959ol3yhu1j25df36zg6yih 0 32617 687726 656180 2026-07-13T07:00:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robin Becker''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1951) bụ onye America na-ede uri, onye nkatọ, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, na prọfesọ. A mụrụ ya na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ọ bụkwa onye dere nchịkọta abụ asaa, na nso nso a, Tiger Heron na Domain of Perfect Affection (Mahadum nke Pittsburgh Press, 2014 na 2006). Nwa agbọghọ ya niile nke America (Mahadum nke Pittsburgh Press), meriri 1996 Lambda Literary Award na Poetry. Becker nwetara B.A. na 1973 na M.A. site na Mahadum Boston na 1976. Ọ bi na Boalsburg, Pennsylvania ma na-anọ n'oge ọkọchị ya na ndịda New Hampshire. == Ọrụ nkuzi == Becker kụziri ihe ruo afọ iri na asaa na Massachusetts Institute of Technology ma bụrụ ugbu a Prọfesọ nke Bekee na Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Pennsylvania State, ebe ọ kụziri kemgbe afọ 1993. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forum.wgbh.org/lecture/meet-poet-robin-becker|title=WGBH Forum Network: Meet the Poet: Robin Becker|accessdate=2009-05-20|archivedate=2009-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906175303/http://forum.wgbh.org/lecture/meet-poet-robin-becker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=431 |title=Poetry Foundation > Robin Becker (1951 -- ) |accessdate=2023-10-28 |archivedate=2010-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808235907/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=431 }}</ref>Ọ na-akụzi ọrụ ọmụmụ ihe dịka ndị dị na Summer Program Poetry Workshops na The Fine Arts Center na Provincetown, Massachusetts. == Mmetụta na otuto n'akwụkwọ == "Becker tolitere na-ege akụkọ nne nne ya ntị, na-amụta site n'aka ya ihe ndị dị iche iche nke ịkọ akụkọ na akụkọ ezinụlọ ya na Ukraine. Ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ ndị abụ ha dị na 1970s, gụnyere Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Maxine Kumin, Denise Levertov, na Susan Griffin nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na Becker. "<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=431 |title=Poetry Foundation > Robin Becker (1951 -- ) |accessdate=2023-10-28 |archivedate=2010-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808235907/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=431 }}</ref> Akwụkwọ abụọ mbụ ya bụ Alice James Books bipụtara, nke mbụ na 1977, Personal Effects (akwụkwọ edemede atọ, gụnyere Robin Becker, Helena Minton na Marilyn Zuckerman), nke mere ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị nta akụkọ, nke e guzobere na 1973, ya mere o yiri ka ọ dabara adaba na Ed Ochester kwuru na "Robin bụ otu n'etiti ndị na-ede uri dịgasị iche iche na ndepụta Pitt n'ụdị ya na isiokwu ya - na onye na-ede abụ nwanyị kachasị mma nke ọgbọ ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alicejamesbooks.org/personal_effects.html|title=Alice James Books > ''Personal Effects'' Book Page|accessdate=2009-05-20|archivedate=2009-09-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916223439/http://www.alicejamesbooks.org/personal_effects.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thebestamericanpoetry.typepad.com/the_best_american_poetry/2009/04/ed-.html |title=''The Washington Post'' > ''Poet’s Choice'' > By Robert Pinsky > Sunday, July 16, 2006 |accessdate=October 28, 2023 |archivedate=October 20, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222213/https://thebestamericanpoetry.typepad.com/the_best_american_poetry/2009/04/ed-.html }}</ref> N'akụkọ ndụ ya banyere Robin Becker, Heidi Ogrodnek dere, "A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na Lesbian and Gay Studies ma jee ozi dị ka onye ọkà mmụta nleta na Center for Lesbian and gay studies na CUNY na 1998. O kwuru, 'agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na abụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị enyerela m ngwá ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ.' Nchịkọta abụ ya mepụta ihe ziri ezi, ihe oyiyi dị nro ma... gosipụta ndụ ya site na nwata nwanyị ọ bụ onwe ya... Maxine Kumen nwere ike ime ememe ka ọ bụla.<ref>[http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Becker__Robin.html PENN State > Pennsylvania Center for the Book > Robin Becker Biography > Prepared by Heidi Ogrodnek, Spring 2005]</ref> Abụ ya, edemede, na nyocha akwụkwọ ya apụtala na mbipụta gụnyere ''Slate'' ''The American Poetry Review, The Boston Globe, Gettysburg Review, AGNI, Ploughshares, Kenyon Review, Prairie Schooner,'' The New Yorker, na The Best American Poetary 2008. <ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/3359/ ''Slate'' > ''Yoga'' By Robin Becker > December 19, 1996]</ref><ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/28/theory-poem-robin-becker The New Yorker > ''Theory'' By Robin Becker > March 28, 2016]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thebestamericanpoetry.typepad.com/the_best_american_poetry/2009/04/ed-.html |title=The Best American Poetry > Ed Ochester Presents a Poem by Robin Becker > April 19, 2009 |accessdate=October 28, 2023 |archivedate=October 20, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020222213/https://thebestamericanpoetry.typepad.com/the_best_american_poetry/2009/04/ed-.html }}</ref>O bipụtara nyocha akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, ma dee kọlụm na uri nke oge a a na-akpọ Field Notes for the Women's Review of Books, ebe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-enye aka na onye nchịkọta uri. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fawc.org/summer/wr_poetry.shtml |title=Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown > 2009 Summer Program - Poetry Workshops |accessdate=2023-10-28 |archivedate=2009-05-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507151030/http://www.fawc.org/summer/wr_poetry.shtml }}</ref>Nsọpụrụ ya gụnyere mkpakọrịta site na The Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies nke City University of New York, The William Steeple Davis Foundation, Mary Bunting Institute nke Radcliffe College, na Massachusetts Artists Foundation. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/529 The Academy of American Poets > Robin Becker] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216001600/http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Becker__Robin.html PENN State > Pennsylvania Center for the Book > Robin Becker Biography > Heidi Ogrodnek kwadebere ya, Spring 2005] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090611001119/http://english.la.psu.edu/facultystaff/Bio_Becker.htm PENN State Department of English > Faculty > Robin Becker] E debere Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090906175303/http://forum.wgbh.org/lecture/meet-poet-robin-becker WGBH Forum Network: Meet the Poet: Robin Becker] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://www.smith.edu/poetrycenter/poets/rbecker.htm The Poetry Center na Smith College > Robin Becker] * [http://catalog.loc.gov/ Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Congress Online Catalog] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090906175303/http://forum.wgbh.org/lecture/meet-poet-robin-becker Audio: Robin Becker Na-agụ Abụ ya] E debere Wayback Machine * [http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php?date=1997/06/03 The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor > http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php?date=1997/06/03 Kindness > By Robin Becker > June 3, 1997] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/13/AR2006071301064_pf.html The Washington Post > ''Nhọrọ Onye Na-ede uri'' > Site na Robert Pinsky > Sunday, July 16, 2006] * AGNI Online: The Elimination of First Thoughts > By Robin Becker Archived the Wayback Machine * Smartish Pace > Nyocha nke Marianne Cotugno nke Robin Becker's Domain of Perfect Affection E debere Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120221232533/http://poems.com/special_features/prose/essay_becker.php ''Abụ Kwa Ụbọchị'' > Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye na-elekọta ubi: Na Maxine Kumin's Torture Poems > A Review by Robin Becker''> Ntụle nke Robin Becker''] * The American Poetry Review > 'Nnyocha nke Robin Becker nke David Ferry's 'Translation of The Georgics of Virgil E debere ya na Wayback Machine * University of Pittsburgh Press > Robin Becker > Domain of Perfect Affection Page Archived the Wayback Machine [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s2c0vd7y6t631cit03mqbfa48s6mm41 0 33019 687738 178081 2026-07-13T07:53:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Rose Oro Aziza''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1956) bụ onye Naijiria na-amụ asụsụ. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Linguistics, Onye isi nke Ngalaba nke Asụsụ na Linguistics na Onye nduzi nke Urhobo Studies Programme na Delta State University (DELSU). <ref name="Awhefeada">Sunny Awhefeada, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231103115120/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/rose-aziza-the-academic-matriarch-60/ Rose Aziza, The Academic Matriarch, @ 60], ''[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]'', 13 Maachị 2016. Nwetara 2 Ọgọstụ 2020.</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Rose Aziza na 11th Maachị 1956. Ọ gara St. Maria Goretti Girls Grammar School na Benin tupu ọ mụọ asụsụ bekee na mahadum nke Ife, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1976. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na MA na Linguistics na mahadum nke Ibadan site na 1979 ruo 1980. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nzere Postgraduate na Education na Mahadum Benin site na 1987 ruo 1988. N'afọ 1997, ọ nwetara PhD na linguistics na mahadum nke Ibadan. <ref name="Awhefeada"/> Aziza kụziri asụsụ bekee n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ya abanye na ngalaba bekee nke kọleji agụmakwụkwọ Warri. N'afọ 1999, ọ sonyere na ngalaba nke asụsụ na asụsụ na mahadum Delta State, wee bụrụ onye isi ngalaba na 2000. Ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ na 2007. Na 2010 a họpụtara ya onye isi ngalaba nke Arts, nwanyị mbụ họpụtara Dean na mahadum. . Na Maachị 2015 Aziza ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke DELSU <ref name="Awhefeada"/> == Ọrụ == * ed. ya na E. Nolue Emenanjo) Ịkụzi asụsụ Naijiria : ahụmahụ sitere na delta. Warri: Coewa Publishers, 1993. (ed. with Tanure Ojaide) Asụsụ Urhobo taa. Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited, 2007. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250222222103/https://afranaphproject.afranaphdatabase.com/58-static-content/consultants/136-dr-rose-aziza Dr. Rose Aziza] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1m277mvt38g9a0s4qi7crvrw2m7gtv9 0 33422 687579 138234 2026-07-12T15:09:35Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Ireti Heebah Kingibe''' (amụrụ na 2 June 1954) bụ onye injinia obodo na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=FCT Senate seat: LP's Ireti Kingibe sacks Aduda - P.M. News|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/02/28/fct-senate-seat-lps-ireti-kingibe-sacks-aduda-after-12-years/|accessdate=2023-02-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2023-02-28|title=Ireti Kingibe wins FCT Senate seat|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/585391-ireti-kingibe-wins-fct-senate-seat.html|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị omeiwu na-anọchite anya FCT na Ntuli aka Senate nke Naijiria na 2023 n'okpuru pati Labour. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=|date=2023-02-22|title=Ireti Kingibe: Biography, Education, Professional and Political Career, Marriage, Net Worth, and Controversy|url=https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/22/ireti-kingibe-biography-education-professional-and-political-career-marriage-net-worth-and-controversy/|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=NewsWireNGR|language=en-US}}</ref> bụ nwanne nwanyị nke [[Ajoke Muhammed]], nwunye onye bụbu onye isi ala Naijiria bụ Murtala Muhammed . [1] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Agụmakwụkwọ Kingibe malitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkwadebe Emotan, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gara Queen's College Lagos na Washington Irving High school maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na injinia Civil na Mahadum Minnesota . <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Kingibe malitere ọrụ ya dị ka Quality Control Engineer na Bradley Precast Concrete Inc. site na 1978 ruo 1979. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Njem na Minnesota, ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka injinia site na 1979 na 1991. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa maka otu afọ ọrụ iwu ya n'etiti afọ 1981 na 1982. E zigara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha ụgbọelu Naịjirịa na [[Ikeja]], Lagos. <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1982, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na New Nigeria Construction Company, [[Kaduna]] dị ka injinia na-eme atụmatụ. N'afọ 1985, ọ hapụrụ New Nigeria Construction Company iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka Belsam Limited. Ireti wee bụrụ onye injinia mpaghara maka Lodigiani Nigeria Limited Lagos n'etiti 1990 na 1994. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye isi na Kelnic Associates, [[Abuja]] . <ref name=":1" /> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kingibe malitere na 1990 site na nhọpụta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nke onye isi oche mba nke Social Democratic Party (SDP). <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2003, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya FCT maka pati All Nigeria People. Ọ gbagara na People's Democratic Party n'afọ 2006. Otú <ref>{{Cite web|title=IRETI KINGIBE With Four More Years, Buhari Will Meet People’s Expectations – THISDAYLIVE|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/16/ireti-kingibe-with-four-more-years-buhari-will-meet-peoples-expectations/|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> dị, n'afọ 2014 ọ sonyeere All Progressive Congress (APC), n'ihi na ọ pụghị ijikwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na PDP. N'afọ 2015, ọ gbara ọsọ maka oche onye omeiwu n'okpuru APC, mana o mechara pụọ Kingibe sonyeere ndị otu Labour Party <ref>{{Cite web|author=Silas|first=Don|date=2023-02-28|title=Election result: Labour Party’s Ireti Kingibe wins FCT Senate seat|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/28/election-result-labour-partys-ireti-kingibe-wins-fct-senate-seat/|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> 2022 wee bụrụ onye nnọchi anya FCT Senatorial maka ntuli aka Naijiria nke 2023 wee merie ntuli aka ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=LP’s Ireti Kingibe Floors Aduda, Wins FCT Senatorial Seat – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/02/28/lps-ireti-kingibe-floors-aduda-wins-fct-senatorial-seat/|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jannamike|first=Luminous|date=February 22, 2023|title='I'm not interested in politics for money' Ireti Kingibe|work=[[Vanguard]]|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/fct-senate-im-not-interested-in-politics-for-money-ireti-kingibe/|accessdate=February 28, 2023}}</ref> ntuli aka ahụ, o kwere nkwa ụgwọ ọnwa ya (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-emeri) maka ego pụrụ iche iji dozie mmebi nke akụrụngwa n'ime ime obodo dị n'ime isi obodo mba ahụ. A họpụtara ya dịka onyeisi oche, kọmitii Senate na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nke 10th Senate na 8 August 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawan, Yari, Tambuwal, Oshiomhole, Sani Musa, Others Emerge Senate Committee Chairmen - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/08/lawan-yari-tambuwal-oshiomhole-sani-musa-others-emerge-senate-committee-chairmen?amp=1|accessdate=2023-08-09|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Arụmụka == Na Tuesday, 28 February 2023, The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) kwupụtara Ireti Kingibe dị ka onye mmeri nke Federal Capital Territory dị ka onye ọrụ na-alọghachi Sanni Saka mara ọkwa; onye nnọchi anya pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ ekwenyeghị na izi ezi nke nsonaazụ ma kpebie ịghara ịbịanye aka na mpempe akwụkwọ nsonaazụ. <ref name=":0" /> Kingibe nwere nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na-ekwu na INEC enweghị ihe ndabere maka ịkagbu ntuli aka ọ meriri ma merie Senator [[Philips Tanimu Aduda|Philip Aduda]] nke oge atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Olubajo|first=Oyindamola|date=2023-02-28|title=Labour's Ireti Kingibe fumes as INEC cancels Bwari senatorial results to upend her lead|url=https://gazettengr.com/labours-ireti-kingibe-fumes-as-inec-cancels-bwari-senatorial-results-to-upend-her-lead/|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=Peoples Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> nnọkọ ndị nta akụkọ, o kwuru na ndị otu mmegide nyere ndị isi ntuli aka aka aka azụ n'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala na nke mba. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-28|title=#NigeriaDecides2023: There's plot to manipulate results in FCT, says LP's Ireti Kingibe|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigeriadecides2023-theres-plot-to-manipulate-results-in-fct-says-lps-ireti-kingibe|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nwachukwu|first=John Owen|date=2023-02-27|title=FCT: They are trying to rig me out - Labour Party's Ireti Kingibe cries out|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/27/fct-they-are-trying-to-rig-me-out-labour-partys-ireti-kingibe-cries-out/|accessdate=2023-02-28|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> kwukwara na e nwere ihe a na-ekwu na ọ ga-eme iji mee ka ọ pụọ na ntuli aka nakwa na ndị omempụ wakporo Gwarinpa Collation Center ma mebie mpempe akwụkwọ ndị si na ya pụta. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cghtdzwsv4q5frdl3dbssu5qe8bj025 0 34870 687609 146600 2026-07-12T17:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687609 wikitext text/x-wiki    <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox person|name=Wouter Basson|birth_date={{birth date|1950|7|6|df=yes}}}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}}<ref name="unidir.org">{{Cite book|url=http://www.unidir.org/pdf/ouvrages/pdf-1-92-9045-144-0-en.pdf|title=Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme.|publisher=United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.|date=February 2003|isbn=9290451440}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. February 2003. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9290451440|<bdi>9290451440</bdi>]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120913222559/http://www.unidir.org/pdf/ouvrages/pdf-1-92-9045-144-0-en.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 September 2012.</cite></ref> Basson (amụrụ na 6 Julaị 1950) bụ onye South African cardiologist na onye bụbu onye isi nke ọrụ nzuzo nke mba ahụ, Project Coast, n'oge Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1923000.stm|title='Dr Death' acquitted in South Africa|date=11 April 2002|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=9 February 2009}}</ref>'ịbụ onye ndị nta akụkọ kpọrọ "Dr. Death" maka ihe a na-ebo ya na South Africa, a tọhapụrụ Basson na 2002 n'ebubo 67, mgbe a kwụsịrị ya n'ọrụ agha ya na ụgwọ zuru ezu na 1999. [1] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/wouter-basson-dr-death-south-africa-ecstasy-957|title=South Africa's 'Dr Death' Was Accused of Selling Ravers Super Strength MDMA|date=2014-11-04|work=Vice|accessdate=2017-10-27}}</ref>'etiti ebubo ndị ọzọ, a na-ebo Basson ebubo na ọ na-enye "ihe na-egbu egbu atọ nke ihe na-eme ka ahụ dị ike nke e ji mee ihe n'oge Operation Duel (iwepụ ndị SWAPO na ndị otu South African Defence Force [SADF] bụ ndị na-eyi ọrụ nzuzo nke South Africa egwu). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=ct20010127172513205B250961|title=The life, trial and hats of Wouter Basson|date=27 January 2001}}</ref> Akụkọ United Nations "Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme."<ref name="unidir.org"/> na-akọwa ihe ọṅụṅụ atọ dị ka ketamine, succinylcholine, na tubecurarine.[3] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Head|first=Tom|title=Wouter Basson, apartheid's 'Dr. Death', revealed to be working at a Mediclinic|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-wouter-basson-why-called-dr-death-apartheid-what-mediclinic/|publisher=The South African|accessdate=19 January 2021|date=19 January 2021|archivedate=21 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121200143/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/who-is-wouter-basson-why-called-dr-death-apartheid-what-mediclinic/}}</ref>'afọ 2021, mkpughe na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ Ọgwụ Western Cape Mediclinic kpatara nkụda mmụọ na ngagharị iwe megide ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. == Ọrụ Coast ==   Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe Basson na-arụ ọrụ ka bụ ihe nzuzo. A maara na n'afọ 1981, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta onwe onye nye onye isi ala P. W. Botha, onye dọkịta na-ahụ maka ịwa ahụ nke mba ahụ goro Basson ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma guzobe 7 Medical Battalion Group, otu ọkachamara nke South African Military Health Service. Ọrụ ya bụ ịnakọta ozi gbasara ikike agha kemịkalụ na nke nje nke mba ndị ọzọ n'okpuru aha Project Coast. Mgbe akụkọ mbụ ya gasịrị, Basson ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ ma malite ịrụ ọrụ na ikike nke ngwá agha kemịkal na nke nje na mba ahụ. Ọ natara ihe dị ka ndị nchọpụta 200 site na gburugburu ụwa ma nata ego kwa afọ nke ruru nde $ 10. N'afọ 1982, a na-ebo Basson ebubo na ọ haziri igbu ndị mkpọrọ 200 nke SWAPO na Operation Duel . <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/2001/southafrica.pdf|title=The Rollback of South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Program|author=Stephen F. Burgess|date=April 2001|publisher=[[USAF Counterproliferation Center]]|accessdate=9 February 2009}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1980 Basson na ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu na ha na-etinye aka na mwakpo na igbu ọchụ megide ndị otu na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ndị isi na South Africa, Angola na Namibia kwukwara na a na-eji kemịkal ndị dị ize ndụ karịa maka ịchịkwa ìgwè mmadụ na mba ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị kwuru na ọ bụghị ya ma kwuo na a na'iji ngwá agha kemịkal mee ihe megide ndị agha South Africa. Basson nyere Civil Cooperation Bureau (CCB) kemịkal na-egbu egbu iji megide ndị a ma ama na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Basso<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2001-08-10-a-libyan-connection/|title=Libya and the case against Wouter Basson|date=10 August 2001|publisher=[[Mail & Guardian]]|author=Marlene Burger|accessdate=2 October 2020}}</ref> gara n'ihu na-eme njem n'ụwa niile iji chịkọta ozi gbasara mmemme agha kemịkal na nke nje ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ, ikekwe maka ịsa ego. Mgbe F. W. de Klerk ghọrọ onye isi ala na 1990, o nyere iwu ka a kwụsị mmepụta nke kemịkal ma bibie ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. Basson lekwasịrị anya na kemịkal na-adịghị egbu egbu na kemịl ndị gọọmentị machibidoghị. Nke ahụ gụnyere nnukwu ecstasy na Mandrax nke o doro anya na a na-ebupụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwu na ọ na-ere ndị na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ na obodo ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ (cf. Basson brownies). Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe onwunwe ahụ lara n'iyi mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ahụ mechara kwuo na ha kwenyere na a ga-eji ya mepụta gas na-egbu egbu. Na Jenụwarị 1992, ndị agha FRELIMO rụrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ókèala South Africa. N'oge ọrụ ahụ, a na-ekwu na ha gosipụtara ihe e chere na ọ bụ kemịkal. Ụfọdụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02264/05lv02335/06lv02357/07lv02372/08lv02378.htm|title=Chapter 6: Special Investigation into the death of President Samora Machel - The O'Malley Archives|work=www.nelsonmandela.org|accessdate=2017-10-27}}</ref>'ime ndị agha ahụ nwụrụ n'oge ihe ahụ mere na ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka a kpọga ha n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Nnyocha nke United Nations, United States na United Kingdom chọpụtara ya dị ka ihe na-emetụta akwara BZ. US na Britain malitere ịmanye gọọmentị South Africa na Jenụwarị 1993 ka a kwụsịrị Project Coast. Basson lara ezumike nká n'ụzọ iwu ma were ya n'ọrụ iji kpochapụ ọrụ ahụ, a na-ekwukwa na ọ ritere uru mgbe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'ihu South Africa bụ ndị nweere onwe ha. Nnyocha gọọmentị mechara chọpụta na e nwere ọtụtụ kemịkal na ndị na-emepụta ihe efuola. == Nnyocha TRC == N'afọ 1993, Office of Serious Economic Offences (OSEO) malitere inyocha azụmahịa Basson na nyocha nyocha nyocha afọ asaa. N'afọ 1995, gọọmentị South Africa goro Basson ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Transnet, ụlọ ọrụ njem na akụrụngwa na ikekwe maka ọrụ nzuzo ndị ọzọ. Gọọmentị US na UK na-enyo enyo na n'oge ọ gara [[Libya]] n'etiti afọ 1993 na 1995, Basson nwere ike ire ihe nzuzo nke ngwá agha kemịkal na nke nje. N'afọ 1995, gọọmentị [[Nelson Mandela]] were Basson n'ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na-awa ahụ n'agha, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi nrụgide US na UK na ikekwe n'ihi na gọọmentị chọrọ ile ya anya. N'afọ 1996, Kọmitii Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta nke South Africa (TRC) malitere inyocha SADF ma kpebie na ndị agha nwere ike iji nsí na-egbu egbu megide ndị na-eme ihe omume ANC. Basson nwere njikọ na ọtụtụ n'ime mwakpo ndị a. N'afọ 1997, CIA gwara gọọmentị South Africa na Basson bu n'obi ịhapụ mba ahụ. Mgbe e jidere Basson n'ọgba aghara na Pretoria n'afọ 1997, ya na ya nwere otu puku mbadamba ecstasy. N'oge ahụ, o nwere ọtụtụ narị akwụkwọ nzuzo Project Coast n'ụgbọala ya. TRC malitere inyocha Project Coast nke mere ka ha chee na Basson rere ihe nzuzo ya na gọọmentị nke mba ndị dị ka Libya na Iraq. N'afọ 1997, ha rịọrọ enyemaka nke Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa (NIZA) nke a gụnyere akụkọ nyocha ya na Truth Commission Files. N'otu oge ahụ, Office for Serious Economic Offences, National Intelligence Agency (NIA) na Gauteng Attorney-General's Special Investigation Team nyochara ihe omume Basson. Esemokwu nke ọdịmma mere ka nyocha nke Commission belata mana TRC nwetara ozi ndị ọzọ site na OSEO. Basso<ref name="unidir.org"/> pụtara n'ihu TRC na 31 Julaị 1998 ma nye ihe akaebe maka awa 12. bụ ezie na ndị ọka iwu ya na-akpaghasị ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ mgbe niile na usoro iwu, Kọmitii ahụ kpebiri na Basson bụ onye isi na-eme mkpebi na Project Coast ma kwesịkwa ikpe. == Ikpe == Ikpe Basson malitere na 4 Ọktoba 1999 na Pretoria. N'oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi South Africa kpọrọ ya "Dr Death". Basson chere ebubo iri isii na asaa ihu, gụnyere inwe ọgwụ ọjọọ, Ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ, wayo na mmefu ego nke ngụkọta nke R36,000,000, igbu ọchụ 229 na nkata igbu ọchukwu na [[Ohi|izu ohi]]. Basson jụrụ ịchọ mgbaghara n'aka Truth Commission. Ndị na-ebo ebubo gosipụtara ndị akaebe 153, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ikpe ahụ malitere imegide ha. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1999, onye ọka ikpe [[Willie Hartzenberg]] jụrụ ebubo isii dị mkpa, gụnyere ebubo igbu ọchụ anọ na ikere òkè na ọnwụ 200 na Namibia, n'ihi na o kwuru na ụlọ ikpe South Africa enweghị ike ikpe mpụ ndị e mere na mba ndị ọzọ. A gụnyekwara Basson na mgbaghara Namibia nke afọ 1989. Hartzenberg wepụrụ ikpe ahụ izu abụọ. Mgbe ọnwa 18 nke ikpe gasịrị, ọ belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ebubo ruo 46. Basson kpọrọ naanị otu onye akaebe - onwe ya. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2001, Basson malitere inye ihe akaebe nke ya, na-ekwu okwu ụbọchị iri anọ. O kwuru na ọ mụtara banyere ngwá agha na-ebibi ihe site n'aka Saddam Hussein, na o nweere onwe ya ịchịkwa ọrụ ahụ nakwa na ya na gọọmentị mba ọzọ gbanwere ozi. N'ụzọ nkà na ụzụ, ihe ahụ niile bụ iwu. Ndị na-agbachitere ya kwuru na Basson kwesịrị inwe nnwere onwe maka ihe ọ bụla mere na Namibia. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2002, Ọkàikpe Hartzenberg jụrụ ebubo niile fọdụrụnụ megide Basson ma tọhapụ ya. Na mkpebi ikpe ya, onye ọka ikpe ahụ kpọrọ ikpe steeti ahụ "nke kewara ekewa na nke na-agbagwoju anya", nakwa na ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị isi, na-enwe olileanya ime ka ụlọ ikpe kwenye na ikpe mara Basson n'ụzọ nke na-erughị ụkpụrụ "n'enweghị obi abụọ ezi uche". Ọkàikpe Hartze<ref>'Dr Death' walks free</ref> gara n'ihu na-agbakwụnye na steeti ahụ yiri ka ọ kpebiri ihe eziokwu ahụ bụ ma gbaa ụlọ ikpe ume ka ha ghara ikwere ihe ọ bụla megidere nsụgharị nke eziokwu nke steeti ahụ. Ikpe ahụ were ọnwa iri atọ. Steeti ahụ gbalịrị ịrịọ arịrịọ maka ikpe ahụ n'ihi enweghị ezi iwu, mana Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Mkpegharị Ikpe jụrụ inye iwu ka e kpee ikpe ọzọ na 2003, nzọụkwụ echekwara maka arịrịọ ndị na-enweghị ohere ịga nke ọma.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, Basson gara n'ihu na-eme njem n'ụwa niile dị ka ọkà okwu ọbịa, ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nke ya. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2005, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Switzerland jụrụ ya ajụjụ banyere azụmahịa iwu na-akwadoghị na ngwá agha na ngwá agha nuklia ma gwa gọọmentị South Africa ka ha kwụsị iso ya rụkọọ ọrụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2018)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup>  Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, Ụlọikpe Iwu, ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu nke South Africa, kagburu mkpebi ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4230148.stm|title=Retrial for SA's 'Dr Death'|date=9 September 2005|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=9 February 2009}}</ref> kpebiri na mpụ ndị a na-ebo ebubo na ha mere n'èzí mba ahụ nwere ike ikpe ikpe na South Africa. Kemgbe ahụ, National Prosecuting Authority amalitebeghị ikpe megide Basson maka mpụ megide mmadụ. == Ikpe nke HPCSA == N'afọ 2006, Kansụl Ọrụ Ahụike nke South Africa (HPCSA) malitere usoro nke ya nke nyocha omume Basson. E dere akwụkwọ ebubo ma malite nyocha ahụ na Nọvemba 2007. <ref name=":0">TRC evidence at Basson hearing: http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/trc-evidence-at-basson-hearing-1.1547820#.UeV3To2mh3p</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16756908|date=27 January 2012|title=South Africa: Walter Basson to answer misconduct case}}</ref>'ime ebubo asaa e boro Basson, ebubo anọ zuru ezu ka dị mgbe HPCSA wepụrụ ebubo abụọ na akụkụ nke ebubo nke atọ megide ya. Na 10 Mee 2010, a jụrụ arịrịọ Wouter Basson na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke South Africa. Arịrịọ ahụ e tinyere n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu gbalịrị ka ebubo ndị ahụ dị ka ndị iwu na-akwadoghị, ndị na-enweghị isi na ndị na-ezighị ezi. Onye ọka ikpe ahụ chọpụtara <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100524132220/http://www.hpcsa.co.za/downloads/press_releases/current/hpcsa_applauds_high_court%20_ruling_on_dr_dasson.pdf HPCSA applauds High Court ruling on Basson] May 2010</ref> ọ nweghị ihe akaebe na-atụ aro na kansụl ahụ nwere ajọ mbunobi ma ọ bụ ajọ mbunobe megide dọkịta ahụ. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2013, HPCSA chọpụtara na ikpe mara Basson maka omume na-abụghị nke ọkachamara na ebubo anọ. <ref>[http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71651?oid=485471&sn=Detail&pid=71651/ HPCSA finds Basson guilty of unprofessional conduct] 18 December 2013</ref> Na 4 June 2014 e yigharịrị usoro ikpe ikpe n'ihi enweghị onye ọka iwu. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, afọ isii mgbe kọmitii HPCSA chọpụtara na ikpe mara Basson maka omume na-ezighị ezi, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Gauteng kpebiri na e nwere ajọ mbunobi n'akụkụ ndị otu kọmitii na-eduzi ikpe ahụ. Onye ọka ikpe ahụ kpebiri na ikpe ahụ (nke HPCSA guzobere megide Basson) bụ nke na-ezighị ezi na nke na-enweghị isi ma gosipụta ileghara ikike Basson anya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/tribunal-committee-members-ordered-to-recuse-themselves-over-basson-hearing-20114302|title=Tribunal Committee members ordered to recuse themselves over Basson hearing|author=Venter|first=Zelda|work=www.iol.co.za|accessdate=27 March 2019}}</ref>'ihi ya, e wepụrụ ikpe ahụ (ya mere, nchọpụta nke omume na-ezighị ezi site na kọmitii ahụ). == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Chandre Gould & Marlene Burger|title=Secrets and Lies: Wouter Basson and South Africa's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme|publisher=Struik Publishers|year=2002|isbn=978-1868723416}} * {{Cite book|author=Glenn Cross|title=Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975-1980|publisher=Helion & Company|year=2017|isbn=978-1-911512-12-7}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|25em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050905141337/http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/mass/south_africa/ Akụkọ Crime Library banyere Wouter Basson] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120913222559/http://www.unidir.org/pdf/ouvrages/pdf-1-92-9045-144-0-en.pdf Project Coast: Usoro Agha Chemical na Biological nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research. Febụwarị 2003.] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9290451440|9290451440]]  [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h43doenvdf8n3z33zgocfqk5vet47cu 0 37875 687559 496856 2026-07-12T14:25:51Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ọrụ */ Fixed reference error 687559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL=|image=Antonio Tavares (3347895194).jpg|name=António Tavares (amụrụ n'afọ ), bụ . [1] Ndụ onwe onye A mụrụ ya na 1960 na|birth_place=Lobito, Angola|birth_date=1960|nationality=Angola-Portuguese|occupation=Onye edemede Onye nta akụkọ Onye nkuzi Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Portuguese}} <ref name="observador" /> '''António Tavares''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1960), bụ onye edemede na onye edemede Angola-Portuguese. <ref name="expresso">{{Cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/cultura/2015-10-13-Antonio-Tavares-vence-Premio-LeYa|title=António Tavares wins LeYa Prize|publisher=expresso|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> bụkwa onye nta akụkọ, onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Portuguese. [1] == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 1960 na Lobito, Angola . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portaldaliteratura.com/autores.php?autor=2497|title=António Tavares|publisher=portaldaliteratura|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ kwagara Portugal na-eso usoro nke decolonization na Africa. Mgbe ahụ ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Porto. O mechara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Law na Faculty of Law nke Mahadum Coimbra. <ref name="publico" /> mechara nweta akara ugo mmụta na Communication Law n'otu mahadum ahụ. Mgbe <ref name="observador">{{Cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2015/10/13/antonio-tavares-vence-premio-leya-2015/|title=António Tavares vence Prémio Leya 2015|publisher=observador|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na High School Domingos Rebelo (Escola Secundária Domingos Rebalo), na Ponta Delgada, ma mesịa na Dr. Joaquim de Carvalho School (Escola Secondária Dr. Joacim de Carvelho), na Figueira da Foz . [1] Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Portugal wee bụrụ onye isi obodo na obodo Figueira da Foz site na 2005 ruo 2009 dị ka onye na-abụghị onye isi, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi na mpaghara nke Ọdịbendị, Urbanism na gburugburu ebe obibi site na 2009 ruo 2013. Site na 2013 ruo 2017, Tavares bụ osote onye isi ala nke obodo ahụ. <ref name="expresso" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2013, ọ natara aha nsọpụrụ na Alves Redol Prize maka akwụkwọ akụkọ 'O Tempo Adormeceu sob o Sol da Tarde'. Tavares dere akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama As Palavras que Me Deverão Guiar um Dia nke ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ na 2013 Leya Prize. <ref name="observador" /> Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2015 ọ meriri Leya Award maka akwụkwọ akụkọ O Coro dos Defuntos (The Choir of the Dead). O guzobekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara 'A Linha do Oeste' na magazin 'Litorais'.<ref name="publico">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2015/10/13/culturaipsilon/noticia/premio-leya-2015-1710912?page=-1|title=António Tavares wins Leya Prize for a novel about Cova da Beira between 1968 and April 25|publisher=publico|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="expresso" /> == Ọrụ onye edemede == * Trilogia da Arte de Matar - (ihe nkiri) * Gémeos 6 - (ihe nkiri) * O Menino Rei - (ihe nkiri) * ''Luís Cajão, Nwoke na Onye edemede'' * ''Manuel Fernandes Thomás na nnwere onwe obibi akwụkwọ'' * ''Redondo Júnior na ihe nkiri'' * ''Ihe osise na Akụkọ ifo nke Social Psychology Figueirense'' * ''Figueira da Foz, njehie nke oge gara aga, ngwọta maka ọdịnihu'' - (2013) * ''Okwu Ndị M ga-eduzi Otu Ụbọchị'' - (2013) * O Coro dos Defuntos - (2015) * All the Dias Morrem Chi - (2017) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm0667242}} {{authority control}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8lh20khlpesmzlfpo72rs6pnf0xadvc 687560 687559 2026-07-12T14:26:21Z Akwugo 11031 /* Edensibia */ Fixed typo 687560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL=|image=Antonio Tavares (3347895194).jpg|name=António Tavares (amụrụ n'afọ ), bụ . [1] Ndụ onwe onye A mụrụ ya na 1960 na|birth_place=Lobito, Angola|birth_date=1960|nationality=Angola-Portuguese|occupation=Onye edemede Onye nta akụkọ Onye nkuzi Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Portuguese}} <ref name="observador" /> '''António Tavares''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1960), bụ onye edemede na onye edemede Angola-Portuguese. <ref name="expresso">{{Cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/cultura/2015-10-13-Antonio-Tavares-vence-Premio-LeYa|title=António Tavares wins LeYa Prize|publisher=expresso|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> bụkwa onye nta akụkọ, onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Portuguese. [1] == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 1960 na Lobito, Angola . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portaldaliteratura.com/autores.php?autor=2497|title=António Tavares|publisher=portaldaliteratura|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ kwagara Portugal na-eso usoro nke decolonization na Africa. Mgbe ahụ ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Porto. O mechara gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Law na Faculty of Law nke Mahadum Coimbra. <ref name="publico" /> mechara nweta akara ugo mmụta na Communication Law n'otu mahadum ahụ. Mgbe <ref name="observador">{{Cite web|url=https://observador.pt/2015/10/13/antonio-tavares-vence-premio-leya-2015/|title=António Tavares vence Prémio Leya 2015|publisher=observador|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na High School Domingos Rebelo (Escola Secundária Domingos Rebalo), na Ponta Delgada, ma mesịa na Dr. Joaquim de Carvalho School (Escola Secondária Dr. Joacim de Carvelho), na Figueira da Foz . [1] Ka ọ dịgodị, ọ banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Portugal wee bụrụ onye isi obodo na obodo Figueira da Foz site na 2005 ruo 2009 dị ka onye na-abụghị onye isi, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi na mpaghara nke Ọdịbendị, Urbanism na gburugburu ebe obibi site na 2009 ruo 2013. Site na 2013 ruo 2017, Tavares bụ osote onye isi ala nke obodo ahụ. <ref name="expresso" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2013, ọ natara aha nsọpụrụ na Alves Redol Prize maka akwụkwọ akụkọ 'O Tempo Adormeceu sob o Sol da Tarde'. Tavares dere akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama As Palavras que Me Deverão Guiar um Dia nke ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ na 2013 Leya Prize. <ref name="observador" /> Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2015 ọ meriri Leya Award maka akwụkwọ akụkọ O Coro dos Defuntos (The Choir of the Dead). O guzobekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara 'A Linha do Oeste' na magazin 'Litorais'.<ref name="publico">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2015/10/13/culturaipsilon/noticia/premio-leya-2015-1710912?page=-1|title=António Tavares wins Leya Prize for a novel about Cova da Beira between 1968 and April 25|publisher=publico|accessdate=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="expresso" /> == Ọrụ onye edemede == * Trilogia da Arte de Matar - (ihe nkiri) * Gémeos 6 - (ihe nkiri) * O Menino Rei - (ihe nkiri) * ''Luís Cajão, Nwoke na Onye edemede'' * ''Manuel Fernandes Thomás na nnwere onwe obibi akwụkwọ'' * ''Redondo Júnior na ihe nkiri'' * ''Ihe osise na Akụkọ ifo nke Social Psychology Figueirense'' * ''Figueira da Foz, njehie nke oge gara aga, ngwọta maka ọdịnihu'' - (2013) * ''Okwu Ndị M ga-eduzi Otu Ụbọchị'' - (2013) * O Coro dos Defuntos - (2015) * All the Dias Morrem Chi - (2017) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm0667242}} {{authority control}} [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0cnm7y00xp7vcy85fc8woag68ot0lqr 0 38577 687725 577992 2026-07-13T06:53:50Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 687725 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Esther Titilayo Akinlabi</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<div class="nickname" lang="[[Yorùbá]]">Títílayò Akinlabi</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Kabba]], Kogi Steeti Nigeria[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |Onye Naijiria |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụ amaala | class="infobox-data category" |[[Nigeria|Naịjirịa]], South Africa[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Federal University of Technology Akure|Mahadum Nkà na Ụzụ Federal Akure]] [[University of Port Harcourt|Mahadum nke Port Harcourt]] [[Nelson Mandela University|Mahadum Nelson Mandela]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Injinia igwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Onye nduzi nke Mahadum Pan African maka Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI). Onye isi nke Ngalaba Injinịa Injinia, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Mahadum Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa. |} [[Faịlụ:Esther Titilayo Akinlabi.jpg|thumb|Esther Titilayo Akinlabi]] '''Esther Titilayo Akinlabi bụ onye Naijiria South Africa Prọfesọ nke Mechanical Engineering.Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences Institute (PAULESI), Nigeria.Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba nke Mechanical Engineering Science Faculty of Engineering and the Wuilt Environment, Mahadum Johannesburg (UJ), South Africa.Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi nkuzi na mmụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.Ọ bụ onye otu Òtù Maka Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD) na onye otu Academy of Sciences nke Africa.''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Akinlabi|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/akinlabi/|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=African Scientists Directory|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Esther Akinlabi {{!}} The AAS|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/esther-akinlabi|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=www.aasciences.africa|archivedate=2022-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630121258/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/esther-akinlabi}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Esther Titilayo Akinlabi na Kabba, Kogi State, Nigeria.Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na St Barnabas Secondary School, Kabba wee nweta akararị mbụ ya na Mechanical Engineering na Federal University of Technology, Akure na 1997.O nwetara M.Sc engineering engineering na University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria na 2003 wee kwaga na Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth South Africa maka ya PhD na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=PROFESSOR ESTHER TITILAYO AKINLABI New Director of PAULESI|url=https://pau-au.africa/news-events/news/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=75&cHash=1f247fb8425a7a3959d6b54cf5328215|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=Pan African University}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Bolu|first=Oba|date=2021-03-09|title=Congratulations to Director of Pan African University for Life and Earth Sciences, Ibadan (PAULESI) Prof. Titilayo Akinlabi|url=https://www.peoplesdefenderng.com/congratulations-to-director-of-pan-african-university-for-life-and-earth-sciences-ibadan-paulesi-prof-titilayo-akinlabi/|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=People's Defender|language=en-GB|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201105802/https://www.peoplesdefenderng.com/congratulations-to-director-of-pan-african-university-for-life-and-earth-sciences-ibadan-paulesi-prof-titilayo-akinlabi/|archivedate=2022-12-01}}</ref> == Onyinye na ndị otu == Esther Titilayo Akinlabi bụ onye otu South African Young Academy of Science . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Esther Titilayo Akinlabi {{!}} IGI Global|url=https://www.igi-global.com/affiliate/esther-titilayo-akinlabi/298843|accessdate=2022-06-30|work=www.igi-global.com|archivedate=2022-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630123457/https://www.igi-global.com/affiliate/esther-titilayo-akinlabi/298843}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> bụ onye debanyere aha na Kansụl Injinịa nke South Africa (ECSA), Kansụl maka Nchịkwa nke Injinia na Naịjirịa (COREN), South African Institution of Mechanical Engineering, American Society of Mechanics, Nigerian Society of Engineers (NSE) na Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD).&nbsp; == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lu8y8c6rwsfkqlrmvss0opac9aq02jy 0 40349 687668 656113 2026-07-13T00:03:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|birthname=Philip David Radford|name=Phil Radford|image=Phil Radford.jpg|occupation=Environmental, clean energy and democracy leader|caption=Radford as Greenpeace's executive director (2012)|birth_date={{birth date and age|1976|1|02}}|birth_place=[[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|education=[[Washington University in St. Louis]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<ref name="Washington University">{{Cite web |url=http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/Fall09/Classmates.html |title=Washington University in St. Louis Magazine, Classmates Issue |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis Magazine |access-date=2013-07-19 |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117031445/http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/fall09/Classmates.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-04-01 |archivedate=2012-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117031445/http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/fall09/Classmates.html }}</ref> />|known_for=Executive director, [[Greenpeace]]<br> Co-Founder, [[Democracy Initiative]]<ref name="Democracy Initiative">{{cite web |work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |url= https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/01/democracy-initiative-campaign-finance-filibuster-sierra-club-greenpeace-naacp |title= Revealed: The Massive New Liberal Plan to Remake American Politics |access-date=2013-07-19}}</ref>|nationality=|citizenship=|movement=|notable works=|spouse=|partner=Eileen Radford|children=|relatives=|awards=|signature=|website=}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Officers and Directors {{!}} Sierra Club|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/about/executive-team|accessdate=2023-09-23|work=www.sierraclub.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017001815/https://www.sierraclub.org/about/executive-team}}</ref>Philip David Radford (amuru January 2, 1976) bụ onye ụzọndọrọ ụzọ America nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụmụaka Greenpeace USA.  [1] Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na Onye isi oche nke Progressive Power Lab, [2] otu akwụkwọ nke na-nna ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na- uru na-ewuli ikike maka òtù ndị na-aga n'ihu, [3]  ụlọ ọrụ na-enye akwụkwọ [4] Champion.us, [5] Progressive Ego Multiplier [6] na draịva otu.  [7] Radford bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Democracy Initiative, bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi nchọpụta nke Power Shift, na onye isi oche nke Mertz Gilmore Foundation.  [8] O nwere n nhazi na nhazi ntọala, ọrụ mgbasa na eze, [9] ike ihu igwe, na ike dị ọcha .  [10] Ọ na-ejekwa ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi akwụkwọ na Sierra Club. <ref name="Oak Park and River Forest High School Tradition of Excellence Past Award Recipients">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oprfhs.org/alumni/Past-Award-Recipients-TOE.cfm|title=Oak Park and River Forest High School Tradition of Excellence Past Award Recipients|publisher=[[Oak Park and River Forest High School]]|accessdate=2013-07-19|archivedate=August 28, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170212/http://www.oprfhs.org/alumni/Past-Award-Recipients-TOE.cfm}}</ref>Radford ihe mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Oak Park na River Forest High School na Oak Park, nke dị na Chicago, na- Francis onwe ya maka mgbasa ozi ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi iji ụlọ nke ihe mkpọfu mmiri  na West Side nke Chicago na nso Oak Park mpaghara ya.  ulo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greencorps.org/page/career-placement|title=Career Placement: Growing the Movement|publisher=[[Green Corps]]|accessdate=2013-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228035508/http://www.greencorps.org/page/career-placement|archivedate=February 28, 2014}}</ref>Ụlọ mbụ ya dị ka onye nhazi ntọala bịara dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọ ala maka Illinois PIRG .  Mgbe ọ na-amụ oyiyi ndị na azụmahịa na Mahadum Washington dị na St Louis, ọ na-eduzi na ụlọ ọrụ canvass n'oge maka Fund for Public Interest Research maka ndị na-ekiri mgbasa Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, PIRGIM,  na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] PIRG ma onye ọrụ nwa oge n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụlọ ụgbọ Siera .  [1] Mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na 1998, Radford akwụkwọ onye ndu nhazi na Green Corps, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi. == Ọrụ == Site na 1999 ruo 2001 Radford bụ onye isi ngalaba maka Ozone Action, otu nzukọ raara onwe ya nye ịrụ ọrụ na egwu ikuku nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na mbelata ozone. Dị ka onye isi ngalaba, Radford zubere ma gbuo ọtụtụ mkpọsa nke ahịhịa, gụnyere mkpọsa n'oge 2000 president primaries, nke bụ mkpali mbụ maka Senator John McCain na-akwado Iwu nlekọta ihu igwe. <ref name="Canvassing Works">{{Cite web|publisher=Canvassing Works|url=http://www.canvassingworks.org/canvassingworks/2006/09/alumni_update_p.html|title=Canvassing Works|accessdate=2013-07-19|archivedate=2019-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035431/https://www.canvassingworks.org/canvassingworks/2006/09/alumni_update_p.html}}</ref> <ref name="Living on Earth">{{Cite web|publisher=[[Living on Earth]]|url=http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=07-P13-00049&segmentID=3|title=McCain on Climate Change|accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> Radford na-ejikwa mkpokọta ahịhịa maka Mgbasa Ozi Divestiture Divestiture, nke mere ka [[Ụlọ ọrụ Moto Ford|Ford]], General Motors, Texaco, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ kwụsị ego ha na-akwado Global Climate Coalition, nke na-agbasa ozi na-ezighị ezi banyere okpomọkụ ụwa. <ref name="Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate">{{Cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/science/earth/24deny.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=Industry Ignored Its Scientists on Climate|accessdate=2013-08-26|first=Andrew C.|author=Revkin|date=April 24, 2009}}</ref> Dị ka ''akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times'' si kwuo, ihe si na mkpọsa ahụ pụta bụ "ihe ịrịba ama kachasị ọhụrụ nke nkewa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ dị arọ banyere otu esi emeghachi omume na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/07/business/ford-announces-its-withdrawal-from-global-climate-coalition.html|title=Ford Announces Its Withdrawal From Global Climate Coalition|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2013-07-21|first=Keith|author=Bradsher|date=December 7, 1999}}</ref> === Onye guzobere Shift Ike === . Na 2001, Radford ntọala ntọala Power Shift, [1] otu na- ndị nke mbụ raara onwe ya nye na-akuko ahia ike dị ọcha nke ọma na iwulite ntọala iji jide okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name="Power Shift">{{Cite web|publisher=Volunteermatch.org|url=http://www.volunteermatch.org/search/org22033.jsp|title=Power Shift|accessdate=2013-08-26}}</ref> Dị ka onye isi ụmụaka nke Power Shift, Radford rụkọrọ ọrụ na obodo San Diego, Chula Vista, [[California]], na Berkeley, California, yana obodo obodo ndị ọzọ, iji nweta ego maka usoro nke usoro ike na mme usoro ike ike.  ụlọ ime obodo.  [1] Radford yere aka ime ka Citigroup kwenye ihe nkekwere ụzọ ọhụrụ e si enweta ego maka ngwaahịa ike dị ọcha maka nrụnye ikuku na isi nke mere ka ha nwee ọnụ maka ndị America<ref name="The National Journal">{{Cite web|publisher=[[The National Journal]]|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/greenpeace-leader-moving-on-at-38-20140422|title=Greenpeace Leader Moving On at 38; Phil Radford has been the youngest executive director in the environmental group's 43-year history, but he's looking for even greener pastures|accessdate=2014-04-23}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[Environmental News Service]|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2004/2004-01-23-09.asp|title=Citigroup Sets New Environmental Standards|accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref> === Onye isi ala Greenpeace USA === <ref name="The National Journal"/>Na 2009, mgbe ọ dị afọ 33, a nchọpụta Radford ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụmụaka nke Greenpeace nke ọdụdụ .  [1] [2] Oge Radford na Greenpeace USA kacha mara amara maka ime ka ụlọ ọrụ 100 kwenye ka omume gburugburu ebe obibi ha;  [3] na- wel welọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Koch Brothers, na-eme ka ha bụrụ aha mpaghara;  [4] na- ego ụgbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ site na 80%;  [5] ibido ntọala ntọala nke akụrụngwa a na-hazi ma na-eto eto nke ọma na mmemme kanvass;  [6] na-eje ozi dị ka onye nchoputa nke Democracy Initiative, otu mba nke ọnụ nke ndị isi otu, gburugburu ebe obibi, ikike obodo na ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka ndebanye aha ndị ọhụrụ aka n'ụwa nile, iji nweta ikike.  ego na ụkwụ ụkwụ, na imezigharị iwu Senate.  .  Na September 2013, Radford mara ɔkwa na ya ga-ahapụ n’April 30, 2014, site na rụchara ọrụ ise dị ka onye isi ụmụaka afọ. "Ben Jealous, onye bụbu onye isi oche na onye isi ụmụaka nke NAACP yana onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Democracy Initiative na Radford, ngwaọrụ Radford na isi nke Greenpeace dị ka "onye na-ewu ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ. maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike ikike ikike.  vootu. N'ime usoro a, o onwe ya na-egosi atụ n'ịkpọkọta ndị mmadụ kwa ụbọchị iji kwado ndabere ha ụzọ."  Onye ndu gburugburu ebe obibi Bill McKibben kwuru, sị: "Noge Radford nọ n'elu, Greenpeace na-enyere aka na gburugburu ebe obibi niile ka ọ azụ na-eme ya: mpaghara, njikọ, siri ike <ref name="Greenpeace">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/Greenpeace-Executive-Director-Philip-Radford-to-Step-Down/|title=Greenpeace Executive Director Philip Radford to Step Down; Leaves legacy of corporate victories and organizational growth|publisher=[[Greenpeace USA]]|accessdate=2014-04-19|archivedate=2015-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703030435/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/media-center/news-releases/Greenpeace-Executive-Director-Philip-Radford-to-Step-Down/}}</ref> === Ụlọ nyocha ike na-aga n'ihu === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Greenpeace, Radford weputara Progressive Power Lab, nke na-amalite ma na-ejikwa otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ ịkwaga ọtụtụ nde dollar na ndị mmadụ n'ime ihe na-aga n'ihu. Site na Lab Progressive Power Lab, Radford weputara Progressive Multiplier Fund, <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=American Non-Profit Academy|url=https://americannonprofitacademy.com/nonprofit-news/as-nonprofits-struggle-progressive-stimulus-will-back-fundraising-innovations/|title=As Nonprofits Struggle, "Progressive Stimulus" Will Back Fundraising Innovations|accessdate=2020-12-03|archivedate=January 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116082851/https://americannonprofitacademy.com/nonprofit-news/as-nonprofits-struggle-progressive-stimulus-will-back-fundraising-innovations/}}</ref> Membership Drive, onye nrụpụta Salesforce App <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Skoll Foundation]]|url=https://skoll.org/contributor/philip-radford/|title=Philip Radford|date=January 28, 2014|accessdate=2020-12-03}}</ref> nke wuru ngwa gụnyere The Field, <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Salesforce]]|url=https://appexchange.salesforce.com/appxListingDetail?listingId=a0N3A00000FMWTXUA5|title=The Field: Mapping, Routing, Geolocation, Territory Management, & Maps|accessdate=2020-12-03}}</ref> na Champion.us, onye na-enye ndụmọdụ maka obere ndị na-enye onyinye lekwasịrị anya na ochichi onye kwuo uche ya. na mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About CHAMPION|url=https://www.champion.us/about|accessdate=2022-12-01|work=www.champion.us|language=en-us|archivedate=2022-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201160241/https://www.champion.us/about}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ na-emetụta == N'oge Radford nọ na Greenpeace, ozizi mgbanwe ya gbanwere site n'ile gọọmentị anya dị ka ndị na-ekpe ikpe n'etiti ọdịmma ọha na eze na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, na-achọpụta na ọtụtụ gọọmentị na-ejide ụlọ ọrụ.  Kama ịlụ ọgụ mbụ maka iwu ọhụrụ, nke ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike igbochi ya, o lekwasịrị anya n'ịrụgide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ka ha gbanwee omume ha ma denye ha dị ka ndị mmekọ na ịkwado maka nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike.[1][2][3]  Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere mkpọsa Greenpeace nke mere ka Apple Inc. na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ndị ọzọ gbanwee gaa na 100% ume dị ọcha na ụlọ ime ụlọ na ndị na-achịkwa iji mee ka nke ahụ kwe omume, yana ịrụ ọrụ iji chebe ma oke ọhịa Indonesia na oke osimiri Bering.[4]  5]  Radford na-arụ ụka na nchikota nke ịmepụta ndị mmeri ụlọ ọrụ na "nrụgide n'èzí" lekwasịrị anya na gọọmentị bụ isi ihe na-enyefe iwu ọhụrụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi.[1]  Agbanyeghị, Radford abụrụla onye isi olu na-akpọ maka United States ka ọ gafere mgbanwe ego mgbasa ozi ma kwanyere ikike ịtụ vootu America niile ka ọ gbanwee ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na ụlọ ọrụ kwupụta ndị mmadụ wee mezuo “nkwa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche America.”[6][7]  ] Radford rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ n'ọtụtụ atụmatụ iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Global Climate Coalition, Citigroup, Kimberley-Clark, [[Asia]] Pulp na Akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ. === Njikọ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ === . <ref name="RIP: Global Climate Coalition; Global Climate Coalition Ends Its Work; Voice for Industry Opposed Global Treaty">{{Cite web|publisher=The Heat is Online|url=http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=3872&method=full|title=RIP: Global Climate Coalition; Global Climate Coalition Ends Its Work; Voice for Industry Opposed Global Treaty|accessdate=2013-08-26}}</ref>Radford jisiri ike ịgbasie ike nke mgbasa ozi nchụpụ / nchụpụ nke mba, [1] nke manyere Ford, General Motors, Texaco, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ka ha inye nkwado nke Global Climate Coalition, nke na-agbasa ozi na-abụ ezi.  ịhụnanya okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ.  [2] N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ ọma, GCC na ọrụ. === Kimberly-Clark === <ref name="Greenpeace and Kimberly-Clark Settle Feud">{{Cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/05/greenpeace-and-kimberly-clark-settle-feud/?_r=0|title=Greenpeace and Kimberly-Clark Settle Feud|accessdate=2013-08-23|first=Leslie|author=Kaufman|date=August 5, 2009}}</ref>Radford lekwasịrị anya na mbọ mkpọ mkpị na ndu Kleercut na United States na, emesia, US niile nke mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe ọ na-enye isi nri Greenpeace, [1] na-ezubere Kimberly-Clark maka ị nwere 22% nke pulp.  akwụkwọ ya sitere na Canada.  icon boreal nwere osisi ndị dị afụ 200. Mgbasa ozi ahụ ọkụ ọkụ aka na ome azụmahịa nke Kleenex, [2] ime ka na-abụ iri abụọ na abụọ mee ihe dị ka ịkagbu , [3] [4] na-ewebata ụlọ.  ọrụ 500 ka ha hụrụ Kimberly-Clark, ihe ụmụaka 1,000 nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na Ọzọ.  [4] [5] N'August 5, 2009, Kimberly-Clark ፈለገ na ọ ga-ahụ 40% nke eriri akwụkwọ ya site na ngwaọrụ emepụtara ma ọ bụ isi ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ na-adigide - 71% site na ọkwa 2007  Ọchịchọ nke Kimberly-Clark mere maka eriri ọkụ na-adịgide ndụ ihe a na-enye, na-enyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ aka ime ka ụlọ ọrụ na-akụ osisi kwenye ka ịrụ omume ha === Asia Pulp na Akwụkwọ === "Site na 2010 ruo 2013, Radford jisiri ike otu Greenpeace nke mere ka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ US kagbuo. ha na Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) - ụlọ ọrụ mpempe akwụkwọ nke atọ n'ụwa [1] --emenye APP mụrụ ibibi ike oge  ochie.  [2] Greenpeace na ndị enyi ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ 100 diẹ APP kewaa njikọ ha na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, [3] oku Mattel, [4] Hasbro, [5] Lego, Kmart,  [6] IGA, Kroger, Food Lion, National Geographic, na Xerox.  [7] Mgbasa ozi ọzo APP beta ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 80% nke US APP.  Na Febụwarị 5, 2013, Asia Pulp na mpempe akwụkwọ igbu igbu osisi nke na-echebe oke ndị Indonesian.  [8] N'ịrụtụ aka na mmeri ahụ, onye nta akwụkwọ New York Times Andrew Revkin ji mpempe akwụkwọ kpọsaa asị ahụ: "Mmempụ na Kasị Mma: Greenpeace's Push to Stop the Pulping of Rainforests <ref name="dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com">{{Cite news|url=http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/08/activism-at-its-best-greenpeaces-push-to-stop-the-pulping-of-rain-forests/|title=Activism at Its Best: Greenpeace's Push to Stop the Pulping of Rain Forests|accessdate=2013-07-19|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Andrew C.|author=Revkin|date=February 8, 2013}}</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ === Na Metro 21, 2011, Greenpeace weputara ihe na-mpụtapụta data data, nke riri ihe 2% nke ọkụ eletrik zuru ụwa yana ego a ruru anya ihe.  Radford kwuru na "anyị na-enwe ike na mgbawa ọhụrụ a na-eji ọkụ eletrik nwere ike igbachi anyị n'ime ochie, na-emetọ ike ike kama ike dị ọcha taa."  [1] Business Insider kọrọ na mgbe Greenpeace USA mgbasa ozi mgbasa, "ndị ndú dị ka Apple, Google, Facebook na Salesforce ekwela nkwa na ha ga-eji ume ọhụrụ mee ka ụlọ ọrụ ha nwee ume ọhụrụ, nkwa nke dugara Duke Energy  , nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ike mba na otu n'ime ha. Ndị na-ebupụta CO2 mgbasa mma, inye ume dị ọcha iji merie ha." === Ikpọkpọsị osisi === . N'afọ 2014, igbukpọsị oke ndị na Indonesia, nke na-akpata 0.1% nke elu ụwa, agba 4% nke mmetọ okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ.  Otu n'ime ndị bụ isi na-akpata igbutu osisi bụ ikpochapụ oke ike iji too ubi nkwụ.  [1] N'okpuru Radford, ndị Greenpeace USA otu kwenye Procter & Gamble, Colgate Palmolive, Mondelez, na ndị ọzọ isi ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ na-adịgide adịgide toro nkwụ === Nnukwu ụlọ ahịa US === N'okpuru Radford, GreenPeace gbara na-ezubere agbụ ụlọ iji mee ka ha kwenye ka ha iwu ire azụ̀ ndị na-eyi egwu, nakwere nri nri mmiri na-adigide, yana ọnụ ụlọ maka atumatu dị ka nchekwa mmiri iji chebe oke  osimiri.  Nri dum, Safeway Inc., Wegmans, Target, Harris Teeter, Meijer, na Kroger me ejikọta atumatu ihe oriri n'oké osimiri;  [1] [2] [3] Trader Joe's, Aldi, Costco, Target Corporation, na A&P emebiwo nke ukwuu azụ ndị na-eyi egwu na-ere;  Nri dum, Safeway Inc., Trader Joe's, Walmart, na Hy-Vee webatara tuna tuna mkpọ na-adịgide adịgide;  [4] na Wegmans, Whole Foods, Safeway Inc., Target, na Trader Joe's agbaala mbọ maka atumatu oke osimiri siri ike, dị ka ichebe sere Ross na Bering Sea Canyons dị ka nchekwa mmirika. . <ref name="Environmental Leader">{{Cite web|publisher=Environmental Leader|url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2013/05/31/whole-foods-safeway-trader-joes-top-sustainable-seafood-list/|title=Whole Foods, Safeway, Trader Joe's Top Sustainable Seafood List|date=May 31, 2013|accessdate=2013-09-02|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124112/http://www.environmentalleader.com/2013/05/31/whole-foods-safeway-trader-joes-top-sustainable-seafood-list/}}</ref> <ref name="Carting Away the Oceans 7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/planet3/PDFs/oceans/CATO%20VII.pdf|title=Carting Away the Oceans 7|publisher=[[Greenpeace]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021051042/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/planet3/PDFs/oceans/CATO%20VII.pdf|archivedate=October 21, 2013|accessdate=2013-09-02}}</ref> <ref name="Where to Buy the Best Fish">{{Cite web|publisher=Rodale News|url=http://www.rodalenews.com/where-buy-fish|title=Where to Buy the Best Fish|accessdate=2013-09-02|archivedate=September 12, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912111830/http://www.rodalenews.com/where-buy-fish}}</ref> * " [http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/may/7/peace-as-the-greenpeace-way/ Udo dị ka Greenpeace Way] " Mee 7, 2009, ''Washington Times'' * " [https://web.archive.org/web/20140903205559/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/12/09/banking_on_coal Ịkụba akụ na Coal; Gịnị mere Banklọ akụ Ụwa ji na-enye nkwado otu n'ime mmanụ ọkụ kacha ruru unyi n'ụwa?] Archived </link> ", Disemba 9, 2009, ''amụma mba ofesi'' * " [http://grist.org/article/2010-05-17-nestle-to-save-orangutans-tropical-forests-and-our-climate/ Nestle iji chekwaa orangutan, oke ohia, na ihu igwe anyị] ", Mee 18, 2010, ''Grist'' * " [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102075245/http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/we-need-your-ideas-a-call-for-direct-action-in-the-climate-movement Oku maka ime ihe ozugbo na mmegharị ihu igwe", Phil Radford] Archived <nowiki></link></nowiki> , Bill McKibben, Rebecca Tarbotton, Septemba 8, 2010, <nowiki><i id="mwAVo">Ee</i></nowiki> ''!'' * " [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-radford/obama-tar-sands-keystone-pipeline_b_940617.html Ìhè na-enwu na mkpebi Obama's Tar Sands Pipeline", Phil Radford na] Daryl Hannah, Septemba 29, 2011, ''Huffington Post'' * " [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-radford/if-you-want-to-breathe-cl_b_3600018.html Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ iku ume ikuku dị ọcha, mgbanwe mgbanwe Senate na okwu ochichi onye kwuo uche] ", Julaị 15, 2013, ''Huffington Post'' * " [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/philip-radford/the-environmental-case-fo_b_2876324.html Okwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi maka ụzọ nke ịbụ nwa amaala] ", Maachị 14, 2013, ''Huffington Post'' * " [http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/25/opinion/radford-ruffalo-natural-gas-fracking Ekwela ka America kewaa"], Phil Radford na Mark Ruffalo, Eprel 25, 2013 CNN.com * " [http://grist.org/article/how-shell-is-trying-to-send-a-chill-through-activist-groups-across-the-country/ Otu Shell si agba mbọ izipu oyi site na otu ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ofe mba ahụ", Phil Radford na] Benjamin Jealous June 17, 2013, Grist.org * " [https://web.archive.org/web/20220627135305/https://www.philanthropy.com/article/A-Philanthropic-Stimulus-Plan/248265 Atụmatụ mkpali mmụọ maka ịkwado ndị anaghị akwụ ụgwọ"], Phil Radford, Gara LaMarche, na Sonal Shah, Maachị 2020, ''Chronicle of Philanthropy'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] spu0ctmixw7xirzy4wnwkfjy1qrc0yr 0 41803 687536 631338 2026-07-12T12:30:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687536 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="tg" />Obodo Guryong ( Korean </link> ) bụ obodo na-ekpo ọkụ na Seoul, South Korea.  Ọ dị n'ofe okporo ụzọ nwere ụzọ isii ụzọ si Dogok-dong nke mpaghara Gangnam bara ihe <ref name="Bell2014">{{Cite book|author=Karen Bell|title=Achieving Environmental Justice: A Cross-National Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWFyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|year=2014|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-4473-0594-1|pages=87–89}}</ref> <ref name="glob" /> . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bandun|first=Ron|date=9 March 2021|title=Counting down Seoul's last moon villages|publisher=[[The Korea Times]]|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/05/177_305144.html|accessdate=18 June 2022}}</ref>A na-akpọ ya "mkpọkpọ mkpọmkpọ ụlọ ikpeazụ na Glitzy Gangnam district nke Seoul", [1] "obodo mbiri ndụ ikpeazụ na Gangnam", [2] na "ịhụ mkpọmkpọ obodo ikpeazụ na Seoul", [3] n'agbanyeghị  na ọgwụgwọla a.  na-enyo enyo n'ihi na-aga n'ihu vidiyo adị nke opekata mpe abụọ ndị ọzọ ama ama <ref name=":1" /> Mkpebi a egwu n'oge egwu ngwa ngwa obodo ahụ tupu egwuregwu Olympic 1988 .  Ọ bụ nbi iwu na-akwadoghị n'oge ahụ, dịka e wuru ya n'ala ndị mmadụ nwere. Mkpebi a dịgidere kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ niile e mere iji dozie ndị bi na ya. Malite n'etiti afọ 2010, gọọmentị Seoul ejirila nke nta nke nta na-ebupụ ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ, na-enye ha ụlọ na mpaghara ma ọ bụ n'ebe ọzọ na obere mgbazinye ụlọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2019, a kọrọ na 406 n'ime ezinụlọ 1,107 (36.7%) ebuferela ebe ọzọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="tg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/jul/14/gangnam-shanty-style-life-in-seouls-guryong-village-slum-in-pictures|title=Gangnam, shanty-style: life in Seoul's Guryong Village slum – in pictures|first=Jo|author=Blason|date=14 July 2014|work=[[The Guardian]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlason2014">Blason, Jo (14 July 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/jul/14/gangnam-shanty-style-life-in-seouls-guryong-village-slum-in-pictures "Gangnam, shanty-style: life in Seoul's Guryong Village slum – in pictures"]. ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref>Ebiwo mpaghara obodo ahụ anụ Ọktoba 1925, </link> n'agbanyeghị na ọ ezinụlọ ezinụlọ ụlọ na-amalite na 1988. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwa ngwa nke obodo tupu egwuregwu Olympic nke 1988, bụ nke a chụpụrụ ndị  nọ n'ebe ndị na- ike ego n'iche ha ma ihe ndị na-agba ọsọ na saịtị ahụ. <ref name="glob">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2005/city.htm|title=A Village the City Ignores|first=Yang|author=Young-yu|work=[[Global Action on Aging]]|date=12 February 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526070559/http://www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2005/city.htm|archivedate=26 May 2015|accessdate=12 April 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYoung-yuYong-whanDong-ki2005">Young-yu, Yang; Yong-whan, Chung; Dong-ki, Min (12 February 2005). . ''[[Global Action on Aging?action=edit&redlink=1|Global Action on Aging]]''. Archived from [http://www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2005/city.htm the original] on 26 May 2015.</cite></ref> <ref name="kjd" /> <ref name="iak" /> <ref name="kh2" /> A maghị kpọmkwem ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya, ma gbanweekwa ka oge na-aga. <ref name="glob"/> Mgbe obodo mbụ bilitere, o nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 8,000 bi n'ụlọ 2,000. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=박|first=정환|date=2022-10-19|title=첫삽도 못뜬채 멈춰 버린 '구룡마을'…개발 30년史 살펴보니|url=https://biz.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2022/10/19/2022101900055.html|accessdate=2023-08-04|work=뉴데일리|language=ko}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREF박2022">박, 정환 (2022-10-19). [https://biz.newdaily.co.kr/site/data/html/2022/10/19/2022101900055.html "첫삽도 못뜬채 멈춰 버린 '구룡마을'…개발 30년史 살펴보니"] &#x5B;'Guryong Village', Stopped Before Even Lifting the Shovel... Examining Its 30 Year History&#x5D;. ''뉴데일리'' (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)]]</ref> Na 2005, a kọrọ na mpaghara ahụ nwere mmadụ 4,000. <ref name="glob" /> N'etiti 2012 na 2014, e nyere ndị bi na ya dị ka 2,500. <ref name="tg"/> <ref name="kh2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120208001264|title=Coals to keep Guryong shantytown warm|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=8 February 2012|first=Kirsty|author=Taylor}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaylor2012">Taylor, Kirsty (8 February 2012). [http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120208001264 "Coals to keep Guryong shantytown warm"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Korea|The Korea Herald]]''.</cite></ref> Ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị agadi dara ogbenye bụ ndị na-akpata obere ego kwa ụbọchị. <ref name="glob" /> <ref name="iak">{{Cite web|author=Yoo|first=Reera|date=4 May 2015|title=Seoul to Demolish the Last Surviving Slum Near the Ritzy Gangnam District|url=http://iamkoream.com/seoul-to-demolish-the-last-surviving-slum-in-the-ritzy-gangnam-district/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520105851/http://iamkoream.com/seoul-to-demolish-the-last-surviving-slum-in-the-ritzy-gangnam-district/|archivedate=20 May 2015|work=[[KoreAm]]|accessdate=12 April 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYoo2015">Yoo, Reera (4 May 2015). . ''[[KoreAm]]''. Archived from on 20 May 2015.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-17|title=The Slum Next Door to Gangnam Exposes South Korea's Wealth Gap|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-17/seoul-slum-near-gangnam-guryong-exposes-south-korea-wealth-gap|accessdate=2021-02-14}}</ref> Na 2011, ndị bi na ya nwetara kaadị obibi nwa oge. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|author=Williamson|first=Lucy|date=22 March 2012|title=South Korean shanty town on sought-after real estate|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17456032|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[Usòrò:141109_서울특별시_개포동_구룡마을_화재8.JPG|thumb|250x250px| Ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-alụ ọgụ ọkụ 2014 n'ime obodo]] N'afọ 2014, a kọrọ na mpaghara obodo ahụ nọdụrụ ala dị ihe dị ka square mita 286,929 (ihe dị ka acres 70). <ref name="kjd">{{Cite web|author=Eun-Jee|first=Park|date=21 July 2014|title=Redevelopment of a Gangnam slum languishes|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2992287|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=12 April 2024|archivedate=21 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121171859/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2992287}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEun-Jee2014">Eun-Jee, Park (21 July 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230121171859/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2992287 "Redevelopment of a Gangnam slum languishes"]. ''[[Korea JoongAng kwa ụbọchị|Korea JoongAng Daily]]''.</cite></ref> A na-eche na ihe owuwu ndị a na-emeghị ngwa ngwa dị na mpaghara ahụ dị ihe dịka 1,200 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hyo-Sung|first=Ahn|date=13 November 2013|title=Fire exacerbates split in Guryong|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2997235&cloc=rss%7cnews%7cjoongangdaily|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=12 April 2024|archivedate=21 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121171904/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2997235&cloc=rss%7Cnews%7Cjoongangdaily}}</ref> ruo 2,000. <ref name="kjd" /> A na-eche na mpaghara ụlọ nke ọ bụla ga-adị gburugburu 16 to 99 m . <ref name="glob"/> === Akpara ịkwatu obodo === <ref name=":1"/>N'ime iri afɔ ole na ole gara aga, a na-agba mbọ kwatuo obodo ahụ na adiga ndị bi na ya, mana achọpụta ngwa ngwa n'ihi ihehie na usoro a ga-eme na otu a ga-esi na-emeso.  ndị bi n'ime obodo ahụ.  [1] [2] [3] [4] N'afọ 1991, ihe aro ka a rụpụtara ọrụ ala ahụ site na asịrị arụrụala na mpaghara Suseo-dong . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-07|title=서울시, 개포동 구룡마을 실시계획 인가… 사업추진 속도|url=https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/06/07/2020060700503.html|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=[[ChosunBiz]]|language=ko}}</ref>N'afọ 2015, ụdị aro na-aga-akwatu Guryong ma hazie ụlọ Nkwado maka ndị bibu ya.  [1] N'afọ 2016, Gọọmenti Obodo ukwu nke Seoul mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ma kwupụta usoro mbọ kwaga ndị bi na ime nke mpaghara ahụ.  [2] N'afọ 2019, a kọrọ na 406 n'ime ihe 1,107 (36.7%) ebugara ebe ọzọ.  [3] N'afọ 2020, Gọọmenti Obodo Obodo Seoul mara ọkwa na ọ malite mmemme nke edobere ka emecha ya na 2025. Dị ka ụgwọ nke ahụ ahụ, a ga-eji na-emere kwatuo obodo ma wuo ụlọ n'ike ya.  .  A ga-enye ndị bi n'obodo nta ego nke ukwuu nke ukwuu ka ha biri n'ike ndị a<gallery> Usòrò:Guryong_village_fire_extinguishing_equipment.jpg|alt=Fire extinguishing equipment at the village entrance|ọrụ na-emenyụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ụzọ obodo Usòrò:Guryong_village_coal_briquet_storage_and_an_alley.jpg|alt=Charcoal briquet storage and an alley|Nchekwaunyi briquetna uzo uzo Usòrò:Guryong_village_overview.jpg|alt=Overview over the village rooftops|Nlebanya n'elu ụlọ ime obodo Usòrò:Shiny_Kia_in_Guryong_village.jpg|alt=Shiny Kia parked in front of the apartments|Shiny Kia dọwara n'ihu ụlọ ndị ahụ Usòrò:Guryong_village_alley.jpg|alt=Another regular alley in the village|Ụzọ ọzọ a na-ahụ anya n'ime ime obodo </gallery> == Hụkwa == * [[Ịda ogbenye na South Korea]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] ofytfy7ftd97r4vofeb2slyaavyg7pb 0 42278 687670 687311 2026-07-13T01:13:31Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Nnwale */ 687670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nchekwa pụtara ìhè''' na-akọwa ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta ngwaahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosi ọkwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ . <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> == Mmalite == Okwu a sitere n'okwu a bụ " oriri pụtara ìhè ," nke ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Thorstein Veblen chepụtara n'akwụkwọ ya 1899 ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions'' . Veblen kọwara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ''nouveau riche'' bụ ndị ji ikike ịzụrụ ihe gosipụta ugwu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Steven E.|date=May 2014|title=Conspicuous conservation: The Prius halo and willingness to pay for environmental bona fides|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=67|issue=3|pages=303–317|doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2013.11.004|issn=0095-0696}}</ref> <ref>Veblen, Thorstein. (1899) ''Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions''. New York: Macmillan.</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "nchekwa pụtara ìhè" bụ prọfesọ mmụta akụ na ụba nke Mahadum Syracuse Seymour Sacks chepụtara na mkparịta ụka nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|pages=433}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=XII|issue=2}}</ref> == Nnwale == [[Usòrò:Conspicuous_Conservation_Graph_1.png|thumb|243x243px| '''Ọgụgụ 1: Pasent ndị sonyere na otu ọ bụla na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.''' N'ihe gbasara ụgbọ ala (acha odo odo), ncha (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na efere efere (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa pro-environmental 37.2%, 25.7%, na 34.5% nke oge. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGriskeviciusTyburVan_den_Bergh2010">Griskevicius, Vladas; Tybur, Joshua M.; Van den Bergh, Bram (2010). "Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation". ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. '''98''' (3): 392–404. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0017346|10.1037/a0017346]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1939-1315|1939-1315]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20175620 20175620].</cite></ref> ''Ndị so na otu ebumnuche-ọnọdụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' wee họrọ ha 54.5%, 41.8%, na 49.1% nke oge, n'otu n'otu. <ref name=":02" />]] N'etiti 2007 na 2009, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Vladas Griskevicius ( Mahadum nke [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] ), Joshua M. Tybur ( Mahadum New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] ), na Bram Van den Bergh ( Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Management nke Rotterdam ) duziri usoro nyocha nke na-enyocha nchekwa dị egwu. N'akwụkwọ a na-esi na ya pụta, ''Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation,'' ha rụrụ ụka na "ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka altruistic, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ahịa ma dị ala karịa ndị ibe ha, ma ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ. rite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi maka onye ọ bụla." <ref name=":02" />N'ihi na omume ime mmụọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akara ngosi dị oke ọnụ nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, enwere ike ịkọwa nchekwa nke pụtara ìhè dị ka mgbama nke ọkwa dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|doi=10.1037/e621072012-217}}</ref> Nnwale ha gosipụtara na ebumnobi ọnọdụ ịgbalite mere ka ndị mmadụ họrọ ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ karịa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dara okomoko na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ebumnuche ọnọdụ na-abawanye njikere ịzụta ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihu ọha (ma ọ bụghị na nzuzo) ntọala yana na ntọala ebe ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eri karịa ngwaahịa na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Dị ka ndị odee si kwuo, enwere ike iji asọmpi ọkwa mee ihe iji kwalite omume gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa == * Altruism * Oriri pụtara ìhè * Ọkwa ọha * Ngosipụta omume ọma * Ntụrụndụ pụtara ìhè * Nsụhọ klaasị * Mgbochi ahịa * Ọnụ ahịa akara * Ozizi nrịbama == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}} bn78f8a6rlem46veq3gp1tfuogjek67 687671 687670 2026-07-13T01:16:15Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Nnwale */ 687671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nchekwa pụtara ìhè''' na-akọwa ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta ngwaahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosi ọkwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ . <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> == Mmalite == Okwu a sitere n'okwu a bụ " oriri pụtara ìhè ," nke ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Thorstein Veblen chepụtara n'akwụkwọ ya 1899 ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions'' . Veblen kọwara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ''nouveau riche'' bụ ndị ji ikike ịzụrụ ihe gosipụta ugwu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Steven E.|date=May 2014|title=Conspicuous conservation: The Prius halo and willingness to pay for environmental bona fides|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=67|issue=3|pages=303–317|doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2013.11.004|issn=0095-0696}}</ref> <ref>Veblen, Thorstein. (1899) ''Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions''. New York: Macmillan.</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "nchekwa pụtara ìhè" bụ prọfesọ mmụta akụ na ụba nke Mahadum Syracuse Seymour Sacks chepụtara na mkparịta ụka nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|pages=433}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=XII|issue=2}}</ref> == Nnwale == [[Usòrò:Conspicuous_Conservation_Graph_1.png|thumb|243x243px| '''Ọgụgụ 1: Pasent ndị sonyere na otu ọ bụla na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.''' N'ihe gbasara ụgbọ ala (acha odo odo), ncha (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na efere efere (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa pro-environmental 37.2%, 25.7%, na 34.5% nke oge. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGriskeviciusTyburVan_den_Bergh2010">Griskevicius, Vladas; Tybur, Joshua M.; Van den Bergh, Bram (2010). "Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation". ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. '''98''' (3): 392–404. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0017346|10.1037/a0017346]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1939-1315|1939-1315]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20175620 20175620].</cite></ref> ''Ndị so na otu ebumnuche-ọnọdụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' wee họrọ ha 54.5%, 41.8%, na 49.1% nke oge, n'otu n'otu. <ref name=":02" />]] N'etiti 2007 na 2009, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Vladas Griskevicius ( Mahadum nke [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] ), Joshua M. Tybur ( Mahadum New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] ), na Bram Van den Bergh ( Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Management nke Rotterdam ) duziri usoro nyocha nke na-enyocha nchekwa dị egwu. N'akwụkwọ a na-esi na ya pụta, ''Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation,'' ha rụrụ ụka na "ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka altruistic, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ahịa ma dị ala karịa ndị ibe ha, ma ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ. rite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi maka onye ọ bụla." N'ihi na omume ime mmụọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akara ngosi dị oke ọnụ nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, enwere ike ịkọwa nchekwa nke pụtara ìhè dị ka mgbama nke ọkwa dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|doi=10.1037/e621072012-217}}</ref> Nnwale ha gosipụtara na ebumnobi ọnọdụ ịgbalite mere ka ndị mmadụ họrọ ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ karịa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dara okomoko na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ebumnuche ọnọdụ na-abawanye njikere ịzụta ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihu ọha (ma ọ bụghị na nzuzo) ntọala yana na ntọala ebe ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eri karịa ngwaahịa na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Dị ka ndị odee si kwuo, enwere ike iji asọmpi ọkwa mee ihe iji kwalite omume gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa == * Altruism * Oriri pụtara ìhè * Ọkwa ọha * Ngosipụta omume ọma * Ntụrụndụ pụtara ìhè * Nsụhọ klaasị * Mgbochi ahịa * Ọnụ ahịa akara * Ozizi nrịbama == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}} f9n57cq72mq7yepnmzirswqm9mtx7j7 687672 687671 2026-07-13T01:19:51Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Nnwale */ 687672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nchekwa pụtara ìhè''' na-akọwa ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta ngwaahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosi ọkwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ . <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> == Mmalite == Okwu a sitere n'okwu a bụ " oriri pụtara ìhè ," nke ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Thorstein Veblen chepụtara n'akwụkwọ ya 1899 ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions'' . Veblen kọwara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ''nouveau riche'' bụ ndị ji ikike ịzụrụ ihe gosipụta ugwu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Steven E.|date=May 2014|title=Conspicuous conservation: The Prius halo and willingness to pay for environmental bona fides|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=67|issue=3|pages=303–317|doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2013.11.004|issn=0095-0696}}</ref> <ref>Veblen, Thorstein. (1899) ''Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions''. New York: Macmillan.</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "nchekwa pụtara ìhè" bụ prọfesọ mmụta akụ na ụba nke Mahadum Syracuse Seymour Sacks chepụtara na mkparịta ụka nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|pages=433}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=XII|issue=2}}</ref> == Nnwale == [[Usòrò:Conspicuous_Conservation_Graph_1.png|thumb|243x243px| '''Ọgụgụ 1: Pasent ndị sonyere na otu ọ bụla na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.''' N'ihe gbasara ụgbọ ala (acha odo odo), ncha (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na efere efere (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa pro-environmental 37.2%, 25.7%, na 34.5% nke oge. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGriskeviciusTyburVan_den_Bergh2010">Griskevicius, Vladas; Tybur, Joshua M.; Van den Bergh, Bram (2010). "Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation". ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology''. '''98''' (3): 392–404. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1037/a0017346|10.1037/a0017346]]. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1939-1315|1939-1315]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20175620 20175620].</cite></ref> ''Ndị so na otu ebumnuche-ọnọdụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' wee họrọ ha 54.5%, 41.8%, na 49.1% nke oge, n'otu n'otu. ]] N'etiti 2007 na 2009, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Vladas Griskevicius ( Mahadum nke [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] ), Joshua M. Tybur ( Mahadum New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] ), na Bram Van den Bergh ( Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Management nke Rotterdam ) duziri usoro nyocha nke na-enyocha nchekwa dị egwu. N'akwụkwọ a na-esi na ya pụta, ''Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation,'' ha rụrụ ụka na "ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka altruistic, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ahịa ma dị ala karịa ndị ibe ha, ma ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ. rite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi maka onye ọ bụla." N'ihi na omume ime mmụọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akara ngosi dị oke ọnụ nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, enwere ike ịkọwa nchekwa nke pụtara ìhè dị ka mgbama nke ọkwa dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|doi=10.1037/e621072012-217}}</ref> Nnwale ha gosipụtara na ebumnobi ọnọdụ ịgbalite mere ka ndị mmadụ họrọ ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ karịa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dara okomoko na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ebumnuche ọnọdụ na-abawanye njikere ịzụta ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihu ọha (ma ọ bụghị na nzuzo) ntọala yana na ntọala ebe ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eri karịa ngwaahịa na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Dị ka ndị odee si kwuo, enwere ike iji asọmpi ọkwa mee ihe iji kwalite omume gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa == * Altruism * Oriri pụtara ìhè * Ọkwa ọha * Ngosipụta omume ọma * Ntụrụndụ pụtara ìhè * Nsụhọ klaasị * Mgbochi ahịa * Ọnụ ahịa akara * Ozizi nrịbama == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}} auml5j92qnzzrddvknpg3pk1e1mi8pw 687673 687672 2026-07-13T01:21:02Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Nnwale */ 687673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Nchekwa pụtara ìhè''' na-akọwa ndị na-azụ ahịa na-azụta ngwaahịa na gburugburu ebe obibi iji gosi ọkwa dị elu nke ọha mmadụ . <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> == Mmalite == Okwu a sitere n'okwu a bụ " oriri pụtara ìhè ," nke ọkà mmụta akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Thorstein Veblen chepụtara n'akwụkwọ ya 1899 ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions'' . Veblen kọwara akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ''nouveau riche'' bụ ndị ji ikike ịzụrụ ihe gosipụta ugwu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Steven E.|date=May 2014|title=Conspicuous conservation: The Prius halo and willingness to pay for environmental bona fides|journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management|volume=67|issue=3|pages=303–317|doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2013.11.004|issn=0095-0696}}</ref> <ref>Veblen, Thorstein. (1899) ''Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study in the Evolution of Institutions''. New York: Macmillan.</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "nchekwa pụtara ìhè" bụ prọfesọ mmụta akụ na ụba nke Mahadum Syracuse Seymour Sacks chepụtara na mkparịta ụka nzuzo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|pages=433}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Ron D.|date=June 1, 1978|title=Growth versus Conservation: A Veblenian Perspective|journal=Journal of Economic Issues|volume=XII|issue=2}}</ref> == Nnwale == [[Usòrò:Conspicuous_Conservation_Graph_1.png|thumb|243x243px| '''Ọgụgụ 1: Pasent ndị sonyere na otu ọ bụla na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.''' N'ihe gbasara ụgbọ ala (acha odo odo), ncha (acha anụnụ anụnụ), na efere efere (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), ndị na-ahụ maka njikwa na-ahọrọ ngwaahịa pro-environmental 37.2%, 25.7%, na 34.5% nke oge. <ref name=":02" /> ''Ndị so na otu ebumnuche-ọnọdụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' wee họrọ ha 54.5%, 41.8%, na 49.1% nke oge, n'otu n'otu. ]] N'etiti 2007 na 2009, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Vladas Griskevicius ( Mahadum nke [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] ), Joshua M. Tybur ( Mahadum New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] ), na Bram Van den Bergh ( Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Management nke Rotterdam ) duziri usoro nyocha nke na-enyocha nchekwa dị egwu. N'akwụkwọ a na-esi na ya pụta, ''Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation,'' ha rụrụ ụka na "ịzụta ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka altruistic, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị ọnụ ahịa ma dị ala karịa ndị ibe ha, ma ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ. rite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi maka onye ọ bụla." N'ihi na omume ime mmụọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka akara ngosi dị oke ọnụ nke ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, enwere ike ịkọwa nchekwa nke pụtara ìhè dị ka mgbama nke ọkwa dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Going Green to Be Seen: Status, Reputation, and Conspicuous Conservation|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|doi=10.1037/e621072012-217}}</ref> Nnwale ha gosipụtara na ebumnobi ọnọdụ ịgbalite mere ka ndị mmadụ họrọ ngwaahịa ndụ ndụ karịa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dara okomoko na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ebumnuche ọnọdụ na-abawanye njikere ịzụta ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihu ọha (ma ọ bụghị na nzuzo) ntọala yana na ntọala ebe ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eri karịa ngwaahịa na-abụghị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Dị ka ndị odee si kwuo, enwere ike iji asọmpi ọkwa mee ihe iji kwalite omume gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa == * Altruism * Oriri pụtara ìhè * Ọkwa ọha * Ngosipụta omume ọma * Ntụrụndụ pụtara ìhè * Nsụhọ klaasị * Mgbochi ahịa * Ọnụ ahịa akara * Ozizi nrịbama == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Griskevicius|first=Vladas|date=2010|title=Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=98|issue=3|pages=392–404|doi=10.1037/a0017346|pmid=20175620|issn=1939-1315}} 649rzwhkecgd9bju3c779k3n8vza2lj 0 43204 687612 594805 2026-07-12T18:11:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |OpenNebula Systems ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | Na mbụ | class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | Ụlọ nyocha C12G |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | [[Cloud computing|Mgbakọ igwe ojii]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | tọrọ ntọala | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | Maachị&nbsp;2010 <span class="noprint">&#x3B;&#x20;14&nbsp;afọ ndị gara aga</span><span style="display:none">&nbsp;( <span class="bday dtstart published updated">2010-03</span> )</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | Isi ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data label" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | La Finca Business Park,<div class="locality" style="display: inline;"> Madrid</div> ,<div class="country-name" style="display: inline;"> Spain</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Ndị isi</div> | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | [[Ignacio M. Llorente]] (CEO) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | Ngwaahịa | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | [[OpenNebula|Mepee Nebula]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | Ọrụ | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | Nkwado, Ndụmọdụ, Mmepe, Ọzụzụ |- class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | [[Subsidiary|Ndị enyemaka]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | Ụlọ ọrụ OpenNebula Systems USA, LLC |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | Weebụsaịtị | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" | <span class="url">[https://opennebula.io opennebula.io]</span> |} '''OpenNebula Systems''', nke a na-akpọbu '''C12G Labs''', bụ international na-emepụta ma na-enye nkwado azụmahịa maka ikpo okwu njikwa igwe ojii na-emeghe OpenNebula . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ewubere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Machị 2010 ka C12G Labs. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Leadership - OpenNebula – Open Source Cloud & Edge Computing Platform|url=https://opennebula.io/leadership/|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=opennebula.io|date=3 February 2021|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116103922/https://opennebula.io/leadership/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240420070018/https://opennebula.io/leadership/ "Leadership - OpenNebula – Open Source Cloud & Edge Computing Platform"]. ''opennebula.io''. 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Dabere na Madrid (Spain), <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2014|title=C12G Announces Company Name Change to OpenNebula Systems|url=http://opennebula.systems/c12g-announces-company-name-change-to-opennebula-systems|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029072758/http://opennebula.systems/c12g-announces-company-name-change-to-opennebula-systems/|archivedate=29 October 2014|accessdate=18 November 2021}}</ref> bụ ndị nrụpụta mbụ nke OpenNebula hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> Na Septemba 2014, C12G gbanwere aha ya na OpenNebula Systems, na-ejikọta onwe ya na ngwaahịa ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> N'April 2015, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=OPENNEBULA SYSTEMS USA, LLC · 1500 District Ave, Burlington, MA 01803-5069|url=https://opengovus.com/sam-entity/081080779|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=opengovus.com}}</ref> </link> OpenNebula Systems kere enyemaka na US. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=18 May 2015|title=OpenNebula Systems Establishes Subsidiary in the US|url=http://opennebula.systems/opennebula-systems-establishes-subsidiary-in-the-us/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724032609/http://opennebula.systems/opennebula-systems-establishes-subsidiary-in-the-us/|archivedate=24 July 2015|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=opennebula.systems}}</ref> OpenNebula Systems USA, LLC dị na Cambridge, Massachusetts. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Opennebula Systems Usa LLC - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/1705926D:US|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019, OpenNebula Systems kwupụtara na e nyere ya € sitere na mmemme ngwa ngwa EU Horizon 2020 SME iji nyere aka na mmepe nke ONEdge, ọrụ iji weta igwe ojii nkeonwe na nsọtụ site na igwe ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ONEdge: A Software-defined Edge Computing Solution|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/880412|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=29 April 2023|doi=10.3030/880412|date=1 November 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=OpenNebula Systems Awarded H2020 SME Instrument Grant for Edge Computing|url=http://opennebula.systems/opennebula-systems-awarded-h2020-sme-instrument-grant-for-edge-computing/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025051513/http://opennebula.systems/opennebula-systems-awarded-h2020-sme-instrument-grant-for-edge-computing/|archivedate=25 October 2019|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=opennebula.systems}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Buzzwords. (November 2021)">Nkọwa dị mkpa</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> In November 2019,</link></link> bufere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[:es:Parque_empresarial_La_Finca|La Finca Business Park]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us - OpenNebula – Open Source Cloud & Edge Computing Platform|url=https://opennebula.io/contact/|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=opennebula.io|date=8 February 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This is literally a tweet in the one case (albeit one by the subject, so it's fine by WP:SELFPUB). The La Finca location is also mentioned, but barely, below the contact form on OpenNebula Systems's website. (November 2021)">ka mma<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>isi iyi<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>achọrọ<nowiki></span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ụdị 5.8 nke ngwanrọ a, "Edge", ewepụtara c. Ọnwa Isii 2019. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Abdou|first=Michael|date=13 June 2019|title=FOSS Project Spotlight: OpenNebula {{!}} Linux Journal|url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/foss-project-spotlight-opennebula|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613155341/https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/foss-project-spotlight-opennebula|archivedate=13 June 2019|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=www.linuxjournal.com}}</ref> Ụdị 6.0, “Mutara” ewepụtara c. Eprel 2021. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=Daniel|date=8 April 2021|title=The wrath of Khan: OpenNebula 6.0 'Mutara' boldly adds new cloud capabilities • DEVCLASS|url=http://devclass.com/2021/04/08/opennebula-6-0-mutara-boldly-adds-new-cloud-capabilities/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408170233/https://devclass.com/2021/04/08/opennebula-6-0-mutara-boldly-adds-new-cloud-capabilities/|archivedate=8 April 2021|accessdate=17 November 2021|work=DEVCLASS|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndị mmadụ == Ignacio M. Llorente bụ OpenNebula Systems's CEO, <ref name=":0"/> onye nchoputa, na onye nduzi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ignacio M. Llorente|url=https://imllorente.seas.harvard.edu/home|accessdate=2021-11-17|work=imllorente.seas.harvard.edu|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804172303/https://imllorente.seas.harvard.edu/home}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Apache CloudStack * AppScale * Ọrụ Weebụ Amazon * Canonical (ụlọ ọrụ) * Microsoft Azure * Mirantis * OnApp * OpenStack * Okpu uhie * SoftLayer * VMware  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Cambridge, Massachusetts. Na Septemba 2019, OpenNebula Systems kwupụtara na e nyere ya € sitere na mmemme ngwa * [https://opennebula.io Webụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [https://oneedge.io Otu ọnụ] 4z6x64m6znleoyb4viow0n5r7d3i9z4 0 44561 687716 166541 2026-07-13T05:41:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL={{url|https://richardnattoo.com/}}}} == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Richard Nattoo na Spanish Town, Jamaica, na 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/career-education/hl-collaborates-with-artist-richard-nattoo-for-corporate-card-series/|title=H&L collaborates with artist Richard Nattoo for corporate card series|date=December 19, 2021|work=[[Jamaica Observer]]}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/01/04/out-of-darkness-hope-a-new-year-chat-with-jamaican-artist-richard-nattoo/|title=Out of darkness, hope: A New Year chat with Jamaican artist Richard Nattoo|date=January 4, 2022}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Ardenne High School na Kingston . [2]<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20190602/nattoos-fragility-sound-art|title=Nattoo’s Fragility – The sound of art|date=June 2, 2019|work=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Teknụzụ, Jamaica . [2]<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/00086495.2023.2194204?needAccess=true|title=The Rabbit, the Wanderer and the Majician: Caribbean Quarterly: Vol 69, No 1}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gbanwere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe.[4]<ref name="auto1" /> Richard egosila ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na National Gallery of Jamaica, gụnyere Jamaica Biennial (2014, 2017), Young Talent (2015), Digital (2016), na ihe ngosi Summer (2019). O mewokwa ihe ngosi solo nke akpọrọ Reverberation of the Silent Echo (2014), Fragility (2019), Fragility Part 2 (2019), Existential, Salvation II - The Mara mma ịda mbà n'obi, na mgbe Nna m were anyị Fishin.[./Richard_Nattoo#cite_note-auto2-4 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[5]</nowiki></span>]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20220107/young-artist-creates-own-space-showcase-his-talent|title=Young artist creates own space to showcase his talent|date=January 7, 2022|work=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref><ref name="auto" /> Ihe ndị bụ isi ọ na-eji eme ihe bụ ihe na-acha mmiri, mkpịsị akwụkwọ na ink na ákwà. Nattoo bi ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Kingston.<ref name="auto1"/> == ''Rabbit, The Wanderer na The Majician'' == Ọrụ Richard na-enyocha mgbanwe site na nwata ruo n'oge, na obodo Westernized, na-enyocha ọnwụ nke nwata na majic echefuru echefu. Ọ na-akọ banyere njem ndị mmadụ atọ dị n'etiti: Wanderer, oke bekee, na onye Majician—nke ikpeazụ bụ nwata nwoke aha ya bụ Ian..[1]<ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00086495.2023.2194204|title=The Rabbit, the Wanderer and the Majician|first=Richard|author=Nattoo|date=January 2, 2023|journal=Caribbean Quarterly|volume=69|issue=1|pages=3–8|doi=10.1080/00086495.2023.2194204}}</ref> The Wanderer na-anọchi anya njem onwe onye nke Richard na-aga n'ihu na ntozu okè, na-alụso mmetụta ọhụrụ nke amaghị ihe na nkewa ọgụ.<ref name="auto4"/> Enweghị mmetụta uche a na-eduga na izute Rabbit, onye n'aka nke ya na-eme ka ọ mata Majician.[1] Ha na-agafe n'oké ọhịa, na-achọ amamihe n'aka ndị nna ha iji chọpụta ihe aka ha dị ọcha na agụụ nke ndị ntorobịa.[1]<ref name="auto4" /> == Onyinye na mmata == * 2020: Ihe nrite ntorobịa nke Praịm Minista (Nkà na Ọdịbendị) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20201216/richard-nattoo-honoured-pm-youth-award-illustrator-musician-takes|title=Richard Nattoo honoured by PM Youth Award - Illustrator-musician ‘takes flight’ with latest project|date=December 16, 2020|work=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20211224/interactive-childrens-book-gives-spin-caribbean-christmas|title=Interactive children’s book gives spin on Caribbean Christmas|date=December 24, 2021|work=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref> * 2022: Onye mmeri nke asọmpi Reimagine Nanny <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/entertainment/20221203/art-pieces-and-movie-reimagine-queen-nanny|title=Art pieces and movie reimagine Queen Nanny|date=December 3, 2022|work=[[Jamaica Gleaner]]}}</ref> * 2023: Fellow na Noldor Artist Residency, Ghana <ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noldorresidency.com/our-2022-visiting-fellow-richard-nattoo-honoured-in-jamaica/|title=Visiting Fellow Richard Nattoo permanently recognized at Institute of Jamaica Museum Collection|date=July 31, 2023|accessdate=May 14, 2024|archivedate=August 13, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813160413/https://noldorresidency.com/our-2022-visiting-fellow-richard-nattoo-honoured-in-jamaica/}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 19v0plpycdu9kzphys0gzd9r2gh8jx1 0 44674 687542 639396 2026-07-12T13:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Oral in Accra.jpg|thumb|Oral in Accra.jpg]] Oral Kwame Ofori (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 26, 1980), nke a maara dị ka Oral Ofori, bụ onye Ghana-America na-enweta ihe nrite <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wpaa.tv/about/wpaatv/awards/|title=WPAA Tv award|accessdate=2024-05-16|archivedate=2021-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413161937/https://wpaa.tv/about/wpaatv/awards/}}</ref> onye na-emepụta mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na onye na-ede blọgụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beeniewords.com/oral-ofori-of-the-african-dream-bags-another-us-award-this-time-in-washington-dc/|title=2020 Top Media Awardees|date=10 September 2020|accessdate=September 12, 2020|archivedate=17 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117110055/https://beeniewords.com/oral-ofori-of-the-african-dream-bags-another-us-award-this-time-in-washington-dc/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/TV-Producer-Blogger-from-Ghana-wins-award-in-the-USA-323623|title=TV Producer/Blogger from Ghana wins award in the USA|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 August 2014|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> onye nta akụkọ, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye edemede.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bloggerweek.com/blogger-week-ambassadors/|title=Blogger Week Ambassadors - Blogger Week UnConference|work=Blogger Week UnConference|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/TheAfricanDream-show-produced-by-Oral-Ofori-on-FPA-passes-50th-episode-695697|title=#TheAfricanDream show produced by Oral Ofori on FPA passes 50th episode|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=26 October 2018|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> A nụrụ ụda na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda elu ịrụ ọrụ nke oru nke ọbọdọ ya na Tema, ọ bụkwa onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ nkwukọrịta nke US TheAfricanDream LLC. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cis.scc.virginia.gov/EntitySearch/BusinessInformation?businessId=845771&source=FromEntityResult&isSeries=False|title=TheAfricanDream LLC Business Entity Details|work=sccefile.scc.virginia.gov|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018 Ofori malitere ọrụ ntụgharị Asụsụ Ga ka onye ntụgharị nke abụọ nke asụsụ Twi na Ga na usoro Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nke Fairfax County. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/oral-ofori-1862bb19|title=Interpreter|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2019-02-22}}</ref> Na Disemba 2021 Maazị Ofori malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Embassy nke Ghana, Washington, D.C. dị ka Onye isi nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmekọrịta Ndị Ahịa n'okpuru Ambassador Alima Mahama .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaembassydc.org/news-and-events/cogpac/|title=Ofori at Ghana Embassy in U.S.|work=Ghana Embassy, DC|accessdate=2022-03-04|archivedate=2022-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304212723/https://ghanaembassydc.org/news-and-events/cogpac/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaembassydc.org/author/editor1/|title=Some publications posted in tenure of Ofori at the Embassy|work=Internet Archive|accessdate=2022-02-26|archivedate=2023-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126215831/https://ghanaembassydc.org/author/editor1/}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2024 ụlọ ọrụ Maazị Ofori TheAfricanDream LLC jikọtara aka na gọọmentị Washington DC na United States iji nye mgbasa ozi maka ihe omume a kpọrọ Africa on the Avenue iji kwado azụmaahịa mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.districtbridges.org/events/africa-on-the-avenue/|title=Africa on the Avenue 2024|publisher=District Bridges|accessdate=20 March 2024}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na nne na nna Ghana na Tema, Oral Ofori gụsịrị akwụkwọ ghọrọ ike akụkọ nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na Chemu Senior High School na 1998 wee gụchaa akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na London School of Journalism na 2006. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ malitere ọrụ na Voice Olu America (VOA) na [[Washington, D.C.]], dị ka onye nta akụkọ redio na onye na-enye onyinye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newsvideo.su/video/7282494|title=Oral Ofori #JollofFestival Organizer is Interviewed by Vincent Makori – VOA Africa News|work=newsvideo.su|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27|archivedate=2018-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054622/http://newsvideo.su/video/7282494}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2008-02-08-voa23-66629517/556776.html|title=British Philanthropist and Sports Gear Company Campaign for World Peace|work=VOA|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en}}</ref> Ofori bụkwa onye na-ede akụkọ maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akụkọ maka mmepe nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana dị ka GhanaWeb, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/columnist.php?S=Ofori,%20Oral|title=Columnist Ofori, Oral|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> ModernGhana, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/search/?q=Oral+Ofori|title=Modern Ghana|work=www.modernghana.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> na akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikan Post nke dị na US. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/afrikanpost/docs/september_2016_online_version/25|title=September 2016 online version|work=Issuu|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en}}</ref> O nyekwara aka na mbipụta gụnyere ''Los Angeles Sentinel'', magazin akụkọ Sweden Beyond Borders, ''Dallas Weekly'', ''North Dallas Gazette'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasentinel.net/?s=TheAfricanDream|title=You searched for TheAfricanDream - Los Angeles Sentinel|work=Los Angeles Sentinel|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> na Baltimore Times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rebtel.com/en/beyond-borders/searches/?pattern=TheAfricanDream|title=Search result {{!}} Beyond Borders|work=Beyond Borders Magazine|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27|archivedate=2018-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054635/https://www.rebtel.com/en/beyond-borders/searches/?pattern=TheAfricanDream}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dallasweekly.com/search/?sd=desc&l=25&sort=relevance&f=html&t=article,video,youtube,collection&app=editorial&nsa=eedition&q=Oral+Ofori|title=Search|author=Weekly|first=The Dallas|work=The Dallas Weekly|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://northdallasgazette.com/?s=Oral+Ofori|title=You searched for Oral Ofori - North Dallas Gazette|work=North Dallas Gazette|date=26 December 2015|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.baltimoretimes-online.com/news/2016/jan/06/kenyan-artist-almaz-keep-indigenous-music-alive/|title=Kenyan artist Almaz to keep indigenous music alive|first=Oral|author=Ofori|work=m.baltimoretimes-online.com|language=en|date=2016-01-06|accessdate=2018-11-27|archivedate=2018-12-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054445/http://m.baltimoretimes-online.com/news/2016/jan/06/kenyan-artist-almaz-keep-indigenous-music-alive/}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2014, Ofori abụwo onye na-elekọta ma na-emepụta ihe ngosi #TheAfricanDream <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcac.org/search/node/theafricandream|title=Search|work=Fairfax Public Access|accessdate=2024-05-16|archivedate=2023-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129180709/https://www.fcac.org/search/node/theafricandream}}</ref> nke a na-egosi na Fairfax, Virginia Public-access television's <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/TheAfricanDream-show-produced-by-Oral-Ofori-on-FFA-passes-50th-episode-695697|title=#TheAfricanDream show produced by Oral Ofori on FPA passes 50th episode|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=26 October 2018|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> channel 30. == Akụkọ na ajụjụ ọnụ == Ofori malitere blọọgụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oralofori.blogspot.com/2011/10/|title=Oral Ofori's first blog|work=oralofori.blogspot.com|date=24 October 2011|language=en|accessdate=2021-08-30}}</ref> ma kemgbe ahụ dee banyere ma ọ bụ gbaa ndị mmadụ biri nke enyi nwéré ajụjụ ọnụ gụnyere Mayor Peter Bossman, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricandream.net/mayor-peter-bossman-piran-slovenia-theafricandream-net/|title=Mayor Peter Bossman of Piran in Slovenia on TheAfricanDream.net|work=www.theafricandream.net|date=6 June 2017|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> onye sayensị na onye na-emepụta fiber optics Dr. Thomas Mensah, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://northdallasgazette.com/2015/12/01/44603/|title=Dr. Thomas Mensah identify paths to industrialize Africa - North Dallas Gazette|date=2015-12-01|work=North Dallas Gazette|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Anthony K. Wutoh; Howard University Provost na Chief Academic Officer, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.howard.edu/howard-appoints-dr-anthony-k-wutoh-provost-and-chief-academic-officer|title=Howard Appoints Dr. Anthony K. Wutoh, Provost And Chief Academic Officer {{!}} Howard University|work=www2.howard.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27|archivedate=2021-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410152747/https://www2.howard.edu/howard-appoints-dr-anthony-k-wutoh-provost-and-chief-academic-officer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ghlinks.com.gh/howard-university-partners-google-raise-percentage-black-computer-scientist-engineers/|title=Howard University Partners with Google to raise percentage of black computer scientist and engineers|date=2017-07-06|work=GhLinks.com.gh™|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> na onye egwu na onye na'ese ihe [[Koby Maxwell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/Koby-Maxwell-to-celebrate-Ghana-independence-in-American-Diaspora-409443|title=Koby Maxwell to celebrate Ghana independence in American Diaspora|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=21 January 2016|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ọnụ ya ndị ọzọ bụ Deborah Addo nke INOVA Hospitals na US, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inova.org/about-us/leadership/deborah-addo|title=Deborah Addo, CEO of Inova Loudoun Hospital - Inova|author=Inova|work=www.inova.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/Deborah-Addo-CEO-of-Inova-Mount-Vernon-hospital-has-Ghana-connection-342789|title=Deborah Addo, CEO of Inova Mount Vernon hospital has Ghana connection|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=16 January 2015|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> onye egwu na onye na-eme ihe ike nke Grammy Rocky Dawuni, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricandream.net/?s=Rocky+Dawuni|title=Rocky Dawuni - The African Dream|work=The African Dream|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> onye na-akọ egwuregwu Sonny Young nke Voice Of America, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.voanews.com/sonny/author/syoung/|title=Sonny Young – Sonny Side of Sports|date=3 August 2018|accessdate=16 May 2024|archivedate=25 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425060743/https://blogs.voanews.com/sonny/author/syoung/}}</ref> onye Ezinụlọ Quander nke akụkọ ihe mere eme Rohulamin Quander, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hypercitigh.com/news/international-news/rohulamin-quander-of-the-historic-african-american-quander-family/|title=Quander family member|work=www.Hypercitigh.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-29}}</ref> Hege Hertzberg, onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Norway na Ghana, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso na Liberia, na n'etiti ndị ọzọ Howard University Professor Michael C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsroom.howard.edu/newsroom/static/7816/hu-biologist-s-participation-study-leads-genetic-discovery-challenging-skin|title=HU Biologist's Participation in Study Leads to Genetic Discovery Challenging Skin Color as Characteristic of Race|date=2017-11-21|work=Howard Newsroom|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-27}}</ref> == Nkwado == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Afọ !Nkwado !Ahụ |- |2023 |A na-asọpụrụ ya maka ịkwalite akụkọ Afrịka n'ụwa niile |Ghanaian Professionals Network, [[Texas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1275797/ghanaian-professionals-network-host-night-of-excel.html|title=Ghanaian Professionals Network host Night of Excellence in Texas honoring persons from Ghana|date=January 18, 2024|work=ModernGhana}}</ref> |- |2023 |2022 Onye mmeri, Best Diaspora Blog |Ndị Afrobloggers, Diaspora<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afrobloggers.org/the-afrobloggers-awards/|title=The Afrobloggers Awards » Afrobloggers|date=December 2, 2020|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archivedate=May 17, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517031239/https://afrobloggers.org/the-afrobloggers-awards/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afrobloggers.org/abawards2022-winners/|title=AbAwards2022 Winners » Afrobloggers|date=March 25, 2023|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archivedate=April 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416181201/https://afrobloggers.org/abawards2022-winners/}}</ref> |- |2020 |2020 Top Ten D.C. Media & Film Awardee |Ayoo Africa, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beeniewords.com/oral-ofori-of-the-african-dream-bags-another-us-award-this-time-in-washington-dc/|title=Oral Ofori of 'The African Dream' bags another US award, this time in Washington DC &#124; Beenie Words|first=Elorm|author=Beenie|date=September 10, 2020|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archivedate=May 16, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516131128/https://beeniewords.com/oral-ofori-of-the-african-dream-bags-another-us-award-this-time-in-washington-dc/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ayooafrica.com/dc/top-ten/2020/06/22/meet-2020-top-ten-d-c-awardees-in-media-film/|title=2020 Top Media DC|accessdate=2024-05-16|archivedate=2023-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129180716/https://ayooafrica.com/dc/top-ten/2020/06/22/meet-2020-top-ten-d-c-awardees-in-media-film/}}</ref> |- |2018 |Ihe karịrị ihe omume 50 nke #TheAfricanDream TV show |Fairfax Public Access, [[Végíníyà|Virginia]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.live/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/TheAfricanDream-show-produced-by-Oral-Ofori-on-FPA-passes-50th-episode-695697|title=#TheAfricanDream show produced by Oral Ofori on FPA passes 50th episode|date=October 26, 2018|work=GhanaWeb|accessdate=May 16, 2024|archivedate=January 18, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118195959/https://www.ghanaweb.live/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/TheAfricanDream-show-produced-by-Oral-Ofori-on-FPA-passes-50th-episode-695697}}</ref> |- |2013 |Ihe nrite maka ikike dị iche iche |ACM New England, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wpaa.tv/awards/|title=Citizen Media-Maker Awards · WPAA-TV|work=wpaa.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.live/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/TV-Producer-Blogger-from-Ghana-wins-award-in-the-USA-323623|title=TV show recognized for diversity empowerment|work=www.ghanaweb.com|date=30 August 2014|language=en|accessdate=16 May 2024|archivedate=18 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118200008/https://www.ghanaweb.live/GhanaHomePage/diaspora/TV-Producer-Blogger-from-Ghana-wins-award-in-the-USA-323623}}</ref> |- |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ofori OkwunaInstagram * Ofori OkwunaFacebook * Ofori OkwunaTwitter * [http://www.oralofori.com www.oralofori.com] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 67a6b7r1yeo58buur02601uut956kri 0 45212 687709 452305 2026-07-13T03:36:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Raphael Chikukwa''' (amụrụ 1970) bụ onye nlekọta Zimbabwe na onye isi oche nke [[National Gallery nke Zimbabwe]] kemgbe 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Raphael Chikukwa Is the new Executive Director at National Gallery of Zimbabwe|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/raphael-chikukwa-is-the-new-executive-director-at-national-gallery-of-zimbabwe/|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> Tupu nke a, ọ bụ Chief Curator n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na tupu mgbe ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo afọ iri dị ka onye nlekọta onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Yates|first=Rob|title=Interview with Raphael Chikukwa {{!}} The Fearless Promoter of Zimbabwean Art|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/zimbabwe/articles/interview-with-raphael-chikukwa-the-fearless-promoter-of-zimbabwean-art/|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=Culture Trip|archivedate=2021-03-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301140256/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/zimbabwe/articles/interview-with-raphael-chikukwa-the-fearless-promoter-of-zimbabwean-art/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Raphael Chikukwa is Transforming the Contemporary Art Landscape of Zimbabwe|url=https://whitewall.art/art/raphael-chikukwa-is-transforming-art-landscape-zimbabwe|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=Whitewall|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-09|title=Interview with Raphael Chikukwa, Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Zimbabwe (NGZ) Harare|url=https://uk.icom.museum/interview-with-raphael-chikukwa-deputy-director-of-the-national-gallery-of-zimbabwe-ngz-harare/|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=ICOM UK|language=en-GB}}</ref> Chikukwa bụ Ọkammụta Chevening nke ji MA na Curating Contemporary Design site na Mahadum Kingston London . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụrụ Chikukwa na Harare Art Center na Mbare . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-15|title=Curator}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chikukwa wepụtara onwe ya na Johannesburg Biennale nke abụọ na 1997 na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru [[Okwui Enwezor]] . Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na-esote na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta onwe ya. Chikukwa gụrụ akwụkwọ wee zụọ ya na Yurop tupu a họpụta ya Curator nke National Gallery nke Zimbabwe. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ntọala nke Zimbabwean Pavilion na 54th Venice Biennale na 2011, ma hazie ihe nnọchianya nke obodo na 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019 na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Arts|first=AVAC|date=2020-09-23|title=Chikukwa appointed National Gallery Executive Director|url=https://avacarts.com/chikukwa-appointed-national-gallery-executive-director/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=AVAC Arts|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184620/https://avacarts.com/chikukwa-appointed-national-gallery-executive-director/}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * ''Ihu na ihu'' (Ihe ngosi mba nke Zimbambwe, Harare, 2003) * ''Ọhụụ nke Zimbabwe'' (Manchester City Art Galleries, 2004) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Visions of Zimbabwe|url=https://readingzimbabwe.com/books/visions-of-zimbabwe|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=readingzimbabwe.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''Mawonero/Umbono: Nghọta na nka na Zimbabwe (Kerber Verlag, 2016)'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mawonero/Umbono|url=https://readingzimbabwe.com/books/mawonero-umbono|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=readingzimbabwe.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''Kabbo Ka Muwala: Mbugharị na Mbugharị na Art Contemporary Art'' (Revolver, 2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kabbo ka Muwala|url=https://readingzimbabwe.com/books/kabbo-ka-muwala|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=readingzimbabwe.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == a. Chikukwa gụrụ akwụkwọ wee zụọ ya na Yurop tupu a họpụta ya Curator nke National{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h6urfa1q9a9w6pp5kn2jd37y1bkpf4q 0 45441 687722 168935 2026-07-13T06:43:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=RobertMartin-2.jpg|caption=Martin in 2020}} {{Databox}}'''Sir Robert George Martin''' KNZM (1957 - 30 Eprel 2024) bụ onye na-akwado ikike ikike New Zealand bụ onye kwalitere ngagharị ịkwado onwe ya na mba ụwa wee tinye aka na usoro nke butere Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ . Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii United Nations na ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ site na 2017 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/crpd/membership|title=OHCHR &#124; Membership of the Committee|work=www.ohchr.org|accessdate=2024-05-02}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Martin na Whanganui, New Zealand na 1957. Ọmụmụ siri ike butere mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ. Dị ka nwa ọhụrụ e zigara ya na [[Kimberley Mental Deficiency Colony]] (emesịa degharịa aha [[Kimberley Centre|Kimberley Center]] ). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hunt|first=Anne|title=The Lost Years – From Levin Farm Mental Deficiency Colony to Kimberley Centre|date=2000|publisher=A. Hunt Nationwide Book Distributors|isbn=0-473-06755-2}}</ref> Ewezuga oge dị mkpirikpi ya na ezinụlọ ya biri na mbọ ọ nwara n'ịzụlite, Martin nọrọ na nwata ya na ụlọ ọrụ dịka ngalaba nke steeti . Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a gụnyere Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Lake Alice (ụlọ ọgwụ psychiatric) na [[Campbell Park School]] . Na akụkọ ndụ ya, Martin na-akọwa ọnọdụ ọjọọ na mmegbu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/life/63854914/exorcising-demons-of-a-damaged-past|title=Exorcising demons of a damaged past|date=4 December 2014|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> nke ọ ga-emesị mee mkpọsa imechi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=215100|title=Four-year plan for disabled – National – NZ Herald News|publisher=Nzherald.co.nz|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 1972, a tọhapụrụ Martin na nlekọta ma laghachi na Whanganui. N'ime obere oge, ya na nne na nna ya bi, mana mmekọrịta ahụ bụ ime ihe ike na enweghị obi ụtọ. N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, Martin biri ma rụọ ọrụ na nlekọta nke IHC New Zealand, otu nkwado na nlekọta nlekọta maka ndị nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi na New Zealand. N'ime oge a, Martin malitere ịkụziri onwe ya ihe, ọtụtụ mgbe site n'akwụkwọ ndị o zuru. Ọ tinyere aka na mmemme iji kwatuo ihe mgbochi ndị nwere nkwarụ mmụta, gụnyere ngagharị iwe na enweghị nkwado ya na ndị nlekọta. Ọ haziri ọgbaghara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ọgụgụ isi. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book|author=McRae|first=John|title=Becoming a Person: the biography of Robert Martin|date=2014|publisher=Craig Potton|isbn=9781927213193}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule oge ọ dị n'etiti afọ iri abụọ, Martin na-arụ ọrụ na-eduga na nzukọ ikike nkwarụ [[People First (organisation)|ndị mmadụ mbụ]] . Ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa n'ọkwa mpaghara na nke mba, na 1993 gakwara Canada iji nọchite anya New Zealand na ọgbakọ ndị mmadụ mbụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke a gasịrị, Martin so na-ede akwụkwọ nke ''Nkwenkwe, Uru, na Ụkpụrụ nke Ịkwado Onwe Onye'' . <ref>{{Cite book|title=The beliefs, values and principles of self-advocacy.|date=1996|publisher=Brookline Books|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9781571290229}}</ref> N'etiti 1990s, a họpụtara Martin ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọrụ nke IHC dịka onye na-akwado njem na New Zealand. Ọrụ ya bụ ịkwalite ịkwado onwe ya n'etiti ndị nwere nkwarụ na ịmepụta nghọta ọha na eze nke ga-eme ka ndị nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi si na ụlọ ọrụ banye n'ime obodo. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Millen|first=Julia|title=Breaking Barriers IHC's first 50 years|date=1999|publisher=IHC New Zealand (Inc)|pages=95–96|isbn=1-877-242-063}}</ref> Martin gakwara mba ofesi nke ukwuu maka [[Inclusion International]], na-akwalite ịkwado onwe ya. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu kansụl nke Inclusion International na na 2003 a họpụtara Inclusion International's nnọchiteanya na United Nations Ad Hoc Committee "iji tụlee atụmatụ maka mgbakọ mba ụwa zuru oke na nke dị mkpa iji kwalite na chebe ikike na ùgwù nke ndị nwere nkwarụ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=1423|title=UN Enable – Ad Hoc Committee on a Comprehensive and Integral International Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities|publisher=Un.org|accessdate=30 August 2015}}</ref> Ruo otu oge, Martin bụ naanị onye nwere nkwarụ mmụta na-etinye aka na usoro UN, na-ekere òkè karịsịa na mkparịta ụka gbasara ọnọdụ ezinụlọ (Preamble X nke mgbakọ) na ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ ibi n'ime obodo (Ikeji 19). ).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Na 2016, Martin mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka onye mbụ nwere nkwarụ mmụta ahọpụtara na otu nkwekọrịta United Nations, mgbe a họpụtara ya na Kọmitii maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ. Oge izizi ya na kọmitii ahụ sitere na 2017 ruo 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/health/2016/06/robert-martins-historic-election-to-un-disabilities-committee.html|title=Robert Martin's historic election to UN disabilities committee|work=Newshub|accessdate=31 December 2019}}</ref> Kọmịshọna na-ahụ maka ikike nkwarụ New Zealand Paul Gibson, kwuru na "Robert Martin ọ bụghị nanị na-akụri n'uko uko ụlọ, ọ na-akụrikwa n'uko ụlọ na mgbidi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ekpochi ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Onye New Zealand ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ. na-anya isi maka nnukwu ọrụ ya taa." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11656852|title=New Zealander's historic appointment to the United Nations|date=14 June 2016|accessdate=31 December 2019|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140055/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11656852}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2020, a họpụtara ya ọzọ na kọmitii United Nations na ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ maka oge ọzọ. == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 2014, e bipụtara akụkọ ndụ Martin <ref name="autogenerated1"/> ma gosipụta ya na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inclusion-international.org/robert-martin-documentary/|title=Robert Martin Documentary|publisher=Inclusion-international.org|date=14 April 2014|accessdate=31 August 2015|archivedate=30 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430172820/http://inclusion-international.org/robert-martin-documentary/}}</ref> Robert Martin Self Advocate Leader Award bụ onye n’onwe ya na-enye onyinye n’afọ a na-enwe ọgbakọ inwe Say Conference na Australia, nye onye so na ya bụ onye nkwado onwe ya masịrị ya nke ukwuu. Martin biri na Whanganui na nwunye ya Lynda. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/wanganui-chronicle/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503426&objectid=11356440|title=Fighting hard for rights of those with disabilities – Wanganui Chronicle – Wanganui Chronicle News|publisher=Nzherald.co.nz|accessdate=31 August 2015}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Whanganui na 30 Eprel 2024. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2024/05/01/disability-rights-advocate-sir-robert-martin-dies/|title=Disability rights advocate Sir Robert Martin dies|date=1 May 2024|work=[[1 News]]|accessdate=2 May 2024}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == Na 2008 New Year Honors, a họpụtara Martin ka ọ bụrụ onye otu New Zealand Order of Merit, maka ọrụ ndị nwere nkwarụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2008|title=New Year honours list 2008|date=31 December 2007|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=31 December 2019}}</ref> A kwalitere ya na Knight Companion nke New Zealand Order of Merit na 2020 Year Honors, nakwa maka ọrụ ndị nwere nkwarụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2020|title=New Year honours list 2020|date=31 December 2019|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=31 December 2019}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d58pci82xn5eq7f5c3iau56oq3kjr78 0 45745 687708 624130 2026-07-13T03:26:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ramón Esono Ebale creando en su taller.jpg|thumb|Ramón Esono]]{{Databox}}'''Ramón Nse Esono Ebalé''' (amuru na Nọvemba 22, 1977) bu onye ihe ngosi [[Equatorial Guinea|nke Equatorial Guinea]] na onye na-ese ihe nkiri . Ọ na-adọta n'okpuru pseudonym Jamón y Queso ("Ham na Cheese" na Spanish). A mụrụ Ebalé na Micomeseng na ugwu Equatorial Guinea. N'ịbụ onye na-akụzikarị onwe ya, ọ natakwara ntụziaka osise na [[Centro cultural de España en Malabo]] . Ọ natala ihe nrite dị ka ''Regarde 9'' na Angoulême International Comics Festival na site na magazin ''Africa na Mediterranean'' na Bologna . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ramón Esono Ebalé - Ficha de autor en Tebeosfera|url=https://www.tebeosfera.com/autores/esono_ebale_ramon.html|work=www.tebeosfera.com|accessdate=20 December 2017|language=es}}</ref> Na ịntanetị, Ebalé rụrụ ọrụ maka webzine ''Las Locuras de Jamón y Queso'' . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ''[[Un día vi 10.000 elefantes]]'' ma gosi ya na Paraguay na El Salvador. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Naranjo|first=José|title=El dibujante Ramón Esono, detenido en Guinea Ecuatorial|work=El País|language=Spanish|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/09/17/africa_no_es_un_pais/1505667804_966754.html|date=2017-09-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Resistencia: Ramon Esono Ebalé|publisher=Diario Rombe|language=Spanish|url=https://diariorombe.es/resistencia-ramon-esono-ebale/|date=2013-06-26}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ahịa azụmahịa, Ebalé na-elekwasị anya na enweghị nhata miri emi nke Equatorial Guinea na Teodoro Obiang, onye ọchịchị aka ike kemgbe 1979. <ref name="VQRWinter2016" /><ref name="TheWorld28Sept2017">{{Cite news|author=Hills|first=Carol|title=A cartoonist out to unseat a dictator is arrested|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-09-28/cartoonist-out-unseat-dictator-arrested|work=[[The World (radio program)]]|publisher=Public Radio International|date=2017-09-28|accessdate=2017-12-11}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHills2017">Hills, Carol (2017-09-28). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210803160117/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-09-28/cartoonist-out-unseat-dictator-arrested "A cartoonist out to unseat a dictator is arrested"]. ''[[Ụwa (usoro redio)|The World (radio program)]]''. Public Radio International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-11</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ebalé kwagara Paraguay na 2011. N'agbanyeghị na ụdị mkparị ya mere ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ya na ya na-emekọ ihe kewapụrụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụkọ ọrụ ya na obere ìgwè ndị na-emegide ọchịchị na-emegide ọchịchị na Obianọ. <ref name="VQRWinter2016" /> Na 2014, na mkparịta ụka nke onye na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na-amaghị aha dere na Malabo, Ebalé sere akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese ''La pesadilla de Obi'' ( ''Obi's Nightmare'' ). Ọ bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị gọọmentị EGJustice kwadoro ya. A kọwara akwụkwọ a dị ka “ụbọchị izu ike nke na-eche ka ọ ga-adị Obiang n'onwe ya, onye maara akụ na ụba obodo ya na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, na-eteta dị ka onye na-enweghị ọrụ, onye na-amaghị ihe n'otu n'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe Malabo na-atụ egwu. " <ref name="VQRWinter2016">{{Cite journal|author=Rowan Moore Gerety|title=Comics Without Captions: Can a cartoonist help unseat a dictator?|url=http://www.vqronline.org/profiles-articles/2016/01/comics-without-captions|issue=Winter|year=2016|accessdate=2017-12-11}}</ref> Enweghị ohere maka nkesa iwu n'ime Equatorial Guinea, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu kesara mbipụta Spanish. <ref name="VQRWinter2016" /> <ref name="TheWorld28Sept2017" /> Na Septemba 2017, e jidere Ebalé na Malabo ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Black Beach ama ama. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Naranjo|first=José|title=Guinea Ecuatorial encarcela a un artista crítico con Obiang por falsificación y blanqueo de dinero|work=El País|language=Spanish|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2017/09/20/actualidad/1505932061_188141.html?id_externo_rsoc=FB_CC|date=2017-09-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Millán|first=Agustín|title=Detenido Ramón Esono Ebalé dibujante critico con la dictadura de Obiang en Guinea|publisher=Diario16|language=Spanish|url=http://diario16.com/detenido-ramon-esono-ebale-dibujante-critico-la-dictadura-obiang-guinea/|date=2017-09-20}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya na March 2018 ka onye uwe ojii kwetara na ọ na-ebo ya ebubo ụgha dabere n'iwu sitere n'aka ndị isi ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://cartoonistsrights.org/ramon-esono-ebale-released-from-prison/|title=Ramón Esono Ebalé Released from Prison|date=2018-03-07|work=CARTOONISTS RIGHTS NETWORK INTERNATIONAL|accessdate=2018-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2017, Ndị Cartoonists Rights Network, International nyere Ebalé ''Obi ike ya na Editorial Cartooning'' ihe nrite kwa afọ, iji dọta uche na mkpọrọ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cavna|first=Michael|date=November 6, 2017|title=An imprisoned West African graphic novelist received the Courage in Cartooning award. Will it help?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2017/11/06/an-imprisoned-west-african-graphic-novelist-received-the-courage-in-cartooning-award-will-it-help/|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=November 6, 2017}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2ulnl3gt7pagoowsnrn70qhzzd0dxk5 0 46108 687759 580216 2026-07-13T10:08:21Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndị nduzi nka a ma ama kwagh-hir */ 687759 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Kwagh-hir''''' (n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara ''ihe anwansiihe anwansi'' anwanci ma kpọọ ''kwaa hee'') <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imodara.com/magazine/new-book-something-magical/|title=New Book: Something Magical - The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|work=imodara.com|date=2018|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> bụ ụdị nka na ewuli elu nke Ndị Tiv nke etiti [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na afọ 1960. Ọ bụ ihe ngosi ọha na eze na-akpali akpali na akọ akụkọ omume ọma nke ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a, ma na agụnye ihe ngosi, ihe ngosi, [[Ábu|uri]], egwu, ịgba egwú na akụkọ na eme ihe nkiri iji gosipụta isiokwu omume ya. Ndị Tiv na eji ya eme ihe iji mee ka nkwenkwe ọdịnala sie ike ma nye akụkọ ụwa ndị ọzọ iji kụziere, mee mkpakọrịta, nye ntụrụndụ ụwa ma dozie nsogbu ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raifilm.org.uk/films/kwagh-hir/|title=Kwagh Hir|work=raifilm.org.uk|date=2020|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="KWA" />{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683|title=Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance|accessdate=21 February 2020|work=UNESCO}}</ref> Kwagh-hir bụ ụdị nka dị elu nke kwagh alom, omume ochie nke ndị Tiv ebe ndị na akọ akụkọ na emeso ezinụlọ ahụ na oge ịkọ akụkọ, na emekarị n'isi ụtụtụ nke abalị mgbe ọrụ ugbo nke ehihie gasịrị site na ìhè ọnwa.<ref name="KPH" />{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=Peggy|date=October 1997|title=The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2949|journal=Environment and History|volume=3|issue=3|pages=371–376|doi=10.3197/096734097779555845|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> Ụdị a ma ama nke kwagh-hir dị ka Jonathan Fogel si kwuo nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi Punch na Judy, nke ndị a ma ama na akọwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume dị ugbu a na akụkọ ma na ezo aka n'ọtụtụ omume ọdịbendị.<ref name="KRB" />{{Cite book|author=Bunch|first=Richard|date=2017|title=Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> E debara aha Kwagh-hir na Ndepụta Ndị Nnọchiteanya nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị nke Ụmụ Mmadụ na 2019 site na mkpebi nke Kọmitii Gọọmentị: 14. Ọ bụ iri ka a ga asị na ọ bụ iri ka e si nweta ya. B.27 <ref name="KWA">{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683|title=Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance|accessdate=21 February 2020|work=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/unesco-lists-kwagh-hir-theatre-on-heritage-roll/|title=UNESCO lists Kwagh-Hir theatre on heritage roll|work=thenationonlineng.net|date=2019|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> == Mmalite na mmepe == Akụkọ ifo na ekwu na Adikpo Songo si Akpagher; Mbatyav na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo [[Gboko]] nke Benue State, Nigeria, bụ onye malitere Kwagh-hir. Adikpo Songu, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Iyorwuese Hagher, onye ọkà mmụta nke kwagh-hir, gbalịrị ịkwado echiche a nke ọtụtụ ndị isi otu kwagh-hir na ndị okenye ama ama na Tivland. Songu, onye na akwado United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC) kpughere na Disemba 1960 n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tivland nke a maara dị ka Nande-Nande (usoro ọkụ) ebe ndị otu UMBC biliri megide Northern People's Congress (NPC) na achị, na ere ihe onwunwe ha ọkụ, gụnyere nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị isi, ọ gbagara Mkar Christian Hospital, nso Gboko, maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike, mana n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, iji gbanahụ njide, iji gbane ndị uwe ojii. Mgbe ọ na alọta site na Mkar Christian Hospital, ebe ọ gara ihe dị ka kilomita 12, ọ rutere nso Osimiri Orkoor mgbe ọ nụrụ ụda egwu na adọrọ mmasị na mberede. Ka ọ na eru nso, na ezo n'azụ ahịhịa achara ma na ele anya, ọ hụrụ ìgwè mmadụ abụọ. Ọnọdụ ha dakọtara na ntụziaka nke agbụrụ abụọ, Mbayion na Mbatyav. E welitere ọkọlọtọ ọcha n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ nke nwere otu ndị na akụ ọkpọ, ụmụ agbọghọ na agba egwú na ụmụ bebi na dagbera (ikpo okwu). Mgbe ahụ, ọ ghọtara na ndị na eme ihe nkiri ahụ abụghị mmadụ n'ezie kama adzov (mmụọ). Ìgwè abụọ ahụ yiri ka ha na etinye aka na asọmpi nke yiri ya ka ọdịnala ịkọ akụkọ nke Tiv a maara dị ka kwagh-alom, mana enwere ọdịiche. N'ọnọdụ a, kama ịbụ onye na-akọ akụkọ, nwoke ga abịa n'etiti ámá egwuregwu ma n'elu olu ya gwa ndị na ege ntị ihe ha na achọ ịhụ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị na eme ihe nkiri ga abanye n'ógbè ahụ ma ọ bụ dị ka anụmanụ na agba egwú ma ọ bụ adzov, na agba egwu iji mesie àgwà ha ike. Adikpo Songu na ekwu na ọ dara n'ụra na ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ, mgbe ọ tetara n'ụtụtụ echi ya, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị nso iji gosi na ihe omume dị otú ahụ mere n'ebe ahụ. Ya mere, o kwubiri na adzov ga akpachara anya họrọ ya maka ebumnuche nke inye ya ọrụ nke iweta kwagh-hir n'aka ndị Tiv, na ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ụdị na ụdị ọ nwere ihe ùgwù ile anya.<ref name="KWH" />{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}</ref>A Dị ka [[Iyorwuese Hagher]] si kwuo, ndị Tiv achọghị ka ha bụrụ ihe osise. Tiv ga ekwu na ọkwa ọ bụla dị mma bụ amoosu; tsav ma ọ bụ adzov, onye nwere ike ichebe ndị nwere onyinye pụọ na mmerụ ahụ nke Tsav ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ọ ga abụrịrị na ndị Tiv furu efu na ekpe ikpe ya banyere onye malitere kwagh-hir. N'ihi ya, ha nyere onye na ese ihe kwagh-hir (Tor-Kwagh-hir) dị ka onye malitere. Hagher kwubiri na ọ dịghị onye malitere kwagh-hir n'ụdị ya ugbu a.<ref name="KWH">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Gowon Ama Doki na ekwu na ihe nkiri kwagh-hir nke oge a sitere n'aka Adikpo Songu sitere n'ezinụlọ Mbatyav na mpaghara [[Gboko]] nke Benue Steeti mgbe o ji ụmụ bebi ya na masquerades ya mee ndị na ege ntị na 1960. <ref name="KHI" />{{Cite book|author=Doki|first=Gowon|date=2006|title=Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir|url=|location=Makurdi|publisher=Aboki Publishers|isbn=978-9-788-09830-0|authorlink=}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, njikọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta kwagh-hirkwagh-hir Doki, bụ na dị ka ihe nkiri ọ bụla ọzọ, a pụghị ijikọta kwagh-ir na otu onye dị ka onye malitere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ ihe okike nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, na agbakọta iji kesaa ahụmịhe. Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị 1960 ka e mere nkwupụta okike pụrụ iche nke kwagh-hir; ijikọta ihe nkiri, egwu, okike na nka iji gbasaa okwu nke onye na akọ akụkọ n'ụdị ihe nkiri dum.<ref name="KWH">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHagher2003">Hagher, Iyorwuese (2003). ''The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance''. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd. pp.&nbsp;44–48. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-36442-4-6|<bdi>978-36442-4-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref name="KHI">{{Cite book|author=Doki|first=Gowon|date=2006|title=Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir|url=|location=Makurdi|publisher=Aboki Publishers|isbn=978-9-788-09830-0|authorlink=}}</ref><ref name="KPH">{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=Peggy|date=October 1997|title=The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2949|journal=Environment and History|volume=3|issue=3|pages=371–376|doi=10.3197/096734097779555845|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iorwuese|date=1990|title=The Tiv Kwagh-Hir: A popular Nigerian puppet theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFkHAQAAIAAJ|location=|publisher=Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation|pages=12–61|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> === Ụlọ ihe nkiri Nyambuan === Tupu kwagh-hir, Tiv ahụla ihe nkiri ọzọ a maara dị ka ''Nyambuan'' nke a ma ama n'etiti afọ 1934 na 1939. Nyambuan pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na anụ ahụ emebiwo. Ọ bụ okwu mmeghe na mmegharị nke e mere iji wepụ ndị ''Mbatsav'' (ndị ọjọọ). Ọrụ Nyambuan bịara na mmetụta siri ike nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma chọọ iweghachi usoro site na arụmọrụ cathartic iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye mgbanwe Tiv a maara dị ka yamen-ishe (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka uru azụmaahịa) na iweghachi ọgba aghara ọdịbendị nke usoro ọchịchị na achị ndị Tiv. Egwuregwu ahụ weere ụdị ememe, na ndị na egwu egwu na ndị na'agba egwú mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ nke dabeere na ememe. E nwere ọtụtụ njide na njide iwu na akwadoghị nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri Nyambuan. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahokegh|first=A. F.|date=2014|title=Nyambuan Revolt Of 1939: Tradition Versus Modernity in Tiv Land of Central Nigeria|url=http://www.multidisciplinaryjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NYAMBUAN-REVOLT-OF-1939-TRADITION-VERSUS-MODERNITY-IN-TIV-LAND-OF-CENTRAL-NIGERIA.pdf|journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research|volume=2|issue=2|pages=|doi=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Shii|first=B. I.|date=2013|title=Christianity in Tivland: A History of the NKST|url=|location=|publisher=De Mosty Standard Printing Press|pages=|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> ''Kwagh-hir'', nke mechara pụta ma na eme taa, na ekwusi ike na mkparịta ụka n'ihi obi ọjọọ nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri nke ofufe ''Nyambuan'' ji mgbalị jikọtara ndị ozi ala ọzọ na gọọmentị Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akinsipe|first=Felix|date=March 2015|title=Dance as a Vehicle of Communication in the Tiv Kwagh-Hir Theater|url=|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies|volume=1|issue=4|pages=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Iorapuu|first=Tor|date=2007|title=Avant-gradism in African Dances: An Example of the Tiv- Jamaa Dance Group of Ombakor-Lele|url=|journal=The Performer: Ilorin Journal of the Performing Arts|volume=9|issue=|pages=33–51|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Nhazi == Otu kwagh-hir ma ọ bụ ihe omume nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ na nhazi ya. Ọ na agụnye mgbalị ndị otu niile nwere ọrụ dị iche iche ha ga arụ. Otu kwagh-hir, dị ka Iyorwuese Hagher si kwuo, kewara n'ime anọ: njikwa; ndị na eme ihe nkiri; ndị na'egwú na ndị na ese ihe (ndị na-ese). <ref name="TKT">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iorwuese|date=2014|title=The Kwagh-hir Theater: A Weapon for Social Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11QnAgAAQBAJ|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-6250-5|authorlink=}}</ref>B === Nchịkwa === A chọpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ n'otu kwagh-hir nke gụnyere ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa. * ''Ter kwagh-hir'' (onye isi) - Na enye njirimara maka otu ma hụ na nkwekọrịta dị n'ime otu. * ''Orkyon'' (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Ọ na abụkarị onye bara ọgaranya n'obodo nke na enye ihe onwunwe maka ọdịmma nke otu ahụ * ''Ordondon'' (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Na enyere Orkiọn aka na ọdịmma nke otu ahụ. * ''Orngeren'' (odeakwụkwọ) - Na akpọ nzukọ ma na ewepụta atụmatụ. Ọ na enyekwa nkwupụta site na njikwa gaa na ndị otu * ''Ikpanyar'' (onye na ahụ maka akụ) - Ọ na ahụkwa maka ego niile na enweta n'òtù ahụ ma na enye otu ihe ahụ. * ''Tor Kwagh-hir'' (onye nduzi nka) - Onye isi oche nke ndị otu njikwa. Ọ na ahazi ndị otu ahụ dum ma na ahụ maka ọdịmma ha. * ''Torkwase'' (onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị) - Na ele anya na ọdịmma na mkpa nke ndị na ese ihe nwanyị n'oge mmemme. Ọ bụkwa onye na ahụ maka ịgba egwú nke ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na akụziri ha abụ. * ''Dugeri'' (onye nche) - Na ahụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ma dozie obere esemokwu n'etiti ndị otu. * ''Tor Ikyo'' (onye nche ọhịa) Na eduga ma na eduzi ndị na akpụ osisi n'ime ọhịa. * ''Agum-a-ior'' (ndị ntorobịa) Na ahụ na nchekwa nke ndị ọbịa, na echebe ihe ndị dị na ya ma na akpali ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'oge mmepụta. === Ndị na eme ihe nkiri === [[Usòrò:A_kwagh-hir_character.jpg|thumb|Onye kwagh-hir na eme n'oge Benue Youth Carnival]] [[Usòrò:A_kwagh-hir_performance.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu kwagh-hir n'oge Benue Youth Carnival na Makurdi.]] E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'otu kwagh-hir na ọrụ ha na ekpebi site na akụkọ ha bu n'obi igosipụta. Otú ọ dị, ndepụta dị n'okpuru na egosi ndị na eme ihe nkiri a hụrụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu kwagh-hir ọ bụla dị. * Ma ọ bụ shurwa (onye na akọ akụkọ) Onye otu kachasị ekwu okwu nke na ahụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na ege ntị na ndị na eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na enye ndị na eme ihe nkiri ma na eji ihe ngosi dị mma eme ihe. * Mbakuuv (masqueraders) - Ndị nọ n'azụ ihe nkpuchi na uwe ihe nkiri. * Ma ọ bụ Iwanger (nwoke na enwu ọkụ) - Onye na ahụ maka ọkụ. Ọ na ebu oriọna dị ka onye nduzi maka mbakuuv n'ọgbọ egwuregwu. * Mbanyoron dagbera (ndị na eme ihe nkiri) Ndị na ahụ maka ihe nkiri site n'okpuru ikpo okwu. * Ortongon korough (onye na afụ opi ma ọ bụ onye na edebe oge) Oge oge nke ihe ngosi dị iche iche === Ndị na eti egwu === Ndị na agụ egwú na eduzi site na tor gbande (onye isi na akụ egwú) onye mue-tor gbande na enyere aka. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na akụ ọkpọ bụ akụkụ nke òtù ahụ ma na akpọ ụdị ọkpọ dị iche iche a maara dị ka itsorough (Tiv native snare drum), Ngo gbande (Tiv native bass drum), wdg. === Onye na ese ihe === A naghị ahụkarị onye na ese ihe (ma ọ bụ gban akaa) n'oge arụmọrụ kwagh-hir. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ onye isi nke otu kwagh-hir. N'omume, a na ewere ya dị ka onye edemede na onye nduzi n'ihi na ọ na ekpebi nsụgharị na ịma mma nke arụmọrụ. A na akwụ onye na ese ihe, dabere na ọgụgụ isi ya ụgwọ iji mepụta ụmụ bebi na ihe nkpuchi maka otu. == Ebe a na eme ihe nkiri == A na ekewa ọkwa Kwagh-hir n'ime mpaghara bụ isi, ọnọdụ ndị ukwe, n'azụ ikpo okwu na ụlọ nzukọ. Ebe bụ isi bụ nhazi nke ọkara gburugburu na mpaghara arụmọrụ. Nke a bụ ebe ndị na ese ihe na eme ihe kachasị mma ha mgbe ha na agagharị na nsọtụ. Ọnọdụ ndị ukwe dị n'otu akụkụ nke ikpo okwu. Ọ na esonyere ndị na ege ntị na azụ ikpo okwu ma bụrụ nke ndị na agụ egwú na ndị na agba egwú na arụ ọrụ. Ihe dị n'azụ ikpo okwu na abụkarị azụ ụlọ ndị dị gburugburu. A na ejedebe mpaghara a na ndị otu kwagh-hir. Ụlọ nzukọ ahụ bụ mpaghara gbara nnukwu ámá egwuregwu gburugburu ebe ndị na ege ntị na anọdụ ala.<ref name="KWH">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHagher2003">Hagher, Iyorwuese (2003). ''The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance''. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd. pp.&nbsp;44–48. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-36442-4-6|<bdi>978-36442-4-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ihe ịchọ mma nke Kwagh-hir na ihe ntecha == [[Usòrò:Kwagh-hir_masks.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpuchi kwagh-hir na egosi na Makurdi, Benue State]] [[Usòrò:Kwagh-hir_animated_character.jpg|thumb|Onye kwagh-hir na eme ihe nkiri n'oge Benue Youth Carnival]] A na esite na omenala nke ọdịbendị Tiv mara mma nke Kwagh-hir ma gosipụta nghọta Tiv banyere ndụ ha. A na atụle nke a site na iji echiche dịgasị iche iche nke a na etinye n'ụdị dị iche iche iji gosipụta ọrụ ọha na eze. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma gosipụta ọdịdị mara mma nke ndị Tiv. Ọ na agụnye ụfọdụ egwu mmekọrịta Tiv dị ka swange, gberichul, ihinga, ivom, Iee, Igbe, ibiamegh, girinya na ụdị ndị ọzọ na atọ ọchị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Uji|first=Charles|date=1993|title="Tiv Aesthetics: Facts and Misrepresentations" in Ahire, T. P. (ed.) The Tiv in Contemporary Nigeria|url=|location=Zaria|publisher=Tiv Studies Project|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> Ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche nke kwagh-hir niile nwere ụkpụrụ omume. Ụmụ bebi ndị ahụ bụ ihe okike, ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ọbụna ihe ọchị, ma ha niile na egosipụta ajọ mbunobi omume na ntaramahụhụ nke ndị obodo Tiv. A na egosi mmata akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụfọdụ ụmụ bebi nke na anọchite anya ihe omume dịka mgbe nwanyị mbụ pụtara ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdị ejiji nke oge a nke imewe Europe nwetara nnabata mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuaib|first=Olapeju|date=2008|title=Costume and Make-Up as Indispensable Arts in Theatre Practice: A Historical Survey|url=|journal=The Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies|volume=2|issue=1|pages=138|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> Ụmụ bebi kwagh-hir nwere njirimara mara mma dị ka imi triangular, anya dị ka Nok, obere egbugbere ọnụ na imi trianguular. Agba eji ese ụmụ bebi na egbuke egbuke, n'ihi na ndị na-ese kwagh-hir na eji agba kpọmkwem site na isi iyi. Enweghị mgbalị a kpachapụrụ anya iji mepụta ụda, onyinyo ma ọ bụ ụcha. A na eme ejiji maka masquerade nke ọma ma na acha nnọọ mma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Agaku|first=Saghevwua|date=2014|title=An Adaptation of kwagh-hir puppets to create kinetic paintings|url=|location=Zaria|publisher=|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> A na-emepụta ihe nkpuchi na ihe nkpuchi iji gosipụta ihe nnọchianya na mmegharị nke na akọwa akụkụ nke echiche ụwa nke Tiv. Ihe mkpuchi ọ bụla na egosipụta, ma na akọwa eziokwu n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, mmụọ, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye ọ bụla na egosi mmetụta miri emi nke egwu, ọchị, iwe, ịhụnanya na ọbụna enweghị mmasị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Iyorwuese|first=Hagher|date=2017|title=Beauty and Meaning in Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> A na ejikọta onye kwagh-hir ọ bụla na ọdịdị ya ma mepụta ọkwa na adịghị ahụ anya maka ndị na ege ntị.<ref name="KRB">{{Cite book|author=Bunch|first=Richard|date=2017|title=Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> == Ndị nduzi nka a ma ama kwagh-hir == Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama Ator-a-Kwagh-hir (ndị nduzi nka): * Apev Akaa * Anande Chieshe * Chia Gbagir * Ayange Gwer * Adasu Jirgba * Kende Kaase * Adikpo Songo == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraKwagh-Hirna Wikimedia Commons * [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683 "Ihe nkiri nke Kwagh-Hir na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ UNESCO"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPQlFzjlZ4I "Vidio UNESCO na Kwagh-Hir ihe nkiri na Youtube] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7njKaZG8pwk "Ọdịbendị furu efu: Ime ka Ụlọ Egwuregwu Kwagh Hir dịghachi ndụ na Youtube site na Terver Malu"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVdvKY9DBqY "Tiv Kwagh-hir puppetry" na Youtube site na Rita Iorbo] {{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rz13ntwzhrzt52oxyddhivpx6sl3s07 687760 687759 2026-07-13T10:09:08Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ebe a na eme ihe nkiri */ 687760 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Kwagh-hir''''' (n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara ''ihe anwansiihe anwansi'' anwanci ma kpọọ ''kwaa hee'') <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imodara.com/magazine/new-book-something-magical/|title=New Book: Something Magical - The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|work=imodara.com|date=2018|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> bụ ụdị nka na ewuli elu nke Ndị Tiv nke etiti [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na afọ 1960. Ọ bụ ihe ngosi ọha na eze na-akpali akpali na akọ akụkọ omume ọma nke ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a, ma na agụnye ihe ngosi, ihe ngosi, [[Ábu|uri]], egwu, ịgba egwú na akụkọ na eme ihe nkiri iji gosipụta isiokwu omume ya. Ndị Tiv na eji ya eme ihe iji mee ka nkwenkwe ọdịnala sie ike ma nye akụkọ ụwa ndị ọzọ iji kụziere, mee mkpakọrịta, nye ntụrụndụ ụwa ma dozie nsogbu ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raifilm.org.uk/films/kwagh-hir/|title=Kwagh Hir|work=raifilm.org.uk|date=2020|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="KWA" />{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683|title=Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance|accessdate=21 February 2020|work=UNESCO}}</ref> Kwagh-hir bụ ụdị nka dị elu nke kwagh alom, omume ochie nke ndị Tiv ebe ndị na akọ akụkọ na emeso ezinụlọ ahụ na oge ịkọ akụkọ, na emekarị n'isi ụtụtụ nke abalị mgbe ọrụ ugbo nke ehihie gasịrị site na ìhè ọnwa.<ref name="KPH" />{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=Peggy|date=October 1997|title=The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2949|journal=Environment and History|volume=3|issue=3|pages=371–376|doi=10.3197/096734097779555845|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> Ụdị a ma ama nke kwagh-hir dị ka Jonathan Fogel si kwuo nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi Punch na Judy, nke ndị a ma ama na akọwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume dị ugbu a na akụkọ ma na ezo aka n'ọtụtụ omume ọdịbendị.<ref name="KRB" />{{Cite book|author=Bunch|first=Richard|date=2017|title=Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> E debara aha Kwagh-hir na Ndepụta Ndị Nnọchiteanya nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị nke Ụmụ Mmadụ na 2019 site na mkpebi nke Kọmitii Gọọmentị: 14. Ọ bụ iri ka a ga asị na ọ bụ iri ka e si nweta ya. B.27 <ref name="KWA">{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683|title=Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance|accessdate=21 February 2020|work=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/unesco-lists-kwagh-hir-theatre-on-heritage-roll/|title=UNESCO lists Kwagh-Hir theatre on heritage roll|work=thenationonlineng.net|date=2019|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> == Mmalite na mmepe == Akụkọ ifo na ekwu na Adikpo Songo si Akpagher; Mbatyav na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo [[Gboko]] nke Benue State, Nigeria, bụ onye malitere Kwagh-hir. Adikpo Songu, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Iyorwuese Hagher, onye ọkà mmụta nke kwagh-hir, gbalịrị ịkwado echiche a nke ọtụtụ ndị isi otu kwagh-hir na ndị okenye ama ama na Tivland. Songu, onye na akwado United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC) kpughere na Disemba 1960 n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tivland nke a maara dị ka Nande-Nande (usoro ọkụ) ebe ndị otu UMBC biliri megide Northern People's Congress (NPC) na achị, na ere ihe onwunwe ha ọkụ, gụnyere nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị isi, ọ gbagara Mkar Christian Hospital, nso Gboko, maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike, mana n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, iji gbanahụ njide, iji gbane ndị uwe ojii. Mgbe ọ na alọta site na Mkar Christian Hospital, ebe ọ gara ihe dị ka kilomita 12, ọ rutere nso Osimiri Orkoor mgbe ọ nụrụ ụda egwu na adọrọ mmasị na mberede. Ka ọ na eru nso, na ezo n'azụ ahịhịa achara ma na ele anya, ọ hụrụ ìgwè mmadụ abụọ. Ọnọdụ ha dakọtara na ntụziaka nke agbụrụ abụọ, Mbayion na Mbatyav. E welitere ọkọlọtọ ọcha n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ nke nwere otu ndị na akụ ọkpọ, ụmụ agbọghọ na agba egwú na ụmụ bebi na dagbera (ikpo okwu). Mgbe ahụ, ọ ghọtara na ndị na eme ihe nkiri ahụ abụghị mmadụ n'ezie kama adzov (mmụọ). Ìgwè abụọ ahụ yiri ka ha na etinye aka na asọmpi nke yiri ya ka ọdịnala ịkọ akụkọ nke Tiv a maara dị ka kwagh-alom, mana enwere ọdịiche. N'ọnọdụ a, kama ịbụ onye na-akọ akụkọ, nwoke ga abịa n'etiti ámá egwuregwu ma n'elu olu ya gwa ndị na ege ntị ihe ha na achọ ịhụ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị na eme ihe nkiri ga abanye n'ógbè ahụ ma ọ bụ dị ka anụmanụ na agba egwú ma ọ bụ adzov, na agba egwu iji mesie àgwà ha ike. Adikpo Songu na ekwu na ọ dara n'ụra na ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ, mgbe ọ tetara n'ụtụtụ echi ya, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị nso iji gosi na ihe omume dị otú ahụ mere n'ebe ahụ. Ya mere, o kwubiri na adzov ga akpachara anya họrọ ya maka ebumnuche nke inye ya ọrụ nke iweta kwagh-hir n'aka ndị Tiv, na ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ụdị na ụdị ọ nwere ihe ùgwù ile anya.<ref name="KWH" />{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}</ref>A Dị ka [[Iyorwuese Hagher]] si kwuo, ndị Tiv achọghị ka ha bụrụ ihe osise. Tiv ga ekwu na ọkwa ọ bụla dị mma bụ amoosu; tsav ma ọ bụ adzov, onye nwere ike ichebe ndị nwere onyinye pụọ na mmerụ ahụ nke Tsav ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ọ ga abụrịrị na ndị Tiv furu efu na ekpe ikpe ya banyere onye malitere kwagh-hir. N'ihi ya, ha nyere onye na ese ihe kwagh-hir (Tor-Kwagh-hir) dị ka onye malitere. Hagher kwubiri na ọ dịghị onye malitere kwagh-hir n'ụdị ya ugbu a.<ref name="KWH">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Gowon Ama Doki na ekwu na ihe nkiri kwagh-hir nke oge a sitere n'aka Adikpo Songu sitere n'ezinụlọ Mbatyav na mpaghara [[Gboko]] nke Benue Steeti mgbe o ji ụmụ bebi ya na masquerades ya mee ndị na ege ntị na 1960. <ref name="KHI" />{{Cite book|author=Doki|first=Gowon|date=2006|title=Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir|url=|location=Makurdi|publisher=Aboki Publishers|isbn=978-9-788-09830-0|authorlink=}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, njikọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta kwagh-hirkwagh-hir Doki, bụ na dị ka ihe nkiri ọ bụla ọzọ, a pụghị ijikọta kwagh-ir na otu onye dị ka onye malitere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ ihe okike nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, na agbakọta iji kesaa ahụmịhe. Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị 1960 ka e mere nkwupụta okike pụrụ iche nke kwagh-hir; ijikọta ihe nkiri, egwu, okike na nka iji gbasaa okwu nke onye na akọ akụkọ n'ụdị ihe nkiri dum.<ref name="KWH">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHagher2003">Hagher, Iyorwuese (2003). ''The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance''. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd. pp.&nbsp;44–48. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-36442-4-6|<bdi>978-36442-4-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref name="KHI">{{Cite book|author=Doki|first=Gowon|date=2006|title=Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir|url=|location=Makurdi|publisher=Aboki Publishers|isbn=978-9-788-09830-0|authorlink=}}</ref><ref name="KPH">{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=Peggy|date=October 1997|title=The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2949|journal=Environment and History|volume=3|issue=3|pages=371–376|doi=10.3197/096734097779555845|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iorwuese|date=1990|title=The Tiv Kwagh-Hir: A popular Nigerian puppet theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFkHAQAAIAAJ|location=|publisher=Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation|pages=12–61|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> === Ụlọ ihe nkiri Nyambuan === Tupu kwagh-hir, Tiv ahụla ihe nkiri ọzọ a maara dị ka ''Nyambuan'' nke a ma ama n'etiti afọ 1934 na 1939. Nyambuan pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na anụ ahụ emebiwo. Ọ bụ okwu mmeghe na mmegharị nke e mere iji wepụ ndị ''Mbatsav'' (ndị ọjọọ). Ọrụ Nyambuan bịara na mmetụta siri ike nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma chọọ iweghachi usoro site na arụmọrụ cathartic iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye mgbanwe Tiv a maara dị ka yamen-ishe (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka uru azụmaahịa) na iweghachi ọgba aghara ọdịbendị nke usoro ọchịchị na achị ndị Tiv. Egwuregwu ahụ weere ụdị ememe, na ndị na egwu egwu na ndị na'agba egwú mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ nke dabeere na ememe. E nwere ọtụtụ njide na njide iwu na akwadoghị nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri Nyambuan. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahokegh|first=A. F.|date=2014|title=Nyambuan Revolt Of 1939: Tradition Versus Modernity in Tiv Land of Central Nigeria|url=http://www.multidisciplinaryjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NYAMBUAN-REVOLT-OF-1939-TRADITION-VERSUS-MODERNITY-IN-TIV-LAND-OF-CENTRAL-NIGERIA.pdf|journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research|volume=2|issue=2|pages=|doi=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Shii|first=B. I.|date=2013|title=Christianity in Tivland: A History of the NKST|url=|location=|publisher=De Mosty Standard Printing Press|pages=|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> ''Kwagh-hir'', nke mechara pụta ma na eme taa, na ekwusi ike na mkparịta ụka n'ihi obi ọjọọ nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri nke ofufe ''Nyambuan'' ji mgbalị jikọtara ndị ozi ala ọzọ na gọọmentị Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akinsipe|first=Felix|date=March 2015|title=Dance as a Vehicle of Communication in the Tiv Kwagh-Hir Theater|url=|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies|volume=1|issue=4|pages=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Iorapuu|first=Tor|date=2007|title=Avant-gradism in African Dances: An Example of the Tiv- Jamaa Dance Group of Ombakor-Lele|url=|journal=The Performer: Ilorin Journal of the Performing Arts|volume=9|issue=|pages=33–51|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Nhazi == Otu kwagh-hir ma ọ bụ ihe omume nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ na nhazi ya. Ọ na agụnye mgbalị ndị otu niile nwere ọrụ dị iche iche ha ga arụ. Otu kwagh-hir, dị ka Iyorwuese Hagher si kwuo, kewara n'ime anọ: njikwa; ndị na eme ihe nkiri; ndị na'egwú na ndị na ese ihe (ndị na-ese). <ref name="TKT">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iorwuese|date=2014|title=The Kwagh-hir Theater: A Weapon for Social Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11QnAgAAQBAJ|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-6250-5|authorlink=}}</ref>B === Nchịkwa === A chọpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ n'otu kwagh-hir nke gụnyere ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa. * ''Ter kwagh-hir'' (onye isi) - Na enye njirimara maka otu ma hụ na nkwekọrịta dị n'ime otu. * ''Orkyon'' (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Ọ na abụkarị onye bara ọgaranya n'obodo nke na enye ihe onwunwe maka ọdịmma nke otu ahụ * ''Ordondon'' (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Na enyere Orkiọn aka na ọdịmma nke otu ahụ. * ''Orngeren'' (odeakwụkwọ) - Na akpọ nzukọ ma na ewepụta atụmatụ. Ọ na enyekwa nkwupụta site na njikwa gaa na ndị otu * ''Ikpanyar'' (onye na ahụ maka akụ) - Ọ na ahụkwa maka ego niile na enweta n'òtù ahụ ma na enye otu ihe ahụ. * ''Tor Kwagh-hir'' (onye nduzi nka) - Onye isi oche nke ndị otu njikwa. Ọ na ahazi ndị otu ahụ dum ma na ahụ maka ọdịmma ha. * ''Torkwase'' (onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị) - Na ele anya na ọdịmma na mkpa nke ndị na ese ihe nwanyị n'oge mmemme. Ọ bụkwa onye na ahụ maka ịgba egwú nke ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na akụziri ha abụ. * ''Dugeri'' (onye nche) - Na ahụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ma dozie obere esemokwu n'etiti ndị otu. * ''Tor Ikyo'' (onye nche ọhịa) Na eduga ma na eduzi ndị na akpụ osisi n'ime ọhịa. * ''Agum-a-ior'' (ndị ntorobịa) Na ahụ na nchekwa nke ndị ọbịa, na echebe ihe ndị dị na ya ma na akpali ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'oge mmepụta. === Ndị na eme ihe nkiri === [[Usòrò:A_kwagh-hir_character.jpg|thumb|Onye kwagh-hir na eme n'oge Benue Youth Carnival]] [[Usòrò:A_kwagh-hir_performance.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu kwagh-hir n'oge Benue Youth Carnival na Makurdi.]] E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'otu kwagh-hir na ọrụ ha na ekpebi site na akụkọ ha bu n'obi igosipụta. Otú ọ dị, ndepụta dị n'okpuru na egosi ndị na eme ihe nkiri a hụrụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu kwagh-hir ọ bụla dị. * Ma ọ bụ shurwa (onye na akọ akụkọ) Onye otu kachasị ekwu okwu nke na ahụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na ege ntị na ndị na eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na enye ndị na eme ihe nkiri ma na eji ihe ngosi dị mma eme ihe. * Mbakuuv (masqueraders) - Ndị nọ n'azụ ihe nkpuchi na uwe ihe nkiri. * Ma ọ bụ Iwanger (nwoke na enwu ọkụ) - Onye na ahụ maka ọkụ. Ọ na ebu oriọna dị ka onye nduzi maka mbakuuv n'ọgbọ egwuregwu. * Mbanyoron dagbera (ndị na eme ihe nkiri) Ndị na ahụ maka ihe nkiri site n'okpuru ikpo okwu. * Ortongon korough (onye na afụ opi ma ọ bụ onye na edebe oge) Oge oge nke ihe ngosi dị iche iche === Ndị na eti egwu === Ndị na agụ egwú na eduzi site na tor gbande (onye isi na akụ egwú) onye mue-tor gbande na enyere aka. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na akụ ọkpọ bụ akụkụ nke òtù ahụ ma na akpọ ụdị ọkpọ dị iche iche a maara dị ka itsorough (Tiv native snare drum), Ngo gbande (Tiv native bass drum), wdg. === Onye na ese ihe === A naghị ahụkarị onye na ese ihe (ma ọ bụ gban akaa) n'oge arụmọrụ kwagh-hir. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ onye isi nke otu kwagh-hir. N'omume, a na ewere ya dị ka onye edemede na onye nduzi n'ihi na ọ na ekpebi nsụgharị na ịma mma nke arụmọrụ. A na akwụ onye na ese ihe, dabere na ọgụgụ isi ya ụgwọ iji mepụta ụmụ bebi na ihe nkpuchi maka otu. == Ebe a na eme ihe nkiri == A na ekewa ọkwa Kwagh-hir n'ime mpaghara bụ isi, ọnọdụ ndị ukwe, n'azụ ikpo okwu na ụlọ nzukọ. Ebe bụ isi bụ nhazi nke ọkara gburugburu na mpaghara arụmọrụ. Nke a bụ ebe ndị na ese ihe na eme ihe kachasị mma ha mgbe ha na agagharị na nsọtụ. Ọnọdụ ndị ukwe dị n'otu akụkụ nke ikpo okwu. Ọ na esonyere ndị na ege ntị na azụ ikpo okwu ma bụrụ nke ndị na agụ egwú na ndị na agba egwú na arụ ọrụ. Ihe dị n'azụ ikpo okwu na abụkarị azụ ụlọ ndị dị gburugburu. A na ejedebe mpaghara a na ndị otu kwagh-hir. Ụlọ nzukọ ahụ bụ mpaghara gbara nnukwu ámá egwuregwu gburugburu ebe ndị na ege ntị na anọdụ ala. == Ihe ịchọ mma nke Kwagh-hir na ihe ntecha == [[Usòrò:Kwagh-hir_masks.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpuchi kwagh-hir na egosi na Makurdi, Benue State]] [[Usòrò:Kwagh-hir_animated_character.jpg|thumb|Onye kwagh-hir na eme ihe nkiri n'oge Benue Youth Carnival]] A na esite na omenala nke ọdịbendị Tiv mara mma nke Kwagh-hir ma gosipụta nghọta Tiv banyere ndụ ha. A na atụle nke a site na iji echiche dịgasị iche iche nke a na etinye n'ụdị dị iche iche iji gosipụta ọrụ ọha na eze. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma gosipụta ọdịdị mara mma nke ndị Tiv. Ọ na agụnye ụfọdụ egwu mmekọrịta Tiv dị ka swange, gberichul, ihinga, ivom, Iee, Igbe, ibiamegh, girinya na ụdị ndị ọzọ na atọ ọchị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Uji|first=Charles|date=1993|title="Tiv Aesthetics: Facts and Misrepresentations" in Ahire, T. P. (ed.) The Tiv in Contemporary Nigeria|url=|location=Zaria|publisher=Tiv Studies Project|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> Ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche nke kwagh-hir niile nwere ụkpụrụ omume. Ụmụ bebi ndị ahụ bụ ihe okike, ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ọbụna ihe ọchị, ma ha niile na egosipụta ajọ mbunobi omume na ntaramahụhụ nke ndị obodo Tiv. A na egosi mmata akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụfọdụ ụmụ bebi nke na anọchite anya ihe omume dịka mgbe nwanyị mbụ pụtara ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdị ejiji nke oge a nke imewe Europe nwetara nnabata mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuaib|first=Olapeju|date=2008|title=Costume and Make-Up as Indispensable Arts in Theatre Practice: A Historical Survey|url=|journal=The Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies|volume=2|issue=1|pages=138|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> Ụmụ bebi kwagh-hir nwere njirimara mara mma dị ka imi triangular, anya dị ka Nok, obere egbugbere ọnụ na imi trianguular. Agba eji ese ụmụ bebi na egbuke egbuke, n'ihi na ndị na-ese kwagh-hir na eji agba kpọmkwem site na isi iyi. Enweghị mgbalị a kpachapụrụ anya iji mepụta ụda, onyinyo ma ọ bụ ụcha. A na eme ejiji maka masquerade nke ọma ma na acha nnọọ mma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Agaku|first=Saghevwua|date=2014|title=An Adaptation of kwagh-hir puppets to create kinetic paintings|url=|location=Zaria|publisher=|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> A na-emepụta ihe nkpuchi na ihe nkpuchi iji gosipụta ihe nnọchianya na mmegharị nke na akọwa akụkụ nke echiche ụwa nke Tiv. Ihe mkpuchi ọ bụla na egosipụta, ma na akọwa eziokwu n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, mmụọ, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye ọ bụla na egosi mmetụta miri emi nke egwu, ọchị, iwe, ịhụnanya na ọbụna enweghị mmasị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Iyorwuese|first=Hagher|date=2017|title=Beauty and Meaning in Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> A na ejikọta onye kwagh-hir ọ bụla na ọdịdị ya ma mepụta ọkwa na adịghị ahụ anya maka ndị na ege ntị.<ref name="KRB">{{Cite book|author=Bunch|first=Richard|date=2017|title=Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> == Ndị nduzi nka a ma ama kwagh-hir == Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama Ator-a-Kwagh-hir (ndị nduzi nka): * Apev Akaa * Anande Chieshe * Chia Gbagir * Ayange Gwer * Adasu Jirgba * Kende Kaase * Adikpo Songo == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraKwagh-Hirna Wikimedia Commons * [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683 "Ihe nkiri nke Kwagh-Hir na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ UNESCO"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPQlFzjlZ4I "Vidio UNESCO na Kwagh-Hir ihe nkiri na Youtube] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7njKaZG8pwk "Ọdịbendị furu efu: Ime ka Ụlọ Egwuregwu Kwagh Hir dịghachi ndụ na Youtube site na Terver Malu"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVdvKY9DBqY "Tiv Kwagh-hir puppetry" na Youtube site na Rita Iorbo] {{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iw643jaa6dlhtgnmwxaafkrf2y9doba 687762 687760 2026-07-13T10:10:30Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Mmalite na mmepe */ 687762 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Kwagh-hir''''' (n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara ''ihe anwansiihe anwansi'' anwanci ma kpọọ ''kwaa hee'') <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imodara.com/magazine/new-book-something-magical/|title=New Book: Something Magical - The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|work=imodara.com|date=2018|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> bụ ụdị nka na ewuli elu nke Ndị Tiv nke etiti [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na afọ 1960. Ọ bụ ihe ngosi ọha na eze na-akpali akpali na akọ akụkọ omume ọma nke ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a, ma na agụnye ihe ngosi, ihe ngosi, [[Ábu|uri]], egwu, ịgba egwú na akụkọ na eme ihe nkiri iji gosipụta isiokwu omume ya. Ndị Tiv na eji ya eme ihe iji mee ka nkwenkwe ọdịnala sie ike ma nye akụkọ ụwa ndị ọzọ iji kụziere, mee mkpakọrịta, nye ntụrụndụ ụwa ma dozie nsogbu ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raifilm.org.uk/films/kwagh-hir/|title=Kwagh Hir|work=raifilm.org.uk|date=2020|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="KWA" />{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683|title=Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance|accessdate=21 February 2020|work=UNESCO}}</ref> Kwagh-hir bụ ụdị nka dị elu nke kwagh alom, omume ochie nke ndị Tiv ebe ndị na akọ akụkọ na emeso ezinụlọ ahụ na oge ịkọ akụkọ, na emekarị n'isi ụtụtụ nke abalị mgbe ọrụ ugbo nke ehihie gasịrị site na ìhè ọnwa.<ref name="KPH" />{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=Peggy|date=October 1997|title=The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2949|journal=Environment and History|volume=3|issue=3|pages=371–376|doi=10.3197/096734097779555845|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> Ụdị a ma ama nke kwagh-hir dị ka Jonathan Fogel si kwuo nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi Punch na Judy, nke ndị a ma ama na akọwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume dị ugbu a na akụkọ ma na ezo aka n'ọtụtụ omume ọdịbendị.<ref name="KRB" />{{Cite book|author=Bunch|first=Richard|date=2017|title=Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> E debara aha Kwagh-hir na Ndepụta Ndị Nnọchiteanya nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị nke Ụmụ Mmadụ na 2019 site na mkpebi nke Kọmitii Gọọmentị: 14. Ọ bụ iri ka a ga asị na ọ bụ iri ka e si nweta ya. B.27 <ref name="KWA">{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683|title=Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance|accessdate=21 February 2020|work=UNESCO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/unesco-lists-kwagh-hir-theatre-on-heritage-roll/|title=UNESCO lists Kwagh-Hir theatre on heritage roll|work=thenationonlineng.net|date=2019|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> == Mmalite na mmepe == Akụkọ ifo na ekwu na Adikpo Songo si Akpagher; Mbatyav na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo [[Gboko]] nke Benue State, Nigeria, bụ onye malitere Kwagh-hir. Adikpo Songu, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Iyorwuese Hagher, onye ọkà mmụta nke kwagh-hir, gbalịrị ịkwado echiche a nke ọtụtụ ndị isi otu kwagh-hir na ndị okenye ama ama na Tivland. Songu, onye na akwado United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC) kpughere na Disemba 1960 n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tivland nke a maara dị ka Nande-Nande (usoro ọkụ) ebe ndị otu UMBC biliri megide Northern People's Congress (NPC) na achị, na ere ihe onwunwe ha ọkụ, gụnyere nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị isi, ọ gbagara Mkar Christian Hospital, nso Gboko, maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike, mana n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, iji gbanahụ njide, iji gbane ndị uwe ojii. Mgbe ọ na alọta site na Mkar Christian Hospital, ebe ọ gara ihe dị ka kilomita 12, ọ rutere nso Osimiri Orkoor mgbe ọ nụrụ ụda egwu na adọrọ mmasị na mberede. Ka ọ na eru nso, na ezo n'azụ ahịhịa achara ma na ele anya, ọ hụrụ ìgwè mmadụ abụọ. Ọnọdụ ha dakọtara na ntụziaka nke agbụrụ abụọ, Mbayion na Mbatyav. E welitere ọkọlọtọ ọcha n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ nke nwere otu ndị na akụ ọkpọ, ụmụ agbọghọ na agba egwú na ụmụ bebi na dagbera (ikpo okwu). Mgbe ahụ, ọ ghọtara na ndị na eme ihe nkiri ahụ abụghị mmadụ n'ezie kama adzov (mmụọ). Ìgwè abụọ ahụ yiri ka ha na etinye aka na asọmpi nke yiri ya ka ọdịnala ịkọ akụkọ nke Tiv a maara dị ka kwagh-alom, mana enwere ọdịiche. N'ọnọdụ a, kama ịbụ onye na-akọ akụkọ, nwoke ga abịa n'etiti ámá egwuregwu ma n'elu olu ya gwa ndị na ege ntị ihe ha na achọ ịhụ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị na eme ihe nkiri ga abanye n'ógbè ahụ ma ọ bụ dị ka anụmanụ na agba egwú ma ọ bụ adzov, na agba egwu iji mesie àgwà ha ike. Adikpo Songu na ekwu na ọ dara n'ụra na ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ, mgbe ọ tetara n'ụtụtụ echi ya, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị nso iji gosi na ihe omume dị otú ahụ mere n'ebe ahụ. Ya mere, o kwubiri na adzov ga akpachara anya họrọ ya maka ebumnuche nke inye ya ọrụ nke iweta kwagh-hir n'aka ndị Tiv, na ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ụdị na ụdị ọ nwere ihe ùgwù ile anya.<ref name="KWH" />{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}</ref>A Dị ka [[Iyorwuese Hagher]] si kwuo, ndị Tiv achọghị ka ha bụrụ ihe osise. Tiv ga ekwu na ọkwa ọ bụla dị mma bụ amoosu; tsav ma ọ bụ adzov, onye nwere ike ichebe ndị nwere onyinye pụọ na mmerụ ahụ nke Tsav ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ọ ga abụrịrị na ndị Tiv furu efu na ekpe ikpe ya banyere onye malitere kwagh-hir. N'ihi ya, ha nyere onye na ese ihe kwagh-hir (Tor-Kwagh-hir) dị ka onye malitere. Hagher kwubiri na ọ dịghị onye malitere kwagh-hir n'ụdị ya ugbu a.<ref name="KWH">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iyorwuese|date=2003|title=The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance|url=|location=Ibadan|publisher=Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd.|pages=44–48|isbn=978-36442-4-6|authorlink=}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Gowon Ama Doki na ekwu na ihe nkiri kwagh-hir nke oge a sitere n'aka Adikpo Songu sitere n'ezinụlọ Mbatyav na mpaghara [[Gboko]] nke Benue Steeti mgbe o ji ụmụ bebi ya na masquerades ya mee ndị na ege ntị na 1960. <ref name="KHI" />{{Cite book|author=Doki|first=Gowon|date=2006|title=Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir|url=|location=Makurdi|publisher=Aboki Publishers|isbn=978-9-788-09830-0|authorlink=}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, njikọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta kwagh-hirkwagh-hir Doki, bụ na dị ka ihe nkiri ọ bụla ọzọ, a pụghị ijikọta kwagh-ir na otu onye dị ka onye malitere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ ihe okike nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, na agbakọta iji kesaa ahụmịhe. Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị 1960 ka e mere nkwupụta okike pụrụ iche nke kwagh-hir; ijikọta ihe nkiri, egwu, okike na nka iji gbasaa okwu nke onye na akọ akụkọ n'ụdị ihe nkiri dum.<ref name="KHI">{{Cite book|author=Doki|first=Gowon|date=2006|title=Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir|url=|location=Makurdi|publisher=Aboki Publishers|isbn=978-9-788-09830-0|authorlink=}}</ref><ref name="KPH">{{Cite journal|author=Harper|first=Peggy|date=October 1997|title=The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/2949|journal=Environment and History|volume=3|issue=3|pages=371–376|doi=10.3197/096734097779555845|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iorwuese|date=1990|title=The Tiv Kwagh-Hir: A popular Nigerian puppet theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFkHAQAAIAAJ|location=|publisher=Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation|pages=12–61|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> === Ụlọ ihe nkiri Nyambuan === Tupu kwagh-hir, Tiv ahụla ihe nkiri ọzọ a maara dị ka ''Nyambuan'' nke a ma ama n'etiti afọ 1934 na 1939. Nyambuan pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na anụ ahụ emebiwo. Ọ bụ okwu mmeghe na mmegharị nke e mere iji wepụ ndị ''Mbatsav'' (ndị ọjọọ). Ọrụ Nyambuan bịara na mmetụta siri ike nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma chọọ iweghachi usoro site na arụmọrụ cathartic iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye mgbanwe Tiv a maara dị ka yamen-ishe (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka uru azụmaahịa) na iweghachi ọgba aghara ọdịbendị nke usoro ọchịchị na achị ndị Tiv. Egwuregwu ahụ weere ụdị ememe, na ndị na egwu egwu na ndị na'agba egwú mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ nke dabeere na ememe. E nwere ọtụtụ njide na njide iwu na akwadoghị nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri Nyambuan. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahokegh|first=A. F.|date=2014|title=Nyambuan Revolt Of 1939: Tradition Versus Modernity in Tiv Land of Central Nigeria|url=http://www.multidisciplinaryjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NYAMBUAN-REVOLT-OF-1939-TRADITION-VERSUS-MODERNITY-IN-TIV-LAND-OF-CENTRAL-NIGERIA.pdf|journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research|volume=2|issue=2|pages=|doi=|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Shii|first=B. I.|date=2013|title=Christianity in Tivland: A History of the NKST|url=|location=|publisher=De Mosty Standard Printing Press|pages=|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> ''Kwagh-hir'', nke mechara pụta ma na eme taa, na ekwusi ike na mkparịta ụka n'ihi obi ọjọọ nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri nke ofufe ''Nyambuan'' ji mgbalị jikọtara ndị ozi ala ọzọ na gọọmentị Britain.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akinsipe|first=Felix|date=March 2015|title=Dance as a Vehicle of Communication in the Tiv Kwagh-Hir Theater|url=|journal=International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies|volume=1|issue=4|pages=|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Iorapuu|first=Tor|date=2007|title=Avant-gradism in African Dances: An Example of the Tiv- Jamaa Dance Group of Ombakor-Lele|url=|journal=The Performer: Ilorin Journal of the Performing Arts|volume=9|issue=|pages=33–51|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> == Nhazi == Otu kwagh-hir ma ọ bụ ihe omume nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ na nhazi ya. Ọ na agụnye mgbalị ndị otu niile nwere ọrụ dị iche iche ha ga arụ. Otu kwagh-hir, dị ka Iyorwuese Hagher si kwuo, kewara n'ime anọ: njikwa; ndị na eme ihe nkiri; ndị na'egwú na ndị na ese ihe (ndị na-ese). <ref name="TKT">{{Cite book|author=Hagher|first=Iorwuese|date=2014|title=The Kwagh-hir Theater: A Weapon for Social Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11QnAgAAQBAJ|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-6250-5|authorlink=}}</ref>B === Nchịkwa === A chọpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ n'otu kwagh-hir nke gụnyere ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa. * ''Ter kwagh-hir'' (onye isi) - Na enye njirimara maka otu ma hụ na nkwekọrịta dị n'ime otu. * ''Orkyon'' (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Ọ na abụkarị onye bara ọgaranya n'obodo nke na enye ihe onwunwe maka ọdịmma nke otu ahụ * ''Ordondon'' (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Na enyere Orkiọn aka na ọdịmma nke otu ahụ. * ''Orngeren'' (odeakwụkwọ) - Na akpọ nzukọ ma na ewepụta atụmatụ. Ọ na enyekwa nkwupụta site na njikwa gaa na ndị otu * ''Ikpanyar'' (onye na ahụ maka akụ) - Ọ na ahụkwa maka ego niile na enweta n'òtù ahụ ma na enye otu ihe ahụ. * ''Tor Kwagh-hir'' (onye nduzi nka) - Onye isi oche nke ndị otu njikwa. Ọ na ahazi ndị otu ahụ dum ma na ahụ maka ọdịmma ha. * ''Torkwase'' (onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị) - Na ele anya na ọdịmma na mkpa nke ndị na ese ihe nwanyị n'oge mmemme. Ọ bụkwa onye na ahụ maka ịgba egwú nke ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na akụziri ha abụ. * ''Dugeri'' (onye nche) - Na ahụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ma dozie obere esemokwu n'etiti ndị otu. * ''Tor Ikyo'' (onye nche ọhịa) Na eduga ma na eduzi ndị na akpụ osisi n'ime ọhịa. * ''Agum-a-ior'' (ndị ntorobịa) Na ahụ na nchekwa nke ndị ọbịa, na echebe ihe ndị dị na ya ma na akpali ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'oge mmepụta. === Ndị na eme ihe nkiri === [[Usòrò:A_kwagh-hir_character.jpg|thumb|Onye kwagh-hir na eme n'oge Benue Youth Carnival]] [[Usòrò:A_kwagh-hir_performance.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu kwagh-hir n'oge Benue Youth Carnival na Makurdi.]] E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'otu kwagh-hir na ọrụ ha na ekpebi site na akụkọ ha bu n'obi igosipụta. Otú ọ dị, ndepụta dị n'okpuru na egosi ndị na eme ihe nkiri a hụrụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu kwagh-hir ọ bụla dị. * Ma ọ bụ shurwa (onye na akọ akụkọ) Onye otu kachasị ekwu okwu nke na ahụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na ege ntị na ndị na eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na enye ndị na eme ihe nkiri ma na eji ihe ngosi dị mma eme ihe. * Mbakuuv (masqueraders) - Ndị nọ n'azụ ihe nkpuchi na uwe ihe nkiri. * Ma ọ bụ Iwanger (nwoke na enwu ọkụ) - Onye na ahụ maka ọkụ. Ọ na ebu oriọna dị ka onye nduzi maka mbakuuv n'ọgbọ egwuregwu. * Mbanyoron dagbera (ndị na eme ihe nkiri) Ndị na ahụ maka ihe nkiri site n'okpuru ikpo okwu. * Ortongon korough (onye na afụ opi ma ọ bụ onye na edebe oge) Oge oge nke ihe ngosi dị iche iche === Ndị na eti egwu === Ndị na agụ egwú na eduzi site na tor gbande (onye isi na akụ egwú) onye mue-tor gbande na enyere aka. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na akụ ọkpọ bụ akụkụ nke òtù ahụ ma na akpọ ụdị ọkpọ dị iche iche a maara dị ka itsorough (Tiv native snare drum), Ngo gbande (Tiv native bass drum), wdg. === Onye na ese ihe === A naghị ahụkarị onye na ese ihe (ma ọ bụ gban akaa) n'oge arụmọrụ kwagh-hir. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ onye isi nke otu kwagh-hir. N'omume, a na ewere ya dị ka onye edemede na onye nduzi n'ihi na ọ na ekpebi nsụgharị na ịma mma nke arụmọrụ. A na akwụ onye na ese ihe, dabere na ọgụgụ isi ya ụgwọ iji mepụta ụmụ bebi na ihe nkpuchi maka otu. == Ebe a na eme ihe nkiri == A na ekewa ọkwa Kwagh-hir n'ime mpaghara bụ isi, ọnọdụ ndị ukwe, n'azụ ikpo okwu na ụlọ nzukọ. Ebe bụ isi bụ nhazi nke ọkara gburugburu na mpaghara arụmọrụ. Nke a bụ ebe ndị na ese ihe na eme ihe kachasị mma ha mgbe ha na agagharị na nsọtụ. Ọnọdụ ndị ukwe dị n'otu akụkụ nke ikpo okwu. Ọ na esonyere ndị na ege ntị na azụ ikpo okwu ma bụrụ nke ndị na agụ egwú na ndị na agba egwú na arụ ọrụ. Ihe dị n'azụ ikpo okwu na abụkarị azụ ụlọ ndị dị gburugburu. A na ejedebe mpaghara a na ndị otu kwagh-hir. Ụlọ nzukọ ahụ bụ mpaghara gbara nnukwu ámá egwuregwu gburugburu ebe ndị na ege ntị na anọdụ ala. == Ihe ịchọ mma nke Kwagh-hir na ihe ntecha == [[Usòrò:Kwagh-hir_masks.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpuchi kwagh-hir na egosi na Makurdi, Benue State]] [[Usòrò:Kwagh-hir_animated_character.jpg|thumb|Onye kwagh-hir na eme ihe nkiri n'oge Benue Youth Carnival]] A na esite na omenala nke ọdịbendị Tiv mara mma nke Kwagh-hir ma gosipụta nghọta Tiv banyere ndụ ha. A na atụle nke a site na iji echiche dịgasị iche iche nke a na etinye n'ụdị dị iche iche iji gosipụta ọrụ ọha na eze. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma gosipụta ọdịdị mara mma nke ndị Tiv. Ọ na agụnye ụfọdụ egwu mmekọrịta Tiv dị ka swange, gberichul, ihinga, ivom, Iee, Igbe, ibiamegh, girinya na ụdị ndị ọzọ na atọ ọchị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Uji|first=Charles|date=1993|title="Tiv Aesthetics: Facts and Misrepresentations" in Ahire, T. P. (ed.) The Tiv in Contemporary Nigeria|url=|location=Zaria|publisher=Tiv Studies Project|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> Ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche nke kwagh-hir niile nwere ụkpụrụ omume. Ụmụ bebi ndị ahụ bụ ihe okike, ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ọbụna ihe ọchị, ma ha niile na egosipụta ajọ mbunobi omume na ntaramahụhụ nke ndị obodo Tiv. A na egosi mmata akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụfọdụ ụmụ bebi nke na anọchite anya ihe omume dịka mgbe nwanyị mbụ pụtara ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdị ejiji nke oge a nke imewe Europe nwetara nnabata mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuaib|first=Olapeju|date=2008|title=Costume and Make-Up as Indispensable Arts in Theatre Practice: A Historical Survey|url=|journal=The Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies|volume=2|issue=1|pages=138|doi=|accessdate=}}</ref> Ụmụ bebi kwagh-hir nwere njirimara mara mma dị ka imi triangular, anya dị ka Nok, obere egbugbere ọnụ na imi trianguular. Agba eji ese ụmụ bebi na egbuke egbuke, n'ihi na ndị na-ese kwagh-hir na eji agba kpọmkwem site na isi iyi. Enweghị mgbalị a kpachapụrụ anya iji mepụta ụda, onyinyo ma ọ bụ ụcha. A na eme ejiji maka masquerade nke ọma ma na acha nnọọ mma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Agaku|first=Saghevwua|date=2014|title=An Adaptation of kwagh-hir puppets to create kinetic paintings|url=|location=Zaria|publisher=|isbn=|authorlink=}}</ref> A na-emepụta ihe nkpuchi na ihe nkpuchi iji gosipụta ihe nnọchianya na mmegharị nke na akọwa akụkụ nke echiche ụwa nke Tiv. Ihe mkpuchi ọ bụla na egosipụta, ma na akọwa eziokwu n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, mmụọ, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye ọ bụla na egosi mmetụta miri emi nke egwu, ọchị, iwe, ịhụnanya na ọbụna enweghị mmasị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Iyorwuese|first=Hagher|date=2017|title=Beauty and Meaning in Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> A na ejikọta onye kwagh-hir ọ bụla na ọdịdị ya ma mepụta ọkwa na adịghị ahụ anya maka ndị na ege ntị.<ref name="KRB">{{Cite book|author=Bunch|first=Richard|date=2017|title=Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv|url=|location=|publisher=BFP Publishing|isbn=978-0-692-98547-2|authorlink=}}</ref> == Ndị nduzi nka a ma ama kwagh-hir == Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama Ator-a-Kwagh-hir (ndị nduzi nka): * Apev Akaa * Anande Chieshe * Chia Gbagir * Ayange Gwer * Adasu Jirgba * Kende Kaase * Adikpo Songo == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraKwagh-Hirna Wikimedia Commons * [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kwagh-hir-theatrical-performance-00683 "Ihe nkiri nke Kwagh-Hir na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ UNESCO"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPQlFzjlZ4I "Vidio UNESCO na Kwagh-Hir ihe nkiri na Youtube] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7njKaZG8pwk "Ọdịbendị furu efu: Ime ka Ụlọ Egwuregwu Kwagh Hir dịghachi ndụ na Youtube site na Terver Malu"] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVdvKY9DBqY "Tiv Kwagh-hir puppetry" na Youtube site na Rita Iorbo] {{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] co14a80haaki3pyq1lnplnn33raac86 0 46193 687587 169283 2026-07-12T15:18:11Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687587 wikitext text/x-wiki   Irene V. Clark (1927-1984) bụ onye America na-ese ihe.  A akwụkwọ ya na 1927 [1] na Washington, DC Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na School of the Art Institute of Chicago .  Mgbe ọ nọ na Chicago, ya na William McBride na John F. Millerkwa akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  Ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe WPA egwu ya.  N'ihi na oge Clark bụ onye ntụziaka gallery nke ihe ngosi osisi na Studio.  [2] Ọ kwagara California wee gosi ihe osise ya na Oakland Museum of California na veranda ndị ọzọ na California.  [3] Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-arị ọnwụ ya dị ka 1984 [3] [4] [5] mana National Gallery of Art nwere ụbọchị ịnwụ ya dị ka 1980 <ref name="National Gallery of Art">{{Cite web|title=Irene Clark|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.34222.html|work=National Gallery of Art|accessdate=1 March 2022}}</ref> Ọrụ Clark dị na nchịkọta Oakland Museum, Mahadum Atlanta, na National Gallery of Art. <ref name="National Gallery of Art" /> <ref name="Annex Galleries">{{Cite web|title=Irene V. Clark Biography|url=https://www.annexgalleries.com/artists/biography/419/Clark/Irene|work=Annex Galleries Fine Prints|accessdate=1 March 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Swann Galleries">{{Cite web|title=Irene V. Clark (1927-1984) Mansion on Prairie Avenue|url=https://catalogue.swanngalleries.com/Lots/LotDetails?salename=IRENE-V.-CLARK-%281927---1984%29-Mansion-on-Prairie-Avenue.-2528%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B%2B12%2B-%2B%2B762585&saleno=2528&lotNo=12&refNo=762585|work=Swann Galleries|accessdate=1 March 2022}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.invaluable.com/artist/clark-irene-5i6556rtwe/sold-at-auction-prices/ onyonyo nke ọrụ Clark] na bara uru 8onbq8j84btewwq9sxwjrnn9o4ydqmv 0 46236 687791 578243 2026-07-13T10:53:34Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọnwụ */ 687791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Lemma Guya Gemeda''' (1928 &#x2013; 2020) ( Oromo ), bụ onye Etiopia na-ese ihe, onye na-anya ụgbọ elu, na onye edemede. O kere ihe dị ka puku puku iri n'ime ihe osise mbụ ya, ma jiri akpụkpọ ewu mee ihe osise. == ndabere == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Lemma na February 13, 1928, n'otu n'ime obodo dị na Oromia Region nke a na-akpọ Ada'a site na nna ya [[Guya Gemeda]] na nne ya [[Mare Gobena]] . N'oge ọ bụ nwata ọ nọ n'ọrụ ịbụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ. N'oge ntụrụndụ ya, ọ na-ese ihe n'ahụ mgbidi ụlọ nke ezinụlọ ya, ọ ghọkwara akara ngosi na-adọrọ adọrọ nye ezinụlọ ya. O kwuru na ọrụ aka nne ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese ihe n'oge ọ bụ nwata. <ref name=":0"> Ka ọrụ eserese ya na-eto nke ọma, ndị si mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu mere ka nna ya Guya ziga nwa ya nwoke, Lemma, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 14, na 1942, Lemma gara ''ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Lebna Dengel'' nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri site n'obodo ya. <nowiki><ref name=":2"></nowiki>{{Cite web|title=Lemma Guya {{!}} Jimma University Official Website|url=https://www.ju.edu.et/?q=lemma-guya|accessdate=2020-10-28|work=www.ju.edu.et}}</ref> Lemma nwere nnukwu ọchịchọ ịgbanwe ọnọdụ akụ na ụba mmekọrịta nke ezinụlọ ya dara ogbenye. Maka nke a ọ zubere isonye na ''kọleji Ọzụzụ Ndị nkuzi.'' Na 1950, Lemma gara Adama ''Teachers Training College,'' mana ọ nọrọghị ogologo oge n'ebe ahụ. N'ihi na ọ na-ewe afọ asaa iji gụchaa akwụkwọ, Lemma hapụrụ kọleji gaa n'ala nna ya, na-ese ihe. Lemma anọghị nkịtị, ebe ọ na-alụ ọgụ ka ọ gbanwee ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke nne na nna ya. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ a, a gwara ya na Haile Selassie nke Mbụ nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na-abịa Bishoftu na ngwụcha izu ọ bụla. Lemma wee kpebie ịga Bishoftu ma gosi foto nke ụdị ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ. O nwetara ohere igosi ọrụ ya, ọrụ Lemma tụrụ ya n'anya ma ziga ya na Ethiopian Air Force maka ọzụzụ. A zụrụ ya dị ka Technician ụgbọ elu wee gụchaa ya na nnukwu ọdịiche na 1954. Emperor Haile Selassie nke Mbụ nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] kelekwara Lemma ma nye ya ihe osise. E zigara ya na Asmara Air Force (mgbe [[Eritrea|Eretria]] nọ n'okpuru Etiopia) dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Lemma Guya {{!}} Jimma University Official Website|url=https://www.ju.edu.et/?q=lemma-guya|accessdate=2020-10-28|work=www.ju.edu.et}}</ref> Ịghọ onye nkuzi maka Air Force, ọ naghị adọpụ uche ya nkà nka. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụta eserese na ''ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese Italiantali'' nke dị na Asmara, Etiopia site n'ụgwọ nke ya. Mgbe afọ 11 gachara, n'afọ 1963, Lemma laghachiri n'obodo ya. === Ọrụ === Lemma malitere ịsụgharị akwụkwọ ọtụtụ ndị mba ọzọ nyere ya ka o si Asmara lọta, n'ime ha bụ " ''Sil yale astemar'' i" bụ nke mbụ. Ka ọ na-erule oge igwe obibi akwụkwọ ọ bụla emere ka ọ dị ọhụrụ na mba niile, Lemma ghọrọ ezigbo onye nbipụta na-amụba ma kesaa ihe osise mara mma nke mba na mba Etiopia, ọkachasị ndị Oromo . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Top five paintings wey Lemma Guya do|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-41339390|accessdate=2020-10-28}}</ref> N'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama ' ''Kunta'' ' aghọwo ihe bara uru nke ukwuu. N'ihe onyonyo a, Lemma nwara ịhụta nrụrụ aka sitere n'okike [[Afrịka|nke Africa]] . N'elu eserese a, enwere nwamba 2 na-ele anụ nke kwụwara n'elu eriri kegidere. <ref name=":0"/> == Ọnwụ == Lemma arịala ọrịa kemgbe afọ 2018, ndị dọkịta obodo na mba niile kwadoro ya. Na Ọktoba 26, 2020, ọ nwụrụ na [[Addis Ababa]], Etiopia. News Agency nke Etiopia na webụsaịtị gọọmentị ya kwuru na "Onye na-ese ihe nkiri Etiopia ama ama Lemma Guya nwụrụ na 92". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=Lemma Guya Prominent Ethiopian painter dies at 92|url=https://borkena.com/2020/10/26/lemma-guya-prominent-ethiopian-painter-dies-at-92/|accessdate=2020-10-28|work=Borkena Ethiopian News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=demoz|title=Famous Ethiopian Painter Lemma Guya Dies at 92 {{!}} Ethiopian News Agency|url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=17967|accessdate=2020-10-28|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=Ethiopia: Famous Ethiopian Painter Lemma Guya Dies At 92|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202010270020.html|accessdate=2020-10-28|work=allAfrica.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ [[Aster Bekele]] na 1960, na ọnụ ha nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na ụmụ ụmụ asatọ. Ụmụ Lemma ise na-eso nzọụkwụ ya. Ụmụ nwanyị Lemmas gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ ma na-azụ ka ha bụrụ ndị na-ese ihe. Otu n'ime ụmụ Lemmas bụkwa ụzọ ọrụ eserese wee gụchaa na kọleji nka nka Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Famous Ethiopian Painter Lemma Guya Dies at 92|url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_17967|accessdate=2023-12-12|work=ENA English|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sxtjy89ri10w3ah53l8fq0unlcqg4pk 0 46545 687724 210969 2026-07-13T06:52:05Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 687724 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Charles White 1950 Alt.jpg|thumb|Charles Wilbert White]]   Charles Wilbert White, Jr. (Eprel 2, 1918 – Eprel 3, 1979) bụ onye omenkà America ama ama maka ihe mere eme nke ndị Africa America ike na ike, ngwaọrụ, lithographs na murals.  Nkwenye nke White ogologo ndụ—ịkwado mmeri na mgba nke obodo ya n'ụdị ụdịte anya—mere ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nka amara ama na-eme nka n'Africa America.  Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1979, ọrụ White na mkpokọta na-agwụ nke Art Institute of Chicago, [1] Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, National Gallery of Art., [  2] Newark Museum, na Santa Barbara Museum of Art.  [3] Ụbọchị White kacha mara amara bụ nri nke Negro na American Democracy, ihe ọrụ na Mahadum Hampton .  Na 2018, apụ nke adọ nke adọ nke ọnwụ ya, ihe mbụ nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya bụ nke Art Institute of Chicago na Museum of Modern Art haziri<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/preview/charles-white-key-figure-of-the-chicago-black-renaissance-finally-gets-his-due|title=Key figure of the Chicago Black Renaissance, Charles White, finally gets his due|author=Lopez|first=Ruth|date=June 5, 2018|work=The Art Newspaper|accessdate=2018-06-06}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == .Onye ọrụ Charles Wilbert White na Port 2, 1918, nye Ethelene Gary, onye ọrụ ụlọ, na Charles White Sr, onye ụgbọ okporo ụzọ na onye na-ewu ụlọ, na South Side nke Chicago .  A egwuregwu Ethelene na Mississippi wee bịa n'ebe ugwu na Great Migration .  Ọ obodo Charles, ebe ọ na- signal nwa, ọ na-ahapụkarị ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha .  [1] N'ebe ahụ White kwuru maka nka na ịgụ ihe mgbe ọ dị obere.  [2] Nne White akpụkpọ ahụ ya otu agba mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, nke akwụkwọ White na ụzọ.  Ọcha na-akpọkwa egwu mgbe ọ bụ nwata, àgwà egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, ma bụrụ nke otu egwuregwu;  otu o sila dị, o kwuru na nka bụ ezi nri ya .Nne White kpọkwara ya gaa na Art Institute of Chicago, ebe ọ ga-agụ ma na-ele ihe osise anya-na-emepe otu ozi na ọrụ nke Winslow Homer na George Inness .  Ebe White nwere obere ego na-etolite, ọ na-esekarị ihe n'elu ihe ọ lla ọ nwere ike ịhụ uwe elu, kaadiboodu, na ihe windo.  N'oge oké mkpa mbà n'obi, nwa nwanyị White na-akpa i kpuchie ya maka nkà na egwu nke ihere;  Otú ọ dị, nke a mgbe White akara akara ọrụ mgbe ọ dị awụ iri na anọ.  White ike ka esi agwakọta saịtị na-edu ala kwa ụbọchị maka otu izu na ụlọ ọrụ Art Institute na-akwado klas ike nke na-eme n'otu ụdị dị nso n'iche ya.  [1] Nne ya ngosi ọzọ mgbe nna White nwụrụ na 1926. Ọ na-egosi onye na-arụ ọrụ igwe ga-aghọ onye ọrịa na-eme ihe ike, eji n'ebe nwa ihe White.  Ahụmahụ a na-eduga ya ịgbanarị n'ime nka.  White nwere nhọrọ ole na ole nseso nkà okike ya n'oge a n'ihi mmegbu na akara ihe okwu sitere na mkpa nke na-oke na ike.  [2] Nke a bụkwa otu afụ nne ya ịrịba iziga ya Mississippi ugboro abụọ n'afọ na nwanne nne ya, Hasty na Harriet Baines, ebe ọ ga--Imeri ihe nketa ya na-eme ifo ndị South America.  Ndị ọcha nnọgidesi ike mgbe ọ na-alụso mmegbu na-egosi ogbenye ogbo.  O jiri ndị nke ya, ụgbọ ihe na-egosi na ike ime ihe mere eme nke ndị America America leghaara anya iji nyere aka emetụta otu isiokwu n'ime ọrụ ya.  [3] Onye na-eme ihe n'oge mbụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, o mmụta nkà ya wee ihe onye na-ese ihe n'ihe na National Negro Congress na Chicago.  [4] Mgbe e isi, na njikọ ya na ndị na-ese ojii ibe ya, White jidere mgbe ọ na-ji <ref name="cejjesinstitute">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cejjesinstitute.org/html/charleswhite/cw_1913-1938.php|title=Charles White 1913 - 1938|work=www.cejjesinstitute.org|accessdate=2017-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608213959/http://www.cejjesinstitute.org/html/charleswhite/cw_1913-1938.php|archivedate=2020-06-08}}</ref> White Game on'oge klas nke asaa iji gaa klas nka Saturday na Art Institute of Chicago.  Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ Alain Locke The New Negro: An Interpretation, nkatọ nke Harlem Renaissance, [1] Echiche nke White akwụkwọ.  Ọ kọkọ mgbe ọ gụchara ederede Locke ndị Africa America dị mkpa na ihe mere eme America, ma akwụkwọ ndị akwụkwọ ya ihe na-eme ihe eji eme ụmụ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ, na-eme ka ụfọdụ ji "nwa na-  enwe nsogbu nnupụisi".  [2] White agụghị akwụkwọ n akara akwụkwọ, na-efunahụ otu afọ n'ihi ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ ịga klas mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkụda akwụkwọ na usoro nkuzi.  Ọ bụ ebe na ndị nkuzi nka gbara ya ume ka onye ọrụ nka ya wee akwụkwọ akwụkwọ dị iche, a ga-emesị kwupụta ihe ndị a dị ka “njehie” ma ese ya n'aka ya nye ndị ọcha kama.  [2] A nabatara ya n'iche akwụkwọ nkà, onye ọ ALA wee dọpụtapụta ya n'ihi ụdị ya. <ref name="Cotter">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/arts/design/charles-white-a-retrospective-review-moma.html|title=Charles White Was a Giant, Even Among the Heroes He Painted|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=October 11, 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2018-10-23|language=en}}</ref> White mechara biri akwụkwọ zuru oke ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago .  Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, White ọ Mitchell Siporin, Francis Chapin, na Aaron Bohrod dị ka ụgbọ ya.  Ọ bụ ezigbo onye na-ese ihe, na-emecha ihe ọnwụ ise ise wee nweta “ọkwa ikpeazụ”.  [1] Iji ji ihe eji nka nka, White onye osi nri, na-eji nkuzi na ntụzịaka nne ya.  White mechara bụrụ onye nkuzi nka na St. Elizabeth Catholic High School. <ref name="AAA">[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-charles-w-white-11484 "Oral history interview with Charles W. White, 1965 March 9"], Archives of American Art, Smithsonian.</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1940, White kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ, "Enwere m nri na mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe mgbasa ozi nke ụzọ nke ga-ekwu ihe m ga-ekwu. Agba bụ nanị ngwá agha m nwere ike iji lụso ihe.  m iwe."  [1] N'afọ 1938, Illinois Art Project goro White, onye mmekọ steeti nke Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ .  Ọrụ ya ngosi ihe ngosi nkekwuru na Chicago Coliseum n'oge ngosi nke Art of the American Negro, nke bụ nke American Negro Exposition na-echeta ncheta 75 nke Ndezigharị nke iri na atọ na-kpara ịgba ohu.  [2] Onye dị mkpa ihe a bịara mara dị ka Chicago Black Renaissance, White ehichapụ nka na Southside Community Art Center .  [3] N'ịgbaso ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Paragon Studios na Cincinnati na 1938, e ji ọrụ White n'ọtụtụ ebe na United States, egwu, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, ihe ngosi na Roko Gallery, Boston Museum of Fine Arts  , na Whitney Museum of American Art.  N'afọ 1939, ma akara WPA mural Five Great American Negroes, ugbu a na Mahadum Howard University Gallery of Art.  [4] White gosikwara na Obí Culture na Warsaw na Pushkin Museum.  N'afọ 1976, e ọrụ ya na ike awụ nke Art American Art, ihe ngosi mbụ LACMA nyere ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa-American . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/sites/default/files/TwoCenturiesChecklist.pdf|title=Checklist of Artworks|publisher=LACMA|accessdate=December 14, 2014}}</ref> ''.White kwagara New Orleans na 1941 ka ọ kuzie ihe na Mahadum Dillard.  Malite n'afọ ahụ, ọ na-ama obere oge nye onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ bụ Elizabeth Catlett, onye arịakwara na Dillard.  [1] Ọ jere ozi na US Army n'oge WWII, mana a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe ọ butere ụkwara nta (TB).  White na Catlett kwagara New York City wee kọwaa ihe ọnụ na mkpokọta nka na Mexico City .  Mgbe ọ nọ na New York City White ike lithography na usoro etching na Arts Student League, na-ewere ntụzịaka sitere n'aka onye omenkà ama ama Harry Sternberg onye gbara ya ume ka ọ họrọ "ịkepụta onwe ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya".  Ọ bụ ebe a ka White kwalitere nkà ọrụ aka ya wee akwado miri emi nke nsogbu ojii.  [2] White Catlet zutere onye Juu gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Nazi Germany aha ya bụ Viktor Lowenfeld onye kuziri na Hampton Institute na Virginia.  Lowenfeld hụrụ di na izi ahụ ka ha kuzie ihe na Hampton.  Na-ewere tinye Sternberg n'obi, White ga-aga n'ihu na-ese otu n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama, <nowiki>''</nowiki> The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy' na Hampton Institute'' <ref>John P. Murphy, ‘Charles White: The Politics of Print’, [[Print Quarterly]], xxxvi, no. 2, June 2019, pp. 146–56.</ref>Mbipụta mpempe White aka iru ndị ọha na eze na-ama ma nye ya ọzọ iwekọta nkwado ya na omume nka ya.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ dịla anya mara maka ndị mmadụ na nka, ya na lithographs na linocuts, o mechara ike ike rịta ụka na nnukwu obodo nke onye ojii na ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya,  na-Sorị ihe osise ya, bụ nke a na-ibukarị ya na ndị na-azụ akara n'otu n'otu.  .  Ọ-ahụ inye ndị ọrụ kwa ụbọchị katoon agha ndị na-eso na, na 1953, o na-abụ na Masses na Mainstream Pọtụfoliyo nke mmeghari isii nke uzo ink na unyi ya, nkenke 'Charles White: Six Drawings'.  A na-ebu ya naanị $3, Pọtụfoliyo a si iji nweta ndị mmadụ nka, ihe bụ isi maka ndị nka na-aga n'ihu n'oge ahụ.  N' a woo bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, na White n'onwe ya ihe nke a ka ọ na-echekwa na otu ndị ọrụ na Alabama Idiọn ego ha na-echekwa iji ndị pọtụfoliyo wee kesaa foto n'etiti onwe ha. N'afọ 1956, n'ihi nsogbu iku ume na-aga n'ihu (ike sitere na nke mbụ nke TB), White kwagara Los Angeles maka ikpo ọkụ, ihu igwe dị nro.  [1] Site na 1965 ruo ọnwụ ya na 1979, White ገበri na Otis Art Institute na Los Angeles .  [2] Na ngalaba na Otis, ọ bụ ihe mgbama maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa bụ ndị bịara ka ha na ya omume ihe.  [3] N'ime ndị agha ihe bụ Alonzo Davis, David Hammons, na Kerry James Marshall .  [4] Akpọrọ aha ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị n'aha ya ma dị na akwụkwọ Otis mbụ College.  [5] [6] Mgbe e ịhụ na ndụ White kwagara Altadena, California ebe ọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ nke nkụda ike obi na 1979. Ụbọchị White kacha mara amara bụ ihe ngosi nke Negro na American Democracy na Mahadum Hampton .  [1] Na-atụ ihe dị ka 12 ụkwụ na ụkwụ asaa, [2] ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ọtụtụ ndị ama ama Africa-American Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner, Peter Salem, George Washington Carver, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass  , na Marian Anderson.  Ihe White na National Academy of Design na 1972. == Ihe nketa == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ghorashi|first=Hannah|date=2015-05-05|title=UT Austin Receives Significant Collection of Works By WPA Artist Charles White|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/ut-austin-receives-significant-collection-of-works-by-harlem-renaissance-artist-charles-white-4069/|accessdate=2022-01-10|work=ARTnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref>White nwetara mmụọ nsọ site n'ọtụtụ ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ gụnyere nwunye mbụ ya Elizabeth Catlett, Horace Pippin, Gordon Parks, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Cliff Joseph, John Wilson, John Biggers, na ndị ọzọ.  White nyere aka kpalie ọgbọ na-abịa nke ndị omenkà ojii maara nke ọma gụnyere ihe amasị Benny Andrews, Faith Ringgold, Dana Chandler, David Hammons, Elliot Pinkney, Alonzo Adams, Kyle Olani Adams na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.[1]  Ọrụ White dị na nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Mahadum Atlanta, Barnett Aden Gallery, Deutsche Academie der Kunste, Dresden Museum of Art, Mahadum Howard, Library of Congress, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Minneapolis Institute  nke Art, Okirikiri Oakland, Smithsonian American Art Museum, [2] Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Mahadum Syracuse na Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.  Ụlọ ọrụ CEJJES nke Pomona, New York, nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọcha ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Charles W. White raara onwe ya nye.[3]  N'afọ 2015, Dr.  Susan G. na Edmund W. Gordon nke Pomona, New York nyere nchịkọta ọrụ ha nke Charles White na Blanton Museum of Art na Mahadum Texas, Austin. Ihe ewu ewu White dara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ma n'ihi na ọ bụ onye nwere agba na ụlọ ọrụ nke na-akwado ndị na-ese ọcha n'ụzọ na-- ike ma na- ụdị ụdị ndị ọzọ na-dị na echiche echiche.  na-isi ụdị ụdị ihe atụ nke White.  [1] njem, ewu ewu na ihe nketa White na-adị na Altadena, California ebe egosi ọtụtụ awụ n'oge ikpeazụ.  N'oge na-akpa anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a na-akpọghachi ịjụ aha ya ma ọ ka dị taa bụ nanị alụ ọgụ a ga-akpọ aha onye America.  Ebe Charles White Park mmemme mmemme kwa afọ "Charles White Memorial Arts Festival" nke wetara ndị America America na ndị na-ese ihe n'ime obodo ruo mgbe ọ ngbaa na 1990s.  [2] Ugbu a ndị otu kansụl Arts Altadena na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị obodo na ndị ọzọ nwere oke iji weghachi mmemme ahụ na obodo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/california/altadena/honoring-charles-whites-contribution-to-altadena|title=Honoring Artist Charles White's Contribution to Altadena|first=Carrie Martin|author=Duran|date=2010-10-05|work=Altadena, CA Patch|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-13}}</ref> == nnabata == N'afọ 1982, e mere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke ọrụ White na Studio Museum na Harlem .   [1] N'afọ ndị 1990, echiche nke nnukwu ihe ngosi nlegharị anya njem bilitere.   N'okpuru, ihe dị ka afọ iri, ndị ọrụ si Art Institute of Chicago na Museum of Modern Art nwara ụdị White dị iche iji tinye ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọrụ ya.   Ihe ngosi ahụ mepere na Chicago na 2018, na-aga New York City na Los Angeles <ref name="Trib">{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-charles-white-art-institute-0618-story.html|title=It's a homecoming for artist Charles White at the Art Institute|author=Warnecke|first=Lauren|date=June 15, 2018|work=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=2018-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://art.newcity.com/2018/06/18/dignity-in-every-look-a-review-of-charles-white-at-the-art-institute-of-chicago/|title=Poise And Dignity In Every View, A Review of Charles White at the Art Institute of Chicago|author=Norman|first=Lee Ann|date=June 18, 2018|work=Newcity Art|accessdate=2018-06-19|language=en-US}}</ref> White "bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmadụ, nke dọtara na ahụ anụ ahụ yana ihe oriri nke ndụ ndị Africa-America", dị ka Lauren Warnecke maka Chicago Tribune si kwuo.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na nke a na-eme ka ọ mba nna na-aga n'ihu na ike ahụ na-ahụ ahụkebe na nkà, ike nke ọrụ ya bụ ihe a na-agba ịgbagha agbagha dị ka Los Angeles Times '  Christopher Knight, ọrụ ọrụ nke White na graphite, unyi, crayon na ink.  [2] Onye nkatọ nka Washington Post, Philip Kennicott ọrụ ọrụ White bụ isi na nka America.  [3] "Amara, ngwaọrụ, ewepụ, fim ike, [na] ịma mma" akara ọrụ White, dị ka Holland Cotter si kwuo na New York Times ;  White nwere "aka ozi" na "anya nke onye ọrịa. <ref name="Cotter"/> Na Nọvemba 2019, ọrụ abụọ nke White gbagoro na mbụ n'ahịa ịre nka nke oge a nke Christie's na Sotheby's New York City.  Ụbọchị a abụọ, Banner maka Willie J. (1976) -- ihe onye ọrụ nke nwa nwanne White, onye gburugburu—na Ye Shall Keta nwere (1953) -- ihe ọrụ unyi nke akara ikike obodo Rosa Lee Ingram na nwa ọhụrụ-in  - ogwe aka-mere egwuregwu aha maka onye na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/11/15/sothebys-de-kooning-contemporary-auction/|title=Abstract Expressionism Leads Sotheby's Contemporary Sale in New York, with $30.1 M. Willem de Kooning Topping Market-Affirming $270.7 M. Total|author=Tully|first=Judd|work=ARTNews|date=2019-11-15|accessdate=2019-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Reyburn|first=Scott|title=For Auctions, It's 'No Froth,' but 'Steady.' That's the New Normal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/arts/design/for-auctions-its-no-froth-but-steady-thats-the-new-normal.html|work=The New York Times|date=15 November 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/11/14/christies-ed-ruscha-contemporary-art-auction/|title=At Solid $325.3 M. Christie's Contemporary Art Sale in New York, Ed Ruscha Is King|author=Tully|first=Judd|work=ARTNews|date=2019-11-14|accessdate=2019-11-15|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|first=Sidney|author=Finkelstein|authorlink=Sidney Finkelstein|title=Charles White's Humanist Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO8SAQAAMAAJ|date=1953|accessdate=1 August 2021}} * {{Cite book|first=Sidney|author=Finkelstein|authorlink=Sidney Finkelstein|title=Charles White: Ein Künstler Amerikas|publisher=Verlag d. Kunst|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV8DjwEACAAJ|pages=67|date=1955|accessdate=1 August 2021}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2018/10/26/archives-reviews-charles-whites-exhibitions-decades/|title=From the Archives: Reviews of Charles White's Exhibitions Over the Decades|author=((The Editors of ARTnews))|date=2018-10-26|work=ARTnews|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-29}} (reviews from 1943 to 1976 that appeared in the paper) * {{Cite book|title=Charles White: A Retrospective|publisher=Art Institute of Chicago|year=2018|isbn=9780300232981|editor=Oehler|oclc=1015275517}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.moma.org/artists/6339 Charles White na nchịkọta nke Museum of Modern Art] * [https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3930 Charles White: Nleghachi azụ] * [http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-white Ihe osise ndụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200608214025/https://nga.gov.au/internationalprints/tyler/default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=13510&List=True&CREIRN=13510&ORDER_SELECT=13&VIEW_SELECT=5&GrpNam=13&TNOTES=TRUE Charles White na National Gallery nke mkpokọta Kenneth Tyler nke Australia] * [https://collections.artsmia.org/search/%22Charles%20W.%20White%22 Charles White na Minneapolis Institute ma ọ bụ Art], Minneapolis, MN [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bztoc9sxy5vmg6vm2k8yotfvzy7ksdy 0 47002 687580 170633 2026-07-12T15:13:32Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ndụ */ Fixed reference error 687580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Irene Williams''' (1920–2015) bụ onye omenkà America. A na-ejikọta ya na mkpokọta [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Gee's Bend]] quilting, ọ bụ ezie na o mere ihe mkpuchi ya "na naanị ya" na "enweghị mmetụta." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/irene-williams|title=Irene Williams {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|author=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910409|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|author=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910478|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston na Frist Art Museum, ma tinye ya na nchịkọta nke Philadelphia Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandobject.com/news/philadelphia-museum-art-expands-african-american-art-collection|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art Expands African American Art Collection|work=Art & Object|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref> Indianapolis Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/50093/|title=Gee's Bend quilt, "Housetop" variation with "Postage Stamp" center row|work=Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection}}</ref> Museum of Fine Arts Boston, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vote Quilt|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/430773/vote-quilt?ctx=ee541487-4fe8-4ce8-9104-ad79b15dde35&idx=0|accessdate=September 24, 2022|work=MFA Boston}}</ref> na National Gallery of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blocks and Strips|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.222436.html|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=www.nga.gov|date=4 October 1980}}</ref> == Ndụ == Irene Williams bụ ada Sandy na Tom Williams. O tolitere n'ugbo nwere ihe ubi a na-akpokarị dika owu, achara, wdg. Ha na-akpakwa anu ulo di iche iche. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ruo na klas nke itoolu. Na iri na asaa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Creation Story: Gee's Bend Quilts and the Art of Thornton Dial|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8265-1880-4|editor=Scala|pages=40}}</ref> ọ lụrụ Cornelius Williams, nwoke ọ hụrụ n'anya, ma ha zụlitere ụmụ isii - ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị atọ. Otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwoke nwụrụ na nwata, na-agbalị ịzọpụta onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-egbu osisi n'ụgbọala ya mebiri emebi. <ref name=":0" /> Nwunye nwanne Williams bụ onye ibe ya bụ Liza Jane Williams. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Williams amaliteghị ime ihe mkpuchi ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ di ma malite ịmụ ụmụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị òtù ezinụlọ ya na ndị obodo na-eme ihe mkpuchi, Williams na-anọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya. ebe ọ na-esonyetụbeghị n'ịkwado aṅụ, ụdị William tolitere n'onwe ya, ndị ọgbọ ya enweghị mmetụta. <ref name=":0" /> Na "Strips," <ref>{{Cite web|title=Strips {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/irene-williams/work/strips|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org}}</ref> emebere gburugburu 1960, Williams rụrụ uwe bọọlụ basketball iji mepụta akwa mkpuchi nke na-egosipụta maapụ okporo ámá, nke nwere nnukwu okporo ámá nwere ụlọ nwere nọmba okporo ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909397263|title=History refused to die : the enduring legacy of the African American art of Alabama|date=2015|others=William S. Arnett, Laura Bickford, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Alabama Contemporary Art Center, Printed by the Prolific Group|isbn=978-0-692-36520-5|location=[Montgomery, Ala.]|oclc=909397263}}</ref> Uwe mkpuchi ya nke "Vote", <ref name=":2" /> uwe elu ụlọ nke nwere eriri akwa na-acha uhie uhie, ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere okwu "votu" nke e bipụtara na ha, sitere na [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s]] 1965 gara Gee's 1965. Bụgharịa. <ref name=":1" /> Uwe mkpuchi nke Williams' "Blocks and Strips" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blocks and Strips Quilt|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/340287|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}</ref> nwere agba na-egbuke egbuke na nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọdịdị geometric. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide na Philadelphia Museum of Art. ezinụlọ ya na ndị obodo na-eme ihe mkpuchi, Williams na-anọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya. ebe ọ na-esonyetụbeghị n'ịkwado {{Reflist}} qfjcveizjiz0k2lc5i0432fpjot8e0u 687586 687580 2026-07-12T15:16:27Z Akwugo 11031 fixed error 687586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Irene Williams''' (1920–2015) bụ onye omenkà America. A na-ejikọta ya na mkpokọta [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Gee's Bend]] quilting, ọ bụ ezie na o mere ihe mkpuchi ya "na naanị ya" na "enweghị mmetụta." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/irene-williams|title=Irene Williams {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|author=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910409|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|author=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910478|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston na Frist Art Museum, ma tinye ya na nchịkọta nke Philadelphia Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandobject.com/news/philadelphia-museum-art-expands-african-american-art-collection|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art Expands African American Art Collection|work=Art & Object|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref> Indianapolis Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/50093/|title=Gee's Bend quilt, "Housetop" variation with "Postage Stamp" center row|work=Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection}}</ref> Museum of Fine Arts Boston, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vote Quilt|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/430773/vote-quilt?ctx=ee541487-4fe8-4ce8-9104-ad79b15dde35&idx=0|accessdate=September 24, 2022|work=MFA Boston}}</ref> na National Gallery of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blocks and Strips|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.222436.html|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=www.nga.gov|date=4 October 1980}}</ref> == Ndụ == Irene Williams bụ ada Sandy na Tom Williams. O tolitere n'ugbo nwere ihe ubi a na-akpokarị dika owu, achara, wdg. Ha na-akpakwa anu ulo di iche iche. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ruo na klas nke itoolu. Na iri na asaa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Creation Story: Gee's Bend Quilts and the Art of Thornton Dial|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8265-1880-4|editor=Scala|pages=40}}</ref> ọ lụrụ Cornelius Williams, nwoke ọ hụrụ n'anya, ma ha zụlitere ụmụ isii - ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị atọ. Otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwoke nwụrụ na nwata, na-agbalị ịzọpụta onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-egbu osisi n'ụgbọala ya mebiri emebi. <ref name=":0" /> Nwunye nwanne Williams bụ onye ibe ya bụ Liza Jane Williams. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Williams amaliteghị ime ihe mkpuchi ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ di ma malite ịmụ ụmụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị òtù ezinụlọ ya na ndị obodo na-eme ihe mkpuchi, Williams na-anọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya. ebe ọ na-esonyetụbeghị n'ịkwado aṅụ, ụdị William tolitere n'onwe ya, ndị ọgbọ ya enweghị mmetụta. <ref name=":0" /> Na "Strips," <ref>{{Cite web|title=Strips {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/irene-williams/work/strips|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org}}</ref> emebere gburugburu 1960, Williams rụrụ uwe bọọlụ basketball iji mepụta akwa mkpuchi nke na-egosipụta maapụ okporo ámá, nke nwere nnukwu okporo ámá nwere ụlọ nwere nọmba okporo ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909397263|title=History refused to die : the enduring legacy of the African American art of Alabama|date=2015|others=William S. Arnett, Laura Bickford, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Alabama Contemporary Art Center, Printed by the Prolific Group|isbn=978-0-692-36520-5|location=[Montgomery, Ala.]|oclc=909397263}}</ref> Uwe mkpuchi ya nke "Vote", <ref name=":2" /> uwe elu ụlọ nke nwere eriri akwa na-acha uhie uhie, ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere okwu "votu" nke e bipụtara na ha, sitere na [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s]] 1965 gara Gee's 1965. Bụgharịa. <ref name=":1" /> Uwe mkpuchi nke Williams' "Blocks and Strips" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blocks and Strips Quilt|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/340287|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}</ref> nwere agba na-egbuke egbuke na nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọdịdị geometric. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide na Philadelphia Museum of Art. ezinụlọ ya na ndị obodo na-eme ihe mkpuchi, Williams na-anọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya. ebe ọ na-esonyetụbeghị n'ịkwado == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} hvugkkh5vl8adn2reuawkqcbtdckrpb 687810 687586 2026-07-13T11:49:18Z King ChristLike 13051 687810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Irene Williams''' (1920–2015) bụ onye omenkà America. A na-ejikọta ya na mkpokọta [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Gee's Bend]] quilting, ọ bụ ezie na o mere ihe mkpuchi ya "na naanị ya" na "enweghị mmetụta." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/irene-williams|title=Irene Williams {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|author=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910409|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|author=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910478|language=en}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston na Frist Art Museum, ma tinye ya na nchịkọta nke Philadelphia Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandobject.com/news/philadelphia-museum-art-expands-african-american-art-collection|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art Expands African American Art Collection|work=Art & Object|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref> Indianapolis Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/50093/|title=Gee's Bend quilt, "Housetop" variation with "Postage Stamp" center row|work=Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection}}</ref> Museum of Fine Arts Boston, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vote Quilt|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/430773/vote-quilt?ctx=ee541487-4fe8-4ce8-9104-ad79b15dde35&idx=0|accessdate=September 24, 2022|work=MFA Boston}}</ref> na National Gallery of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blocks and Strips|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.222436.html|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=www.nga.gov|date=4 October 1980}}</ref> == Ndụ == Irene Williams bụ ada Sandy na Tom Williams. O tolitere n'ugbo nwere ihe ubi a na-akpokarị dika owu, achara, wdg. Ha na-akpakwa anu ulo di iche iche. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ruo na klas nke itoolu. Na iri na asaa, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Creation Story: Gee's Bend Quilts and the Art of Thornton Dial|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-8265-1880-4|editor=Scala|pages=40}}</ref> ọ lụrụ Cornelius Williams, nwoke ọ hụrụ n'anya, ma ha zụlitere ụmụ isii - ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị atọ. Otu n'ime ụmụ ya nwoke nwụrụ na nwata, na-agbalị ịzọpụta onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na-egbu osisi n'ụgbọala ya mebiri emebi. <ref name=":0" /> Nwunye nwanne Williams bụ onye ibe ya bụ Liza Jane Williams. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Williams amaliteghị ime ihe mkpuchi ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ di ma malite ịmụ ụmụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị òtù ezinụlọ ya na ndị obodo na-eme ihe mkpuchi, Williams na-anọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya. ebe ọ na-esonyetụbeghị n'ịkwado aṅụ, ụdị William tolitere n'onwe ya, ndị ọgbọ ya enweghị mmetụta. <ref name=":0" /> Na "Strips," <ref>{{Cite web|title=Strips {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/irene-williams/work/strips|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org}}</ref> emebere gburugburu 1960, Williams rụrụ uwe bọọlụ basketball iji mepụta akwa mkpuchi nke na-egosipụta maapụ okporo ámá, nke nwere nnukwu okporo ámá nwere ụlọ nwere nọmba okporo ụzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/909397263|title=History refused to die : the enduring legacy of the African American art of Alabama|date=2015|others=William S. Arnett, Laura Bickford, Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, Alabama Contemporary Art Center, Printed by the Prolific Group|isbn=978-0-692-36520-5|location=[Montgomery, Ala.]|oclc=909397263}}</ref> Uwe mkpuchi ya nke "Vote", <ref name=":2" /> uwe elu ụlọ nke nwere eriri akwa na-acha uhie uhie, ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere okwu "votu" nke e bipụtara na ha, sitere na [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s]] 1965 gara Gee's 1965. Bụgharịa. <ref name=":1" /> Uwe mkpuchi nke Williams' "Blocks and Strips" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blocks and Strips Quilt|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/340287|accessdate=2022-09-24|work=philamuseum.org|language=en}}</ref> nwere agba na-egbuke egbuke na nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọdịdị geometric. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide na Philadelphia Museum of Art. ezinụlọ ya na ndị obodo na-eme ihe mkpuchi, Williams na-anọ naanị ya n'ụlọ ya. ebe ọ na-esonyetụbeghị n'ịkwado == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} tengvhzxpkkcw1h8uofekrjb9sv0eio 0 48108 687721 175025 2026-07-13T06:36:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Robert Earl Price''' (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye America na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụ onye nnata ihe nrite nke American Film Institute 's [[William Wyler award]] for screenwriting na bụ onye dere akwụkwọ anọ nke abụ ma nweela egwuregwu iri na otu emepụtara na ihe nkiri mpaghara America na mba ofesi na Berlin na Johannesburg. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ebi na Ngalaba Drama na Washington College na Chestertown, Maryland, ebe ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye nduzi nka nke Charles Sumner GAR Post #25, ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke e wuru na 1908 iji sọpụrụ ndị agha America-American nke Civil. Agha. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washcoll.edu/live/profiles/1867-robert-earl-price |title=/ |accessdate=2024-06-14 |archivedate=2017-02-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201072050/http://www.washcoll.edu/live/profiles/1867-robert-earl-price }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kentcountyartscouncil.org/charles-sumner-post/robert-earl-price-g-a-r-artistic-director/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2024-06-14 |archivedate=2015-08-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808025452/http://www.kentcountyartscouncil.org/charles-sumner-post/robert-earl-price-g-a-r-artistic-director/ }}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Robert Earl Price na Atlanta, Georgia . O nwere BA site na Clark College na Atlanta wee gụchaa na American Film Institute's [[Film Conservatory|Conservatory Film Conservatory]] na Los Angeles na 1977. == Ọrụ mmalite == Ọnụahịa nọrọ afọ iri na ise na Los Angeles na-arụ ọrụ na [[Black film movement]] na-arụkọ ọrụ na artists metụtara [[L.A. Rebellion|LA Rebellion]], gụnyere Julie Dash, [[Haile Gerima|Halie Gerima]] na [[Charles Burnett]] . Ọnụahịa natara NAACP Image Award maka ọrụ ya na [[Black Anti-Defamation Coalition]] hibere na [[Pearl Sharp]] na 1980. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/s-pearl-sharp-40|title=S. Pearl Sharp's Biography|work=The HistoryMakers|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-03}}</ref> N'ime oge a, Price rụrụ ọrụ dị ka a screenwriter, maka telivishọn na ihe nkiri. Nke a gụnyere naanị otuto na ihe omume ''Palmerstown USA'' (1980), usoro CBS nke Alex Haley na Norman Lear, yana ọrụ na ''Ọrịa Lazarọs'' (1978) na ''Freedom Road'' (1979). == Onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede egwuregwu == Site na 1985, Price biri na Atlanta, Georgia ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede egwuregwu. A họpụtara ya onye na-ede egwuregwu n'ụlọ na [[7 Stages Theater|7 Stages Theatre]] na Atlanta na 1987. Na 7 Stages, ọ malitere ọtụtụ egwuregwu malite na ''Black Cat Bones maka ụmụ asaa'' na 1988. Ọtụtụ egwuregwu ya were ndị na-egwu jazz ma ọ bụ blues dị ka isiokwu ha wee lụọ uri na ihe nkiri nnwale: ''Yardbird's Vamp'' (1990), ''Blue Monk'' (1996), na ''HUSH: Composing Blind Tom Wiggins'' (2002). Egwuregwu nke ikpeazụ, dabere na akụkọ eziokwu nke onye pianist savant kpuru ìsì mụrụ dị ka ohu nke Confederate general na inweta aha obodo, Atlanta Journal-Constitution toro ya dị ka "ihe ngosi Atlanta kachasị mkpa nke narị afọ ọhụrụ". E gosipụtara ''Blue Monk'' dị ka akụkụ nke Olympiad Cultural jikọtara na asọmpi 1996 emere na Atlanta. Egwuregwu ahụ, gbasara Thelonious Monk, mechara mee na Windy Brow Theatre na Johannesburg, South Africa. Egwuregwu ya ''Bịa na My Kitchen'' (2006) na-eji akụkọ ifo nke blues guitarist Robert Johnson nkwekọrịta akụkọ ifo ya na ekwensu iji kwurịta nkwekọrịta nke ndị na-eme ememme Africa-American, na ihe odide doro anya dabere na Colin Powell, Jesse Jackson, Condoleezza Rice, na Clarence Thomas . <ref>Patricia R. Schroeder, ''Neo-Hoodoo Dramaturgy: Robert Johnson on Stage'' African American Review Spring/Summer 2015 Vol 48 Issue 1/2 pp. 83-96.</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ meriri Gene Gabriel Moore Playwriting Award. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.suziawards.org/page/1076/gene-gabriel-moore-playwriting-award |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2024-06-14 |archivedate=2017-08-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831184243/http://www.suziawards.org/page/1076/Gene-Gabriel-Moore-Playwriting-Award }}</ref> A tụlere onyinye nke ọrụ a na akụkọ ifo Robert Johnson na-agbanwe agbanwe na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''America's Blues'' (2015). == Ntụaka == emepụtara na ihe nkiri mpaghara America na mba ofesi na Berlin na Johannesburg. Ọ bụ onye na-isiokwu ha wee lụọ uri na ihe nkiri nnwale: Yardbird's Vamp (1990), Blue Monk (1996), na HUSH:{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mgjijru8jtposd9ancv1s4p6nskw1y3 0 48774 687728 176063 2026-07-13T07:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687728 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rodolfo "Rudy" Escalera (nke a dị ka Rodolfo Escalera Vizcaíno ; June 1, 1929 - Jenụwarị 25, 2000) bụ onye omenkà Mexico-American .  N'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ, o kere efere mkpokọta maka 1984 Summer Olympics, nke ajụjụ "Onyinye Official nke Olympic 1984".  Escalera mekwara efere a na-anakọta maka iko mba ụwa nke 1986 nke emere na Mexico .  Ihe bụ isi nke Escalera bụ nri na kwaaji.  Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-egosi na eziokwu n'ihi na ọ na-adịghị eji ike <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vvdailypress.com/articles/father-3961-escalera-art.html|title=Son Honors Outstanding Artist|work=Daily Press|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Escalera started his professional career after taking on a project his father was commissioned to do, but could not complete having suffering from a stroke that resulted in paralysis. In 1948 Escalera moved from Mexico to California where he briefly attended school to study architecture and learn English as a second language. By 1950 Escalera was working at an advertising firm that held a contract with Azteca Films, a company that produced movies in Mexico and distributed them in the United States. Escalera was given artistic freedom and the Azteca account to manage. He created many pieces that were used as posters, advertisements, and movie covers for the films produced. In 1961 Escalera opened his own advertising agency “Escalera Production Art” and began creating the first of his “Five Masterpieces”[citation needed]. Na 1980 Escalera batara n'ahịa ndị na-anakọta efere. Ọ kacha kee efere ụmụaka ma gosipụta ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ dịka ''Onye na-anakọta efere'' . Usoro a dugara ya itinye akwụkwọ maka ikike ikike ịbụ onye ikike gọọmentị maka asọmpi Olimpik Summer 1984. Enyere ya akwụkwọ ikike ma nye ya iwu ka o mepụta eserese itoolu, na-egosi ọtụtụ n'ime mmemme olympic. A tụgharịrị eserese ndị a ka ọ bụrụ efere poselin a na-anakọta nke ọma ma ree ya n'ọtụtụ mbipụta, nye ọha na eze. Ndị kọmitii Olympic jikwa efere ndị a dị ka “onyinye ọrụ” ma nyefee ndị isi niile bịara na mba ụwa niile. Mgbe Escalera Olympic nyere ikike ịmepụta eserese maka 1986 World Cup, nke emere na Mexico City. Na 1988 Escalera kwagara n' watch obodo ya na Lerdo, Durango Mexico.  Mgbe ọ la mfe, obodo dị nso, Torreon, Coahuila nyere Escalera ihe na-eme nke obodo ahụ na-amata ya dị ka Valor Lagunero, ihe nrite obodo ahụ na-enye ụmụ amaala nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge ndụ ha niile.  Lerdo, Durango, nyere ya aha Ciudadano Distinguido ma ọ bụ "nwa amaala ama".  Obodo Escalera nke Gomez Palacio, Durango sere ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi ngosi na "La Casa De La Cultura" (-Omenala) na-esote ya na nraranye na-ụdị nka n'ụdị ya dị iche iche.  Na 1994 Escalera ọrịa kansa wee bụrụ afọ isii ka e ịhụ na Jenụwarị 25, 2000 <ref name="laart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanart.com/en/artists/rodolfo-escalera/biography.html|title=Roberto Escalera|work=Latin American Art|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref> == Ndị nwe ama ama nke eserese Escalera == Ihe osise Escalera nke na-egosi The Mailman nyere Hugh Hefner n'afọ 2003 site n'aka ụmụ Escalera Robert na Rudy Escalera.  A na- mfe a na Playboy Mansion.  Ihe osise a na-egosi onye na-ezira akwụkwọ ozi na-agụ mbụ nke akwụkwọ Playboy .  Ọ nọ ọdụ na steepụ ụfọdụ ụfọdụ ụmụ nọ n'azụ ma na-eme ka nwoke na-egosi nwee mmekọahụ</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe ahụ nke egwu egwu obodo Marty Robbins nwụsịrị, Escalera nyere echere di ya nwụrụ nke Robbins ihe ọrụ aha ya bụ aha ya ma ige di ya anwụ anwụ.  E taka a n'ụzọ emume n'ọgbọ egwuregwu Grand Ole Opry iji sọpụrụ onye ọbẹ abụ ama ama.  </njikọ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Escalera bụ naanị ọrụ Olympic nke onye isi obodo Los Angeles Tom Bradley kwadoro.  Na nzukọ ya na Escalera, Bradley kwuru, sị: "A na-asọpụrụ anyị nke ukwuu na Rudy Escalera, otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na Los Angeles, nyere ikike ịse nchịkọta efere ncheta nke ikike maka egwuregwu Olympic 1984 anyị."  Emebere efere 250 maka ndị ama ama na-aga egwuregwu gụnyere Mayor Bradley, Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan na Onye isi ala Wales.[1]  [a chọrọ isi mmalite ka mma] Rodolfo Escalera Vizcaíno kere ihe karịrị ọrụ nka 70 gụnyere ihe osise ise nke were ya ihe dị ka afọ 20 iji wuchaa ya. <ref name="laart"/> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://www.buzzle.com/articles/famous-mexican-artists.html * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235928/https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/268447.recorrido-por-la-historia-y-el-arte.html http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/notica/268447.recorrido-por-la-historia-y-el-arte.html] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071208013631/http://www.vvdailypress.com/news/father_3961___article.html/escalera_art.html http://www.vvdailypress.com/news/father_3961____article.html/escalera_art.html] * https://web.archive.org/web/20120206234923/http://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/70051.al-otro-lado-del-puente.html qw5ijw0t2rw54qcws6y9mv0vq8y9d1p 0 49813 687739 320100 2026-07-13T08:27:47Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687739 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Deveria04.jpg|thumb|Mmekọahụ n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ ]] Na Japan, mgbe ụfọdụ, a n'eji ụlọ ịsa ahụ a haziri ahazi na-ewu ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ịhụnanya. Dị ka Mark D. West si kwuo, ndị mmadụ nọ na họtel ndị a na-enwekarị mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ "na-eji mgbata".[1] Ọkà mmụta gbasara mmekọahụ bụ́ Sonia Borg na-ekwu na na United States, inwe mmekọahụ n’ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ n’ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ ọha na eze na-abụkarị n’ụlọ mmanya karịa n’ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.[2] Na 2006, Daily News kọrọ na ọtụtụ ndị di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ n'ofe New York City.[3] Mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ na-apụtakwa n'ụlọ ebe a na-asa akwa nke ụgbọ elu ndị njem. Ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ụlọ ebe a na-asa ụgbọ elu abanyela na Mile High Club. '''[[Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị|mmekọahụ]] n'[[Bathroom|ụlọ ịsa ahụ]]''' bụ itinye aka n'ihe omume mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi, ma ọ bụ nke onwe ma ọ bụ n'ihu ọha. Mmekọahụ ụlọ ịsa ahụ n'eme n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa na n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere ụlọ ahịa, họtel, ụlọ mmanya, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụgbọelu, na mahadum. A na-egosipụta mmekọahụ n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. E nwere okwu a kapịrị ọnụ nke a n'etinye na ịmalite na inwe mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ, yana Ọnọdụ mmekọahụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Dị ka onye n'ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Helen Fisher si kwuo, mgbe mmadụ na onye ọzọ nọ n'ime ịsa ahụ, ha ewepụla "ihe nchebe" ha. Ya mere, mmetụ ọ bụla n'oge a na-aghọ ihe dị nso karị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a1527/love-in-tub/|title=Love in the Tub|date=30 September 2002|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|accessdate=13 October 2016|archivedate=18 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018194856/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a1527/love-in-tub/}}</ref> 4oxjd5crvody7tlrydflaeq96wmzp8f 0 49904 687697 630687 2026-07-13T02:05:54Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ihe a na-etinye */ 687697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Edible_garden_at_Pixie_Hollow.jpg|alt=|thumb|298x298px|Ala a na-eri eri na Pixie Hollow Garden, Epcot, Walt Disney World na Florida na-egosi ihe ịchọ mma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na purple kale na chard dị iche iche]] Nri nri bụ okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ maka omume ijikọ osisi ndị a na-eri nri na mbara ala ịchọ mma. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka nhazi ala a na-eri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe na-agafe n'etiti nhazi ala na ọrụ ugbo.[1]. Dị ka echiche, nri nri na-achọ igosi na osisi ndị a na-eri nri abụghị naanị ihe oriri kamakwa enwere ike inwe ekele maka àgwà ha mara mma. A na-ahụ oghere ebe nri nri dị ka ala nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enye nloghachi oriri.[2] Nri nri bụ ụzọ dị mma isi nye nri ọhụrụ n'ụzọ dị ọnụ ala.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silvasy|first=Tiare|title=Edible Landscaping Using the Nine Florida-Friendly Landscaping Principles}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ịkọ ubi inine a na-ahụkarị, ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ebe dị iche iche, ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi, nri nri na-agụnye osisi oriri dị ka ihe bụ isi nke oghere nhazi ala dị adịbu.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbakwụnye ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri nri n'ubi ịchọ mma dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ were ụdị na-amịpụta nri dochie kpamkpam osisi ọdịnala, nke anaghị eri nri.[2] Nhazi ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, bushes berry, okooko osisi oriri, na mkpuru osisi, yana ụdị ịchọ mma naanị.[3] Atụmatụ nhazi nke nhazi ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ịba ụba nchekwa nri, ịkwalite uto nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkwalite ibi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide.[2] Enwere ike itinye usoro nhazi ala oriri n'ime ụlọ ọha na nke onwe.[3] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu obodo, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ime nhazi nri<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> [[Usòrò:Villandry_-_château,_potager_(03).jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Ogige akwụkwọ nri nke Renaissance na Château de Villandry, France, na-egosipụta ahịrị cabbage, karọt, na leeks n'etiti okooko osisi ndị mara mma iji mepụta ala mara mma ma chọọ mma.]] A na-ekwenye na omume nke isi nri enwetawo ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịcha nri bụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsogbu ego nke 2007–2008.[1] Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na mmụba na-ewu ewu na-eri nri na-ejikọta na ime obodo na ịbawanye nchegbu maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name=":6">Waterford, Douglas. ''21st Century Homestead: Urban Agriculture''. Lulu, 2015.</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Nchịkọta === [[Usòrò:White_cabbage_garden.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Ogige cabbage na-acha ọcha na-agwakọta na okooko osisi odo na oroma]] A maghị onye mbụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ foodcaping. Okwu na echiche nke nri na-eri nri anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ma ọ bụ naanị na narị afọ nke 21. N'agbanyeghị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke okwu nri, atụmatụ nke ijikọta osisi ndị a na-eri eri n'ime oghere ala abụghị echiche ọhụrụ. Omume ndị yiri nke a malitere n'oge ochie na oge ochie. Foodscaping dị ka echiche nke oge a na-egosi "ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewere ụzọ ọgbọ ndị gara aga si eji ala".<ref>Arthur, Brie. "Foodscaping: revolution or evolution?". ''Acta Horticulturae'', 1212, 2018, pp. 279–84, admin.ipps.org/uploads/3B-Arthur-Brie-Foodscape.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2020.</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ omume ubi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nri na-akwado n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ala ndị a na-eri eri nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma dị ka ala ndị na-achọ mma.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Ndị na-akwado nri na-anwa imebi echiche a na-ahụkarị banyere ubi akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma kama lee [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri]] dị ka ihe ndị e mere n'onwe ha. A na-ekwere mgbe ụfọdụ na echiche a sitere na ụzọ nnwale na-arịwanye elu maka ịkọ ubi na ịma mma n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nri === A pụrụ ịhụ usoro ịchọ mma a na-eri eri nke a na-eme n'ọdịbendị na oge dị iche iche dị ka ndị nna nna nke ịchọ mma nri. Na Rom oge ochie, Ogige ndị Rom na-arụpụta ihe na ihe ịchọ mma, ọ bụ ezie na [[Oru ugbo|mmepụta ugbo]] bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ogige ndị mbụ. Nnyocha ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na Ogige ndị Rom a nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ka nnukwu Ubi vaịn ma ọ bụ obere ogige ahịhịa. Ubi kichin, ubi vaịn, na ubi mkpụrụ osisi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ ndị Rom oge ochie, ndị nri ha dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":15">Jashemski, Wilhelmina F., et al., editors. ''Gardens of the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.1017/9781139033022. Accessed 18 March 2020.</ref> N'omenala Mesoamerica, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụ bụ ihe na-atọ ndị Aztec ụtọ. E kwenyere na osisi ndị na-agbawa okooko osisi, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na ndị na-egbu egbu bụ "ihe ndị nwe ala na-achọ". Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aztec a ma ama dere, ogige ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-agụnyekarị [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-egbuke egbuke, Osisi mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, na okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-etinye osisi, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ nke ubi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọzọ na-eme n'oge ochie maka nri na Mesopotemia. Ndị Babilọn na Ndị Asiria mepụtara ogige n'obodo niile na n'ogige obí eze nke na-anọchite anya Paradaịs. Ndị a gosipụtara osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri. Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na, n'ihe dị ka 1000 BCE, ndị eze Asiria mepụtara ụdị ọdịdị ala nke mmiri na-agafe n'ogige ndị na-akụ osisi ndị dị ka junipers, almonds, dates, rosewood, quince, fir pomegranate, na oak. N'oge Renaissance, ogige Villa na Chateau na Europe na-amị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji ree n'ógbè ahụ. A na-eji uru ahụ akwado mmezi nke villa ma ọ bụ chateau. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ejikọta n'ime atụmatụ ubi Renaissance gụnyere fig, pears, [[Apple|apụl]], strawberries, [[cabbage]], leeks, onions, na peas. Ekwenyere na ndị ọrụ obodo mepụtara ogige ndị England n'oge Elizabethan dị ka isi iyi nke akwụkwọ nri. A kụkwara [[Ìfulū|Okooko osisi]] n'ime ogige ndị a maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma.<ref name=":16">Scott-James, Anne. ''The Cottage Garden''. Allen Lane, 1981.</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === ==== Uto nke Obodo ==== [[Usòrò:Urbanization over the past 500 years (Historical sources and UN; since 1500), OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uto nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu n'ime afọ 500 gara aga]] N'ihi mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa a hụrụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmepụta nri enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke ụwa "etoola ngwa ngwa site na nde 746 na 1950 ruo ijeri 3.9 na 2014".<ref>"World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas". ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'', 10 July 2014, www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> &nbsp;Ọganihu ndị a na-eme ngwa ngwa na mmepe obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 etinyela nrụgide na nnweta ala ugbo ma nye aka n'ịbawanye enweghị nri.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi ya, enwere ọchịchọ dị ukwuu iweghachi uto nri n'ime Obodo ukwu. Mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, yana ebumnuche mba ụwa iji belata agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]], emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ihe oriri na-edochi ahụ.<ref>Myers, Melvin L. "Agriculture and Natural Resources Based Industries". ''Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,'' edited by Jeanne M. Stellman, vol. 3, International Labour Office, 1988.</ref>Ekwenyere na ihe ndị a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro nri eme ihe mụbaa.<ref name=":0" /> == Nkwado == === Nchebe nri === A nabatara nhazi nri n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ụzọ isi abawanye nchekwa nri, nnweta na nnweta.[1] Enweghi ike nke ọnụ ahịa nri ụlọ ahịa nwere ike imetụta nnweta nri. Dị ka "usoro nri zuru oke nke onwe", ala ndị a na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ndabere ezinụlọ na nri ebubata. Ịchịkọta nri na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a ohere ịnweta ebe nri na-adigide, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha nwere ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya dị ka enweghị ike ị nweta nri n'ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa ma ọ bụ oge ego ego dị ala.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dabere na nha na oke nke ebe ahụ, enwere ike ịnwe nnukwu ego na-etinye aka na nhazi mbụ na ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ka na-anabata n'ozuzu na nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụahịa nri ozugbo e wepụtara ngwaahịa nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ na ihe ndị a riri, nri na-akwalite Nkwado nri n'ózuzu.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Ekwenyekwara na nri nwere ike inye aka dozie mkpa maka nri n'ime nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka oke mmadụ, ihu igwe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na mbelata nke ihe onwunwe ike.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> === Nchịkwa ike na ihe mkpofu === Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu, dị ka iji diesel, propane, na ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Omume nhazi nhazi ala na-eri nri na-ejikarị obere ume ma na-emepụta obere ihe mkpofu karịa usoro omenala nke mmepụta nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa nri ndị a na-akọ site na nhazi nhazi nri na-agụnye obere nhazi, nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ refrigeration..<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwekwara ike inye aka belata kilomita nri site n'ibelata mkpa maka njem nri dị anya.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> "Ụlọ ahịa nri nwere nkezi 1,500 kilomita kwa ngwaahịa", ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akwado nri Brie Arthur na-ekwu. Mmiri ndị a na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na gwongworo na-ahapụ akara carbon na-emerụ ahụ nke a ga-ebelata site n'ịzụlite osisi ndị a na'eri n'ụlọ kama ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwere ike ikwe ka ndị sonyere nyere aka belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] sitere na mmanụ ala nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> === Ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ === Ihe na-akpalikarị nri bụ ọchịchọ ịzụlite, isi nri na iri nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> Na nyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 nke ụlọ ọrụ Australian Institute mere, 71% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-eme nri na Australia na-etinye ihe oriri n'ime ogige ha maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị mma. <ref>Wise, Poppy. "Grow Your Own: The potential value and impacts of residential and community food gardening". ''The Australian Institute'', 31 March 2014, www.tai.org.au/content/grow-your-own. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> A na-anabata n'ozuzu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a zụlitere n'ụlọ dị ọhụrụ ma na-edozi ahụ karịa ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ahịa, nke a na-ere mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetụta ahụike nke kemịkal na ihe nchedo na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ahịa.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> A na-ewere nri dị ka ụzọ isi belata ikpughe ihe ndị a gbanwere site na kemịkal.<ref>Dolce, Anne. "What is Foodscaping?" ''The Daily Meal'', 5 June 2013, www.thedailymeal.com/foodscaping-fancy-word-gardening-or-important-initiative. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Ịcha ala a na-eri eri na-enye ndị sonyere ohere ịbawanye mmepụta nri ọhụrụ n'obodo ukwu. N'ebe ndị a, ụdị nri ndị a na-enweta kachasị mfe bụ ụdị a na-edozi, nke nwere ike iduga na iri shuga, sodium na abụba.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ekwuola na njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti ịkọ Ubi n'obodo ukwu na nhọrọ ndụ dị mma. A na-ekwere na omume ubi na-emetụta nri na-eme ka ndị na-ekere òkè na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na uru nke ịkwadebe nri na-edozi ahụ. Nnyocha egosila na okike nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ (nke e mepụtara site na usoro ndị dị ka nri) nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahụike uche mmadụ n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye na uru ahụike ahụike. A na-enweta nke a site na mmetụta dị mma ya na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka njikọ obodo, mbelata mpụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Charles R.|date=2019-12-01|title=An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits|journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture|volume=37|issue=4|pages=136–142|doi=10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136|issn=0738-2898}}</ref> == Nlekọta == === Ihe a na-etinye === Dabere na oke ala a na-eri eri, nri nwere ike ịchọ oge na ọrụ aka iji lekọta karịa ubi ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị. Nke a bụ dịka ebumnuche nke nri bụ iji nweta nloghachi a na-eri eri ma na-anọgide na-atọ ụtọ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ịba mmiri, [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|Imeju]], Nchịkwa ahụhụ na ịkpụchasị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Enweghị oge na ọnọdụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị dị ka [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na onyinyo na-ezughị ezu nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka ndị chọrọ ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ibelata ihe ndị a chọrọ maka mmezi site n'ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị dabara na ọnọdụ ala, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ ka a na-eri nri.<ref name=":4" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ, ileba anya mgbe niile ka mmepụta nri sichara bụ ihe a chọrọ iji nweta nri na-aga nke ọma.[1] Ọ bụrụ na egbuteghị mkpụrụ osisi n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ha nwere ike ire ere wee bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'anya n'ime ala nri. Nke a nwekwara ike ịdọta pests ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-achọghị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> == Osisi == [[Usòrò:Allium_schoenoprasum_in_NH_01.jpg|thumb|Chives na-agbasa okooko na-eme mgbakwunye mara mma na ala a na-eri eri.]] [[Usòrò:Row_of_Swiss_Chard_at_Phipps_Conservatory.jpeg|thumb|Ahịrị nke Swiss chard na Phipps Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A na-ejikarị chard Switzerland eme ihe na nri maka ụcha ya na-egbuke egbuke.]] A na-ahọrọkarị osisi ndị dị n'ụdị nri maka ịma mma na ihe oriri ha.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri nke nwere ike itinye ụcha na oghere nri. Ụdị chard, [[cabbage]] na lettuce na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka nri.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> A pụkwara iji okooko osisi ndị a na-eri eri, dị ka Carnations, marigolds, cornflowers na pansies mee ihe iji gbakwunye ihe ịchọ mma na ìhè na ala a na- eri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Foodscaping: A "New" Way To Create A Garden|url=http://gardenculturemagazine.com/foodscaping-a-new-way-to-create-a-garden/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Garden Culture Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ogige Charlie Nardozzi na-atụ aro na osisi lemon, apụl, plum na osisi cherry nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri maka osisi ịchọ mma. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na osisi blueberry, Elderberry na gooseberry nwere ike dochie osisi ndị a ma ama na-achọ mma dị ka roses, hydrangeas na privet hedges. A tụkwara aro Alpine strawberries na chives dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchi anya osisi ndị na-adịghị eri eri.<ref name=":02">Nardozzi, Charlie. ''Foodscaping: Practical and Innovative Ways to Create an Edible Landscape.'' Massachusetts, Cool Springs Press, 2015.</ref> Ala ndị a na-eri eri na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ ala a na-eri eri, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na osisi ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Otu onye kwesịkwara ịtụle oge nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara oge nke afọ nke otu ụdị ga-eto nke ọma. [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ n'oge oyi]] chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala maka uto na ntolite mkpụrụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ oge okpomọkụ bụ osisi na-eto eto na okpomọkụ ala na ikuku dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=“Cool” vegetables for you to grow this spring|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cool_vegetables_for_you_to_grow_this_spring|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=MSU Extension|language=en-us}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, osisi ndị kachasị mma na-ahapụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ obere mmiri, dị ka [[Mkpụrụ|agwa]], spinach na broccoli. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na rhubarb dabara adaba maka ihu igwe dị jụụ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ, [[Cabbage|cabbages]] na peas bụ ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-anagide nke ọma n'ọnọdụ oyi dị egwu.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=5 reasons to try foodscaping your lawn|url=https://www.saveonenergy.com/resources/try-foodscaping-your-lawn/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=SaveOnEnergy.com|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme nri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rousseau|first=Nicolas|date=2016-10-17|title=Grouping Vegetables According to Plant Families {{!}} Louis Bonduelle...|url=https://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/en/my-vegetable-garden/grouping-vegetables-according-to-plant-families/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Fondation Louis Bonduelle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Portal {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}} </ref> !Ezinụlọ Osisi !Ihe Nlereanya |- |Amaranthaceae |Chard • spinach • quinoa • beetroot • glasswortugegbe |- |Apiaceae |Carrots • celery • cilantro/coriander • cumin • fennel • parsley • [[parsnip]]" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parsnip">parsnips • anise • chervil • Dil • anise / parsnip • Caraway |- |Asteraceae |[[Baccharis halimifolia|ala]]-linkid="261" href="./Artichoke" id="mwAV0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Artichoke">Artichokes • chamomile • cardoons • tarragon • lettuce • endive • dandelions • chicoory • calendula • golden rod • chrysanthemum • cornflower • echinacea • elecampane • feverfew • mouse ear • Mugwort • stevia • pansy • bellis perennis • blessed thistle • groundsel |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Brassica |Broccoli • [[kale]] • [[cabbage]] • [[cauliflower]] • Brussels sprouts • mustard • collardokpu olu |- |Ericaceae |Blueberries • huckleberries • rhododendron • Azaleas |- |Lamiaceae |Onye maara ihe • [[Peppermint|ose]]" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosemary">rosemary • thyme • Oregon • basil • catnip • lavender • marjoram • white horehound • peppermint • spearmintmma ogbunigwe |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |[[Lilium|lily]]" data-linkid="317" href="./Garlic" id="mwAZk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garlic">Garlic • asparagus • chives • chalots • onions • leeks • Tulips • fritillaria • lilies |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Rosa |Strawberries • cherries • raspberries • blackberries • pears • plums • peaches • apricot • quinces • almond |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Solanaceae |[[Tomatillo|tomato]]" id="mwAbU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tomato">Tomato • tomato • capsicum/bell peppers • poteto • eggplant • chili peppersose chili |} <gallery> Usòrò:Beetroot_Bettolo_Capel_Manor_Enfield_London_England.jpg|alt=Beetroot (beta vulgaris)|Beetroot (''Beta vulgaris'') Usòrò:Cabbage_plant.jpg|alt=Cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata)|Cabbage ([[Cabbage|''Brassica oleracea var. capitata'']]) Usòrò:Tomatoes_on_the_Vine_(Unsplash).jpg|alt=Tomato vine (solanum lycopersicum)|Mkpụrụ vaịn tomato (<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">Solanum lycopersicum</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Capsicum_annuum_var._Fiesta_-_MHNT.jpg|alt=Chili peppers (capsicum annuum)|Osisi chili (''Capsicum annuum'') Usòrò:Salvia_rosmarinus_(10-04-2020),_vue_en_gros_plan.jpg|alt=Flowering rosemary (salvia rosmarinus)|Rosemary na-agbasa okooko osisi (<nowiki><i id="mwAeM">Salvia rosmarinus</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Plums.jpg|alt=Plum (prunus domestica)|Plum (''Prunus domestica'') Usòrò:Single_raspberry_on_bush.jpg|alt=Raspberry (rubus idaeus)|Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') Usòrò:Calendula_flower_orange-yellow.jpg|alt=Calendula flower (calendula officinalis)|Calendula flower (''Calendula officinalis'') Usòrò:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower_04.jpg|alt=Marigold flower (tagetes erecta)|Okooko osisi Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Usòrò:Chamomile@original_size.jpg|alt=Camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla)|Okooko osisi Camomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'') Usòrò:Cornflower.jpg|alt=Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)|Cornflower (''Centaurus cyanus'') Usòrò:Viola_tricolor_pansy_flower_close_up.jpg|alt=Pansy flower (viola tricolor var. hortensis)|Okooko osisi Pansy (<nowiki><i id="mwAhs">Viola tricolor var. hortensis</i></nowiki>) </gallery> == Ihe atụ nke nri == === Ndị mmadụ === A na-akpọkarị onye na-emepụta ala na onye edemede Rosalind Creasy "onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa ndị a na-eri eri" na mgbasa ozi na mbipụta metụtara ubi.<ref>Long, Jim. "The Pioneer of Edible Landscapes". ''Mother Earth Gardener'', 2012, www.motherearthgardener.com/profiles/people/edible-landscapes-zmaz12uzfol. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ n'isiokwu nke imepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta n'ọhịa nri bụ akwụkwọ ya The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping, nke e bipụtara na 1982. Brie Arthur bụ onye America ọkachamara n'ịkọ ugbo nke a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ọha na eze maka omume nke nri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Iji mee ka echiche ahụ bụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma enweghị ike itinye osisi ndị a na-eri eri, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme telivishọn, ma na-etinye aka na njikọ dị iche iche metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>Drotleff, Laura. "Foodscaping Challenges Conventional Ideas About Landscaping". ''Greenhouse Grower'', 9 December 2015, www.greenhousegrower.com/management/foodscaping-challenges-conventional-ideas-about-landscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya nke akpọrọ The Foodscape Revolution, Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden na 2017. === Ọrụ ọha na eze === [[Usòrò:SchlossVillandryGarten03.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Nlegharị anya dị elu nke isii n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ nri itoolu dị na Chateau nke Villandry's Ornamental Kitchen Garden]] Ogige kichin mara mma bụ ebe a na-eri nri na ala chateau nke Villandry, nke dị na mpaghara Loire Valley nke France. Ogige ụdị Renaissance nke Ịtali nwere patches itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere atụmatụ geometric nke okooko osisi na akwụkwọ nri nke nhazi ha na-agbanwe na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'afọ abụọ. A na-eji oghere igbe dị mma kpuchie patches ndị a na akwụkwọ nri nke ọ bụla nwere agba dị iche iche dị ka kabeeji uhie, beetroot na leek na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Kwa afọ, a na-akụ ụdị akwụkwọ nri iri anọ n'ime ezinụlọ asatọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Explore the château and gardens of Villandry|url=https://www.chateauvillandry.fr/chateau-gardens/?lang=en|accessdate=2024-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Dabere na [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], Backyard Abundance bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 2006 nke na-ezube ịkụziri ndị ọzọ banyere ịma mma ala a na-eri eri. Ha na-agba ndị bi n'obodo ume ka ha sonye n'ịmepụta ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ike inyere aka belata Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Tọrọ ntọala na [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], 2006, Edible Estates bụ atụmatụ nri nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka mpaghara na ìgwè ubi obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ala na-eri nri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Edible Landscapes London bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke na-emepụta oghere ubi ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-ejikọta osisi na ahịhịa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ha mepụtara usoro izizi a kwadoro nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ n'omume ubi ọhịa. Dị ka Lindsay Oberst si kwuo n'otu edemede na Food Revolution Network, Edible Estates "na-agba mbọ ịkpali ndị ọzọ ile anya na oghere ahịhịa ndụ a na-ejighị eme ihe ma ọ bụ nke a na-ezighi ezi n'ìhè ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nri na njikọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOberst2018">Oberst, Lindsay (12 September 2018). [https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/ "Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food"]. ''Food Revolution Network''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> NYU's Urban Farm Lab bụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo na-akwalite njikọta nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri n'ime ime obodo. Ha etinyela usoro nri n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ogige mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":9">Kirschner, Kylie. "Edible Landscapes in a Concrete Jungle". ''Washington Square News'', 24 Mar 2019, nyunews.com/culture/dining/2019/03/25/nyu-urban-landscaping-efforts/. Accessed 16 March 2020.</ref> The Eden Project bụ ọrụ nkwado na Cornwall, England, nke na-adọta ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nleta kwa afọ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Ebe dị hekta iri na ise nwere nnukwu ụlọ elu na ogige nri, ebe etinyela ihe oriri na-eri eri n'ime imewe ala.<ref name=":8" /> Ọhịa Nri bụ ihe onwunwe dị na Adelaide, Australia, nke na-eto ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 160, mkpụrụ osisi, ọka wit, na akwụkwọ nri na hekta 15 nke ala. Ndị nwe ya na-akụziri ndị ọbịa otú ezinụlọ ndị nkịtị si akụ nri nke ha n'ụlọ site n'ịmepụta nri na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Binder Groenprojecten mepụtara "ogige elu ụlọ" mbụ nke [[Netherlands]] n'elu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rotterdam na 2012. A na-eji "ubi elu ụlọ" 1000m² na-akụ akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, na ahịhịa, ma na-enwekwa aṅụ.<ref name=":10">Sjauw En Wa, Amar. "Roof fields, Schieblok Rotterdam". ''Urban Green-Blue Grids'', www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/roof-fields-schieblok-rotterdam/. Accessed 5 May 2020.</ref> Wayward bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịma mma, nka na ihe owuwu nke dị na London nke na-ejikọta nri na-eto eto na nka na ihe ndị e wuru n'oge a.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOberst2018">Oberst, Lindsay (12 September 2018). [https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/ "Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food"]. ''Food Revolution Network''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qswgc1mcqi7octw1y93au1zlgqkb0d1 687698 687697 2026-07-13T02:07:05Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Uto nke Obodo */ 687698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Edible_garden_at_Pixie_Hollow.jpg|alt=|thumb|298x298px|Ala a na-eri eri na Pixie Hollow Garden, Epcot, Walt Disney World na Florida na-egosi ihe ịchọ mma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na purple kale na chard dị iche iche]] Nri nri bụ okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ maka omume ijikọ osisi ndị a na-eri nri na mbara ala ịchọ mma. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka nhazi ala a na-eri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe na-agafe n'etiti nhazi ala na ọrụ ugbo.[1]. Dị ka echiche, nri nri na-achọ igosi na osisi ndị a na-eri nri abụghị naanị ihe oriri kamakwa enwere ike inwe ekele maka àgwà ha mara mma. A na-ahụ oghere ebe nri nri dị ka ala nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enye nloghachi oriri.[2] Nri nri bụ ụzọ dị mma isi nye nri ọhụrụ n'ụzọ dị ọnụ ala.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silvasy|first=Tiare|title=Edible Landscaping Using the Nine Florida-Friendly Landscaping Principles}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ịkọ ubi inine a na-ahụkarị, ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ebe dị iche iche, ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi, nri nri na-agụnye osisi oriri dị ka ihe bụ isi nke oghere nhazi ala dị adịbu.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbakwụnye ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri nri n'ubi ịchọ mma dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ were ụdị na-amịpụta nri dochie kpamkpam osisi ọdịnala, nke anaghị eri nri.[2] Nhazi ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, bushes berry, okooko osisi oriri, na mkpuru osisi, yana ụdị ịchọ mma naanị.[3] Atụmatụ nhazi nke nhazi ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ịba ụba nchekwa nri, ịkwalite uto nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkwalite ibi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide.[2] Enwere ike itinye usoro nhazi ala oriri n'ime ụlọ ọha na nke onwe.[3] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu obodo, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ime nhazi nri<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> [[Usòrò:Villandry_-_château,_potager_(03).jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Ogige akwụkwọ nri nke Renaissance na Château de Villandry, France, na-egosipụta ahịrị cabbage, karọt, na leeks n'etiti okooko osisi ndị mara mma iji mepụta ala mara mma ma chọọ mma.]] A na-ekwenye na omume nke isi nri enwetawo ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịcha nri bụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsogbu ego nke 2007–2008.[1] Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na mmụba na-ewu ewu na-eri nri na-ejikọta na ime obodo na ịbawanye nchegbu maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name=":6">Waterford, Douglas. ''21st Century Homestead: Urban Agriculture''. Lulu, 2015.</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Nchịkọta === [[Usòrò:White_cabbage_garden.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Ogige cabbage na-acha ọcha na-agwakọta na okooko osisi odo na oroma]] A maghị onye mbụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ foodcaping. Okwu na echiche nke nri na-eri nri anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ma ọ bụ naanị na narị afọ nke 21. N'agbanyeghị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke okwu nri, atụmatụ nke ijikọta osisi ndị a na-eri eri n'ime oghere ala abụghị echiche ọhụrụ. Omume ndị yiri nke a malitere n'oge ochie na oge ochie. Foodscaping dị ka echiche nke oge a na-egosi "ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewere ụzọ ọgbọ ndị gara aga si eji ala".<ref>Arthur, Brie. "Foodscaping: revolution or evolution?". ''Acta Horticulturae'', 1212, 2018, pp. 279–84, admin.ipps.org/uploads/3B-Arthur-Brie-Foodscape.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2020.</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ omume ubi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nri na-akwado n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ala ndị a na-eri eri nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma dị ka ala ndị na-achọ mma.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Ndị na-akwado nri na-anwa imebi echiche a na-ahụkarị banyere ubi akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma kama lee [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri]] dị ka ihe ndị e mere n'onwe ha. A na-ekwere mgbe ụfọdụ na echiche a sitere na ụzọ nnwale na-arịwanye elu maka ịkọ ubi na ịma mma n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nri === A pụrụ ịhụ usoro ịchọ mma a na-eri eri nke a na-eme n'ọdịbendị na oge dị iche iche dị ka ndị nna nna nke ịchọ mma nri. Na Rom oge ochie, Ogige ndị Rom na-arụpụta ihe na ihe ịchọ mma, ọ bụ ezie na [[Oru ugbo|mmepụta ugbo]] bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ogige ndị mbụ. Nnyocha ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na Ogige ndị Rom a nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ka nnukwu Ubi vaịn ma ọ bụ obere ogige ahịhịa. Ubi kichin, ubi vaịn, na ubi mkpụrụ osisi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ ndị Rom oge ochie, ndị nri ha dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":15">Jashemski, Wilhelmina F., et al., editors. ''Gardens of the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.1017/9781139033022. Accessed 18 March 2020.</ref> N'omenala Mesoamerica, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụ bụ ihe na-atọ ndị Aztec ụtọ. E kwenyere na osisi ndị na-agbawa okooko osisi, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na ndị na-egbu egbu bụ "ihe ndị nwe ala na-achọ". Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aztec a ma ama dere, ogige ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-agụnyekarị [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-egbuke egbuke, Osisi mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, na okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-etinye osisi, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ nke ubi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọzọ na-eme n'oge ochie maka nri na Mesopotemia. Ndị Babilọn na Ndị Asiria mepụtara ogige n'obodo niile na n'ogige obí eze nke na-anọchite anya Paradaịs. Ndị a gosipụtara osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri. Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na, n'ihe dị ka 1000 BCE, ndị eze Asiria mepụtara ụdị ọdịdị ala nke mmiri na-agafe n'ogige ndị na-akụ osisi ndị dị ka junipers, almonds, dates, rosewood, quince, fir pomegranate, na oak. N'oge Renaissance, ogige Villa na Chateau na Europe na-amị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji ree n'ógbè ahụ. A na-eji uru ahụ akwado mmezi nke villa ma ọ bụ chateau. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ejikọta n'ime atụmatụ ubi Renaissance gụnyere fig, pears, [[Apple|apụl]], strawberries, [[cabbage]], leeks, onions, na peas. Ekwenyere na ndị ọrụ obodo mepụtara ogige ndị England n'oge Elizabethan dị ka isi iyi nke akwụkwọ nri. A kụkwara [[Ìfulū|Okooko osisi]] n'ime ogige ndị a maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma.<ref name=":16">Scott-James, Anne. ''The Cottage Garden''. Allen Lane, 1981.</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === ==== Uto nke Obodo ==== [[Usòrò:Urbanization over the past 500 years (Historical sources and UN; since 1500), OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uto nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu n'ime afọ 500 gara aga]] N'ihi mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa a hụrụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmepụta nri enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke ụwa "etoola ngwa ngwa site na nde 746 na 1950 ruo ijeri 3.9 na 2014".<ref>"World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas". ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'', 10 July 2014, www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> &nbsp;Ọganihu ndị a na-eme ngwa ngwa na mmepe obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 etinyela nrụgide na nnweta ala ugbo ma nye aka n'ịbawanye enweghị nri.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi ya, enwere ọchịchọ dị ukwuu iweghachi uto nri n'ime Obodo ukwu. Mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, yana ebumnuche mba ụwa iji belata agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]], emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ihe oriri na-edochi ahụ.<ref>Myers, Melvin L. "Agriculture and Natural Resources Based Industries". ''Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,'' edited by Jeanne M. Stellman, vol. 3, International Labour Office, 1988.</ref>Ekwenyere na ihe ndị a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro nri eme ihe mụbaa. == Nkwado == === Nchebe nri === A nabatara nhazi nri n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ụzọ isi abawanye nchekwa nri, nnweta na nnweta.[1] Enweghi ike nke ọnụ ahịa nri ụlọ ahịa nwere ike imetụta nnweta nri. Dị ka "usoro nri zuru oke nke onwe", ala ndị a na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ndabere ezinụlọ na nri ebubata. Ịchịkọta nri na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a ohere ịnweta ebe nri na-adigide, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha nwere ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya dị ka enweghị ike ị nweta nri n'ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa ma ọ bụ oge ego ego dị ala.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dabere na nha na oke nke ebe ahụ, enwere ike ịnwe nnukwu ego na-etinye aka na nhazi mbụ na ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ka na-anabata n'ozuzu na nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụahịa nri ozugbo e wepụtara ngwaahịa nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ na ihe ndị a riri, nri na-akwalite Nkwado nri n'ózuzu.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Ekwenyekwara na nri nwere ike inye aka dozie mkpa maka nri n'ime nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka oke mmadụ, ihu igwe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na mbelata nke ihe onwunwe ike.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> === Nchịkwa ike na ihe mkpofu === Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu, dị ka iji diesel, propane, na ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Omume nhazi nhazi ala na-eri nri na-ejikarị obere ume ma na-emepụta obere ihe mkpofu karịa usoro omenala nke mmepụta nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa nri ndị a na-akọ site na nhazi nhazi nri na-agụnye obere nhazi, nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ refrigeration..<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwekwara ike inye aka belata kilomita nri site n'ibelata mkpa maka njem nri dị anya.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> "Ụlọ ahịa nri nwere nkezi 1,500 kilomita kwa ngwaahịa", ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akwado nri Brie Arthur na-ekwu. Mmiri ndị a na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na gwongworo na-ahapụ akara carbon na-emerụ ahụ nke a ga-ebelata site n'ịzụlite osisi ndị a na'eri n'ụlọ kama ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwere ike ikwe ka ndị sonyere nyere aka belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] sitere na mmanụ ala nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> === Ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ === Ihe na-akpalikarị nri bụ ọchịchọ ịzụlite, isi nri na iri nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> Na nyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 nke ụlọ ọrụ Australian Institute mere, 71% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-eme nri na Australia na-etinye ihe oriri n'ime ogige ha maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị mma. <ref>Wise, Poppy. "Grow Your Own: The potential value and impacts of residential and community food gardening". ''The Australian Institute'', 31 March 2014, www.tai.org.au/content/grow-your-own. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> A na-anabata n'ozuzu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a zụlitere n'ụlọ dị ọhụrụ ma na-edozi ahụ karịa ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ahịa, nke a na-ere mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetụta ahụike nke kemịkal na ihe nchedo na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ahịa.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> A na-ewere nri dị ka ụzọ isi belata ikpughe ihe ndị a gbanwere site na kemịkal.<ref>Dolce, Anne. "What is Foodscaping?" ''The Daily Meal'', 5 June 2013, www.thedailymeal.com/foodscaping-fancy-word-gardening-or-important-initiative. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Ịcha ala a na-eri eri na-enye ndị sonyere ohere ịbawanye mmepụta nri ọhụrụ n'obodo ukwu. N'ebe ndị a, ụdị nri ndị a na-enweta kachasị mfe bụ ụdị a na-edozi, nke nwere ike iduga na iri shuga, sodium na abụba.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ekwuola na njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti ịkọ Ubi n'obodo ukwu na nhọrọ ndụ dị mma. A na-ekwere na omume ubi na-emetụta nri na-eme ka ndị na-ekere òkè na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na uru nke ịkwadebe nri na-edozi ahụ. Nnyocha egosila na okike nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ (nke e mepụtara site na usoro ndị dị ka nri) nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahụike uche mmadụ n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye na uru ahụike ahụike. A na-enweta nke a site na mmetụta dị mma ya na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka njikọ obodo, mbelata mpụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Charles R.|date=2019-12-01|title=An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits|journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture|volume=37|issue=4|pages=136–142|doi=10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136|issn=0738-2898}}</ref> == Nlekọta == === Ihe a na-etinye === Dabere na oke ala a na-eri eri, nri nwere ike ịchọ oge na ọrụ aka iji lekọta karịa ubi ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị. Nke a bụ dịka ebumnuche nke nri bụ iji nweta nloghachi a na-eri eri ma na-anọgide na-atọ ụtọ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ịba mmiri, [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|Imeju]], Nchịkwa ahụhụ na ịkpụchasị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Enweghị oge na ọnọdụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị dị ka [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na onyinyo na-ezughị ezu nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka ndị chọrọ ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ibelata ihe ndị a chọrọ maka mmezi site n'ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị dabara na ọnọdụ ala, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ ka a na-eri nri.<ref name=":4" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ, ileba anya mgbe niile ka mmepụta nri sichara bụ ihe a chọrọ iji nweta nri na-aga nke ọma.[1] Ọ bụrụ na egbuteghị mkpụrụ osisi n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ha nwere ike ire ere wee bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'anya n'ime ala nri. Nke a nwekwara ike ịdọta pests ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-achọghị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> == Osisi == [[Usòrò:Allium_schoenoprasum_in_NH_01.jpg|thumb|Chives na-agbasa okooko na-eme mgbakwunye mara mma na ala a na-eri eri.]] [[Usòrò:Row_of_Swiss_Chard_at_Phipps_Conservatory.jpeg|thumb|Ahịrị nke Swiss chard na Phipps Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A na-ejikarị chard Switzerland eme ihe na nri maka ụcha ya na-egbuke egbuke.]] A na-ahọrọkarị osisi ndị dị n'ụdị nri maka ịma mma na ihe oriri ha.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri nke nwere ike itinye ụcha na oghere nri. Ụdị chard, [[cabbage]] na lettuce na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka nri.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> A pụkwara iji okooko osisi ndị a na-eri eri, dị ka Carnations, marigolds, cornflowers na pansies mee ihe iji gbakwunye ihe ịchọ mma na ìhè na ala a na- eri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Foodscaping: A "New" Way To Create A Garden|url=http://gardenculturemagazine.com/foodscaping-a-new-way-to-create-a-garden/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Garden Culture Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ogige Charlie Nardozzi na-atụ aro na osisi lemon, apụl, plum na osisi cherry nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri maka osisi ịchọ mma. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na osisi blueberry, Elderberry na gooseberry nwere ike dochie osisi ndị a ma ama na-achọ mma dị ka roses, hydrangeas na privet hedges. A tụkwara aro Alpine strawberries na chives dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchi anya osisi ndị na-adịghị eri eri.<ref name=":02">Nardozzi, Charlie. ''Foodscaping: Practical and Innovative Ways to Create an Edible Landscape.'' Massachusetts, Cool Springs Press, 2015.</ref> Ala ndị a na-eri eri na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ ala a na-eri eri, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na osisi ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Otu onye kwesịkwara ịtụle oge nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara oge nke afọ nke otu ụdị ga-eto nke ọma. [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ n'oge oyi]] chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala maka uto na ntolite mkpụrụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ oge okpomọkụ bụ osisi na-eto eto na okpomọkụ ala na ikuku dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=“Cool” vegetables for you to grow this spring|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cool_vegetables_for_you_to_grow_this_spring|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=MSU Extension|language=en-us}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, osisi ndị kachasị mma na-ahapụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ obere mmiri, dị ka [[Mkpụrụ|agwa]], spinach na broccoli. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na rhubarb dabara adaba maka ihu igwe dị jụụ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ, [[Cabbage|cabbages]] na peas bụ ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-anagide nke ọma n'ọnọdụ oyi dị egwu.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=5 reasons to try foodscaping your lawn|url=https://www.saveonenergy.com/resources/try-foodscaping-your-lawn/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=SaveOnEnergy.com|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme nri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rousseau|first=Nicolas|date=2016-10-17|title=Grouping Vegetables According to Plant Families {{!}} Louis Bonduelle...|url=https://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/en/my-vegetable-garden/grouping-vegetables-according-to-plant-families/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Fondation Louis Bonduelle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Portal {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}} </ref> !Ezinụlọ Osisi !Ihe Nlereanya |- |Amaranthaceae |Chard • spinach • quinoa • beetroot • glasswortugegbe |- |Apiaceae |Carrots • celery • cilantro/coriander • cumin • fennel • parsley • [[parsnip]]" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parsnip">parsnips • anise • chervil • Dil • anise / parsnip • Caraway |- |Asteraceae |[[Baccharis halimifolia|ala]]-linkid="261" href="./Artichoke" id="mwAV0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Artichoke">Artichokes • chamomile • cardoons • tarragon • lettuce • endive • dandelions • chicoory • calendula • golden rod • chrysanthemum • cornflower • echinacea • elecampane • feverfew • mouse ear • Mugwort • stevia • pansy • bellis perennis • blessed thistle • groundsel |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Brassica |Broccoli • [[kale]] • [[cabbage]] • [[cauliflower]] • Brussels sprouts • mustard • collardokpu olu |- |Ericaceae |Blueberries • huckleberries • rhododendron • Azaleas |- |Lamiaceae |Onye maara ihe • [[Peppermint|ose]]" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosemary">rosemary • thyme • Oregon • basil • catnip • lavender • marjoram • white horehound • peppermint • spearmintmma ogbunigwe |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |[[Lilium|lily]]" data-linkid="317" href="./Garlic" id="mwAZk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garlic">Garlic • asparagus • chives • chalots • onions • leeks • Tulips • fritillaria • lilies |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Rosa |Strawberries • cherries • raspberries • blackberries • pears • plums • peaches • apricot • quinces • almond |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Solanaceae |[[Tomatillo|tomato]]" id="mwAbU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tomato">Tomato • tomato • capsicum/bell peppers • poteto • eggplant • chili peppersose chili |} <gallery> Usòrò:Beetroot_Bettolo_Capel_Manor_Enfield_London_England.jpg|alt=Beetroot (beta vulgaris)|Beetroot (''Beta vulgaris'') Usòrò:Cabbage_plant.jpg|alt=Cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata)|Cabbage ([[Cabbage|''Brassica oleracea var. capitata'']]) Usòrò:Tomatoes_on_the_Vine_(Unsplash).jpg|alt=Tomato vine (solanum lycopersicum)|Mkpụrụ vaịn tomato (<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">Solanum lycopersicum</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Capsicum_annuum_var._Fiesta_-_MHNT.jpg|alt=Chili peppers (capsicum annuum)|Osisi chili (''Capsicum annuum'') Usòrò:Salvia_rosmarinus_(10-04-2020),_vue_en_gros_plan.jpg|alt=Flowering rosemary (salvia rosmarinus)|Rosemary na-agbasa okooko osisi (<nowiki><i id="mwAeM">Salvia rosmarinus</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Plums.jpg|alt=Plum (prunus domestica)|Plum (''Prunus domestica'') Usòrò:Single_raspberry_on_bush.jpg|alt=Raspberry (rubus idaeus)|Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') Usòrò:Calendula_flower_orange-yellow.jpg|alt=Calendula flower (calendula officinalis)|Calendula flower (''Calendula officinalis'') Usòrò:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower_04.jpg|alt=Marigold flower (tagetes erecta)|Okooko osisi Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Usòrò:Chamomile@original_size.jpg|alt=Camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla)|Okooko osisi Camomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'') Usòrò:Cornflower.jpg|alt=Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)|Cornflower (''Centaurus cyanus'') Usòrò:Viola_tricolor_pansy_flower_close_up.jpg|alt=Pansy flower (viola tricolor var. hortensis)|Okooko osisi Pansy (<nowiki><i id="mwAhs">Viola tricolor var. hortensis</i></nowiki>) </gallery> == Ihe atụ nke nri == === Ndị mmadụ === A na-akpọkarị onye na-emepụta ala na onye edemede Rosalind Creasy "onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa ndị a na-eri eri" na mgbasa ozi na mbipụta metụtara ubi.<ref>Long, Jim. "The Pioneer of Edible Landscapes". ''Mother Earth Gardener'', 2012, www.motherearthgardener.com/profiles/people/edible-landscapes-zmaz12uzfol. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ n'isiokwu nke imepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta n'ọhịa nri bụ akwụkwọ ya The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping, nke e bipụtara na 1982. Brie Arthur bụ onye America ọkachamara n'ịkọ ugbo nke a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ọha na eze maka omume nke nri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Iji mee ka echiche ahụ bụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma enweghị ike itinye osisi ndị a na-eri eri, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme telivishọn, ma na-etinye aka na njikọ dị iche iche metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>Drotleff, Laura. "Foodscaping Challenges Conventional Ideas About Landscaping". ''Greenhouse Grower'', 9 December 2015, www.greenhousegrower.com/management/foodscaping-challenges-conventional-ideas-about-landscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya nke akpọrọ The Foodscape Revolution, Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden na 2017. === Ọrụ ọha na eze === [[Usòrò:SchlossVillandryGarten03.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Nlegharị anya dị elu nke isii n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ nri itoolu dị na Chateau nke Villandry's Ornamental Kitchen Garden]] Ogige kichin mara mma bụ ebe a na-eri nri na ala chateau nke Villandry, nke dị na mpaghara Loire Valley nke France. Ogige ụdị Renaissance nke Ịtali nwere patches itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere atụmatụ geometric nke okooko osisi na akwụkwọ nri nke nhazi ha na-agbanwe na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'afọ abụọ. A na-eji oghere igbe dị mma kpuchie patches ndị a na akwụkwọ nri nke ọ bụla nwere agba dị iche iche dị ka kabeeji uhie, beetroot na leek na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Kwa afọ, a na-akụ ụdị akwụkwọ nri iri anọ n'ime ezinụlọ asatọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Explore the château and gardens of Villandry|url=https://www.chateauvillandry.fr/chateau-gardens/?lang=en|accessdate=2024-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Dabere na [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], Backyard Abundance bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 2006 nke na-ezube ịkụziri ndị ọzọ banyere ịma mma ala a na-eri eri. Ha na-agba ndị bi n'obodo ume ka ha sonye n'ịmepụta ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ike inyere aka belata Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Tọrọ ntọala na [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], 2006, Edible Estates bụ atụmatụ nri nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka mpaghara na ìgwè ubi obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ala na-eri nri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Edible Landscapes London bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke na-emepụta oghere ubi ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-ejikọta osisi na ahịhịa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ha mepụtara usoro izizi a kwadoro nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ n'omume ubi ọhịa. Dị ka Lindsay Oberst si kwuo n'otu edemede na Food Revolution Network, Edible Estates "na-agba mbọ ịkpali ndị ọzọ ile anya na oghere ahịhịa ndụ a na-ejighị eme ihe ma ọ bụ nke a na-ezighi ezi n'ìhè ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nri na njikọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOberst2018">Oberst, Lindsay (12 September 2018). [https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/ "Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food"]. ''Food Revolution Network''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> NYU's Urban Farm Lab bụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo na-akwalite njikọta nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri n'ime ime obodo. Ha etinyela usoro nri n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ogige mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":9">Kirschner, Kylie. "Edible Landscapes in a Concrete Jungle". ''Washington Square News'', 24 Mar 2019, nyunews.com/culture/dining/2019/03/25/nyu-urban-landscaping-efforts/. Accessed 16 March 2020.</ref> The Eden Project bụ ọrụ nkwado na Cornwall, England, nke na-adọta ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nleta kwa afọ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Ebe dị hekta iri na ise nwere nnukwu ụlọ elu na ogige nri, ebe etinyela ihe oriri na-eri eri n'ime imewe ala.<ref name=":8" /> Ọhịa Nri bụ ihe onwunwe dị na Adelaide, Australia, nke na-eto ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 160, mkpụrụ osisi, ọka wit, na akwụkwọ nri na hekta 15 nke ala. Ndị nwe ya na-akụziri ndị ọbịa otú ezinụlọ ndị nkịtị si akụ nri nke ha n'ụlọ site n'ịmepụta nri na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Binder Groenprojecten mepụtara "ogige elu ụlọ" mbụ nke [[Netherlands]] n'elu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rotterdam na 2012. A na-eji "ubi elu ụlọ" 1000m² na-akụ akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, na ahịhịa, ma na-enwekwa aṅụ.<ref name=":10">Sjauw En Wa, Amar. "Roof fields, Schieblok Rotterdam". ''Urban Green-Blue Grids'', www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/roof-fields-schieblok-rotterdam/. Accessed 5 May 2020.</ref> Wayward bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịma mma, nka na ihe owuwu nke dị na London nke na-ejikọta nri na-eto eto na nka na ihe ndị e wuru n'oge a.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOberst2018">Oberst, Lindsay (12 September 2018). [https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/ "Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food"]. ''Food Revolution Network''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 21znw8nkpw4cwub5t2106uqziig3q68 687699 687698 2026-07-13T02:08:26Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ ọha na eze */ 687699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Edible_garden_at_Pixie_Hollow.jpg|alt=|thumb|298x298px|Ala a na-eri eri na Pixie Hollow Garden, Epcot, Walt Disney World na Florida na-egosi ihe ịchọ mma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na purple kale na chard dị iche iche]] Nri nri bụ okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ maka omume ijikọ osisi ndị a na-eri nri na mbara ala ịchọ mma. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka nhazi ala a na-eri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe na-agafe n'etiti nhazi ala na ọrụ ugbo.[1]. Dị ka echiche, nri nri na-achọ igosi na osisi ndị a na-eri nri abụghị naanị ihe oriri kamakwa enwere ike inwe ekele maka àgwà ha mara mma. A na-ahụ oghere ebe nri nri dị ka ala nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enye nloghachi oriri.[2] Nri nri bụ ụzọ dị mma isi nye nri ọhụrụ n'ụzọ dị ọnụ ala.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silvasy|first=Tiare|title=Edible Landscaping Using the Nine Florida-Friendly Landscaping Principles}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ịkọ ubi inine a na-ahụkarị, ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ebe dị iche iche, ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi, nri nri na-agụnye osisi oriri dị ka ihe bụ isi nke oghere nhazi ala dị adịbu.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbakwụnye ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri nri n'ubi ịchọ mma dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ were ụdị na-amịpụta nri dochie kpamkpam osisi ọdịnala, nke anaghị eri nri.[2] Nhazi ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, bushes berry, okooko osisi oriri, na mkpuru osisi, yana ụdị ịchọ mma naanị.[3] Atụmatụ nhazi nke nhazi ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ịba ụba nchekwa nri, ịkwalite uto nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkwalite ibi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide.[2] Enwere ike itinye usoro nhazi ala oriri n'ime ụlọ ọha na nke onwe.[3] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu obodo, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ime nhazi nri<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> [[Usòrò:Villandry_-_château,_potager_(03).jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Ogige akwụkwọ nri nke Renaissance na Château de Villandry, France, na-egosipụta ahịrị cabbage, karọt, na leeks n'etiti okooko osisi ndị mara mma iji mepụta ala mara mma ma chọọ mma.]] A na-ekwenye na omume nke isi nri enwetawo ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịcha nri bụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsogbu ego nke 2007–2008.[1] Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na mmụba na-ewu ewu na-eri nri na-ejikọta na ime obodo na ịbawanye nchegbu maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name=":6">Waterford, Douglas. ''21st Century Homestead: Urban Agriculture''. Lulu, 2015.</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Nchịkọta === [[Usòrò:White_cabbage_garden.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Ogige cabbage na-acha ọcha na-agwakọta na okooko osisi odo na oroma]] A maghị onye mbụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ foodcaping. Okwu na echiche nke nri na-eri nri anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ma ọ bụ naanị na narị afọ nke 21. N'agbanyeghị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke okwu nri, atụmatụ nke ijikọta osisi ndị a na-eri eri n'ime oghere ala abụghị echiche ọhụrụ. Omume ndị yiri nke a malitere n'oge ochie na oge ochie. Foodscaping dị ka echiche nke oge a na-egosi "ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewere ụzọ ọgbọ ndị gara aga si eji ala".<ref>Arthur, Brie. "Foodscaping: revolution or evolution?". ''Acta Horticulturae'', 1212, 2018, pp. 279–84, admin.ipps.org/uploads/3B-Arthur-Brie-Foodscape.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2020.</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ omume ubi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nri na-akwado n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ala ndị a na-eri eri nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma dị ka ala ndị na-achọ mma.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Ndị na-akwado nri na-anwa imebi echiche a na-ahụkarị banyere ubi akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma kama lee [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri]] dị ka ihe ndị e mere n'onwe ha. A na-ekwere mgbe ụfọdụ na echiche a sitere na ụzọ nnwale na-arịwanye elu maka ịkọ ubi na ịma mma n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nri === A pụrụ ịhụ usoro ịchọ mma a na-eri eri nke a na-eme n'ọdịbendị na oge dị iche iche dị ka ndị nna nna nke ịchọ mma nri. Na Rom oge ochie, Ogige ndị Rom na-arụpụta ihe na ihe ịchọ mma, ọ bụ ezie na [[Oru ugbo|mmepụta ugbo]] bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ogige ndị mbụ. Nnyocha ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na Ogige ndị Rom a nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ka nnukwu Ubi vaịn ma ọ bụ obere ogige ahịhịa. Ubi kichin, ubi vaịn, na ubi mkpụrụ osisi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ ndị Rom oge ochie, ndị nri ha dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":15">Jashemski, Wilhelmina F., et al., editors. ''Gardens of the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.1017/9781139033022. Accessed 18 March 2020.</ref> N'omenala Mesoamerica, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụ bụ ihe na-atọ ndị Aztec ụtọ. E kwenyere na osisi ndị na-agbawa okooko osisi, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na ndị na-egbu egbu bụ "ihe ndị nwe ala na-achọ". Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aztec a ma ama dere, ogige ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-agụnyekarị [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-egbuke egbuke, Osisi mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, na okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-etinye osisi, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ nke ubi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọzọ na-eme n'oge ochie maka nri na Mesopotemia. Ndị Babilọn na Ndị Asiria mepụtara ogige n'obodo niile na n'ogige obí eze nke na-anọchite anya Paradaịs. Ndị a gosipụtara osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri. Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na, n'ihe dị ka 1000 BCE, ndị eze Asiria mepụtara ụdị ọdịdị ala nke mmiri na-agafe n'ogige ndị na-akụ osisi ndị dị ka junipers, almonds, dates, rosewood, quince, fir pomegranate, na oak. N'oge Renaissance, ogige Villa na Chateau na Europe na-amị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji ree n'ógbè ahụ. A na-eji uru ahụ akwado mmezi nke villa ma ọ bụ chateau. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ejikọta n'ime atụmatụ ubi Renaissance gụnyere fig, pears, [[Apple|apụl]], strawberries, [[cabbage]], leeks, onions, na peas. Ekwenyere na ndị ọrụ obodo mepụtara ogige ndị England n'oge Elizabethan dị ka isi iyi nke akwụkwọ nri. A kụkwara [[Ìfulū|Okooko osisi]] n'ime ogige ndị a maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma.<ref name=":16">Scott-James, Anne. ''The Cottage Garden''. Allen Lane, 1981.</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === ==== Uto nke Obodo ==== [[Usòrò:Urbanization over the past 500 years (Historical sources and UN; since 1500), OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uto nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu n'ime afọ 500 gara aga]] N'ihi mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa a hụrụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmepụta nri enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke ụwa "etoola ngwa ngwa site na nde 746 na 1950 ruo ijeri 3.9 na 2014".<ref>"World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas". ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'', 10 July 2014, www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> &nbsp;Ọganihu ndị a na-eme ngwa ngwa na mmepe obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 etinyela nrụgide na nnweta ala ugbo ma nye aka n'ịbawanye enweghị nri.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi ya, enwere ọchịchọ dị ukwuu iweghachi uto nri n'ime Obodo ukwu. Mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, yana ebumnuche mba ụwa iji belata agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]], emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ihe oriri na-edochi ahụ.<ref>Myers, Melvin L. "Agriculture and Natural Resources Based Industries". ''Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,'' edited by Jeanne M. Stellman, vol. 3, International Labour Office, 1988.</ref>Ekwenyere na ihe ndị a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro nri eme ihe mụbaa. == Nkwado == === Nchebe nri === A nabatara nhazi nri n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ụzọ isi abawanye nchekwa nri, nnweta na nnweta.[1] Enweghi ike nke ọnụ ahịa nri ụlọ ahịa nwere ike imetụta nnweta nri. Dị ka "usoro nri zuru oke nke onwe", ala ndị a na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ndabere ezinụlọ na nri ebubata. Ịchịkọta nri na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a ohere ịnweta ebe nri na-adigide, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha nwere ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya dị ka enweghị ike ị nweta nri n'ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa ma ọ bụ oge ego ego dị ala.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dabere na nha na oke nke ebe ahụ, enwere ike ịnwe nnukwu ego na-etinye aka na nhazi mbụ na ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ka na-anabata n'ozuzu na nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụahịa nri ozugbo e wepụtara ngwaahịa nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ na ihe ndị a riri, nri na-akwalite Nkwado nri n'ózuzu.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Ekwenyekwara na nri nwere ike inye aka dozie mkpa maka nri n'ime nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka oke mmadụ, ihu igwe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na mbelata nke ihe onwunwe ike.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> === Nchịkwa ike na ihe mkpofu === Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu, dị ka iji diesel, propane, na ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Omume nhazi nhazi ala na-eri nri na-ejikarị obere ume ma na-emepụta obere ihe mkpofu karịa usoro omenala nke mmepụta nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa nri ndị a na-akọ site na nhazi nhazi nri na-agụnye obere nhazi, nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ refrigeration..<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwekwara ike inye aka belata kilomita nri site n'ibelata mkpa maka njem nri dị anya.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> "Ụlọ ahịa nri nwere nkezi 1,500 kilomita kwa ngwaahịa", ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akwado nri Brie Arthur na-ekwu. Mmiri ndị a na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na gwongworo na-ahapụ akara carbon na-emerụ ahụ nke a ga-ebelata site n'ịzụlite osisi ndị a na'eri n'ụlọ kama ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwere ike ikwe ka ndị sonyere nyere aka belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] sitere na mmanụ ala nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> === Ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ === Ihe na-akpalikarị nri bụ ọchịchọ ịzụlite, isi nri na iri nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> Na nyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 nke ụlọ ọrụ Australian Institute mere, 71% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-eme nri na Australia na-etinye ihe oriri n'ime ogige ha maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị mma. <ref>Wise, Poppy. "Grow Your Own: The potential value and impacts of residential and community food gardening". ''The Australian Institute'', 31 March 2014, www.tai.org.au/content/grow-your-own. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> A na-anabata n'ozuzu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a zụlitere n'ụlọ dị ọhụrụ ma na-edozi ahụ karịa ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ahịa, nke a na-ere mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetụta ahụike nke kemịkal na ihe nchedo na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ahịa.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> A na-ewere nri dị ka ụzọ isi belata ikpughe ihe ndị a gbanwere site na kemịkal.<ref>Dolce, Anne. "What is Foodscaping?" ''The Daily Meal'', 5 June 2013, www.thedailymeal.com/foodscaping-fancy-word-gardening-or-important-initiative. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Ịcha ala a na-eri eri na-enye ndị sonyere ohere ịbawanye mmepụta nri ọhụrụ n'obodo ukwu. N'ebe ndị a, ụdị nri ndị a na-enweta kachasị mfe bụ ụdị a na-edozi, nke nwere ike iduga na iri shuga, sodium na abụba.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ekwuola na njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti ịkọ Ubi n'obodo ukwu na nhọrọ ndụ dị mma. A na-ekwere na omume ubi na-emetụta nri na-eme ka ndị na-ekere òkè na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na uru nke ịkwadebe nri na-edozi ahụ. Nnyocha egosila na okike nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ (nke e mepụtara site na usoro ndị dị ka nri) nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahụike uche mmadụ n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye na uru ahụike ahụike. A na-enweta nke a site na mmetụta dị mma ya na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka njikọ obodo, mbelata mpụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Charles R.|date=2019-12-01|title=An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits|journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture|volume=37|issue=4|pages=136–142|doi=10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136|issn=0738-2898}}</ref> == Nlekọta == === Ihe a na-etinye === Dabere na oke ala a na-eri eri, nri nwere ike ịchọ oge na ọrụ aka iji lekọta karịa ubi ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị. Nke a bụ dịka ebumnuche nke nri bụ iji nweta nloghachi a na-eri eri ma na-anọgide na-atọ ụtọ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ịba mmiri, [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|Imeju]], Nchịkwa ahụhụ na ịkpụchasị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Enweghị oge na ọnọdụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị dị ka [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na onyinyo na-ezughị ezu nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka ndị chọrọ ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ibelata ihe ndị a chọrọ maka mmezi site n'ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị dabara na ọnọdụ ala, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ ka a na-eri nri.<ref name=":4" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ, ileba anya mgbe niile ka mmepụta nri sichara bụ ihe a chọrọ iji nweta nri na-aga nke ọma.[1] Ọ bụrụ na egbuteghị mkpụrụ osisi n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ha nwere ike ire ere wee bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'anya n'ime ala nri. Nke a nwekwara ike ịdọta pests ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-achọghị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> == Osisi == [[Usòrò:Allium_schoenoprasum_in_NH_01.jpg|thumb|Chives na-agbasa okooko na-eme mgbakwunye mara mma na ala a na-eri eri.]] [[Usòrò:Row_of_Swiss_Chard_at_Phipps_Conservatory.jpeg|thumb|Ahịrị nke Swiss chard na Phipps Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A na-ejikarị chard Switzerland eme ihe na nri maka ụcha ya na-egbuke egbuke.]] A na-ahọrọkarị osisi ndị dị n'ụdị nri maka ịma mma na ihe oriri ha.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri nke nwere ike itinye ụcha na oghere nri. Ụdị chard, [[cabbage]] na lettuce na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka nri.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> A pụkwara iji okooko osisi ndị a na-eri eri, dị ka Carnations, marigolds, cornflowers na pansies mee ihe iji gbakwunye ihe ịchọ mma na ìhè na ala a na- eri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Foodscaping: A "New" Way To Create A Garden|url=http://gardenculturemagazine.com/foodscaping-a-new-way-to-create-a-garden/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Garden Culture Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ogige Charlie Nardozzi na-atụ aro na osisi lemon, apụl, plum na osisi cherry nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri maka osisi ịchọ mma. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na osisi blueberry, Elderberry na gooseberry nwere ike dochie osisi ndị a ma ama na-achọ mma dị ka roses, hydrangeas na privet hedges. A tụkwara aro Alpine strawberries na chives dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchi anya osisi ndị na-adịghị eri eri.<ref name=":02">Nardozzi, Charlie. ''Foodscaping: Practical and Innovative Ways to Create an Edible Landscape.'' Massachusetts, Cool Springs Press, 2015.</ref> Ala ndị a na-eri eri na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ ala a na-eri eri, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na osisi ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Otu onye kwesịkwara ịtụle oge nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara oge nke afọ nke otu ụdị ga-eto nke ọma. [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ n'oge oyi]] chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala maka uto na ntolite mkpụrụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ oge okpomọkụ bụ osisi na-eto eto na okpomọkụ ala na ikuku dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=“Cool” vegetables for you to grow this spring|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cool_vegetables_for_you_to_grow_this_spring|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=MSU Extension|language=en-us}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, osisi ndị kachasị mma na-ahapụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ obere mmiri, dị ka [[Mkpụrụ|agwa]], spinach na broccoli. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na rhubarb dabara adaba maka ihu igwe dị jụụ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ, [[Cabbage|cabbages]] na peas bụ ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-anagide nke ọma n'ọnọdụ oyi dị egwu.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=5 reasons to try foodscaping your lawn|url=https://www.saveonenergy.com/resources/try-foodscaping-your-lawn/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=SaveOnEnergy.com|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme nri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rousseau|first=Nicolas|date=2016-10-17|title=Grouping Vegetables According to Plant Families {{!}} Louis Bonduelle...|url=https://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/en/my-vegetable-garden/grouping-vegetables-according-to-plant-families/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Fondation Louis Bonduelle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Portal {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}} </ref> !Ezinụlọ Osisi !Ihe Nlereanya |- |Amaranthaceae |Chard • spinach • quinoa • beetroot • glasswortugegbe |- |Apiaceae |Carrots • celery • cilantro/coriander • cumin • fennel • parsley • [[parsnip]]" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parsnip">parsnips • anise • chervil • Dil • anise / parsnip • Caraway |- |Asteraceae |[[Baccharis halimifolia|ala]]-linkid="261" href="./Artichoke" id="mwAV0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Artichoke">Artichokes • chamomile • cardoons • tarragon • lettuce • endive • dandelions • chicoory • calendula • golden rod • chrysanthemum • cornflower • echinacea • elecampane • feverfew • mouse ear • Mugwort • stevia • pansy • bellis perennis • blessed thistle • groundsel |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Brassica |Broccoli • [[kale]] • [[cabbage]] • [[cauliflower]] • Brussels sprouts • mustard • collardokpu olu |- |Ericaceae |Blueberries • huckleberries • rhododendron • Azaleas |- |Lamiaceae |Onye maara ihe • [[Peppermint|ose]]" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosemary">rosemary • thyme • Oregon • basil • catnip • lavender • marjoram • white horehound • peppermint • spearmintmma ogbunigwe |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |[[Lilium|lily]]" data-linkid="317" href="./Garlic" id="mwAZk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garlic">Garlic • asparagus • chives • chalots • onions • leeks • Tulips • fritillaria • lilies |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Rosa |Strawberries • cherries • raspberries • blackberries • pears • plums • peaches • apricot • quinces • almond |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Solanaceae |[[Tomatillo|tomato]]" id="mwAbU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tomato">Tomato • tomato • capsicum/bell peppers • poteto • eggplant • chili peppersose chili |} <gallery> Usòrò:Beetroot_Bettolo_Capel_Manor_Enfield_London_England.jpg|alt=Beetroot (beta vulgaris)|Beetroot (''Beta vulgaris'') Usòrò:Cabbage_plant.jpg|alt=Cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata)|Cabbage ([[Cabbage|''Brassica oleracea var. capitata'']]) Usòrò:Tomatoes_on_the_Vine_(Unsplash).jpg|alt=Tomato vine (solanum lycopersicum)|Mkpụrụ vaịn tomato (<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">Solanum lycopersicum</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Capsicum_annuum_var._Fiesta_-_MHNT.jpg|alt=Chili peppers (capsicum annuum)|Osisi chili (''Capsicum annuum'') Usòrò:Salvia_rosmarinus_(10-04-2020),_vue_en_gros_plan.jpg|alt=Flowering rosemary (salvia rosmarinus)|Rosemary na-agbasa okooko osisi (<nowiki><i id="mwAeM">Salvia rosmarinus</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Plums.jpg|alt=Plum (prunus domestica)|Plum (''Prunus domestica'') Usòrò:Single_raspberry_on_bush.jpg|alt=Raspberry (rubus idaeus)|Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') Usòrò:Calendula_flower_orange-yellow.jpg|alt=Calendula flower (calendula officinalis)|Calendula flower (''Calendula officinalis'') Usòrò:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower_04.jpg|alt=Marigold flower (tagetes erecta)|Okooko osisi Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Usòrò:Chamomile@original_size.jpg|alt=Camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla)|Okooko osisi Camomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'') Usòrò:Cornflower.jpg|alt=Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)|Cornflower (''Centaurus cyanus'') Usòrò:Viola_tricolor_pansy_flower_close_up.jpg|alt=Pansy flower (viola tricolor var. hortensis)|Okooko osisi Pansy (<nowiki><i id="mwAhs">Viola tricolor var. hortensis</i></nowiki>) </gallery> == Ihe atụ nke nri == === Ndị mmadụ === A na-akpọkarị onye na-emepụta ala na onye edemede Rosalind Creasy "onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa ndị a na-eri eri" na mgbasa ozi na mbipụta metụtara ubi.<ref>Long, Jim. "The Pioneer of Edible Landscapes". ''Mother Earth Gardener'', 2012, www.motherearthgardener.com/profiles/people/edible-landscapes-zmaz12uzfol. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ n'isiokwu nke imepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta n'ọhịa nri bụ akwụkwọ ya The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping, nke e bipụtara na 1982. Brie Arthur bụ onye America ọkachamara n'ịkọ ugbo nke a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ọha na eze maka omume nke nri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Iji mee ka echiche ahụ bụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma enweghị ike itinye osisi ndị a na-eri eri, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme telivishọn, ma na-etinye aka na njikọ dị iche iche metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>Drotleff, Laura. "Foodscaping Challenges Conventional Ideas About Landscaping". ''Greenhouse Grower'', 9 December 2015, www.greenhousegrower.com/management/foodscaping-challenges-conventional-ideas-about-landscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya nke akpọrọ The Foodscape Revolution, Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden na 2017. === Ọrụ ọha na eze === [[Usòrò:SchlossVillandryGarten03.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Nlegharị anya dị elu nke isii n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ nri itoolu dị na Chateau nke Villandry's Ornamental Kitchen Garden]] Ogige kichin mara mma bụ ebe a na-eri nri na ala chateau nke Villandry, nke dị na mpaghara Loire Valley nke France. Ogige ụdị Renaissance nke Ịtali nwere patches itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere atụmatụ geometric nke okooko osisi na akwụkwọ nri nke nhazi ha na-agbanwe na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'afọ abụọ. A na-eji oghere igbe dị mma kpuchie patches ndị a na akwụkwọ nri nke ọ bụla nwere agba dị iche iche dị ka kabeeji uhie, beetroot na leek na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Kwa afọ, a na-akụ ụdị akwụkwọ nri iri anọ n'ime ezinụlọ asatọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Explore the château and gardens of Villandry|url=https://www.chateauvillandry.fr/chateau-gardens/?lang=en|accessdate=2024-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Dabere na [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], Backyard Abundance bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 2006 nke na-ezube ịkụziri ndị ọzọ banyere ịma mma ala a na-eri eri. Ha na-agba ndị bi n'obodo ume ka ha sonye n'ịmepụta ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ike inyere aka belata Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Tọrọ ntọala na [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], 2006, Edible Estates bụ atụmatụ nri nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka mpaghara na ìgwè ubi obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ala na-eri nri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Edible Landscapes London bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke na-emepụta oghere ubi ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-ejikọta osisi na ahịhịa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ha mepụtara usoro izizi a kwadoro nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ n'omume ubi ọhịa. Dị ka Lindsay Oberst si kwuo n'otu edemede na Food Revolution Network, Edible Estates "na-agba mbọ ịkpali ndị ọzọ ile anya na oghere ahịhịa ndụ a na-ejighị eme ihe ma ọ bụ nke a na-ezighi ezi n'ìhè ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nri na njikọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè".<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOberst2018">Oberst, Lindsay (12 September 2018). [https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/ "Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food"]. ''Food Revolution Network''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> NYU's Urban Farm Lab bụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo na-akwalite njikọta nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri n'ime ime obodo. Ha etinyela usoro nri n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ogige mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":9">Kirschner, Kylie. "Edible Landscapes in a Concrete Jungle". ''Washington Square News'', 24 Mar 2019, nyunews.com/culture/dining/2019/03/25/nyu-urban-landscaping-efforts/. Accessed 16 March 2020.</ref> The Eden Project bụ ọrụ nkwado na Cornwall, England, nke na-adọta ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nleta kwa afọ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Ebe dị hekta iri na ise nwere nnukwu ụlọ elu na ogige nri, ebe etinyela ihe oriri na-eri eri n'ime imewe ala.<ref name=":8" /> Ọhịa Nri bụ ihe onwunwe dị na Adelaide, Australia, nke na-eto ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 160, mkpụrụ osisi, ọka wit, na akwụkwọ nri na hekta 15 nke ala. Ndị nwe ya na-akụziri ndị ọbịa otú ezinụlọ ndị nkịtị si akụ nri nke ha n'ụlọ site n'ịmepụta nri na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Binder Groenprojecten mepụtara "ogige elu ụlọ" mbụ nke [[Netherlands]] n'elu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rotterdam na 2012. A na-eji "ubi elu ụlọ" 1000m² na-akụ akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, na ahịhịa, ma na-enwekwa aṅụ.<ref name=":10">Sjauw En Wa, Amar. "Roof fields, Schieblok Rotterdam". ''Urban Green-Blue Grids'', www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/roof-fields-schieblok-rotterdam/. Accessed 5 May 2020.</ref> Wayward bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịma mma, nka na ihe owuwu nke dị na London nke na-ejikọta nri na-eto eto na nka na ihe ndị e wuru n'oge a. == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 81242puupsj3bysp8pucfavqapnb0s1 687700 687699 2026-07-13T02:09:25Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ ọha na eze */ 687700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Edible_garden_at_Pixie_Hollow.jpg|alt=|thumb|298x298px|Ala a na-eri eri na Pixie Hollow Garden, Epcot, Walt Disney World na Florida na-egosi ihe ịchọ mma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na purple kale na chard dị iche iche]] Nri nri bụ okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ maka omume ijikọ osisi ndị a na-eri nri na mbara ala ịchọ mma. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka nhazi ala a na-eri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe na-agafe n'etiti nhazi ala na ọrụ ugbo.[1]. Dị ka echiche, nri nri na-achọ igosi na osisi ndị a na-eri nri abụghị naanị ihe oriri kamakwa enwere ike inwe ekele maka àgwà ha mara mma. A na-ahụ oghere ebe nri nri dị ka ala nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enye nloghachi oriri.[2] Nri nri bụ ụzọ dị mma isi nye nri ọhụrụ n'ụzọ dị ọnụ ala.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silvasy|first=Tiare|title=Edible Landscaping Using the Nine Florida-Friendly Landscaping Principles}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ịkọ ubi inine a na-ahụkarị, ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ebe dị iche iche, ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi, nri nri na-agụnye osisi oriri dị ka ihe bụ isi nke oghere nhazi ala dị adịbu.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbakwụnye ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri nri n'ubi ịchọ mma dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ were ụdị na-amịpụta nri dochie kpamkpam osisi ọdịnala, nke anaghị eri nri.[2] Nhazi ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, bushes berry, okooko osisi oriri, na mkpuru osisi, yana ụdị ịchọ mma naanị.[3] Atụmatụ nhazi nke nhazi ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ịba ụba nchekwa nri, ịkwalite uto nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkwalite ibi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide.[2] Enwere ike itinye usoro nhazi ala oriri n'ime ụlọ ọha na nke onwe.[3] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu obodo, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ime nhazi nri<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> [[Usòrò:Villandry_-_château,_potager_(03).jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Ogige akwụkwọ nri nke Renaissance na Château de Villandry, France, na-egosipụta ahịrị cabbage, karọt, na leeks n'etiti okooko osisi ndị mara mma iji mepụta ala mara mma ma chọọ mma.]] A na-ekwenye na omume nke isi nri enwetawo ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịcha nri bụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsogbu ego nke 2007–2008.[1] Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na mmụba na-ewu ewu na-eri nri na-ejikọta na ime obodo na ịbawanye nchegbu maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name=":6">Waterford, Douglas. ''21st Century Homestead: Urban Agriculture''. Lulu, 2015.</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Nchịkọta === [[Usòrò:White_cabbage_garden.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Ogige cabbage na-acha ọcha na-agwakọta na okooko osisi odo na oroma]] A maghị onye mbụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ foodcaping. Okwu na echiche nke nri na-eri nri anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ma ọ bụ naanị na narị afọ nke 21. N'agbanyeghị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke okwu nri, atụmatụ nke ijikọta osisi ndị a na-eri eri n'ime oghere ala abụghị echiche ọhụrụ. Omume ndị yiri nke a malitere n'oge ochie na oge ochie. Foodscaping dị ka echiche nke oge a na-egosi "ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewere ụzọ ọgbọ ndị gara aga si eji ala".<ref>Arthur, Brie. "Foodscaping: revolution or evolution?". ''Acta Horticulturae'', 1212, 2018, pp. 279–84, admin.ipps.org/uploads/3B-Arthur-Brie-Foodscape.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2020.</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ omume ubi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nri na-akwado n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ala ndị a na-eri eri nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma dị ka ala ndị na-achọ mma.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Ndị na-akwado nri na-anwa imebi echiche a na-ahụkarị banyere ubi akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma kama lee [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri]] dị ka ihe ndị e mere n'onwe ha. A na-ekwere mgbe ụfọdụ na echiche a sitere na ụzọ nnwale na-arịwanye elu maka ịkọ ubi na ịma mma n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nri === A pụrụ ịhụ usoro ịchọ mma a na-eri eri nke a na-eme n'ọdịbendị na oge dị iche iche dị ka ndị nna nna nke ịchọ mma nri. Na Rom oge ochie, Ogige ndị Rom na-arụpụta ihe na ihe ịchọ mma, ọ bụ ezie na [[Oru ugbo|mmepụta ugbo]] bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ogige ndị mbụ. Nnyocha ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na Ogige ndị Rom a nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ka nnukwu Ubi vaịn ma ọ bụ obere ogige ahịhịa. Ubi kichin, ubi vaịn, na ubi mkpụrụ osisi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ ndị Rom oge ochie, ndị nri ha dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":15">Jashemski, Wilhelmina F., et al., editors. ''Gardens of the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.1017/9781139033022. Accessed 18 March 2020.</ref> N'omenala Mesoamerica, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụ bụ ihe na-atọ ndị Aztec ụtọ. E kwenyere na osisi ndị na-agbawa okooko osisi, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na ndị na-egbu egbu bụ "ihe ndị nwe ala na-achọ". Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aztec a ma ama dere, ogige ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-agụnyekarị [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-egbuke egbuke, Osisi mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, na okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-etinye osisi, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ nke ubi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọzọ na-eme n'oge ochie maka nri na Mesopotemia. Ndị Babilọn na Ndị Asiria mepụtara ogige n'obodo niile na n'ogige obí eze nke na-anọchite anya Paradaịs. Ndị a gosipụtara osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri. Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na, n'ihe dị ka 1000 BCE, ndị eze Asiria mepụtara ụdị ọdịdị ala nke mmiri na-agafe n'ogige ndị na-akụ osisi ndị dị ka junipers, almonds, dates, rosewood, quince, fir pomegranate, na oak. N'oge Renaissance, ogige Villa na Chateau na Europe na-amị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji ree n'ógbè ahụ. A na-eji uru ahụ akwado mmezi nke villa ma ọ bụ chateau. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ejikọta n'ime atụmatụ ubi Renaissance gụnyere fig, pears, [[Apple|apụl]], strawberries, [[cabbage]], leeks, onions, na peas. Ekwenyere na ndị ọrụ obodo mepụtara ogige ndị England n'oge Elizabethan dị ka isi iyi nke akwụkwọ nri. A kụkwara [[Ìfulū|Okooko osisi]] n'ime ogige ndị a maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma.<ref name=":16">Scott-James, Anne. ''The Cottage Garden''. Allen Lane, 1981.</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === ==== Uto nke Obodo ==== [[Usòrò:Urbanization over the past 500 years (Historical sources and UN; since 1500), OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uto nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu n'ime afọ 500 gara aga]] N'ihi mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa a hụrụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmepụta nri enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke ụwa "etoola ngwa ngwa site na nde 746 na 1950 ruo ijeri 3.9 na 2014".<ref>"World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas". ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'', 10 July 2014, www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> &nbsp;Ọganihu ndị a na-eme ngwa ngwa na mmepe obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 etinyela nrụgide na nnweta ala ugbo ma nye aka n'ịbawanye enweghị nri.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi ya, enwere ọchịchọ dị ukwuu iweghachi uto nri n'ime Obodo ukwu. Mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, yana ebumnuche mba ụwa iji belata agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]], emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ihe oriri na-edochi ahụ.<ref>Myers, Melvin L. "Agriculture and Natural Resources Based Industries". ''Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,'' edited by Jeanne M. Stellman, vol. 3, International Labour Office, 1988.</ref>Ekwenyere na ihe ndị a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro nri eme ihe mụbaa. == Nkwado == === Nchebe nri === A nabatara nhazi nri n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ụzọ isi abawanye nchekwa nri, nnweta na nnweta.[1] Enweghi ike nke ọnụ ahịa nri ụlọ ahịa nwere ike imetụta nnweta nri. Dị ka "usoro nri zuru oke nke onwe", ala ndị a na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ndabere ezinụlọ na nri ebubata. Ịchịkọta nri na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a ohere ịnweta ebe nri na-adigide, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha nwere ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya dị ka enweghị ike ị nweta nri n'ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa ma ọ bụ oge ego ego dị ala.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dabere na nha na oke nke ebe ahụ, enwere ike ịnwe nnukwu ego na-etinye aka na nhazi mbụ na ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ka na-anabata n'ozuzu na nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụahịa nri ozugbo e wepụtara ngwaahịa nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ na ihe ndị a riri, nri na-akwalite Nkwado nri n'ózuzu.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Ekwenyekwara na nri nwere ike inye aka dozie mkpa maka nri n'ime nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka oke mmadụ, ihu igwe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na mbelata nke ihe onwunwe ike.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> === Nchịkwa ike na ihe mkpofu === Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu, dị ka iji diesel, propane, na ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Omume nhazi nhazi ala na-eri nri na-ejikarị obere ume ma na-emepụta obere ihe mkpofu karịa usoro omenala nke mmepụta nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa nri ndị a na-akọ site na nhazi nhazi nri na-agụnye obere nhazi, nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ refrigeration..<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwekwara ike inye aka belata kilomita nri site n'ibelata mkpa maka njem nri dị anya.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> "Ụlọ ahịa nri nwere nkezi 1,500 kilomita kwa ngwaahịa", ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akwado nri Brie Arthur na-ekwu. Mmiri ndị a na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na gwongworo na-ahapụ akara carbon na-emerụ ahụ nke a ga-ebelata site n'ịzụlite osisi ndị a na'eri n'ụlọ kama ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwere ike ikwe ka ndị sonyere nyere aka belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] sitere na mmanụ ala nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> === Ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ === Ihe na-akpalikarị nri bụ ọchịchọ ịzụlite, isi nri na iri nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> Na nyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 nke ụlọ ọrụ Australian Institute mere, 71% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-eme nri na Australia na-etinye ihe oriri n'ime ogige ha maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị mma. <ref>Wise, Poppy. "Grow Your Own: The potential value and impacts of residential and community food gardening". ''The Australian Institute'', 31 March 2014, www.tai.org.au/content/grow-your-own. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> A na-anabata n'ozuzu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a zụlitere n'ụlọ dị ọhụrụ ma na-edozi ahụ karịa ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ahịa, nke a na-ere mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetụta ahụike nke kemịkal na ihe nchedo na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ahịa.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> A na-ewere nri dị ka ụzọ isi belata ikpughe ihe ndị a gbanwere site na kemịkal.<ref>Dolce, Anne. "What is Foodscaping?" ''The Daily Meal'', 5 June 2013, www.thedailymeal.com/foodscaping-fancy-word-gardening-or-important-initiative. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Ịcha ala a na-eri eri na-enye ndị sonyere ohere ịbawanye mmepụta nri ọhụrụ n'obodo ukwu. N'ebe ndị a, ụdị nri ndị a na-enweta kachasị mfe bụ ụdị a na-edozi, nke nwere ike iduga na iri shuga, sodium na abụba.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ekwuola na njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti ịkọ Ubi n'obodo ukwu na nhọrọ ndụ dị mma. A na-ekwere na omume ubi na-emetụta nri na-eme ka ndị na-ekere òkè na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na uru nke ịkwadebe nri na-edozi ahụ. Nnyocha egosila na okike nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ (nke e mepụtara site na usoro ndị dị ka nri) nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahụike uche mmadụ n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye na uru ahụike ahụike. A na-enweta nke a site na mmetụta dị mma ya na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka njikọ obodo, mbelata mpụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Charles R.|date=2019-12-01|title=An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits|journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture|volume=37|issue=4|pages=136–142|doi=10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136|issn=0738-2898}}</ref> == Nlekọta == === Ihe a na-etinye === Dabere na oke ala a na-eri eri, nri nwere ike ịchọ oge na ọrụ aka iji lekọta karịa ubi ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị. Nke a bụ dịka ebumnuche nke nri bụ iji nweta nloghachi a na-eri eri ma na-anọgide na-atọ ụtọ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ịba mmiri, [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|Imeju]], Nchịkwa ahụhụ na ịkpụchasị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Enweghị oge na ọnọdụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị dị ka [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na onyinyo na-ezughị ezu nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka ndị chọrọ ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ibelata ihe ndị a chọrọ maka mmezi site n'ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị dabara na ọnọdụ ala, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ ka a na-eri nri.<ref name=":4" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ, ileba anya mgbe niile ka mmepụta nri sichara bụ ihe a chọrọ iji nweta nri na-aga nke ọma.[1] Ọ bụrụ na egbuteghị mkpụrụ osisi n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ha nwere ike ire ere wee bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'anya n'ime ala nri. Nke a nwekwara ike ịdọta pests ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-achọghị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> == Osisi == [[Usòrò:Allium_schoenoprasum_in_NH_01.jpg|thumb|Chives na-agbasa okooko na-eme mgbakwunye mara mma na ala a na-eri eri.]] [[Usòrò:Row_of_Swiss_Chard_at_Phipps_Conservatory.jpeg|thumb|Ahịrị nke Swiss chard na Phipps Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A na-ejikarị chard Switzerland eme ihe na nri maka ụcha ya na-egbuke egbuke.]] A na-ahọrọkarị osisi ndị dị n'ụdị nri maka ịma mma na ihe oriri ha.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri nke nwere ike itinye ụcha na oghere nri. Ụdị chard, [[cabbage]] na lettuce na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka nri.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> A pụkwara iji okooko osisi ndị a na-eri eri, dị ka Carnations, marigolds, cornflowers na pansies mee ihe iji gbakwunye ihe ịchọ mma na ìhè na ala a na- eri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Foodscaping: A "New" Way To Create A Garden|url=http://gardenculturemagazine.com/foodscaping-a-new-way-to-create-a-garden/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Garden Culture Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ogige Charlie Nardozzi na-atụ aro na osisi lemon, apụl, plum na osisi cherry nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri maka osisi ịchọ mma. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na osisi blueberry, Elderberry na gooseberry nwere ike dochie osisi ndị a ma ama na-achọ mma dị ka roses, hydrangeas na privet hedges. A tụkwara aro Alpine strawberries na chives dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchi anya osisi ndị na-adịghị eri eri.<ref name=":02">Nardozzi, Charlie. ''Foodscaping: Practical and Innovative Ways to Create an Edible Landscape.'' Massachusetts, Cool Springs Press, 2015.</ref> Ala ndị a na-eri eri na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ ala a na-eri eri, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na osisi ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Otu onye kwesịkwara ịtụle oge nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara oge nke afọ nke otu ụdị ga-eto nke ọma. [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ n'oge oyi]] chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala maka uto na ntolite mkpụrụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ oge okpomọkụ bụ osisi na-eto eto na okpomọkụ ala na ikuku dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=“Cool” vegetables for you to grow this spring|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cool_vegetables_for_you_to_grow_this_spring|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=MSU Extension|language=en-us}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, osisi ndị kachasị mma na-ahapụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ obere mmiri, dị ka [[Mkpụrụ|agwa]], spinach na broccoli. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na rhubarb dabara adaba maka ihu igwe dị jụụ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ, [[Cabbage|cabbages]] na peas bụ ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-anagide nke ọma n'ọnọdụ oyi dị egwu.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=5 reasons to try foodscaping your lawn|url=https://www.saveonenergy.com/resources/try-foodscaping-your-lawn/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=SaveOnEnergy.com|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme nri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rousseau|first=Nicolas|date=2016-10-17|title=Grouping Vegetables According to Plant Families {{!}} Louis Bonduelle...|url=https://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/en/my-vegetable-garden/grouping-vegetables-according-to-plant-families/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Fondation Louis Bonduelle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Portal {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}} </ref> !Ezinụlọ Osisi !Ihe Nlereanya |- |Amaranthaceae |Chard • spinach • quinoa • beetroot • glasswortugegbe |- |Apiaceae |Carrots • celery • cilantro/coriander • cumin • fennel • parsley • [[parsnip]]" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parsnip">parsnips • anise • chervil • Dil • anise / parsnip • Caraway |- |Asteraceae |[[Baccharis halimifolia|ala]]-linkid="261" href="./Artichoke" id="mwAV0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Artichoke">Artichokes • chamomile • cardoons • tarragon • lettuce • endive • dandelions • chicoory • calendula • golden rod • chrysanthemum • cornflower • echinacea • elecampane • feverfew • mouse ear • Mugwort • stevia • pansy • bellis perennis • blessed thistle • groundsel |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Brassica |Broccoli • [[kale]] • [[cabbage]] • [[cauliflower]] • Brussels sprouts • mustard • collardokpu olu |- |Ericaceae |Blueberries • huckleberries • rhododendron • Azaleas |- |Lamiaceae |Onye maara ihe • [[Peppermint|ose]]" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosemary">rosemary • thyme • Oregon • basil • catnip • lavender • marjoram • white horehound • peppermint • spearmintmma ogbunigwe |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |[[Lilium|lily]]" data-linkid="317" href="./Garlic" id="mwAZk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garlic">Garlic • asparagus • chives • chalots • onions • leeks • Tulips • fritillaria • lilies |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Rosa |Strawberries • cherries • raspberries • blackberries • pears • plums • peaches • apricot • quinces • almond |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Solanaceae |[[Tomatillo|tomato]]" id="mwAbU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tomato">Tomato • tomato • capsicum/bell peppers • poteto • eggplant • chili peppersose chili |} <gallery> Usòrò:Beetroot_Bettolo_Capel_Manor_Enfield_London_England.jpg|alt=Beetroot (beta vulgaris)|Beetroot (''Beta vulgaris'') Usòrò:Cabbage_plant.jpg|alt=Cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata)|Cabbage ([[Cabbage|''Brassica oleracea var. capitata'']]) Usòrò:Tomatoes_on_the_Vine_(Unsplash).jpg|alt=Tomato vine (solanum lycopersicum)|Mkpụrụ vaịn tomato (<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">Solanum lycopersicum</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Capsicum_annuum_var._Fiesta_-_MHNT.jpg|alt=Chili peppers (capsicum annuum)|Osisi chili (''Capsicum annuum'') Usòrò:Salvia_rosmarinus_(10-04-2020),_vue_en_gros_plan.jpg|alt=Flowering rosemary (salvia rosmarinus)|Rosemary na-agbasa okooko osisi (<nowiki><i id="mwAeM">Salvia rosmarinus</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Plums.jpg|alt=Plum (prunus domestica)|Plum (''Prunus domestica'') Usòrò:Single_raspberry_on_bush.jpg|alt=Raspberry (rubus idaeus)|Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') Usòrò:Calendula_flower_orange-yellow.jpg|alt=Calendula flower (calendula officinalis)|Calendula flower (''Calendula officinalis'') Usòrò:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower_04.jpg|alt=Marigold flower (tagetes erecta)|Okooko osisi Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Usòrò:Chamomile@original_size.jpg|alt=Camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla)|Okooko osisi Camomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'') Usòrò:Cornflower.jpg|alt=Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)|Cornflower (''Centaurus cyanus'') Usòrò:Viola_tricolor_pansy_flower_close_up.jpg|alt=Pansy flower (viola tricolor var. hortensis)|Okooko osisi Pansy (<nowiki><i id="mwAhs">Viola tricolor var. hortensis</i></nowiki>) </gallery> == Ihe atụ nke nri == === Ndị mmadụ === A na-akpọkarị onye na-emepụta ala na onye edemede Rosalind Creasy "onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa ndị a na-eri eri" na mgbasa ozi na mbipụta metụtara ubi.<ref>Long, Jim. "The Pioneer of Edible Landscapes". ''Mother Earth Gardener'', 2012, www.motherearthgardener.com/profiles/people/edible-landscapes-zmaz12uzfol. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ n'isiokwu nke imepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta n'ọhịa nri bụ akwụkwọ ya The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping, nke e bipụtara na 1982. Brie Arthur bụ onye America ọkachamara n'ịkọ ugbo nke a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ọha na eze maka omume nke nri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Iji mee ka echiche ahụ bụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma enweghị ike itinye osisi ndị a na-eri eri, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme telivishọn, ma na-etinye aka na njikọ dị iche iche metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>Drotleff, Laura. "Foodscaping Challenges Conventional Ideas About Landscaping". ''Greenhouse Grower'', 9 December 2015, www.greenhousegrower.com/management/foodscaping-challenges-conventional-ideas-about-landscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya nke akpọrọ The Foodscape Revolution, Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden na 2017. === Ọrụ ọha na eze === [[Usòrò:SchlossVillandryGarten03.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Nlegharị anya dị elu nke isii n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ nri itoolu dị na Chateau nke Villandry's Ornamental Kitchen Garden]] Ogige kichin mara mma bụ ebe a na-eri nri na ala chateau nke Villandry, nke dị na mpaghara Loire Valley nke France. Ogige ụdị Renaissance nke Ịtali nwere patches itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere atụmatụ geometric nke okooko osisi na akwụkwọ nri nke nhazi ha na-agbanwe na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'afọ abụọ. A na-eji oghere igbe dị mma kpuchie patches ndị a na akwụkwọ nri nke ọ bụla nwere agba dị iche iche dị ka kabeeji uhie, beetroot na leek na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Kwa afọ, a na-akụ ụdị akwụkwọ nri iri anọ n'ime ezinụlọ asatọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Explore the château and gardens of Villandry|url=https://www.chateauvillandry.fr/chateau-gardens/?lang=en|accessdate=2024-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Dabere na [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], Backyard Abundance bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 2006 nke na-ezube ịkụziri ndị ọzọ banyere ịma mma ala a na-eri eri. Ha na-agba ndị bi n'obodo ume ka ha sonye n'ịmepụta ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ike inyere aka belata Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Tọrọ ntọala na [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], 2006, Edible Estates bụ atụmatụ nri nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka mpaghara na ìgwè ubi obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ala na-eri nri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Edible Landscapes London bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke na-emepụta oghere ubi ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-ejikọta osisi na ahịhịa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ha mepụtara usoro izizi a kwadoro nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ n'omume ubi ọhịa. Dị ka Lindsay Oberst si kwuo n'otu edemede na Food Revolution Network, Edible Estates "na-agba mbọ ịkpali ndị ọzọ ile anya na oghere ahịhịa ndụ a na-ejighị eme ihe ma ọ bụ nke a na-ezighi ezi n'ìhè ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nri na njikọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè". NYU's Urban Farm Lab bụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo na-akwalite njikọta nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri n'ime ime obodo. Ha etinyela usoro nri n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ogige mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":9">Kirschner, Kylie. "Edible Landscapes in a Concrete Jungle". ''Washington Square News'', 24 Mar 2019, nyunews.com/culture/dining/2019/03/25/nyu-urban-landscaping-efforts/. Accessed 16 March 2020.</ref> The Eden Project bụ ọrụ nkwado na Cornwall, England, nke na-adọta ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nleta kwa afọ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Ebe dị hekta iri na ise nwere nnukwu ụlọ elu na ogige nri, ebe etinyela ihe oriri na-eri eri n'ime imewe ala.<ref name=":8" /> Ọhịa Nri bụ ihe onwunwe dị na Adelaide, Australia, nke na-eto ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 160, mkpụrụ osisi, ọka wit, na akwụkwọ nri na hekta 15 nke ala. Ndị nwe ya na-akụziri ndị ọbịa otú ezinụlọ ndị nkịtị si akụ nri nke ha n'ụlọ site n'ịmepụta nri na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Binder Groenprojecten mepụtara "ogige elu ụlọ" mbụ nke [[Netherlands]] n'elu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rotterdam na 2012. A na-eji "ubi elu ụlọ" 1000m² na-akụ akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, na ahịhịa, ma na-enwekwa aṅụ.<ref name=":10">Sjauw En Wa, Amar. "Roof fields, Schieblok Rotterdam". ''Urban Green-Blue Grids'', www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/roof-fields-schieblok-rotterdam/. Accessed 5 May 2020.</ref> Wayward bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịma mma, nka na ihe owuwu nke dị na London nke na-ejikọta nri na-eto eto na nka na ihe ndị e wuru n'oge a. == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4mykixgaj2df90fvlsbncyavbkmtljr 687701 687700 2026-07-13T02:11:29Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndị mmadụ */ 687701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Edible_garden_at_Pixie_Hollow.jpg|alt=|thumb|298x298px|Ala a na-eri eri na Pixie Hollow Garden, Epcot, Walt Disney World na Florida na-egosi ihe ịchọ mma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na purple kale na chard dị iche iche]] Nri nri bụ okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ maka omume ijikọ osisi ndị a na-eri nri na mbara ala ịchọ mma. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka nhazi ala a na-eri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe na-agafe n'etiti nhazi ala na ọrụ ugbo.[1]. Dị ka echiche, nri nri na-achọ igosi na osisi ndị a na-eri nri abụghị naanị ihe oriri kamakwa enwere ike inwe ekele maka àgwà ha mara mma. A na-ahụ oghere ebe nri nri dị ka ala nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enye nloghachi oriri.[2] Nri nri bụ ụzọ dị mma isi nye nri ọhụrụ n'ụzọ dị ọnụ ala.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silvasy|first=Tiare|title=Edible Landscaping Using the Nine Florida-Friendly Landscaping Principles}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ịkọ ubi inine a na-ahụkarị, ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ebe dị iche iche, ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi, nri nri na-agụnye osisi oriri dị ka ihe bụ isi nke oghere nhazi ala dị adịbu.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbakwụnye ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri nri n'ubi ịchọ mma dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ were ụdị na-amịpụta nri dochie kpamkpam osisi ọdịnala, nke anaghị eri nri.[2] Nhazi ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, bushes berry, okooko osisi oriri, na mkpuru osisi, yana ụdị ịchọ mma naanị.[3] Atụmatụ nhazi nke nhazi ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ịba ụba nchekwa nri, ịkwalite uto nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkwalite ibi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide.[2] Enwere ike itinye usoro nhazi ala oriri n'ime ụlọ ọha na nke onwe.[3] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu obodo, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ime nhazi nri<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> [[Usòrò:Villandry_-_château,_potager_(03).jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Ogige akwụkwọ nri nke Renaissance na Château de Villandry, France, na-egosipụta ahịrị cabbage, karọt, na leeks n'etiti okooko osisi ndị mara mma iji mepụta ala mara mma ma chọọ mma.]] A na-ekwenye na omume nke isi nri enwetawo ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịcha nri bụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsogbu ego nke 2007–2008.[1] Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na mmụba na-ewu ewu na-eri nri na-ejikọta na ime obodo na ịbawanye nchegbu maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name=":6">Waterford, Douglas. ''21st Century Homestead: Urban Agriculture''. Lulu, 2015.</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Nchịkọta === [[Usòrò:White_cabbage_garden.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Ogige cabbage na-acha ọcha na-agwakọta na okooko osisi odo na oroma]] A maghị onye mbụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ foodcaping. Okwu na echiche nke nri na-eri nri anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ma ọ bụ naanị na narị afọ nke 21. N'agbanyeghị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke okwu nri, atụmatụ nke ijikọta osisi ndị a na-eri eri n'ime oghere ala abụghị echiche ọhụrụ. Omume ndị yiri nke a malitere n'oge ochie na oge ochie. Foodscaping dị ka echiche nke oge a na-egosi "ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewere ụzọ ọgbọ ndị gara aga si eji ala".<ref>Arthur, Brie. "Foodscaping: revolution or evolution?". ''Acta Horticulturae'', 1212, 2018, pp. 279–84, admin.ipps.org/uploads/3B-Arthur-Brie-Foodscape.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2020.</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ omume ubi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nri na-akwado n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ala ndị a na-eri eri nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma dị ka ala ndị na-achọ mma.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Ndị na-akwado nri na-anwa imebi echiche a na-ahụkarị banyere ubi akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma kama lee [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri]] dị ka ihe ndị e mere n'onwe ha. A na-ekwere mgbe ụfọdụ na echiche a sitere na ụzọ nnwale na-arịwanye elu maka ịkọ ubi na ịma mma n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nri === A pụrụ ịhụ usoro ịchọ mma a na-eri eri nke a na-eme n'ọdịbendị na oge dị iche iche dị ka ndị nna nna nke ịchọ mma nri. Na Rom oge ochie, Ogige ndị Rom na-arụpụta ihe na ihe ịchọ mma, ọ bụ ezie na [[Oru ugbo|mmepụta ugbo]] bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ogige ndị mbụ. Nnyocha ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na Ogige ndị Rom a nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ka nnukwu Ubi vaịn ma ọ bụ obere ogige ahịhịa. Ubi kichin, ubi vaịn, na ubi mkpụrụ osisi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ ndị Rom oge ochie, ndị nri ha dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":15">Jashemski, Wilhelmina F., et al., editors. ''Gardens of the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.1017/9781139033022. Accessed 18 March 2020.</ref> N'omenala Mesoamerica, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụ bụ ihe na-atọ ndị Aztec ụtọ. E kwenyere na osisi ndị na-agbawa okooko osisi, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na ndị na-egbu egbu bụ "ihe ndị nwe ala na-achọ". Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aztec a ma ama dere, ogige ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-agụnyekarị [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-egbuke egbuke, Osisi mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, na okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-etinye osisi, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ nke ubi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọzọ na-eme n'oge ochie maka nri na Mesopotemia. Ndị Babilọn na Ndị Asiria mepụtara ogige n'obodo niile na n'ogige obí eze nke na-anọchite anya Paradaịs. Ndị a gosipụtara osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri. Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na, n'ihe dị ka 1000 BCE, ndị eze Asiria mepụtara ụdị ọdịdị ala nke mmiri na-agafe n'ogige ndị na-akụ osisi ndị dị ka junipers, almonds, dates, rosewood, quince, fir pomegranate, na oak. N'oge Renaissance, ogige Villa na Chateau na Europe na-amị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji ree n'ógbè ahụ. A na-eji uru ahụ akwado mmezi nke villa ma ọ bụ chateau. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ejikọta n'ime atụmatụ ubi Renaissance gụnyere fig, pears, [[Apple|apụl]], strawberries, [[cabbage]], leeks, onions, na peas. Ekwenyere na ndị ọrụ obodo mepụtara ogige ndị England n'oge Elizabethan dị ka isi iyi nke akwụkwọ nri. A kụkwara [[Ìfulū|Okooko osisi]] n'ime ogige ndị a maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma.<ref name=":16">Scott-James, Anne. ''The Cottage Garden''. Allen Lane, 1981.</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === ==== Uto nke Obodo ==== [[Usòrò:Urbanization over the past 500 years (Historical sources and UN; since 1500), OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uto nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu n'ime afọ 500 gara aga]] N'ihi mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa a hụrụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmepụta nri enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke ụwa "etoola ngwa ngwa site na nde 746 na 1950 ruo ijeri 3.9 na 2014".<ref>"World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas". ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'', 10 July 2014, www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> &nbsp;Ọganihu ndị a na-eme ngwa ngwa na mmepe obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 etinyela nrụgide na nnweta ala ugbo ma nye aka n'ịbawanye enweghị nri.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi ya, enwere ọchịchọ dị ukwuu iweghachi uto nri n'ime Obodo ukwu. Mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, yana ebumnuche mba ụwa iji belata agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]], emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ihe oriri na-edochi ahụ.<ref>Myers, Melvin L. "Agriculture and Natural Resources Based Industries". ''Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,'' edited by Jeanne M. Stellman, vol. 3, International Labour Office, 1988.</ref>Ekwenyere na ihe ndị a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro nri eme ihe mụbaa. == Nkwado == === Nchebe nri === A nabatara nhazi nri n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ụzọ isi abawanye nchekwa nri, nnweta na nnweta.[1] Enweghi ike nke ọnụ ahịa nri ụlọ ahịa nwere ike imetụta nnweta nri. Dị ka "usoro nri zuru oke nke onwe", ala ndị a na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ndabere ezinụlọ na nri ebubata. Ịchịkọta nri na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a ohere ịnweta ebe nri na-adigide, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha nwere ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya dị ka enweghị ike ị nweta nri n'ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa ma ọ bụ oge ego ego dị ala.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dabere na nha na oke nke ebe ahụ, enwere ike ịnwe nnukwu ego na-etinye aka na nhazi mbụ na ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ka na-anabata n'ozuzu na nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụahịa nri ozugbo e wepụtara ngwaahịa nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ na ihe ndị a riri, nri na-akwalite Nkwado nri n'ózuzu.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Ekwenyekwara na nri nwere ike inye aka dozie mkpa maka nri n'ime nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka oke mmadụ, ihu igwe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na mbelata nke ihe onwunwe ike.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> === Nchịkwa ike na ihe mkpofu === Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu, dị ka iji diesel, propane, na ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Omume nhazi nhazi ala na-eri nri na-ejikarị obere ume ma na-emepụta obere ihe mkpofu karịa usoro omenala nke mmepụta nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa nri ndị a na-akọ site na nhazi nhazi nri na-agụnye obere nhazi, nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ refrigeration..<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwekwara ike inye aka belata kilomita nri site n'ibelata mkpa maka njem nri dị anya.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> "Ụlọ ahịa nri nwere nkezi 1,500 kilomita kwa ngwaahịa", ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akwado nri Brie Arthur na-ekwu. Mmiri ndị a na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na gwongworo na-ahapụ akara carbon na-emerụ ahụ nke a ga-ebelata site n'ịzụlite osisi ndị a na'eri n'ụlọ kama ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwere ike ikwe ka ndị sonyere nyere aka belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] sitere na mmanụ ala nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> === Ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ === Ihe na-akpalikarị nri bụ ọchịchọ ịzụlite, isi nri na iri nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> Na nyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 nke ụlọ ọrụ Australian Institute mere, 71% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-eme nri na Australia na-etinye ihe oriri n'ime ogige ha maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị mma. <ref>Wise, Poppy. "Grow Your Own: The potential value and impacts of residential and community food gardening". ''The Australian Institute'', 31 March 2014, www.tai.org.au/content/grow-your-own. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> A na-anabata n'ozuzu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a zụlitere n'ụlọ dị ọhụrụ ma na-edozi ahụ karịa ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ahịa, nke a na-ere mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetụta ahụike nke kemịkal na ihe nchedo na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ahịa.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> A na-ewere nri dị ka ụzọ isi belata ikpughe ihe ndị a gbanwere site na kemịkal.<ref>Dolce, Anne. "What is Foodscaping?" ''The Daily Meal'', 5 June 2013, www.thedailymeal.com/foodscaping-fancy-word-gardening-or-important-initiative. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Ịcha ala a na-eri eri na-enye ndị sonyere ohere ịbawanye mmepụta nri ọhụrụ n'obodo ukwu. N'ebe ndị a, ụdị nri ndị a na-enweta kachasị mfe bụ ụdị a na-edozi, nke nwere ike iduga na iri shuga, sodium na abụba.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ekwuola na njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti ịkọ Ubi n'obodo ukwu na nhọrọ ndụ dị mma. A na-ekwere na omume ubi na-emetụta nri na-eme ka ndị na-ekere òkè na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na uru nke ịkwadebe nri na-edozi ahụ. Nnyocha egosila na okike nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ (nke e mepụtara site na usoro ndị dị ka nri) nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahụike uche mmadụ n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye na uru ahụike ahụike. A na-enweta nke a site na mmetụta dị mma ya na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka njikọ obodo, mbelata mpụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Charles R.|date=2019-12-01|title=An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits|journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture|volume=37|issue=4|pages=136–142|doi=10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136|issn=0738-2898}}</ref> == Nlekọta == === Ihe a na-etinye === Dabere na oke ala a na-eri eri, nri nwere ike ịchọ oge na ọrụ aka iji lekọta karịa ubi ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị. Nke a bụ dịka ebumnuche nke nri bụ iji nweta nloghachi a na-eri eri ma na-anọgide na-atọ ụtọ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ịba mmiri, [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|Imeju]], Nchịkwa ahụhụ na ịkpụchasị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Enweghị oge na ọnọdụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị dị ka [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na onyinyo na-ezughị ezu nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka ndị chọrọ ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ibelata ihe ndị a chọrọ maka mmezi site n'ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị dabara na ọnọdụ ala, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ ka a na-eri nri.<ref name=":4" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ, ileba anya mgbe niile ka mmepụta nri sichara bụ ihe a chọrọ iji nweta nri na-aga nke ọma.[1] Ọ bụrụ na egbuteghị mkpụrụ osisi n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ha nwere ike ire ere wee bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'anya n'ime ala nri. Nke a nwekwara ike ịdọta pests ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-achọghị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> == Osisi == [[Usòrò:Allium_schoenoprasum_in_NH_01.jpg|thumb|Chives na-agbasa okooko na-eme mgbakwunye mara mma na ala a na-eri eri.]] [[Usòrò:Row_of_Swiss_Chard_at_Phipps_Conservatory.jpeg|thumb|Ahịrị nke Swiss chard na Phipps Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A na-ejikarị chard Switzerland eme ihe na nri maka ụcha ya na-egbuke egbuke.]] A na-ahọrọkarị osisi ndị dị n'ụdị nri maka ịma mma na ihe oriri ha.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri nke nwere ike itinye ụcha na oghere nri. Ụdị chard, [[cabbage]] na lettuce na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka nri.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> A pụkwara iji okooko osisi ndị a na-eri eri, dị ka Carnations, marigolds, cornflowers na pansies mee ihe iji gbakwunye ihe ịchọ mma na ìhè na ala a na- eri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Foodscaping: A "New" Way To Create A Garden|url=http://gardenculturemagazine.com/foodscaping-a-new-way-to-create-a-garden/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Garden Culture Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ogige Charlie Nardozzi na-atụ aro na osisi lemon, apụl, plum na osisi cherry nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri maka osisi ịchọ mma. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na osisi blueberry, Elderberry na gooseberry nwere ike dochie osisi ndị a ma ama na-achọ mma dị ka roses, hydrangeas na privet hedges. A tụkwara aro Alpine strawberries na chives dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchi anya osisi ndị na-adịghị eri eri.<ref name=":02">Nardozzi, Charlie. ''Foodscaping: Practical and Innovative Ways to Create an Edible Landscape.'' Massachusetts, Cool Springs Press, 2015.</ref> Ala ndị a na-eri eri na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ ala a na-eri eri, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na osisi ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Otu onye kwesịkwara ịtụle oge nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara oge nke afọ nke otu ụdị ga-eto nke ọma. [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ n'oge oyi]] chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala maka uto na ntolite mkpụrụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ oge okpomọkụ bụ osisi na-eto eto na okpomọkụ ala na ikuku dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=“Cool” vegetables for you to grow this spring|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cool_vegetables_for_you_to_grow_this_spring|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=MSU Extension|language=en-us}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, osisi ndị kachasị mma na-ahapụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ obere mmiri, dị ka [[Mkpụrụ|agwa]], spinach na broccoli. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na rhubarb dabara adaba maka ihu igwe dị jụụ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ, [[Cabbage|cabbages]] na peas bụ ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-anagide nke ọma n'ọnọdụ oyi dị egwu.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=5 reasons to try foodscaping your lawn|url=https://www.saveonenergy.com/resources/try-foodscaping-your-lawn/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=SaveOnEnergy.com|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme nri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rousseau|first=Nicolas|date=2016-10-17|title=Grouping Vegetables According to Plant Families {{!}} Louis Bonduelle...|url=https://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/en/my-vegetable-garden/grouping-vegetables-according-to-plant-families/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Fondation Louis Bonduelle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Portal {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}} </ref> !Ezinụlọ Osisi !Ihe Nlereanya |- |Amaranthaceae |Chard • spinach • quinoa • beetroot • glasswortugegbe |- |Apiaceae |Carrots • celery • cilantro/coriander • cumin • fennel • parsley • [[parsnip]]" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parsnip">parsnips • anise • chervil • Dil • anise / parsnip • Caraway |- |Asteraceae |[[Baccharis halimifolia|ala]]-linkid="261" href="./Artichoke" id="mwAV0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Artichoke">Artichokes • chamomile • cardoons • tarragon • lettuce • endive • dandelions • chicoory • calendula • golden rod • chrysanthemum • cornflower • echinacea • elecampane • feverfew • mouse ear • Mugwort • stevia • pansy • bellis perennis • blessed thistle • groundsel |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Brassica |Broccoli • [[kale]] • [[cabbage]] • [[cauliflower]] • Brussels sprouts • mustard • collardokpu olu |- |Ericaceae |Blueberries • huckleberries • rhododendron • Azaleas |- |Lamiaceae |Onye maara ihe • [[Peppermint|ose]]" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosemary">rosemary • thyme • Oregon • basil • catnip • lavender • marjoram • white horehound • peppermint • spearmintmma ogbunigwe |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |[[Lilium|lily]]" data-linkid="317" href="./Garlic" id="mwAZk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garlic">Garlic • asparagus • chives • chalots • onions • leeks • Tulips • fritillaria • lilies |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Rosa |Strawberries • cherries • raspberries • blackberries • pears • plums • peaches • apricot • quinces • almond |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Solanaceae |[[Tomatillo|tomato]]" id="mwAbU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tomato">Tomato • tomato • capsicum/bell peppers • poteto • eggplant • chili peppersose chili |} <gallery> Usòrò:Beetroot_Bettolo_Capel_Manor_Enfield_London_England.jpg|alt=Beetroot (beta vulgaris)|Beetroot (''Beta vulgaris'') Usòrò:Cabbage_plant.jpg|alt=Cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata)|Cabbage ([[Cabbage|''Brassica oleracea var. capitata'']]) Usòrò:Tomatoes_on_the_Vine_(Unsplash).jpg|alt=Tomato vine (solanum lycopersicum)|Mkpụrụ vaịn tomato (<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">Solanum lycopersicum</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Capsicum_annuum_var._Fiesta_-_MHNT.jpg|alt=Chili peppers (capsicum annuum)|Osisi chili (''Capsicum annuum'') Usòrò:Salvia_rosmarinus_(10-04-2020),_vue_en_gros_plan.jpg|alt=Flowering rosemary (salvia rosmarinus)|Rosemary na-agbasa okooko osisi (<nowiki><i id="mwAeM">Salvia rosmarinus</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Plums.jpg|alt=Plum (prunus domestica)|Plum (''Prunus domestica'') Usòrò:Single_raspberry_on_bush.jpg|alt=Raspberry (rubus idaeus)|Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') Usòrò:Calendula_flower_orange-yellow.jpg|alt=Calendula flower (calendula officinalis)|Calendula flower (''Calendula officinalis'') Usòrò:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower_04.jpg|alt=Marigold flower (tagetes erecta)|Okooko osisi Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Usòrò:Chamomile@original_size.jpg|alt=Camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla)|Okooko osisi Camomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'') Usòrò:Cornflower.jpg|alt=Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)|Cornflower (''Centaurus cyanus'') Usòrò:Viola_tricolor_pansy_flower_close_up.jpg|alt=Pansy flower (viola tricolor var. hortensis)|Okooko osisi Pansy (<nowiki><i id="mwAhs">Viola tricolor var. hortensis</i></nowiki>) </gallery> == Ihe atụ nke nri == === Ndị mmadụ === A na-akpọkarị onye na-emepụta ala na onye edemede Rosalind Creasy "onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa ndị a na-eri eri" na mgbasa ozi na mbipụta metụtara ubi.<ref>Long, Jim. "The Pioneer of Edible Landscapes". ''Mother Earth Gardener'', 2012, www.motherearthgardener.com/profiles/people/edible-landscapes-zmaz12uzfol. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ n'isiokwu nke imepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html "Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty"]. ''Richmond Times-Dispatch''. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta n'ọhịa nri bụ akwụkwọ ya The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping, nke e bipụtara na 1982. Brie Arthur bụ onye America ọkachamara n'ịkọ ugbo nke a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ọha na eze maka omume nke nri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Iji mee ka echiche ahụ bụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma enweghị ike itinye osisi ndị a na-eri eri, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme telivishọn, ma na-etinye aka na njikọ dị iche iche metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>Drotleff, Laura. "Foodscaping Challenges Conventional Ideas About Landscaping". ''Greenhouse Grower'', 9 December 2015, www.greenhousegrower.com/management/foodscaping-challenges-conventional-ideas-about-landscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya nke akpọrọ The Foodscape Revolution, Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden na 2017. === Ọrụ ọha na eze === [[Usòrò:SchlossVillandryGarten03.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Nlegharị anya dị elu nke isii n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ nri itoolu dị na Chateau nke Villandry's Ornamental Kitchen Garden]] Ogige kichin mara mma bụ ebe a na-eri nri na ala chateau nke Villandry, nke dị na mpaghara Loire Valley nke France. Ogige ụdị Renaissance nke Ịtali nwere patches itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere atụmatụ geometric nke okooko osisi na akwụkwọ nri nke nhazi ha na-agbanwe na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'afọ abụọ. A na-eji oghere igbe dị mma kpuchie patches ndị a na akwụkwọ nri nke ọ bụla nwere agba dị iche iche dị ka kabeeji uhie, beetroot na leek na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Kwa afọ, a na-akụ ụdị akwụkwọ nri iri anọ n'ime ezinụlọ asatọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Explore the château and gardens of Villandry|url=https://www.chateauvillandry.fr/chateau-gardens/?lang=en|accessdate=2024-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Dabere na [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], Backyard Abundance bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 2006 nke na-ezube ịkụziri ndị ọzọ banyere ịma mma ala a na-eri eri. Ha na-agba ndị bi n'obodo ume ka ha sonye n'ịmepụta ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ike inyere aka belata Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Tọrọ ntọala na [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], 2006, Edible Estates bụ atụmatụ nri nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka mpaghara na ìgwè ubi obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ala na-eri nri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Edible Landscapes London bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke na-emepụta oghere ubi ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-ejikọta osisi na ahịhịa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ha mepụtara usoro izizi a kwadoro nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ n'omume ubi ọhịa. Dị ka Lindsay Oberst si kwuo n'otu edemede na Food Revolution Network, Edible Estates "na-agba mbọ ịkpali ndị ọzọ ile anya na oghere ahịhịa ndụ a na-ejighị eme ihe ma ọ bụ nke a na-ezighi ezi n'ìhè ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nri na njikọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè". NYU's Urban Farm Lab bụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo na-akwalite njikọta nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri n'ime ime obodo. Ha etinyela usoro nri n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ogige mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":9">Kirschner, Kylie. "Edible Landscapes in a Concrete Jungle". ''Washington Square News'', 24 Mar 2019, nyunews.com/culture/dining/2019/03/25/nyu-urban-landscaping-efforts/. Accessed 16 March 2020.</ref> The Eden Project bụ ọrụ nkwado na Cornwall, England, nke na-adọta ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nleta kwa afọ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Ebe dị hekta iri na ise nwere nnukwu ụlọ elu na ogige nri, ebe etinyela ihe oriri na-eri eri n'ime imewe ala.<ref name=":8" /> Ọhịa Nri bụ ihe onwunwe dị na Adelaide, Australia, nke na-eto ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 160, mkpụrụ osisi, ọka wit, na akwụkwọ nri na hekta 15 nke ala. Ndị nwe ya na-akụziri ndị ọbịa otú ezinụlọ ndị nkịtị si akụ nri nke ha n'ụlọ site n'ịmepụta nri na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Binder Groenprojecten mepụtara "ogige elu ụlọ" mbụ nke [[Netherlands]] n'elu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rotterdam na 2012. A na-eji "ubi elu ụlọ" 1000m² na-akụ akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, na ahịhịa, ma na-enwekwa aṅụ.<ref name=":10">Sjauw En Wa, Amar. "Roof fields, Schieblok Rotterdam". ''Urban Green-Blue Grids'', www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/roof-fields-schieblok-rotterdam/. Accessed 5 May 2020.</ref> Wayward bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịma mma, nka na ihe owuwu nke dị na London nke na-ejikọta nri na-eto eto na nka na ihe ndị e wuru n'oge a. == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bmc35exj0wjxtc4k95jaegijm8wny8x 687702 687701 2026-07-13T02:12:35Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndị mmadụ */ 687702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Edible_garden_at_Pixie_Hollow.jpg|alt=|thumb|298x298px|Ala a na-eri eri na Pixie Hollow Garden, Epcot, Walt Disney World na Florida na-egosi ihe ịchọ mma akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na purple kale na chard dị iche iche]] Nri nri bụ okwu ọgbara ọhụrụ maka omume ijikọ osisi ndị a na-eri nri na mbara ala ịchọ mma. A na-akpọkwa ya dị ka nhazi ala a na-eri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe na-agafe n'etiti nhazi ala na ọrụ ugbo.[1]. Dị ka echiche, nri nri na-achọ igosi na osisi ndị a na-eri nri abụghị naanị ihe oriri kamakwa enwere ike inwe ekele maka àgwà ha mara mma. A na-ahụ oghere ebe nri nri dị ka ala nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na-adọrọ adọrọ ma na-enye nloghachi oriri.[2] Nri nri bụ ụzọ dị mma isi nye nri ọhụrụ n'ụzọ dị ọnụ ala.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Silvasy|first=Tiare|title=Edible Landscaping Using the Nine Florida-Friendly Landscaping Principles}}</ref> Ọ dị iche na ịkọ ubi inine a na-ahụkarị, ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ebe dị iche iche, ebe a kpọchiri akpọchi, nri nri na-agụnye osisi oriri dị ka ihe bụ isi nke oghere nhazi ala dị adịbu.[1] Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịgbakwụnye ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri nri n'ubi ịchọ mma dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ were ụdị na-amịpụta nri dochie kpamkpam osisi ọdịnala, nke anaghị eri nri.[2] Nhazi ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche, osisi mkpụrụ osisi, bushes berry, okooko osisi oriri, na mkpuru osisi, yana ụdị ịchọ mma naanị.[3] Atụmatụ nhazi nke nhazi ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ uru, gụnyere ịba ụba nchekwa nri, ịkwalite uto nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ịkwalite ibi ndụ na-adịgide adịgide.[2] Enwere ike itinye usoro nhazi ala oriri n'ime ụlọ ọha na nke onwe.[3] Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, otu obodo, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ime nhazi nri<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> [[Usòrò:Villandry_-_château,_potager_(03).jpg|alt=|thumb|295x295px|Ogige akwụkwọ nri nke Renaissance na Château de Villandry, France, na-egosipụta ahịrị cabbage, karọt, na leeks n'etiti okooko osisi ndị mara mma iji mepụta ala mara mma ma chọọ mma.]] A na-ekwenye na omume nke isi nri enwetawo ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Akụkọ ụfọdụ na-ekwu na ịrị elu nke ịcha nri bụ n'ihi ngbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na nsogbu ego nke 2007–2008.[1] Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro na mmụba na-ewu ewu na-eri nri na-ejikọta na ime obodo na ịbawanye nchegbu maka nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi..<ref name=":6">Waterford, Douglas. ''21st Century Homestead: Urban Agriculture''. Lulu, 2015.</ref> == Mmalite ya == === Nchịkọta === [[Usòrò:White_cabbage_garden.jpg|thumb|278x278px|Ogige cabbage na-acha ọcha na-agwakọta na okooko osisi odo na oroma]] A maghị onye mbụ chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ foodcaping. Okwu na echiche nke nri na-eri nri anọwo na-aga n'ihu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ma ọ bụ naanị na narị afọ nke 21. N'agbanyeghị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke okwu nri, atụmatụ nke ijikọta osisi ndị a na-eri eri n'ime oghere ala abụghị echiche ọhụrụ. Omume ndị yiri nke a malitere n'oge ochie na oge ochie. Foodscaping dị ka echiche nke oge a na-egosi "ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewere ụzọ ọgbọ ndị gara aga si eji ala".<ref>Arthur, Brie. "Foodscaping: revolution or evolution?". ''Acta Horticulturae'', 1212, 2018, pp. 279–84, admin.ipps.org/uploads/3B-Arthur-Brie-Foodscape.pdf. Accessed 28 March 2020.</ref> N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ omume ubi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, nri na-akwado n'ụzọ doro anya echiche ahụ na ala ndị a na-eri eri nwere ike ịbụ ihe mara mma dị ka ala ndị na-achọ mma.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Ndị na-akwado nri na-anwa imebi echiche a na-ahụkarị banyere ubi akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ma kama lee [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri]] dị ka ihe ndị e mere n'onwe ha. A na-ekwere mgbe ụfọdụ na echiche a sitere na ụzọ nnwale na-arịwanye elu maka ịkọ ubi na ịma mma n'oge a.<ref name=":0" /> === Ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nri === A pụrụ ịhụ usoro ịchọ mma a na-eri eri nke a na-eme n'ọdịbendị na oge dị iche iche dị ka ndị nna nna nke ịchọ mma nri. Na Rom oge ochie, Ogige ndị Rom na-arụpụta ihe na ihe ịchọ mma, ọ bụ ezie na [[Oru ugbo|mmepụta ugbo]] bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ogige ndị mbụ. Nnyocha ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na-egosi na Ogige ndị Rom a nwere ụdị dị iche iche dị ka nnukwu Ubi vaịn ma ọ bụ obere ogige ahịhịa. Ubi kichin, ubi vaịn, na ubi mkpụrụ osisi rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ ndị Rom oge ochie, ndị nri ha dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.<ref name=":15">Jashemski, Wilhelmina F., et al., editors. ''Gardens of the Roman Empire''. Cambridge University Press, 2017, doi: doi.org/10.1017/9781139033022. Accessed 18 March 2020.</ref> N'omenala Mesoamerica, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụ bụ ihe na-atọ ndị Aztec ụtọ. E kwenyere na osisi ndị na-agbawa okooko osisi, ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ na ndị na-egbu egbu bụ "ihe ndị nwe ala na-achọ". Dabere na akwụkwọ ozi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aztec a ma ama dere, ogige ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-agụnyekarị [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-egbuke egbuke, Osisi mkpụrụ osisi, ahịhịa, na okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-etinye osisi, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi mmiri mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ nke ubi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọzọ na-eme n'oge ochie maka nri na Mesopotemia. Ndị Babilọn na Ndị Asiria mepụtara ogige n'obodo niile na n'ogige obí eze nke na-anọchite anya Paradaịs. Ndị a gosipụtara osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri. Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na, n'ihe dị ka 1000 BCE, ndị eze Asiria mepụtara ụdị ọdịdị ala nke mmiri na-agafe n'ogige ndị na-akụ osisi ndị dị ka junipers, almonds, dates, rosewood, quince, fir pomegranate, na oak. N'oge Renaissance, ogige Villa na Chateau na Europe na-amị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji ree n'ógbè ahụ. A na-eji uru ahụ akwado mmezi nke villa ma ọ bụ chateau. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ejikọta n'ime atụmatụ ubi Renaissance gụnyere fig, pears, [[Apple|apụl]], strawberries, [[cabbage]], leeks, onions, na peas. Ekwenyere na ndị ọrụ obodo mepụtara ogige ndị England n'oge Elizabethan dị ka isi iyi nke akwụkwọ nri. A kụkwara [[Ìfulū|Okooko osisi]] n'ime ogige ndị a maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma.<ref name=":16">Scott-James, Anne. ''The Cottage Garden''. Allen Lane, 1981.</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya === ==== Uto nke Obodo ==== [[Usòrò:Urbanization over the past 500 years (Historical sources and UN; since 1500), OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Uto nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu n'ime afọ 500 gara aga]] N'ihi mmepe obodo ngwa ngwa a hụrụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmepụta nri enweela mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ Ndị bi n'obodo ukwu nke ụwa "etoola ngwa ngwa site na nde 746 na 1950 ruo ijeri 3.9 na 2014".<ref>"World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas". ''United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs'', 10 July 2014, www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> &nbsp;Ọganihu ndị a na-eme ngwa ngwa na mmepe obodo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 na nke 21 etinyela nrụgide na nnweta ala ugbo ma nye aka n'ịbawanye enweghị nri.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi ya, enwere ọchịchọ dị ukwuu iweghachi uto nri n'ime Obodo ukwu. Mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, yana ebumnuche mba ụwa iji belata agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]], emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ihe oriri na-edochi ahụ.<ref>Myers, Melvin L. "Agriculture and Natural Resources Based Industries". ''Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety,'' edited by Jeanne M. Stellman, vol. 3, International Labour Office, 1988.</ref>Ekwenyere na ihe ndị a emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji usoro nri eme ihe mụbaa. == Nkwado == === Nchebe nri === A nabatara nhazi nri n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ụzọ isi abawanye nchekwa nri, nnweta na nnweta.[1] Enweghi ike nke ọnụ ahịa nri ụlọ ahịa nwere ike imetụta nnweta nri. Dị ka "usoro nri zuru oke nke onwe", ala ndị a na-eri nri nwere ike inye aka belata ndabere ezinụlọ na nri ebubata. Ịchịkọta nri na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a ohere ịnweta ebe nri na-adigide, ọbụlagodi mgbe ha nwere ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya dị ka enweghị ike ị nweta nri n'ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa ma ọ bụ oge ego ego dị ala.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Dabere na nha na oke nke ebe ahụ, enwere ike ịnwe nnukwu ego na-etinye aka na nhazi mbụ na ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, a ka na-anabata n'ozuzu na nri nwere ike inye aka belata ọnụahịa nri ozugbo e wepụtara ngwaahịa nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> N'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a na-akụ n'ógbè ahụ na ihe ndị a riri, nri na-akwalite Nkwado nri n'ózuzu.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Ekwenyekwara na nri nwere ike inye aka dozie mkpa maka nri n'ime nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka oke mmadụ, ihu igwe a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta na mbelata nke ihe onwunwe ike.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> === Nchịkwa ike na ihe mkpofu === Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na-achọkarị ike dị ukwuu, dị ka iji diesel, propane, na ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Omume nhazi nhazi ala na-eri nri na-ejikarị obere ume ma na-emepụta obere ihe mkpofu karịa usoro omenala nke mmepụta nri. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ngwaahịa nri ndị a na-akọ site na nhazi nhazi nri na-agụnye obere nhazi, nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ refrigeration..<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwekwara ike inye aka belata kilomita nri site n'ibelata mkpa maka njem nri dị anya.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> "Ụlọ ahịa nri nwere nkezi 1,500 kilomita kwa ngwaahịa", ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akwado nri Brie Arthur na-ekwu. Mmiri ndị a na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri na gwongworo na-ahapụ akara carbon na-emerụ ahụ nke a ga-ebelata site n'ịzụlite osisi ndị a na'eri n'ụlọ kama ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-03-10|title=Gardening: Foodscapes -- where beauty co-exists with bounty|url=https://richmond.com/gardening-foodscapes----where-beauty-co-exists-with-bounty/article_d0354510-7fc1-5812-8fb0-60f9285f9b26.html|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> Nchịkọta nri nwere ike ikwe ka ndị sonyere nyere aka belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] sitere na mmanụ ala nke na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> === Ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ === Ihe na-akpalikarị nri bụ ọchịchọ ịzụlite, isi nri na iri nri na-edozi ahụ.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> Na nyocha nyocha nke afọ 2014 nke ụlọ ọrụ Australian Institute mere, 71% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-eme nri na Australia na-etinye ihe oriri n'ime ogige ha maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịnweta ihe ọhụrụ, nke dị mma. <ref>Wise, Poppy. "Grow Your Own: The potential value and impacts of residential and community food gardening". ''The Australian Institute'', 31 March 2014, www.tai.org.au/content/grow-your-own. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> A na-anabata n'ozuzu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a zụlitere n'ụlọ dị ọhụrụ ma na-edozi ahụ karịa ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ahịa, nke a na-ere mgbe ụfọdụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ọbụna izu mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enwere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka mmetụta ahụike nke kemịkal na ihe nchedo na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ n'ahịa.<ref name=":2">Spellman, Frank R., & Joan Price-Bayer. ''Regulating Food Additives: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly''. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.</ref> A na-ewere nri dị ka ụzọ isi belata ikpughe ihe ndị a gbanwere site na kemịkal.<ref>Dolce, Anne. "What is Foodscaping?" ''The Daily Meal'', 5 June 2013, www.thedailymeal.com/foodscaping-fancy-word-gardening-or-important-initiative. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Ịcha ala a na-eri eri na-enye ndị sonyere ohere ịbawanye mmepụta nri ọhụrụ n'obodo ukwu. N'ebe ndị a, ụdị nri ndị a na-enweta kachasị mfe bụ ụdị a na-edozi, nke nwere ike iduga na iri shuga, sodium na abụba.<ref name=":1">Karaca, Elif. "Edible Landscapes as a Solution to Food Security Problem". ''Theory and Practice in Social Sciences'', edited by Viliyan Krystev, et al., St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2019, pp. 227–36.</ref> Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ ekwuola na njikọ siri ike dị n'etiti ịkọ Ubi n'obodo ukwu na nhọrọ ndụ dị mma. A na-ekwere na omume ubi na-emetụta nri na-eme ka ndị na-ekere òkè na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na uru nke ịkwadebe nri na-edozi ahụ. Nnyocha egosila na okike nke oghere ahịhịa ndụ (nke e mepụtara site na usoro ndị dị ka nri) nwere ike iduga n'ịbawanye ahụike uche mmadụ n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye na uru ahụike ahụike. A na-enweta nke a site na mmetụta dị mma ya na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka njikọ obodo, mbelata mpụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Charles R.|date=2019-12-01|title=An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits|journal=Journal of Environmental Horticulture|volume=37|issue=4|pages=136–142|doi=10.24266/0738-2898-37.4.136|issn=0738-2898}}</ref> == Nlekọta == === Ihe a na-etinye === Dabere na oke ala a na-eri eri, nri nwere ike ịchọ oge na ọrụ aka iji lekọta karịa ubi ma ọ bụ ala nkịtị. Nke a bụ dịka ebumnuche nke nri bụ iji nweta nloghachi a na-eri eri ma na-anọgide na-atọ ụtọ, nke nwere ike ịgụnye ịba mmiri, [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|Imeju]], Nchịkwa ahụhụ na ịkpụchasị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Enweghị oge na ọnọdụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị dị ka [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na onyinyo na-ezughị ezu nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu maka ndị chọrọ ịmepụta ala a na-eri eri.<ref name=":7">Conway, Tenley M. "Home-based Edible Gardening: Urban Residents' Motivations and Barriers". ''Cities and the Environment'', vol. 9, no. 1, 2016, article 3, pp. 1–21. ''Digital Commons'', digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cate/vol9/iss1/3/. Accessed 4 April 2020.</ref> Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ibelata ihe ndị a chọrọ maka mmezi site n'ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị dabara na ọnọdụ ala, ihu igwe na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ ka a na-eri nri.<ref name=":4" /> === Owuwe ihe ubi === N'ime oge ụfọdụ n'ime afọ, ileba anya mgbe niile ka mmepụta nri sichara bụ ihe a chọrọ iji nweta nri na-aga nke ọma.[1] Ọ bụrụ na egbuteghị mkpụrụ osisi n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị, ha nwere ike ire ere wee bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma n'anya n'ime ala nri. Nke a nwekwara ike ịdọta pests ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-achọghị.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> == Osisi == [[Usòrò:Allium_schoenoprasum_in_NH_01.jpg|thumb|Chives na-agbasa okooko na-eme mgbakwunye mara mma na ala a na-eri eri.]] [[Usòrò:Row_of_Swiss_Chard_at_Phipps_Conservatory.jpeg|thumb|Ahịrị nke Swiss chard na Phipps Conservatory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A na-ejikarị chard Switzerland eme ihe na nri maka ụcha ya na-egbuke egbuke.]] A na-ahọrọkarị osisi ndị dị n'ụdị nri maka ịma mma na ihe oriri ha.<ref name=":13">Eastman, Janet. "Change out plants for ones you can eat: 'Foodscaping' edible landscape". ''The Oregonian/Oregon Live'', 31 July 2015, www.oregonlive.com/hg/2015/07/edible_landscape_charlie_nardo.html. Accessed 16 Apr.</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri nke nwere ike itinye ụcha na oghere nri. Ụdị chard, [[cabbage]] na lettuce na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nhọrọ a ma ama maka nri.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> A pụkwara iji okooko osisi ndị a na-eri eri, dị ka Carnations, marigolds, cornflowers na pansies mee ihe iji gbakwunye ihe ịchọ mma na ìhè na ala a na- eri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Foodscaping: A "New" Way To Create A Garden|url=http://gardenculturemagazine.com/foodscaping-a-new-way-to-create-a-garden/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Garden Culture Magazine|language=en-CA}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ogige Charlie Nardozzi na-atụ aro na osisi lemon, apụl, plum na osisi cherry nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri maka osisi ịchọ mma. Ọ na-atụkwa aro na osisi blueberry, Elderberry na gooseberry nwere ike dochie osisi ndị a ma ama na-achọ mma dị ka roses, hydrangeas na privet hedges. A tụkwara aro Alpine strawberries na chives dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị na-anọchi anya osisi ndị na-adịghị eri eri.<ref name=":02">Nardozzi, Charlie. ''Foodscaping: Practical and Innovative Ways to Create an Edible Landscape.'' Massachusetts, Cool Springs Press, 2015.</ref> Ala ndị a na-eri eri na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name=":5">Arthur, Brie. ''The Foodscape Revolution: Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden.'' Pennsylvania, St. Lynn’s Press, 2017.</ref> Mgbe ị na-eme atụmatụ ala a na-eri eri, ọ dị mkpa ịmara na osisi ụfọdụ chọrọ ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụfọdụ.<ref name=":4">Brown, Sydney P. "Edible Landscaping". ''The'' ''Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences'', 2016, edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP14600.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2020.</ref> Otu onye kwesịkwara ịtụle oge nke osisi ndị a na-eri eri a na-eji eme ihe, nke pụtara oge nke afọ nke otu ụdị ga-eto nke ọma. [[Ihe ọkụkụ|Ihe ọkụkụ n'oge oyi]] chọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala maka uto na ntolite mkpụrụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ oge okpomọkụ bụ osisi na-eto eto na okpomọkụ ala na ikuku dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-20|title=“Cool” vegetables for you to grow this spring|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cool_vegetables_for_you_to_grow_this_spring|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=MSU Extension|language=en-us}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, osisi ndị kachasị mma na-ahapụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ obere mmiri, dị ka [[Mkpụrụ|agwa]], spinach na broccoli. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ osisi na rhubarb dabara adaba maka ihu igwe dị jụụ, akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ, [[Cabbage|cabbages]] na peas bụ ihe atụ nke osisi ndị na-anagide nke ọma n'ọnọdụ oyi dị egwu.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=5 reasons to try foodscaping your lawn|url=https://www.saveonenergy.com/resources/try-foodscaping-your-lawn/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=SaveOnEnergy.com|language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme nri <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rousseau|first=Nicolas|date=2016-10-17|title=Grouping Vegetables According to Plant Families {{!}} Louis Bonduelle...|url=https://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/en/my-vegetable-garden/grouping-vegetables-according-to-plant-families/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Fondation Louis Bonduelle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Plants Portal {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/browse/Plants|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}} </ref> !Ezinụlọ Osisi !Ihe Nlereanya |- |Amaranthaceae |Chard • spinach • quinoa • beetroot • glasswortugegbe |- |Apiaceae |Carrots • celery • cilantro/coriander • cumin • fennel • parsley • [[parsnip]]" id="mwAVI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Parsnip">parsnips • anise • chervil • Dil • anise / parsnip • Caraway |- |Asteraceae |[[Baccharis halimifolia|ala]]-linkid="261" href="./Artichoke" id="mwAV0" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Artichoke">Artichokes • chamomile • cardoons • tarragon • lettuce • endive • dandelions • chicoory • calendula • golden rod • chrysanthemum • cornflower • echinacea • elecampane • feverfew • mouse ear • Mugwort • stevia • pansy • bellis perennis • blessed thistle • groundsel |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Brassica |Broccoli • [[kale]] • [[cabbage]] • [[cauliflower]] • Brussels sprouts • mustard • collardokpu olu |- |Ericaceae |Blueberries • huckleberries • rhododendron • Azaleas |- |Lamiaceae |Onye maara ihe • [[Peppermint|ose]]" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rosemary">rosemary • thyme • Oregon • basil • catnip • lavender • marjoram • white horehound • peppermint • spearmintmma ogbunigwe |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Lilia |[[Lilium|lily]]" data-linkid="317" href="./Garlic" id="mwAZk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Garlic">Garlic • asparagus • chives • chalots • onions • leeks • Tulips • fritillaria • lilies |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Rosa |Strawberries • cherries • raspberries • blackberries • pears • plums • peaches • apricot • quinces • almond |- |Mkpụrụ osisi Solanaceae |[[Tomatillo|tomato]]" id="mwAbU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tomato">Tomato • tomato • capsicum/bell peppers • poteto • eggplant • chili peppersose chili |} <gallery> Usòrò:Beetroot_Bettolo_Capel_Manor_Enfield_London_England.jpg|alt=Beetroot (beta vulgaris)|Beetroot (''Beta vulgaris'') Usòrò:Cabbage_plant.jpg|alt=Cabbage (brassica oleracea var. capitata)|Cabbage ([[Cabbage|''Brassica oleracea var. capitata'']]) Usòrò:Tomatoes_on_the_Vine_(Unsplash).jpg|alt=Tomato vine (solanum lycopersicum)|Mkpụrụ vaịn tomato (<nowiki><i id="mwAdM">Solanum lycopersicum</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Capsicum_annuum_var._Fiesta_-_MHNT.jpg|alt=Chili peppers (capsicum annuum)|Osisi chili (''Capsicum annuum'') Usòrò:Salvia_rosmarinus_(10-04-2020),_vue_en_gros_plan.jpg|alt=Flowering rosemary (salvia rosmarinus)|Rosemary na-agbasa okooko osisi (<nowiki><i id="mwAeM">Salvia rosmarinus</i></nowiki>) Usòrò:Plums.jpg|alt=Plum (prunus domestica)|Plum (''Prunus domestica'') Usòrò:Single_raspberry_on_bush.jpg|alt=Raspberry (rubus idaeus)|Raspberry (''Rubus idaeus'') Usòrò:Calendula_flower_orange-yellow.jpg|alt=Calendula flower (calendula officinalis)|Calendula flower (''Calendula officinalis'') Usòrò:Tagetes-Marigold-Flower_04.jpg|alt=Marigold flower (tagetes erecta)|Okooko osisi Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Usòrò:Chamomile@original_size.jpg|alt=Camomile flower (matricaria chamomilla)|Okooko osisi Camomile (''Matricaria chamomilla'') Usòrò:Cornflower.jpg|alt=Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)|Cornflower (''Centaurus cyanus'') Usòrò:Viola_tricolor_pansy_flower_close_up.jpg|alt=Pansy flower (viola tricolor var. hortensis)|Okooko osisi Pansy (<nowiki><i id="mwAhs">Viola tricolor var. hortensis</i></nowiki>) </gallery> == Ihe atụ nke nri == === Ndị mmadụ === A na-akpọkarị onye na-emepụta ala na onye edemede Rosalind Creasy "onye na-ebute ụzọ n'ọhịa ndị a na-eri eri" na mgbasa ozi na mbipụta metụtara ubi.<ref>Long, Jim. "The Pioneer of Edible Landscapes". ''Mother Earth Gardener'', 2012, www.motherearthgardener.com/profiles/people/edible-landscapes-zmaz12uzfol. Accessed 13 April 2020.</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, o dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri abụọ n'isiokwu nke imepụta ala a na-eri eri. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kachasị emetụta n'ọhịa nri bụ akwụkwọ ya The Complete Book of Edible Landscaping, nke e bipụtara na 1982. Brie Arthur bụ onye America ọkachamara n'ịkọ ugbo nke a maara dị ka onye na-akwado ọha na eze maka omume nke nri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Iji mee ka echiche ahụ bụrụ na ihe ịchọ mma enweghị ike itinye osisi ndị a na-eri eri, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme telivishọn, ma na-etinye aka na njikọ dị iche iche metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>Drotleff, Laura. "Foodscaping Challenges Conventional Ideas About Landscaping". ''Greenhouse Grower'', 9 December 2015, www.greenhousegrower.com/management/foodscaping-challenges-conventional-ideas-about-landscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ izizi ya nke akpọrọ The Foodscape Revolution, Finding a Better Way to Make Space for Food and Beauty in Your Garden na 2017. === Ọrụ ọha na eze === [[Usòrò:SchlossVillandryGarten03.jpg|thumb|298x298px|Nlegharị anya dị elu nke isii n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ nri itoolu dị na Chateau nke Villandry's Ornamental Kitchen Garden]] Ogige kichin mara mma bụ ebe a na-eri nri na ala chateau nke Villandry, nke dị na mpaghara Loire Valley nke France. Ogige ụdị Renaissance nke Ịtali nwere patches itoolu, nke ọ bụla nwere atụmatụ geometric nke okooko osisi na akwụkwọ nri nke nhazi ha na-agbanwe na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla n'afọ abụọ. A na-eji oghere igbe dị mma kpuchie patches ndị a na akwụkwọ nri nke ọ bụla nwere agba dị iche iche dị ka kabeeji uhie, beetroot na leek na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Kwa afọ, a na-akụ ụdị akwụkwọ nri iri anọ n'ime ezinụlọ asatọ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-01|title=Explore the château and gardens of Villandry|url=https://www.chateauvillandry.fr/chateau-gardens/?lang=en|accessdate=2024-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Dabere na [[Áyowạ|Iowa]], Backyard Abundance bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na 2006 nke na-ezube ịkụziri ndị ọzọ banyere ịma mma ala a na-eri eri. Ha na-agba ndị bi n'obodo ume ka ha sonye n'ịmepụta ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ike inyere aka belata Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Tọrọ ntọala na [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], 2006, Edible Estates bụ atụmatụ nri nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka mpaghara na ìgwè ubi obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ala na-eri nri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|author=Oberst|first=Lindsay|date=2018-09-12|title=Edible Landscapes: 15 Organizations Around the World That Are Helping Turn Green Spaces and Yards into Places for Healthy, Fresh Food|url=https://foodrevolution.org/blog/edible-landscaping/|accessdate=2024-03-14|work=Food Revolution Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Edible Landscapes London bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke na-emepụta oghere ubi ọhịa na-arụpụta ihe nke na-ejikọta osisi na ahịhịa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ha mepụtara usoro izizi a kwadoro nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ n'omume ubi ọhịa. Dị ka Lindsay Oberst si kwuo n'otu edemede na Food Revolution Network, Edible Estates "na-agba mbọ ịkpali ndị ọzọ ile anya na oghere ahịhịa ndụ a na-ejighị eme ihe ma ọ bụ nke a na-ezighi ezi n'ìhè ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ maka mmepụta nri na njikọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi pụta ìhè". NYU's Urban Farm Lab bụ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ime obodo na-akwalite njikọta nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri eri n'ime ime obodo. Ha etinyela usoro nri n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ogige mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":9">Kirschner, Kylie. "Edible Landscapes in a Concrete Jungle". ''Washington Square News'', 24 Mar 2019, nyunews.com/culture/dining/2019/03/25/nyu-urban-landscaping-efforts/. Accessed 16 March 2020.</ref> The Eden Project bụ ọrụ nkwado na Cornwall, England, nke na-adọta ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nleta kwa afọ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Ebe dị hekta iri na ise nwere nnukwu ụlọ elu na ogige nri, ebe etinyela ihe oriri na-eri eri n'ime imewe ala.<ref name=":8" /> Ọhịa Nri bụ ihe onwunwe dị na Adelaide, Australia, nke na-eto ụdị mkpụrụ osisi 160, mkpụrụ osisi, ọka wit, na akwụkwọ nri na hekta 15 nke ala. Ndị nwe ya na-akụziri ndị ọbịa otú ezinụlọ ndị nkịtị si akụ nri nke ha n'ụlọ site n'ịmepụta nri na-amị mkpụrụ.<ref name=":8">Tovey, Nina. "Grow food not lawns with the fertile world of foodscaping". ''Endeavour College of Natural Health'', 10 November 2014, www.endeavour.edu.au/about-us/blog/grow-food-not-lawns-with-the-fertile-world-of-foodscaping/. Accessed 16 April 2020.</ref> Binder Groenprojecten mepụtara "ogige elu ụlọ" mbụ nke [[Netherlands]] n'elu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Rotterdam na 2012. A na-eji "ubi elu ụlọ" 1000m² na-akụ akwụkwọ nri, mkpụrụ osisi, na ahịhịa, ma na-enwekwa aṅụ.<ref name=":10">Sjauw En Wa, Amar. "Roof fields, Schieblok Rotterdam". ''Urban Green-Blue Grids'', www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/roof-fields-schieblok-rotterdam/. Accessed 5 May 2020.</ref> Wayward bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịma mma, nka na ihe owuwu nke dị na London nke na-ejikọta nri na-eto eto na nka na ihe ndị e wuru n'oge a. == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] asbzn3ermhwz5wk2iuo06wpl44an18s 0 50729 687675 687410 2026-07-13T01:26:37Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.<ref name=":1" /> Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] akpp653syea8c32sdhhjyf2x31nucx0 687676 687675 2026-07-13T01:28:15Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha.<ref name=":1" /> Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tfqyd4mcdr7od4xarv5z4hdy8o0mh01 687677 687676 2026-07-13T01:29:12Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7cu4l6tq01k7unlzg1xel3i31ia7iau 687678 687677 2026-07-13T01:30:15Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha.<ref name=":1" /> N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3kog4k0mcdr1hpn431uqc7jqwpby4vs 687679 687678 2026-07-13T01:32:27Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara.<ref name=":1" /> Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9k8j72pbvsp695izq87wcl4otmij2wu 687680 687679 2026-07-13T01:33:23Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhan2014">Khan, Zeyaur (2014). [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Philosophical Transactions''. '''369''' (1639). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|10.1098/rstb.2012.0284]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928888 3928888]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24535391 24535391] &#x2013; via Royal Society Publishing.</cite></ref> E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1i8xyhvuhavbryr3yf9m1hmyc4b3fvi 687681 687680 2026-07-13T01:36:02Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<ref name=":0" /><gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sgh00oia9d3zwcfyyg3ls2g0uddar88 687682 687681 2026-07-13T01:38:12Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7qahucdzjqlhhss31m97qkf9f62sa3l 687683 687682 2026-07-13T01:39:02Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j79h87oqvobbarkywmzy83do6xbcctt 687684 687683 2026-07-13T01:39:50Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull.<ref name=":0" /> Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 78wkoy6mb51xb7vp5v7nx912aw1jwwo 687685 687684 2026-07-13T01:41:07Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7v4l0sx497bffnbtkackmljtw0zttn1 687686 687685 2026-07-13T01:42:02Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping.<ref name=":0" /> N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 63p8oce0bflat336lhf0hubn7os081e 687687 687686 2026-07-13T01:42:56Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t45yl4coesrlhll1lsn23m86z07ca6f 687688 687687 2026-07-13T01:43:48Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 687688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5w1hejltho6vu6b6827rbta96g7kho0 687689 687688 2026-07-13T01:48:36Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8qtkbhzyqqvak9ik21uz8xc7vxspw5l 687690 687689 2026-07-13T01:49:25Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name=":0" /> Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ. Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oznohluigvaex5bykrtaixjvc6f7xg3 687691 687690 2026-07-13T01:50:20Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ */ 687691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu. Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ. Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 02egcudh29990pl10mrnw36oguh4p4y 687692 687691 2026-07-13T01:51:26Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Mgbochi nke Striga */ 687692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKhanMidegaPittcharPickett2011">Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". ''International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability''. '''9''' (1): 162–170. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|10.3763/ijas.2010.0558]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1473-5903|1473-5903]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153717937 153717937].</cite></ref> === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala. A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu. Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ. Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lz644mizjaw0kyybw5advh257ud4bkf 687693 687692 2026-07-13T01:52:46Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ihe na-adọta ya */ 687693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Push_pull_intercropping_plots.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|"Push-pull" atụmatụ nnwale na ICIPE campus na Mbita, Kenya. (N'aka ekpe: ọka na ''Desmodium spp.'' intercropping. N'aka nri: ọka monoculture na ''Striga'' infestation).]] Teknụzụ Push – Pull bụ atụmatụ nbanye maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọrụ ugbo site na iji osisi “push” na-emebi emebi na osisi “dịrị”. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ejupụtakarị ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ahịhịa ndị a kụrụ n'akụkụ okirikiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-adọta ma na-ejide ụmụ ahụhụ, ebe osisi ndị ọzọ, dị ka Desmodium, a kụrụ n'etiti ahịrị ọka ọka, na-achụpụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma na-achịkwa ahịhịa Striga. Emepụtara teknụzụ Push-pull na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.[2] na mba mmekọ. A kụziiri ndị ọrụ ugbo obere teknụzụ a site na mmekorita ya na mahadum, NGO na òtù nyocha nke mba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=February 2011|title=Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa|journal=International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability|volume=9|issue=1|pages=162–170|doi=10.3763/ijas.2010.0558|issn=1473-5903}}</ref> == Olee otú ịpị na-arụ ọrụ == Nkà na ụzụ Push-pull gụnyere iji ihe mkpali na-agbanwe omume iji megharịa nkesa na ụbara nke ndị na-emepụta stemborers na ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru maka nlekọta nke pesti stemborer. Ọ dabere na nghọta miri emi nke kemịkalụ kemịkalụ, agrobidiversity, osisi-osisi na mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ, na-agụnye iji intercrop na-asọ oyi dị ka Desmodium uncinatum (silverleaf) [4] (push), na-adọrọ adọrọ. osisi ọnyà dị ka ahịhịa Napier (dọrọ) ​​nke a kụrụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ókè gburugburu nke a. A na-achụpụ ụmụ nwanyị gravid stemborer site na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'otu oge na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. === Ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-akpọ === [[File:Flowering_Desmodium_spp.jpg|alt=Flowering ''Desmodium spp.''|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Push": Silverleaf Desmodium (''D. uncinatum'') in flower]] "Push" na atụmatụ intercropping na-enye site na osisi ndị na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (Kairomones) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara stemborer ma chụpụ ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi (ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum). Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ akwụkwọ nri nke ụdị Desmodium (dịka silverleaf Desmodium, ''D. uncinatum'', na greenleaf Des Modium, D). A na-akụ Desmodium n'etiti ahịrị ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum, ebe ha na-ewepụta kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze (dị ka (E) -β-ocimene na (E) (4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) nke na-achụpụ ụkpara. A na-emepụta semiochemicals ndị a na ahịhịa dịka ọka mgbe ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịhịa mebiri ha, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eri ihe. <ref name="cook2007">{{Cite journal|author=Cook, Samantha M.|year=2007|title=The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=52|pages=375–400|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407|pmid=16968206}}</ref> <ref name="khan1997">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1038/41681|issn=1476-4687|volume=388|issue=6643|pages=631–632|author=Khan|first=Z. R.|title=Intercropping increases parasitism of pests|journal=Nature|date=August 1997}}</ref> N'ịbụ osisi na-eto nke ọma, Desmodium anaghị egbochi uto nke ihe ọkụkụ, mana ọ nwere ike igbochi ahịhịa ma nyere aka melite ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, idozi nitrogen, na ime ka ala kwụsie ike site na mbuze. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke ukwuu ma na-egbochi ahịhịa striga n'ụzọ dị irè site na usoro allelopathic. Osisi ọzọ na-egosi ezigbo ihe na-egbochi bụ ahịhịa molasses (''Melinis minutiflora''), nri anụmanụ na-edozi ahụ nke nwere ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na-eguzogide akọrọ na ihe na-eme ka ụmụ ahụhụ na-adọkpụ.<ref name="khan1997" /> === Ihe na-adọta ya === [[Usòrò:Strip_of_Brachiaria_brizantha_(signal_grass).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|"Pull": Strip of Signal grass (''Brachiaria brizantha'') kụrụ n'akụkụ ala push-pull na Kenya]] Ụzọ a na-adabere na ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a ga-akụ gburugburu na n'etiti ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Ma ahịhịa ụlọ ma ahịhịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inye aka chebe ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịdọta na ijide ndị na-eme ihe ike. A na-akụ ahịhịa n'ókè dị gburugburu ubi ọka na ubi sorghum ebe ụmụ ahụhụ ndị toro eto na-awakpo na-adọrọ mmasị na kemịkal ndị ahịhịhịa na-ewepụta n'onwe ha. Kama ịdakwasị n'elu ọka ma ọ bụ osisi sorghum, ụmụ ahụhụ na-aga maka ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nri dị ụtọ. Ahịhịa ndị a na-enye "ịdọrọ" na usoro "ịdọta-ịdọrọ". Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị iro sitere n'okike. Ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ahịhịa a ma ama dị ka ahịhịhịa Napier (''Pennisetum purpureum''), ahịhịrị Signal (''Brachiaria brizantha''), na ahịhụrụ Sudan (Sorghum vulgare sudanense). Ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị na-agbaze agbaze (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-agbapụta agbaze), ihe ngosi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na-eji achọta osisi, karịa ọka ma ọ bụ sorghum. Enwekwara mmụba nke ihe dịka okpukpu 100 na ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a mepụtara n'awa mbụ nke chi ọbụbọ site na ahịhịa Napier (scotophase), oge ụkpara na-achọ osisi na-elekọta maka ịtụrụ àkwá, na-akpata mmasị dị iche iche nke oviposition.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5|issn=1573-1561|volume=32|issue=3|pages=565–577|author=Chamberlain|first=K.|title=Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2006-03-01|pmid=16572298|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime igurube ndị na-emebi ihe, ihe dị ka 80%, anaghị adị ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na anụ ahụ ahịhịa Napier na-emepụta mmiri na-arapara n'ahụ na nzaghachi maka nri nke igurube, nke na-ejide ha, na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe dị ka 80% nke iguruve. === Mgbochi nke ''Striga'' === [[Usòrò:Striga_hermonthica_on_maize.png|thumb|''Striga hermonthica'' na-eto n'ubi ọka na Kenya.]] Desmodium na-achịkwa ahịhịa parasitic, ''Striga'', na-akpata mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ihe dị ka tọn 2 / hekta (0.9 obere tọn kwa acre) n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na mgbakwunye na uru ndị sitere na mmụba nke nitrogen na asọmpi maka ìhè, a chọpụtara na ''D. uncinatum'' na-egbochi uto striga site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1020525521180|issn=1573-1561|volume=28|issue=9|pages=1871–1885|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur R.|title=Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology|accessdate=2021-10-17|date=2002-09-01|pmid=12449513|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020525521180}}</ref> A na-eche na mmetụta ndị a nwere njikọ na isoflavanones mepụtara na mgbọrọgwụ Desmodium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite ntolite nke mkpụrụ striga ma ọ bụ gbochie uto mkpụrụ, dabere na ọdịdị ha. N'ozuzu, mmetụta ndị a na-ebute ihe a maara dị ka "mkpụrụ igbu onwe onye", si otú a belata ụlọ akụ mkpụrụ osisi striga n'ime ala. A tụlere ụdị Desmodium ndị ọzọ ma nwee mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na stemborers na striga weed ma na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a dị ka intercrops na ọka, sorghum na millets.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Z.R.|year=2010|title=Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=61|issue=15|pages=4185–4196|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq229|pmid=20670998}}</ref> === Imeziwanye mma nke ala === Desmodium na-emekwa ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ihe ndị dị n'ala, nitrogen, na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ala, yana ichekwa mmiri, ime ka okpomọkụ ala dị nro ma gbochie mbuze. <ref>{{Cite journal|issn=2296-701X|volume=7|author=Mutyambai|first=Daniel M.|title=More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|date=2019|doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566|issn=0167-8809|volume=320|pages=107566|author=Drinkwater|first=Laurie E.|title=Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|date=2021-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823|issn=1758-3004|volume=13|issue=1|pages=127–141|author=Ndayisaba|first=Pierre Celestin|title=Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya|journal=Carbon Management|date=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ na-eduga na nsonaazụ akụ na ụba bara uru n'ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ obere obere na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri site na oke ego ha na-enweta na-abịa site n'ịre oke ọka, mkpụrụ desmodium, nri nri na mmiri ara ehi.[3]. Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara akụnaụba agbakọọla nloghachi na ntinye ego nke ụzọ mkpọpu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-akarị 2.2 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.8 maka iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe, yana .8 maka monocrop. [dubious – discuss] [12] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa mmalite nke teknụzụ push-pull na-agbanwe nke ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị chọrọ ọrụ iji kụọ desmodium na ahịhịa Napier na ịzụrụ mkpụrụ ndị a, ọnụ ahịa na-ebelata nke ukwuu na afọ ndị na-eto eto.[12] A hụkwara teknụzụ Push-pull iji nyere aka kwalite akụ na ụba obodo.[3] N'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwetakwu ego, ha na-enwe ike imefu ego na akụ na ụba obodo ha nke na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ndụ na ọganihu nke obodo n'ozuzu. Ndị na-emegide akụ na ụba mbụ na ụzọ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche dị ka Monsanto na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe n'oge dị ka ọgwụ pesticides, fatịlaịza na mkpụrụ osisi dị elu nke chọrọ ntinye dị otú ahụ. Mgbe a chịkọtasịrị ihe ndị na-ekpebi mkpụrụ ọka ndị ọzọ, a chọpụtara na e nwere mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọka 61.9% na mmụba 15.3% na ọnụahịa nke mmepụta ọka na mmụkọta nke 38.6% na nkezi ego a na-enweta site na ọka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Kassie|first=Menale|date=Spring 2018|title=Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=77|pages=186–198|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041}}</ref> N'ụlọ ebe a nakweere nkà na ụzụ push-pull na Kenya, ejikọtawo mmụba akụ na ụba na ọtụtụ afọ agụmakwụkwọ, nwetawanye ohere ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo, na ịgafe ọtụtụ ụbọchị ubi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị na-anabataghị nkà na ụzụ. [13] Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na nnabata nke teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a nke 14.4%, a ga-atụ anya mbelata 75,077 ndị mmadụ chere na ọ dara ogbenye n'ọnọdụ ebe akụ na ụba obodo ka na-emechi, yana mmadụ 76,504 nwere ike ịtụ anya ka ha dara ogbenye ma ọ bụrụ na akụ na ụba. bụ ndị mepere emepe.<ref name=":2" /> == Nnakwere ọdịbendị nke ọrụ ugbo push-pull == Because push-pull technology was developed mainly outside of Sub-saharan Africa—where international agencies today aim to grow its impact the most—a lack of trust was initially faced.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> This distrust was fueled by local suspicions that external agents had hidden self-interested agendas.<ref name=":3" /> In relationships where resources to implement new technologies are also externally provided, farmers often feel that they must simply passively follow the instructions they are given; however, efforts have been made in Ethiopia to encourage farmer engagement with the development of push-pull technology and to thus make the process more collaborative and bridge this gap.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, as mentioned above, push-pull technology is very similar to traditional intercropping methods which has helped it gain community acceptance A hụwokwa teknụzụ ịdọrọ dị ka ihe a na-anabata n'omenala na nke kwekọrọ n'ihi ụzọ o si enye ọrụ ọdịnala maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mbeche Nyang’au|first=Isaac|date=Summer 2018|title=Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology|doi=10.3390/su10072378|journal=Sustainability|volume=10|issue=7}}</ref> N'ihi na teknụzụ push-pull nwere ike dabara n'ime usoro ezinụlọ dị ugbu a, omume ahụ anaghị achọ mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị ugbu a.<ref name=":3" /> Iji mee ka mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull, ndị ọrụ ugbo keere òkè na mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ikpebi otú a ga-esi mee teknụzụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na mkpa ha ma kwekọọ na omume ọdịnala.<ref name=":3" /> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ họọrọ igwu ala ebe a ga-akụ mkpụrụ site na iji ụgbụ a na-adọta ehi.<ref name=":3" /> N'ozuzu, site n'ịkwalite ndị ndu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ, a na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ka atụmanya nke nkwado nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ sie ike.<ref name=":3" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E mepụtara teknụzụ ịdọrọ na International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) na Kenya na mmekorita ya na Rothamsted Research, UK.<ref name="www.rothamsted.ac.uk">[http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk www.rothamsted.ac.uk]</ref> na ndị mmekọ mba na 1990s.<ref>Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.</ref> Nnyocha na mmepe maka atụmatụ push-pull sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị mmekọ gụnyere Gatsby Charitable Foundation nke UK, Rockefeller Foundation, UK's Department for International Development, na Global Environment Facility nke UNEP, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Atụmanya ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ugbo na-adọkpụ == Atụmatụ a dabere na iji osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, ọ bụghị ihe mmepụta ihe dị oke ọnụ, si otú a na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma daba na ọdịbendị dịka usoro a yiri n'ọtụtụ ụzọ omenala ọdịnala Africa nke intercropping. N'ihi nke a, a na-atụ anya na usoro a ga-abụ ihe ngwọta a ma ama maka enweghị nri na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ a anaghị eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe, ọ na-eji ihe ọmụma eme ihe. N'ihi nke a, a malitere mkpọsa mgbasa ozi, e nwere nzukọ ọha na eze, e bipụtara ihe ndị a gbasara, na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugpo guzobere iji merie ihe mgbochi ihe ọmụma na mmejuputa teknụzụ push-pull. Ụzọ kachasị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, nke nwere mmetụta, na nke bara uru nke ịgbasa ozi na ịgba ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ka ha nabata usoro ịpị-adọta bụ ụbọchị ubi (na-eduga na mmụba 26.8% na nkuchi), ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugolozi (22.2% ohere nke ịgbanwe mkpebi ndị ọrụ ugpo), na ndị nkuzi ndị ọrụ ugodo (18.1% ohere ime ka ndị ọrụ uglo kwenye na ha nabata teknụzụ ahụ). <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Khan|first=Zeyaur|date=2014|title=Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020|url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royptb/369/1639/20120284.full.pdf|journal=Philosophical Transactions|volume=369|issue=1639|doi=10.1098/rstb.2012.0284|pmid=24535391}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, achọpụtala na ihe karịrị 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekere òkè n'ụbọchị ubi na-eji teknụzụ ahụ eme ihe n'ala ha. Ihe ọzọ e mere iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nkuchi nke teknụzụ push-pull bụ ikesa mkpụrụ desmodium na ntinye ndị ọzọ achọrọ iji malite omume a. E meela ka nkesa nke mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nwee ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo mpaghara. Iji lụso ụkọ mbụ na ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ desmodium nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke teknụzụ push-pull, a malitere usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ dị ukwuu ma gbaa ndị ọrụ ugbo ume ịgbasa mkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ha. N'ihi usoro ndị a, a kpaliri ahịa maka mkpụrụ desmodium na mkpụrụ ndị ahụ aghọwo ndị na-enweta ohere maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ itinye usoro ịpịgharị n'ubi ha. Na Kenya, Tanzania, na Uganda naanị, ndị ọrụ ugbo 68,800 ejirila teknụzụ push-pull; Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a nwere ike ịdị elu n'ezie n'ihi oghere dị na akụkọ. N'ihi na mpaghara ndị a dị na Sub-Saharan Africa na-enwekarị nsogbu site na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ a na-apụghị ịdabere na ya n'ihi stemborers na striga, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ala, na-atụ anya na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ ga-eji nsogbu ndị a mee ihe n'ọdịnihu na ọnụego nkuchi kwa afọ nke 30% n'ihi mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ siri ike nke a malitere.<gallery mode="packed" align="center"> Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtaspp. Usòrò:Maize-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point-3,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya|Ugbo ọka na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụỊgbapụtana ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, Usòrò:Sorghum-push-pull-farm-at-ICIPE,_Mbita_Point,_Kenya.jpg|alt=Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)|Ugbo Sorghum na-adọkpụ na-egosi ihe ọkụkụ ọnyàBrachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya) </gallery> * Mgbochi nje * Ụzọ omenala * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Ndepụta nke isiokwu ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide * Nkà na ụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke osisi ibe * Ndepụta ahịhịa bara uru * Ndepụta nke osisi ndị na-egbochi ahụhụ == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 597b4ypvjl5qnboaw3voqdcqplx3k9x 0 51191 687578 185732 2026-07-12T15:06:57Z Akwugo 11031 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ Fixed reference error 687578 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Onze Roeping. Orgaan voor de Nederlandsche vrouw, 17 februari 1870.png|thumb|Iri na Otu Roeping]] '''''Iri na otu Roeping. Orgaan voor de Nederlandsche vrouw''''' (Ọkpụkpọ Anyị. Organ maka nwanyị Dutch) bụ magazin ụmụ nwanyị bipụtara na Netherlands n'etiti 1870 na 1873. [1] (Our Calling. Organ for the Dutch woman) bụ magazin ụmụ nwanyị bipụtara na [[Netherlands]] n'etiti 1870 na 1873. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Onze roeping : orgaan der Algem. Nederl. Vrouwenvereeniging "Arbeid Adelt."|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173878299|oclc=173878299|accessdate=8 April 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Betsy Perk bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Dutch guzobere magazin ahụ. Iji gbasaa echiche ya, Perk guzobere na 1869 oge aha ya bụ Ons Streven (Our Endeavour), otu n'ime magazin ndị mbụ na Netherlands iji kwalite ịha nhatanha ụmụ nwanyị, nke a ga-ebipụta ruo 1878. Otú ọ dị, mgbe onye mbipụta ahụ tinyere ndị editọ nwoke abụọ ka ha na ya rụkọọ ọrụ, ọ hapụrụ ndị otu nchịkọta akụkọ, n'ihi na ọ na-enyo enyo na ndị ọrụ ibe ya chọrọ iwere aka elu ma na-atụ egwu iberibe ahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị A ga-etinyekwa ya. Kama nke ahụ, ọ tọrọ ntọala magazin ọhụrụ n'afọ sochirinụ, Bụ́ Onze Roeping. Ihe na-elekwasị anya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a bụ na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị inwe ike ịrụ ọrụ, na Park na-arụ ụka na nke a ga-aba uru maka ụmụ nwanyị na maka akụ na ụba n'ozuzu. O bu n'obi na mbụ ịkpọ ya Ons Doel (Our Target) mana a gbanwere aha ahụ tupu mbipụta mbụ. [2] [3] [4] [5] .<ref name="DBNL">{{Cite web|title=Van Dames-post tot Onze Roeping Nederlandse vrouwentijdschriften in de achttiende en negentiende eeuw|work=DBNL|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_lit003199901_01/_lit003199901_01_0002.php|accessdate=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="BWSA">{{Cite web|author=De Waal|first=Margot|title=PERK, Christina Elizabeth|url=https://socialhistory.org/bwsa/biografie/perk|work=BWSA|accessdate=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Huygens">{{Cite web|title=Perk, Christina Elizabeth (1833-1906)|url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Perk|work=[[Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands]]|accessdate=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Jensen">{{Cite book|author=Jensen|first=Lotte|title=Bij uitsluiting voor de vrouwelijke sekse geschikt'. Vrouwentijdschriften en journalistes in Nederland in de achttiende en negentiende eeuw. Verloren|date=2001|isbn=9065506659|pages=186–194|publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren}}</ref> E bipụtara mbipụta mbụ nke Onze Roeping na 17 Febụwarị 1870, ma kesaa ya na Netherlands dum. Onye bipụtara ya bụ Joh. Ykema en van Gijn na Delft, onye na-ebipụta Charles Darwin na Dutch n'ihe dịka n'otu oge ahụ. Magazin ahụ raara onwe ya kpamkpam nye nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ma nwee nhazi, ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ebumnuche nnwere onwe, nke aha ahụ na-ezo aka na ya. Perk bụ onye guzobere ''Algemeene Nederlandsche Vrouwen Обоiging Arbeid Adelt'' (General Dutch Women's Association 'Labour Ennobles') na 1871, nke nwere ebumnuche yiri nke Park mgbe ọ na-eguzobe Onze Roeping, wee malite ire ọrụ aka nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara. N'otu afọ ahụ, Ons Roeping ghọrọ akụkụ nke njikọ ahụ.<ref name="BWSA" /><ref name="Huygens" /><ref name="Jensen" /> Onze Roeping pụtara ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa maka ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya. Magazin ahụ na-agbanwere n'etiti edemede n'ozuzu, akụkọ banyere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, ngalaba na isiokwu sayensị, akụkọ ifo, nyocha, akwụkwọ ozi, na akụkọ sitere na njikọ ahụ. O nwekwara mgbasa ozi. Na mbido 1873 ọ ghọrọ magazin a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa ma bipụta ya na obere akwụkwọ kama ịbụ akwụkwọ akụkọ. Isiokwu "Organ for the Dutch woman" gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ "Organ for Everyone. Dutch Women's association 'Arbeid Adelt'". Magazin ahụ wee tinye onwe ya n'ọrụ nke njikọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, n'otu afọ ahụ, a kwụsịrị ya, ma n'ihi ihe ego ma n'okpuru esemokwu iwu. N'ọnwa Eprel 1872, njikọ ahụ kewara ụzọ abụọ, otu ìgwè ndị otu guzobere njikọ ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ''Tesselschade-Arbeid Adelt''. Ndị guzobere njikọ ọhụrụ a chọrọ ilekwasị anya n'inye nkwado nye ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye, bụ ndị e nyere ohere ire ọrụ ha n'amaghị aha ha. Nke a megidere ihe Betsy Perk nọchitere anya, ebe ọ chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya, site na klas ya, mee onwe ha aha site na ire ngwaahịa n'okpuru aha nke ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ''Tesselschade'' kagburu ndebanye aha ha na Onze Roeping.<ref name="BWSA" /><ref name="Huygens" /><ref name="Jensen" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} ma3bexqgr6y8fhffjdzelk29z83f46s 0 51450 687801 642256 2026-07-13T11:07:20Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687801 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-table vcard" style="line-height: 1.2em; max-width: 420px !important;" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" style="line-height: 1.2em;" |Emanuel Herrera | colspan="4" class="infobox-image" | [[File:Emaherrera23.jpg|290x290px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.2em 0 0 0;">Herrera with [[Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]] in 2023</div> |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Personal information |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Full name | colspan="3" class="infobox-data nickname" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | Emanuel Herrera |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Date of birth | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1987-04-13</span>) </span>13 April 1987<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;37)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Place of birth | colspan="3" class="infobox-data birthplace" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | [[Rosario]], Argentina |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Height | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | 1.86&nbsp;m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Position(s) | colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | [[Forward (association football)|Striker]] |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Team information |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Current team</div> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data org" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;;white-space: normal;" | [[Ñublense]] |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Youth career |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2001–2007</span> | colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Rosario Central]] |- ! colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; line-height: 1.5em" |Senior career* |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |Years | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | '''Team''' | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | '''<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;League appearances</nowiki&gt;">Apps</abbr>''' | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | '''(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;League goals</nowiki&gt;">Gls</abbr>)''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2008–2010</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Rosario Central]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 0 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2008–2009</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | → [[Chacarita Juniors]] <small> (loan)</small> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 2 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2010</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | → [[Sportivo Italiano]] <small> (loan)</small> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 4 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2010</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | → [[Club Atlético Patronato|Patronato]] <small> (loan)</small> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 10 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2011</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Deportes Concepción (Chile)|Deportes Concepción]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 35 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (27) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2012</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Unión Española]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 21 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (11) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2012–2014</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Montpellier HSC|Montpellier]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 41 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (6) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2013</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Montpellier HSC|Montpellier B]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 1 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (2) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2014</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | → [[Tigres UANL]] <small> (loan)</small> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 10 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2014–2017</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[C.S. Emelec|Emelec]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 58 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (16) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2017</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | → [[FBC Melgar|Melgar]] <small> (loan)</small> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 21 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (13) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2017</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | → [[Lobos BUAP]] <small> (loan)</small> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 6 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2018–2020</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Sporting Cristal]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 84 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (65) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2021</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Argentinos Juniors]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 14 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (1) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2022</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Celaya F.C.|Celaya]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 21 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (4) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2023</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Club Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 27 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (6) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left" |<span style="font-weight:normal">2024–</span> | class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline;" | [[Ñublense]] | class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | 0 | class="infobox-data infobox-data-c" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: right" | (0) |- | colspan="4" class="infobox-below" style="color:darkslategray; font-size:95%" | <nowiki>*</nowiki>Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 February 2024 |} [[Faịlụ:Emanuel HERRERA Montpellier.JPG|thumb|Emanuel HERRERA Montpellier]] '''Emanuel Herrera''' ({{IPA|es|emaˈnwel eˈreɾa}}</link> , amụrụ 13 Eprel 1987) bụ onye [[Footbọl|egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Argentine nke na-agba bọọlụ Chilean Primera División side Ñublense dị ka onye ọkpọ . Ọ gbara n'ọkwa ndị ntorobịa nke Rosario Central ruo afọ isii, mana ọ dịghị mgbe ya na ndị otu mbụ rụpụtara ya. A gbaziri ya na Chacarita Juniors, Sportivo Italiano na Patronato na ngalaba nke abụọ nke Argentine . Enweghị nhọrọ na obodo ya mere ka ọ chọọ ohere na Chile, ebe ọ nabatara onyinye nke Deportes Concepción . N'ime ndị otu Chile, ọ kwadoro onwe ya dị ka onye mmalite na, mgbe nnukwu oge 2011 gasịrị ebe o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 29 na egwuregwu 39, Unión Española bịanyere aka na ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nọ naanị ọkara oge, o jisiri ike bụrụ 2012 Torneo Apertura top scorer na akara ugboro ise na 2012 Copa Libertadores . Nke a jidere mmasị Montpellier, nke kwụrụ $ 3.5 nde maka ya. Ọ nọrọ na ndị otu French maka oge abụọ, mana mgbe mmalite na-adịghị mma na mgbasa ozi 2013-14, a gbaziri ya na Tigres, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka semester ma merie Copa MX . Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Emelec bịanyere aka na Herrera, ebe ọ nọrọ oge atọ wee merie ihe mgbaru ọsọ 21 na egwuregwu 78, na-emeri 2014 na 2015 Campeonato Ecuatoriano . N'afọ 2017, a gbaziri ya na klọb Peruvian FBC Melgar na mgbe ahụ na ụlọ ọgbakọ Mexico Lobos BUAP . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ na Argentina === A mụrụ Herrera na Rosario. Herrera malitere ọrụ football ya na Chacarita Juniors . Na 21, na-enweghị ike ịmanye na mbụ otu, ọ hapụrụ mbụ ya club Chacarita Juniors na e zigara Sportivo Italiano na Buenos Aires ma ọnụnọ ya na Buenos Aires ebe ịkwaga Patronato . Oge atọ ya na Argentina bụ ọdịda na naanị egwuregwu 16 na mkpokọta enweghị goolu. === Wepụ Concepción === === Mahadum Española === [[Usòrò:Emanuelherrera.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|264x264px| Emanuel Herrera na Estadio Santa Laura .]] Mgbe ndị otu ahụ erughị eru maka asọmpi egwuregwu maka nkwalite, ọ kwadoro nnyefe na 13 December 2011 na Herrera ga-esonye na Chile Primera División n'akụkụ Unión Española, na-abanye na nkwekọrịta afọ ise. Na 25 Jenụwarị 2012, Herrera mere ọkwa izizi ya maka klọb ahụ na Copa Libertadores First Stage nke ụkwụ mbụ megide Tigres na na 2 February 2012, ọ meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ maka klọb ahụ na egwuregwu n'ụkwụ nke abụọ bụ 2– 2, na-agafe na ọkwa otu. Na Copa Libertadores, Herrera ga-akara 4 ọzọ megide Junior de Barranquilla, Club Bolívar (gbatara ọzọ) na Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (ihe mgbaru ọsọ anọ niile na-abịa na ọkwa otu). Herrera nyere aka na Copa Libertadores n'ụkwụ abụọ a megide Boca Juniors bụ nke furu efu na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. Na Copa Libertadores, Herrera banyere n'asọmpi ahụ na-ebute ihe mgbaru ọsọ 5 na egwuregwu 10. === Ọkụ === Na 2024, Herrera laghachiri na Chile wee bịanye aka na Ñublense na ngalaba kachasị elu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Silva|first=Felipe|title=Jugó en la Ligue 1 y ahora llega al fútbol chileno: "¡Bienvenido, Maquinaria!"|url=https://chile.as.com/futbol/jugo-en-la-ligue-1-y-ahora-llega-al-futbol-chileno-bienvenido-maquinaria-n/?omnil=resrelrecomv|accessdate=2 February 2024|work=[[Diario AS]]|date=1 February 2024|language=es}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu == '''Tigers UANL''' * Copa MX (1): Clausura 2014 '''Egwuregwu Cristal''' ; Mahadum Deportes * Nkewa nke Peruvian Primera : 2023 == Ntụaka == 2011 gasịrị ebe o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 29 na egwuregwu 39, Unión Española bịanyere aka na ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nọ naanịna ọkwa otu). Herrera nyere aka na Copa{{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Herrera, Emanuel}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rkeni2rxfprsqdoe9k90wa9tc1pxwqg 0 52022 687731 539611 2026-07-13T07:32:15Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687731 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Honorine NGou.jpg|thumb|Honorine Ngou]] '''Honorine Ngou''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1957) bụ onye edemede na agụmakwụkwọ nke Gabon.<ref name="Toman2016">{{Cite book|author=Cheryl Toman|title=Women Writers of Gabon: Literature and Herstory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUghDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|year=2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-3721-6|pages=89–104|chapter=Gender and Sexuality in Selected Works of Honorine Ngou}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Ngou n'afọ 1957, ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ iri na otu. Nne na nna ya gbara ya ume ka ọ gaa akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na nne ya agabeghị ụlọ akwụkwọ na nna ya gụsịrị naanị afọ abụọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, ọ lụrụ Albert Ngou, nwa akwụkwọ mahadum na Libreville. Ya na di ya gụrụ akwụkwọ na Libreville, mgbe ọ gara mahadum na France na 1974 ọ debanyere aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ Grenoble. Mgbe ya na di ya laghachiri [[Gabon]] n'afọ 1978, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Omar Bongo tupu ya enweta nzere doctorate na France. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1985 ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Omar Bongo, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Ngalaba French n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Toman2016" /> O bi n'otu mpaghara kacha daa ogbenye nke Libreville, Nzengayong, ebe o meghere ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ, Le Savoir. . <ref name="Toman2016" /> == Ọrụ == * ''Isi ihe iri na anọ iji gaa nke ọma n'alụmdi na nwunye ya''. Libreville: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Gabon, 2003. * ''Alụmdi na nwunye na ime ihe ike n'etiti ndị Fang na Gabon''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * A machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị iwu. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Afép: onye na-egbu mgbu na onye na-eduhie eduhie: akwụkwọ akụkọ''. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ iri ise nke Fang. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Na okwu mbido nke Bonaventure Mvé-Ondo. * Di m, onye nzuzu m: nwaa. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Na okwu mbido nke Claudette Oriol-Boyer. * ''Nanị ihe ha na-eche bụ: akwụkwọ akụkọ''. Rungis: Doxa, 2017. == Ntụaka == # Cheryl Toman(2016). {{Reflist}}"Gender na mmekọahụ na ọrụ Ngou nsọpụrụ ahọpụtara".Ụmụ nwanyị ndị edemede Gabon: Edemede na akuko ihe mere eme. Lexington Books. pp. 89-104. ISBN 978-1-4985-3721-6. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ft3zjbt5enblshu1acyi4redc7surr4 0 52515 687770 194653 2026-07-13T10:22:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sajal Aly''' ( Urdu , amuru 17 Jenụwarị 1994) bụ onye omere na ihe nlere anya Pakistan nke na-arụkarị ọrụ na telivishọn na ihe nkiri. Otu n'ime Pakistan kasị-akwụ ụgwọ actresses, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/trending/world/kubra-khan-to-sajal-aly-pakistans-top-9-highest-paid-actresses-1241409?|title=Kubra Khan to Sajal Aly: Pakistan's Top 9 HIGHEST-PAID actresses|date=7 September 2023|work=Pinkvilla|archivedate=15 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915164428/https://www.pinkvilla.com/trending/world/kubra-khan-to-sajal-aly-pakistans-top-9-highest-paid-actresses-1241409}}</ref> Aly enwetala ọtụtụ accolades gụnyere ise Hum Awards na a Lux Style Award nke iri na atọ nhọpụta. Ndị ọchịchị Pakistan kwanyere ya ugwu na Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na sitcom ''Nadaaniyaan'' nke Geo TV (2009) wee pụta na onye ndu na opera ncha ''Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain'' (2011). Ọ gara n'ihu n'ịkwado ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi telivishọn wee nwee ọganihu na ihe ịga nke ọma dị egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ''Nanhi'' (2013) nke nwetara nhọpụta mbụ ya nke Lux Style Award for Best Actress TV . Otuto ọzọ bịara maka ihe ngosi ya na ihe nkiri ezinụlọ ''Sannata'' (2013-14) na ''Khuda Dekh Raha Hai'' (2015) nke ọ nwetara nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma na Lux Style Awards. Aly kemgbe ọ rụrụ ụfọdụ ọrụ dị iche iche ma mara ya nke ọma maka isi ya nkọwa siri ike nke Dr. Zubiya Asfandyar na ''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' (2017), Sassi na ''O Rangreza'' (2017–18), Momina Sultan na ''Alif'' (2019), Rabia Safeer na ''Sinf-e-Aahan'' (2021) na Aaliya Agha na ''[[Kuch Ankahi]]'' (2023) ihe ngosi ya niile nwetara nke ọma na abụọ mbụ n'ime ndị a nwetara ya Hum Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha ewu ewu na nke kacha mma n'otu n'otu. == Ndụ mmalite na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Aly na 17 Jenụwarị 1994 na Lahore Pakistan. O nwere otu nwanne nwanyị Saboor Ali, onye bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri na otu nwanne. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1174853|title=Sajal and sister Saboor Ali are both shooting their first films this year|first=Irfan Ul|author=Haq|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref> Na 2017, nne ya, Rahat nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/379529-Actress-Sajal-Alis-mother-passes-away|title=Actress Sajal Ali's mother passes away - Entertainment - Dunya News|accessdate=26 May 2018|archivedate=17 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317200627/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/379529-Actress-Sajal-Alis-mother-passes-away}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu banyere ya n'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru, "Ihe ọ bụla mere na-esote ka bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya. N'ụbọchị nne m nwụrụ, ụlọ ezumike a jupụtara na ndị mmadụ. Amaghị m otú m si nweta ike iji nweta ya niile, mana m mere ya. ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantribe.com/56388/pakistani-actress-model-sajal-ali-mother-died|title=Pakistani actress, model Sajal Ali mother died - PakistanTribe|date=17 March 2017|accessdate=26 May 2018|archivedate=18 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082658/https://www.pakistantribe.com/56388/pakistani-actress-model-sajal-ali-mother-died}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'agbanyeghị asịrị na-adịgide adịgide banyere mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-emekọ ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ahad Raza Mir ebe ọ bụ na ha na-arụ ọrụ na 2018 usoro ''Yaqiin Ka Safar'', ha abụọ ekwughị n'ihu ọha banyere mmekọrịta ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1775233/ahad-raza-mir-responds-relationship-rumours-sajal-aly%3famp=1|title=Ahad Raza Mir responds to relationship rumours with Sajal Aly|work=Tribune.com|accessdate=7 August 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/amp/432415|title=Ahad Raza Mir, Sajal Aly fuel more dating rumors after recent statements|work=Business Recorder|accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> Ha gbara aka na 6 June 2019, na emume mmekọrịta chiri anya wee biputere foto na Instagram aka ya na isiokwu a, "Nke a bụ mmalite ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/mom-actress-sajal-aly-gets-engaged-to-ahad-raza-mir-and-mahira-khan-is-all-heart-see-pic-1544414-2019-06-07|title=Mom film actress Sajal Aly gets engaged to Ahad Raza Mir and Mahira Khan is all heart. See pic|work=India Today|accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/amp-articles/sajal-aly-gets-engaged-to-ahad-raza-mir-13383|title=Sajal Aly Gets Engaged To Boyfriend, Ahad Raza Mir, Shares A Beautiful Picture Of Her New Beginnings|work=Bollywoodshaadis|accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> Aly lụrụ Mir na 14 Maachị 2020 na [[Abu Dhabi]] ya na ezigbo ezinụlọ na ndị enyi nọ n'akụkụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sajal-ali-ahad-raza-mir-break-the-internet-with-their-fairytale-wedding-pictures-from-abu-dhabi-3976675/amp/|title=Sajal Ali-Ahad Raza Mir Break The Internet With Their Fairytale Wedding Pictures From Abu Dhabi|work=India.com|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/277296-sajal-ali-and-ahad-raza-mir-getting-married-today-in-uae|title=Sajal Ali and Ahad Raza Mir get married in UAE|date=14 March 2020|work=Geo.tv}}</ref> Amụma gbasara nkewa ha gbara mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-anọghị n'oge dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/entertainment/2022/01/saboor-alys-mayun-ahad-raza-mir-missing-fans-speculate-sajal-aly-divorce/amp/|title=Saboor Aly’s Mayun: Ahad Raza Mir missing, fans speculate Sajal Aly divorce|work=Bolnews|accessdate=6 January 2022}}</ref> Na Machị 2022, di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/celebrities/sajal-aly-ahad-raza-mir|title=Sajal Aly, Ahad Raza Mir part ways; couple officially divorced|date=17 March 2022|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/944474-sajal-aly-ahad-raza-mir-divorce-called-out-months-ago-by-astrologer-viral-video|title=Sajal Aly, Ahad Raza Mir divorce called out months ago by astrologer?: Viral Video|work=Thenews|accessdate=25 March 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbụ (2009-2012) === Aly mere mpụta mbụ ya na ihuenyo site n'ọrụ ugboro ugboro na sitcom Geo Entertainment ''Nadaaniyaan'' (2011). <ref name="pride">{{Cite web|title=Pride of Pakistan: Sajal Aly|author=Saira Agha|date=30 August 2018|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/289945/pride-of-pakistan-sajal-aly/|work=Daily Times}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe ngosi na-esote ya na ọrụ ndị isi n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ncha gụnyere, melodrama ''Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain'', <ref name="int" /> <ref name="stardom">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2017|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178922|title=After what I've been through I find it difficult to take stardom seriously: Sajal Ali|work=Dawn Images|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Sumaira Jajja}}</ref> <ref name="personal">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2018|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1859782/personal-life-not-commentary-sajal-aly|title=My personal life is not up for commentary: Sajal Aly|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=4 December 2018|author=Mahwash Ajaz}}</ref> ezinụlọ ''Ahmed Habib Ki Betiyan'' <ref name="pride" /> na nkwado ọrụ na ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge ochie ''Mastana Mahi'', <ref name="pride" /> <ref name="justice">{{Cite web|date=16 December 2017|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/160373/sajal-aly-can-justice-character-saniya-tanhaiyaan-marina/|title=Sajal Aly can do justice to the character of Saniya from 'Tanhaiyaan': Marina|work=Daily Times|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Muhammad Ali}}</ref> na melodrama ''Meray Qatil Meray Dildar'', <ref name="int">{{Cite web|date=20 October 2019|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/543397-i-become-my-own-competition-after-each-role|title=I become my own competition after each role.|work=The News International|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Buraq Shabbir}}</ref> nke mechara nweta ya nhọpụta Hum Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha mma . Na 2012, ọ rụrụ ọrụ titular na Express Entertainment 's ''Chandni'' . N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ natara otuto maka igosi nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na-ekwu okwu na Fasih Bari Khan ''Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein'' dere <ref name="pride"/> <ref name="stardom"/> O wee pụta dị ka ogbenye Esha ogbenye na ''Meri Ladli'' n'ihu Ahsan Khan, dị ka onye na-arịa ọrịa kansa enweghị nchekasị Zoya. na Fahim Burney 's ''Sitamgar'' chere Faisal Rehman, na dị ka nwa agbọghọ n'akụkụ na Syed Ahmed Kamran 's ''Mere Khuwabon Ka Diya'' megide Danish Taimoor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/77106-are-we-getting-too-comfortable-with-age-gaps|title=Are we getting too comfortable with age gaps?|work=The News International|date=24 August 2015|archivedate=31 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731053153/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/77106-are-we-getting-too-comfortable-with-age-gaps}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-esote bụ na Fasih Bari Khan ''Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah'' dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ohere maka nkeji ole na ole. <ref name="starlet">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/986994/meet-the-doe-eyed-starlet|title=Meet the doe-eyed starlet|author=Mehek Saeed|date=7 November 2015|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=11 October 2023}}</ref> === Ọganihu na nnabata (2013–2016) === N'afọ 2013, Aly nwetara otuto dị egwu maka ihe ngosi ya nke nwatakịrị na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ na Haseeb Hassan 's directed ''Nanhi'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2013-weekly/nos-21-07-2013/instep/mainarticle.asp|title=The good, the bad and the ugly|work=Jang (newspaper)|date=21 July 2013|author=Mehreen Hasan|archivedate=21 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721161755/https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2013-weekly/nos-21-07-2013/instep/mainarticle.asp}}</ref> <ref name="six">{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/182310/remembering-six-memorable-roles-acclaimed-actress-birthday/|title=Remembering six most memorable roles of the acclaimed actress on her birthday|date=17 January 2018|accessdate=7 June 2021|first=Bushra|author=Zafar Khan}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke ukwuu ma nweta ya nhọpụta nke Lux Style Award for Best TV Actress - Satellite and Pakistan Media Awards maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma. <ref name="six" /> Ngosipụta ya na-esote bụ na Abdullah Kadwani na Asad Qureshi 's ''Gohar-e-Nayab'' dị ka Gori titular, nwa mgbei nwere mmụọ pụrụiche n'agbanyeghị mmeso ahụ. Usoro ahụ nwetara aha ọzọ nke Pakistan Media Award maka Best Actress TV . Ọrụ ya dị ka nwata nwere nsogbu na Asim Raza 's ''Behadd'' n'akụkụ Nadia Jamil na Fawad Khan bụ ndị nkatọ toro ya. <ref name="justice"/> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbara egwu na Mohsin Mirza's ''Aasmanon Pay Likha'' na-eduzi n'akụkụ Sheheryar Munawar bụ nke ghọrọ usoro telivishọn kachasị elu nke afọ na Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2366658/sajal-sheheryars-sizzling-photo-shoot-sets-the-internet-on-fire?|title=Sajal, Sheheryar's sizzling photo shoot sets the internet on fire|date=19 July 2022|work=The Express Tribune|author=Entertainment Desk}}</ref> <ref name="pride"/> Aly gosiziri onye nwere nsogbu nkewa na Kashif Nisar duziri ''Sannata'' n'akụkụ Danish Taimoor na Saba Qamar . Ọrụ ya wetara nyocha ya dị mma yana nhọpụta Lux Style Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma. <ref name="pride" /> <ref name="5best">{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|url=https://www.masala.com/sajal-aly-her-5-best-drama-performances-301167.html|title=Sajal Aly: Her 5 Best Drama Performances|work=masala dot com|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Sophia Qureshi}}</ref> === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''O Meri Billi'' | Neelum | Express ntụrụndụ |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''Sitara Ki Muhabbat'' | Sitara | rowspan="6" | Hum TV |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''Mee Dant Ki Mohabbat'' | Sania |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''Kya Pyar Ho Gaya'' | Shagufta |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Doosra Naam'' | Naureen |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Behadd'' | Maha |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Yaqiin'' | Hania |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Band Baj Gaya'' | Mehwish | ARY Digital |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Bakht Bari'' | Bakhtbari | rowspan="8" | Hum TV |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Daalụ n'oge'' | Zunaira |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Yaqiin'' | Samama |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Gidh'' | Kinza |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Yoon Hum Miley'' | Wajeeha |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | ''Ishq maka ọrịre'' | Neima |} === Usoro webụ === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Platform ! Ref. |- | 2021 ! scope="row" | ''Dhoop Ki Deewar'' | Sarah Sher Ali | rowspan="2" | ZEE5 | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sajal Aly and Ahad Raza Mir to Star In An Upcoming Romantic Drama|url=https://www.masala.com/sajal-aly-and-ahad-raza-mir-to-star-in-an-upcoming-romantic-drama-284484.html|date=September 2020}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''Uwe elu pink'' | Sofia | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/22-Nov-2022/sajal-wahaj-nazish-to-star-in-upcoming-webseries%3fversion=|title=Sajal, Wahaj, Nazish to star in upcoming webseries|date=23 November 2022|accessdate=6 October 2023|work=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Content ! scope="col" |Category ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Ref. |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Hum Awards |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Mere Qatil Mere Dildar'' |Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |''Gul-e-Rana'' |Best Actress - Jury | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177515|title=Sang-e-Mar Mar and Udaari win big at the Hum Awards 2017|date=30 April 2017|work=Images|accessdate=26 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Best Actor - popular | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Onscreen Couple - Popular <br /><br /> <small>(With Feroze Khan)</small> | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="8" |2018 ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' |Best Actress Popular | {{Won}} | |- |Best Onscreen Couple - Popular <br /><br /> <small>(With Ahad Raza Mir)</small> | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/exciting-hum-awards-has-revealed-their-viewers-choice-nominations-list/|title=Exciting: Hum Awards has revealed their viewers choice nominations list|work=Daily Pakistan Global|accessdate=30 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Best Actress - Jury | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Onscreen Couple - Jury |{{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |''O Rangreza'' |Best on-screen couple Popular with Bilal Abbas Khan | {{Nom}} | |- |Best on-screen couple Jury with Bilal Abbas Khan | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/274951/hum-awards-2018-all-the-winners/|title=Hum Awards 2018: All the winners - Daily Times|date=29 July 2018|work=Daily Times|accessdate=30 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Best Actor Female Popular | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Actor Female Jury | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Lux Style Awards |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Nanhi'' |Best Television Actress - Satellite | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1124905/2014-lux-style-awards-meet-the-nominees|title=2014 Lux Style Awards: Meet the nominees!|author=Desk|first=Entertainment|date=13 August 2014|work=Dawn|accessdate=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2015 ! scope="row" |''Sannata'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/922031/lux-style-awards-2015-nominees-announced/|title=Lux Style Awards 2015 nominees announced {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=16 July 2015|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2016 ! scope="row" |''Khuda Dekh Raha Hai'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1175460/lux-style-awards-2016-nominations-are-out-did-your-favourite-star-make-the-cut|title=Lux Style Awards 2016 nominations are out — did your favourite star make the cut?|date=31 May 2016|work=Images|accessdate=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Gul-e-Rana'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="16th" /> |- ! scope="row" |''Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hai'' |Best Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="16th">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1355888/16th-lux-style-awards-nominations-predictions/|title=16th Lux Style Awards: Nominations and predictions {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=15 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=26 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 ! scope="row" |''O Rangreza'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="17th">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1607894/4-lux-style-awards-2018-nominations/|title=Lux Style Awards 2018: And the nominations are... {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=13 January 2018|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=26 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' |Best TV Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="17th" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''Aangan'' |Best Television Actress- Viewer's Choice | {{Nom}} |<ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2266809/lux-style-awards-2020-and-the-nominees-are?|title=Lux Style Awards 2020: And the nominees are...|work=The Express Tribune|date=3 October 2020|language=en|accessdate=12 January 2022}}</ref> |- |Best Television Actress- Critics Choice | {{Nom}} |<ref name="nom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/entertainment/2020/10/lux-style-awards-2020-nominations-for-the-categories-announced/|title=Lux Style Awards 2020: Nominations For The Categories Announced|work=bolnews.com|language=en|accessdate=5 October 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''Alif'' |Best Television Actress (Critics' Choice) | {{Nom}} |<ref name="lsa 2021">{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188259|title=Lux Style Awards announces nominations for its 20th edition|work=Dawn Images|date=26 August 2021|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |Best Television Actress (Viewers' Choice) | {{Nom}} |<ref name="lsa 2021" /> |- ! scope="row" |''Yeh Dil Mera'' |Best Original Soundtrack <br /><br /> <small>(With Naved Nashad)</small> | {{Nom}} | |- |2022 ! scope="row" |''Khel Khel Mein'' |Best Film Actress |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2387740/lsa-2022-and-the-nominees-are|title=LSA 2022: And the nominees are|date=23 November 2022}}</ref> |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''Sinf-e-Aahan'' |Best TV Actress Critics' choice |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/2438044/lux-style-awards-2023-nominations-out-now-pasoori-joyland-mere-humsafar-reign-supreme%3famp=1|title=Lux Style Awards 2023 nominations out now: Pasoori, Joyland, Mere Humsafar reign supreme|work=Tribute.com|accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |IPPA Awards |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' |Best Actress TV (Viewer's Choice) | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Actress TV (Jury's Choice) | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=29 January 2021|publisher=Mangobaaz|url=https://www.mangobaaz.com/ippa-awards-winners|title=Here Are All The Winners From The IPPA Awards Held In London|date=10 September 2018|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203085533/https://www.mangobaaz.com/ippa-awards-winners}}</ref> |- |Best Jodi of the year <br /><br /> <small>(With Ahad Raza Mir)</small> | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Pakistan Media Awards |- | rowspan="2" |2014 ! scope="row" |''Nanhi'' | rowspan="2" |Best Drama Actress | {{Nom}} | |- ! scope="row" |''Gohar-e-Nayab'' | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |47th Nigar Awards |- |2017 ! scope="row" |''Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hai'' |Best Debut Female |{{Nom}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Daily Times |- |2019 | {{NA}} |Pride of Pakistan | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |ARY Digital- Social Media Drama Awards 2018 |- |2019 ! scope="row" |''Noor ul Ain'' |Best Couple with Imran Abbas | {{Nom}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |DIAFA Awards |- |2020 ! scope="row" |For contribution to Film and Television |International Icon Award | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/in-the-city/sajal-aly-wins-international-icon-award-at-diafa-in-dubai|title=Sajal Aly wins International Icon award at DIAFA in Dubai|date=30 November 2020|work=Khaleej Times|accessdate=6 December 2023}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Pakistan International Screen Awards |- |2020 ! scope="row" |''Aangan'' |Best Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/544542/sajal-nominated-for-best-tv-actress-award-at-pisa-2020/|title=Sajal nominated for Best TV Actress award at PISA 2020|work=Daily Times|date=23 January 2020|accessdate=}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Filmfare Middle East Awards |- |2022 | {{NA}} |Popular Face of Pakistani Cinema |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2387276/sajal-humayun-fahad-join-bollywoods-best-at-filmfare-me-receive-honours|title=Sajal, Humayun, Fahad join Bollywood's best at Filmfare ME, receive honours|date=20 November 2022|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * {{IMDb name|6911446}} * Sajal Aly on Instagram * Sajal Aly on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pdj8qdbqd5oeo2vchslk7r40cbvka54 687771 687770 2026-07-13T10:22:08Z KiranBOT 25138 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 687771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sajal Aly''' ( Urdu , amuru 17 Jenụwarị 1994) bụ onye omere na ihe nlere anya Pakistan nke na-arụkarị ọrụ na telivishọn na ihe nkiri. Otu n'ime Pakistan kasị-akwụ ụgwọ actresses, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/trending/world/kubra-khan-to-sajal-aly-pakistans-top-9-highest-paid-actresses-1241409?|title=Kubra Khan to Sajal Aly: Pakistan's Top 9 HIGHEST-PAID actresses|date=7 September 2023|work=Pinkvilla|archivedate=15 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915164428/https://www.pinkvilla.com/trending/world/kubra-khan-to-sajal-aly-pakistans-top-9-highest-paid-actresses-1241409}}</ref> Aly enwetala ọtụtụ accolades gụnyere ise Hum Awards na a Lux Style Award nke iri na atọ nhọpụta. Ndị ọchịchị Pakistan kwanyere ya ugwu na Tamgha-e-Imtiaz . Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na sitcom ''Nadaaniyaan'' nke Geo TV (2009) wee pụta na onye ndu na opera ncha ''Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain'' (2011). Ọ gara n'ihu n'ịkwado ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi telivishọn wee nwee ọganihu na ihe ịga nke ọma dị egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ''Nanhi'' (2013) nke nwetara nhọpụta mbụ ya nke Lux Style Award for Best Actress TV . Otuto ọzọ bịara maka ihe ngosi ya na ihe nkiri ezinụlọ ''Sannata'' (2013-14) na ''Khuda Dekh Raha Hai'' (2015) nke ọ nwetara nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma na Lux Style Awards. Aly kemgbe ọ rụrụ ụfọdụ ọrụ dị iche iche ma mara ya nke ọma maka isi ya nkọwa siri ike nke Dr. Zubiya Asfandyar na ''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' (2017), Sassi na ''O Rangreza'' (2017–18), Momina Sultan na ''Alif'' (2019), Rabia Safeer na ''Sinf-e-Aahan'' (2021) na Aaliya Agha na ''[[Kuch Ankahi]]'' (2023) ihe ngosi ya niile nwetara nke ọma na abụọ mbụ n'ime ndị a nwetara ya Hum Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha ewu ewu na nke kacha mma n'otu n'otu. == Ndụ mmalite na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Aly na 17 Jenụwarị 1994 na Lahore Pakistan. O nwere otu nwanne nwanyị Saboor Ali, onye bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri na otu nwanne. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1174853|title=Sajal and sister Saboor Ali are both shooting their first films this year|first=Irfan Ul|author=Haq|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=26 May 2018}}</ref> Na 2017, nne ya, Rahat nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/379529-Actress-Sajal-Alis-mother-passes-away|title=Actress Sajal Ali's mother passes away - Entertainment - Dunya News|accessdate=26 May 2018|archivedate=17 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317200627/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/379529-Actress-Sajal-Alis-mother-passes-away}}</ref> N'ikwu okwu banyere ya n'oge a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru, "Ihe ọ bụla mere na-esote ka bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya. N'ụbọchị nne m nwụrụ, ụlọ ezumike a jupụtara na ndị mmadụ. Amaghị m otú m si nweta ike iji nweta ya niile, mana m mere ya. ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantribe.com/56388/pakistani-actress-model-sajal-ali-mother-died|title=Pakistani actress, model Sajal Ali mother died - PakistanTribe|date=17 March 2017|accessdate=26 May 2018|archivedate=18 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082658/https://www.pakistantribe.com/56388/pakistani-actress-model-sajal-ali-mother-died}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'agbanyeghị asịrị na-adịgide adịgide banyere mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-emekọ ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Ahad Raza Mir ebe ọ bụ na ha na-arụ ọrụ na 2018 usoro ''Yaqiin Ka Safar'', ha abụọ ekwughị n'ihu ọha banyere mmekọrịta ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1775233/ahad-raza-mir-responds-relationship-rumours-sajal-aly%3famp=1|title=Ahad Raza Mir responds to relationship rumours with Sajal Aly|work=Tribune.com|accessdate=7 August 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/amp/432415|title=Ahad Raza Mir, Sajal Aly fuel more dating rumors after recent statements|work=Business Recorder|accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> Ha gbara aka na 6 June 2019, na emume mmekọrịta chiri anya wee biputere foto na Instagram aka ya na isiokwu a, "Nke a bụ mmalite ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mom-actress-sajal-aly-gets-engaged-to-ahad-raza-mir-and-mahira-khan-is-all-heart-see-pic-1544414-2019-06-07|title=Mom film actress Sajal Aly gets engaged to Ahad Raza Mir and Mahira Khan is all heart. See pic|work=India Today|accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodshaadis.com/articles/sajal-aly-gets-engaged-to-ahad-raza-mir-13383|title=Sajal Aly Gets Engaged To Boyfriend, Ahad Raza Mir, Shares A Beautiful Picture Of Her New Beginnings|work=Bollywoodshaadis|accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref> Aly lụrụ Mir na 14 Maachị 2020 na [[Abu Dhabi]] ya na ezigbo ezinụlọ na ndị enyi nọ n'akụkụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sajal-ali-ahad-raza-mir-break-the-internet-with-their-fairytale-wedding-pictures-from-abu-dhabi-3976675/|title=Sajal Ali-Ahad Raza Mir Break The Internet With Their Fairytale Wedding Pictures From Abu Dhabi|work=India.com|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/277296-sajal-ali-and-ahad-raza-mir-getting-married-today-in-uae|title=Sajal Ali and Ahad Raza Mir get married in UAE|date=14 March 2020|work=Geo.tv}}</ref> Amụma gbasara nkewa ha gbara mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-anọghị n'oge dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/entertainment/2022/01/saboor-alys-mayun-ahad-raza-mir-missing-fans-speculate-sajal-aly-divorce/|title=Saboor Aly’s Mayun: Ahad Raza Mir missing, fans speculate Sajal Aly divorce|work=Bolnews|accessdate=6 January 2022}}</ref> Na Machị 2022, di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masala.com/celebrities/sajal-aly-ahad-raza-mir|title=Sajal Aly, Ahad Raza Mir part ways; couple officially divorced|date=17 March 2022|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/944474-sajal-aly-ahad-raza-mir-divorce-called-out-months-ago-by-astrologer-viral-video|title=Sajal Aly, Ahad Raza Mir divorce called out months ago by astrologer?: Viral Video|work=Thenews|accessdate=25 March 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbụ (2009-2012) === Aly mere mpụta mbụ ya na ihuenyo site n'ọrụ ugboro ugboro na sitcom Geo Entertainment ''Nadaaniyaan'' (2011). <ref name="pride">{{Cite web|title=Pride of Pakistan: Sajal Aly|author=Saira Agha|date=30 August 2018|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/289945/pride-of-pakistan-sajal-aly/|work=Daily Times}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe ngosi na-esote ya na ọrụ ndị isi n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ncha gụnyere, melodrama ''Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain'', <ref name="int" /> <ref name="stardom">{{Cite web|date=6 December 2017|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178922|title=After what I've been through I find it difficult to take stardom seriously: Sajal Ali|work=Dawn Images|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Sumaira Jajja}}</ref> <ref name="personal">{{Cite web|date=4 December 2018|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1859782/personal-life-not-commentary-sajal-aly|title=My personal life is not up for commentary: Sajal Aly|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=4 December 2018|author=Mahwash Ajaz}}</ref> ezinụlọ ''Ahmed Habib Ki Betiyan'' <ref name="pride" /> na nkwado ọrụ na ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge ochie ''Mastana Mahi'', <ref name="pride" /> <ref name="justice">{{Cite web|date=16 December 2017|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/160373/sajal-aly-can-justice-character-saniya-tanhaiyaan-marina/|title=Sajal Aly can do justice to the character of Saniya from 'Tanhaiyaan': Marina|work=Daily Times|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Muhammad Ali}}</ref> na melodrama ''Meray Qatil Meray Dildar'', <ref name="int">{{Cite web|date=20 October 2019|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/543397-i-become-my-own-competition-after-each-role|title=I become my own competition after each role.|work=The News International|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Buraq Shabbir}}</ref> nke mechara nweta ya nhọpụta Hum Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado kacha mma . Na 2012, ọ rụrụ ọrụ titular na Express Entertainment 's ''Chandni'' . N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ natara otuto maka igosi nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na-ekwu okwu na Fasih Bari Khan ''Mohabbat Jaye Bhar Mein'' dere <ref name="pride"/> <ref name="stardom"/> O wee pụta dị ka ogbenye Esha ogbenye na ''Meri Ladli'' n'ihu Ahsan Khan, dị ka onye na-arịa ọrịa kansa enweghị nchekasị Zoya. na Fahim Burney 's ''Sitamgar'' chere Faisal Rehman, na dị ka nwa agbọghọ n'akụkụ na Syed Ahmed Kamran 's ''Mere Khuwabon Ka Diya'' megide Danish Taimoor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/77106-are-we-getting-too-comfortable-with-age-gaps|title=Are we getting too comfortable with age gaps?|work=The News International|date=24 August 2015|archivedate=31 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731053153/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/you/77106-are-we-getting-too-comfortable-with-age-gaps}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-esote bụ na Fasih Bari Khan ''Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah'' dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ohere maka nkeji ole na ole. <ref name="starlet">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/986994/meet-the-doe-eyed-starlet|title=Meet the doe-eyed starlet|author=Mehek Saeed|date=7 November 2015|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=11 October 2023}}</ref> === Ọganihu na nnabata (2013–2016) === N'afọ 2013, Aly nwetara otuto dị egwu maka ihe ngosi ya nke nwatakịrị na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ na Haseeb Hassan 's directed ''Nanhi'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2013-weekly/nos-21-07-2013/instep/mainarticle.asp|title=The good, the bad and the ugly|work=Jang (newspaper)|date=21 July 2013|author=Mehreen Hasan|archivedate=21 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721161755/https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2013-weekly/nos-21-07-2013/instep/mainarticle.asp}}</ref> <ref name="six">{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/182310/remembering-six-memorable-roles-acclaimed-actress-birthday/|title=Remembering six most memorable roles of the acclaimed actress on her birthday|date=17 January 2018|accessdate=7 June 2021|first=Bushra|author=Zafar Khan}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke ukwuu ma nweta ya nhọpụta nke Lux Style Award for Best TV Actress - Satellite and Pakistan Media Awards maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma. <ref name="six" /> Ngosipụta ya na-esote bụ na Abdullah Kadwani na Asad Qureshi 's ''Gohar-e-Nayab'' dị ka Gori titular, nwa mgbei nwere mmụọ pụrụiche n'agbanyeghị mmeso ahụ. Usoro ahụ nwetara aha ọzọ nke Pakistan Media Award maka Best Actress TV . Ọrụ ya dị ka nwata nwere nsogbu na Asim Raza 's ''Behadd'' n'akụkụ Nadia Jamil na Fawad Khan bụ ndị nkatọ toro ya. <ref name="justice"/> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbara egwu na Mohsin Mirza's ''Aasmanon Pay Likha'' na-eduzi n'akụkụ Sheheryar Munawar bụ nke ghọrọ usoro telivishọn kachasị elu nke afọ na Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2366658/sajal-sheheryars-sizzling-photo-shoot-sets-the-internet-on-fire?|title=Sajal, Sheheryar's sizzling photo shoot sets the internet on fire|date=19 July 2022|work=The Express Tribune|author=Entertainment Desk}}</ref> <ref name="pride"/> Aly gosiziri onye nwere nsogbu nkewa na Kashif Nisar duziri ''Sannata'' n'akụkụ Danish Taimoor na Saba Qamar . Ọrụ ya wetara nyocha ya dị mma yana nhọpụta Lux Style Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma. <ref name="pride" /> <ref name="5best">{{Cite web|date=30 October 2019|url=https://www.masala.com/sajal-aly-her-5-best-drama-performances-301167.html|title=Sajal Aly: Her 5 Best Drama Performances|work=masala dot com|accessdate=7 June 2021|author=Sophia Qureshi}}</ref> === Igwe onyonyo === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Ihe ndetu |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''O Meri Billi'' | Neelum | Express ntụrụndụ |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''Sitara Ki Muhabbat'' | Sitara | rowspan="6" | Hum TV |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''Mee Dant Ki Mohabbat'' | Sania |- | 2012 ! scope="row" | ''Kya Pyar Ho Gaya'' | Shagufta |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Doosra Naam'' | Naureen |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Behadd'' | Maha |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Yaqiin'' | Hania |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Band Baj Gaya'' | Mehwish | ARY Digital |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Bakht Bari'' | Bakhtbari | rowspan="8" | Hum TV |- | 2013 ! scope="row" | ''Daalụ n'oge'' | Zunaira |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Yaqiin'' | Samama |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Gidh'' | Kinza |- | 2014 ! scope="row" | ''Yoon Hum Miley'' | Wajeeha |- | 2015 ! scope="row" | ''Ishq maka ọrịre'' | Neima |} === Usoro webụ === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! Platform ! Ref. |- | 2021 ! scope="row" | ''Dhoop Ki Deewar'' | Sarah Sher Ali | rowspan="2" | ZEE5 | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sajal Aly and Ahad Raza Mir to Star In An Upcoming Romantic Drama|url=https://www.masala.com/sajal-aly-and-ahad-raza-mir-to-star-in-an-upcoming-romantic-drama-284484.html|date=September 2020}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''Uwe elu pink'' | Sofia | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/22-Nov-2022/sajal-wahaj-nazish-to-star-in-upcoming-webseries%3fversion=|title=Sajal, Wahaj, Nazish to star in upcoming webseries|date=23 November 2022|accessdate=6 October 2023|work=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Content ! scope="col" |Category ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Ref. |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Hum Awards |- |2013 ! scope="row" |''Mere Qatil Mere Dildar'' |Hum Award for Best Supporting Actress | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="3" |2017 ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |''Gul-e-Rana'' |Best Actress - Jury | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177515|title=Sang-e-Mar Mar and Udaari win big at the Hum Awards 2017|date=30 April 2017|work=Images|accessdate=26 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Best Actor - popular | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Onscreen Couple - Popular <br /><br /> <small>(With Feroze Khan)</small> | {{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="8" |2018 ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' |Best Actress Popular | {{Won}} | |- |Best Onscreen Couple - Popular <br /><br /> <small>(With Ahad Raza Mir)</small> | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/exciting-hum-awards-has-revealed-their-viewers-choice-nominations-list/|title=Exciting: Hum Awards has revealed their viewers choice nominations list|work=Daily Pakistan Global|accessdate=30 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Best Actress - Jury | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Onscreen Couple - Jury |{{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |''O Rangreza'' |Best on-screen couple Popular with Bilal Abbas Khan | {{Nom}} | |- |Best on-screen couple Jury with Bilal Abbas Khan | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/274951/hum-awards-2018-all-the-winners/|title=Hum Awards 2018: All the winners - Daily Times|date=29 July 2018|work=Daily Times|accessdate=30 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Best Actor Female Popular | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Actor Female Jury | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Lux Style Awards |- |2014 ! scope="row" |''Nanhi'' |Best Television Actress - Satellite | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1124905/2014-lux-style-awards-meet-the-nominees|title=2014 Lux Style Awards: Meet the nominees!|author=Desk|first=Entertainment|date=13 August 2014|work=Dawn|accessdate=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2015 ! scope="row" |''Sannata'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/922031/lux-style-awards-2015-nominees-announced/|title=Lux Style Awards 2015 nominees announced {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=16 July 2015|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2016 ! scope="row" |''Khuda Dekh Raha Hai'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1175460/lux-style-awards-2016-nominations-are-out-did-your-favourite-star-make-the-cut|title=Lux Style Awards 2016 nominations are out — did your favourite star make the cut?|date=31 May 2016|work=Images|accessdate=27 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 ! scope="row" |''Gul-e-Rana'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="16th" /> |- ! scope="row" |''Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hai'' |Best Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="16th">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1355888/16th-lux-style-awards-nominations-predictions/|title=16th Lux Style Awards: Nominations and predictions {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=15 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=26 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 ! scope="row" |''O Rangreza'' |Best Television Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="17th">{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1607894/4-lux-style-awards-2018-nominations/|title=Lux Style Awards 2018: And the nominations are... {{!}} The Express Tribune|date=13 January 2018|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=26 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' |Best TV Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref name="17th" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''Aangan'' |Best Television Actress- Viewer's Choice | {{Nom}} |<ref name="tri">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2266809/lux-style-awards-2020-and-the-nominees-are?|title=Lux Style Awards 2020: And the nominees are...|work=The Express Tribune|date=3 October 2020|language=en|accessdate=12 January 2022}}</ref> |- |Best Television Actress- Critics Choice | {{Nom}} |<ref name="nom">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/entertainment/2020/10/lux-style-awards-2020-nominations-for-the-categories-announced/|title=Lux Style Awards 2020: Nominations For The Categories Announced|work=bolnews.com|language=en|accessdate=5 October 2020}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2021 ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |''Alif'' |Best Television Actress (Critics' Choice) | {{Nom}} |<ref name="lsa 2021">{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1188259|title=Lux Style Awards announces nominations for its 20th edition|work=Dawn Images|date=26 August 2021|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |Best Television Actress (Viewers' Choice) | {{Nom}} |<ref name="lsa 2021" /> |- ! scope="row" |''Yeh Dil Mera'' |Best Original Soundtrack <br /><br /> <small>(With Naved Nashad)</small> | {{Nom}} | |- |2022 ! scope="row" |''Khel Khel Mein'' |Best Film Actress |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2387740/lsa-2022-and-the-nominees-are|title=LSA 2022: And the nominees are|date=23 November 2022}}</ref> |- |2023 ! scope="row" |''Sinf-e-Aahan'' |Best TV Actress Critics' choice |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/2438044/lux-style-awards-2023-nominations-out-now-pasoori-joyland-mere-humsafar-reign-supreme%3famp=1|title=Lux Style Awards 2023 nominations out now: Pasoori, Joyland, Mere Humsafar reign supreme|work=Tribute.com|accessdate=27 September 2023}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |IPPA Awards |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! rowspan="3" scope="row" |''Yaqeen Ka Safar'' |Best Actress TV (Viewer's Choice) | {{Nom}} | |- |Best Actress TV (Jury's Choice) | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=29 January 2021|publisher=Mangobaaz|url=https://www.mangobaaz.com/ippa-awards-winners|title=Here Are All The Winners From The IPPA Awards Held In London|date=10 September 2018|archivedate=3 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203085533/https://www.mangobaaz.com/ippa-awards-winners}}</ref> |- |Best Jodi of the year <br /><br /> <small>(With Ahad Raza Mir)</small> | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Pakistan Media Awards |- | rowspan="2" |2014 ! scope="row" |''Nanhi'' | rowspan="2" |Best Drama Actress | {{Nom}} | |- ! scope="row" |''Gohar-e-Nayab'' | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |47th Nigar Awards |- |2017 ! scope="row" |''Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hai'' |Best Debut Female |{{Nom}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Daily Times |- |2019 | {{NA}} |Pride of Pakistan | {{Won}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |ARY Digital- Social Media Drama Awards 2018 |- |2019 ! scope="row" |''Noor ul Ain'' |Best Couple with Imran Abbas | {{Nom}} | |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |DIAFA Awards |- |2020 ! scope="row" |For contribution to Film and Television |International Icon Award | {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/in-the-city/sajal-aly-wins-international-icon-award-at-diafa-in-dubai|title=Sajal Aly wins International Icon award at DIAFA in Dubai|date=30 November 2020|work=Khaleej Times|accessdate=6 December 2023}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Pakistan International Screen Awards |- |2020 ! scope="row" |''Aangan'' |Best Actress | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/544542/sajal-nominated-for-best-tv-actress-award-at-pisa-2020/|title=Sajal nominated for Best TV Actress award at PISA 2020|work=Daily Times|date=23 January 2020|accessdate=}}</ref> |- ! colspan="5" style="background:#bfd7ff;" |Filmfare Middle East Awards |- |2022 | {{NA}} |Popular Face of Pakistani Cinema |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2387276/sajal-humayun-fahad-join-bollywoods-best-at-filmfare-me-receive-honours|title=Sajal, Humayun, Fahad join Bollywood's best at Filmfare ME, receive honours|date=20 November 2022|work=The Express Tribune}}</ref> |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * {{IMDb name|6911446}} * Sajal Aly on Instagram * Sajal Aly on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gdaax1tqkxvdhx4olm8kezap23fhl6v 0 54079 687669 628487 2026-07-13T00:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Portia Woodman-Wickliffe''' (née '''Woodman''' ; amụrụ 12 Julaị 1991) bụ onye ọkpọ egwuregwu rugby New Zealand. Ọ na-egwu otu rugby n'akụkụ iri na ise na otu asaa, ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị otu egwuregwu rugby asaa nke mba New Zealand na otu egwuregwu rugby mba ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand . Woodman bụ onye otu ndị otu nwanyị asaa nke New Zealand nke meriri nrite ọla ọcha na Olympic Summer 2016 na [[Rio de Janeiro]] na ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Summer Summer 2020 na Tokyo na na asọmpi Summer Summer 2024 na Paris. Ọ lara ezumike nka na rugby asaa mba ụwa ka emechara asọmpi Olympic nke Paris. Na 2022, Woodman ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ meriri 200 gbalịsie ike na Sevens Series . Na Mee 2024, Woodman ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ meriri 250 gbalịsie ike na Sevens Series . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Portia Woodman na Kawakawa na 12 Julaị 1991 nye Kathryn na Kawhena Woodman . <ref name="Rattue1"/> <ref name="Diamond1">{{Cite web|author=Diamond|first=Amy|date=15 July 2018|title=Portia Woodman: Small town Northland girl finds home in Mount Maunganui|work=NZ Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/bay-of-plenty-times/news/portia-woodman-small-town-northland-girl-finds-home-in-mount-maunganui/E4LQKPHMHKRKBV7EBF2JC4CTXU/|accessdate=18 January 2023}}</ref> Ndị nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ma kpọọ ya aha ya n'aha heroine si na egwuregwu kachasị amasị ha, ''Onye ahịa nke Venice'' . <ref name="Rattue1" /> Woodman nwere ụmụnne abụọ Baden na Dalton. Woodman sitere na egwuregwu egwuregwu ya na nna ya, Kawhena na nwanne nna ya, Fred Woodman bụbu ndị ojii niile . Nwanne nna ya Richard Woodman gbara egwu maka North Auckland. Nne ya Kathryn nwere ọchịchọ nke igwu egwu maka Silver Ferns, ọ dịkwa nso na nhọrọ maka ndị otu mba ruo mgbe ọ tụụrụ ime na 16 na nwanne okenye Woodman. <ref name="Rattue1"/> Nwanne nne ya Te Aroha Keenan bụ onye bụbu Silver Fern . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jordan|first=Nick|date=2 January 2014|title=New Zealand Sevens star Portia Woodman targeting Brazilian return on Womens World Series|url=http://ur7s.com/news/new-zealand-sevens-star-portia-woodman-targeting-brazilian-return-on-womens-world-series|accessdate=29 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142739/http://ur7s.com/news/new-zealand-sevens-star-portia-woodman-targeting-brazilian-return-on-womens-world-series|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ gbara ọsọ nke ọma iji merie ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ isii n'ọsọ sprint n'ụbọchị ezinụlọ na marae mpaghara. <ref name="Rattue1"/> A hụrụ ọsọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, a gbakwara ya ume ịbanye n'egwuregwu . Oge mmalite ya bụ na Kaikohe tupu na 1997 ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Auckland. <ref name="Diamond1"/> Woodman dị afọ asaa na-echeta na ọ na-ewute ya mgbe ọ hapụrụ ebe obibi ya maara nke ọma. <ref name="Rattue1" /> Ihe mbụ ọ na-eme mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị bụ ballet ma ọ bụghị ruo otu afọ ka ọ nụchara na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ka onye nchịkwa nke otu ụmụ nwoke gwara ya ka ọ sonyere otu egwuregwu rugby ya. Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ naanị nwa agbọghọ na-egwu rugby na Glenfield Rugby Union na Sports Club . <ref name="Rattue1">{{Cite web|author=Rattue|first=Chris|date=7 July 2018|title=Rugby superstar Portia Woodman on healing a Black Ferns rift, Jonah Lomu and more|work=NZ Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/rugby-superstar-portia-woodman-on-healing-a-black-ferns-rift-jonah-lomu-and-more/ABSMTYDV5WQ65BR3RWFKIVQAQY/|accessdate=27 January 2023|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203035752/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/rugby-superstar-portia-woodman-on-healing-a-black-ferns-rift-jonah-lomu-and-more/ABSMTYDV5WQ65BR3RWFKIVQAQY/}}</ref> Nne ya gbara ume ọ gbakwara bọọlụ. <ref name="Rattue1" /> Mgbe Woodman dị afọ itoolu, ọ na-ekiri ihe nkiri Jonah Lomu na TV na-egwu egwu megide ndị otu Bekee na 1995 World Cup ma kwusara nna ya na ya chọrọ ịbụ nwanyị Jona Lomu. <ref name="Binner1"/> <ref name="Rattue1" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Mount Albert Grammar School ebe nwanne nna ya Te Aroha Keenan, bụ osote onye isi na onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu netball. Ebe rugby abụghị nhọrọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, naanị nhọrọ otu ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị na ya bụ netball. O nwekwara olile anya ịnọchite anya obodo ya n'egwuregwu olimpik wee sonye n'egwuregwu ahụ malite mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ruo mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ iri na asaa. <ref name="RW1" /> Nke a pụtara ijide ụgbọ ala atọ site na Mt Albert Grammar School iji gaa ọzụzụ sprint na AUT Millennium na North Shore. <ref name="CowleyRoss1">{{Cite web|author=Cowley Ross|first=Sarah|date=13 July 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: Portia Woodman's 'unreal love' for her Black Fern fiancée|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/nz-olympic-team/300355828/tokyo-olympics-portia-woodmans-unreal-love-for-her-black-fern-fiance|accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> N'ime izu ụka okpomọkụ Woodman ga-asọ mpi maka ọgbakọ egwuregwu Takapuna na mmemme egwuregwu. Ihe pụtara ìhè n'ọrụ egwuregwu ya bụ ịsọ mpi na 100 mita na mwụli elu okpukpu atọ na asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị New Zealand na 2008 na asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị North Island New Zealand na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Athletics New Zealand Records & Rankings – Portia Woodman|work=Athletics New Zealand Records & Rankings|publisher=Athletics New Zealand|url=http://www.anzrankings.org.nz/site/profiles_con/athlete/503095|accessdate=28 January 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ Netball == Ka ọ na-erule oge ọ nọ n'afọ iri na ụma Woodman bịarutere na nkwubi okwu na ọ gaghị adị ngwa ngwa iji ruo asọmpi Olympic mana ebe ọ ka hụrụ egwuregwu n'anya, ọ gara n'ihu na ya ka ọ na-etinyekwu uche na netball. <ref name="Binner1"/> O weere netball ka ọ bụrụ naanị egwuregwu otu nke nyere ya ohere kachasị mma ịme egwuregwu n'ọkachamara. Ikike Woodman mere ka a họpụta ya dị ka onye mmepe mmepe maka Northern Mystics tupu ya abanye n'òtù ndị isi ha na 2012. <ref name="NZHerald1">{{Cite web|date=12 July 2013|title=Rugby: Woodman set for auspicious debut|work=[[The New Zealand Herald|NZ Herald]]|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10897443|accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ gbara na Trans-Tasman Netball League na 2011 ahọpụtara maka ndị otu mmepe Netball New Zealand. == Ọrụ Rugby == === Gaa maka ọla edo === Na 2012 New Zealand Rugby Union haziri otu mba niile "Gaa maka ọla edo" iji chọpụta talent nwere ikike ịnọchite anya New Zealand na asọmpi Sevens na 2016 Summer Olympics, ebe rugby asaa na-eme mpụta mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand Rugby Union begins search for Olympic hopefuls|url=https://boxscorenews.com/new-zealand-rugby-union-begins-search-for-olympic-hopefuls-p32036-128.htm|accessdate=20 August 2021|work=boxscorenews.com}}</ref> Woodman matara nke a site na mgbasa ozi na Facebook nke kpaliri ma Woodman na enyi ya Kayla McAlister na Northern Mystics ịga ikpe. <ref name="Swannell"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Young|first=Henry|date=6 April 2016|title='Rugby Idol' dreams of the biggest stage|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/06/sport/portia-woodman-rugby-sevens-olympics-netball/index.html|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> N'oge ikpe (nke ha gara na-agwaghị onye nchịkwa ha) etinyere ha site na mgbatị ahụ dị iche iche, nkà rugby na ọrụ nyocha agwa. <ref name="Swannell" /> N'ime mmadụ 800 gara ikpe ahụ, Woodman na McAlister so na mmadụ 30 e chere na ha na-ekwe nkwa bụ ndị gara ogige ọzụzụ na Waiouru n'etiti 2012. Woodman chọpụtara mmekọrịta ozugbo na egwuregwu ahụ. N'ileghachi anya azụ, Woodman ekwuola na ịgba ọsọ nyere ya ike ịgba ọsọ nke ọma, ebe netball nyere ya aka ụkwụ na nkà nhazi anya anya iji jide na ịgba ọsọ. <ref name="Binner1">{{Cite web|author=Binner|first=Andrew|date=5 December 2020|title=Exclusive! Rugby ace Portia Woodman on her mission for double gold in 2021|work=olympics.com|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/interview-portia-woodman-rugby-double-gold-2021|accessdate=1 February 2023}}</ref> Site n'ikike nke CEO nke Northern Mystics, Woodman na McAlister kwere ka igwu ma netball na rugby. Nkwekọrịta mbụ Woodman maka ịgba egwu asaa na-akwụ ya $20,000 kwa afọ. <ref name="Rattue1"/> Iji weta ego ọzọ Woodman ga-azụ n'etiti 5:30 na 7:30 n'ụtụtụ tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka onye nkuzi n'ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka tupu ya emekwuo ọzụzụ na mgbede. <ref name="Binner1"/> === Mpụta mbụ maka asaa === Na mpụta izizi mba ụwa nke asaa ya na 2012 Oceania Women's Sevens Championship na Fiji ọ gbajiri ubu na egwuregwu mbụ ya, n'ihi na ọ maghị ka esi eme ya nke ọma na otu nwanyị Woodman gbadoro ụkwụ n'elu ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu ndị ọzọ na asọmpi ahụ. Otu a meriri asọmpi nke mere ka ha banye n'asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke afọ 2013 na Moscow, Russia. Mmerụ ahụ Woodman mere na ọ naghị enwe ike igwu egwu n'asọmpi netball nke mba yana ndị Mystics anaghịzi akpọ ya òkù maka ule. Nke a na-eduga na ịchụpụ Woodman na netball's Accelerant Squad. <ref name="RW1" /> O weere nke a dị ka ihe ịrịba ama ma na-echegbu onwe ya na ọ ga-atụfu ohere na-etolite na rugby o kpebiri itinye uche zuru oke na rugby. <ref name=RW1>{{cite web |author= <!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date= 21 November 2022 |title= Eau de Rugby |website= Rugby World |url= https://www.nzrugbyworld.co.nz/article/eau-de-rugby |access-date= 1 February 2023}}</ref> Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị nne ya chọrọ ka ọ nye netball afọ abụọ ka ọ chere na nwa ya nwanyị dị nso ka a họrọ ya maka Black Ferns. <ref name="Diamond1"/> A họpụtara Woodman n'akụkụ Lauren Burgess, Marama Davis, Sarah Goss, Lavinia Gould, Carla Hohepa, Chyna Hohepa, Linda Itunu, Kayla McAlister, Huriana Manuel, Tyla Nathan Wong na Amanda Rasch na otu New Zealand maka mmalite 2012–13 IRB Women's World Sevens World. Usoro, nke ha meriri mgbe nke anọ gasịrị na Houston wee merie na Guangzhou na Amsterdam na-enweta ihe 169 ma kwenye 34. <ref name="Swannell"/> <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2012|title=New Zealand Name Exciting Women's Sevens Squad|work=Boxscore News|url=https://boxscorenews.com/new-zealand-name-exciting-womens-sevens-squad-p50577-128.htm|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Woodman bụ onye kachasị anwale na akara akara n'usoro a nwere isi 105 site na 21 nwara. <ref name="Young1">{{Cite web|author=Young|first=Henry|date=6 April 2016|title=Portia Woodman: 'Rugby Idol' dreams of performing on the biggest stage|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/sport/portia-woodman-rugby-sevens-olympics-netball/index.html|accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> === Mpụta mbụ maka Black Ferns iri na ise === Ọrụ ya na asaa dugara Woodman na-agbapụta maka Black Ferns iri na ise na 2013 megide England . <ref name="NZHerald1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/sport/portia-woodman-to-make-black-ferns-debut-2013071213|title=Portia Woodman to make Black Ferns debut|work=3 News|date=12 July 2013|accessdate=29 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523082457/http://www.3news.co.nz/sport/portia-woodman-to-make-black-ferns-debut-2013071213|archivedate=23 May 2015}}</ref> Nlaghachi na mmecha asaa na oge 2014 – 15, Woodman meriri 52, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ asaa nke ise mebie ihe dị ịrịba ama ọkara narị afọ n'otu usoro, na nwanyị mbụ. <ref name="Young1"/> N'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ Woodman aha World Rugby Women's Sevens Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Sevens Players of the Year 2019 nominees announced|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/news/447646?lang=en|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> === Egwuregwu Olympic Rio 2016 === N'afọ 2016, Woodman bụ onye otu New Zealand Sevens nke gbara asọmpi na Rugby asaa na Rio Olympics . Ọstrelia meriri New Zealand na 24–17 ikpeazụ. Woodman bụ onye gbara mbọ kacha agba mbọ, gbatara ngụkọta nke mbo iri n'ofe asọmpi ụbọchị atọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Rugby ace Portia Woodman on her mission for double gold in 2021|work=Olympics.com|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/interview-portia-woodman-rugby-double-gold-2021|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> === 2017 World Cup === Ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu Black Ferns nke iri na ise maka otu ndị otu egwuregwu Rugby World nke ụmụ nwanyị 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Ferns squad for 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup named|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=http://www.allblacks.com/News/31052/black-ferns-squad-for-2017-womens-rugby-world-cup-named|language=en|accessdate=13 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142409/http://www.allblacks.com/News/31052/black-ferns-squad-for-2017-womens-rugby-world-cup-named|archivedate=12 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=5 July 2017|title=Black Ferns World Cup squad named|work=Radio New Zealand|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/sport/334498/black-ferns-world-cup-squad-named|accessdate=13 August 2017|language=en-nz}}</ref> Ndị Black Fern gara n'ihu imeri iko mba ụwa. Woodman nwetara akara kachasị (65) na ọgbalị kachasị (13) n'oge asọmpi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Rugby World Cup 2017: By the numbers ｜ Rugby World Cup 2021|work=Rugby World Cup|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2021/news/276877|accessdate=20 August 2021|language=en}}</ref> Woodman agbaghị egwu maka Black Ferns iri na ise ọzọ ruo 2021, n'ihi njikọta nke nkwa asaa, mmerụ ahụ na ọrịa COVID-19. === Egwuregwu Commonwealth 2018 Gold Coast === Ahọpụtara Woodman na New Zealand Sevens squad na 2018 Commonwealth Games. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand rugby sevens teams named for Commonwealth Games|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/new-zealand-rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/|accessdate=20 August 2021|language=en-NZ|archivedate=28 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228034835/https://www.allblacks.com/news/new-zealand-rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/}}</ref> Asọmpi 2018 bụ nke mbụ a na-asọ mpi rugby asaa nke ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi Commonwealth. Ndị Black Fern meriri ọla edo na oge mgbakwunye, meriri [[Ostraliya|Australia]] 17–12. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand claim historic Commonwealth Games double gold – HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/news/324013?lang=en|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> === Mmerụ ahụ === Woodman gbajiri akaị Achilles ya ka ọ na-alaghachi azụ n'oge ọzụzụ na Ugwu Maunganui na Ọktoba 2018. Nne na nna ya abụọ enweela mmerụ ahụ Achilles. <ref name="Swannell">{{Cite book|author=Swannell|first=Rikki|year=2022|title=Sevens Sisters: How a People First Culture Turned Silver into Gold|location=Auckland|publisher=Mower|pages=20, 22, 37, 114–117, 128–129|isbn=978-1-990003-58-5}}</ref> Mgbe a wachara ya ahụ, ọ bụ n'afọ 2019 ka ọ na-enwe ike igwu egwu ọzọ. Woodman laghachiri na asaa na Nọvemba 2019 na asọmpi Oceania, naanị ka ọ merụrụ ahụ hamstring ọzọ na ikpeazụ megide Australia ka ọ na-achụ Sariah Paki. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2019|title=Portia Woodman injured as Black Ferns Sevens go down to Australia in Oceania final|work=1 News|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2019/11/09/portia-woodman-injured-as-black-ferns-sevens-go-down-to-australia-in-oceania-final/|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Mmerụ ahụ were ogologo oge karịa ka a tụrụ anya ka ọ gwọọ ya, nke mere ka Woodman nwee obi abụọ ma ọ ga-enwe ike igwu egwu ọzọ. Site na nkwado sitere n'aka onye nkuzi nka uche nke asaa na ndị enyi ya ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na mgbake ya. <ref name="Binner1"/> Ka ọ na-erule oge a kpochapụrụ ya ịbanyeghachi n'otu egwuregwu ahụ, mkpọchi COVID-19 na New Zealand zụtara njedebe nke ọzụzụ otu ahụ ọnụ. <ref name="Swannell"/> N'otu oge ahụ Woodman chere na ọ kaghị azụ n'ọnọdụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ ọsọ zuru oke. N'ịbụ onye kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-anwale ụzọ ọzọ iji nwetaghachi ihu ya, o jiri ndụmọdụ New Zealand sprint nchịkwa Kerry Hill weghachite usoro ịgba ọsọ ya. <ref name="Stanley1" /> Iji nwetakwuo mma ụkwụ ya na ịkwụsị ịmalite ịmị ọkụ, ọ nwere ike (site na nkwado nke Cory Sweeney) ịnweta ikike n'aka New Zealand Rugby ka ọ kpọọ egwuregwu netball atọ. <ref name="Swannell" /> <ref name="Stanley1">{{Cite web|author=Stanley|first=Ashley|date=4 August 2020|title=Wonder Woodman off to a flying re-start|work=Newsroom|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/lockerroom/wonder-woodman-off-to-a-flying-re-start|accessdate=3 February 2023}}</ref> N'ihi enweghị Sevens rugby Woodman gbalịsiri ike ijigide ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya ịnọgide na-azụ ọzụzụ. Mgbe ahụ ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Sevens were nhọrọ nke ịgba rugby iri na ise n'akụkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Alison|date=June 2020|title=NZ 7s stars to boost club game|work=Scrum Queens|url=https://www.scrumqueens.com/news/nz-7s-stars-boost-club-game|accessdate=2 February 2023|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203035804/https://www.scrumqueens.com/news/nz-7s-stars-boost-club-game}}</ref> Woodman laghachiri ka ya na nwanne nne ya nọrọ n'ugbo ya ebe n'ime ọnwa atọ na-esote ọ gbara bọọlụ rugby maka klọb Kaikohe na mpaghara rugby nke mba maka otu ụmụ nwanyị Northland Kauri. <ref name="Stanley1"/> N'agbanyeghị onyinye Woodman gbara mbọ abụọ Kaikohe tụfuru ikpeazụ asọmpi Northland na Te Rarawa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Clay|date=12 September 2020|title=Rugby Sevens: Star power a boost to Farah Palmer Cup|work=Radio New Zealand|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/425850/rugby-sevens-star-power-a-boost-to-farah-palmer-cup|accessdate=3 February 2023}}</ref> Ebe Northland Kauri enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma na mmeri Farah Palmer Cup na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị mpaghara mpaghara 2020 Woodman gbara ọkpụ isii na mmeri 77–3 otu ya meriri Taranaki. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chapman|first=Grant|date=11 October 2020|title=Farah Palmer Cup 2020: Portia Woodman scores six tries in Northland romp over Taranaki|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2020/10/farah-palmer-cup-2020-portia-woodman-scores-six-tries-in-northland-romp-over-taranaki.html|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Isi iri atọ ọ nwetara bụ nke onye egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị Northland kacha nweta n'otu egwuregwu. Asọmpi a nyekwara aka n'ịkwalite ịhụnanya ya n'egwuregwu ahụ. <ref name="Swannell"/> N'etiti nkwa rugby Woodman nwere ike ịga n'ihu na nkuzi ụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ na nwanne nna ya na Northland. Nlaghachi Woodman na asaa bụ mgbe ọ gbara ndị otu ike egwu na asọmpi 2020 Red Bull Ignite7 asaa emere na Blake Park na Mt Maunganui na 5–6 Disemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2020|title=Teams selected for 2020 Red Bull Ignite7|work=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.nzrugby.co.nz/news-and-events/latest-news/teams-selected-for-2020-red-bull-ignite7/|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> Mmeghe nke afụ trans-Tasman na Mee 2021 kwere ka ịme egwuregwu isii megide Australia na ngalaba Orākei na Auckland. Ndị Black Sevens meriri usoro 5–1 na Woodman laghachiri n'ụdị dị elu. <ref name="Swannell"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=23 May 2021|title=Portia Woodman stars as Black Ferns sevens march to fifth win over Australia in warm-up for Tokyo Olympics|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/125220729/portia-woodman-stars-as-black-ferns-sevens-march-to-fifth-win-over-australia-in-warmup-for-tokyo-olympics|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref> === Egwuregwu Olympic nke Tokyo 2020 === Woodman bụ onye otu New Zealand Sevens nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Tokyo nke emere na Julaị 2021. === Egwuregwu Commonwealth 2022 === Akpọrọ Woodman aha na Black Ferns Sevens squad maka egwuregwu Commonwealth 2022 na Birmingham . <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2022|title=Rugby Sevens teams named for Commonwealth Games|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/|accessdate=4 July 2022|language=en-NZ|archivedate=29 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629071628/https://www.allblacks.com/news/rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2022|title=Experienced New Zealand sevens squads revealed for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/300624797/experienced-new-zealand-sevens-squads-revealed-for-commonwealth-games|accessdate=4 July 2022|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> O nwetara ihe nrite ọla na mmemme ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=McConnell|first=Lynn|date=1 August 2022|title=Double bronze for New Zealand Sevens sides in Birmingham|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/double-bronze-for-new-zealand-sevens-sides-in-birmingham/|accessdate=5 August 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ|archivedate=5 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805172813/https://www.allblacks.com/news/double-bronze-for-new-zealand-sevens-sides-in-birmingham/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2022|title=NZ Sevens sides bounce back to win bronze medals|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/01/black-ferns-sevens-bounce-back-for-bronze-in-tough-canada-clash/|accessdate=5 August 2022|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> Ọ sokwa na ndị otu nwetara ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke Rugby Sevens na [[Cape Town]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=12 September 2022|title=New Zealand sides scoop silver in Cape Town|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/heartbreak-for-new-zealand-sides-in-cape-town/|accessdate=22 September 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ|archivedate=22 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922010536/https://www.allblacks.com/news/heartbreak-for-new-zealand-sides-in-cape-town/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2022|title=NZ Sevens come up short, losing World Cup finals in Cape Town|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/12/nz-sevens-come-up-short-losing-world-cup-finals-in-cape-town/|accessdate=22 September 2022|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Sam|date=11 September 2022|title=Recap: New Zealand's men and women beaten in Rugby World Cup Sevens finals in Cape Town|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/sevens/300684524/recap-new-zealands-men-and-women-lose-their-rugby-world-cup-sevens-finals-in-cape-town|accessdate=22 September 2022|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> === 2021 Rugby World Cup === Woodman mere otu ndị egwuregwu 32 Black Ferns maka iko mba ụwa Rugby 2021 ebidoro. <ref name=":022">{{Cite web|date=13 September 2022|title=Black Ferns squad locked in for Rugby World Cup|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-squad-locked-in-for-rugby-world-cup/|accessdate=15 September 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ|archivedate=13 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913133032/https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-squad-locked-in-for-rugby-world-cup/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2022|title=Black Ferns Rugby World Cup squad named|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/474684/black-ferns-rugby-world-cup-squad-named|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=Radio New Zealand|language=en-nz}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ asaa ka ndị Black Ferns meriri [[Japan]] 95–12 na nhụta mbụ ha tupu asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=24 September 2022|title=Woodman bags seven tries in Japan rout|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/woodman-bags-seven-tries-in-japan-rout/|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2022|title=Woodman scores seven as Black Ferns thrash Japan before World Cup|url=https://www.rugby.com.au/news/black-ferns-thrash-japan-before-world-cup-2022924|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=rugby.com.au|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=McKendry|first=Patrick|date=24 September 2022|title=Portia Woodman scores seven tries as Black Ferns demolish Japan|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/24/portia-woodman-scores-seven-tries-as-black-ferns-demolish-japan/|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> N'ime egwuregwu mmeghe nke Black Ferns nke iko mba ụwa Rugby, Woodman meriri okpu okpu megide Wallaroos . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=8 October 2022|title=Black Ferns open World Cup with comeback win|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-open-world-cup-with-win/|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ|archivedate=27 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027220306/https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-open-world-cup-with-win/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=8 October 2022|title=Rugby World Cup: Portia Woodman hat-trick rescues Black Ferns in tense opening win over Australia|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/rugby-world-cup/130111193/rugby-world-cup-portia-woodman-hattrick-rescues-black-ferns-in-tense-opening-win-over-australia|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ ọ gbatara ọkpụ ọkpụ abụọ n'ime ha megide Wales n'egwuregwu ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=16 October 2022|title=Black Ferns safely into RWC quarterfinals|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-safely-into-rwc-quarterfinals/|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2022|title=Rugby World Cup: Black Ferns defeat Wales 56–12|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/476782/rugby-world-cup-black-ferns-defeat-wales-56-12|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=Radio New Zealand|language=en-nz}}</ref> Mgbe Black Ferns chere Wales ihu ọzọ na nkeji iri na ise, ọ meriri okpukpu abụọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=29 October 2022|title=Black Ferns storm into the final four|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-storm-into-the-final-four/|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ|archivedate=4 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104065149/https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-storm-into-the-final-four/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2022|title=New Zealand 55–3 Wales: Black Ferns knock Wales out of Rugby World Cup at quarter-final stage|url=https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12321/12732953/new-zealand-55-3-wales-black-ferns-knock-wales-out-of-rugby-world-cup-at-quarter-final-stage|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref> N'asọmpi iko mba ụwa, a manyere Woodman ka ọ pụọ n'ọhịa ka ha na onye ọkpọ England, Lydia Thompson gbachara isi, na nkeji iri na asatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 November 2022|title='Can't remember anything': Black Ferns star's scary admission after Cup final|work=NZ Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/rugby-world-cup-black-ferns-star-portia-woodman-reveals-she-cant-remember-world-cup-final-win-over-england/ML654UUQNFD4PAT6774INLPO7Y/|accessdate=27 November 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Long|first=David|date=13 November 2022|title='I don't know if she'll remember much': Black Ferns coach on Portia Woodman's condition after head knock|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/rugby-world-cup/130459376/i-dont-know-if-shell-remember-much-black-ferns-coach-on-portia-woodmans-condition-after-head-knock|accessdate=27 November 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ịgbalị asaa na mkpokọta Woodman bụ onye kacha agba mbọ na iko mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=15 November 2022|title=Black Ferns by the Numbers at the Rugby World Cup|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-by-the-numbers-at-the-rugby-world-cup/|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> === Laghachi na usoro asaa === Mgbe ọ zuru ike n'ọrụ iko ụwa ya, ọ laghachiri igwu egwu na asọmpi nke atọ na nke fọdụrụ nke oge 2022–2023 asaa. N'ime egwuregwu nkeji iri na ise megide [[Kánada|Canada]] na asọmpi 2022 Canada Women's Sevens emere na Langford na 30 Eprel - 1 Mee 2022 ọ gbara mbọ 200th ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lyth|first=Jaime|date=2 May 2022|title=Northland's Portia Woodman first to reach 200 World Series tries|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/northlands-portia-woodman-first-to-reach-200-world-series-tries/S5AASO4HA4RQRVY7PH7TKYSPGI/|work=NZ Herald|accessdate=6 May 2024}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu New Zealand maka oge 2023–24, n'oge nke na Los Angeles na 2 na 3 Maachị 2024 ọ gbara asọmpi n'asọmpị mba asaa nke iri ise ya. <ref name="Morton">{{Cite web|author=Morton|first=Finn|date=3 March 2024|title=Portia Woodman-Wickliffe among three history-making women at SVNS LAX|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/portia-woodman-wickliffe-among-three-history-making-women-at-svns-lax/|work=Rugby Pass|accessdate=5 March 2024}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ise ndị ọzọ ruru ọkwa a dị ịrịba ama, n'etiti ndị ọzọ bụ Charlotte Caslick, Sharni Williams na Chloé Pelle . <ref name="Morton" /> N'oge egwuregwu megide Ireland na 2024 Singapore Sevens asọmpi e mere na 3–5 Mee 2024 ọ gbara mbọ 250th ya, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morton|first=Finn|date=4 May 2024|title=Watch: SVNS great Portia Woodman-Wickliffe makes more rugby history|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/watch-svns-great-portia-woodman-wickliffe-makes-more-history/|work=RugbyPass|accessdate=6 May 2024}}</ref> gbakwunyere ọ gbakwara mbọ na ikpeazụ, nke wetara ya na ndekọ 36 gbara mbọ na ngwụcha Sevens, n'ihu. nke Michaela Blyde nwere 32 na Charlotte Caslick na-esote ya na 13. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=6 May 2024|title=Sevens Blackwash in Singapore|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/sevens-blackout-in-singapore|work=All Blacks|accessdate=6 May 2024|archivedate=6 May 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506024441/https://www.allblacks.com/news/sevens-blackout-in-singapore}}</ref> Ọ kwụsịrị oge asaa nke 2023–24 ka ọ gbagoro egwuregwu 43 wee gbaa mbọ 27. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Portia Woodman-Wickliffe|work=SVNS|url=https://www.svns.com/en/teams/new-zealand|accessdate=21 June 2024}}</ref> Na 20 June 2024 a mara ọkwa na ahọpụtara ya ka onye otu New Zealand Women's Rugby Sevens maka asọmpi Paris . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kermeen|first=Mat|date=20 June 2024|title=Sevens star Sarah Hirini completes 'unbelievable' recovery for Paris Olympics|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/350317426/sevens-star-sarah-hirini-completes-unbelievable-recovery-paris-olympics|work=Stuff|accessdate=21 June 2024}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo, meriri Canada 19–12 n'ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burgess|first=Michael|date=31 July 2024|title=Olympics 2024: New Zealand women's rugby sevens clinch Olympic gold in Paris|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/olympics/olympics-2024-new-zealand-womens-rugby-sevens-clinch-olympic-gold-in-paris/RMU4PDY6C5BZFIXSKPRVYKXF4Q/|work=NZ Herald|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> Nke a bụ ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya maka otu asaa asaa nke New Zealand dị ka na mbụ na 2 Julaị 2024 Woodman kwuputara na ọ ga-ala ezumike nka na asaa mba ụwa ka emechara asọmpi Olympic Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 July 2024|title=Portia Woodman-Wickliffe announces impending retirement from international rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/portia-woodman-wickliffe-announces-impending-retirement-from-international-rugby|work=All Blacks|accessdate=5 August 2024}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * 2015 World Rugby Rugby Women's Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Awards 2015|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournaments/awards/past-winners/2015|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> * 2017 World Rugby Rugby Women's Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 November 2017|title=Barrett and Woodman named World Rugby Players of the Year 2017|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/news/296409|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> * 2017 Māori Sportswoman of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2017|title=Portia Woodman and Rieko Ioane win big at annual Māori Sports Awards|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/99489392/portia-woodman-and-rieko-ioane-win-big-at-annual-maori-sports-awards|accessdate=6 February 2023}}</ref> * 2020 World Rugby Women's Sevens Player of the Decade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Awards – Special Edition 2020|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournaments/awards/past-winners/2020|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Of Māori descent, Woodman affiliates to the Ngāpuhi iwi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2016|title=43 Māori athletes to head to Rio Olympics|work=Te Karere|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/te-karere-news/43-m-ori-athletes-head-rio-olympics-6485449|accessdate=6 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808161124/http://tvnz.co.nz/te-karere-news/43-m-ori-athletes-head-rio-olympics-6485449|archivedate=8 August 2016}}</ref> Woodman na onye Black Fern ibe ya na onye meriri iko mba ụwa Renee Wickliffe enweela mmekọrịta kemgbe 2013, ha lụrụ na Disemba 2022. Di na nwunye a anabatala aha nna ''Woodman-Wickliffe'' . <ref>{{Cite news|date=31 December 2022|title=Black Ferns Portia Woodman and Renee Wickliffe tie the knot|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/black-ferns/300776235/black-ferns-portia-woodman-and-renee-wickliffe-tie-the-knot|accessdate=15 January 2023}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Portia Woodman at the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series (archived) * Portia Woodman at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) * [http://stats.allblacks.com/asp/profile_bf.asp?BFID=5175 Black Ferns Profile] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0qvnooav7goxcnqqgahaul0y5om0k6r 0 54295 687803 656215 2026-07-13T11:09:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687803 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Samia Abdel Rahim Maimani''' (1955 - 20 Ọktoba 1997) bụ onye prọfesọ mahadum [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]], onye mepụtara, dibịa, na neurosurgeon . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stepfeed.com/these-arab-scientists-died-suddenly-and-mysteriously-2247|title=These Arab scientists died suddenly and mysteriously|date=19 November 2017|accessdate=24 October 2024|archivedate=10 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250710230256/https://stepfeed.com/these-arab-scientists-died-suddenly-and-mysteriously-2247}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nke King Faisal University College of Medicine na Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science . <ref name="almrsal" /> Ọ bụ nwanyị Saudi mbụ nwere ọkachamara na neurosurgery . O nwetara patent n'ọtụtụ ngalaba ahụike. A mụrụ Maimani na Saudi Arabia. Nna ya, Abd al-Rahim Maimani, nwere ihe mberede gbajiri okpokoro isi ya, wee gbuo ya ozugbo. <ref name="almrsal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.almrsal.com/post/234578|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213040330/https://www.almrsal.com/post/234578|archivedate=2019-12-13|title=لماذا قتلت الطبيبة السعودية " سامية ميمني " ؟|accessdate=2024-10-24}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. </cite></ref> Ihe ndị Maimani chepụtara gụnyere: * Usoro ntụrụndụ ụjọ, nke bụ nkeji nke kọmputa simulators, site na nke ị nwere ike ijikwa irighiri akwara, karịsịa ụbụrụ ụbụrụ kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ, ịkwaga ma gwọọ ha. * Ngwa gong nke nwere ike ijikwa neurons n'otu oge. * Ngwa a na-akpọ Mars nke na-achọpụta ọrịa kansa na mmalite nke ọrịa . Ihe ndị ọ mepụtara nwetara patent. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnabaa.net/566411|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228175725/https://www.elnabaa.net/566411|archivedate=2020-02-28|title=3 اختراعات وراء مقتل "سامية ميمنى"|date=June 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altamkeen.net/migrate/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%9F.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314213603/https://www.altamkeen.net/migrate/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%9F.html|title=العالمة السعودية سامية ميمني.. لماذا قتلت؟|archivedate=2020-03-14}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Dị ka akụkọ ndị uwe ojii steeti California si kwuo, a hụrụ Maimani ka ọ kpagburu n'ụlọ ya na 20 Ọktoba 1997. Ahụrụ ozu ya n'ime friji gbajiri agbaji n'okporo ụzọ. Dịka e gosiri na faịlụ ikpe ahụ, e jidere onye nche ụlọ ahụ nke Maimani bi na ya dabere na mkpịsị aka ebe mpụ. A mara onye nche ahụ ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gọnarịrị njikọ ya na mpụ ahụ ọbụlagodi mgbe e mechara mkpebi ahụ. Ngwongwo, ego, ọla, na nyocha ahụike na ikike ikike Maimani apụọla n'ụlọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2018/10/23/1185196.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023145839/https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2018/10/23/1185196.html|archivedate=2018-10-23|title=22 عاماً من الجريمة الغامضة التي لم تفسرها أمريكا.. لغز اغتيال العالمة السعودية "ميمني"}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifeinsaudiarabia.net/5-arab-scientists-who-died-suddenly-and-mysteriously/|title=5 Arab scientists who died suddenly and Mysteriously|date=4 August 2018}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 2iup89km35m9ky5x6jlq8uj04o682qs 0 55603 687715 627820 2026-07-13T05:17:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687715 wikitext text/x-wiki Rhoda Kadalie (22 Septemba 1953 - 16 Eprel 2022) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ na agụmakwụkwọ South Africa. Ọ bụ onye so na South Africa Human Rights Commission site na 1995 ruo 1997. O hibekwara ngalaba nha anya nwoke na nwanyị na Mahadum Western Cape. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Kadalie na 22 Septemba 1953 na District isii, agbata agba agba na Cape Town.[1] Nna ya, Fenner Kadalie, bụ onye ụkọchukwu a ma ama nke Ndị Kraịst, na nna nna ya, Clements Kadalie, bụbu onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ahịa dị mkpa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụnne itoolu.[1] Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na District nke isii ruo 1961, mgbe ha kwagara na mpaghara Mowbray. N'afọ 1970, a manyere ha n'ike wepụrụ ha na Mowbray n'okpuru Iwu Mpaghara Mpaghara nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ma kwaga Primrose Park dị nso na Athlone.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=Kadalie|first=Rhoda|date=22 July 2013|title=Forced to move from home|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/forced-to-move-from-home-1550662|accessdate=24 June 2024|work=Cape Times}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harold Cressy High School, Kadalie gara Mahadum nke Western Cape, ebe ọ gụrụ sayensị n'ọbá akwụkwọ na anthropology. O mechakwara gụchaa nzere masters na International Institute of Social Studies na Netherlands.. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Pollak|first=Joel B.|authorlink=Joel Pollak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMmlEAAAQBAJ|title=Rhoda: 'Comrade Kadalie, You Are Out of Order!': A Biography|date=2023-01-04|publisher=UJ Press|isbn=978-1-7764134-8-5|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == N'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Kadalie tinyere aka na mmegide ụmụ nwanyị na mmeghachi omume megide ịkpa ókè.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Barron|first=Chris|date=18 April 2022|title=Rhoda Kadalie fought for women's rights and against state incompetence|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/news/2022-04-18-obituary--rhoda-kadalie-fought-for-womens-rights-and-against-state-incompetence/|accessdate=25 June 2024|work=Sunday Times}}</ref> N'afọ 1993, site n'iji ego sitere na Ford Foundation, o guzobere Gender Equity Unit na Mahadum nke Western Cape wee bụrụ onye nhazi Gender Equité nke mahadum ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oyegun|first=Julie|date=1998|title=Working Masculinities Back into Gender|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066167|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=37|pages=13–23|doi=10.2307/4066167|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> N'okpuru ọchịchị nke onye isi ala [[Nelson Mandela]], a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Land Claims Commission na, site na 1995 ruo 1997, dị ka onye so na South African Human Rights Commission.<ref name="HSF">{{Cite web|date=30 November 2001|title=Interview with Rhoda Kadalie, human-rights activist|url=http://hsf.org.za/resource-centre/focus/issues-21-30/issue-24-fourth-quarter-2001/interview-with-rhoda-kadalie-human-rights-activist|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715060730/http://hsf.org.za/resource-centre/focus/issues-21-30/issue-24-fourth-quarter-2001/interview-with-rhoda-kadalie-human-rights-activist|archivedate=15 July 2015|accessdate=15 July 2015|work=Issue|publisher=[[Helen Suzman Foundation]]}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Impumelelo Centre for Social Innovation, ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru nke na-akwalite mmekọrịta onwe onye na ọha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=McCain|first=Nicole|date=16 April 2022|title=Human rights activist Rhoda Kadalie, 68, has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-activist-rhoda-kadalie-68-has-died-20220416|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> O biputara nkọwa gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'asụsụ Bekee na Afrikaans, ebe ọ na-akatọkarị gọọmentị African National Congress.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye na ezumike nká == Kadalie lụrụ ma gbaa alụkwaghịm Richie Bertelsmann, onye ọkà mmụta ọcha; <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Thamm|first=Marianne|authorlink=Marianne Thamm|date=2022-04-17|title=Rhoda Kadalie, friend and mentor, political provocateur and groot bek|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-04-17-rhoda-kadalie-friend-and-mentor-political-provocateur-and-groot-bek/|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> alụmdi na nwunye ha megidere Iwu Omume rụrụ arụ nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Pollak|first=Joel|authorlink=Joel Pollak|date=16 January 2023|title=Rhoda Kadalie's impact on South Africa and the world|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/rhoda-kadalies-impact-on-south-africa-and-the-worl|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=PoliticsWeb|language=en}}</ref> Naanị otu nwa ha, Julia Bertelsmann, ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, ọ lụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America Joel Pollak na 2009 n'oge emume na ebe obibi [[Helen Zille]], onye bụbu Onye isi ala nke Western Cape.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-08|title=A not-so-proudly South African link to Trump's inner circle|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-02-08-a-south-african-link-to-trumps-inner-circle/|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2024-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625194739/https://mg.co.za/article/2017-02-08-a-south-african-link-to-trumps-inner-circle/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-08|title=Kadalie: Columnist to trade SA for U.S.|url=https://witness.co.za/archive/2012/04/09/kadalie-columnist-to-trade-sa-for-us-20150430/|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=The Witness|language=en-US}}</ref> Pollak bipụtara akụkọ ndụ nke nne di ya na 2023, nke akpọrọ Comrade Kadalie, You Are Out of Order!. ''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Horler|first=Vivien|date=2023-02-26|title='Comrade Kadalie, you are out of order!'|url=https://thebookspage.co.za/2023/02/26/comrade-kadalie-you-are-out-of-order/|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=The Books Page|language=en-ZA}}</ref>'' N'afọ 2018, Kadalie kwagara [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] ka ya na ezinụlọ nwa ya nwanyị biri.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwado Trumpism.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Onye Kraịst raara onwe ya nye, ọ na-ekwukwa okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ na nkwado ya maka [[Israel]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Gruzd|first=Steven|date=2022-06-30|title=Remembering Rhoda Kadalie, feisty friend of Israel|url=https://www.sajr.co.za/remembering-rhoda-kadalie-feisty-friend-of-israel/|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=Jewish Report|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ndị enyi ya mechara kwuo na ntọghata ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya kewapụrụ ya n'ebe ndị enyi ya nọ na South Africa nọ.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandisa|date=2022-04-28|title=Rhoda Kadalie, the loudmouth, is dead|url=https://mg.co.za/thought-leader/opinion/2022-04-28-opinion-rhoda-kadalie-the-loudmouth-is-dead/|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Pollak, onye bụ onye na-eme mkpọsa na Republican, tụrụ aro na Kadalie kwadoro "mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu na-emegide 'woke' ma nwee mmasị na Trump "dị ka ''skollie'' - 'onye na-eme ihe ike,' na slang South Africa - onye ga-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ America dị jụụ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pollak|first=Joel|authorlink=Joel Pollak|date=8 April 2022|title=Rhoda Kadalie's journey to Trump supporter|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/opinion/rhoda-kadalies-journey-to-trump-supporter|accessdate=2024-06-25|work=PoliticsWeb|language=en}}</ref> A chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa Ọrịa kansa akpa ume na 2021 wee nwụọ n'ụlọ na Los Angeles na 16 Eprel 2022. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> E mere emume ncheta na Rondebosch, Cape Town na June, Helen Zille so na ndị ọkà okwu; ọ na-eme ihe ọchị na àgwà Kadalie dị ka nke na ọ gaara enwe ihe ịga nke ọma na ịchụso ọ bụla "ma e wezụga ọrụ mmekọrịta mba na mba".<ref name=":6" /> == Nsọpụrụ == Na June 1999 ọ natara nzere doctorate na Mahadum Uppsala . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Honorary Doctors of the Faculty of Social Sciences|url=https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/academic-traditions/traditions/honorary-doctorates/honorary-doctors-of-the-faculty-of-social-sciences|accessdate=23 October 2018|work=Uppsala University|language=sv}}</ref> == Ihe odide == r4tib70tpm7xwncttqhcpdnpxnbz1dz 0 56559 687741 201390 2026-07-13T08:47:21Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687741 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Also women participated in the slash and burn agriculture activities.jpg|thumb|Ịkpọ ọkụ omenala ]] Ọkụ omenala bụ usoro iji ọkụ a na-edepụta aha iji jikwaa odida obodo, usoro nke ụmụ amaala na-ejikarị eme ihe; Kpọmkwem ndị amaala Australia na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke North America[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ka achọpụtara iji usoro a eme ihe. Omume a mere ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ala na ndị mmadụ siri ike nke na osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ dabere na ọkụ ọkụ. Omume a buliri ụmụ amaala nke gburugburu ha gaa n'ụdị isi okwu dịka njikọ dị iche iche siri ike ka oge na-aga, [8] [7] nke bụ akụkụ ihe kpatara ụmụ amaala ka ji jikwaa 40-60% nke ihe nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi niile.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Lindenmayer|first=David|date=September 2022|title=Cultural burning, cultural misappropriation, over-simplification of land management complexity, and ecological illiteracy|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/emr.12564|journal=Ecological Management & Restoration|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=205–208|doi=10.1111/emr.12564|issn=1442-7001}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=McKemey|first=Michelle|date=2021-08-12|title=Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea (|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135|journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire|language=en|volume=30|issue=10|pages=745–756|doi=10.1071/WF20135|issn=1049-8001}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> E wezụga ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, e nwekwara akụkụ ọdịbendị. Ụdị ndị kachasị adaba na ọkụ ahụ bụkwa ndị ụmụ amaala na-ejikarị eme ihe, dị ka California Black Oak . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Mariani|first=Michela|date=June 2022|title=Disruption of cultural burning promotes shrub encroachment and unprecedented wildfires|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=292–300|doi=10.1002/fee.2395|issn=1540-9295}}</ref> Ala ndị ụmụ amaala bi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme emeela ka usoro a nke obere ọkụ na-ere ugboro ugboro, mana anaghị agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi niile na njikwa a.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=McKemey|first=Michelle|date=2021-08-12|title=Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea (|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135|journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire|language=en|volume=30|issue=10|pages=745–756|doi=10.1071/WF20135|issn=1049-8001}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcKemeyBanbai_RangersPattersonHunter2021">McKemey, Michelle; Banbai Rangers, The; Patterson, Maureen (Lesley); Hunter, John; Ridges, Malcolm; Ens, Emilie; Miller, Cara; Costello, Oliver; Reid, Nick (2021-08-12). [https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135 "Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea ("]. ''International Journal of Wildland Fire''. '''30''' (10): <span class="nowrap">745–</span>756. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1071/WF20135|10.1071/WF20135]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-8001 1049-8001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238682062 238682062].</cite></ref> == Uru == E mere nnyocha na Western Australia nke nyochara usoro nchịkwa ọkụ dị iche iche na otu ha si emetụta ụdị osisi dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke a maara dị ka Backwater grevillea. Ha jiri mmetụta dị iche iche nke usoro mgbochi ọkụ dị ugbu a tụnyere, ọkụ ọdịbendị na ọkụ ọhịa na ụdị a. Site na nsonaazụ ha, ha kwubiri na ọkụ ọdịbendị bụ ụdị njikwa kachasị mma maka nchekwa nke ụdị a.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=McKemey|first=Michelle|date=2021-08-12|title=Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea (|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135|journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire|language=en|volume=30|issue=10|pages=745–756|doi=10.1071/WF20135|issn=1049-8001}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcKemeyBanbai_RangersPattersonHunter2021">McKemey, Michelle; Banbai Rangers, The; Patterson, Maureen (Lesley); Hunter, John; Ridges, Malcolm; Ens, Emilie; Miller, Cara; Costello, Oliver; Reid, Nick (2021-08-12). [https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135 "Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea ("]. ''International Journal of Wildland Fire''. '''30''' (10): <span class="nowrap">745–</span>756. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1071/WF20135|10.1071/WF20135]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-8001 1049-8001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238682062 238682062].</cite></ref> Mana ma e wezụga naanị iji ụdị osisi a mee ihe, ha chọpụtakwara na ọ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ibelata mgbasa na ọkụ ọhịa n'ógbè ahụ na-abara ụdị osisi na ndị ọzọ uru. A chọpụtakwara na itinye ọkụ ọdịnala nwere uru nke abụọ maka obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. Iweghachi njikọ ụmụ amaala na ala ahụ mepụtara ohere maka ihe ọmụma na ikwu nke osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ iji weghachite. Nke a bụ n'ihi nyocha nke ọma e mere na osisi iji chọpụta ike ọkụ kachasị adaba na usoro uto ha. Ihe ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kwubiri banyere ihe mere usoro nchịkwa a ji dị irè karị bụ na usoro nchịkwa ọkụ dị ugbu a bụ maka mkpokọta ma ghara iburu n'uche mmekọrịta na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na saịtị ahụ nwere njikọ ime mmụọ na ya, ha maara otú gburugburu ebe obibi ga-esi meghachi omume n'ọkụ ahụ ma nwee ike ịchịkwa ụzọ ya nke ọma.<ref name=":6" /> Na California ọkụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'otú ndị obodo si elekọta ala ahụ. E gosipụtara na ebe ndị a na-achịkwa site na iji omume ụmụ amaala mepụtara ọhịa ndị meghere emeghe ma nwee ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Site na ọkwa mmanụ dị ala, ala ahụ nwere ike ịnabata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ụdị osisi. Nke a n'aka nke ya mere ka oké ọhịa ahụ na-eguzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọkụ site na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na obere ọkụ na-eme mgbe niile ọbụna na-ebelata ụmụ ahụhụ na pathogen n'oké ọhịa na-eduga n'ebe osisi dị mma.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Jonathan W.|date=2017-09-15|title=Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration|journal=Journal of Forestry|language=en|volume=115|issue=5|pages=426–434|doi=10.5849/jof.16-033|issn=0022-1201}}</ref> Enweghị ọkụ, oké ọhịa California na-enwe ugbu a na oke osisi conifer nke na-eme ka ụdị osisi dị iche iche ghara ịdị na ya ma na-egbochi ihe ịga nke ọma nke Black Oak. N'ihi enweghị ụdị dị iche iche, oké ọhịa ndị a na-enwekwu nsogbu maka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma nwee ike ịmepụta nnukwu ọkụ ọhịa ka mmanụ ahụ na-eto. Taa, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a iji weghachite ọkụ ọdịbendị n'oké ọhịa Californias iji mepụta oké ọhịa dị mma ma belata ọkụ ọhịa. North Fork Mono Tribe na Sierra National forests anọwo na-etinye usoro nke atọ nke e mere na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ na 2015. Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ iwepu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-awakpo, obere osisi conifers, na isi mmalite mmanụ dị ka ị nwere ike site na saịtị tupu ịme ọkụ mbụ iji belata ọkwa mmanụ. N'oge nke abụọ, ha ga-anwa iwepụ ọtụtụ nnukwu osisi conifers dị ka o kwere mee na-elekwasị anya na osisi oak ojii na-esote ọkụ ọzọ. N'ọkwa ikpeazụ, ha ga-egbutu ma chọọ Black Oaks mma iji gbaa ọdịdị osisi nke ga-adị tupu osisi conifers ewere ya. Nke a ga-esochi ọkụ ọzọ dị ala. Mgbe ahụ, agbụrụ ahụ mere atụmatụ ịnọgide na-eme omume nchịkwa site na ọkụ ọkụ na ise osisi mgbe niile iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Jonathan W.|date=2017-09-15|title=Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration|journal=Journal of Forestry|language=en|volume=115|issue=5|pages=426–434|doi=10.5849/jof.16-033|issn=0022-1201}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLongGoodeGutteriezLackey2017">Long, Jonathan W.; Goode, Ron W.; Gutteriez, Raymond J.; Lackey, Jessica J.; Anderson, M. Kat (2017-09-15). [[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|"Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration"]]. ''Journal of Forestry''. '''115''' (5): <span class="nowrap">426–</span>434. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|10.5849/jof.16-033]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1201 0022-1201].</cite></ref> Ọhịa Plumas National na-arụkọ ọrụ na Greenville Rancheria iji tinye ọkụ ọkụ a tụrụ aro maka ebumnuche nke idebe oghere na ichekwa ọhịa Black Oak. Ha na-atụ anya iji saịtị ahụ maka ịnakọta acorns, ihe omume ọdịnala na mmepe nke ihe ọdịnala site na iji ahịhịa. Mgbalị mweghachi ndị a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị na ha na-emeziwanye ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe kamakwa ha na-enye ohere ndị ọzọ maka agbụrụ na obodo ndị na-enweta ego dị ala ka ha nwere ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa na uru ọdịbendị ugbu a. Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala ka na-adabere na ịnakọta na ịchọ nri iji tinye aka n'omume ọdịbendị ha na ibi ndụ nke onwe ha. Dị ka a manyere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị na California ibi na obere ebe obibi nwere oké ọhịa na-amị mkpụrụ n'akụkụ ya dị mkpa iji mee ka ọdịnala ha na ụzọ ndụ ha dị ndụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi enweghị ọkụ na oke oke ọhịa ịchọta osisi ndị dị mkpa iji mee ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọdịnala nwere ike isi ike ma ọ bụ ghara ikwe omume ịchọta. Igbochi ikike nke agbụrụ ndị a iji mee ọkụ ọdịbendị na-emecha mee ka oké ọhịa na-enye obere ọrụ ọdịbendị ya. N'ikpeazụ, agbụrụ ndị a agaghị enwe ike ịme ọrụ ọdịnala ha n'ihi na ha enweghịzi ike ijikọ na ala ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ ndị nna nna ha mere. Site na ịmanye Black Oaks ịsọ mpi na osisi conifer ha na-amanye ha itolite ogologo ma dị warara mgbe n'oge gara aga ha ga-enwe alaka dị ala na-agbasa ruo 30-40 ft. Na alaka ndị a dị ala ụmụaka ga-agba ọsọ ma kpọọ egwu mgbe ezinụlọ ha nwere ike ịnakọta ihe niile ha chọrọ n'ụzọ dị mfe.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Jonathan W.|date=2017-09-15|title=Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration|journal=Journal of Forestry|language=en|volume=115|issue=5|pages=426–434|doi=10.5849/jof.16-033|issn=0022-1201}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLongGoodeGutteriezLackey2017">Long, Jonathan W.; Goode, Ron W.; Gutteriez, Raymond J.; Lackey, Jessica J.; Anderson, M. Kat (2017-09-15). [[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|"Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration"]]. ''Journal of Forestry''. '''115''' (5): <span class="nowrap">426–</span>434. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|10.5849/jof.16-033]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1201 0022-1201].</cite></ref> &nbsp;Ron Reed, onye otu Karuk Tribe si Northern California, akọwaala mkpa ọ dị inweta ihe onwunwe ndị a dị mkpa: "Ị nwere ike inye m akị niile dị n'ụwa, ị nwere ike inweta m ihe niile n'ụwa ahụ, ị nwere ohere ime ka m bụrụ onye India, mana ọ gaghị abụ otu ma ọ bụrụ na m na-apụ ma na-arụ ọrụ, na-apụ na-ewepụta onwe m, na-achịkọta onwe m. Echere m na ọ dị mkpa ka ewepụta ya na ọha mmadụ, na ọ bụghị naanị ihe onwunwu ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name=":5" /> 10 Ajụjụ Ndị A Na-ajụkarị Banyere Nchịkwa Ọkụ (Foto1): <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Prichard|first=Susan J.|date=December 2021|title=Adapting western North American forests to climate change and wildfires: 10 common questions|journal=Ecological Applications|language=en|volume=31|issue=8|pages=e02433|doi=10.1002/eap.2433|pmid=34339088|issn=1051-0761}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | (1) Mmetụta nke iwepụ ọkụ bụ nke a na-ekwukarị? Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, ọgwụgwọ ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị isi na ọbụna ihe na-adịghị arụpụta ihe? |Ihe akaebe sara mbara nke iwepụ ọkụ siri ike n'ofe ọzụzụ na usoro okike ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkụ dị oke njọ bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ usoro ọkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugboro ugboro na oke ọkụ dị oke egwu n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga karịrị oke akụkọ ihe mere e ji gbanwee. |Hessburg et al. (2005), Reynolds et al. (2013), Stine et al. (2014) Safford and Stevens (2017), Stephens et al. (2020), Hagmann et al. |- | (2) Ọ bụ naanị imebi ọhịa zuru ezu iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa? |Ịnọcha naanị ya nwere ike ibelata oke ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mana site na mkpocha osisi fọdụrụnụ, nkụda mmụọ nke mmanụ ala, na mmụba nke ikuku na-aga n'elu n'enweghị mbelata mmanụ ala, ịnọcha nwere ike inye aka n'ọkụ dị elu na ọnwụ dị ukwuu. |Stephens et al. (2009), Fulé et al. (2012), Martinson and Omi (2013), Kalies and Yocom Kent (2016) |- | (3) Ịchụcha ọhịa na ọkụ ọkụ nwere ike idozi nsogbu ahụ? |Ọ bụ ezie na e gosipụtara na ọkụ ọkụ na-eme ka ọ dị irè nke ukwuu, ọ bụghị oké ọhịa niile kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọgwụgwọ a (dịka, ụdị dị nro nke a na-ahụkarị n'oké ọhịa na-ajụ oyi). Ụdị ọgwụgwọ mmanụ a adịghịkwa adaba maka ọzara na ebe ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ụzọ |DellaSala et al. (2004), Battaglia and Shepperd (2007), Reinhardt et al. (2008) |- | (4) Ọ ga-abụ na nlekọta ọhịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike, gụnyere imebi ọhịa, lekwasịrị anya na interface obodo ukwu ọhịa (WUI)? |Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime WUI ndị a họpụtara bụ ndị nwe onwe ha, ya mere ala ndị a na-esiri ike mgbe ụfọdụ karịa ala ọha na eze. Idozi oké ọhịa ndị kpọrọ nkụ na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ karịa ihe mgbochi WUI nwere ike ịgbanwe omume ọkụ ma gbanwee ike nke ọkụ na-abata na obodo |Kolden na Brown (2010), Bladon (2018), Hallema et al. (2018), Kolden na Henson (2019), Schultz et al. |- | (5) Ọkụ ọhịa nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmanụ n'onwe ya? |Ọkụ a na-atụghị anya ya nke na-agbanahụ mgbochi na-enwekarị ọkụ n'okpuru oke ọkụ ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta ọkụ ọhịa siri ike. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọkụ a tụrụ aro na ọkụ ọhịa a na-achịkwa n'ozuzu ya na-ere n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma ma na-enye aka na mmetụta ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mbelata mmanụ ala nke nwere ike ibelata oke ọkụ ọhịa n'ọdịnihu |Miller ''a'' Safford (2012), Parks et al. (2015a, 2016), Prichard et al. (), Stevens et al. |- | (6) Ọ bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ ụgbọala iji nyere aka na nzaghachi na mgbochi ọkụ n'ọdịnihu? |Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ ụgbọala nwere ike inye aka na ọrụ mgbochi, karịsịa iji ọgwụgwọ mmanụ ụgbọala iji gbochie ọkụ ọhịa n'ọdịnihu na-enye aka na ụkọ ọkụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe ọgwụgwọ na ala ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ezube iweghachi patch na ọrụ ala nke ọkụ dị ka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, belata mmetụta ọkụ na mkpa maka mgbochi siri ike mgbe ọkụ na-eme ọzọ |Reinhardt et al. (2008), Safford et al. (2012), Stephens et al. (2020) |- | (7) Ọgwụgwọ mmanụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru oke ọkụ? |Omume ọkụ metụtara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-adịgide adịgide, oké ifufe na mgbasa nke ogidi na-ejikọta ya na oke ọkụ dị elu n'ọhịa ọdịda anyanwụ North America. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe sayensị siri ike gafee oké ọhịa conifer kpọrọ nkụ na mmiri na-egosi ịdị irè n'ibelata oke ọkụ, mgbe mgbe ọbụna n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe ọkụ siri ike |Arkle et al. (2012), Yocom-Kent et al. (), Povak et al. (2020), Prichard et al. |- | (8) Ọdịdị nke nsogbu ahụ buru oke ibu? Anyị nwere ike ijide ya? |Ọganihu na oke ọgwụgwọ dị ugbu a ezughi oke iji weghachite ebe ọkụ na-eguzogide na ihu igwe. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe na-akwado n'ụzọ siri ike na ojiji gbasaa nke ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ nwere ike ịdị irè |Collins et ''a''. (2009), North et al. (2012), Parks et al. (A, 2016), Ager et al. |- | (9) Ịkụ osisi ndị ọzọ ga-ebelata mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọhịa wNA? |Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na oké ọhịa mmiri ozu ndị ọzọ nwere ikike ichekwa na ijide oke carbon nke oké ọhịa. Otú ọ dị, ịkụ osisi iji mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi na ịga n'ihu n'oké ọhịa ndị ọkụ na-enwu bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịnagide n'ihi nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọkụ, ụkọ mmiri na-atụ anya ya na nsogbu ụkọ mmiri ozuzo |Thompson et al. (2007), Veldman et al. (2019), Holl and Brancalion (2020) |- | (10) Nchịkwa mgbe ọkụ gasịrị ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi? |Enwere ike ịchọ njikwa ọhịa na mmanụ ụgbọala na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịa nzaghachi ọkụ mbụ iji kwalite ike ọgwụgwụ ọhịa n'ọdịnihu maka nsogbu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ihi mwepu ọkụ, osisi ndị nwụrụ anwụ nwere ike inye aka n'ịkụ ọkụ dị elu ka ha na-ada ma na-emepụta nnukwu mmanụ n'elu |Peterson et ''a''. (2015), Lydersen et al. (A), North et al. |} Ihe osise 1 sitere n'isiokwu na-atụle usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe a na-ewere ugbu a na Pacific Northwest nke United States. N'oge nyocha ha, ha rụrụ ọrụ iji zaa ajụjụ 10 ndị a iji chọpụta ma ọgwụgwọ ọkụ bụ usoro mgbanwe dị mma. Site na nyocha ha, ha kwubiri na ọkụ ọkụ na-ebute ụzọ egosila na ọ dị irè ma na-akpọkarị maka mmụba nke mgbalị ndị a na usoro nchịkwa iji soro ọkụ ọkụ ndị a. Ọkụ ọdịbendị kwesịrị ime mgbe niile ma nwee ike iji ya mee ka ọ kwekọọ na obere ihu igwe iji melite ịdị irè ya.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Jonathan W.|date=2017-09-15|title=Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration|journal=Journal of Forestry|language=en|volume=115|issue=5|pages=426–434|doi=10.5849/jof.16-033|issn=0022-1201}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLongGoodeGutteriezLackey2017">Long, Jonathan W.; Goode, Ron W.; Gutteriez, Raymond J.; Lackey, Jessica J.; Anderson, M. Kat (2017-09-15). [[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|"Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration"]]. ''Journal of Forestry''. '''115''' (5): <span class="nowrap">426–</span>434. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|10.5849/jof.16-033]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1201 0022-1201].</cite></ref> Ọkụ omenala bụ usoro iji ọkụ a na-edepụta aha iji jikwaa odida obodo, nke ụmụ amaala na-ama ihe; Kpọmkwem ndị amaala Australia na mpaghara egwuregwu nke North America[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ka ụzọ iji usoro eme ihe. Omume a mere ka ndị dị n'etiti ala na ndị mmadụ siri ike nke na osisi ndị dị n' ima ahụ dabere na ọkụ ọkụ. Omume a buli ụmụ amaala nke gburugburu ha gaa n'ụdị isi okwu dị ka dị iche iche siri ike ka oge na-aga, [8] [7] nke bụ ihe ihe ndị na-ahụ ụmụ amaala ka ji jikwaa 40-60% nke ihe nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi niile..<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Shebitz|first=D. J.|date=2009-09-01|title=Ecological and Cultural Significance of Burning Beargrass Habitat on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington|url=http://er.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.3368/er.27.3.306|journal=Ecological Restoration|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=306–319|doi=10.3368/er.27.3.306|issn=1522-4740}}</ref> A maara ụmụ amaala America nke mpaghara Olympic dị na Washington ka ha na-elekọta usoro okike ha maka ihe ọkụkụ bara uru dị ka Bear Grass nke a na-eji akwa nkata. Usoro nchịkwa a bụ ụdị ọkụ ọdịbendị nke na-eme ka usoro savannah na ala mmiri dị ala nke ala ala ala dị ala.N'afọ 2008, a chọpụtara na mgbe e wepụsịrị ọkụ ndị a, Douglas Firs emeela ka mpaghara ahụ bụrụ ọhịa na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Bear Grass.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Shebitz|first=D. J.|date=2009-09-01|title=Ecological and Cultural Significance of Burning Beargrass Habitat on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington|url=http://er.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.3368/er.27.3.306|journal=Ecological Restoration|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=306–319|doi=10.3368/er.27.3.306|issn=1522-4740}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShebitzReichardDunwiddie2009">Shebitz, D. J.; Reichard, S. H.; Dunwiddie, P. W. (2009-09-01). [http://er.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.3368/er.27.3.306 "Ecological and Cultural Significance of Burning Beargrass Habitat on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington"]. ''Ecological Restoration''. '''27''' (3): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>319. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3368/er.27.3.306|10.3368/er.27.3.306]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-4740 1522-4740]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85275224 85275224].</cite></ref> Isi iyi 5:Ijikọta usoro ọkụ Biophysical na Eco-Cultural na ogige ntụrụndụ na mpaghara ndị a na-echebe na Canada <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Clifford A.|date=April 2011|title=Burning at the Edge: Integrating Biophysical and Eco-Cultural Fire Processes in Canada's Parks and Protected Areas|journal=Fire Ecology|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=74–106|doi=10.4996/fireecology.0701074|issn=1933-9747}}</ref> Ọkụ ọhịa bụ usoro dị mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Canada. Ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado obodo ahịhịa dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ site na ala ahịhịhịa na ala ahụhịa ruo n'ọhịa conifer na osisi deciduous.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Clifford A.|date=April 2011|title=Burning at the Edge: Integrating Biophysical and Eco-Cultural Fire Processes in Canada's Parks and Protected Areas|journal=Fire Ecology|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=74–106|doi=10.4996/fireecology.0701074|issn=1933-9747}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWhitePerrakisKafkaEnnis2011">White, Clifford A.; Perrakis, Daniel D. B.; Kafka, Victor G.; Ennis, Timothy (April 2011). [[doi:10.4996/fireecology.0701074|"Burning at the Edge: Integrating Biophysical and Eco-Cultural Fire Processes in Canada's Parks and Protected Areas"]]. ''Fire Ecology''. '''7''' (1): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>106. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FiEco...7a..74W 2011FiEco...7a..74W]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.4996/fireecology.0701074|10.4996/fireecology.0701074]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1933-9747 1933-9747]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56127392 56127392].</cite></ref> Ihe kpatara ọkụ ọhịa ndị a ka na-arụrịta ụka na ndị na-eme nchọpụta ọkụ ọhịa nke Canada ka na-ekwupụta na àmụ̀mà na-akụ ihe kpatara ya ekwenyeghị na ndị obodo nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na ndị obodo ahụ jiri ọkụ gbanwee usoro okike ha ma belata ibu mmanụ iji belata oke ọkụ ọhịa. N'afọ 2004, e ji usoro mgbochi ọkụ mee ihe iji chịkwaa ọtụtụ ọkụ ọhịa nke Canada. Nke a ga-agụnye nlekota ihu igwe, mmanụ, na data topographic nke mpaghara ahụ iji buo amụma mgbe na ebe àmụ̀mà nwere ike ime, na ebe ọ nwere ike ịga ozugbo ọ malitere. Ọ bụrụ na usoro ndị a anaghị arụ ọrụ, ha ga-egbutu osisi ma ọ bụ akụkụ dị warara nke ọhịa dị nso na obodo. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, usoro ogige ntụrụndụ nke Canada emeela mgbalị iji tinye ọkụ ọkụ a tụrụ aro. Ihe ha chọtara bụ mbelata nke ọkụ ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ site na iji ọkụ ọkụ a tụrụ aro ya ọ bụ ezie na ha kpughere nsogbu ụfọdụ. N'ógbè ndị a tụrụ aro ka ha gbaa ọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma n'ihe gbasara ịpịsị osisi. Ihe ngwọta bụ ịmalite ọkụ ahụ ugboro ugboro iji nye osisi oge iji gbakee site na ịta ahịhịa. Nnyocha ahụ ghọtara site na nke a na ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị ọzọ na iweghachi ọkụ chọrọ mweghachi zuru oke. Na iji nwee njikwa nke ọma ị ga-eburu n'uche ụdị dịgasị iche iche dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na ihe gbasara mmadụ ogologo oge na otu anyị si enye aka na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị <ref name=":2" /> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, 2022 egosila ọkụ ọhịa a na-enwetụbeghị mbụ na Australia nke na-eme ka usoro nchịkwa dị ugbu a nke mba ndị na-elekọta ọhịa. Ruo ugbu a, ọrụ njikwa lekwasịrị anya na ihe nlereanya mgbochi ọkụ n'ọnọdụ niile. Nke a mere ka e nwee mmanụ ụgbọala dị n'ala ọhịa nke a na-enweghị ike iji aka kpochapụ. Ka anyị ghara ikwu banyere mmụba nke osisi na njupụta nke belatara mkpuchi nke usoro okike ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide ọkụ. N'ile anya n'ihe ndị na-egosi ntụ ntụ n'ala Australia n'oge precolonial na oge a Mariani, Michela, na ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na ala dị n'oge tupu colonial nwere 51% ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa, 15% mkpuchi osisi, na 34% mkpuchi osisi. Nke a dị nnọọ iche na taa ebe ala ahụ nwere 35% ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa, 48% osisi kpuchiri, na 17% obere osisi kpuchiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Mariani|first=Michela|date=June 2022|title=Disruption of cultural burning promotes shrub encroachment and unprecedented wildfires|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=292–300|doi=10.1002/fee.2395|issn=1540-9295}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarianiConnorTheuerkaufHerbert2022">Mariani, Michela; Connor, Simon E; Theuerkauf, Martin; Herbert, Annika; Kuneš, Petr; Bowman, David; Fletcher, Michael-Shawn; Head, Lesley; Kershaw, A Peter; Haberle, Simon G; Stevenson, Janelle; Adeleye, Matthew; Cadd, Haidee; Hopf, Feli; Briles, Christy (June 2022). [[doi:10.1002/fee.2395|"Disruption of cultural burning promotes shrub encroachment and unprecedented wildfires"]]. ''Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment''. '''20''' (5): <span class="nowrap">292–</span>300. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022FrEE...20..292M 2022FrEE...20..292M]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/fee.2395|10.1002/fee.2395]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9295 1540-9295]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246891908 246891908].</cite></ref> Ịkwado mkpuchi osisi ka ọ gbasaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Australia emeela ka ọkụ ọhịa dị ike ma na-agbasawanye. A na-ekwu na ihe kpatara mgbasawanye nke oké ọhịa ndị a bụ n'ihi mgbochi nke ọkụ ọdịbendị nke ndị obodo Australia mere. == Hụkwa == * Ịkpa ugbo * Ojiji ụmụ amaala America na-eji ọkụ eme ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi * Biochar * Ọkụ a na-achịkwa == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j6hgr04iteecr9m61twqlkua4tomord 0 56840 687557 444803 2026-07-12T14:17:52Z Akwugo 11031 fixed reference error 687557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernard Anselme''' ( amuru ụbọchị 3 ọnwa Novemba afọ 1945) bu onye minista nke isii-onye isi ala Wallonia na [[Belgium]] site na 11 Mee afọ 1988 rue 7 Jenuarị afọ 1992. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Bernard Anselme na ụbọchị 3 ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1945 na Mouscron, Wallonia nye onye ọrụ nzi ozi. Mgbe a kpọfere nna ya na Libramont-Chevigny, Anselme gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara mmadụ site n' afọ 1957 ruo afọ 1963, na-ejedebe agụmakwụkwọ ya na Humanities na Namur n'afọ 1963. N' afọ 1968, Anselme nwetara akara ugo mmụta na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, diplomacy na nchịkwa site na Université Libre de Bruxelles na Brussels . N'oge ya na Brussels, Anselme tinyere aka na nke ama dika Young FGTB, na-aghọ odeakwụkwọ odeakwụkwọ ya n'afọ 1964, odeakwụkwọ ya n' afọ 968 ma na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche ya site n'afo 1968 ruo afọ 1970. <ref name="wallonie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wallonie-en-ligne.net/1995_Cent_Wallons/Anselme_Bernard.htm|title=Anselme, Bernard|year=1995|publisher=Cent Wallons du siècle|accessdate=July 16, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927170359/http://www.wallonie-en-ligne.net/1995_Cent_Wallons/Anselme_Bernard.htm|archivedate=September 27, 2011}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1969 na afọ 1972, Anselme jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nye Minista maka mmekọrịta obodo, na site n' afọ 1972 ruo afọ 1977 jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ Onye isi oche nke ndị ama dika Walloon Economic Council, Alfred Delourme [ fr ] . N' afọ 1977, Anselme ghọrọ onye otu Namur, na-eje ozi n'ọkwa dị iche iche tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ steeti Wallonia site n' afọ 1979 ruo afọ 1980. N'afo 1985, dịka onye otu nzuko omeiwu mpaghara Wallonia, Anselme depụtara iwu guzobe Namur dị ka isi obodo nke Mpaghara Walloon. <ref name="wallonie" /> N' afọ 1988, Anselme ghọrọ Minista-President nke Walloon Region, ọnọdụ ọ nọgidere ruo ụbọchị 7 ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1992. Site n' afọ 1994 ruo afọ 1999 Anselme jere ozi dị ka onye minista na-ahụ maka ime n'ime mpaghara Walloon, ọnwa ole na ole sochiri ya n'ọkwa nke Minister for Social Affairs. <ref name="wallonie" /> N' ụbọchị 1 ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2001, Anselme ghọrọ onye isi obodo Namur. N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2006, mgbe e guzobere njikọ aka n'etiti ndị ama dika Christian Democrats, ndị Green na ndị Liberals, a chụpụrụ ndị nke Socialist Parti nke Anselme na gọọmentị na nke mbụ ya n'ime afọ iri atọ. Anselme kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịhapụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe e meriri ya na ntuli aka, mana o kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-anọgide na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo. Ọ na-anọdụ ugbu a dị ka onye kansụl obodo Namur . <ref name="wallonie" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Anselm, Bernard}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3gegm2vplgzf27cmb8m8ztu5sjz1bil 0 57130 687663 624013 2026-07-12T21:40:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687663 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Saisiat_pastaai.jpg|thumb|Ememe Pas-ta'ai na Nanzhuang, Miaoli, Taiwan]] [[Faịlụ:PaSta’ay.JPG|thumb|Ememe Pas-ta'ai na Wufeng, Hsinchu, Taiwan]] Pas-ta'ai (Chinese), "Okpukpe Spirit of the Mfe", bụ aha Saisiyat, otu ndị Taiwanese.  Omenala utu na-echeta Ọ Ta'ai, a ebo nke ndị nwere ọchịchịrị akpụkpọ ha na-ekwu na ha bi nso ha.  Kwa afọ abụọ, enwere m olileanya na ị ga-ahụ m n'anya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-ekwu na emume Pas-ta'ai e mere kemgbe narị afọ anọ ma na-eme ya every year noge owuwe ihe ubi.  Ndị nchọpụta na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Japan mere nchọpụta mbụ na 1915 nke nyocha nke Customs of Barbarian Tribes.  N'okpuru ọchịchị Japan, a na-emeghachi betara otu ugboro n'afọ abụọ.  Dị ka onye hụrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hu Tai-li, bụ onye si Ethnology ụlọ ọrụ nke Academia Sinica si kwuo, omenala anwụọla ruo n'ókè na ọ bụ nanị ndị okenye nke Saisiyat nwere ike ime ememe ahụ;  Otú ọ dị, ihe karịrị afọ 20 gara aga, ọtụtụ ndị obodo Taiwan na ebe ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị eweghachiwo ọdịnala ahụ.[1]  Emume Pas-ta'ai ka a họpụtara dị ka onye mmeri mba Taiwan nke 2009 na 2010.  N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ụfọdụ ndị agha ahụ enwewo mmetụta ọjọọ nke ememe ahụ, gụnyere akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwesịghị ekwesị site na ngalaba gọọmentị, mgbasa ozi na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, omume na-ezighị ezi nke ndị njem nleta, na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.. == Akụkọ ifo == There are slightly different versions of the myth surrounding the ritual. According to one legend of the Saisiyat, the short people, who were dark-skinned, less than a meter high and lived on the other side of the river, excelled in singing and dancing and were invited to the harvest festivals of the Saisiyat, engaging in a long-standing mutually beneficial relationship. The short people, however, were lascivious and often made advances towards the Saisiyat women. One day, some young Saisiyat decided to take revenge because of this disrespectful act. They cut the sturdy tree on which the short people rested. All the short people, except for two elders, fell from the cliff and died. These two surviving elders taught the Saisiyat the songs and dances of the Pas-ta'ai ritual and then left for the east. Shortly afterwards, the Saisiyat suffered from famine, which they attributed to the vengeful pygmy spirits. In order to appease the spirits, the Saisiyat began to hold the Pas-ta'ai and beg for forgiveness. In addition, the Saisiyat were to be hardworking, fair, honest, and tolerant in dealing with others.<ref name="teldap1">{{Cite web|url=http://culture.teldap.tw/culture/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2280:a-past-that-has-witnessed-gratitude-and-resentment-the-legend-of-the-pas-taai&catid=156:lives-and-cultures|title=A Past that Has Witnessed Gratitude and Resentment: The Legend of the Pas-ta'ai|work=culture.teldap.tw|accessdate=2019-04-29|archivedate=2023-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130015923/https://culture.teldap.tw/culture/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2280:a-past-that-has-witnessed-gratitude-and-resentment-the-legend-of-the-pas-taai&catid=156:lives-and-cultures}}</ref> Na nsụgharị ọzọ, ndị okenye abụọ nke ndị dị mkpụmkpụ ahụ bụrụ Saisiyat ọnụ, onye rịọrọ mgbaghara. Ndị okenye kwere ka nke a mee ma ọ bụrụhaala na ndị Saisiyat na-agba egwú nke ndị dị mkpụmkpụ iji mee ka mmụọ nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị jụụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, ihe ọkụkụ nke Saisiyat ga-ada ma kpọnwụọ.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news|author=Gluck|first=Caroline|title=Taiwan aborigines keep rituals alive|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6217502.stm|accessdate=5 October 2020|work=BBC News|date=7 December 2006}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGluck2006">Gluck, Caroline (7 December 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191103181450/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6217502.stm "Taiwan aborigines keep rituals alive"]. ''BBC News''. BBC. Archived from [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6217502.stm the original] on 2019-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Dị ka akụkọ mgbe ochie si kwuo, ndị ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ nwere nkà anwansi ma weta ihu ọma na Saisiyat ma ọ bụrụ na e mesoo ha nke ọma ma ọ bụ mesoo ha ihe nke ọma.<ref name="teldap1" /> == Ememe == Ememe bụ ọrụ ezinụlọ Saisiyat Titiyon.  The emume nke Shiangtian Lake, Donghe Village, Nanzhuang Township (ìgwè emume ûda) na Tai Village, Wufeng Township (otu emume ugwu).  N’ụbọchị atọ mbụ nke abalị, n’ọnwa zuru ezu nke ọnwa Ọktoba (October), bụ oge mbụ n’afọ.  Ememe ỉwda na-ewere ọnọdụ otu dị tupu ibe ya nke ugwu, ha ạo ạo Ṅo ọo ọoụ.  Otu ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọnwa abụọ tupu ememme ahụ, ìgwè nke ememme abụọ ahụ ga-ezite ndị nnọchiteanya ha ka ha kpebie ụbọchị kwesịrị ekwesị iji mee ememe ahụ.  Mma ntọn̄ọ ndiben̄e idem ndikwọ ikwọ nnọ usọrọ, nnyụn̄ ndọhọ mbon en̄wen ẹditiene mi.  Omenala, egwu Pas-ta'ai na-agbagwojuru anya, nke mejupụtara raraol (na-anabata ngomo), kisirinaolan (na-oội ngomo), kisitomal (na-ọọ Ồ Ọ Ọgọ), papatnawasak (na-ọọ ồ Ọồng) na papaosa (na-ezi Ọgọ).  Nzọụkwụ na-esote bụ "ememme mgbe emechara," nke na-eweta ememe ikpeazụ.<ref name="teldap1" /> A na-eji ejiji omenala nwere ihe ịchọ mma nke mgbọrịgba (nke jikọtara ụwa) iji mee ka ahụ dị gị mma. Eji m ọlaọcha Ahihiḥa chebe m ma chebe m pụọ n'ihe ọjọọ. Mu e-me-kwa-ra nche-kwa-ra omenala nke ẹbo ma wepụ emume; Omenala Saisiyat nke ndị na-eme omume ọjọọ na mmemme a ga-ata ahụhụ maka omume ọjọọ ha.<ref name="bbc" /> == Mmalite ya == Nkọwa nke ndị obere dị ka ndị na-acha oji dị ka pygmy emeela ka echiche nke njikọ dị n'etiti Negritos nke Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.  Enweghị nkwenye ndị ọkà mmụta dị ugbu a na ndị nta bụ ndị tupu Austronesia ma ọlị.  Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ na-atụ aro na ndị a nwere ike ịbụ Proto-Australoids bụ ndị nwere ike si Africa bịa wee malite South Dispersal 60,000 afọ gara aga.[1]  Ndị Tsou, Bunun, na Paiwan nke Taiwan (na ndị ọzọ) nwekwara ọdịnala ọnụ nke ịdị adị nke obere pygmy-dị ka ndị nwere àgwà anthropometric yiri Negritos, ikekwe na-atụ aro ọnụnọ Negritos na Taiwan dum, ma ọ bụghị Austronesian, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla.  Ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke afọ 2019 tụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Negritos nke Philippines na nke ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Taiwanese.  "B4b1a2 miri emi nke Philippine Negritos, Saisiyat, Atayal, Island Southeast Asia, nke SEA (Southeast Asia) tụrụ aro na ndị nna nna m gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Taiwan, ọ bụ ezie na haplogroup D6 nke Negritos nke N'etiti - N'etiti-Neọọn n'etiti - Agha N'etiti.<ref name="edelweiss">{{Cite journal|author=Lan-Rong Chen|title=Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms of the Saisiyat Indigenous Group of Taiwan, Search for a Negrito Signature|journal=Edelweiss Journal of Biomedical Research and Review|date=October 2019|url=http://edelweisspublications.com/articles/48/497/mitochondrial-dna-polymorphisms-saisiyat-indigenous-group-taiwan|accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref> Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Gregory Forth na-atụ aro na otu mmalite dị n'etiti ọdịnala Taiwanese na akụkọ Malayo-Polynesian yiri nke obere mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Forth|first=Gregory|title=Images of the Wildman in Southeast Asia: An Anthropological Perspective|date=Jan 26, 2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7103-1354-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_aQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|accessdate=6 October 2020}}</ref> Echiche ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na "Ndị Obere" nwere ike ịbụ ndị ohu Afrịka nke ndị ahịa Europe wetara n'afọ 1600. Akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahịa Dutch zitere na-eleta Taiwan n'afọ 1600 kwuru na e nwere "ndị dị mkpirikpi" n'àgwàetiti ahụ.<ref name="bbc" /> == Hụkwa == * Korpokkur * Menehune * Little people (mythology) * Dwarves * Fairies == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Xiuche Lin (2000). ''Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Aborigine nke Taiwan: The Saisiyat.'' Obodo Nantou: Kọmitii ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Taiwan Province. * Yuan-Yi Huang (2008). ''Mgbe "Ta'ay" zutere "Ndị nta akụkọ": Nnyocha nke njem nleta na akụkọ Pas-ta'ai.'' Master's Thesis, Graduate Institute of Journalism, National Taiwan University. * Kọmitii Nkwurịta Okwu na Nnyocha nke Taiwan Old Customs, Ọfịs nke Gọvanọ-Jenal nke Taiwan. A sụgharịrị ya site na Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica (1998). ''Nnyocha nke omenala nke agbụrụ ndị Barbarian, Mpịakọta nke Atọ, The Saisiyat.'' Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica. * Bin-Xiong Liu na Tai-Li Hu (1987). ''Nnyocha nke emume ọdịnala, abụ na ịgba egwú nke ndị Aborigine nke Taiwan.'' Nantou County: Ngalaba Ndebanye aha Ezinụlọ, Gọọmentị nke Taiwan Province. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} ixz8et3t69goxnqh95c6lbavkkminwi 0 57248 687533 422600 2026-07-12T12:04:44Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Central Mosque Maiduguri. jpg.jpg|thumb|Maiduguri Central Mosque]] Maiduguri Central Mosque bụ nnukwu ụlọ alakụba ọgbakọ dị na Maiduguri, isi obodo Borno State, Nigeria. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka isi okpukpe, omenala, na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ndị Alakụba na mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Voice|first=Muslim|date=2021-11-02|title=The Nigerian Mosque: Maiduguri Central Mosque {{!}} The Muslim Voice, Nigeria|url=https://muslimvoice.com.ng/2021/11/02/the-nigerian-mosque-maiduguri-central-mosque/|accessdate=2025-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sawab, Maiduguri|first=Ibrahim|date=February 9, 2019|title=Maiduguri Central Mosque commissioned after 33 years|url=https://dailytrust.com/maiduguri-central-mosque-commissioned-after-33-years/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Maiduguri abụrụla ebe etiti mmepeanya ndị Alakụba kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ọkachasị n'okpuru ọchịchị Kanem-Bornu na emesịa na Emirate Borno. Ụlọ alakụba ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Shehu nke Borno, onye ọchịchị ọdịnala nke mpaghara ahụ, bụ onye na-eduzi ekpere n'oge okpukpe dị mkpa..<ref>{{Cite web|author=David|date=2019-02-07|title=Sultan of Sokoto commissions Borno Central Mosque|url=https://thesun.ng/sultan-of-sokoto-commissions-borno-central-mosque/|accessdate=2025-02-12|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Ụlọ alakụba ahụ gosipụtara ụdị ụlọ ọdịnala na nke oge a nke ndị Alakụba, gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maiduguri Central Mosque; A historic structure with modern design – THE BORNO ENCYCLOPAEDIA PROJECT|url=https://www.bornoinfohub.org.ng/content/paris-lights-eiffel-towers-nighttime-splendor/|accessdate=2025-02-12|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220001921/https://www.bornoinfohub.org.ng/content/paris-lights-eiffel-towers-nighttime-splendor/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Administrator|date=2023-06-16|title=Kashim Shettima Made History By Completing Maiduguri Central Mosque Abandoned 33 years ago|url=https://analyzernews.com/2023/06/16/kashim-shettima-made-history-by-completing-maiduguri-central-mosque-abandoned-33-years-ago/|accessdate=2025-02-12|work=Analyzernews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Ụlọ Ekpere''': Nnukwu ụlọ nke na-anabata ọtụtụ puku ndị na-efe ofufe. * '''Minaret''': Ọtụtụ minarets eji eme ekpere. * Domes: Nnukwu dome nwere atụmatụ ndị Alakụba dị mgbagwoju anya. * '''Ogige''': Ebe a na-emeghe maka ndị ọzọ na-efe ofufe n'oge ekpere Friday na Eid. * '''Ihe ịchọ mma''': calligraphy Arabic na mmetụta ọdịnala [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]. == Ọrụ okpukpe na ọdịbendị == * '''Ekpere '''Jumu'ah'''''': Nnukwu ọgbakọ na-ezukọta na Fraịdee ọ bụla maka Jumu'uh (ekpere Fraịdee). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Haruka|first=Abdulkareem|date=February 8, 2019|title=Sultan, 20 northern emirs commission Borno's grand mosque|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/311393-sultan-20-northern-emirs-commission-bornos-grand-mosque.html?tztc=1}}</ref> * '''Ememe Eid''': Ndị na-eme ekpere '''Eid al-Fitr''' na Eid al'Adha nke ọtụtụ puku mmadụ gara. * '''Mmụta Alakụba''': Ebe a na-agụghachi Koran, ozizi Alakụba, na iwu. * '''Ihe Omume Obodo''': Ebe maka nkuzi okpukpe, emume aha, na ọrụ obodo ndị ọzọ. == Ebe na ohere == Ụlọ alakụba ahụ dị n'etiti Maiduguri, nso ebe ndị dị mkpa dị ka: * Obí Eze nke Borno'''Shehu nke Obí Borno''' * '''Ahịa Mọnde Maiduguri''' * Ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe ọdịnala dị iche iche nke Islam == Hụkwa == * Shehu nke Borno * [[Maiduguri]] * Alakụba na Naijiria == Edemsibia == 43wz1nd7mch46dev5ejjy4boiygmoum 0 57287 687601 687282 2026-07-12T16:44:44Z Senator Choko 13011 /* */ 687601 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" />{{Databox}} National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan == Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. <ref name=":1" /> E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}</ref> Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}</ref> == Onye ndu gara aga == * A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}</ref> A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . <ref name=":0" /> * Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. <ref name=":0" /> * S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ebe ndị a na-anọ == National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}</ref> Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.<ref name=":0" /> === Ọfịs mpaghara === * [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}</ref> * [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}</ref> * [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957) [[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]] [[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]] === Ọfịs alaka === * [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) * [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> * [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]] * [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) <ref name=":0" /> * Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) <ref name=":0" /> * [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) <ref name=":0" /> == Ndị otu ọkachamara == === Mba === * Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa <ref name=":0" /> * Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa <ref name=":0" /> * Society of Nigerian Archivists<ref name=":0" /> === Ógbè === * Society of African Archivists<ref name=":0" /> * West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) <ref name=":0" /> === Mba Nile === * Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth <ref name=":0" /> * International Council on Archives (ICA) <ref name=":0" /> * Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile <ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]] * Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba == Edemsibia == 9o5wny607fsqu1mgrwmns7izlbw26qo 0 58210 687737 632534 2026-07-13T07:51:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687737 wikitext text/x-wiki Rosamond Asiamah Nkansah (13 Jenụwarị 1930 - 20 Febrụwarị 2021) bụ onye ọrụ mmanye iwu Ghana nke bụ nwanyị mbụ etinyere na ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Ghana, wee bụrụ ndị uwe ojii Gold Coast.. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-first-ghanaian-policewoman-now-90-years.html|title=First Ghanaian policewoman now 90 years|work=Graphic Online|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/143587-ghanas-female-police-officer-turns-90-today-ghanaians-t-calm.html|title=First-ever female police officer in Ghana turns 90; Ghanaians excitedly react|author=Effah|first=K.|date=2020-01-13|work=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-17|archivedate=2020-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001091032/https://yen.com.gh/143587-ghanas-female-police-officer-turns-90-today-ghanaians-t-calm.html}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ọ gara Wesley Girls High School na Cape Coast. O nwere asambodo Cambridge Senior na Teacher's Certificate 'A'. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theghanareport.com/meet-the-first-woman-to-join-the-gold-coast-police-force/|title=Meet the first woman to join the Gold Coast Police force|date=2020-03-03|work=The Ghana Report|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-17|archivedate=2020-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422154702/https://www.theghanareport.com/meet-the-first-woman-to-join-the-gold-coast-police-force/}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == E debanyere aha ya na ndị uwe ojii Gold Coast na 1 Septemba 1952 mgbe ọ dị afọ 22.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ososanya|first=Tunde|date=2020-03-18|title=Meet Rosamond Asiamah, Ghana's first female police officer who is 90|url=https://www.legit.ng/1312265-rosamond-asiamah-meet-ghanas-female-police-officer.html|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2021-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119053800/https://www.legit.ng/1312265-rosamond-asiamah-meet-ghanas-female-police-officer.html}}</ref> E debanyere aha ya na ụmụ nwanyị 11 ndị ọzọ ma mee ya onye ndú ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Police-Ladies-Association-celebrates-Rosemond-Nkansah-first-Ghanaian-police-woman-847039|title=Police Ladies Association celebrates Rosemond Nkansah, first Ghanaian police woman|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana's first-ever woman police recruit passes on - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghanas-first-ever-woman-police-recruit-passes-on/|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a bụ oge a na-ekweghị ka ndị uwe ojii lụọ di ma ọ bụ tụ ime; n'ụzọ megidere ntụziaka a, a manyere ha ịgba arụkwaghịm. Tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm, ọ rịọrọ gọọmentị ka o kwe ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị uwe ojii lụọ di ma mụọ ụmụ, nakwa ka ha weghachite ndị gbara arụkwaghịma maka ebumnuche nke ịzụlite ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Ghanaian policewoman now 90 years|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-first-ghanaian-policewoman-now-90-years.html|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> A nabatara arịrịọ ahụ ma wepụ ọnọdụ nke gbochiri ụmụ nwanyị ije ozi ogologo oge n'ike, n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye na ime ime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Ghanaian policewoman Rosemond Asiama passes on at 91|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/first-ghanaian-policewoman-passes-on-at-91.html|accessdate=2021-02-22|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 16 Mee 1958. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm, ọ kụziri na St. John's Grammar School site na 1961 ruo 1964 dị ka onye nkuzi ọkachamara n'ihi asambodo ọ nwere tupu edebanye aha ya na ndị uwe ojii Gold Coast. Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Ghana na 1965 wee duzie mmemme mgbasa ozi ụlọ akwụkwọ otu afọ.<ref name="gxtra">{{Cite web|url=https://ghanaxtra.com/2020/01/the-struggles-of-the-first-policewoman-that-changed-the-face-of-policing-for-women.html|title=The Struggles Of The First Policewoman That Changed The Face Of Policing For Women|author=Sarfowaa, Nana Ama|publisher=ghanaxtra|date=20 January 2020|accessdate=20 March 2020|language=|archivedate=20 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320101358/https://ghanaxtra.com/2020/01/the-struggles-of-the-first-policewoman-that-changed-the-face-of-policing-for-women.html}}</ref> Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ na 1999 iji lekwasị anya n'ide akwụkwọ. Ọ sụgharịrị okwu dị n'akwụkwọ ya (Octagon) n'asụsụ mba ọzọ na nke obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sarfowaa|first=Nana Ama|date=2020-01-20|title=The Struggles Of The First Policewoman That Changed The Face Of Policing For Women|url=https://ghanaxtra.com/2020/01/the-struggles-of-the-first-policewoman-that-changed-the-face-of-policing-for-women.html|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=GhanaXtra.Com|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320101358/https://ghanaxtra.com/2020/01/the-struggles-of-the-first-policewoman-that-changed-the-face-of-policing-for-women.html}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Asiamah nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị uwe ojii dị na Accra na mgbede Satọdee, Febụwarị 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Ghana Police Woman, Rosemond Asiama dies at age 91|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1063307/first-ghana-police-woman-rosemond-asiama-dies.html|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First Ghanaian policewoman Rosemond Asiama passes on at 91|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/first-ghanaian-policewoman-passes-on-at-91.html|accessdate=2021-02-23|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUjuSipTdfQ Vidio: Otu 'Police Woman One' nke Ghana Rosamond Asiamah si gbanwee ndụ - BBC Africa] == Edemsibia == cxddnl3m72fjpbyss68iz7yuxzfhwa1 0 59337 687789 393149 2026-07-13T10:46:33Z ONYEJEKWE JOY 63995 /* Mgbaàmà na nchọpụta */ 687789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Mysophobia, nke a nke dị ka verminophobia (verminophobie), germophobia), germaphobia (germaphobia), bacillophobia na bacteriophobia) bụ Egwu nje-emetụta nje na nje.[1]  A na-ekewa ya dị ka ụdị egwu a kapịrị ọnụ, nke ọnụ na a na-egosi ya ma dị dabere na mmetụta nke egwu na usoro dị elu ihe ezi uche dị na ya mgbe a na-ahụ ya ma ọ bụ na-atụ anya i ike ya na ihe ndị isi otu echiche ahụ (n' ike a nje ma ọ bụ mmetọ).  [2] William A. Hammond bu ụzọ chepụta okwu a na 1879 mgbe ọ na-ahụ ihe gbasara nsogbu na-emetụta uche (OCD) nke mkpa na ịsa aka ugboro ugboro ugboro..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hammond|first=William Alexander|url=http://archive.org/details/neurologicalcon00mortgoog|title=Neurological contributions|date=1879|publisher=New York, G. P. Putnam's sons|others=unknown library}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị a na-ahụkarị na mysophobia gụnyere omume na-adịghị mma dịka ịsa aka gabigara ókè, iyi gloves ma ọ bụ ikpuchi ihe ndị a na'ejikarị eme ihe iji gbochie mmetọ (n'enweghị ihe kpatara ya), na izere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ oghere ọha na eze iji zere ikpughe nje. Mgbaàmà anụ ahụ gụnyere mgbaàmà ndị a na-ahụkarị nke nchegbu dịka isi ọkụ, obi na-akụ ngwa ngwa, ọsụsọ, na / ma ọ bụ ịma jijiji n'ihu nje / mmetọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Mysophobia (Germophobia): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22436-mysophobia-germophobia|accessdate=2023-03-31|work=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ egwu a kapịrị ọnụ, a maghị kpọmkwem ihe oyiyi mysophobia.  Ma ihe ndị na-emetụta ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ọrụ ọrụ.[1]  Ihe nkiri nke na-acha ochie na-ekwu na a na-ahụ egwu ụfọdụ mgbe ihe omume na-anọpụ iche na-eme n'otu oge na nke na-akpata ụlọ ahụ, na-ahụ njikọ ụgbọ uche ogologo oge n'etiti egwuregwu na-anọpụ iche na ụgbọ na-adịghị mma, egwu egwu.[2]  mmetụta egosila dị n'etiti mysophobia na ọgụ nke nsogbu uche ndị ọzọ.[3]    [ihe odide akwụkwọ dị mkpa] ihe ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na mysophobia nwere njikọ na- na-egosi mma ụmụ nje na akara oge a na-etinye na okike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Robinson|first=Jake M.|date=2021-06-30|title=Germaphobia! Does Our Relationship With and Knowledge of Biodiversity Affect Our Attitudes Toward Microbes?|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=12|pages=678752|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678752|issn=1664-1078|pmid=34276497}}</ref> Nhọrọ ọzọ maka mysophobia kpọ ndị dị ka cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) iji ngwá ngwá na usoro echiche egwu, na-eme ka i rasaas nke na-agụnye i na-egosi onye ugboro ugboro ugboro na ihe egwu ahụ iji mee ka ha mara ma-agha-[1]  Nhọrọ ọgwụ ndị play beta blockers na benzodiazepines iji egwu egwu egwu egwu. == Mgbaàmà na nchọpụta == Ndị na-arịa Mysophobia nwere ike igosi omume na-adịghị mma gụnyere: <ref name=":0" /> * Ịsa aka gabigara ókè * izere ebe ndị nwere ike ịnwe ọnụnọ dị elu nke nje * Egwu nke mmetụ ahụ, ọbụlagodi na ndị ọ hụrụ n'anya * mgbalị gabigara ókè e mere iji kpochaa ma mee ka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha * na-aṅụ ọtụtụ mmiri kwa ụbọchị * ime ka aka gị dị ọcha mgbe ị metụchara ihe a na-amaghị Na mgbakwunye na omume ndị na-adịghị mma n'elu, mgbaàmà anụ ahụ metụtara nchegbu nke mysophobia gụnyere: <ref name=":0" /> * Igwe ụbụrụ * na-ebe ákwá ugboro ugboro * iwe na-abawanye * isi ọkụ * Obi na-akụ ngwa ngwa * enweghị obi iru ala * ịma jijiji * ọsụsọ Dị ka a na-ekewa mysophobia n'okpuru nchebe nke egwu ụfọdụ na DSM-V, nchọpụta nke mysophobie dabere na ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị a: * njikọ dị iche n'etiti ihe / ọnọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ na mmetụta ọjọọ dị ka egwu na nchegbu * ihe / ọnọdụ na-akpata egwu na nchegbu ozugbo mgbe a kpughere ya * egwu na / ma ọ bụ nchegbu metụtara ihe / ọnọdụ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya n'ihi ihe ize ndụ dị na ya na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya * a na-akpachara anya zere ihe / ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ naanị egwu na nchegbu na-atachi obi * egwu, na nchegbu, na / ma ọ bụ izere na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ * mmetụta ọjọọ ma ọ bụ izere ihe / ọnọdụ na-aga n'ihu n'oge, na-adịkarị ihe karịrị ọnwa isii * mgbaàmà ndị dị n'elu anaghị akọwa nke ọma site na nsogbu isi mgbaka ọzọ == Ọrịa na-efe efe == Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi nyocha zuru oke banyere mgbasa nke mysophobia n'etiti ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu, a na-ejikọta mysophobie na nsogbu nchegbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere OCD.[1] Otu nnyocha nke Bajwa, Chaudhry, na Saeed mere achọpụtala njikọ dị n'etiti ọrịa uche a chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke egwu siri ike gụnyere mysophobia n'ime ụmụ nwanyị.[2] N'ime nnyocha ọzọ, Robinson, Cameron, na Jorgensen na-ekwu na nsogbu ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ nwere ike ịghọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'otu akụkụ n'ihi enweghị ikpughe na unyi dị mma n'ụlọ n'etiti ụmụ ọhụrụ. Nke a pụtara na ọ ga-abụrịrị na germaphobia abụrụla ihe a ma ama n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, ọkachasị na ọrịa COVID-19.<ref name=":3" /> Dị ka egwu a kapịrị ọnụ, a maghị kpọmkwem ihe kpatara mysopobia ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na ọtụtụ ihe nwere ike inye aka na mmepe nke ọnọdụ ahụ. Otu echiche a na-anabata nke a maara dị ka Classical Conditioning Model na-ekwu na a na-emepụta egwu ụfọdụ mgbe ihe omume na-anọpụ iche na-eme n'otu oge na nke na-akpata mgbu, na-emepụta njikọ mmetụta uche ogologo oge n'etiti isiokwu na-anọpụrụ iche na mmetụta na-adịghị mma, gụnyere egwu na nchegbu. Robinson, Cameron, na Jorgensen chọpụtara na ọmụmụ ihe ha jikọtara n'etiti ịgụ na ide nke microbe na oge a na-etinye n'okike na àgwà dị mma n'ebe microbes nọ, na-atụ aro na enweghị ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu nwere ike inye aka na mysophobia.<ref name=":3" /> == Ọgwụgwọ == Ọgwụgwọ maka mysophobia na-agụnyekarị ọgwụgwọ dị ka cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), nke na-agụnye ịchịkwa usoro ọgụgụ isi iji belata nchegbu metụtara egwu, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ ikpughe, nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eche egwu ha ihu ma merie egwu ha site na iji nwayọọ nwayọọ kpughee onye ahụ na egwu ha iji kwe ka ha mara. Usoro mbelata nrụgide dịka yoga na ntụgharị uche bara uru maka ibelata nchegbu metụtara mysophobia, ọ bụ ezie na ndị a abụghị iji gwọọ ma ọ bụ gwọọ mysophobie n'onwe ya.<ref name=":0" /> Ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka egwu egwu ụfọdụ gụnyere ọgwụgwọ mebere emepe, ọgwụgwọ ezinụlọ, na ọgwụgwọ nkwado, nke niile na-achọ inyere onye ọrịa aka ịghọta na ihe egwu ha adịghị ize ndụ. N'ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ, enwere ike ide beta-blockers na benzodiazepines n'ọnọdụ siri ike iji belata egwu metụtara mysophobia. == Okwu mmalite == Okwu mysophobia sitere na Greek μύσος (mysos), "adịghị ọcha"[1] na φόβος (phovos), "egwu".". == Ọha == Ụfọdụ ndị ma a na-ekwu na ha nwere (ma ọ bụ nwere) mysophobia akpọ Adolf Hitler, [1] Howard Stern, Nikola Tesla, Howard Hughes, Howie Mandel, Saddam Hussein, [2] na Donald Trump. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Thomas|first=Sarah|date=2014-03-24|title=Famous Germaphobes|url=https://www.nhpr.org/post/famous-germaphobes|accessdate=2019-11-17|work=NHPR|publisher=New Hampshire Public Radio|language=en|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114231805/https://www.nhpr.org/post/famous-germaphobes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lippman|first=Daniel|date=July 7, 2019|title=The Purell presidency: Trump aides learn the president's real red line|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/07/donald-trump-germaphobe-1399258|work=Politico|accessdate=March 3, 2021}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke egwu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6bwbstrxpb6znve6fak9qbbp0mq9wte 0 59418 687657 205093 2026-07-12T20:25:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687657 wikitext text/x-wiki Ousseina D. Alidou bụ Prọfesọ a ma ama nke akwụkwọ ozi mmadụ, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Arts na Sciences-Rutgers University. Ọ na-akụzi na ngalaba nke Africa, Middle Eastern na South Asia Languages ​​and Literature na Mahadum Rutgers.[1] O nwetara nzere Master of Arts na linguistics na Université Abdou Moumouni na Niamey, Niger, na nzere MA na Applied Linguistics na Mahadum Indiana Bloomington ebe o nwetakwara PhD theoretical linguistics. Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ n'Africa na onye isi oche 2022 nke Association Studies Africa.. <ref name="ASADir2022">{{Cite web|title=ASA Board of Directors, Ousseina D. Alidou, President serving through 2022|url=https://africanstudies.org/about-the-asa/asa-board-of-directors/|work=African Studies Association|accessdate=21 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224052909/https://africanstudies.org/about-the-asa/asa-board-of-directors/|archivedate=24 Dec 2022}}</ref> Nwanne ejima ya bụ Hassana Alidou bụ onye nnọchi anya Niger na United States site na 2015 ruo 2019. <ref name="AllGov">{{Cite news|author=Straehley|first=Steve|title=Niger's Ambassador to the United States: Who Is Hassana Alidou?|url=http://www.allgov.com/news/appointments-and-resignations/nigers-ambassador-to-the-united-states-who-is-hassana-alidou-150503?news=856386|accessdate=10 November 2016|work=AllGov.com|date=3 May 2015}}</ref> == Onyinye == * 2006 Rutgers University Board of Trustees Fellowship for Scholarly Excellence<ref name="Rutgers award">{{Cite web|title=Ousseina Alidou, Recipient, 2010 Distinguished Alumni Award of the Africa-America Institute|url=http://sas.rutgers.edu/news-a-events/achievements/1096-ousseina-alidou-recipient-2010-distinguished-alumni-award-of-the-africa-america-institute|publisher=Rutgers University|accessdate=1 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054639/http://sas.rutgers.edu/news-a-events/achievements/1096-ousseina-alidou-recipient-2010-distinguished-alumni-award-of-the-africa-america-institute|archivedate=3 December 2013}}</ref> * 2007 Onye nke abụọ, Aidoo-Snyder Book Prize, Women's Caucus of the African Studies Association for Engaging Modernity <ref>{{Cite web|title=Engaging Modernity: Muslim Women and the Politics of Agency in Postcolonial Niger|url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.titles.epl?tquery=Alidou,%20Ousseina%20D.|publisher=BiblioVault}}</ref> * 2010 Distinguished Alumni Award nke Africa-America Institute <ref name="Rutgers award"></ref> * 2015 Carnegie African Diaspora Fellowship Award <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/giving-back-african-diaspora-and-higher-education|work=carnegie.org|first=Robert|author=Nolan|publisher=Carnegie Corporation of New York|title=Giving Back: The African Diaspora and Higher Education|date=11 September 2015|accessdate=10 September 2024|archivedate=9 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009121338/https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/giving-back-african-diaspora-and-higher-education/}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Alidou bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu na akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=nl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ousseina+Alidou|title=Ousseina Alidou|author=|first=|date=|work=Google Scholar|accessdate=21 January 2023|quote=}}</ref> * A Thousand Flowers: Social struggles against structural adjustment in African universities, co-edited with [[Silvia Federici]] and George Caffentzis, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2000 * Engaging Modernity: Muslim Women and the Politics of Agency in Postcolonial Niger, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.scinapse.io/papers/625685468|title=Engaging modernity: Muslim women and the politics of agency in postcolonial NigerChoice Reviews Online Volume: 44, Issue: 01, Pages: 44 - 0481 Published: 1 Sep, 2006|date=2006|journal=Choice Reviews Online|accessdate=26 January 2023|author=Alidou|first=Ousseina D.}}</ref> * Ndị inyom Alakụba na postcolonial Kenya: idu ndú, nnọchiteanya, na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Madison: Mahadum Wisconsin Press, 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26409069|title=Reviewed Works: Muslim Women in Postcolonial Kenya: Leadership, Representation and Social Change by Alidou Ousseina D., African Studies Review, Vol. 59, No. 2 (SEPTEMBER 2016), pp. 290-292 (3 pages) Published by: Cambridge University Press|author=Mueller|first=Lisa|date=2016|work=|publisher=JSTOR|accessdate=26 January 2023|quote=}}</ref> * Protest Arts, Gender, and Social Change: Fiction, Popular Songs, and the Media in Hausa Society across Borders, University of Michigan Press, 2024.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.umich.edu/Books/P/Protest-Arts-Gender-and-Social-Change3|title=Protest Arts, Gender, and Social Change}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mzwc3hnqiuc5lgh04beuyqxw2ske9f3 0 59509 687809 205263 2026-07-13T11:47:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Osei Kuffour''' ( ná 3 September 1976) bụ onye Ghana bụbu onye na-agba mgba nke na-agba dịka onye na-azụ azụ. A mara Kuffour maka ike anụ ahụ ya, a na-echeta ya nke ọma maka oge ya na Bayern Munich, onye ọ nọchitere anya ihe ọmụmụ afụ iri, na-emeri nke ikpe nke iri na anọ, ma na-egwu ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu iri abụọ na ise. Kuffour egwuregwu na Ndị otu mba Ghana na 2006 World Cup, yana ise Africa Cup of Nations. == Ọrụ klọb == === Bayern Munich === Amụrụ na Ghana, Torino FC butere Kuffour na Europe na 1991 mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 15, ka ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ obere maka ndị otu mpaghara na obodo ya.  Ọ sonyeere Bayern Munich na 1993 site na ụlọ ọgbakọ Italy.  Mgbe oge ịgbazinye ego na 1. FC Nürnberg na 2. Bundesliga, o mere ọganihu ya na ndị Bavarians.. Kuffour ngwaọrụ oge iri na otu na Bayern, na-esi n'òtù ndị pụtara pụta ịbụ onye a ma na-eme egwuregwu nke mbụ nke na-ebuli UEFA Champions League naazụ ahụ.  Ọ bụ dị mkpa nke mkpa ndị otu meri na 2000-01 Champions League, na-emekwa goolu mmeri na 2001 Intercontinental Cup, a na-akpọ ya nwoke nke egwuregwu ahụ.[1]  N'afọ ahụ kwa, ọ mechara nke abụọ na mbụ aka African Footballer of the Year, na-ekwughachi ihe ọ rụzuru na 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/africans_abroad/1937469.stm|title=Kuffour cries foul|publisher=BBC Sport|date=18 April 2002|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> 8lKuffour sokwa na ndị otu Bayern nke Manchester United meri n'ihi goolu abụọ e mere n'oge na 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, nke a ma ama na-akụ ala na nkụda mgbe nke ahụ ihuenyo, ihe ngosi nke mere ka ndị na-akwado Bayern hụ ya n'anya.  Ọ ghọkwara onye na- alụ ndị na-eto eto na-agba gba na Champions League, mgbe ọ dị awụ iri na na ụbọchị iri isii na otu, n'oge egwuregwu egwuregwu Spartak Moscow na 2 Nọvemba 1994, nke ike na 2-2 draw.[1]  Kuffour mere ihe ụmụaka 60 UEFA Champions League, ịbụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Afrịka a kacha pụta mma n'oge niile.[2]  Mgbe oge iri na abụọ gachara na Munich na 175 Bundesliga, Kuffour akara Bayern na 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/kuffourdata.html|title=Samuel Osei Kuffour - Matches and Goals in Bundesliga|first=Matthias|author=Arnhold|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=13 January 2020|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01aa-0e6ccf48082a-5a59c9af6a43-1000--roma-capture-kuffour/|title=Roma capture Kuffour|publisher=[[UEFA]]|date=8 June 2005|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> === Rom === Kuffour ụgbọ mmiri Bayern n'oge nke afọ 2005 wee bịanye aka na ndị awụ atọ na AS Roma n'efu, si otú a pụta Ịtali.[1]  Ọ bụ ugboro iri abụọ na otu n'Oge izizi ya, ebe otu oge n'oge ahụ na-arụ ọrụ mba ụwa.  N'afọ nke abụọ ya, a gbazinyere ya onye na-asọmpi UEFA Cup na otu Serie A AS Livorno Calcio .  [2] Ọ gbara egwuregwu nke 89 na nke ikpeazụ ya na ihe iko Europe maka Livorno.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/kuffour-in-ec.html|title=Samuel Osei Kuffour - Matches in European Cups|first=Marcel|author=Haisma|date=10 January 2020|accessdate=13 January 2020|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF.com]]}}</ref> === Mgbe Rom nwụsịrị === N'ọnụ Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, Kuffour nwere ikpe na otu Premier League Sunderland, na-atụ anya mkpuchi na-adịgide adịgide.  Otú ọ dị, onye njikwa Roy Keane were na ọ usụrụ ịbanye na ahụ, n'ajụjụ ọnụ egwuregwu mgbe Sunderland meri Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/football/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer/07/08/26/manual_205035.html&TEAMHD=soccer|title=Black Cats snub Kuffour|publisher=Sporting Life|first=Mark|author=Buckingham|accessdate=31 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629215927/http://www.sportinglife.com/football/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=soccer%2F07%2F08%2F26%2Fmanual_205035.html&TEAMHD=soccer|archivedate=29 June 2011}}</ref> Na 28 January 2008, AFC Ajax natara Kuffour na eje ozi ụnwanyi isii, yana nhọrọ maka oge abụọ ọzọ.  [1] A tọhapụrụ ya n'ihi akara ụdị, onye isi Roma Luciano Spalletti jikwa ya mee ihe mkpa ihe, si otú a isi onye anya n'efu.. N'ọgọstụ, a na-eche na Kuffour sonyeere otu egwuregwu Premier League nke Russia FC Khimki.  Otú ọ dị.  Kuffour ikike ahụ ma kwuo ya ịga n'ihu n'akwa ya;  na Jenụwarị 2009, e na-agụ ya na otu Major League Soccer Chicago Fire S.C. - onye isi oche nke US-based Sports to Develop Destitute kwuru na ọ na-enyere onye ikike ahụ aka imecha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanasoccernet.com/content/view/2438/51/|title=Kuffour set to move to America?|publisher=Ghana Soccernet|date=26 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201011840/http://ghanasoccernet.com/content/view/2438/51|archivedate=1 February 2009}}</ref> === Asante Kotoko na ezumike nká === N'nana nwa afọ 2009, Kuffour mechara mesịa Ghana mgbe afọ iri na ndị gachara, na-ahụ ọrụ ya na nwanwanyị atọ na Asante Kotoko.[1]  Otú ọ dị, ọ lara ezumike nká na-eme afọ 2009 n'egeghị egwuregwu ọ elala maka ihe ahụ. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Kuffour mmetụta ịpụta na mba ụwa mgbe ọ dị awụ iri na atọ.  Na ɔkwa nke obere, ọ bụ onye Ghana nke meri 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship na Ịtali na onye nke abụọ na ụzọ na 1993 FIFA U-17 International Championship na Japan.  N'ọkwa ndị isi, ọmé na ndị otu nke mechara nke abụọ na Brazil n'oge 1993 FIFA World Youth Championship na Australia. N'afọ 2003, Kuffouri BBC, njụ ọnụ maka 'Heart and Soul', na ọ Poly ịbụ onye, ​​ọ bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na ike.  Njụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o Flore a na-aghọ omume nke ụfọdụ ndị egwuregwu Germany ka ọ na-ekpe ekpere tupu egwuregwu, ka ọ na'ikwu okwu maka nkwado ọjà n'aka Ndị Ghana ibe ya, ndị na-ebi na Munich.  N'otu ọnụ ọnụ ahụ, Kuffour USD ®nwa nwa ya n'ihe Godiva n'ihe mmiri mmiri na January n'afọ ahụ.  Ọ akara na ụmụaka ndị ya nyere ya obi ike izi ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/04_april/10/ws_kuffoursammy.shtml|title=Ghanaian footballer Sammy Kuffour tells BBC he wants to be a priest|publisher=BBC|date=10 April 2003|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa nna Samuel Kuffour Jr, onye bịanyere aka na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na nso nso a.[1]  N'anyị Febụwarị afọ 2025, nwa ya nwoke Sam Kuffour bịanyere aka na nwa na otu egwuregwu English League Two Colchester United == Ndụ mgbe bọọlụ gasịrị == === Mgbasa Ozi === <ref name="ghanaweb.com">{{Cite web|date=13 June 2018|title=Sammy Kuffour breaks from SuperSport punditry|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Sammy-Kuffour-breaks-from-SuperSport-punditry-659781|accessdate=15 May 2021|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Na 2010, mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịgba bọọlụ, Kuffour banyere n'egwuregwu egwuregwu na-arụ ọrụ na ọwa South Africa SuperSports, na-arụ ọrụ na 2010 FIFA World Cup.[1] [2]  Na 8 February 2015, a kpụrụ ya isi ka ọ na-ekwe nkwa na TV na-ebi ndụ n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri SupersSports na-esochi Black Stars enweghị mmeri AFCON 2015 dịka o buru n'amụma.[3][4]  Na 2018, o wepụrụ ezumike na football punditry maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na ndụmọdụ dọkịta ya n'ihi oke njem. === Nchịkwa bọọlụ === N'Ọnọ Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, a àmà Kuffour dị ka onye otu agha nke otu egwuregwu dị na Ghana bụ Kumasi Asante Kotoko .  [1].  Ka ọ na-erule ụbọchị iri na ise n'Ọnọ Ọktoba, o doro anya na ɔkwa mbụ ahụ mere ka Otumfuor ajụ ahụ ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-Bayern Munich star Sammy Kuffour MISSES out on Kotoko job as Otumfuo tells Opoku Nti-led team to continue working|url=http://ghanasoccernet.com/ex-bayern-munich-star-sammy-kuffour-misses-out-on-kotoko-job-as-otumfuo-tells-opoku-nti-led-team-to-continue-working/|work=Ghana Soccernet|date=14 October 2015|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === == Nsọpụrụ == * Bundesliga: 1996-97, 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2004-052004–05 * DFB-Pokal: 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2002-03, 2004-052004–05 * DFB-Ligapokal: 2000, 2004 * UEFA Champions League: 2000-012000–01 * Iko Intercontinental: 2001 ; Ndị Ntorobịa Ghana * FIFA U-17 World Championship: 1991 * Egwuregwu Olimpik nke Oge Ọchịchị: Ihe nrite ọla nchara 1992 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]] Top 30 Best African Players of All Time<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/news.php?id=975|title=Kuffor VOTED 27th BEST AFRICAN PLAYER BY FANS IN A POLL ON CAFONLINE.COM|publisher=CAF Online|date=12 January 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121035713/http://www.cafonline.com/news.php?id=975|archivedate=21 January 2007}}</ref> * Ghana Player of the Year: 1998, 1999, 2001{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} * [[Igha Intercontinental|Intercontinental Cup]] Most Valuable Player of the Match Award: 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablest/toyotamvp.html|title=Toyota Cup - Most Valuable Player of the Match Award|accessdate=17 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211162554/http://rsssf.com/tablest/toyotamvp.html|archivedate=11 February 2009}}</ref> * BBC African Footballer of the Year: 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/africans_abroad/1931586.stm|title=Kuffour receives BBC award|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=15 April 2002|accessdate=31 March 2012}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations: Team of All Tournaments * IFFHS All-time Africa Men's Dream Team: 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1121|publisher=IFFHS|date=29 May 2021|accessdate=31 May 2021|title=IFFHS|archivedate=3 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603054252/https://www.iffhs.com/posts/1121}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Samuel Kuffourna WorldFootball.net * Samuel Kuffournafussballdaten.de (n'asụsụ German) * Samuel Kuffourna National-Football-Teams.com * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/photo_galleries/football/1678997.stm Ebe ngosi ihe nkiri Intercontinental Cup nke afọ 2001] * Samuel Kuffourn'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ * Samuel KuffournaOlympedia * Osei KUFFOURnaOlympics.com [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oympfny3hk4mo5swr6jbn2frw3mcavd 0 59517 687805 516040 2026-07-13T11:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Sampson Ahi|honorific-suffix=|image=Sampson Ahi.jpg|alt=|constituency_MP=[[Bodi (Ghana parliament constituency)|Bodi Constituency]]|parliament=Ghana|majority=|predecessor=''New''|successor=|term_start=7 January 2013|term_end=|constituency_MP1=[[Juabeso (Ghana parliament constituency)|Juabeso constituency]]|parliament1=Ghana|majority1=|predecessor1=Anthony K. Gyapong-Mensah|successor1=[[Kwabena Mintah Akandoh]]|term_start1=7 January 2005|term_end1=6 January 2013|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|9|14}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Ghanaian|spouse=|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater={{unbulleted|[[University of Ghana]]|[[Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration]]}}|occupation=Politician|profession=|signature=|signature_alt=|website=|footnotes=}} <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2017|title=COCOBOD hiding information to paint NDC black – Sampson Ahi|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/11/cocobod-hiding-information-to-paint-ndc-black-sampson-ahi/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=20 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520233247/https://citifmonline.com/2017/11/cocobod-hiding-information-to-paint-ndc-black-sampson-ahi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 January 2017|title=We can't bulldoze our way in passing RTI Bill – Ahi|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/01/we-cant-bulldoze-our-way-in-passing-rti-bill-ahi/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=20 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520233417/https://citifmonline.com/2017/01/we-cant-bulldoze-our-way-in-passing-rti-bill-ahi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We'll resist mobile phone ban in Chamber of Parliament – Sampson Ahi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/we-ll-resist-mobile-phone-ban-in-parliament-sampson-ahi.html|accessdate=3 August 2020|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 February 2020|title=Minority threatens to boycott State of the Nation Address over MPs' common fund|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/02/minority-threatens-to-boycott-state-of-the-nation-address-over-mps-common-fund/|accessdate=3 August 2020|work=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=I Will Not Apologize; Take Me To Court – Sampson Ahi Dares Cecilia Dapaah|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201812/370726.php|accessdate=3 August 2020|work=Peacefmonline – Ghana news|archivedate=30 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430044541/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201812/370726.php}}</ref><ref name="SAMPSON">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – List of MPs|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5536|accessdate=11 March 2019|work=GhanaMps.|archivedate=27 September 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927060632/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5536}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Peace FM|title=Nobody Is Afraid Of Your Jail Threats – Sampson Ahi Fires Back At Atta Akyea|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202006/412181.php|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Peacefmonline– Ghana news|archivedate=29 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429015337/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202006/412181.php}}</ref> Sampson Ahi bụ onye agha ndị Ghana na onye otu nke asaa nke Republic nke anọ nke Ghana na-ịnọ anya mpaghara Bodi na mpaghara ihe na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A ekiri Ahi na 14 September 1976. Ọ si Sefwi Bodi, obodo dị na mpaghara ihie nke Ghana.  Ọ natara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Mahadum Ghana, Legon na Executive Masters na saịtị Governance and Leadership (EMGL) na Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA)).<ref name="SAMPSON"/><ref name="AHI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=83|title=HON. SAMPSON AHI|publisher=Parliament of Ghana|accessdate=1 February 2020|archivedate=30 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130082103/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=83}}</ref><ref name="SA">{{Cite web|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-sampson-ahi/|title=HON. SAMPSON AHI|publisher=UKGCC|accessdate=1 February 2020|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160939/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-sampson-ahi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=UKGCC|date=11 July 2018|title=HON. SAMPSON AHI|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-sampson-ahi/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US|archivedate=27 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427160939/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-sampson-ahi/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ omebe iwu, Ahi rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ngalaba maka Armar Jaro site na 2003 ruo 2004. <ref name="SAMPSON"/> <ref name="AHI"/><ref name="SA"/> Ọ bụ osote minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ụlọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Mahama. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2016|title=Hot Audio: Sampson Ahi struggles to pronounce 'disenfranchise' in Parliament|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/hot-audio-sampson-ahi-struggles-to-pronounce-disenfranchise-in-parliament/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=MyJoyOnline.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2017|title=Ongoing sea defense projects abandoned by NPP – Ahi|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/11/ongoing-sea-defense-projects-abandoned-by-npp-ahi/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=29 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429065445/https://citifmonline.com/2017/11/ongoing-sea-defense-projects-abandoned-by-npp-ahi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2017|title=Sampson Ahi slams gov't for 'neglecting' Veep residence project|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/06/sampson-ahi-slams-govt-for-neglecting-veep-residence-project/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=29 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429014046/https://citifmonline.com/2017/06/sampson-ahi-slams-govt-for-neglecting-veep-residence-project/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 June 2020|title=Nobody is afraid of your jail threats – Sampson Ahi fires back at Atta Akyea|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Nobody-is-afraid-of-your-jail-threats-Sampson-Ahi-fires-back-at-Atta-Akyea-971545|accessdate=3 August 2020|work=GhanaWeb.|language=en}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ahi ndị na ndị omeiwu na 7 January 2005 na- anya anya ngosi Juabeso na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress.   Ọ nọchitere anya mpaghara ahụ ruo n'afọ 2012 mgbe ọ guzoro maka oche nke Bodi e ọhụrụ ọhụrụ.   Ọ bụ onye omeiwu nke mpaghara ahụ ruo ugbu a.<ref name="SAMPSON"/><ref name="AHI"/><ref name="SA"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2016|title=Reject your ex-gratia if… – Sampson Ahi dares NPP MPs|url=http://citifmonline.com/2016/12/reject-your-ex-gratia-if-sampson-ahi-dares-npp-mps/|accessdate=9 July 2020|work=Citi 97.3 FM – Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|archivedate=30 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430044805/https://citifmonline.com/2016/12/reject-your-ex-gratia-if-sampson-ahi-dares-npp-mps/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ahi lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ ise. Ọ na-ekwupụta na ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref name="SAMPSON"/><ref name="AHI"/><ref name="SA"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] olmwkpg8b8mry8m0l9m6mui1s0n4g8x 0 60067 687815 595763 2026-07-13T11:58:34Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Mampi.jpeg|thumb|Mampi]] Mirriam Mukape (amuru Ọgọst 4, 1986), nke a ma ama dị ka Mampi, bụ onye Zambia na-abụ abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede abụ. Egwu ya bụ kwaito na reggae sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà ụmụ nwanyị Zambia a na-elele na YouTube. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Mampi na Lusaka na 4 Ọgọst 1986. Ọ malitere ịbụ abụ na chọọchị mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Muyooma Basic School, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Libala High School, na Springfields Coaching Center na Lusaka. Ọ na-ahụ onwe ya n'enweghị ebe obibi mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ naghịkwa enwe ike ịga n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya. O kwuru n'ekpere na nnabata nwanne enyi ya bụ ihe mere ka ọ gafee oge ihe isi ike na ndụ ya.. == Egwú na ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:K-Army_Studios_2.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|257x257px|B'Flow, bitumba na KB Killa Beats na 2018 na K-Army Studios.]] [[Faịlụ:Mampi.JPG|thumb|N'elu ikpo okwu]] Njem ọ gara n'ụlọ ọrụ egwu dakọtara na oge ihe ịma aka na ndụ ya - ọ tụfuru nwanne ya nwoke na nna ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ n'oge ọgba aghara a ka ọ dọtara uche nke onye na-emepụta egwu ma nweta nkwekọrịta ndekọ na 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/03/07/mampi-heads-for-the-uk/|title=Zambia : Mampi heads for the UK|date=2016-03-07|work=LusakaTimes.com|accessdate=2018-02-27|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, ọ kpughere abọm izizi ya, '<nowiki/>''Maloza''<nowiki/>', nke gosipụtara egwu '''Sunshya''.' Nke a gosipụtara na mbụ ya na telivishọn mba, ebe ọ na-abụ abụ ahụ. Abọm nke abụọ ya, 'Chimo ni Chimo', mere ka egwu dị mma na 2007, na-eme ka ọnụnọ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe sie ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luyanna.com/en/biography/|title=Biography – Luyanna|work=www.luyanna.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-26}}</ref> Afọ 2012 wetara ihe dị ịrịba ama ka ọ na-eme na Namibia na nke mbụ ya, na-adọrọ mmasị ndị na-ege ntị na Windhoek. Njem nka nke KARDI gara n'ihu na 2012 site na ntọhapụ nke abọm ọzọ, 'Natural Born Star.' N'afọ 2015, onye na-agụ egwu Portuguese bụ Luyanna kwụrụ ụtụ maka egwu KARDI '''Walilowelela''<nowiki/>' site na ịtọhapụ otu ụdị ya. Nkọwa pụrụ iche ahụ hụrụ na ọ na-abụ abụ ụfọdụ na Bemba na Nyanja, ebe Luyanna nyere olu ya na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na Portuguese.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2012/01/13/artist-week-mampi/|title=Zambia : ARTIST OF THE WEEK :MAMPI|date=2012-01-13|work=LusakaTimes.com|accessdate=2018-02-27|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/03/14/luyanna-and-mampi-walilowelela-official-music-video/|title=Zambia : Luyanna and mampi "Walilowelela Official Music Video"|date=2015-03-14|work=LusakaTimes.com|accessdate=2018-02-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> Vidio egwu na-eso ya bụ emume doro anya nke ọdịbendị Afrịka. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị na vidiyo Luyanna, ndị omenkà abụọ ahụ jikọtara aka na vidiyo egwu maka nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke egwu a wepụtara na mbụ, 'Why.' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shazam.com/gb/track/256683131/why|title=Shazam|work=Shazam|accessdate=2018-02-27}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2017, ọ wepụtara egwu 'Nyula Yako' site na abọm ya na-abịanụ n'afọ 2018 nke otu aha ahụ. Egwú a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ bịara zuru ezu na vidiyo egwu na-adọrọ mmasị. N'otu ọnwa ahụ, ya na ndị egwu Afrịka ndị ọzọ sonyeere, gụnyere onye na-enweta ihe nrite DJ Black Coffee nke South Africa, iji mechie afọ ahụ na mkpọtụ na Vic Falls Carnival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/vic-falls-carnival.html|title=Vic Falls Carnival - The biggest party in Victoria Falls and Africa|work=www.victoriafalls-guide.net|accessdate=2018-02-27}}</ref> == Big Brother Africa == Ọ bụ onye na-asọ mpi n'oge oge nke asaa nke Big Brother Africa 7 dị ka otu n'ime ndị ama ama na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn Big Brother Africa StarGame . <ref>{{Cite web|author=BBA Fan Club|url=http://www.bbafanclub.com/2012/10/15-hot-photos-of-mampi-mukape-feast.html?m=1|title=Feast Your Eyes|accessdate=2025-03-29|archivedate=2018-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015220052/https://www.bbafanclub.com/2012/10/15-hot-photos-of-mampi-mukape-feast.html?m=1}}</ref> A chụpụrụ ya na Big Brother Africa na 27 Mee 2012; ọ nọ n'ụlọ ahụ ụbọchị 21. Nnukwu nwanne gbakwunyere na ndị a ma ama nke bitumba na Zambia n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-eti egwu. == Nkọwapụta == === Abọm === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Afọ !Abọm !Nkwupụta |- |2005 |Maloza | <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-14|title=WHO IS MAMPI ??|url=https://hotzedhits.com/who-is-mampi/|accessdate=2022-05-04|work=Hotzedhits|language=English|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518173912/https://hotzedhits.com/who-is-mampi/}}</ref> |- |2007 |Chimo ma ọ bụ Chimo |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chimo Ni Chimo {{!}} Zedlyric|url=https://zedlyric.com/albums/chimo-ni-chimo/|accessdate=2022-05-04|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-07-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702203026/https://zedlyric.com/albums/chimo-ni-chimo/}}</ref> |- |2012 |Kpakpando A mụrụ n'Ebe Ọdịdị |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mampi Biography, Music Career, Top Songs, Albums, Awards, Marital Status and Net worth - News {{!}} Mdundo.com|url=https://mdundo.com/news/34322|accessdate=2022-05-04|work=mdundo.com|language=en}}</ref> |} === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === * Nyula Yako * Ụgbọ oloko * Masobela Yatu * Ubepele Fye * Amama * Inna Obi Gị == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * Nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma - Zambia Music Awards * Onyinye Egwú Kwacha * Ihe nrite Afrimma * Onyinye Ngoma == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8r8natnkdstzdy16gdivqh6qqz66rjj 0 60079 687661 652622 2026-07-12T21:19:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Panashe_Chigumadzi_-_TEDxSoweto_2014.jpg|thumb|Panashe Chigumadzi]] '''Panashe Chigumadzi''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1991) bụ onye nta akụkọ a mụrụ na [[Zimbabwe]], onye edemede na onye edemede, onye a zụlitere na South Africa. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ ya na Harare, Zimbabwe, na 1991, Chigumadzi tolitere na South Africa.<ref name="JRB conversation">{{Cite web|url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/08/06/novuyo-rosa-tshuma-and-panashe-chigumadzi-in-conversation-meditations-on-the-traumas-and-triumphs-of-zimbabwes-histories/|title=Novuyo Rosa Tshuma and Panashe Chigumadzi in conversation—Meditations on the traumas and triumphs of Zimbabwe's histories|work=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]]|language=en-US|date=2018-08-06|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> Chigumadzi na-adabere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Zimbabwe n'ọrụ ya, site n'inyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme na njirimara nke mba na nke onwe. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Sweet Medicine, na 2015, na-emeri K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.writingafrica.com/south-african-literary-awards-2016-winners-announced/|title=South African Literary Awards 2016 winners announced|authorlink=James Murua|first=James|author=Murua|work=Writing Africa|date=2016-11-08|accessdate=2024-05-11|archivedate=2025-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116192021/http://www.writingafrica.com/south-african-literary-awards-2016-winners-announced/}}</ref> Akụkọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 2017 bụ These Bones Will Rise Again dọtara uche Shona iji nyochaa echiche nke "Ndị Nne nke Mba" na ịjụ echiche Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana na Zimbabwe. <ref name="JRB conversation"/> Mgbe ọ na-amụ ma na-ede banyere ihe nketa nke ọgụ Zimbabwe maka nnwere onwe, Chigumadzi na-edekwa banyere njirimara nke oge a maka ndịda Afrịka. O dere banyere mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara na-ewepụ echiche nke onye na-adịghị ahụ anya, mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị, South Africa, site na iweghachite okwu ahụ bụ "akị bekee".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/24/south-africa-race-panashe-chigumadzi-ruth-first-lecture|title=Why I call myself a 'coconut' to claim my place in post-apartheid South Africa|author=Chigumadzi|first=Panashe|date=2015-08-24|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ banyere mkpa ọ dị maka nnwere onwe na mba na nke onwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/unholy-trinity-and-transformation-in-post-1994-south-africa-refocusing-transformation-in-higher-education-for-social-and-economic-empowerment/|title='Unholy Trinity' and 'Transformation' in Post-1994 South Africa: Refocusing 'Transformation' in Higher Education for Social and Economic Empowerment|first=Oladele|author=Ayorinde|publisher=Centre for African Studies (LUCAS)|work=lucas.leeds.ac.uk|date=2019-05-01|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> Ihe odide ya nke afọ 2019 "Ihe mere na anaghị m ekwu ogologo oge nye ndị Naijiria banyere agbụrụ" tụlere ahụmahụ ya na Aké Arts and Book Festival na panel na-atụle ma Black Lives Matter nwere mkpa na Africa. Chigumadzi kwuru na, ee, na kọntinent nwere ahụmịhe agbụrụ dị iche iche n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, o mere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2019/04/why-im-no-longer-talking-to-nigerians-about-race|first=Panashe|author=Chigumadzi|title=Why I'm no longer talking to Nigerians about race.|work=africasacountry.com|language=en-US|date=April 2019|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Chigumadzi bụ onye nhazi mmemme nke mmemme akwụkwọ Abantu mbụ. [1] Na mgbakwunye na ide ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ na nkatọ akwụkwọ, ọ na-apụta mgbe niile na redio BBC World Service. [2] Ọ bụkwa onye ntinye aka na 2019 New Daughters of Africa, nke Margaret Busby deziri. [3] N'ọgwụgwụ 2021, Chigumadzi dere maka echiche nke nkà ihe ọmụma Ubuntu maka The Guardian na ka mweghachi bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ime udo na mba ndị ọchịchị aka ike dị ka South Africa.[1] N'ezie: N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị ntụ ọka Ubuntu na-eto eto na nkwuputa nke iche, na-agbazinye aha ya na ngwanrọ, azụmahịa Akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka, South Africa bụ obodo anyị nwere, dị ka Dladia na-arụ ụka, Ubuntu enweghị Abantu ka anapuru [[Ndi ojié|ndi oji]] ala ha Ubuntu ka achupuru ya N'ime ya bụ nnukwu ihe na-achọsi ike maka mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'etiti ndị mmadụ == Ihe odide == === Akwụkwọ === * Sweet Medicine (Blackbird Books, 2015) - akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enyocha nsogbu akụ na ụba nke 2008 na Zimbabw <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://afripopmag.com/2015/10/19/excerpt-zimbabwean-writer-panashe-chigumadzis-debut-novel-sweet-medicine/|title=Read An Excerpt from Panashe Chigumadzi’s Debut Novel|date=2015-10-19|work=AfriPop! - What's New and Whats Next in Global African Culture|language=en-US|first=Yolanda|author=Sangweni|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref>  * ''Ọkpụkpụ Ndị A Ga-ebili Ọzọ'' (Indigo Books, 2017) - ngwakọta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enyocha iwu mba na Zimbabwe <ref name="chigumadzi-2018"> {{Cite book|author=Chigumadzi|first=Panashe|title=These Bones Will Rise Again|date=2018-10-25|publisher=The Indigo Press|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-9996833-0-6}} Paperback edition. </ref>   * Ezigbo ntutu maka ndị na-enweghị ala (na-abịa) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iwp.uiowa.edu/writers/panashe-chikumadzi|title=CHIGUMADZI, Panashe {{!}} The International Writing Program|work=iwp.uiowa.edu|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref>  == Nkwado == === Onyinye === * K Sello Duiker Memorial Literary Award na 2016 maka Sweet Medicine <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2019/04/remembering-k-sello-duiker-great-writer-of-south-africas-post-apartheid-generation-who-would-have-been-45-this-month/|title=Remembering K Sello Duiker, Great Writer of South Africa's Post-Apartheid Generation, Who Would Have Been 45 This Month|first=Otosirieze|author=Obi-Young|authorlink=Otosirieze Obi-Young|date=2019-04-19|work=[[Brittle Paper]]|accessdate=2019-11-30}}</ref> * Ruth First Journalism Fellowship, 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://witsvuvuzela.com/2015/08/14/a-racy-topic-for-ruth-first/|title=A racy topic for Ruth First|author=Dzonzi|first=Thembisile|date=2015-08-14|work=Wits Vuvuzela|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> === Nnakwere === A mụọla ọrụ Chigumadzi n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọkachasị n'ime ọmụmụ post-colonial. Ihe odide ya banyere ojiji nke amara na Sweet Medicine dugara na ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara nlekọta ahụike na omume ọdịnala na Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stobie|first=Cheryl|date=2018-07-03|title=Charms, Blessings and Compromises: Black Women's Bodies and Decolonization in Panashe Chigumadzi's Sweet Medicine|journal=English Academy Review|volume=35|issue=2|pages=37–53|doi=10.1080/10131752.2018.1523983|issn=1013-1752}}</ref> A na-enyocha uche ya na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike na-ebi na nsogbu akụ na ụba n'ihe gbasara nkwenkwe okpukpe ha na echiche ha nwere ike inye na ndụ nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ndlovu|first=Isaac|date=2016-07-02|title=Politically induced economic precarity, syncretism and female representations in Chigumadzi's Sweet Medicine|journal=Agenda|volume=30|issue=3|pages=96–103|doi=10.1080/10130950.2016.1251227|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> == Mmụta == Chigumadzi tolitere na South Africa. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand; mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ ọ bụ akụkụ nke "Transform Wits Movement", nke kpọrọ maka mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na mahadum ndịda Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transform-wits-lower-tuition-fees-change-of-curriculum-and-better-treatment-of-workers/|title=Transform Wits: lower tuition fees, change of curriculum and better treatment of workers|author=Pilane|first=Pontsho|date=2015-04-13|work=The Daily Vox|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-02|archivedate=2019-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202222016/https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/transform-wits-lower-tuition-fees-change-of-curriculum-and-better-treatment-of-workers/}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke ọmụmụ doctoral ya na Hutchins Center for African and African American Research na Mahadum Harvard, o dere banyere ngagharị iwe Rhodes Must Fall ọ hụrụ na Mahaduma nke Witwatersrand. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/symposium-writing-beyond-mugabes-zimbabwe|title=Symposium: Writing Beyond 'Mugabe's Zimbabwe'|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|date=2018-11-20|accessdate=2019-12-03|archivedate=2019-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203092503/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/symposium-writing-beyond-mugabes-zimbabwe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=Panashe|author=Chigumadzi|date=2016|title=Small Deaths|journal=[[Transition (magazine)|Transition]]|issue=121|pages=148–163|doi=10.2979/transition.121.1.26}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126155214/http://www.panashechigumadzi.com/bio Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Panashe Chigumadzi] * Bwesigye Bwa Mwesigire, [https://web.archive.org/web/20250529215817/https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/between-our-selves-an-interview-with-panashe-chigumadzi-2/ "N'etiti Onwe Anyị: Ajụjụ ọnụ na Panashe Chigumadzi"], ''Nke a bụ Africa'', 16 June 2016. * Geoff Ryman, "Njụta pụrụ iche: Panashe Chigumadzi", Strange Horizons. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6m93cazm0mnlrs2sqzzirn433l60cec 0 62989 687730 308861 2026-07-13T07:26:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oluwasegun Romeo Oriogun''' bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye edemede nke The Gathering of Bastards (2023) na Sacrament of Bodies (2020) na akwụkwọ chap atọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Oriogun|first=Romeo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bm3WEAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Gathering+of+Bastards&pg=PR9|title=The Gathering of Bastards|date=2023|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-1-4962-3403-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Oriogun|first=Romeo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3bLDwAAQBAJ&dq=sacrament+of+bodies&pg=PA1|title=Sacrament of Bodies|date=2020-03-01|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-1-4962-1964-0|language=en}}</ref> O meriri na 2017 Brunel University African Poetry Prize na Nigeria Prize for Literature award 2022 (onye edemede mbụ na-eme n'ihu ọha iji merie) maka nchịkọta ya Nomad ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka 2020 Lambda Literary Award for Gay Poetry <ref>{{Cite web|author=Esomnofu|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-10-15|title=Romeo Oriogun Is the First Openly Queer Writer to Win the Nigeria Prize for Literature|url=https://opencountrymag.com/romeo-oriogun-is-the-first-openly-queer-writer-to-win-the-nlng-nigeria-prize-for-literature/|accessdate=2024-08-29|work=Open Country Mag|language=en-US}}</ref> na The Future Awards African Prize for Literary.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Brunel International African Poetry Prize Awarded to Nigeria's Romeo Oriogun|url=https://www.brunel.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/articles/Brunel-International-African-Poetry-Prize-Awarded-to-Nigerias-Romeo-Oriogun|work=www.brunel.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Current Finalists|url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/current-finalists/|work=Lambda Literary|language=en|accessdate=2021-12-23}}</ref> Ọ natara fellowships na nkwado site na Ebedi International Writers Residency, Mahadum Harvard, Hutchins Center for African and African American Research, Oregon Institute for Creative Research, na IIE- Artist Protection Fund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colloquium with Oluwasegun Romeo Oriogun|url=https://africa.harvard.edu/event/colloquium-oluwasegun-romeo-oriogun|work=africa.harvard.edu|language=en|accessdate=2025-06-25|archivedate=2025-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626095107/https://africa.harvard.edu/event/colloquium-oluwasegun-romeo-oriogun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing the 2018-2019 Fellows|url=https://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/announcing-2018-2019-fellows}}</ref> Abụ ya apụtala na Poetry Foundation, Harvard Review, American Poetry Review, Narrative Magazine.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Foundation|first=Poetry|title=Coming Out by Romeo Oriogun|journal=Poetry Foundation|date=22 December 2021|url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/155586/coming-out|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weddell|first=Cecilia|title=Before Your Mama Knew Us as Light|journal=Harvard Review|url=https://harvardreview.org/content/before-your-mama-knew-us-as-light/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=American Poetry Review - Romeo Oriogun - "A Brief History of Becoming"|journal=American Poetry Review|url=https://aprweb.org/poems/a-brief-history-of-becoming|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oriogun|first=Romeo|title=The Niger Sings of Blood by Romeo Oriogun|date=5 September 2019|url=https://www.narrativemagazine.com/issues/spring-2020/poetry/niger-sings-blood-romeo-oriogun|language=en}}</ref> Romeo nwetara MFA ya n'ihe odide okike sitere na Iowa Writers Workshop na 2020. Romeo bụ osote prọfesọ na [[Mahadum Florida Atlantic]]. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pt0qt5f6objs3b009ldtgbr9o3650sy 0 65874 687808 458910 2026-07-13T11:44:51Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Zoia Ceaușescu 1981.jpg|thumb|'''Zoia Ceaușescu''']]   '''Zoia Ceaușescu''' (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈzoja tʃe̯a.uˈʃesku]; 28 Febụwarị 1949 - 20 Nọvemba 2006) bụ onye Romania na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ, nwa nwanyị nke onye ndú Kọmunist Nicolae Ceaușescu na nwunye ya, Elena na nwanne nwanyị nke Nicu Ceaușescu na Valentin Ceaușescu. A makwaara ya dị ka Tovarășa Zoia (comrade Zoia).{{IPA|ro|ˈzoja tʃe̯a.uˈʃesku}}{{IPA|ro|ˈzoja tʃe̯a.uˈʃesku}}{{IPA|ro|ˈzoja tʃe̯a.uˈʃesku}} == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Zoia_and_Elena_Ceaușescu_1978.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|223x223px|Zoia na nne ya Elena n'afọ 1978]] Zoia Ceaușescu gụrụ akwụkwọ na High School nr. 24 (nke bụzi Jean Monnet High School ugbua ) di na Bucharest ma gụsịa n'afọ 1966. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Faculty of Mathematics, Mahadum Bucharest. Ọ nwetara nzere Ph.D. ya n'afọ 1977 na akwụkwọ edemede thesis nke isiokwu ya Intertwining Dilations nke o dere na nduzi nke Ciprian Foias . Ceaușescu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ome nnyocha na Institute of Mathematics nke Romanian Academy na Bucharest malite n'afọ 1974. Ngalaba nkà ya bụ nnyocha ọrụ. A na-ekwu na ndị mụrụ ya enweghị obi ụtọ maka nhọrọ nwa ha nwanyị mere ime nchọpụta na mgbakọ na mwepụ, ya mere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbasara n'afọ 1975. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Institutul pentru Creație Științifică și Tehnică (INCREST, [[Institute for Scientific and Technical Creativity]]), ebe o mechara malite ma duzie ngalaba ọhụrụ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ. N'afọ 1976, Ceaușescu natara ihe nrite Simion Stoilow Prize maka ntinye ya pụtara ìhè na sayensị mgbakọ na mwepụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recognizing excellence in the mathematical sciences: an international compilation of awards, prizes, and recipients|date=1997|publisher=JAI Press|editor=Jaguszewski, Janice M.|isbn=0762302356|location=Greenwich, Conn.|oclc=37513025}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Mircea Oprean, onye injinia na prọfesọ na Mahadum Polytechnic nke Bucharest n'afọ 1980 . N'oge mgbanwe ọchịchị nke Romania, na 24 Disemba 1989, e jichiri ya maka "imebi akụ na ụba nke Romania", ma tọhapụ ya ka ọnwa asatọ gasịrị, na 18 Ọgọstụ 1990. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ọ gbalịrị ịlaghachi n'ọrụ mbụ ya na INCREST mana onweghị ike, mgbe áhụ ike gwụziri ya, ọ laa ezumike nká. Mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị, ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kọrọ na ọ biịrị ndụ ọjọọ, nwee ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ ya n'anya ma na-aṅụkarị mmanya. Mgbe e gbusịrị nne na nna ya, gọọmentị ọhụrụ weghaara ụlọ ebe ya na di ya bi (e ji ụlọ ahụ mee ihe akaebe maka akụ na ụba a na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ ihe há zuru n'ohi), ya mere ya na di ya gara bírí na nke ndị enyi na ndị ikwu ha. Mgbe mgbanwe nke chụpụrụ ndị mụrụ ya gasịrị, Zoia kọrọ na n'oge ndị mụrụ ya nọ n'ọchịchị, nne ya rịọrọ Securitate ka ha na-elebara ụmụ Ceaușescu anya, ma eleghị anya, dịka ọ dị ya, n'ihi "mmetụta ịhụnanya". Securitate "enweghị ike imetụ" ụmụaka ahụ aka ka o kwuru, mana ozi ha nyere kpatara ọtụtụ nsogbu nye ụmụaka ahụ. O kwukwara na ikike nwere "mmetụta na-ebibi ihe" n'ebe nna ya nọ nakwa na ọ "tụfuru ikike ikpe ikpe ya". Zoia Ceaușescu kwenyere na e lighị ndị mụrụ ya na Ghencea Cemetery; ọ nwara ka e gwupụta ozu ha, mana ụlọ ikpe ndị agha jụrụ arịrịọ ya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A bọpụtara ozu ndị ahụ maka nchọpụta ma kwado na ha bụ nke nne na nna ya n'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="BBC News 2010">{{Cite web|title=Exhumed Romania body is Nicolae Ceausescu, tests show|work=BBC News|date=3 November 2010|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11687353|accessdate=12 December 2024}}</ref>  Zoia bụ onye na-esesi siga ike. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa akpa ume n'afọ 2006, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise nà asaa, e wee kpọọ ozu ya ọkụ na Cenușa Crematorium . == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara a họọrọ == Zoia Ceaușescu bipụtara akwụkwọ sayensị iri abụọ na abụọ n'etiti 1976 na 1988. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ: * {{Cite journal|author=Ceaușescu|first=Zoia|year=1978|title=Tensor products and the joint spectrum in Hilbert spaces|journal=[[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]]|volume=72|issue=3|pages=505–508|doi=10.1090/S0002-9939-1978-0509243-8}} * {{Cite journal|author=Ceaușescu|first=Zoia|title=Lifting of a contraction intertwining two isometries|journal=[[Michigan Mathematical Journal]]|volume=26|issue=2|year=1979|pages=231–241|url=http://projecteuclid.org/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/euclid.mmj/1029002216|doi=10.1307/mmj/1029002216}} * {{Cite journal|author=Arsene|first=Grigore|title=Schur analysis of some completion problems|journal=[[Linear Algebra and Its Applications]]|volume=109|pages=1–35|year=1988|doi=10.1016/0024-3795(88)90195-4}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   {{Nicolae Ceaușescu}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Ụmụ ndị isi ala]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Romania]] 8beej8kdmtzzwqs4bukjefxm9epwuce 0 65892 687812 515529 2026-07-13T11:53:16Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Meir Shamgar 1987 Dan Hadani Archive III.jpg|thumb|'''Meir Shamgar''' ]]   '''Meir Shamgar (Hibru: מאיר שמגר; Ọgọst 13, 1925 - Ọktoba 18, 2019) bụ onye isi ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Israel site na 1983 ruo 1995.''' == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Meir_Shamgar_-_age_18.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Shamgar mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ]] [[Faịlụ:Meir_Shamgar_-_Eritrea.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Shamgar nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Eritrea, 1946]] Meir Shamgar (Sterenberg ma ọ bụ Sternberg) a mụrụ na Free City nke Danzig (Gdańsk ugbu a, Poland) nye Eliezer na Dina Sterenberg.[1] [2] Nne na nna ya bụ ndị Zionist Revisionist. Ọ kwagara Palestine na 1939.[2] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Balfour Gymnasium na Tel Aviv. Ọ sonyeere Palmach wee rụọ ọrụ na Company D. Mgbe ahụ ọ sonyeere Irgun. E jidere ya na 1944 maka ọrụ ndị na-emegide ndị Britain, ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'Africa n'ogige ndị mkpọrọ dị na Eritrea. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Eritrea, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu site na akwụkwọ ozi na Mahadum nke London. <ref name="Who Rules Israel?">{{Cite book|title=Who Rules Israel?|isbn=9780060111649|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKcjAAAAMAAJ&q=Meir+Shamgar+sterenberg+eritrea|author=Salpeter|first=Eliahu|year=1973|publisher=Harper & Row}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Middle East Report, Issues 180–185|publisher=Middle East Research & Information Project|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0gsAQAAIAAJ&q=Meir+Shamgar+sterenberg+eritrea}}</ref> <ref name="democracy">{{Cite web|title=Justice Meir Shamgar, Democracy Award Laureate|publisher=The Israel Democracy Institute|accessdate=March 20, 2008|url=http://www.idi.org.il/sites/english/AboutIDI/TheDemocracyAward/Pages/TheDemocracyAward4.aspx|archivedate=October 13, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013075822/http://www.idi.org.il/sites/english/AboutIDI/TheDemocracyAward/Pages/TheDemocracyAward4.aspx}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9781139446624|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQEAmjk4Wh0C&pg=PA215}}</ref> Ndị mkpọrọ ibe ya na Eritrea gụnyere Yitzhak Shamir na Shmuel Tamir. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Living History|first=Chaim|author=Herzog|publisher=Pantheon Books|year=1996|isbn=9780679434788|url=https://archive.org/details/livinghistorymem00herz}}</ref> O sonyere na mgbalị ịgbapụ. N'afọ 1948, mgbe e guzobere Israel, e weghachiri ya na ndị ọzọ e jidere n'Izrel, ebe ọ debanyere aha na Ndị agha Israel ma sonye na 1948 Arab-Israel War. <ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="MFA">{{Cite web|publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Meir Shamgar|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1998/9/Meir+Shamgar.htm|accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ gụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem na iwu na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Ọchịchị nke Mahadum London . <ref name="MFA"/> Shamgar nwụrụ na 18 Ọktoba 2019 mgbe ọ dị afọ 94. == Ọrụ iwu == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Shamgar laghachiri n'usuu ndị agha dị ka onye Ọkaiwu ndị agha. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye ọka iwu ndị agha n'afọ 1956, na onye ọka iwu agha n'ọnwa 1961.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 20, 1961|url=http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI_Heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?parm=WV643k%2FWpfocKmYPSyqWXhz3ncZXdwfTnQDBqLaoT3UTNkPfkfytNSbKPE4gvLv%2FYw%3D%3D&mode=image&href=MAR%2f1961%2f08%2f20&page=2&rtl=true|language=he}}</ref> Mgbe Agha Ụbọchị Isii gasịrị, o mepụtara akụrụngwa iwu nke gọọmentị ndị agha Israel na West Bank na Gaza Strip. O ruru ọkwa Brigadier General . <ref name="MFA"/> Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ agha, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Attorney General site na 1968 ruo 1975. <ref>{{Cite news|date=June 17, 1968|url=http://jpress.org.il/Olive/APA/NLI_Heb/SharedView.Article.aspx?parm=qiMzgyfYwe9DNge8OkHOeyUcHLXXkH00X%2Fn5g1dCTikYfH0Ft2KO7awBuZ48bT0aYw%3D%3D&mode=image&href=DAV%2f1968%2f06%2f17&page=1&rtl=true|language=he}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Israel. N'afọ 1982, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, n'afọ 1983, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ikpe nke Ụlọikpe kachasị elu. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1995. N'afọ 1996, Shamgar bụ onye isi oche Commission nke nyocha banyere igbu ọchụ nke Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.<ref name="MFA"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Shamgar na nwunye ya Geula mụrụ ụmụ atọ, onye nwụrụ na 1983. <ref>{{Cite web|author=סגל|first=ארנון|date=2 January 2016|title=השופט שמגר: "כל עינוי הוא פסול לפי החוק"|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/745/816.html|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=www.nrg.co.il}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọ lụrụ Michal Rubinstein, onye ọka ikpe lara ezumike nká nke jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Tel Aviv. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị natara Israel Prize == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310182559/http://www.aijac.org.au/review/1998/2310/shamgar.html Na Ikpe Ziri Ezi maka Onye Ọ bụla, Olu nke Ezi Ezi] * [https://mondoweiss.net/2019/11/remembering-meir-shamgar-the-chief-legal-architect-of-israeli-apartheid/ Uri Weiss, Na-echeta Meir Shamgar, onye isi iwu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Israel] k5gruw8qch0k814lgd00ql1eawqqu8q 0 66731 687723 687087 2026-07-13T06:50:12Z Munachiso Excel 62462 Added an image 687723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Colonel William Bleckwenn, U.S. Army, in Australia 1943.jpg|thumb|William Bleckwenn]]   William Jefferson Bleckwenn (Julaị 23, 1895 - Jenụwarị 6, 1965) bụ ọkà mmụta akwara ozi nke America, dibia bekee, na dibịa agha, onye nyere aka n'ịzụlite ọgwụgwọ a maara dị ka "narcoanalysis" ma ọ bụ "narcosynthesis", nke a na-akpọkwa 'ezigbo serum'. A mụrụ Bleckwenn na Astoria, Queens, New York City, na 1895. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ elementrị na nke sekọndrị n'ebe ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'elu klas ya.. <ref name="clark">Clark PF: ''The University of Wisconsin Medical School: A Chronicle, 1848-1948''. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967; pp. 124-134.</ref> Ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum [[Wiskonsin|Wisconsin]] na 1913, na-enweta B.S.-Med. ogo na 1917 dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ ahụike ngwa ngwa. Dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, Bleckwenn bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu nke ọma na egwu & ubi, karịsịa na hama. Bleckwenn debanyere aha na Mahadum Columbia nke ndị dọkịta na ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ. Ọ natara MD ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1920.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hansotia|first=P|year=2004|title=The history of neurology in Wisconsin: the early years, 1907–1957|journal=Wis Med J|volume=103|issue=7|pages=37–41|pmid=15696831}}</ref> Bleckwenn wee gbasoo ọzụzụ obibi na ụlọ ọgwụ Bellevue dị na New York yana na Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute (WPI) na Madison. Na WPI, ọ bịara n'okpuru nduzi nke William Lorenz na Hans Reese. == Ọrụ na neurology na psychiatry na Mahadum Wisconsin == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya, a gwara Bleckwenn ka ọ sonyere Lorenz na Reese na ndị ọrụ WPI, nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke Ngalaba Neuropsychiatry nke UW. Ọ nwetara nkà ngwa ngwa dị ka onye nchịkwa na onye nchọpụta, wee bụrụ osote onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1920. N'oge ahụ, Bleckwenn malitekwara nyocha nyocha banyere ojiji nke barbiturates iji gwọọ mutism catatonic, ụdị na-eme ka ọrịa schizophrenia nwee nkwarụ. Ya na Lorenz chọpụtara na sodium amytal intravenous (amobarbital) dị irè n'ịmepụta "ogologo oge doro anya," ebe ndị ọrịa catatonic nwere ike ikwurịta okwu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, zaa ajụjụ n'ụzọ dabara adaba, na-agagharị, ma nye ozi gbasara usoro echiche ha na nzụlite nke ọ gaghị ekwe omume inweta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Naples|first=M|year=1978|title=The amytal interview: history and current uses|journal=Psychosomatics|volume=19|issue=2|pages=98–105|pmid=628696|doi=10.1016/s0033-3182(78)71020-0}}</ref> E nyere uru ikpeazụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ aha "narcoanalysis" ma ọ bụ "narcosynthesis". N'oge dị mkpirikpi, "ogologo oge" nke amytal kpatara ghọrọ ule na-egosi na ọ dị mma maka nchọpụta nke catatonia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tollefson|first=GD|year=1982|title=The amobarbital interview in the differential diagnosis of catatonia|journal=Psychosomatics|volume=23|issue=4|pages=437–438|pmid=7079444|doi=10.1016/s0033-3182(82)73407-3}}</ref> Bleckwenn bipụtara nchọpụta ya na isiokwu a na 1930, na akwụkwọ ndị dị ịrịba ama na Wisconsin Medical Journal; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bleckwenn|first=WJ|year=1930|title=Sodium amytal in certain nervous and mental conditions|journal=Wis Med J|volume=29|pages=693–696}}</ref> Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bleckwenn|first=WJ|year=1930|title=Narcosis as therapy|journal=JAMA|volume=95|pages=1168–1171|doi=10.1001/jama.1930.02720160028009}}</ref> na Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bleckwenn|first=WJ|year=1930|title=Production of sleep and rest in psychotic cases|journal=Arch Neurol Psychiatry|volume=24|issue=2|pages=365–375|doi=10.1001/archneurpsyc.1930.02220140141010}}</ref> Na akwụkwọ JAMA, o kwuru na "onye ọrịa catatonic egosila mmeghachi omume na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-adọkpụ [na intravenous amytal]. Oge site na awa iri na anọ nke oge dị mma abụwo nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ ahụ. " Bleck na-eche echiche n'ihu banyere akwụkwọ nke mmetụta ndị a, na-eme ka usoro mmegharị ahụ. N'ime ndị ahụ, Fink na-ekwu na "Ihe nkiri ya na-adịghị ekwu okwu na-egosi ndị ọrịa dị ka ndị ogbi, ndị kwụ ọtọ, ndị isi ha si na pillow, wee meghachi omume n'ụzọ dị egwu na ọgwụgwọ amobarbital. Ihe nkiri ndị ahụ na-eme ka o kwenye, a na-ejikwa amobarbitale mee ihe ngwa ngwa ma jiri ya mee ihe iji nweta akụkọ ahụike na ikwe ka ha na-eri nri na nlekọta onwe onye. " Ndị dọkịta isi mgbaka n'ụwa niile ghọrọ ihe na-anụ ọkụ n'obi site na ọgwụgwọ sodium amytal.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fink|first=M|year=2009|title=Catatonia: a syndrome appears, disappears, and is rediscovered|journal=Can J Psychiatry|volume=54|issue=7|pages=437–445|doi=10.1177/070674370905400704|pmid=19660165}}</ref> N'ihe odide ya nke akpọrọ "A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry," Shorter na-ekwu na ''"Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ na-ele usoro Bleckwenn anya dị ka ezigbo mmalite nke psychopharmacology".'' Dị ka mgbatị nke ọrụ ya na ọgwụgwọ barbiturate, Bleckwenn na Mabel Masten mụtakwara mgbanwe nke oke ọgwụgwọ site na amobarbital n'etiti afọ 1930. Ha chọpụtara na ihe ngwọta intravenous nke picrotoxin (cocculin) - ihe ọkụkụ na-akpali akpali - dị irè dị ka ihe ngwọtaa na ọnọdụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bleckwenn|first=WJ|year=1938|title=Antidotal treatment of barbiturate intoxication|journal=JAMA|volume=111|issue=6|pages=504–507|doi=10.1001/jama.1938.02790320016005}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, windo ọgwụgwọ dị warara nke jikọtara ya na nchịkwa picrotoxin - nke nwekwara ike ịkpata nkụchi - mere ka ọ ghara iji ya mee ihe. == Ọrụ agha na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Bleckwenn debanyere aha na Wisconsin Army National Guard dị ka nwa akwụkwọ, ma akwụkwọ na Reserve Medical Corps mgbe ọ ozizi akwụkwọ ya. O akara na akara ndị agha US na 1940 na 1941 na etiti Louisiana ("Louisiana Maneuvers" ) n'okpuru iwu nke Lt. Gen. Stanley Embrick, nke emere n'ihi itinye aka US na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. N'afọ 1941, a kpọrọ Bleckwenn ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma tinye ya na 135th medical regiment. Otu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka akụkụ nke U.S. Sixth Army ma nye ya ọrụ ijikwa ndị nwụrụ n'ihu. Mgbe United States banyere n'agha ahụ, e zigara nke 135 na Pacific Theater of Operations na Machị 1942. Bleckwenn bụ onye isi ya, na ọkwa nke Colonel (O6). Nke 135 hụrụ ọrụ na New Guinea, Tarawa, Kwajalein, Philippines, na Saipan. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nchịkwa ya, Bleckwenn rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agwọ ọrịa akwara na onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka; o sonyekwara n'ịtọlite "usoro ndụmọdụ" nke nlekọta isi mgbaka ndị agha, n'okpuru ntụziaka zuru oke nke Brig. Gen. William Menninger.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bleckwenn|first=WJ|year=1945|title=Neuroses in the combat zone|journal=Ann Intern Med|volume=23|issue=2|pages=177–183|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-23-2-177}}</ref> Maka onyinye ya n'oge agha ahụ, e nyere Bleckwenn onyinye nke Legion of Merit (ya na Oak Leaf Cluster) (lee foto dị n'aka nri) [[Faịlụ:Legionnaire_of_the_Legion_of_Merit.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|'''U.S. Legion of Merit''']] " Bleckwenn nwekwara Ihe nrite mmeri nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ihe nrite Asia-Pacific. Bleckwenn laghachiri na UW na mbido 1946 iji maliteghachi ọrụ ya na ọrụ nkuzi ya dị ka Prọfesọ nke Neuropsychiatry. Ọ gara n'ihu na nyocha banyere ọgwụ ọjọọ na ojiji nke usoro ịwa ahụ na-elekwasị anya na njikwa ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Erickson|first=TC|year=1952|title=Observations on the post-central gyrus in relation to pain|journal=Trans Am Neurol Assoc|volume=56|issue=77th Meeting|pages=57–59|pmid=13038792}}</ref> Dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ahụ uche - dị ka insulin shock, Ọgwụgwụ electroconvulsive, na ndị na-agbanyụ uche - ihe ndị na-egosi na ọrịa uche, Bleckwenn jikwa ọrụ dị ukwuu n'iji ha eme ihe na nyọcha ha.. == Ọrịa, ọnwụ, na ezinụlọ == N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Oge na-eme egwuregwu na obi ụtọ, Bleckwenn butere ịsa obi siri ike na nwa afọ 1950. N'olileanya na mgbanwe nke ebe ga-eme ka ahụike ya dịkwuo mma, ọ kwagara Winter Haven, Florida, na 1954. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dị mma iji rụọ ọrụ na neurology ma ọ bụ psychiatry ọzọ, na-amanye ịla ezumike nká. Ọ nwụrụ na aortic aneurysm na Jenụwarị 6, 1965. Ọ na-akwadebe maka ịwa ahụ na aneurysm site n'aka enyi ya, dọkịta na-awa ahụ obi a ma ama, Michael Debakey. A kpọtụrụ ọnwụ ya aha na ngalaba Milestones nke Time Magazine na redio mba CBS. E liri Bleckwenn na Forest Hill Cemetery na Madison, Wisconsin, ya na nwunye ya Marion (née Dougan, 1896-1982) na nwa ya nwoke William Jr. (1923-1947). Bleckwenns nwekwara ụmụ abụọ ọzọ, Jane na A. Theodore (Ted). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fjos13cgmnzv5yzyk5av4axs6g3nhcz 0 66939 687779 687447 2026-07-13T10:32:40Z ONYEJEKWE JOY 63995 /* Mmeghachi omume */ 687779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts''' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tutuola|first=Amos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tri1AwAAQBAJ|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|date=2014-07-01|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-31155-2|language=en}}</ref> bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke onye edemede Naijiria bụ [[Amos Tutuola]] dere ma bipụta n'afọ 1954. Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa okorobịa si West Africa nke furu efu n'ọzara, nke a maara dị ka ọhịa, mgbe ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye gbapụrụ n'aka ndị ahịa ohu. A na-egosi akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka nchịkọta akụkọ ndị metụtara ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile n'usoro oge, nke na-agbakwunye àgwà ya dị ka nrọ. A na-egosi onye a kacha pụta ìhè n'akwụkwọ ahụ, onye a na-akpọghị aha n'akwụkwọ ahụ niile dị ka onye na-eto eto na onye na-enweghị ahụmahụ, na-amaghị ihe ize ndụ ndị zoro n'ime ọhịa, gụnyere ndị mmụọ na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ndị mmadụ. Ka ọ na-agafe ebe a dị ịtụnanya dịkwa omimi, ọ na-ezute ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-akpa egwu na-enwekwa ahụmahụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Sign Up">{{Cite web|title=My Life in the Bush of Ghosts|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/1156804-my-life-in-the-bush-of-ghosts|accessdate=2023-04-13|work=Goodreads|language=en}}</ref> Ịsụ Bekee Tutuola, site n'echiche nke onye na-akọ akụkọ na-eto eto na-enweghị ihe ọ ma, na-emepụta olu pụrụ iche na nke ziri ezi nke na-agbakwunye na ịma mma na mgbagwoju anya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Dị ka ọrụ mbụ nke Tutuola, The Palm-Wine Drinkard, My Life in the Bush of Ghosts jury na ihe atụ yana Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye ndị mmadụ. Tutuola na-adabere na ahụmịhe nke yana Akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrịka iji mepụta akụkọ nke na-enyocha isiokwu nke njirimara, ọdịbendị, na ọnọdụ mmadụ. Ọdịdị akụkọ dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na ihe ndị dị egwu, nke na-echetara Grimms' Fairy Tales, na-enye ya mmetụta nke ụwa ọzọ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ọgụgụ na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-agbagha echiche ọdịnala nke ịkọ akụkọ. == Mmeghachi omume == <ref name="Sign Up" />Time Magazin họọrọ My Life in the Bush of Ghosts dị ka otu n'ime "100 Best Fantasy Books of All Time". Aha ya ka a họọrọ maka Narrative Strainers n'afọ 1984 site na Premio Grinzane Cavour . <ref name="Sign Up" /> == Ụ́kpá Ekele == Aha abọm a nke afọ 1981 My Life in the Bush of Ghosts nke David Byrne na Brian Eno dere si na akwụkwọ akụkọ a. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Isiokwu ndị ọkà mmụta == * {{Cite book|author=Kalliney|first=Peter J.|date=September 2013|chapter=Developing Fictions: Amos Tutuola at Faber and Faber|title=Commonwealth of Letters: British Literary Culture and the Emergence of Postcolonial Aesthetics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199977970|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977970.003.0005}} * {{Cite journal|author=Lynn|first=Thomas Jay|title='Redemption Song': Slavery's Disruption in Amos Tutuola's ''My Life in the Bush of Ghosts''|journal=English Studies in Africa|volume=59|issue=2|pages=54–63|date=2016|doi=10.1080/00138398.2016.1239418}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mbembe|first=Achille|title=Life, Sovereignty, and Terror in the Fiction of Amos Tutuola|journal=[[Research in African Literatures]]|volume=34|issue=4|date=2003|pages=1–26|doi=10.2979/RAL.2003.34.4.1}} == Njikọ mpụga == * My Life in the Bush of Ghosts edepụtara aha ha n'ebe nchekwa data nke akụkọ ifo n'ịntanetị qg7mny4zsmeov8y0pvnlrvowje2jdbt 0 66981 687790 672340 2026-07-13T10:52:47Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Joe Bergman.jpg|thumb|Joe Bergman]]   ----Joseph Bergman (amuru c. 1947) bu onye ama ama n’egwuregwu basketball na onye isi mgbaka America. Ọ bụ onye na-atụ anya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu na St. Mary's High School n'obodo ya bụ Clinton, Iowa, na a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kacha mma nke Iowa.[1] Bergman gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Iowa Hawkeyes na Creighton Bluejays. Ndị Cincinnati Royals nke N. duziri ya National Basketbọọlụ Njikọ (NBA) mana ahọpụtara ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ na uche n'ịgba basketbọọlụ ọkachamara. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ na Keene, New Hampshire, afọ 24 == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bergman ma zụlite ya na Clinton, Iowa. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ aluminum na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Bergman bụ onye Germany site na nna nna ya.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Gene McDonald, mere ka Bergman kwenye ịmalite ịgba basketbọọlụ n'ihi ịdị elu ya. McDonald gara n'ihu na-eduzi Bergman dị ka onye egwuregwu mgbe ọ gara St. Mary's High Ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Clinton ma na-egwuri egwu na otu basketbọọlụ n'ebe ahụ. Bọọlụ ghọrọ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ndụ Bergman ma ọ na-eme rebounding, Ntufu efu agbapụ na inye bọọlụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="tks" /> Bergman bụ onye a họpụtara ugboro atọ na steeti niile ma kpọọ aha mbụ Parade Onye America niile n'oge oge okenye ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clinton St. Mary's Boy's[sic] Basketball|url=https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/defunct-high-schools/st-marys-clinton/st-marys-clinton-boys-basketball|work=Iowa High School Sports|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Bergman natara onyinye agụmakwụkwọ 150 site n'aka ndị otu gụnyere North Carolina Tar Heels, Kentucky Wildcats na UCLA Bruins mana o kpebiri ịnọ na steeti ya ma kpọọ egwu maka Iowa Hawkeyes.<ref name="tks" /> [[Faịlụ:Joe_Bergman2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bergman na Creighton Bluejays na 1970]] Bergman nọrọ n'oge ọhụrụ ya na Hawkeyes na 1966-67. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Iowa, ọ zụlitere mmasị na nkà mmụta uche na mmepe nwata ma wepụta onwe ya na mmemme mahadum maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="tks" />N'ụlọ ikpe, Bergman lụrụ ọgụ n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ma ghara ịchọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na otu ahụ, ebe ọ na-ewere onye isi nchịkwa Ralph Miller dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya". <ref name="tks" />Ọ họọrọ ịkwaga na Creighton Bluejays mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu 12 na Hawkeyes.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Bergman malitere igwu egwu maka Bluejays n'oge oge 1968-69, mana ọ malitere ọzọ na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ hụghị onwe ya onye nyere aka ruo n'oge 1969-70 mgbe ọ na-enweta akara 10.5 na 7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, San Francisco Ndị dike họọrọ ya na agba nke asaa nke [[1971 NBA draft]]">1970 NBA draft na Kentucky Colonels na 1970 ABA draft. <ref name="di" /> Otú ọ dị, Bergman ka nwere otu semester fọdụrụnụ nke iru eru ma họrọ ịlaghachi na Bluejays na mgbalị inweta nhọrọ dị elu maka draft NBA nke 1971. <ref name="di" /> Mgbe semester mbụ gwụchara, Bergman nọrọ na Mahadum Creighton wee malite ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="di" /> Onye isi nchịkwa Bluejays bụ Eddie Sutton kwenyere na Bergman ga-enwe nnukwu ikike dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara n'ihi ikike ịgba égbè na nchebe ya, na-akpọ ya "onye ọkpụkwu nchebe kachasị mma" na "onye ọgba ọsọ kachasị ike".<ref name="di" /> Bergman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1971 na nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na obere na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara == A họpụtara Bergman na 1971 NBA draft dị ka onye nke 31 nke Cincinnati Royals. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 1971 na Royals, mana o chere na onye isi nchịkwa Bob Cousy jiri ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dị n'etiti kama iji ike ya mee ihe. <ref name="tks" />Bergman bụ onye egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Royals tupu mmalite nke Oge NBA nke 1971-72. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McRoberts|first=Tom|title=Royals Could Top Elusive .500 Mark|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-journal-oct-12-1971-p-13/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=f7f5129e1810bcd1f02d9529721b591ddcee3411-1588750806-0-AYvUIVAQxpH73k0lev_WK_0364PLDqWAd7dyUTpCp5hiLAc3fy9QqBGB00_OFHxRSxBrTp1tSilwT-fz-BJjdNzHQppV9rFuL6GAlknHWNULef0CQuaMXTpCNsitSPUxl_IV9Go0LUzIvDo8a64Jq5QcCKgdaMaonYKb2JNUZDiqabTkOf1DDL6XpPrRTIAJeVmbiIbXNNDMsQ6td3Cq-wHV0RoGjQqrJ3pku9fDEAOmG059a2K9Hd8Clu7D_Ifxg74fXorb9gc2fMKjrWpZGjz61N9WdsevDkeSzhSav0HUIzzq_nTekCHCzZ-DKJPi-w|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=Middletown Journal Newspaper|date=October 12, 1971}}</ref> O mechara gbaa bọọlụ na National Njikọ bọọlụ (NBA) ka o kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na-amụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks" /> == Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka == Bergman debanyere aha na Mahadum Xavier wee nweta nzere masta na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Longview Steeti Ụlọ ọgwụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị isi mgbaka, metụtara mgbanwe na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ; o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji ghọọ onye isi mgbaka ma nwee ike ide ọgwụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman hapụrụ Xavier n'agwụchaghị usoro ihe omume nna ya ukwu. Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ma bụrụ onye Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara nabatara na Mexico ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-asụ Spanish nke ọma n'ihi na anaghị asụ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na 1980 wee chọta ọrụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore, Maryland. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ ise ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Fred Berlin na John Money. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Taylor Manor dị nso na Ellicott Obodo, Maryland, mana o mechara họrọ ịkwaga n'ebe dị nchebe iji zụlite nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Bergman kwagara Keene, New Hampshire, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi ahụike nke ngalaba ahụike uche na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na anọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2015.<ref name="tks" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tbgnt03gjk2ob62xglcv0rcnl8kwnjl 0 67007 687792 541592 2026-07-13T10:56:03Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe oyiyi 687792 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Emma Lucy Braun crop.jpg|thumb|'''Emma Lucy Braun''']]   '''Emma Lucy Braun''' (April 19, 1889 - March 5, 1971) bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ a ma ama, ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, na ọkachamara n'ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States bụ onye prọfesọ nke Mahadum Cincinnati. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ịbụ onye isi oche nke Ecological Society of America, na 1950. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi tupu a gbasaa okwu ahụ, na nwanyị ọsụ ụzọ n'ọhịa ya, na-enweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peskin|first=Perry K.|title=A Walk Through Lucy Braun's Prairie|journal=The Explorer|date=1978|volume=20|issue=4|pages=19–21}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:Wright-Braun_family_monument.jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta ezinụlọ Wright-Braun, Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio]] A mụrụ Emma Lucy Braun na Eprel 19, 1889, na Cincinnati; ọ biri na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] maka ndụ ya fọdụrụ.<ref name="Ogilvie" />. Ada George Frederick na Emma Moriah (Wright) Braun, mmasị mbụ ya na ụwa nke ụwa bụ ndị nne na nna gbara ya ume, bụ ndị kpọgara ya na nwanne ya nwanyị tọrọ Annette Frances Braun n'ime ọhịa iji chọpụta okooko ọhịa. Nne Braun nwere ọbụna obere ahịhịa ahịhịa. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Braun n'onwe ya malitere ịchịkọta osisi maka ọmụmụ ihe, mmalite nke nnukwu herbarium nke ọ chịkọtara n'oge ndụ ya, nke nwere ụdị 11,891. Nchịkọta ya ghọrọ akụkụ nke herbarium na Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History na Washington D.C.[4] Braun gụrụ botany na geology na Mahadum Cincinnati . O nwetara nzere bachelọ na 1910, nzere masta na geology na 1912, na PhD na botany na 1914. N'afọ 1912, ya na Henry C. Cowles mụrụ ihe; Harris M. Benedict bụ onye ndụmọdụ edemede ya, yana ndụmọdụ ọzọ sitere n'aka Nevin M. Fenneman.[4] Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị nke isii nwetara PhD site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; nwanne ya nwanyị bụ nke mbụ.[4] Ọrụ nkuzi na nyocha nke Braun na Mahadum Cincinnati malitere dịka onye inyeaka na geology (1910–1913). Ọ kụziri dị ka onye inyeaka na botany site na 1914 ruo 1917, wee gaa n'ihu site na aha onye nkuzi, osote prọfesọ, na prọfesọ osote. O nwetara prọfesọ zuru oke dị ka onye prọfesọ nke ihe ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ na 1946, afọ abụọ tupu ezumike nka ya. O jidere aha prọfesọ emeritus nke ihe ọkụkụ sitere na 1948 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1971. [5] Braun na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịsịa n'ọhịa, ma n'oge ọ bụ prọfesọ nakwa n'oge ezumike nká. Ọ gara ihe karịrị kilomita 65,000 n'ime afọ 25 nke nyocha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anya ụgbọala nke ya. Na mgbakwunye na nyocha dị nso na Adams County, Ohio, na n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, Braun mere njem 13 na ọdịda anyanwụ United States. Nwanne ya nwanyị Annette, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ na ikike na Microlepidoptera nyeere ya aka n'ọrụ ya. Braun were ọtụtụ foto na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke osisi ndị ọ zutere n'ọhịa ya, ma gosipụta ha dị ka slides iji gosipụta okwu ya na-ewu ewu, ma na klas mahadum ma n'ozuzu.[6] N'ugwu nke Kentucky n'oge oge mmachibido iwu, Braun na nwanne ya nwanyị na-enyocha mgbe ụfọdụ ebe ọnwa na-arụ ọrụ; Otú ọ dị, ha nọgidere na-atụkwasị obi nke ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na-asọpụrụ omenala obodo ma ghara ịkọrọ ndị ọchịchị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref name="durrell">{{Cite journal|author=Durrell|first=Lucile|title=Memories of E. Lucy Braun|journal=Biological Notes|date=1981|volume=15|pages=37–39|url=http://images.library.wisc.edu/EcoNatRes/EFacs/NAPC/NAPC06/reference/econatres.napc06.ldurrell.pdf|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:E._Lucy_Braun_grave_marker.jpg|thumb|E. Lucy Braun ili akara, Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio]] Braun guzobere ụlọ nyocha na ogige nnwale n'ụlọ ya na nwanne ya nwanyị bi; ọ lụbeghị di.[8] Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 81 n'ihi nkụchi obi, e lie ya na Cincinnati na nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na Spring Grove Cemetery. [9] == Nnyocha na nkwado ==   N'ime ọrụ ya, Lucy Braun dere akwụkwọ anọ na isiokwu 180 bipụtara n'ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ iri abụọ.[10] Ihe ncheta ya kachasị echeta na nke na-adịgide adịgide bụ Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America (1950). Francis Fosberg kwuru banyere akwụkwọ ya "otu onye nwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ ọrụ doro anya, nakwa na ọ ruru ọkwa dị mma nke na-adịkarịghị ma ọ bụ na-enwetụbeghị na American ecology ma ọ bụ sayensị ahịhịa, ma ọ dịkarịa ala na ọrụ ọ bụla dị mkpa. " <ref name="Ogilvie">{{Cite book|author=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn|title=Women in Science|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92038-4|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ njedebe nke nyocha ya na vascular plant floristics na ihe mejupụtara obodo osisi dị iche iche nke oké ọhịa, nke malitere na nyocha ya nke mpaghara ndị na-enweghị ice na ndịda Ohio. [9] N'afọ 1920 na 1930, ọrụ taxonomy nke Braun gụnyere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke osisi nke mpaghara Cincinnati, na ntụnyere na osisi nke 100 afọ gara aga. Nnyocha ya, otu n'ime ndị mbụ nke ụdị ya na United States, nyere ihe nlereanya maka nyochaa mgbanwe na osisi na-aga n'ihu.[9] N'ịrụ ọrụ site na nghọta na ugwu ndịda Appalachian bụ Ebe mgbaba maka obodo nke osisi ọhịa n'oge oge glaciation, Braun tụrụ aro mbugharị abụọ nke osisi ala ahịhịa site na ala ahịhi dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'oge okpomọkụ: mmegharị tupu Illinoian na nke post-Wisconsinan. Ọ chịkọtara echiche ya na "The Phytogeography of Unglaciated Eastern United States and Its Interpretation".[11] N'afọ 1940, a kọwara Braun dị ka ihe ọhụrụ na sayensị ụdị anọ na ụdị Osisi vascular anọ, niile sitere na mpaghara [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]], yana ngwakọta fern.[11] N'ozuzu, a na-ewere Lucy Braun dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eche echiche mbụ na gburugburu ebe obibi osisi nke North America site na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ.[12] Dị ka prọfesọ, o nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ MA iri na atọ na otu nwa akwụkwọ PhD, itoolu n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị; nduzi nke ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị prọfesor nwanyị n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Langenheim|first=Jean|date=1996|title=Early History and Progress of Women Ecologists: Emphasis Upon Research Contributions|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=27|pages=1–53|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.1}}</ref> Lucy Braun lụkwara ọgụ iji chekwaa ebe okike ma guzobe ebe [[Nchekwa Okike]], ọkachasị na Adams County. O guzobere isi Cincinnati nke Wild Flower Preservation Society na 1924, nyere aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Wild Flower, ma jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ site na 1928 ruo 1933.[11] Mgbalị ya iji chebe ala ahịhịa limestone nke dị 22 acres (Lynx Prairie) dugara n'ịmepụta Richard &amp;amp; Lucile Durrell Edge nke Appalachia Preserve System, ebe nchekwa 20,000 acres, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Places We Protect: E. Lucy Braun Lynx Prairie|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/edge-of-appalachia-lynx-prairie-trail/|publisher=The Nature Conservancy|accessdate=30 August 2024}}</ref> na n'ikpeazụ ịmepụta The Nature Conservancy. <ref name="cinti-museum">{{Cite web|title=Dr. E. Lucy Braun|url=https://www.cincymuseum.org/dr-e-lucy-braun/|work=Cincinnati Museum Center|accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref> == Onyinye, nsọpụrụ, na nsọpụrụ == Lucy Braun natara Guggenheim Fellowships na ngalaba sayensị osisi na 1943 na 1944. <ref name="guggenheim">{{Cite web|title=E. Lucy Braun|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/e-lucy-braun/|work=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=19 November 2018|archivedate=18 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203543/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/e-lucy-braun/}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Ecological Society of America na 1950, nke mbụ maka nwanyị.[5] A na-enye nwa akwụkwọ E. Lucy Braun Award for Excellence in Ecology maka ngosi ngosi dị ịrịba ama na nzukọ kwa afọ nke Society. <ref name="esa-awards">{{Cite web|title=Bell & Braun Awards|url=https://www.esa.org/esa/about/esa-awards/esa-awards/buell-braun-awards/|work=Ecological Society of America|accessdate=19 November 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Academylọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị Ohio site na 1933 ruo 1934, ewebata ya na Ụlọ Nche Nchekwa Ohio na 1971, ọzọ bụ nwanyị mbụ n'okwu abụọ ahụ.[5] N'afọ 1952, ụlọ ọrụ sayensị Cranbrook nyere ya Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award na botany. [5] N'afọ 1956, e nyere ya asambodo nke Merit site n'aka Botanical Society of America, a kpọsakwara ya otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ America 69 a ma ama na 1961.[5] N'afọ 1966, Braun natara Eloise Payne Luquer Medal maka ihe ịga nke ọma pụrụ iche na botany site na Garden Club of America. [5] A na-echeta ya na aha osisi anọ, ''[./Ageratina_luciae-&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Brauniae]''" id="mwxg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ageratina ''luciae-brauniae''">Ageratina luciae-brauniae, ''Erigeron pulchellus'' var. brauniae, ''Silphium terebinthinaceum'' var. luciae-brauniae, na ''Viola'' ''x brauniae'', <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lendemer|first=J.C.|title=Rinodina brauniana (Physciaceae, Teloschistales), a new species with pseudoisidia from the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America|journal=The Bryologist|year=2019|volume=122|issue=1|pages=111–121|doi=10.1639/0007-2745-122.1.111}}</ref> na otu lichen, ''Rinodina brauniana'' .[18] == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Akụkọ nke 7.{{Cite journal|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=The Physiographic Ecology of the Cincinnati Region|date=1916|journal=Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin|volume=II|issue=3|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55649631#page/121/mode/1up}} * Braun bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ.{{Cite book|chapter=Ohio|title=Naturalist's Guide to the Americas|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|editor=Shelford|publisher=The Williams & Wilkins Company|location=Baltimore, MD|year=1926|pages=354–372|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/19779}} * {{Cite journal|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=The Lea Herbarium and the Flora of Cincinnati|date=January 1934|journal=The American Midland Naturalist|volume=XV|issue=1|pages=1–75|doi=10.2307/2420211}} * {{Cite book|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=An Annotated Catalog of Spermatophytes of Kentucky|date=1943|publisher=John Swift Co.|location=Cincinnati, OH|isbn=9781930665309|oclc=3189946}} * {{Cite book|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America|date=1950|publisher=Blakiston|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781930665309|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001498422|oclc=814026}} * {{Cite journal|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=The Phytogeography of Unglaciated Eastern United States and Its Interpretation|journal=The Botanical Review|date=June 1955|volume=XXI|issue=6|pages=297–375|doi=10.1007/bf02872433}} * Na Gramineae nke Clara G. Weishaupt. Ihe osise mbụ nke Elizabeth Dalvé na Elizabeth King.{{Cite book|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=The Monocotyledoneae: Cat-tails to Orchids|date=1967|publisher=Ohio State University Press|location=Columbus, OH|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001689487|oclc=1367040|series=Vascular flora of Ohio ;v. 1}} * {{Cite book|author=Braun|first=E. Lucy|title=The Woody Plants of Ohio: Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Climbers, Native, Naturalized, and Escaped|date=1969|publisher=Hafner Pub. Co.|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781930665309|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000001147|oclc=86890}} === Nchịkọta nke onye edemede ===   == Edemsibia == <references /> == Akwụkwọ == *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217298 Emma Lucy Braun Photograph Album, c. 1932-1940] site na Smithsonian Institution ArchivesEbe ndebe Ihe Ochie nke Smithsonian * Annette na E. Lucy Braun Akwụkwọ E debere Wayback Machine na Cincinnati History Library & Archived nke Cincinnati Museum CenterEbe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Cincinnati * [http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/BRAU1889.htm Braun, Emma Lucy, na Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches], nwetara n'April 4, 2012 * Braun, E. (Emma) Lucy, na The Free Dictionary nke Farlex, nwetara n'April 4, 2012 * A Force of Nature: Lucy Braun, ihe ngosi na-eme ka ndụ E. Lucy Braun pụta ìhè, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-emepe emepe na narị afọ nke 20, nwetara na Jenụwarị 19, 2020 [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ovzkp9fz8o1n89qi7axhh3xxt9jc46r 0 67042 687544 515264 2026-07-12T13:27:07Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ali Mosharrafa.jpg|thumb|Ali Mosharrafa]]   '''Ali Moustafa Attia Mosharrafa''' (Arabic: علي مصطفى عطية مشرفة; 11 Julaị 1898 - 16 Jenụarị 1950) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Egypt. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ etinyere na Mahadum Cairo ma bụrụkwa onye isi mbụ nke Mahadum.[1] O nyere aka na mmepe nke Quantum theory yana Theory of relativity<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ali Moustafa Mosharrafa - Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mosharrafa/|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=Maths History|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === Mosharafa nwetara asambodo praịmarị ya na 1910, bụrụ onye nke abụọ na mba ahụ. Ọ nwetara Baccalaureate ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, na-aghọ nwa akwụkwọ kachasị nta n'oge ahụ ka e nyere asambodo dị otú ahụ ma, ọzọ, bụrụ nke abụọ. Ọ họọrọ idebanye aha na kọleji ndị nkuzi karịa ngalaba nke ọgwụ ma ọ bụ injinia n'ihi mmasị miri emi ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1917. N'ihi ịdị mma ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ, Ngalaba Mmụta Ijipt zigara ya England ebe, na 1920, ọ nwetara BSc (Honors) na Mahadum Nottingham. Mahadum Ijipt kwetara inye Mosharafa agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ iji mezue thesis doctoral ya. N'oge ọ nọ na London, e bipụtara ya ọtụtụ ugboro na magazin sayensị a ma ama.O nwetara PhD na 1923 site na King's College London n'oge kacha nta enwere ike kwere dịka ụkpụrụ ebe ahụ siri dị.  Na 1924, Mosharafa nwetara akara ugo mmụta nke Dọkịta nke Sayensị, onye Egypt mbụ na onye sayensị sayensị nke 11 n'ụwa nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị otú ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More on Ali Moustafa Mosharrafa|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Extras/Mosharrafa_extra/|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=Maths History|language=en}}</ref> === Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ === Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ Egypt izizi nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na ngalaba Sayensị. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba na 1936, mgbe ọ dị afọ 38. Ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba nke Sayensị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1950. == Ihe ndị sayensị rụzuru == N'ime afọ 1920 na 1930, ọ mụrụ Usoro Maxwell, ozizi nke relativity pụrụ iche, ma soro Albert Einstein na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ali Moustafa Mosharrafa - Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Mosharrafa/|accessdate=2023-07-18|work=Maths History|language=en}}</ref> Mosharafa bipụtara akwụkwọ 25 mbụ na akwụkwọ sayensị dị iche iche banyere quantum theory, theory of relativity, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti radiation na ihe. O bipụtara akwụkwọ sayensị iri na abụọ gbasara mmekọrịta na mgbakọ na mwepụ. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ya gbasara tiori relativity n'asụsụ Bekee, French, German na Polish. Ọ sụgharịkwara akwụkwọ 10 gbasara mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ n'asụsụ Arabik. Mosharafa nwere mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, na-elekwasị anya na onyinye nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Arab na Middle Ages. Ya na nwa akwụkwọ ya bụ M. Morsi Ahmad, o bipụtara akwụkwọ al-Khwārizmī The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Bancing (Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala). Mosharafa nwekwara mmasị na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti egwu na mgbakọ na mwepụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?ID=DXiD5SLu%252f7EYPwfusx8now%253d%253d&sl=ar&tl=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307183744/http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/Types/Persons/Details.aspx?ID=DXiD5SLu%252f7EYPwfusx8now%253d%253d&sl=ar&tl=en|archivedate=March 7, 2022|title=ذاكرة مصر المعاصرة - السيرة الذاتية}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://modernegypt.bibalex.org/TxtViewer/TextViewer.aspx?ID=1015&type=Article|title=Text Viewer}}</ref> == Echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mosharafa bụ onye mbụ kpọrọ oku maka mgbanwe na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na nchọnchọ sayensị. Mosharafa chọrọ ịkwalite mmata sayensị ọha na eze wee dee ọtụtụ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gbasara isiokwu sayensị ezubere ka ndị na-ege ntị nweta ohere.MỌ gbakwara ume ka asụgharị akwụkwọ sayensị n'asụsụ Arabik, ma nye aka n'ịde akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma sayensị Arab na akwụkwọ gbasara ihe nketa sayensị nke ndị Arab. Ọ megidere iji ike atọm eme ihe n'agha ma dọọ aka ná ntị megide iji sayensị eme ihe dị ka ụzọ mbibi. == Nsọpụrụ == * Eze Farouq nyere ya utu aha "Pasha", mana ọ jụrụ utu aha ahụ na-azọrọ na ọ nweghị utu aha kwesịrị ekwesị karịa PhD sayensị. * A na-akpọ ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ nzukọ aha ya na Faculty of Science, Mahadum Cairo, Egypt. * Ezinụlọ ya amalitela onyinye kwa afọ nke na-ebu aha ya ka e nye ya nwa akwụkwọ kacha nwee ọgụgụ isi na mgbakọ na mwepụ. * Egypt & Europe Magazine bipụtara ihe osise nke ya na-eguzo n'etiti Russia na USA na-ejide akwụkwọ a tụgharịrị n'aka ya, na ike abụọ na-echere ya ka ọ kpughee ihe nzuzo nke sayensị. ???  &nbsp;&nbsp; * N'afọ 1947, ụlọ ọrụ Institute for Advanced Study kpọrọ Mosharafa ka ọ sonye dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Princeton, mana eze jụrụ. * A gụrụ Newton-Mosharafa Fund aha ya na Sir Isaac Newton <ref>{{Cite web|title=Newton-Mosharafa Fund {{!}} British Council|url=http://www.britishcouncil.org.eg/en/programmes/education/newton-mosharafa-fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215211352/http://www.britishcouncil.org.eg/en/programmes/education/newton-mosharafa-fund|accessdate=2025-07-15|archivedate=2014-12-15}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ == O dere akwụkwọ iri abụọ na isii dị mkpa gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike. O dere akwụkwọ iri na ise gbasara relativity na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Otu n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ gbasara echiche nke relativity nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee, French, German na Polish, ma bipụtaghachi na United States. O mepụtara ihe dị ka akwụkwọ sayensị iri na ise gbasara relativity, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na atọm. === Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ === * ''Anyị na Sayensị'' * ''Sayensị na Ndụ'' * ''Bọmbụ Atọm na Atọm'' * ''Nkwupụta Sayensị'' * ''Injinia na Fero Times'' === Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A.M.|title=C. On the appearance of unsymmetrical components in the Stark effect|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=May 1922|volume=43|issue=257|pages=943–952|doi=10.1080/14786442208633948|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430977}} * On the Stark Effect for Strong Electric Fields (Phil. Mag. Vol. 44, p. 371) - (1922) &nbsp; * On the Quantum Theory of Complex Zeeman Effect (Phil. Mag. Vol. 46, p. 177) - (1923) &nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A.M.|title=LV. On a second approximation to the quantum theory of the simple Zeeman effect and the appearance of new components|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=September 1923|volume=46|issue=273|pages=514–524|doi=10.1080/14786442308634274}} * The Stark Effect for Strong Fields (Phil. Mag. Vol. 46, p. 751) - (1923) &nbsp; * On the Quantum Theory of the Simple Zeeman Effect (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Mpịakọta 102, peeji nke 529) - (1923) &nbsp; * Ọkara Integral Quantum nọmba na Theory of Stark Effect na n'ozuzu Hypothesis of Fractional Quantum numbers (Roy. Soc. Proc. Vol. 126, p. 641) - (1930) &nbsp; * On The Quantum Dynamics of Degenerate Systems (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Mpịakọta 107, peeji nke 237) - (1925) &nbsp; * The Quantum Explanation of the Zeeman Triplet (Nature Vol. 119, p. 96, No. 2907, July 18) - (1925) &nbsp; * The Motion of a Lorentz Electron as a wave Phenomenon (Nature Vol. 124, p. 726, No. 3132, Nov. 9) - (1929) &nbsp; * Wave Mechanics and the Dual Aspect of Matter and Radiation (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Vol. 126, p. 35) - (1930) &nbsp; * Material and Radiational Waves (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Mpịakọta 131, peeji nke 335) - (1931) &nbsp; * Enwere ike ile ihe na radiation anya dị ka akụkụ abụọ nke otu ọnọdụ ụwa (Verhandlungen der Internationalen Kongress, Zurich, Switzerland) - (1932) * Ụfọdụ Echiche Banyere Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Ihe na Radiation (Bulletin de l'institute d'Egypte, T. XVI, p. 161) - (1939) &nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Mokhtar|first=M.|title=Modes in Modern Egyptian Music|journal=Nature|date=September 1937|volume=140|issue=3543|pages=548–549|doi=10.1038/140548b0}} * The Maxwellian Equations and a Variable Speed of Light (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, No. 1, Vol. 1) - (1937) * The Principle of Indeterminacy and the Structure of the World Lines (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Vol. 2, No. 1) - (1944) * Wave Surfaces jikọtara ya na World Lines (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 2) - (1943) * Conical Transformations (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, No. 2, Mpịakọta 3) - (1944) * On a Positive Definite Metric in the Special Theory of Relativity (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 4) - (1944) * On the Metric of Space and the Equations of Motion of a Charged Particle (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Mpịakọta nke 3, Nke 1) - (1945) * {{Cite journal|author=Pasha|first=A. M. Mosharrafa|title=The Egyptian Academy of Sciences|journal=Nature|date=1 May 1946|volume=157|issue=3992|pages=573|doi=10.1038/157573a0|pmid=21028130}} * The Metric of Space and Mass Deficiency (Philosophical Magazine) - (1948) * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=Mass-Defect Curves|journal=Nature|date=October 1949|volume=164|issue=4172|pages=662–663|doi=10.1038/164662b0}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Edensibia nke akwụkwọ ya === * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=Half-Integral Quantum Numbers in the Theory of the Stark Effect and a General Hypothesis of Fractional Quantum Numbers|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|date=1924|volume=105|issue=734|pages=641–650|doi=10.1098/rspa.1924.0044}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=On the Quantum Theory of the Simple Zeeman Effect|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|date=1923|volume=102|issue=718|pages=529–537|doi=10.1098/rspa.1923.0011}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=Half-Integral Quantum Numbers in the Theory of the Stark Effect and a General Hypothesis of Fractional Quantum Numbers|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|date=1924|volume=105|issue=734|pages=641–650|doi=10.1098/rspa.1924.0044}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=Material and Radiational Waves|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|date=1931|volume=131|issue=817|pages=335–339|doi=10.1098/rspa.1931.0056}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=Wave Mechanics and the Dual Aspect of Matter and Radiation|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|date=1929|volume=126|issue=800|pages=35–40|doi=10.1098/rspa.1929.0202}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=The Motion of a Lorentz Electron as a Wave Phenomenon|journal=Nature|date=November 1929|volume=124|issue=3132|pages=726–727|doi=10.1038/124726b0}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=The Quantum Explanation of the Zeeman Triplet|journal=Nature|date=July 1925|volume=116|issue=2907|pages=96–97|doi=10.1038/116096a0}} * {{Cite journal|author=Mosharrafa|first=A. M.|title=On the Quantum Dynamics of Degenerate Systems|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|date=1925|volume=107|issue=742|pages=237–246|doi=10.1098/rspa.1925.0018}} q4y7r46ah8z4z6fsgdygqer5ktm0vw8 118 67099 687795 515673 2026-07-13T10:59:10Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687795 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Getzova.png|thumb|Sophia Getzowa]]   '''Sophia Getzowa''' ( Hebrew ; 10 Jenụwarị 1872 (OS) / 23 Jenụwarị 1872 (NS) - 11 (12) Julaị 1946) bụ onye Belarusian mụrụ onye ọkà mmụta banyere ọrịa na ọkà mmụta sayensị na Palestine mmanye. O tolitere na shtetl Juu na Belarus na n'oge ọmụmụ ahụike ya na Mahadum Bern, ọ gbara aka na Chaim Weizmann, onye ga-abụ onye isi ala mbụ nke Israel. Ha na-arụkọ ọrụ na òtù Zionist. Mgbe afọ anọ nwechara ịhụnanya, Weizmann kwụsịrị njikọ aka ha, Getzowa laghachiri na ọmụmụ ahụike ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1904. O mere nyocha nke ọtụtụ ebe na-ezo aka na thyroid, na-achọpụta nests siri ike (SCN) na 1907. N'ihi ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye Juu, nwanyị, na onye mba ọzọ, ọnọdụ ọrụ Getzowa enweghị isi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1920 na ebe dị iche iche na Switzerland yana obere oge na Paris. Na 1925, mgbe nkwanye si n'aka Albert Einstein, e goro ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ maka ọrịa n'oge a ka na-emepụta Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, bụ ebe ọ ga-abụ onye prọfesọ nwanyị mbụ na 1927. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Europe rụkọrọ ọrụ n'oge fọdụrụnụ nke ọrụ ya, tupu ya ezumike nká na 1940. == Ndụ mbido == [[Faịlụ:Albert_Einstein_WZO_photo_1921_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Albert Einstein na Chaim Weizmann (1921) ]] N'ihi ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye Juu, nwanyị, na onye mba ọzọ, ọnọdụ ọrụ Getzowa enweghị isi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1920 na ebe dị iche iche na Switzerland yana obere oge na Paris. Na 1925, mgbe nkwanye si n'aka Albert Einstein, e goro ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-ahụ maka ọrịa n'oge a ka na-emepụta Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem, bụ ebe ọ ga-abụ onye prọfesọ nwanyị mbụ na 1927. Ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Europe rụkọrọ ọrụ n'oge fọdụrụnụ nke ọrụ ya, tupu ya ezumike nká na 1940. Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru.[15] Nne Getzowa nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ na nwa nwanne nne, Marie Scheindels-Kagan, bụ́ onye na-agba akwụkwọ na Švenčionys, kpọọrọ ya bata ma kụziere ya ihe odide ndị Russia. Ọ laghachiri Gomel na 1882 wee banye na Progymnasium e hiwere ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ atọ. Ruo afọ asatọ, [15] ọ gara Жіночу гімназію в Ромнах (Ụmụ nwanyị Gymnasium na Romny), tupu ya achụso ọmụmụ ahụike na Mahadum Bern, Switzerland, [1] malite na 1895.[3] Getzowa nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ngagharị nke Zionist na na 1898 bụ onye nnọchi anya ọgbakọ nke abụọ nke Zionist, nke emere na Basel.[17] N'afọ ahụ, ọ lụrụ Chaim Weizmann, bụ onye kpọọrọ ya izute ezinụlọ ya na Pinsk n'oge ezumike okpomọkụ na 1898 na 1899.[18] Getzowa gara Pinsk ugboro abụọ ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Rebekka, bụ́ onye na-amụkwa ọgwụ na Bern.[3] O yikarịrị ka ha abụọ bikọtara ọnụ mgbe ha mekọrịtachara, dị ka a na-emekarị n'oge ahụ19] Getzowa ghọrọ onye dị mkpa nke obodo Zionist, [ 20 ] na-aga na 5th Zionist Congress dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke Democratic Fraction, [ [ ] [ 21 [ otu radical group guzobere enyi ya Leo Motzkin na Weizmann na 1901. Getzowa na July 1901, ma ọ gwaghị ezinụlọ ya ruo March 1903. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] N'ihi na Weizmann na-edoghị anya banyere nzube ya, na-ekwe nkwa izute Getzowa ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị ma na-agba ya ume ka ọ nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na ya na òtù Zionist, ọ kọwara mmekọrịta ya na Vera dị ka onye na-achụ nwoke. [ 24 ] N'ịbụ onye agbagoro ọdịda anyanwụ site na ikpughe ogologo oge ya na omenala Europe na Germany na Switzerland, Weizmann ekpebiwo ugbu a na onye mmekọ nke ndị Juu Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ akọwapụtaghị ya na njedebe nke shtetle. [ 25 ] A hụrụ omume ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị asọpụrụ, ma kee mgbaji na Motzkin na ndị ọzọ na Democratic Fraction. [ 23 ] Ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya mere ikpe nlegharị anya wee kpebie na ọ ga-akwado nkwa ya ma lụọ Getzowa, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ hapụ ya. [ 26 [ Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gbakere site na nhụjuanya nke nkwụsịtụ ahụ, na [ ata ahụhụ ọzọ mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị nwụrụ site na ọrịa cancer afọ ''na'' [ April 1902. Thyroid Glands nke Cretins na Idiots), ọ chọpụtara na anụ ahụ si mba ọzọ, nke ga-abụ ntọala nke ọrụ ya. [ 28 ] Nleba anya ya bụ na cell ezumike na cysts nke postbranchial ahụ na atrophic goiters nke thyroid esiteghị na anụ ahụ thyroid ma ghara imeghachi omume na thyroid. [ 29 ] == Ọrụ == [[Faịlụ:UniBern1909-new.jpg|thumb|Mahadum nke Bern na 1909]] Na afọ 1905, Prọfesọ Hans Strasser goro Getzowa ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka nwanyị mbụ na Bern Institute of Anatomy. [ 8 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Ọ malitere nyocha nke goiters na parathyroid tissues yana Langhans na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nchọpụta bụ isi nke mere ka ọ pụta ìhè mmalite nke etuto thyroid . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya, oge a na Institute of Pathology, n'okpuru nduzi nke Theodor Langhans na Ernst Hedinger,. [ 1 ] N'ihi àgwà ọma ya, ọ masịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya. Na 1907, [[Carl Wegelin]] nwere mmasị na mwepụ ya nke etuto ahụ site na mbepụ afọ nke na ya na ya malitere mmekọrịta chiri anya. [ 34 ] Wegelin mechara bụrụ onye isi oche mbụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ nke Switzerland. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ chọtara nests siri ike (SCN), na-aghọ onye mbụ kọwara ha. [ 37 ] Ka Langhans na-eru nso ịla ezumike nká, ọ kwadoro maka ọpụpụ ya na ma Wegelin na Getzowa kwadoro itinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa ahụ. Wegelin kwadoro na 1908 [ 36 ] na Langhans jiri nyocha Getzowa mee ihe iji nye ya Habilitation na 1912. [ 1 ] [ 38 ] [ 36 ] Ọ bụ ezie na afọ asaa dị obere karịa Getzowa, Wegelin meriri Langhans dị ka onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ Anatomical. [ 36 ] na a họpụtara ya dị ka Privatdozent na Mahadum Bern. [ 38 ] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} 8iw165gatkzk1wkpsj5tspw99nw0cdw 0 71744 687720 537860 2026-07-13T06:23:06Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox comics character <!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Comics-->|image=Firecheckmate.png|caption=Fire as depicted in ''Checkmate'' vol. 2 #2 (June 2006). Art by [[Lee Bermejo]].|character_name=Fire|publisher=[[DC Comics]]|debut=''[[Super Friends]]'' #25<br/>(October 1979)|creators=[[E. Nelson Bridwell]] (writer)<br>[[Ramona Fradon]] (artist)|real_name=Beatriz Bonilla Da Costa|species=Metahuman|homeworld=Brazil|alliances=[[Checkmate (comics)|Checkmate]]<br/>[[Global Guardians]]<br/>[[Justice League]]<br/>[[Justice League International]]<br/>[[Justice League Task Force (comics)|Justice League Task Force]]|partners=[[Ice (character)|Ice]] <br> [[Glacier (DC Comics)|Icemaiden]]|aliases=B. B. da Costa, Green Fury, Green Flame, Black King's Knight|supports=<!--optional-->|powers=*Green [[pyrokinesis]] *Ability to become a being purely composed of living green fire *[[Flight|Pyrokinetic flight]] *Intangibility *Pyroplasmic form}}E kere ya dịka Green Fury, Beatriz Da Costa bụ nwaanyị dike mbụ sitere na Latin America n’akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise (comics) ama ama nke Amerịka. Ọ bụ dike Latin America nke anọ, mgbe El Gaucho (DC), White Tiger (Marvel), na Bushmaster (DC) gasịrị.gasịrị. Michelle Hurd mere Fire na ihe nkiri ụgbọelu nke 1997 Justice League of America . Natalie Morales gara site na aha "Green Fury" n'otu ihe omume nke usoro 2017 Powerless . [[Faịlụ:WonderCon 2012 - Fire from DC Comics (7019138737).jpg|thumb|Ọkụ (ihe nkiri)]] == Akụkọ mbipụta == Ụdị ya mbụ pụtara na ''Super Friends'' #25 (Ọktoba 1979) ma E. Nelson Bridwell na Ramona Fradon kere ya. == Akụkọ ndụ onye e chepụtara echepụta == === Tupu Nsogbu === ==== Ndị Enyi Ukwu ==== [[File:GreenFury.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|110x110px|Beatriz dị ka Green Fury.]] '''Beatriz da Costa''', onye a na-akpọ Green Fury, bụ onye isi oche nke alaka Brazil nke Wayne Enterprises. N'ihi ihe omimi [[Brazil|Onye Brazil]], o nwere ọtụtụ ikike nke gụnyere ike iwepụta nnukwu ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọ pụkwara ife efe, gbanwee uwe ya na uche ya, ma gosipụta ikike dị nta iji mepụta nrọ efu. Na mpụta mbụ ya, ọ na-eche Superman ihu ma na-alụ ọgụ, onye "puppet master" Overlord, Sandor Fine na-achịkwa. N'ọhụụ ya ọzọ, Green Fury kpọrọ Super Friends ka ha nyere aka merie onye ọjọọ Green Thumb (Fargo Keyes), ma ọnwa ole na ole gachara, ọ gosiere ha '''akụkọ nzuzo banyere mmalite ya''' iji gbochie ndị mmụọ ọjọọ si Green. ==== Ndị Nche Ụwa ==== '''Green Fury''' ghọrọ otu n’ime '''Global Guardians''' mgbe '''Superman''', onye Doctor Mist kpọrọ, rịọrọ enyemaka iji chọta otu n’ime ọtụtụ ihe ochie ndị otu ndị amamihe ojoo nwere ike na-achụso. <ref name="dc-glob">{{Cite book|author=Greenberger|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Greenberger|chapter=Global Guardians|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}</ref> Ha lụrụ ọgụ na '''onye amamihe''' akpọrọ '''El Dorado''' n’ime '''obodo ochie zuru ezu n’ahịhịa''', nke dị n’ime ọhịa. Ha abụọ guzo n’ihu '''‘jaguars mmụọ’''' ma nwee mmetụta na ha tufuru ihe ochie ahụ, '''okpu eze''', nye onye amamihe ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, '''Costa''' nyere '''Superman''' na ndị ọzọ '''Guardians''' aka ịlụ ọgụ na ndị amamihe, gụnyere '''El Dorado''', na Easter Island. Ndị dike ahụ natara ohere mgbe ha mụtara na '''Superman gbanwere ihe ochie ndị ahụ na ihe atụ ụgha'''. Nke a gbochiri '''ịrị elu ike nke ihe ahụ ndị amamihe na-eso''', '''Thaumar Dhai'''. Ọ bụ ezie na Dhai enweghị ike dị ka e tụrụ anya, ọ ka bụ ihe egwu. '''Ike amamihe nke Green Fury''' bụ isi n’ịchụpụ ya. Mgbe Nsogbu na Infinite Earths gasịrị, a gbanwere akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. A gụgharịrị ya '''Beatriz Bonilla da Costa''', ọ malitere dị ka onye na-amụrụ ihe n'ụsọ osimiri nke Rio, wee ghọọ onye na-eme ihe ngosi na onye na-ese ihe nkiri tupu ya achọta onwe ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nzuzo maka SNI nke gọọmentị Brazil (Serviço Nacional de Informações - National Information Service), n'ezie ABIN (Agência Brasileira de Inteligência - Brazilian Intelligence Agency). N'otu n'ime ọrụ ya, Beatriz tọrọ n'ime mgbawa pyroplasmic nke na-enye ya ikike iku ume ọkụ. Ọ na-ewere njirimara nke Green Fury, wee gbanwee ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ Green Flame. Ọ sonyeere ndị otu dike mba ụwa bụ Global Guardians, nke ọ bụ onye otu ya ogologo oge. N'ihi nguzobe nke JustIce League International, a na-ewepụ ego nke ndị Guardians' United Nations. Beatriz mere ka onye otu ya na ezigbo enyi ya bụ Icemaiden kwenye isonyere ya itinye akwụkwọ maka ndị otu Justice League International. N'ihi arụkwaghịm Black Canary na ntọrọ nke ọtụtụ ndị otu, JLI na-adịghị aka ike na-eburu ha.<ref name="dc-ency">{{Cite book|author=Jimenez|first=Phil|authorlink=Phil Jimenez|chapter=Fire|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ gbanwere aha dike ya ọzọ, n'oge a ka ọ bụrụ Fire n'ikwekọ na mkpirisi nke Icemaiden nke aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Ice. N'ihi "bọmbụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa" nke ndị ala ọzọ Dominators gbagburu, ike Fire na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mana ọ bụghị ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ruo oge ụfọdụ. <ref name="dc-ency" /> Fire assumes a big sister role with Ice, watching out for her and her interactions with the "real" world. For example, Fire steps in when Ice does not realize she is being stalked by a delusional fan. However, Fire herself makes mistakes, such as torching the cash she'd just saved while foiling a bank robbery. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'ọgụ megide Doomsday, Beatriz tụfuru ike ya site n'ịkwụ ha ụtụ isi ruo n'ókè ha. Ọ nọgidere na ndị otu ahụ mana ka ọ na-alaghachi na Justice League America #88, oge agafeela iji nyere aka gbochie ọnwụ ezigbo enyi ya, ebe Onye Nlekọta ahụ gburu Ice.<ref name="dc-ency">{{Cite book|author=Jimenez|first=Phil|authorlink=Phil Jimenez|chapter=Fire|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJimenez2008">[[Phil Jimenez|Jimenez, Phil]] (2008). "Fire". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). ''The DC Comics Encyclopedia''. New York: [[Dorling Kindersley]]. p.&nbsp;121. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1|<bdi>978-0-7566-4119-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017 213309017].</cite></ref> Ka Beatriz na-anwa ịnagide ọnwụ a, ya na onye bụbu onye Ice hụrụ n'anya, Guy Gardner, na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya dị mkpirikpi. Mgbe Icemaiden mbụ, Sigrid Nansen, sonyeere Njikọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ Ice, Fire na-emete ya enyi. Otú ọ dị, ọbụbụenyi ha na-emetụta omume iru uju na-enweghị isi nke Bea, na mmasị ịhụnanya Sigrid na Bea. Mgbe Njikọ a dara, Beatriz laghachiri Brazil ma gbalịa iweghachi onwe ya dị ka onye isi na-echebe mba ahụ. Nke a na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche, nke ọ na-ata ụta maka Martian Manhunter na Southern hemisphere. Ọkụ mechara gbalịa ịla ezumike nká site n'ịbụ dike ma guzobe ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ mara mma n'ịntanetị mgbe Maxwell Lord na-agwa ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bụbu ndị otu JLI okwu ka ha gbanwee dị ka otu "ndị dike maka mmadụ nkịtị" a na-akpọ "Super Buddies". Ọ na-ahụ onwe ya ka ya na Mary Marvel na-ekerịta ụlọ ma, n'ihe na-echetara mmekọrịta ya na Ice, ọ na-aghọ "onye na-elekọta nwa" maka onye na-eto eto na-amaghị nke a na-akọ. N'otu njem ya na Super Buddies, a na-enye Fire na ndị ọzọ ohere ịzọpụta mmụọ Ice na Hel (ma ọ bụ akụkụ yiri ya). Ma dị ka akụkọ ifo ndị Gris nke Orpheus na Eurydice, Ọkụ enweghị ike iguzogide ile anya n'azụ ya, nke na-eme ka mmụọ Ice pụọ. N'oge Super Buddies nọ na Hel, Etrigan the Demon na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Fire ka e mere ka ọ nwụọ kama Ice. Ka e mesịrị, n'oge ọ nọ n'òtù ahụ, ọ zutere ụdị ụwa ọzọ nke Ice. Ndị Super Buddies amaghị na Maxwell Lord bụkwa Eze ojii nke Checkmate na nzuzo. Mgbe ndị Buddies gbasara, Beatriz ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya Checkmate na-arụrụ Amanda Waller ọrụ, onye weghaara Checkmate mgbe Lord nwụsịrị.<ref name="dc-ency">{{Cite book|author=Jimenez|first=Phil|authorlink=Phil Jimenez|chapter=Fire|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJimenez2008">[[Phil Jimenez|Jimenez, Phil]] (2008). "Fire". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). ''The DC Comics Encyclopedia''. New York: [[Dorling Kindersley]]. p.&nbsp;121. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1|<bdi>978-0-7566-4119-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017 213309017].</cite></ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke Fire bụ iweghachite Brother Eye, nke dara na [[Saudi Arabia]]. Sasha Bordeaux, onye bụkwabu nke Checkmate, mebiri atụmatụ a. Ọ pụtara mgbe e mesịrị, na-akatọ Booster Gold maka nkwalite onwe ya na-enweghị ihere ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-achọ ndị dike na-efu efu. Ọ nọkwa n'ebe ncheta maka nwunye Ralph Dibny bụ Sue. ==== Onye na-eme ntụle ====   Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Nsogbu ahụ gasịrị, a gbanwere Checkmate n'okpuru nlekọta nke United Nations na Beatriz ghọrọ Black King's Knight.<ref name="dc-ency">{{Cite book|author=Jimenez|first=Phil|authorlink=Phil Jimenez|chapter=Fire|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJimenez2008">[[Phil Jimenez|Jimenez, Phil]] (2008). "Fire". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). ''The DC Comics Encyclopedia''. New York: [[Dorling Kindersley]]. p.&nbsp;121. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1|<bdi>978-0-7566-4119-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017 213309017].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghịzi agwa Waller (onye e mere White Queen), Waller na-eji ihe akaebe megide nna ya ma manye ya igbu ọchụ nzuzo. A kpughere na, dị ka nwatakịrị, nna Bea zụrụ igbu ọchụ. N'agbanyeghị ihe gara aga ya, Beatriz kwupụtara ịkwa ụta maka isonye na ọrụ Checkmate nke na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe ruru ndị ọrụ Kobra 50, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Fire n'onwe ya gburu. ==== E jikọtara ya na Ice ==== Na Checkmate #16, Fire na Ice jikọtara ọnụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na peeji nke Birds of Prey . A na-ezo aka na mmekọrịta ha ọhụrụ ọzọ n'oge mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị dị n'etiti Ice na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Guy Gardner. Ice jụrụ arịrịọ ya ka ọ nọrọ na Oa, ka o kpebiri ijikọ ndụ ya n'ụwa, site n'enyemaka Beatriz. Gardner na-ekwu na Ọkụ na-achịkwa Ice. ==== Ọgbọ Ndị Furu ==== Ọkụ na-apụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na Justice League: Generation Lost, usoro maxi nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge ihe omume Brightest Day. Na mbido usoro ahụ, a na-akpọbata Fire dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu ìgwè ndị dike na-achụ nta onye guzobere JLI na onye gburu Ted Kord, Maxwell Lord. N'oge ya na Lord zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Justice League nke New York, a sụgharịrị Fire n'amaghị onwe ya n'akụkụ Ice, Booster Gold, na Captain Atom. Ndị bụbu ndị otu Justice League tetara anya ịchọpụta na Onyenwe anyị ejirila ikike uche ya kpochapụ ịdị adị ya n'uche mmadụ ọ bụla nọ na mbara ala, ma e wezụga ndị nọ n'ụlọ nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọ nwara ịgwa Wonder Woman banyere ogbugbu ya nke Onyenwe anyị, Wonder Woman jụrụ ikwere ya. Ọkụ na-achọpụta na Onyenwe anyị emetụtala ụwa n'uche ikwere na Checkmate achụpụla ya maka ọdịda nyocha uche ya. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Fire zutere Lord na isi ụlọ ọrụ JLI. Mgbe ọ chịsịrị Fire na Booster Gold iji gbochie ha ịkwụsị ya, ọ na-esi n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya JLI ochie laghachi na Checkmate. Tupu ha enwee ike ịchọpụta ihe ha ga-eme ọzọ, ndị Creature Commandos wakporo ntọala ahụ. E jidere ya mgbe a na-agbanyụ ya ike, a na-egosi na a gbagburu ya ọtụtụ ugboro. Ọkụ na-agwọ site na iji bandeeji nke Khalis, mana ọ nweghị ike igbochi Blue Beetle ka Maxwell Lord ghara ịtọrọ ya. Ka ndị otu ahụ na-emeso ọnwụ doro anya nke Blue Beetle, Fire na Gavril Ivanovich, Rocket Red nke ugbu a, na ha abụọ na-adịkwu nso, n'ikpeazụ na-esusu ọnụ. Na '''The New 52''' mbido ọhụrụ, '''Fire''' pụtara dịka otu n’ime '''Justice League International'''. '''Fire''' merụrụ ahụ na ngwụcha nke akụkọ mbụ ma e wezụga ya maka ihe fọdụrụ nke oge ahụ.i Na Absolute Power, Fire na Ice tụfuru ike ya n'aka ndị agha Amazo nke Amanda Waller. Mgbe e meriri ndị Amazos, ha abụọ weghachiri ike ha, mana ha gbanwere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aguilar|first=Matthew|date=October 2, 2024|title=DC Reveals Big Superhero Powers Twist in Absolute Power Finale|url=https://comicbook.com/comics/news/dc-reveals-big-superhero-powers-twist-in-absolute-power-finale/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234324/https://comicbook.com/comics/news/dc-reveals-big-superhero-powers-twist-in-absolute-power-finale/|archivedate=October 2, 2024|accessdate=October 28, 2024|work=[[ComicBook.com]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọkụ na Ice kpakpando na obere ihe nkiri Fire & Ice nke afọ 2024: Welcome to Smallville, ebe ha kwagara Smallville; na obere ihe omume Fire & Ice: When Hell Freezes Over nke afọ 2025, ebe Ọkụ n'amaghị ama na-eme ka onwe ya na Ice gbanwee ahụ mgbe ha chọrọ ka ụkwụ enwe weghachite ike ha dị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=McMillan|first=Graeme|date=August 25, 2023|title=DC's Fire & Ice: Welcome to Smallville - Everything you need to know about the new Dawn of DC series|url=https://www.thepopverse.com/fire-and-ice-welcome-to-smallville-dc-comics-comic-dawn-of/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426184806/https://www.thepopverse.com/fire-and-ice-welcome-to-smallville-dc-comics-comic-dawn-of/|archivedate=April 26, 2023|accessdate=July 22, 2025|work=Popverse|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dar|first=Taimur|date=January 23, 2025|title=DC's favorite gal pals experience body swap shenanigans in FIRE & ICE: WHEN HELL FREEZES OVER miniseries|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/fire-ice-when-hell-freezes-over-miniseries-announced/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123230708/https://www.comicsbeat.com/fire-ice-when-hell-freezes-over-miniseries-announced/|archivedate=January 23, 2025|accessdate=July 22, 2025|work=The Beat|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ha gachara Hel, Ọkụ na Ice weghachiri Mgbaaka Nabu ma nwetaghachi ahụ na ike mbụ ha. == Ike na ikike == Green Fury mbụ nwere ikike iku ume ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site n'ọnụ ya. O nwekwara ike ịmepụta ma jiri "ike okpomọkụ" ya mee ihe efu na ọkụ ọkụ ya na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ ọkụ oyi na-ajụ oyi. Ọkụ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere ikike anwansi iji gwọọ ma dozie uwe ya mgbe agha gasịrị. Batman zụkwara Beatriz n'ịlụ ọgụ aka na aka. Na-aga n'ihu mgbe ''Nsogbu'' gasịrị, Green Fury enwetụbeghị ike anwansi ndị a ma nwee mmalite ọhụrụ e degharịrị. Na ụdị '''Fire''' mgbe ''Crisis'' gasịrị, '''Fire''' nwere naanị ike iku ọkụ n’ụra ya n’ụzọ mbụ. N’oge mmemme ''Invasion!'' jikọtara akụkọ, '''bomba ndị Dominators''' kpalitere ikike '''Fire''', nyere ya ike ịgbanwe bụrụ '''mmụọ plasma dị ọcha''' ma bụrụ onye a pụghị imetụ aka. == Na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ == === Telivishọn === * Ọkụ pụtara na Justice League Unlimited, nke Maria Canals-Barrera kwuru. Nke a bụ onye otu Justice League. * Ọkụ pụtara na Batman: The Brave and the Bold, nke Grey DeLisle kwuru.<ref name="btva">{{Cite web|title=Fire Voices (DC Universe)|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/DC-Universe/Fire/|accessdate=October 28, 2024|publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> Ụdị a na-eduzi ike ya site n'aka ya kama iji ọnụ ya ma bụrụ onye guzobere Justice League International . <ref>{{Cite web|date=July 24, 2008|title=BSR! EXCLUSIVE: Ben Jones Interview (Director of Batman: Brave and the Bold)|url=http://www.bigshinyrobot.com/reviews/archives/544|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218184524/http://www.bigshinyrobot.com/reviews/archives/544|archivedate=February 18, 2012|accessdate=January 16, 2011|publisher=Big Shiny Robot!}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụdị ọzọ nke eluigwe na ala aha ya bụ Blaze na-apụta na-adịghị ekwu okwu na ihe omume "Deep Cover for Batman!" dị ka onye otu Injustice Syndicate. * Ọkụ na-apụta na Mad "Nke ahụ bụ ihe Super Friends Are For". * Ọkụ, dị ka "Green Fury", pụtara na Powerless, nke Natalie Morales gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gerding|first=Stephen|date=February 2, 2017|title=DC Comics' Superhero Fire Joins Cast of NBC's Powerless|url=http://www.cbr.com/dc-comics-nbc-powerless-justice-league/|work=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]]}}</ref> Ọkụ pụtara na Justice League of America, nke Michelle Hurd gosipụtara. * Ọkụ pụtara na ''DC Universe Online'', nke Shawn Sides kwuru.<ref name="btva">{{Cite web|title=Fire Voices (DC Universe)|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/DC-Universe/Fire/|accessdate=October 28, 2024|publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/DC-Universe/Fire/ "Fire Voices (DC Universe)"]. Behind The Voice Actors<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite> A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> * Ọkụ na-apụta dị ka onye na-akpọ òkù na ''Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eisen|first=Andrew|date=October 2, 2013|title=DC Characters and Objects - ''Scribblenauts Unmasked'' Guide|url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/scribblenauts-unmasked/DC_Characters_and_Objects|accessdate=October 28, 2024|work=[[IGN]]|language=en}}</ref>'' === Ihe ndị ọzọ === ''<nowiki><b>Fire</b></nowiki> na-apụta na ndabere na-enweghị okwu na DC Super Hero Girls dịka <nowiki><b>ụmụakwụkwọ nke Super Hero High</b></nowiki>.'' == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lv6uyxkesxd5ldqq6pi17ysb9h2zdwo 0 71748 687719 537868 2026-07-13T06:12:33Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:New Hope Baptist Church (Beatrice, Alabama).jpg|thumb|Beatrice Alabama ]] '''Beatrice''' /biːˈætrɪs/ bụ obodo dị na Monroe County, [[Alabama]], United States. E debanyere aha ya na 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3588|title=Beatrice|accessdate=February 22, 2016|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217154902/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3588}}</ref> Na ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2020, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya bụ 204, site na 301 na 2010 na 412 na 2000. Beatrice dị n'ebe ugwu Monroe County na 31°43′59′′N 87°12′24′′W / 31.73306°N 87.20667°W / 31.43306; -87.20667 (31.733178, -87.-206773).<ref name="GR1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990|archivedate=August 24, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824085937/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html}}</ref> Alabama State Routes 21 na 47 na-agafe obodo ahụ. Ha jikọtara ọnụ na-eduga n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ 17 kilomita (27 gaa Monroeville, isi obodo, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ 5 kilomita (8 gaa [[Riley, Alabama|Riley]]. State Route 265 na-eduga n'ebe ugwu site na Beatrice 20 miles (32 km) ruo Camden. Dị ka U.S. Census Bureau si kwuo, Beatrice nwere ngụkọta nke km2), ala niile.   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+'''Obodo Beatrice, Alabama - Agbụrụ na agbụrụ'''<br /><small> <span class="nobold">''Tebụl a na-ewepu Latinos na agbụrụ ma nye ha otu. Ndị Hispanic / Latino nwere ike ịbụ agbụrụ ọ bụla.''</span></small> !Agbụrụ / Agbụrụ <small> (''NH = Ndị na-abụghị ndị Hispanic'') </small> !Pop 2010<ref name="2010CensusP2">{{Cite web|title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Beatrice town, Alabama|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0104900&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 15, 2023|archivedate=May 15, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515220514/https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0104900&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2}}</ref> !Pop 2020 <ref name="2020CensusP2">{{Cite web|title=P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Beatrice town, Alabama|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0104900&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 15, 2023|archivedate=May 15, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515221001/https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US0104900&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2}}</ref> !% 2010 !% 2020 |- |White naanị (NH) |71 |61 |23.59% |29.90% |- |Onye isi ojii ma ọ bụ onye Africa America naanị (NH) |229 |135 |76.08% |66.18% |- |Native American ma ọ bụ Alaska Native naanị (NH) |1 |0 |0.33% |0.00% |- |Eshia naanị (NH) |0 |0 |0.00% |0.00% |- |Onye Pacific Islander naanị ya (NH) |0 |0 |0.00% |0.00% |- |Agbụrụ Ndị Ọzọ Nanị (NH) |0 |0 |0.00% |0.00% |- |Agbụrụ Mgbasa / Agbụrụ Mmụba (NH) |0 |6 |0.00% |2.94% |- |Hispanic ma ọ bụ Latino (agbụrụ ọ bụla) |0 |2 |0.00% |0.98% |- |'''Ngụkọta''' |'''301''' |'''204''' |'''100.00%''' |'''100.00%''' |} As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website|archivedate=December 27, 1996|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/http://www.census.gov/}}</ref> of 2000, there were 412 people, 158 households, and 106 families residing in the town. The population density was 304.8 inhabitants per square mile (117.7/km2). There were 203 housing units at an average density of 150.2 per square mile (58.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 26.94% White, 72.57% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American and 0.24% Pacific Islander. 0.49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. E nwere ezinụlọ otu nari,iri ise na asato, nke 32.9% nwere ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na- asato na ha bi, 36.1% bụ [[Agbamakwụkwọ|di na nwunye]] bi, 25.3% nwere nwanyị nwe ụlọ na-enweghị di, na 32.3% bụ ndị na-abụghị ezinụlọ. 29.7% nke ezinụlọ niile bụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na 18.4% nwere onye bi naanị ya nke dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinụlọ bụ 2.61 na nkezi ọnụ ọgụgụ ezinaụlọ bụ 3.17. N'obodo ahụ, ndị bi ebe ahụ gbasara, na 28.9% n'okpuru afọ 18, 9.7% site na iri na asato ruo 24, 20.6% site na 25 ruo 44, 21.4% site na iri ano na ise ruo iri isii na ise, na 19.4% ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa. Nkezi afọ bụ afọ iri ato na eteghete. Maka otu nari ụmụ nwanyị ọ bụla, e nwere ụmụ nwoke 89.0. Maka otu nari ụmụ nwanyị ọ bụla dị afọ iri na-asato ma ọ bụ karịa, e nwere ụmụ nwoke 84.3. Nkezi ego ezinụlọ na-enweta n'obodo ahụ bụ $ 15,833, nkezi ego ezinụlọ nwetara bụ $ 15,625. Ndị nwoke nwere ọkara ego nke $ 30,417 na $ 15,469 maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ego otu onye na-enweta n'obodo ahụ bụ $ 8,661. Ihe dị ka 39.6% nke ezinụlọ na 44.4% nke ndị bi na ya nọ n'okpuru akara ịda ogbenye, gụnyere 54.5% nke ndị na-erubeghị afọ 18 na 29.2% nke ndị dị afọ iri isii na ise ksks ma ọ bụ karịa. Beatrice nwere otu ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime obodo ahụ, J.F. Shields High School. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe dịka ụmụ akwụkwọ nari abuo na iri isii m, bi na Beatrice na obodo ndị ọzọ dị nso. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi nke 15: 1 na 20% kachasị elu nke steeti Alabama. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ji ule ACT akara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=J F Shields High School Profile (2020) {{!}} Beatrice, AL|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/j-f-shields-high-school-profile|accessdate=July 15, 2020|work=Public School Review|language=en|archivedate=May 19, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519015454/https://www.publicschoolreview.com/j-f-shields-high-school-profile}}</ref> * Butch Avinger, onye bụbu onye egwuregwu NFL * John Drew, onye bụbu onye egwuregwu NBA (Atlanta Hawks), gụsịrị akwụkwọ na J. F. Shields * Thad McClammy, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} 80dbke8p4vyhcrmrj5uwgm8d2iv1jwh 0 71912 687569 673391 2026-07-12T14:46:46Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ndụ */ Fixed reference error 687569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Averil Maud Bottomley.jpg|thumb|274x274px|Averil Maud Bottomley]]   '''Averil Maud Bottomley''' (1889 - 1984) bụ onye South African Mycologist. Ọ bụ onye otu Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science na onye guzobere South African Biological Society . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.s2a3.org.za}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Averil Maud Bottomley n'ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba, n'afọ 1889 na Kimberley, Cape Colony . <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Huguenot Seminary na Wellington na ụlọ akwụkwọ South Africa College (Cape Town University). <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|date=1981-06-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-86961-129-6|location=|pages=101|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1911, Mahadum nke Cape of Good Hope nyere Bottomley nzere Bachelor of Arts ma n'afọ 1912 gafere ule kọleji maka asambodo onye nkuzi na South African College dị na Cape Town.<ref name=":0" /> Ruo afọ abụọ, ọ kụziri na Worcester . <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1913, a họpụtara Bottomley ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka mycology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Rong|first=Isabella H.|date=2006|title=The South African National Collection of Fungi: celebrating a centenary 1905-2005|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=55|pages=1–12|doi=10.3114/sim.55.1.1|issn=0166-0616|pmid=18490968}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba nke Plant Pathology na Mycology nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na Pretoria.<ref name=":0" /> Bottomley lekwasịrị anya na ''Gasteromycetes'' nke South Africa. <ref name=":1" /> Ọ chịkọtara fungi karịsịa gburugburu Pretoria (karịsịa Fountain's Valley), Greytown na Cape Town, ma tinye ha na Mycological Herbarium (mgbe e mesịrị National Collection of Fungi nke Plant Protection Research Unit) na Pretoria.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1916, Bottomley ghọrọ onye otu Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science . [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science"]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere South African Biological Society . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=|first=|date=1919|title=Roll of Foundation Members of the SA Biological Society|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31373#page/12/mode/1up|journal=South African Journal of Natural History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=8–15}}</ref> N'afọ 1926, ọ gara International Congress of Plant Sciences na New York.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1929, Bottomley bipụtara akwụkwọ The development of South African mycology and of the mycological herbarium at Pretoria na South African Journal of Science . [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104721 "The South African National Collection of Fungi: celebrating a centenary 1905-2005"]. ''Studies in Mycology''. '''55''': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3114/sim.55.1.1|10.3114/sim.55.1.1]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0166-0616 0166-0616]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104721 2104721]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490968 18490968].</cite></ref> Bottomley lara ezumike nká na ngalaba Cryptogamic nke National Herbarium, Pretoria. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC ''Botanical Exploration Southern Africa'']. CRC Press. p.&nbsp;101. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-86961-129-6|<bdi>978-0-86961-129-6</bdi>]]. [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science"]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Averil Maud Bottomley nwụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1984 na Johannesburg. Ọ nwụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, n'afọ 1984 na Johannesburg, South Africa. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Ọrịa nke osisi ose (Agricultural Journal (Union of South Africa), 1915); * Mwakpo parasitic na Eucalyptus globulus (Ibid, 1920, ya na K.A. Carlson); * ''Akụkọ banyere fungi Natal nke J. Medley Wood chịkọtara'' (Akụkọ nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science, 1916); * Nnyocha mbụ banyere ọrịa na-awakpo osisi Cupressus (Ibid, 1918); * Nri fungus nke ụfọdụ ahịhịa (South African Journal of Natural History, 1921, na C. Fuller); * ''Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrịa ndị dị mkpa na-emetụta ubi osisi na Transvaal'' (South African Journal of Science, 1936); * Ndepụt''A'' e degharịrị nke ọrịa osisi na-eme na South Africa (1931, 78 pp., na [[Ethel Doidge|E.M. Doidge]]); * ''Gasteromycetes nke South Africa'' (Bothalia, 1948); * Mushrooms a na-eri eri na ndị na-egbu egbu na South Africa (Department of Agriculture, 1953). [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 "S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science"]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>  == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 1qov5wl9pxstc174xfpgh31mz7g1a82 0 72535 687543 595299 2026-07-12T13:12:26Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ajayi Crowther University, Osoogun Campus.jpg|thumb|Mahadum '''Ajayi Crowther''' ]]   '''Mahadum Ajayi Crowther''' (nke a makwaara dị ka ACU) bụ mahadum onwe onye, nke dabeere n'okwukwe dị na Oyo State, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/uni/ajayi-crowther-university/|title=Ajayi Crowther University|publisher=www.unirank.org|accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://leadership.ng/news/363739/olanipekun-becomes-new-pro-chancellor-ajayi-crowther-varsity|title=Olanipekun Becomes New Pro-Chancellor Of Ajayi Crowther Varsity|date=7 April 2014|accessdate=7 August 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Araromi|first=Maxwell O|title=Attitudes of Undergraduate Students to the Study of French Language as a General Study Course in Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria|work=Studies in Literature and Language|date=2013-10-31|accessdate=2012-04-16|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-352752502.html}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Mahadum Ajayi Crowther dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ CMS na Abeokuta n'afọ 1853. O si Lagos kwaga Oyo na 1920. Ọ bụ Chọọchị Anglican dị na Naịjirịa - Chọọchị a ma ama nke Naịjirịa, Anglican Communion. Ná mmalite, ACU bụ kọleji Asambodo Ndị Nkụzi nke Klas nke Abụọ. Kọleji St. Andrews, Oyo malitere Ọmụmụ Ihe Divinity site na 1910 ruo 1942. Ọ gbanwere site na Chọọchị Anglican Communion nke Naịjirịa gaa na njikwa gọọmentị na 1977. Ọ ghọrọ ogige NCE na 1980 na kọleji agụmakwụkwọ na 1985. Kọleji St. Andrews ghọrọ mahadum na Septemba 7, 1999, mgbe Chọọchị Naịjirịa kwadoro atụmatụ SACOBA. E guzobere Mahadum Ajayi Crowther n'ogige nke Kọleji St. Andrews mbụ. Mahadum ahụ nwetara ikike ya na Jenụwarị 7, 2005, site n'aka Kọmishọna Mahadum Mba. A na-akpọ mahadum ahụ [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]], onye bishọp Africa na onye nsụgharị Bible, onye sụgharịrị Bible gaa na [[Asụsụ Yoruba|Yoruba]] na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-03|title=Historical Background - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/historical-background/|accessdate=2023-12-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahadum Ajayi Crowther na-enye akara ugo mmụta bachelor nke gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, injinia, sayensị na teknụzụ, nka, njikwa, sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na iwu. Mahadum ahụ na-enye ebe obibi, akụrụngwa, na akwụkwọ nkuzi yana ụgwọ sitere na N600,000 ruo N700,000. Akara njedebe nke JAMB/UTME maka nnabata bụ 160.<ref name=":1" /> == Nchịkwa na idu ndú == Kemgbe 30 Septemba 2025, osote onye isi ala bụ Prọfesọ Ebunoluwa Olufemi Oduwole, nwanyị mbụ VC nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ibadan|first=Yinka Adeniran|date=2025-07-08|title=Ajayi Crowther University gets first female vice-chancellor|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ajayi-crowther-university-gets-first-female-vice-chancellor/|accessdate=2025-10-01|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri Prọfesọ Timothy Adebayo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adebayo|first=Remi|date=2025-07-08|title=Ajayi Crowther Varsity Names Prof Ebunoluwa Oduwole As First Female VC|url=https://leadership.ng/ajayi-crowther-varsity-names-prof-ebunoluwa-oduwole-as-first-female-vc/|accessdate=2025-10-01|language=en-US|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Africa|first=EduTimes|date=2025-09-26|title=Ajayi Crowther University Appoints First Female Vice-Chancellor, Honours Outgoing VC - EduTimes Africa|url=https://edutimesafrica.com/ajayi-crowther-university-appoints-first-female-vice-chancellor-honours-outgoing-vc/|accessdate=2025-10-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ bụ: * Onye Nleta: Most Rev. (Dr.) Joseph O. Akinfenwa * Onye isi oche, Kansụl Na-achị Isi: Dr. Olutoyin Okeowo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Olutoyin Okeowo – Greenwich Merchant Bank|url=https://www.greenwichbankgroup.com/staff-member/olutoyin-okeowo/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=www.greenwichbankgroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ige|first=Olugbenga|date=2024-11-27|title=Ajayi Crowther varsity planning full digital transformation – Pro-chancellor|url=https://punchng.com/ajayi-crowther-varsity-planning-full-digital-transformation-pro-chancellor/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye osote onye isi ala: Prọfesọ Benjamin O. Popoola <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunyemi|first=Ifedayo|date=2024-02-13|title=Ajayi Crowther University re-appoints Popoola as deputy vice chancellor|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ajayi-crowther-university-re-appoints-popoola-as-deputy-vice-chancellor/|accessdate=2024-12-01|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Ndebanye aha: Dr. Jadesola E.T. Babatola<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-05|title=The Registrar - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/registrar/|accessdate=2024-12-01|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212180904/https://www.acu.edu.ng/registrar/}}</ref> * Bursar: Dr. Ayodele J. Olusanwo<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-05|title=The Bursar - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/the-bursar/|accessdate=2024-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ mahadum: Dr. Bosede A. Ajiboye <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-27|title=Principal Officers {{!}} Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/principal-officers-ajayi-crowther-university-oyo/|accessdate=2024-12-01|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212143022/https://www.acu.edu.ng/principal-officers-ajayi-crowther-university-oyo/}}</ref> == Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ == Ọ́bá akwụkwọ T.Y. Danjuma bụ ọ́bá akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Ajayi Crowther. E guzobere nke a n'ụlọ e ketara site na St. Andrew's College na 2006 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-06-06|title=University Librarian - Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|url=https://www.acu.edu.ng/dr-beatrice-a-fabunmi/|accessdate=2023-12-12|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001231706/https://www.acu.edu.ng/dr-beatrice-a-fabunmi/}}</ref> ma weghachite ya n'ebe ọ dị ugbu a na Jenụwarị 4, 2010. <ref name=":0" /> A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ na Humanities, Management / Social Sciences, na Natural Sciences.<ref name=":0" /> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ nwere mpịakọta akwụkwọ 20,000 na aha akwụkwọ akụkọ 50 ma ndị mba ọzọ ma ndị obodo. <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ọmụmụ == Ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Ajayi Crowther: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ajayi Crowther University {{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info|url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/universities/ajayi-crowther-university.php|accessdate=2023-12-12|work=universitycompass.com}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo === * Akụ na ụba ugbo * Mgbasawanye Ọrụ Ugbo * Sayensị Anụmanụ * Sayensị Uzo === Injinia === * [[Kọmputa injinia|Injinia kọmputa]] * Injinia eletrik / eletrọniki * Injinia igwe * Injinia Civil === Nkà, Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha === * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba * Nkwurịta okwu na Mgbasa OziNnyocha mgbasa ozi * Sociology * Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * [[Ọmúmú-àlà|Ọdịdị ala]] * Ịgụ Akụkọ * Ụlọ akụ na Ego * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * Ụtụ Isi * Ahịa na [[Advertising|Mgbasa ozi]] * Ịchụnta ego * Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Nchịkwa Ihe Omume * Mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na njikwa ndị ọrụNchịkwa Ndị Ọrụ * [[Asụsụ Bekee]] * [[Ákíkó mbu|Akụkọ ihe mere eme]] na ọmụmụ mba ụwaỌmụmụ Mba Nile === Sayensị na Teknụzụ === * Microbiology * Sayensị Kọmputa * [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] * Electronic * Ọdịdị ala * Chemistry nke ụlọ ọrụ * Biochemistry * [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ * Geophysics A Na-etinye n'Ọdịdị * [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi]] * [[Ubi ugbo]] === Iwu === == Ọnọdụ == Mahadum Ajayi Crowther nọ n'ọnọdụ nke 89 na ọkwa mahadum na mba ahụ na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajayi Crowther University Ranking & Review 2023 {{!}} uniRank|url=https://www.unirank.org/ng/uni/ajayi-crowther-university/|accessdate=2023-12-14|work=www.unirank.org|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado nkuzi == N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, National University Commission kwadoro ọmụmụ ọhụrụ na mahadum - iwu LLM, onye ọchụnta ego, ụlọ nyocha ahụike, radiography na sayensị radiation, yana ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na mahadum.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adebayo|first=Musliudeen|date=2021-02-12|title=NUC visitation panel approves seven new courses for Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/02/12/nuc-visitation-panel-approves-seven-new-courses-for-ajayi-crowther-university-oyo/|accessdate=2023-12-18|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2022, National University Commission (NUC) kwadoro mmemme nọọsụ maka mahadum ahụ. N'akwụkwọ ozi nke Dr Saliu si na Academic Planning bịanyere aka ma gwa onye isi oche, Commission ahụ kwupụtara nkwado ya maka mahadum ahụ ịmalite mmemme nọọsụ oge niile na Oyo, ebe ha tụrụ aro kọleji ọgwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin_edu|title=NUC Approves Nursing Programme For Ajayi Crowther University|url=https://edutorial.ng/nuc-gives-approval-to-ajayi-crowther-university-to-offer-nursing/|accessdate=2023-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi ọzọ e dere na June 6, 2024, nke e degaara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ACU natara nkwado site na NUC maka mmemme 11 ọzọ, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ubanagu|first=Makua|date=2024-06-25|title=NUC accredits 11 courses for Ajayi Crowther varsity|url=https://punchng.com/nuc-accredits-11-courses-for-ajayi-crowther-varsity/|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> gụnyere Survey and Geo-informatics, Economics, and Peace, Strategic and Conflict Resolution, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. == Ihe achọrọ maka nnabata == Ndị na-achọ ịbanye na Ajayi Crowther University Oyo steeti ga-ahọrọ mahadum ahụ dị ka nhọrọ mbụ ha na Joint Admission Matriculation Board (UTME) (JAMB) nke mba ahụ ma nweta akara 180 na isiokwu niile dị mkpa. Ha ga-enwerịrị nzere 5 gafere na WAEC, NECO na NABTEB gụnyere asụsụ Bekee, mgbakọ na mwepụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na-erughị nnọkọ abụọ ma ga-abụrịrị afọ 16.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=2021-10-04|title=Ajayi Crowther University Admission Requirements 2023/2024|url=https://ghanadmission.com/ajayi-crowther-university-admission-requirements/|accessdate=2023-12-14|work=Best Online Portal|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndebanye aha == Na Mee 2022, Mahadum Ajayi Crowder debanyere aha ụmụ akwụkwọ 721 maka oge agụmakwụkwọ 2021/2022. Onye osote chancellor na ozi ndebanye aha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ a nabatara dọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ aka na ntị megide mmejọ ule na omume rụrụ arụ na mahadum.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Musa|first=Sophinat|date=2022-05-27|title=Ajayi Crowther University matriculates 721 students for 2021/22 session, warns against exam malpractices, social vices|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ajayi-crowther-university-matriculates-721-students-for-2021-22-session-warns-against-exam-malpractices-social-vices/|accessdate=2023-12-18|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> Na 19 Mee 2023, osote chancellor, Prọfesọ Timothy Adebayo, dụrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ a nabatara ọdụ ka ha zere omume rụrụ arụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. O kwupụtakwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ debanyere aha bụ 1200. O kwuru na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ debanyere aha na ngalaba 11 maka afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2022/2023. Tụkwasị na nke a, o mesiri ike mkpebi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ịzụlite ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na omume ọma iji zute ihe ịma aka nke ahịa ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-05-19|title=Shun immoral practices, Ajayi Crowther Varsity VC warns students|url=https://guardian.ng/news/shun-immoral-practices-ajayi-crowther-varsity-vc-warns-students/|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Njikọ na ọrụ ugbo == Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo Jubaili dị njikere iso Ajayi Crowther University Seeds, ụlọ ọrụ mkpụrụ nke Mahadum Ajayi Crowther dị na Oyo State rụkọọ ọrụ. Diin nke ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na-anabata ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji melite ọnụego mmepụta mkpụrụ ma nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka. Ebumnuche nke mmekorita a bụ inye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ịnweta ngwaahịa ugbo dị mfe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-01-27|title=Agric firm collaborates with ACU Seeds to assist farmers|url=https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/agric-firm-collaborates-with-acu-seeds-to-assist-farmers-2/|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-01-20|title=Agric firm collaborates with ACU Seeds to assist farmers|url=https://guardian.ng/features/agro-care/agric-firm-collaborates-with-acu-seeds-to-assist-farmers/|accessdate=2023-12-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2023, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ime ihe nkiri meriri ihe nrite ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke mere na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-12-29|title=Ajayi Crowther varsity student wins best actress award|url=https://guardian.ng/features/ajayi-crowther-varsity-student-wins-best-actress-award-2/|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[OlaJumoke Odetola|Jumoke Odetola]], onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri * Adeniyi Drumz, onye na-akụ ọkpọ na Naijiria == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://acu.edu.ng/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ajayi Crowther University] {{Universities in Nigeria}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] oqaf906e65t6hbv752s361z1itscqfy 0 72550 687541 595354 2026-07-12T13:06:49Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ENTRANCE-TO-LOBBY-AND-SCHOOL-RECEPTION.jpg|thumb|Mahadum Philomath ]] '''Mahadum Philomath''' bụ mahadum nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke onwe ya nke e guzobere na 2021 ma dị na [[Abuja]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Abuja|first=Frank Ikpefan|title=Philomath University names road after minister's late mother|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/philomath-university-names-road-after-ministers-late-mother/|work=The Nation Newspaper|date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Abuja|first=Sabi|title=Philomath University Abuja: Nurturing Excellence in Education|url=https://sabiabuja.com/philomath-university-abuja/|work=SabiAbuja|date=20 May 2024}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == National Universities Commission (NUC) nyere mahadum ahụ ikike na 8 Eprel 2021 dịka gọọmentị etiti kwadoro, <ref>{{Cite web|author=The Guardian Nigeria News|title=NUC issues provisional licenses to 20 new private varsities|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nuc-issues-provisional-licenses-to-20-new-private-varsities/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=8 April 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=FEC okays establishment of 20 private varsities|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/fec-okays-establishment-of-20-private-varsities/|work=Vanguard News|date=4 February 2021}}</ref>Mahadum ahụ wee malite site na ngalaba abụọ; ngalaba nchịkwa na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ngalaba iwu. Taa, o nwere ngalaba isii. == Ihe omuma == Mahadum ahụ nwere ngalaba isii na-esonụ: * Iwu * Sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya * Sayensị Nchịkwa * Sayensị okike na gburugburu ebe obibi * Kọmputa na Teknụzụ Ozi * Nkwurịta okwu na Mgbasa Ozi <ref>{{Cite web|title=Faculties – Philomath University|url=https://www.philomath.edu.ng/faculties/}}</ref> == Onyinye na agụmakwụkwọ == A kpọrọ mahadum ahụ mahadum onwe onye kachasị mma na onyinye 2024 Social Impact, Enterprise, and Leadership (SEAL). <ref>{{Cite web|author=The Guardian Nigeria News|title=Philomath University shines at SEAL Awards, named top private varsity|url=https://guardian.ng/news/philomath-university-shines-at-seal-awards-named-top-private-varsity/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Mahadum ahụ nyekwara ụmụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ruru pasent 50.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|title=Philomath Varsity offers scholarships to prospective students {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/philomath-varsity-offers-scholarships-to-prospective-students/|work=The Nation Newspaper|date=24 February 2022}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   == Akụkọ == Onye isi oche nke mahadum ahụ kwuru n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na iwu Naịjirịa nke 1999 (dị ka e dezigharịrị ya) enweghị ike ịkwado ezi ọchịchị. A rụrịtara ụka nke a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ TV Naijiria <ref>{{Cite web|title=‘1999 Constitution Can't Guarantee Good Governance'|url=https://dailytrust.com/1999-constitution-cant-guarantee-good-governance/|work=Daily Trust|date=29 September 2025}}</ref>. Mahadum ahụ jikọtara aka na NADDC n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji melite ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=International|first=Motoring World|title=Philomath University Partners NADDC for Technical Education and Student Employability -|url=https://motoringworldng.com/philomath-university-partners-naddc-for-technical-education-and-student-employability/|date=15 May 2025}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} a34xpj8t3guk7w6eudf5yon3nhngymh 0 72565 687539 596538 2026-07-12T13:01:27Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:ALHIKMAH UNIVERSITY.jpg|thumb|Mahadum Al-Hikmah]]  {{Reflist}} '''Mahadum Al-Hikmah''' bụ mahadum Alakụba dị na Ilorin, steeti Kwara, Naịjirịa. AbdulRaheem Oladimeji Islamic Foundation (AROIF) nke dị na Naịjirịa na World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) nke dị na Jeddah hiwere ya n'afọ 2005.. <ref name="Alhikmah.2015.06.28">{{Cite web|url=http://alhikmah.edu.ng/news/meet-our-new-vice-chancellor|title=Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin Nigeria|accessdate=28 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105451/http://alhikmah.edu.ng/news/meet-our-new-vice-chancellor|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Muhammed Taofeek Olalekan Ibrahim bụ osote onye isi ala gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alhikmah.edu.ng/administration/the-vice-chancelor|title=The Vice-Chancellor|accessdate=8 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112153740/http://alhikmah.edu.ng/administration/the-vice-chancelor|archivedate=12 November 2013}}</ref> Noah Yusuf <ref name="Alhikmah.2015.06.28" /> onye nọchiri ya bụ Onye isi oche ugbu a. Ebumnuche nke Mahadum Al-Hikmah bụ ịbụ ebe ọgụgụ isi na omume ọma. Mahadum ahụ malitere site n'inye ikike ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka Mahadum nkeonwe nkeonwe site n'aka Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa Akwụkwọ ikike nọmba 010 na 7 Jenụwarị 2005. Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ n'oge nnọkọ agụmakwụkwọ 2005-2006 ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 70 gbasaa na kọleji atọ ahụ: Humanities, Management Sciences na Natural Sciences. == Ndị osote chancellor == Mahadum ahụ enweela ndị isi ndị a kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ: * [[Musibau Adewunmi Akanji|Prọfesọ Musbau Adewumi Akanji]] * Prọfesọ Abdullahi Ahmad * [[Oge Sulyman Abdulkareem|Prọfesọ Sulyman Age Abdulkareem]] * Prọfesọ Muhammed Taofeek Olalekan Ibrahim.<ref name="Alhikmah.2015.06.28"/> * Prọfesọ Noah Yusuf<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/a-man-destined-for-the-top-an-ode-to-professor-noah-yusuf|title=A man destined for the top: An ode to Professor Noah Yusuf|accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> * [[Razaq Deremi Abubakre|Prọfesọ Razaq Deremi Abubakre]] == Ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmemme == Mahadum ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba nke gbasara n'ogige abụọ ([[Ilorin]] na Igbaja) na Kwara State. === Ọrụ ugbo === B. [[Oru ugbo|Ọrụ ugbo]] === Sayensị Ahụike === ''' (i) ''' B.Sc. Ahụike ọha ''' (ii) ''' B. Nọọsụ Sayensị ''' (iii) ''' B.Sc. Physiology ''' (iv) ''' B. Medical Laboratory Science (BMLS) ''' (V) ''' B.Sc. Anatomy nke Mmadụ. ==== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke ọgwụ okike ==== N'afọ 2023, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwupụtara mmeghe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ya nke ọgwụ na ahịhịa okike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=News Agency Of|date=2023-07-13|title=Al-Hikmah University introduces medical school, prioritises natural medicine|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/al-hikmah-varsity-introduces-medical-school-prioritises-natural-medicine/4p55w6g|accessdate=2024-04-19|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> === Iwu === ''' (i) ''' LL. B. Common Law ''' (ii) ''' LL. B. Iwu nkịtị na nke Alakụba === Sayensị Okike na nke a na-etinye n'ọrụ === ''' (i) ''' B.Sc. Sayensị Kọmputa ''' (ii) ''' B.Sc. Software Engineering ''' (iii) ''' B.Sc. Cyber Security<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-01-16|title=Al-Hikmah University Postgraduate School Fees|url=https://www.preps.ng/al-hikmah-university-postgraduate-school-fees/|accessdate=2024-01-16|work=PrepsNG Scholars|language=en-US}}</ref> ''' (iv) ''' B.Sc. Usoro ozi ''' (v) ''' B.Sc. Geology ''' (vi) ''' B.Sc. Petroleum Chemistry ''' (vii) ''' B.Sc. Biology (viii) B.Sc. Industrial Chemistry ''' (ix) ''' B.Sc. Biochemistry ''' (x) ''' B.Sc. Microbiology ''' (xii) ''' B.Sc. Industrial Mathematics (xiii) B.Sc. Physics na Electronics (xiv) B.Sc. Physics ''' (xv) ''' B.Sc. Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ === Humanities na Social Sciences === ''' (i) ''' B.Sc. Sociology ''' (ii) ''' B.Sc. Nchịkwa ọha ''' (iii) ''' B.Sc. Mass Communication ''' (iv) ''' B.Sc. Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ngwọta esemokwu ''' (vii) ''' B.Sc. Islamic Studies ''' (ix) ''' B.Sc. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmekọrịta mba ụwa ''' (x) ''' B.Sc. Arabic ''' (xi) ''' B.Sc. Bekee === Sayensị Nchịkwa === Mahadum Al-Hikmah esorowo National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) rụkọọ ọrụ iji gbochie iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe karịsịa n'etiti ndị ntorobịa. Ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mpụ akụ na ụba na ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alhikmah.edu.ng/news/professor-abdulkareem-cautions-on-licit-for-illicit-drugs|title=News|work=Al-hikma website|date=|accessdate=4 February 2014|archivedate=21 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221235350/http://alhikmah.edu.ng/news/professor-abdulkareem-cautions-on-licit-for-illicit-drugs}}</ref> == Mkpọkọta == N'ụbọchị nke itoolu n'ọnwa Disemba, emume nnọkọ nke iri na atọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 1584 gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-09|title=PICTORIAL: VP Shettima Delivers Al-Hikmah Varsity's 13th Convocation Lecture In Kwara|url=https://leadership.ng/pictorial-vp-shettima-delivers-al-hikmah-varsitys-13th-convocation-lecture-in-kwara/|accessdate=2024-04-19|language=en-US|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> == Mmụta agụmakwụkwọ == N'emume mgbakọ nke iri na atọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, onye kwuru okwu na mmemme ahụ kwupụtara nkwado maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị dara ogbenye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. == Edemsibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website aba0fevxnk7qownl64hdgy8sext84rw 0 72571 687538 631075 2026-07-12T12:42:35Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:GOU Gate.jpg|thumb|Mahadum Godfrey Okoye ]]   ''''''mahadum GO''' Okoye''' (mahadum GO) tọrọ ntọala na 2009 site n'aka Very Reverend Fr. Prọfesọ Dr. Christian Anieke maka Diocese Katọlik nke [[Enugu (city)|Enugu]]_(city)" id="mwIA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Enugu (city)">Enugu. Mahadum a, nke nwetara ikike ọrụ ya na 3 Nọvemba 2009 site n'aka National Universities Commission (NUC), bụ nke Dayọsis Katọlik nke Enugu na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ mahadum mbụ nke Dayọsis Katọlik nwere n'Africa. Na 2009 mahadum ahụ malitere na ụmụ akwụkwọ 215 ma nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ 1,200 na ngwụcha afọ 2012. Na Disemba 1, 2013, Mahadum Godfrey Okoye (GOU) malitere mmemme nke ga-ewe otu izu iji mee emume mgbakọ mbụ ya. E nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ 100 nzere bachelọ n'oge emume ikpeazụ na Disemba 7, 2013.. Mahadum Godfrey Okoye (GOU) bụ onye otu Kọmitii nke Ndị isi oche nke Mahadum Naịjirịa (CVC). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cvcnigeria.org/university/?acronym=GO|title=university – CVC|accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   == Ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ ihe == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- class="hintergrundfarbe8" !Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha <ref name="auto1" /> !Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ Ụzọ <ref name="auto" /> !Ngalaba Mmụta <ref name="auto2" /> !Ngalaba nka <ref name="auto3" /> !Ngalaba Iwu <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gouni.edu.ng/faculty-of-law/|title=Faculty of law &#124; LAW|accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref> !Ngalaba Nkà Mmụta Ọgwụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gouni.edu.ng/fill-admission-form/|title=Faculty of Medicine &#124; LAW|accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref> |- | style="width: 7em" |Ịgụ Akụkọ | style="width: 7em" |Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ A Na-eji Amụ Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu | style="width: 7em" |Mmụta Biology | style="width: 7em" |Bekee na edemede | style="width: 7em" |Iwu | style="width: 7em" |Ọgwụ na Ịwa Ahụ |- |Ụlọ akụ na ego |Biotechnology |Mmụta Chemistry |Akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọmụmụ mba ụwa na mmekọrịta mba na mba | |Nọọsụ |- |Nchịkwa |Microbiology |Mmụta Sayensị Kọmputa |Egwú | | |- |Ahịa |Biochemistry |Mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ |Nkà ihe ọmụma | | |- |Nchịkwa Ọchịchị |Chemistry |Mmụta Physics | | | |- |Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba |Chemistry nke ụlọ ọrụ |Mmụta Azụmaahịa | | | |- |Mmekọrịta Mba Nile |Sayensị Kọmputa |Mmụta Bekee/Ọmụmụ Akwụkwọ | | | |- |Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị |mgbakọ na mwepụ |Mmụta akụ na ụba | | | |- |Mgbasa Ozi |Physics |Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị | | |- |Nkà na ụbụrụ |Nhazi ụlọ ọrụ |Mmụta Ọha na Eze | | | |- |Sociology |Ihe owuwu | | | |- | |Physics na Electronics / Industrial Physics | | | | |- |} == Faculty na ọmụmụ postgraduate mmemme == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- class="hintergrundfarbe8" !Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://fmss.gouni.edu.ng/|title=Godfrey Okoye University Faculty of Management and Social Sciences|accessdate=25 February 2019|archivedate=12 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012225146/http://fmss.gouni.edu.ng/}}</ref> !Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na Ọmụmụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://nas.gouni.edu.ng/|title=Godfrey Okoye University Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences|accessdate=25 February 2019|archivedate=18 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118145003/http://nas.gouni.edu.ng/}}</ref> !Ngalaba Mmụta <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://education.gouni.edu.ng/|title=Godfrey Okoye University Faculty of Education|accessdate=25 February 2019|archivedate=18 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118143450/http://education.gouni.edu.ng/}}</ref> !Ngalaba nka <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gouni.edu.ng/faculty-of-arts/|title=Faculty of Arts &#124; Unity of Knowledge|accessdate=24 August 2020|archivedate=12 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812211511/https://www.gouni.edu.ng/faculty-of-arts/}}</ref> |- |Ph.D. & PGD & M.Sc. Ịgụ Akụkọ |M.Sc. Biotechnology: (Agricultural) (Industrial) (Medical) (Environmental) (Entrepreneurship) |Diploma postgraduate na agụmakwụkwọ |M.A. Asụsụ Bekee na Ọmụmụ Ihe |- |PGD na M.Sc. Ụlọ akụ na ego |M.Sc. Microbiology: (Ọgwụ) (Mébere na gburugburu ebe obibi) (Ụlọ ọrụ) |M.Ed. Ọmụmụ na nkuzi |Ph.D. Asụsụ Bekee na Ọmụmụ Akwụkwọ |- |PGD na M.Sc. Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba |M.Sc. Sayensị Kọmputa |M.Ed. Mmụta Asụsụ (Bekee) | |- |PGD na M.Sc. Mmekọrịta Mba Nile |M.Sc. Mgbasawanye mbara igwe na Ionospheric Physics |M.Ed. Nlele na Nnyocha | |- |Ph.D. & PGD & M.Sc. Nchịkwa |M.Sc. Physics nke steeti siri ike |M.Ed. Mmụta Biology | |- |Ph.D. & PGD & M.Sc. Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị |M.Sc. Radiation, Nuclear na Health Physics |M.Ed. Mmụta Chemistry | |- |PGD na M.Sc. Sociology |M.Sc. Physics nke echiche |M.Ed. Mmụta Physics | |- |PGD na M.Sc. Nchịkwa Ọchịchị |M.Sc. Physics nke ike anyanwụ |M.Ed. Mmụta Kọmputa | |- |M.Sc. Nchịkwa Ọrụ |M.Sc. Geophysics |M.Ed. Mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ | |- |PGD na M.Sc. Mgbasa Ozi |PGD Physics |Ph.D. Mmụta mgbakọ na mwepụ | |- |M.Sc. Nkà Mmụta Ọha na Eze |PGD Biotechnology |Ph.D. Nlele na Nnyocha | |- |M.Sc. Clinical Psychology (Obodo ma ọ bụ Ọgwụ) |PGD Microbiology |Ph.D. Ọmụmụ na Instruction Curriculum | |- |M.Sc. Psychology (Economics) (Injinia) (Forensic) (Media) |Ph.D. Microbiology | | |- |M.Sc. Nkà mmụta uche nke Okpukpe (Pastoral ma ọ bụ Okpukpe Track) | | | |} == Mahadum ndị mmekọ na imekọ ihe ọnụ == * All Hallows College, Dublin (Ireland) * BASF ([[Jémanị|Germany]]) * Mahadum Bowie State, [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]] (USA) * Mahadum Birmingham City (UK) * CIDJAP - Catholic Institute for Development Justice and Peace, Enugu (Nigeria) * Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, [[New York City|New York]] (USA) * Globethics.net [de], [[Geneva]] (Switzerland) * Gustav Siewerth Academy (Germany) * Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften, Köln (Germany) * IECE - Institute of Ecumenical Education, Enugu (Nigeria) * Institut für Anglistik, Amerikanistik und Keltologie, Bonn (Germany) * Johannes Kepler Universität, Linz (Austria) * Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck (Austria) * Mahadum Leuphana nke Lüneburg (Germany) * [[Innsbruck]]" id="mwAYI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Medical University of Innsbruck">Mahadum Ọgwụ nke Innsbruck, Innsbrucks (Austria) * Pontifical Lateran University, Rom (Italy) * Pädagogische Hochschule, Diözese Linz (Austria) * Rotary Club (Landshut, Germany) * Umuchinemere Procredit Microfinance Bank Nigeria Limited (Nigeria) * UNESCO (Paris) * Universität für Angewandte Wissenschaften, TH Köln (Germany) * Mahadum Münster (Germany) * [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nke Naijiria]], Nsukka (Nijiria) * Mahadum Stellenbosch Business School (South Africa) == Ụlọ ọrụ redio == N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, Prọfesọ [[Armstrong Idachaba]], onye nduzi nke National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) nyere iwu ka ụlọ ọrụ redio maka Ngalaba Mmekọrịta Mgbasa Ozi. GO Uni Radio 106.9 FM broadcasts live and via Internet<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1069gouniradio.com/listenlive/|title=LISTEN LIVE!!! &#124; GOUNI RADIO - 106.9 FM Enugu|accessdate=24 August 2020}}</ref> from their studios at Godfrey Okoye University, Thinkers Corner, [[Ȯra Enugu|Enugu]]. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} steyq8khrjkb5vau0rwte6ejo18pp2m 0 72578 687534 595493 2026-07-12T12:11:37Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Paul university.jpg|thumb|Paul university Akwa]]   '''Mahadum Paul, Awka''' (PUA) dị na Awka, Steeti Anambra na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ Mahadum Ndị Kraịst nkeonwe. Ndị Bishọp nke mpaghara ụka ise nke Chọọchị Anglican dị n'Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Niger hiwere ya na 2009 iji nye ọzụzụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nkà, Sayensị Okike na nke etinyere n'ọrụ, Sayensị Mmekọrịta na Njikwa. mahadum nke bụ ebe obibi zuru oke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị debanyere aha nke ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 400 (a na-atụ anya iru 3,500) ma dochie St Paul's University College nke Church Missionary Society nke Church of England guzobere na 1904 iji zụọ ndị ọrụ na ndị nkuzi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2|title=National Universities Commission|publisher=National Universities Commission, Nigeria|accessdate=5 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701094416/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2|archivedate=1 July 2013}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Mahadum Paul [[Óká|Awka]] bụ Mahadum nkeonwe, gọọmentị Anambra Steeti n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Peter Obi]] nyere ego na ụgbọala maka mmelite na mmepe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Obi tackles infrastructural deficiency|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obi-tackles-infrastructural-deficiency/|accessdate=2021-06-05|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 2025, Maazị Peter Obi nyekwara onyinye nke N30 nde naira na Mahadum Paul. O kwuru ka ọ na-enye onyinye, "site na itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ, anyị na-emeghe ikike dị ukwuu nke ndị anyị ịghọ ndị na-arụpụta ihe na ọha mmadụ ma, si otú a, na-akwadebe ụzọ maka ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-agụnye. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunseyin|first=Oluyemi|date=2025-01-20|title=Peter Obi donates ₦30m to Paul University, Awka|url=https://guardian.ng/education/peter-obi-donates-%E2%82%A630m-to-paul-university-awka/|accessdate=2026-02-10|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mahadum Paul nwere ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmekọ dị ka Institute of Theology, nke onye nduzi, Ven Dr Rex Kanu na-eduzi. Prọfesọ Obiora Nwosu, bụ osote Onye isi ala ebe Prọfesụ [[Chinyere Stella Okunna]] bụ osote osote onye osote onyeisiala (Academics) na Prọfesị Godwin Onu bụ osote onyeisi ala (Administration), na ikike adjunct.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Peter|date=2022-02-02|title=Prof Okunna emerges DVC Paul University, Prof Onu too|url=https://championnews.com.ng/prof-okunna-emerges-dvc-paul-university-prof-onu-too/|accessdate=2024-01-20|work=[[Daily Champion]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye isi oche mbụ nke Naịjirịa, [[Alex Ifeanyichụkwụ Ekwụeme|Dr Alex Ekwueme (GCON)]] duziri. O wuru Ọfịs Nchịkwa ebe Ụlọ Nzukọ Senate dị. == Ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ == Mahadum Paul, [[Óká|Awka]] nwere ngalaba atọ ugbu a, ngalaba ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ ọmụmụ. Ngalaba ndị a bụ Ngalaba nke Sayensị ikike na nke A na-etinye n'ọrụ, Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha, na Ngalaba nke Nkà.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=Updated List Of Courses Offered In Paul University Awka & School Fees|url=http://o3schools.com/courses-offered-in-paul-university-awka-school-fees/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=O3schools|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-agba ọsọ Institute of Theology, nke ọ ketara site na St. Paul's University College, ma na-anabatakwa ụmụ akwụkwọ na JUPEB na Continuing Education Programme (CEP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jupeb.edu.ng/affiliates/|title=Affiliates|date=2015-11-16|work=JUPEB|accessdate=2016-11-02}}</ref> ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ọrụ nke ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ, cyber cafe, sayensị kọmputa <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-02|title=Women-in-Technology brings Young Coders Club to Paul University|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/women-technology-brings-young-coders-club-paul-university/|accessdate=2021-06-04|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> na ebe ọzụzụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Ndepụta nke ọmụmụ a na-enye na oge ha, na ogo enyere edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a, site na ngalaba. === Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ === {| class="wikitable" !Ụzọ !Ogologo oge !Degree |- |Sayensị Biological |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |- |Biochemistry |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |- |Chemistry |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |- |Physics dị ọcha na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |- |Nchịkọta Dị Ọhụrụ |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |- |Sayensị Kọmputa na Teknụzụ Ozi |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |- |Microbiology |Afọ 4 |B. Sc |} === Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha === {| class="wikitable" !Ụzọ !Ogologo oge !Degree |- |Akụkọ ihe mere eme |4 afọ |B. Sc |- |Ụlọ akụ na ego |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |- |Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa |4 afọ |B. Sc |- |Nchịkwa na Ọmụmụ Ọrụ |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |- |Sociology na Psychology |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |- |Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |- |Nchịkwa Ọchịchị |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |- |Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |- |Ahịa |Afọ anọ |B. Sc |} === Ngalaba nka === {| class="wikitable" !Ụzọ !Ogologo oge !Degree |- |Asụsụ Bekee |Afọ anọ |BA |- |Akwụkwọ Bekee |4 afọ |BA |- |Akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmekọrịta mba ụwa |Afọ anọ |BA |- |Ọmụmụ Okpukpe |Afọ anọ |BA |- |Mgbasa Ozi |Afọ anọ |BA |} === Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ === E hiwere Ọbá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Paul na 30 Nọvemba 2009 iji kwado ma mee ka ọrụ nkuzi, mmụta, nchọpụta na ntụrụndụ nke Obodo Mahadum dị mfe. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ ketara nchịkọta nke Kọleji St. Paul nke mbụ, Awka, nke na-agbasa ma na-agbasa ka Ọbá Akwụkwọ kọleji na-agbanwe ghọọ Ọbá Akwụkwọ Mahadum, na-edozi Sayensị na-elekwasị anya na Sayensị Nkà, Mmekọrịta Mmadụ na Nwanyị na Sayensị Njikwa..<ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2020-07-15|title=PAUL UNIVERSITY, AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE.|url=https://www.glimpse.ng/paul-university-awka-anambra-state/|accessdate=2021-06-03|work=Glimpse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603164102/https://www.glimpse.ng/paul-university-awka-anambra-state/}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum nwekwara ngalaba E-Library. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke ọbá akwụkwọ ebe a na-echekwa nchịkọta na usoro mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (dị iche na mbipụta, ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ) ma nwee ike ịnweta site na [[Orunotu|kọmputa]]. A na-eme ka ndị a dị ma nwee ike ịnweta ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=NKAMNEBE|first=EMENIKE|date=2014-07-24|title=EVALUATION OF THE USE OF UNIVERSITY LIBRARY RESOURCES AND SERVICES BY THE STUDENTS OF PAUL UNIVERSITY, AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1147|journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} ''2.student/Ngoka Sunday nke ngalaba akụ na ụba 2014'' 3.''www.pauluniversity.edu.ng'' {{Universities in Nigeria}} [[Otú:Ȯra Anambra]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] micc3h7w5ol48dnyr5o21wsrc0vm4zb 0 72579 687535 595748 2026-07-12T12:21:58Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Front Of Tansian Umunya.jpg|thumb|Mahadum Tansian]]   '''Mahadum Tansian''' (TANU) dị na [[Umunya]]" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Umunya">Umunya, [[Oyi]] Local Government Area, Anambra State na Nigeria. Ọ bụ Mahadum [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] nke onwe. Ọ malitere na Oba, [[Idemili South]] Local Government Area na [[Anambra Central|Anambra Central Senatorial district]] dị ka ebe nwa oge, tupu e guzobe ebe na-adịgide adịgide na Umunya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=INEC|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/|accessdate=2026-02-09|work=www.inecnigeria.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Eche Nwaobasi|title=Tansian Varsity, APGA BoT Member In Court Over Debt|url=https://www.independent.ng|accessdate=5 June 2021|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ John Bosco Akam guzobere ya.<ref name="Obasi2008" /><ref name="BabalolaPlanning2007" /><ref name="National Universities Commission" /> Ọ bụ ezie na, Mahadum Tansian bụ mahadum onwe onye, gọọmentị Anambra State, n'okpuru Gọvanọ [[Peter Obi]], nyere ego na ụgbọala maka mmelite na mmepe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-12|title=Obi tackles infrastructural deficiency|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obi-tackles-infrastructural-deficiency/|accessdate=2021-06-05|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, onye guzobere Mahadum Tansian, John Akam, nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=Tansian University loses founder, Akam|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/tansian-university-loses-founder-akam/|accessdate=2021-06-05|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-08|title=Msgr John Bosco Akam's death, a sad development-Anambra Government -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/02/08/msgr-john-bosco-akams-death-a-sad-development-anambra-government/|accessdate=2021-06-05|work=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commentary – Biography Of Very Rev. Monsignor Prof. Johnbosco Akam|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/02/23/commentary-biography-of-very-rev-monsignor-prof-johnbosco-akam/|accessdate=2021-06-05|work=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|archivedate=2025-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126195014/https://www.absradiotv.com/2021/02/23/commentary-biography-of-very-rev-monsignor-prof-johnbosco-akam/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Iji kwalite mmepe ọgụgụ isi, nkeonwe, omenala, na omume nke nwa akwụkwọ; iwulite ihe ọmụma ma weghachite mpako nke onye isi ojii site na mmepe mmadụ; usoro ọmụmụ zuru oke nke echiche mmadụ; iji ihe ọhụrụ, nke kachasị elu; ụzọ nkuzi na mmụta; nyocha na ọrụ ọkachamara nke na-agba ume agụmakwụkwọ agbakwunyere, nke dabara na ndụ, nke na-agbanwe ndụ, nke dabara na ọnọdụ nke Sayensị, Teknụzụ na Iwuli Ike Mmadụ. == Ebe na onye guzobere ya == '''mahadum Tansian''' (TANU) dị na [[Umunya]], [[Oyi]] Local Government Area na Anambra North Senatorial district, Anambra State na Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra State – #myLGA|url=https://mylg.ng/anambra/|accessdate=2026-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ mahadum nke [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]]. Ọ bụ John Bosco Akam guzobere ya.<ref name="Obasi2008">{{Cite book|author=Isaac Nnamdi Obasi|title=Private Higher Education and Public Policy in Africa: A Contrasting Case of Nigeria and Botswana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNB1rU73-6kC&pg=PA189|accessdate=4 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|isbn=978-3-86727-821-8|pages=189–}}</ref><ref name="BabalolaPlanning2007">{{Cite book|author=Joel B. Babalola|title=Access, equity and quality in higher education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-p4lAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=4 July 2013|year=2007|publisher=NAEAP}}</ref><ref name="National Universities Commission">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2|title=National Universities Commission|publisher=National Universities Commission,Nigeria|accessdate=4 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701094416/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2|archivedate=1 July 2013}}</ref> == Ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ ihe == Ndepụta nke ọmụmụ a na-enye na Mahadum Tansian gụnyere ndị a: <ref>{{Cite web|title=Official List of Courses Offered in Tansian University (TANSIAN) - Myschool|url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/tansian-university|accessdate=2022-11-07|work=myschool.ng|language=en}}</ref> === Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ === * Biochemistry * Chemistry * Sayensị Kọmputa * Chemistry nke ụlọ ọrụ * Teknụzụ ozi na nkwurịta okwu * Microbiology * [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] * Physics na Electronics === Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha === * Ịgụ Akụkọ * Ụlọ akụ na ego * Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa * Mgbasa Ozi * Criminology na Nnyocha Nchebe * Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ * Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba * Sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Mmekọrịta Mba Nile * Nchịkwa Ọchịchị * Mgbasa Ozi * Nkà ihe ọmụma na ọmụmụ okpukpe === Ngalaba Mmụta === * (Ọdịdị pụrụ iche) Mmụta * (Nkà) Mmụta * (Sayensị) Mmụta * Sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na agụmakwụkwọ ọrụ aka === Ngalaba nke Ndị Sayensị Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi === * Ihe owuwu * Nchịkwa ala * Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè === Ngalaba Sayensị Ahụike === * Sayensị Nọọsụ * Sayensị nke ụlọ nyocha ahụike * Ahụike Ọha === Ngalaba Iwu === * Iwu Obodo == Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama == * [[Luchy Donalds]], [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=December 4, 2019|title=I Have Plenty Selling Points - Actress Luchy Donalds|url=https://independent.ng/i-have-plenty-selling-points-actress-luchy-donalds/|accessdate=September 13, 2023|work=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref> * Ebere Ume Kalu <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebere KALU {{!}} Senior Lecturer {{!}} PhD, FCIB, MNIM, ACIA, ACTI {{!}} University of Nigeria, Nsukka {{!}} UNN {{!}} Department of Banking and Finance {{!}} Research profile|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ebere-Kalu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831203301/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ebere-Kalu|archivedate=2025-08-31|accessdate=2026-02-10|work=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{Universities in Nigeria}} nvfmyycfgw9yousfjpqyqkps7euiutn 0 72683 687558 595846 2026-07-12T14:23:53Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Archie Thompson''' (Mee 26, 1919 - Maachị 26, 2013) bụ okenye Yurok nke Amerịka. Ndị Yurok bụ ebo ndị America kachasị ukwuu na [[U.S. state|steeti]] [[California]] nke Amerịka, ha nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 6,000. <ref name="latimes">{{Cite news|first=Lee|author=Romney|title=Archie Thompson dies at 93; Yurok elder kept tribal tongue alive|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2013-apr-07-la-me-archie-thompson-20130407-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2013-04-07|accessdate=2013-05-15}}</ref> <ref name="dnt">{{Cite news|first=Adam|author=Spencer|title=Elder leaves legacy of language, love|url=http://www.triplicate.com/News/Local-News/Elder-leaves-legacy-of-language-love|work=[[Del Norte Triplicate]]|date=2013-04-03|accessdate=2013-05-15}}</ref> Thompson bụ Yurok kacha ochie dị ndụ, nakwa onye ikpeazụ a maara dịka onye obodo, onye na-asụ asụsụ Yurok nke ọma n'oge ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2013. <ref name="latimes" /> Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ n'ime ihe dị ka ndị okenye iri abụọ Yurok rụrụ ọrụ iji mee ka asụsụ Yurok dịghachi ndụ. <ref name="latimes" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ iji chekwaa ma mee ka asụsụ ahụ dịghachi ndụ n'etiti ọgbọ ndị Yurok na-eto eto n'afọ 1990 na 2000. Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ndị ahụ buru amụma na Yurok ga-apụ n'anya na 2010, Thompson natakwara otuto maka ichekwa asụsụ ahụ. <ref name="latimes" /> A na-akụzi Yurok ugbu a n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ise n'ofe Humboldt na Del Norte ógbè dị na ugwu California . <ref name="latimes" /> Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ ahụ ka dị n'ihe ize ndụ, a na-ewere mgbalị iji chekwaa Yurok dị ka mgbalị kachasị aga nke ọma na [[California]] . <ref name="latimes" /> == Oge nwata == A mụrụ Thompson n'ụlọ anwụrụ ọkụ na Mee 26, 1919, na Wa'tek Village (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Johnsons, California ) na Humboldt County. <ref name="latimes" /> E zigara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị dị na Hoopa, California, mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, ebe ọ na-adịghị mma ikwu Yurok. <ref name="latimes" /> Ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. Nne nne ya, Rosie Jack Hoppell, nabatara ya. <ref name="latimes" /> Nne nne ya, onye na-asụ naanị Yurok n'ụlọ ya, na nwanne nna ya zụlitere Thompson. Ndị ikwu ya zụlitere ya n'ụdị ndụ Yurok ọdịnala. <ref name="latimes" /> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Thompson na-ejide ọbọgwụ iji jupụta matarasị nku, na-aghọrọ ahịhịa mmiri, na-azụ azụ̀ eulachon na salmon, ma na-azụ azụ̀ elk . <ref name="latimes" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ agha == Thompson nwetara akwụkwọ ozi mahadum na [[American football|bọọlụ]], [[basketball]], baseball na egwu na Del Norte High School na Crescent City, California, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1939. <ref name="latimes" /> Thompson bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke ndị America Native ka e dere aha ya na Del Norte HS Coach's Cup, ihe nrite ụlọ akwụkwọ nke na-asọpụrụ nkà pụrụ iche na ọtụtụ egwuregwu egwuregwu. <ref name="latimes" /> Ọ gara Sherman Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Native American na Riverside, California, (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Sherman Indian High School ) ebe ọ mụtara ịgbado ọkụ . O jere ozi na United States Navy n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] ma zigara ya na South [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Pacific]] . == Ndụ nkeonwe == Thompson na nwunye ya, Alta McCash, onye otu ndị Karuk, kwagara Crescent City na 1959. <ref name="latimes" /> Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ asatọ tupu Alta anwụọ site na nsogbu nke ọdịda na 1968. <ref name="latimes" /> == nsọpụrụ == Na 2009, e nyere Thompson onyinye Silver Honor na ngalaba onye ndụmọdụ site na MetLife Foundation na National Association of Area Agencies on Aging na emume emere na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref name="dnt" /> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Archie Thompson nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Crescent City na Machị 26, 2013, mgbe ọ dị afọ 93. <ref name="latimes" /> Ọ nwụrụ site na ụmụ asatọ, ụmụ ụmụ iri abụọ na itoolu, ụmụ ụmụ iri asaa na abụọ, ụmụ ụmụ ụmụ anọ, na otu nwanne nwanyị. <ref name="latimes" /> == Edensibịa == mbụ nke ndị America Native ka e dere aha ya na Del Norte HS Coach's Cup, ihe nrite ụlọmbụ nke ndị America Native ka e dere aha ya na Del Norte HS Coach's Cup, ihe nrite ụlọ{{Reflist}} 7tflr6bv88b5luaxhyhw69jnpkgv7n0 0 72725 687563 595930 2026-07-12T14:34:17Z Akwugo 11031 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị mejupụtara */ Fixed reference error 687563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2000–2018}} Asụsụ Arabik Judeo-Moroccan bụ ụdị asụsụ Arabic dị iche iche nke ndị Juu Morocca bi ma ọ bụ ndị bibu na Morocco na-asụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sibony|first=Jonas|date=September 2019|title=Curses and profanity in Moroccan Jewish-Arabic and what's left of it in the Hebrew sociolect of Israelis from Moroccan origins|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03359142|journal=Romano-Arabica|volume=XIX}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Levy|first=Simon|date=2013|title=Les parlers arabes des juifs du Maroc|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ls.143.0041|journal=Langage et société|volume=143|issue=1|pages=41|doi=10.3917/ls.143.0041|issn=0181-4095}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu Moroccan na-asụ asụsụ Moroccan Arabic, ma ọ bụ <nowiki><i id="mwGg">Darija</i></nowiki>, dị ka asụụ mbụ ha, ọbụlagodi na mpaghara Amazigh, nke agụmakwụkwọ ha na mkpụrụedemede Hibru mere ka ọ dị mfe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gottreich|first=Emily|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838603601|title=Jewish Morocco|date=2020|publisher=I.B. Tauris|doi=10.5040/9781838603601|isbn=978-1-78076-849-6}}</ref> : 59 ''Darija'' nke ndị Juu Moroccan na-asụ, nke ha na-akpọ ''al-'arabiya diyalna'' ("Arab anyị") ma e jiri ya tụnyere 'arabiya dihal l-məslimīn (Arabic nke ndị Alakụba), na-enwekarị ihe dị iche iche, : 59 dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha ga-akpọ sical dị ka š na z dị ka ž, ụfọdụ okwu ndị e si na Hibru gbazitere, na mpaghara ụfọdụ ihe ndị Hispanic sitere na mbata nke Ndị Juu Sephardi na-esote Iwu Alhambra. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Darija nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Morocco nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ Moroccan Arabic karịa ka ha mere ibe ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bensimon-Choukroun, Georgette|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1201718554|title=Langues en contact dans le judéo-arabe de Fès : le système consonantique|oclc=1201718554}}</ref> : 64 : 64  N'oge ndị a, ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ na-abụkarị ndị okenye. Ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị Juu nke Morocco gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Alliance Israelite Universelle n'okpuru French protectorate mere French asụsụ nne ha. Mgbe 1948 gasịrị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime Ndị Juu Moroccan kwagara Israel ma gbanwere iji Hibru dị ka Asụsụ ala nna. Ndị kwagara na France na-ejikarị French dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha, ebe ole na ole fọdụrụ na Morocco na-ejikwa French, Moroccan ma ọ bụ Judeo-Moroccan Arabic na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe ndị mejupụtara == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ obodo ndị Juu n'oge ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme ya n'ebe ahụ, asụsụ Moroccan nke Judeo-[[Arabic]] nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta sitere n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Arabic, gụnyere Spanish (n'ihi ịdị nso nke [[Spain]]), Haketia ma ọ bụ Moroccan Judeo-Spanish, n'ihi mbata nke Ndị Sephardic gbara ọsọ ndụ si Spain mgbe a chụpụrụ ha n'afọ 1492, na [[Asụsụ French|French]] (n'oge Morocco nọ na [[France]]), yana, n'ezie, itinye ọtụtụ okwu Hibru na ahịrịokwu ndị Juu niile (ihe gbasara Asụsụ ndị Juu). Asụsụ ahụ nwere nghọta dị ukwuu na Judeo-Tunisian Arabic, na ụfọdụ na Judeo -Tripolitanian Arabic (nke, dị ka Judeo-Moroccan Arabic, jikọtara ya na Maghrebi Arabic), mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla na Judeo na Iraqi Arabic. Ọtụtụ ndị Alakụba gụrụ akwụkwọ na Morocco ga-ede, ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Arabic, kama n'asụsụ Standard Arabic, mana ndị Juu Moroccan, ndị na-amụtaghị Standard Arabic dịka a na-akụzi ya n'okpukpe Alakụba, dere na ''Darija'' site na iji mkpụrụedemede Hibru.<ref name=":1" /> : 59 Maka ha, ''Darija'' bụ asụsụ edemede: Judah ibn Quraish dere ''risala'' na asụsụ Semitic na Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic nye ndị Juu nke Fes na narị afọ nke itoolu.<ref name=":1" /> : 59 : 59  N'afọ 1905, otu ìgwè ndị Juu Sephardic nke Fes zigara Alfonso XIII, Eze nke Spain, akwụkwọ ozi n'asụsụ Moroccan Arabic (Darija), na-arịọ ya ka o guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ Spanish na mellah nke Fes ma chebe obodo ha, nke ha kọwara dị ka ụmụ nke Spain na ya mere ndị ọ na-achị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Torollo|first=David|date=2024-09-02|title=A Letter to the King|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/22134638-bja10046|journal=Journal of Jewish Languages|volume=12|issue=2|pages=174–200|doi=10.1163/22134638-bja10046|issn=2213-4387}}</ref> === Ugbu a === Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu 265,000 bi na Morocco kwagara Israel mgbe afọ 1948 gachara, ha kwagara Yuropu (karịsịa Frans) na North America. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe dị ka ndị Juu 3,000 ka nọ na Morocco taa.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejpress.org/article/58013|title=EJP &#124; News &#124; France &#124; Jewish pilgrims flock to Morocco to honour celebrated rabbis|accessdate=2012-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518012629/http://www.ejpress.org/article/58013|archivedate=2012-05-18}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-asụ French karịa Judeo-Moroccan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewish-languages.org/judeo-arabic.html|title=Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-Arabic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721094650/https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-arabic|archivedate=21 July 2020}}</ref> ma ma <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sibony|first=Jonas|date=2021-05-06|title=Moroccan Arabic and Jewish‑Arabic in Hebrew as Spoken by Israelis of Moroccan Origin: The Case of the TV Show Zaguri Imperya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/yod.4553|journal=Yod|issue=23|pages=131–148|doi=10.4000/yod.4553|issn=0338-9316}}</ref>Asụsụ Arab ha yiri Arabic nke Moroccan karịa asụsụ Judeo-Arabic. A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ndị na-asụ 8,925 na Morocco, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na Casablanca na Fes, na 250,000 na asụsụ IỌtụ n'ime ha na-asụ French karịa asụsụ Judeo-Moroccan Hebrew). Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ, na mba abụọ ahụ, bụ ndị agadi. E nwere mmemme redio Judeo-Arabic na redio Israel. O nwekwara mmetụta n'asụsụ ndị Juu Morocco na mpaghara akụ na ụba na ala Israel, n'ebe dịka Beersheba dịka e gosiri na Zaguri Imperia == Ụdị dị iche iche == Simon Levy na-akọwa ìgwè atọ nke Judeo-Moroccan Arabic dabere na ịkpọpụta mkpụrụedemede <nowiki><i id="mwiQ">qaf</i></nowiki> (n'asụsụ ọdịnala Maghrebi Arabic: ق, na mkpụrụedemede Hibru: ק): 1) olumba nke obodo ndị Juu na Fez, Sefrou, Meknes, Rabat, na Salé, nke na-akpọpụta qāf dị ka hamza ma ọ bụ glottal; 2) olumba nke Marrakesh, Essaouira, el-Jadida, na Azemmour, nke na ọ na-enweghị olu, na-akpọ ya, na-enweghị ụda olu, na Debl, na-a[q][k]<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} * Heath, Jeffrey, ''Asụsụ ndị Juu na ndị Alakụba nke Moroccan Arabic'' (Routledge Curzon Arabic linguistics series): London, New York, 2002. * [http://www.editionsdulys.ca/judeacuteo-arabe.html Akụkọ na Judeo-Arabic nke David Bensoussan dere] * Hespéris Tamuda 1949{{Cite book|author=Vajda|first=Georges|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Un_recueil_de_textes_historiques_jud%C3%A9o/GE88AAAAMAAJ?hl=en|title=Un recueil de textes historiques judéo-marocains|date=1951|publisher=Larose|language=fr}} == Hụkwa == * Haketia == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Ụlọ ọrụ redio [https://web.archive.org/web/20070323082115/http://reka.iba.org.il/ Reka] Kol Israel na-agbasa ozi kwa ụbọchị na Judeo-Moroccan (Mugrabian) {{Jews and Judaism in Morocco}} 6k9rrck4cwfq1wks4vbkypc5ldpqwng 0 72727 687564 595942 2026-07-12T14:36:12Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ihe odide ihe atụ */ Fixed reference error 687564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Judeo-Syrian Arabic|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic|fam1=[[Afro-Asiatic]]|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]|fam3=[[Central Semitic]]|fam4=[[Arabic]]|fam5=[[Levantine Arabic]]|region=[[America]] [[Syria]] [[Israel]]}} Asụsụ Arab Judeo-Syria, nke a na-akpọkwa asụsụ Siria Judeo-Arabic, bụ asụsụ nke asụsụ Judeo-Arabic dabere na asụsụ Arabic nke Siria. A na-ede ya n'asụsụ Hibru n'oge ochie. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbe ndị Juu si Siria pụọ, asụsụ Arabik nke Judeo-Syria kwụsịrị nke ukwuu n'ihi Bekee, Spanish, na Hibru n'etiti ndị Juu si Siria kwapụ. E nwere obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arabik nke Judeo-Syria na İskenderun ruo afọ 1998 mana ọ dịghịzi adị. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == Arabic nke ndị Juu na ndị Siria nwere okwu Ladino na ndị Hibru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Judeo-Arabic|url=https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-arabic?lightbox=dataItem-l9n8sbcu|accessdate=2024-01-25|work=Jewish Languages|language=en}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi == Enwere vidiyo YouTube na ihe nlele nke Judeo-Syrian Arabic dị n'ịntanetị. Obodo ndị Juu Siria nọ na New York City anọgidewo na-enwe ọdịnala egwu siri ike nke ndị Juu na ndị Siria. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blanco|first=Morris|date=May 12, 2008|title=Echoes of Aleppo Syrian Jewish Music in New York A Synthesis of Religion and Culture|url=http://www.pizmonim.com/articles/Echoes%20of%20Aleppo.pdf|journal=Pizmonim|pages=3}}</ref> == Ihe odide ihe atụ == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Arabic nke ndị Juu na ndị Siria<ref name=":1" /> !Ntụgharị<ref name=":1" /> !Bekee<ref name=":1" /> |- |N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'ụlọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'oge niile ka ọ na-eme ihe ike |Mitlu hadha khibz elmasakin iladhi akalu abhatana be-ard maṣr. Kụpụ minu ju'an yiji wayakol |Nke a bụ achịcha nke nhụjuanya nke ndị nna nna anyị riri n'ala Ijipt. Ndị niile agụụ na-agụ, hapụ ha ka ha banye ma rie nri. |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 7c17442db2ot4et67f59z621kdak47c 0 72848 687744 596242 2026-07-13T09:47:17Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọmụmụ ụdaolu */ 687744 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Kháng |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |''Mang U"'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Vietnam]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ógbè [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] na [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Khang people|Khang]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |14,000 (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2009) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kjm/ Kháng] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br />[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/xao/ Khao] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Khasi–Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]] ** [[Palaungic languages|Palaungic]] *** [[Bit–Khang languages|Bit-Khang]] **** '''Kháng''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:kjm|kjm]]</code> - gụnyere koodu Onye ọ bụla koodu:<code>[[iso639-3:xao|xao]]</code> - Khao<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khan1274 khan1274]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/4397 Kháng] |} '''Kháng''' ( Asụsụ Chaịna: 抗语), nke a makwaara dịka Mang U’, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Vietnam.[1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bumang nke ndịda Yunnan, China. == Nchịkọta == aul Sidwell (2014) kewara Khang dị ka Palaungic, ọ bụ ezie na Jerold Edmondson (2010) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Khmuic. Kháng nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Bumang|Bumang]] (Edmondson 2010). == Nbudata == Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kháng bụ agbụrụ a ma ama na Vietnam, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/dynamic-content-single-view-project/news/documenting_and_preserving_the_khang_language_in_vietnam/|title=Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam|work=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=2016-08-29}}</ref> ma bụrụ 10,272 na 1999. <nowiki>:</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Edmondson|first=Jerold A.|year=2010|chapter=The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)|editor=McElhanon|title=A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin|series=SIL e-Books|publisher=SIL International, Dallas|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9267|chapterurl=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/37/69/41/37694131869962083547185786582610831574/52537.pdf}} </ref> Tạ (2021) nwere phonology na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Kháng nke obodo Nolu Mu, obodo Phình Sáng, Tuần Pha district, Dien Biên province.<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTạ2021">Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). [https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam"]. ''[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]''. '''14''' (2). [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10524/52487|10524/52487]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> ! !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- !Plosive |p p |t |tʃ  |k k |ʔ |- !Implosive |ɓ |ɗ | | | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- !Ihe atụ |w |l |j | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTạ2021">Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). [https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam"]. ''[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]''. '''14''' (2). [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10524/52487|10524/52487]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i |ɯ |u |- !N'etiti elu |e |Ihe omume:ɤː |o oː |- !Ọkara ala |ɛ | |ɔ |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a aː | |} Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ịchọta diphthongs ndị a: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/,/uɤ/. . Ụda ọ bụla na-ejikwa ya na ndekọ a kapịrị ọnụ na-emetụta ụda nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ. Ụda ụdaume dị ndụ dị ka ndị a: * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - olu dị elu, ọkwa, olu modal * [[[[[[[[] - ala, dị larịị, na-agwụ na nkwụsị glottal * [Xi] - elu, na-agwụ na nkwụsị nke akpịrị * [[[[[[[[] - ọdịda dị ala, na-ejedebe na nkwụsịtụ glottal * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - n'etiti-dipping, olu modal * [Xi] - olu na-adaba n'ala, na-eme mkpọtụ Ụda ụdaume nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị a: * [Xi] - ọdịda dị elu * [Xi] - ala-ebili == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu Nnyocha nke Bumang. Beijing: Mahadum Minzu. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1996. Asụsụ na ndị mmadụ viet-muong [[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ferlus1996langues.pdf ''Asụsụ na ndị Vietnamese'']-Muong]. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28 * Mikami, Naomitsu 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist"." Akụkọ banyere asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Mainland Southeast Asia, ed. site n'aka Ueda Hiromi, 1-42. Asụsụ Ndị Na-eyi Egwu nke Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. ''Agbụrụ ndị dị n'ugwu nke Vietnam. Izu ohi'' Izu ohi 2. Ụgbọelu abụọ. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. * Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023. Ngữ Viena Kháng na-enwe mmetụta na Ch'an na Ch'i Ch'i ch'i ch ch'i. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị na ị chọrọ. * [Vietnam News Agency] 2006. Viet Nam Hình n'ọnwa ndị Dồng 54 Dân Tộc [Ihe oyiyi Vietnam nke Community of 54 Ethnic Groups]. Hanoi: Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Vna. == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508 * https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view]] Khang na RWAAI Digital Archive gxxmgjv35ibodg3990qt9h2x03wf701 687745 687744 2026-07-13T09:49:18Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọmụmụ ụdaolu */ 687745 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Kháng |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |''Mang U"'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Vietnam]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ógbè [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] na [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Khang people|Khang]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |14,000 (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2009) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kjm/ Kháng] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br />[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/xao/ Khao] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Khasi–Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]] ** [[Palaungic languages|Palaungic]] *** [[Bit–Khang languages|Bit-Khang]] **** '''Kháng''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:kjm|kjm]]</code> - gụnyere koodu Onye ọ bụla koodu:<code>[[iso639-3:xao|xao]]</code> - Khao<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khan1274 khan1274]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/4397 Kháng] |} '''Kháng''' ( Asụsụ Chaịna: 抗语), nke a makwaara dịka Mang U’, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Vietnam.[1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bumang nke ndịda Yunnan, China. == Nchịkọta == aul Sidwell (2014) kewara Khang dị ka Palaungic, ọ bụ ezie na Jerold Edmondson (2010) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Khmuic. Kháng nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Bumang|Bumang]] (Edmondson 2010). == Nbudata == Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kháng bụ agbụrụ a ma ama na Vietnam, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/dynamic-content-single-view-project/news/documenting_and_preserving_the_khang_language_in_vietnam/|title=Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam|work=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=2016-08-29}}</ref> ma bụrụ 10,272 na 1999. <nowiki>:</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Edmondson|first=Jerold A.|year=2010|chapter=The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)|editor=McElhanon|title=A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin|series=SIL e-Books|publisher=SIL International, Dallas|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9267|chapterurl=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/37/69/41/37694131869962083547185786582610831574/52537.pdf}} </ref> Tạ (2021) nwere phonology na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Kháng nke obodo Nolu Mu, obodo Phình Sáng, Tuần Pha district, Dien Biên province.<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTạ2021">Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). [https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam"]. ''[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]''. '''14''' (2). [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10524/52487|10524/52487]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> ! !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- !Plosive |p p |t |tʃ  |k k |ʔ |- !Implosive |ɓ |ɗ | | | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- !Ihe atụ |w |l |j | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTạ2021">Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). [https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam"]. ''[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]''. '''14''' (2). [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10524/52487|10524/52487]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="e18" /> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i |ɯ |u |- !N'etiti elu |e |Ihe omume:ɤː |o oː |- !Ọkara ala |ɛ | |ɔ |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a aː | |} Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ịchọta diphthongs ndị a: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/,/uɤ/. . Ụda ọ bụla na-ejikwa ya na ndekọ a kapịrị ọnụ na-emetụta ụda nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ. Ụda ụdaume dị ndụ dị ka ndị a: * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - olu dị elu, ọkwa, olu modal * [[[[[[[[] - ala, dị larịị, na-agwụ na nkwụsị glottal * [Xi] - elu, na-agwụ na nkwụsị nke akpịrị * [[[[[[[[] - ọdịda dị ala, na-ejedebe na nkwụsịtụ glottal * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - n'etiti-dipping, olu modal * [Xi] - olu na-adaba n'ala, na-eme mkpọtụ Ụda ụdaume nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị a: * [Xi] - ọdịda dị elu * [Xi] - ala-ebili == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu Nnyocha nke Bumang. Beijing: Mahadum Minzu. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1996. Asụsụ na ndị mmadụ viet-muong [[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ferlus1996langues.pdf ''Asụsụ na ndị Vietnamese'']-Muong]. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28 * Mikami, Naomitsu 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist"." Akụkọ banyere asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Mainland Southeast Asia, ed. site n'aka Ueda Hiromi, 1-42. Asụsụ Ndị Na-eyi Egwu nke Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. ''Agbụrụ ndị dị n'ugwu nke Vietnam. Izu ohi'' Izu ohi 2. Ụgbọelu abụọ. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. * Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023. Ngữ Viena Kháng na-enwe mmetụta na Ch'an na Ch'i Ch'i ch'i ch ch'i. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị na ị chọrọ. * [Vietnam News Agency] 2006. Viet Nam Hình n'ọnwa ndị Dồng 54 Dân Tộc [Ihe oyiyi Vietnam nke Community of 54 Ethnic Groups]. Hanoi: Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Vna. == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508 * https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view]] Khang na RWAAI Digital Archive hmf9mnyubjm41bzf2x5ukyzwiiftzz5 687746 687745 2026-07-13T09:50:07Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọmụmụ ụdaolu */ 687746 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Kháng |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |''Mang U"'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Vietnam]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ógbè [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] na [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Khang people|Khang]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |14,000 (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2009) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kjm/ Kháng] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br />[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/xao/ Khao] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Khasi–Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]] ** [[Palaungic languages|Palaungic]] *** [[Bit–Khang languages|Bit-Khang]] **** '''Kháng''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:kjm|kjm]]</code> - gụnyere koodu Onye ọ bụla koodu:<code>[[iso639-3:xao|xao]]</code> - Khao<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khan1274 khan1274]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/4397 Kháng] |} '''Kháng''' ( Asụsụ Chaịna: 抗语), nke a makwaara dịka Mang U’, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Vietnam.[1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bumang nke ndịda Yunnan, China. == Nchịkọta == aul Sidwell (2014) kewara Khang dị ka Palaungic, ọ bụ ezie na Jerold Edmondson (2010) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Khmuic. Kháng nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Bumang|Bumang]] (Edmondson 2010). == Nbudata == Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kháng bụ agbụrụ a ma ama na Vietnam, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/dynamic-content-single-view-project/news/documenting_and_preserving_the_khang_language_in_vietnam/|title=Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam|work=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=2016-08-29}}</ref> ma bụrụ 10,272 na 1999. <nowiki>:</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Edmondson|first=Jerold A.|year=2010|chapter=The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)|editor=McElhanon|title=A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin|series=SIL e-Books|publisher=SIL International, Dallas|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9267|chapterurl=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/37/69/41/37694131869962083547185786582610831574/52537.pdf}} </ref> Tạ (2021) nwere phonology na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Kháng nke obodo Nolu Mu, obodo Phình Sáng, Tuần Pha district, Dien Biên province.<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTạ2021">Tạ, Quang Tùng (2021). [https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c "A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam"]. ''[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]''. '''14''' (2). [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10524/52487|10524/52487]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1836-6821 1836-6821]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> ! !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- !Plosive |p p |t |tʃ  |k k |ʔ |- !Implosive |ɓ |ɗ | | | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- !Ihe atụ |w |l |j | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="e18" /> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i |ɯ |u |- !N'etiti elu |e |Ihe omume:ɤː |o oː |- !Ọkara ala |ɛ | |ɔ |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a aː | |} Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ịchọta diphthongs ndị a: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/,/uɤ/. . Ụda ọ bụla na-ejikwa ya na ndekọ a kapịrị ọnụ na-emetụta ụda nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ. Ụda ụdaume dị ndụ dị ka ndị a: * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - olu dị elu, ọkwa, olu modal * [[[[[[[[] - ala, dị larịị, na-agwụ na nkwụsị glottal * [Xi] - elu, na-agwụ na nkwụsị nke akpịrị * [[[[[[[[] - ọdịda dị ala, na-ejedebe na nkwụsịtụ glottal * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - n'etiti-dipping, olu modal * [Xi] - olu na-adaba n'ala, na-eme mkpọtụ Ụda ụdaume nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị a: * [Xi] - ọdịda dị elu * [Xi] - ala-ebili == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu Nnyocha nke Bumang. Beijing: Mahadum Minzu. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1996. Asụsụ na ndị mmadụ viet-muong [[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ferlus1996langues.pdf ''Asụsụ na ndị Vietnamese'']-Muong]. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28 * Mikami, Naomitsu 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist"." Akụkọ banyere asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Mainland Southeast Asia, ed. site n'aka Ueda Hiromi, 1-42. Asụsụ Ndị Na-eyi Egwu nke Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. ''Agbụrụ ndị dị n'ugwu nke Vietnam. Izu ohi'' Izu ohi 2. Ụgbọelu abụọ. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. * Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023. Ngữ Viena Kháng na-enwe mmetụta na Ch'an na Ch'i Ch'i ch'i ch ch'i. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị na ị chọrọ. * [Vietnam News Agency] 2006. Viet Nam Hình n'ọnwa ndị Dồng 54 Dân Tộc [Ihe oyiyi Vietnam nke Community of 54 Ethnic Groups]. Hanoi: Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Vna. == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508 * https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view]] Khang na RWAAI Digital Archive jxpmho6fakh8zew1kchk2ykypgy24re 687747 687746 2026-07-13T09:51:07Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọmụmụ ụdaolu */ 687747 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Kháng |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |''Mang U"'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Vietnam]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Ógbè [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] na [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Khang people|Khang]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |14,000 (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2009) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kjm/ Kháng] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br />[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/xao/ Khao] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Khasi–Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]] ** [[Palaungic languages|Palaungic]] *** [[Bit–Khang languages|Bit-Khang]] **** '''Kháng''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:kjm|kjm]]</code> - gụnyere koodu Onye ọ bụla koodu:<code>[[iso639-3:xao|xao]]</code> - Khao<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/khan1274 khan1274]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/4397 Kháng] |} '''Kháng''' ( Asụsụ Chaịna: 抗语), nke a makwaara dịka Mang U’, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Vietnam.[1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bumang nke ndịda Yunnan, China. == Nchịkọta == aul Sidwell (2014) kewara Khang dị ka Palaungic, ọ bụ ezie na Jerold Edmondson (2010) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Khmuic. Kháng nwere njikọ chiri anya na [[Asụsụ Bumang|Bumang]] (Edmondson 2010). == Nbudata == Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kháng bụ agbụrụ a ma ama na Vietnam, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/dynamic-content-single-view-project/news/documenting_and_preserving_the_khang_language_in_vietnam/|title=Documenting and Preserving the Khang Language in Vietnam|work=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|accessdate=2016-08-29}}</ref> ma bụrụ 10,272 na 1999. <nowiki>:</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Edmondson|first=Jerold A.|year=2010|chapter=The Kháng language of Vietnam in comparison to Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)|editor=McElhanon|title=A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebrating the career of Karl J. Franklin|series=SIL e-Books|publisher=SIL International, Dallas|url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9267|chapterurl=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/37/69/41/37694131869962083547185786582610831574/52537.pdf}} </ref> Tạ (2021) nwere phonology na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Kháng nke obodo Nolu Mu, obodo Phình Sáng, Tuần Pha district, Dien Biên province.<ref name="ta21">{{Cite journal|author=Tạ|first=Quang Tùng|title=A Phonology and Lexicon of Khang in Vietnam|journal=[[Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society]]|volume=14|issue=2|date=2021|issn=1836-6821|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/2ec067b0-82ad-4d63-b16c-3719f2a8598c|accessdate=2023-06-30}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- !Plosive |p p |t |tʃ  |k k |ʔ |- !Implosive |ɓ |ɗ | | | |- !Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- !Ihe atụ |w |l |j | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="e18" /> ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !Elu |i |ɯ |u |- !N'etiti elu |e |Ihe omume:ɤː |o oː |- !Ọkara ala |ɛ | |ɔ |- !Ala Dị Ala | |a aː | |} Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ịchọta diphthongs ndị a: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/,/uɤ/. . Ụda ọ bụla na-ejikwa ya na ndekọ a kapịrị ọnụ na-emetụta ụda nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ. Ụda ụdaume dị ndụ dị ka ndị a: * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - olu dị elu, ọkwa, olu modal * [[[[[[[[] - ala, dị larịị, na-agwụ na nkwụsị glottal * [Xi] - elu, na-agwụ na nkwụsị nke akpịrị * [[[[[[[[] - ọdịda dị ala, na-ejedebe na nkwụsịtụ glottal * [[[[[[[[]]]]] - n'etiti-dipping, olu modal * [Xi] - olu na-adaba n'ala, na-eme mkpọtụ Ụda ụdaume nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị a: * [Xi] - ọdịda dị elu * [Xi] - ala-ebili == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu Nnyocha nke Bumang. Beijing: Mahadum Minzu. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1996. Asụsụ na ndị mmadụ viet-muong [[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/ferlus1996langues.pdf ''Asụsụ na ndị Vietnamese'']-Muong]. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28 * Mikami, Naomitsu 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist"." Akụkọ banyere asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Mainland Southeast Asia, ed. site n'aka Ueda Hiromi, 1-42. Asụsụ Ndị Na-eyi Egwu nke Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. ''Agbụrụ ndị dị n'ugwu nke Vietnam. Izu ohi'' Izu ohi 2. Ụgbọelu abụọ. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. * Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023. Ngữ Viena Kháng na-enwe mmetụta na Ch'an na Ch'i Ch'i ch'i ch ch'i. Ọ bụrụ na ị chọrọ ịsị na ị chọrọ. * [Vietnam News Agency] 2006. Viet Nam Hình n'ọnwa ndị Dồng 54 Dân Tộc [Ihe oyiyi Vietnam nke Community of 54 Ethnic Groups]. Hanoi: Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Vna. == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508 * https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view]] Khang na RWAAI Digital Archive 0bc6qj1xbziklkhna67sgvslcuidccb 0 72909 687769 596363 2026-07-13T10:22:04Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ */ 687769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = Hon. | name = Lateefat Bolanle Ajayi | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Ogun State]], Nigeria | alma_mater = | occupation = Teacher, politician | party = | office = [[Deputy Speaker]] of the [[Ogun State House of Assembly]] | constituency = Yewa South | governor = [[Dapo Abiodun]] | term_start = 2019 | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = }} '''Lateefat Bolanle Ajayi''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye bụbu onye nkuzi. Ọ na-anọchite anya Yewa South Constituency na Ogun Steeti House of Assembly ma na-eje ozi dị ka osote Onye isi oche kemgbe afọ 2019. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Ajayi si Yewa South Local Government Area nke Ogun Steeti. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma nwetakwuo ọzụzụ na ọchịchị na nchịkwa ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LeaderBox - Political Leadership Platform|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/lateefat-bolanle-ajayi|accessdate=2025-12-24|work=leaderbox.africa|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ajayi malitere ọrụ aka ya na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi klas tupu ọ ghọọ osote onye nkuzi ma mechaa bụrụ onye isi nkuzi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=OGHA {{!}} Member Profile|url=https://www.ogha.og.gov.ng/members/2|accessdate=2025-12-24|work=www.ogha.og.gov.ng}}</ref> Ọ batara na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị wee họpụta ya n'ụlọ omeiwu Ogun steeti dịka onye nnọchi anya Yewa South Constituency. N'ime Mgbakọ, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunjobi|first=Waheed|date=2025-09-19|title=Governor Abiodun commends Deputy Speaker for project facilitation|url=https://ogunradio.ng/2025/09/19/governor-abiodun-commends-deputy-speaker-for-project-facilitation/|accessdate=2025-12-24|work=Ogun State Broadcasting Corporation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria nọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchichi]] 3ekmbw4quzparhkijww8ufdwdfr09q8 0 73103 687797 686944 2026-07-13T11:01:48Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Tân yn Llŷn 1936 */ 687797 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Parch Lewis Valentine yn ifanc.jpg|thumb|Lewis Valentine]]   '''Lewis Edward Valentine''' M.A. (1 Jun 1893 - 1 Maachị 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh, ụkọchukwu ndị Baptist, onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka Asụsụ Welsh. Ọ bụ onye ndú mbụ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh Plaid Cymru. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Valentine na Llanddulas, Conwy, nwa nwoke nke Samuel Valentine, onye na-egwupụta nkume limestone, na nwunye ya Mary. Ọ malitere ịmụ ihe iji banye n'ije ozi nke ụka Baptist na Mahadum College of North Wales, Bangor mana a kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya n'ihi Agha Ụwa Mbụ. == Iguzobe Plaid Cymru == Ahụmahụ ndị o nwere na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na ọmịiko ya maka ihe kpatara nnwere onwe Ireland, mere ka ọ banye na nnwere onwe mba nke Welsh, na 1925 ọ zutere Saunders Lewis, H. R. Jones, na ndị ọzọ na nzukọ National Eisteddfod nke 1925, nke emere na Pwllheli, Gwynedd, na ebumnuche nke iguzobe òtù Welsh. Mkparịta ụka maka mkpa ọ dị inwe "òtù Welsh" anọwo na-agbasa kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Na ọgbọ ma ọ bụ karịa tupu 1922 e nwere "ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na nkwado iwu nke mba Welsh, "ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Dr. John Davies dere. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, e nwere ndị mmadụ nọ na Wales "na-achọsi ike ime ka mba ha bụrụ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh lekwasịrị anya". Ebumnuche bụ isi nke òtù ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ ịkwalite Wales na-asụ Welsh. Iji mezuo nke a, e kwekọrịtara na a ga-eme azụmahịa pati na Welsh, nakwa na ndị òtù ahụ niile ga-akwụsị njikọ niile ha na ndị ọzọ nọ na Britain nwere.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Valentine, Lewis na ndị ọzọ siri ọnwụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a tupu ha ekwenye na nzukọ Pwllheli. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ n'isi n'isi nke 1911 si kwuo, n'ime ndị bi na mba ahụ na-erughị nde mmadụ abụọ na ọkara, pasent iri anọ na atọ na ọkara nke ndị bi na Wales na-asụ Welsh dị ka asụsụ mbụ. Nke a bụ mbelata site na ọnụ ọgụgụ enwebu na 1891 ebe pasent iri ise na anọ na ụma anọ na-asụ Welsh n'ime ndị dị otu ndè na ọkara bi na Wales. Site n'ọnọdụ ndị a a ga-emezuriri, Lewis katọrọ "Nnwere onwe mba Welsh' dị ka ọ dịbu, nnwere onwe mba nke njirimara ya bụ nzukọ dị iche iche ndị òtù, nchegbu maka Westminster na njikere ịnakwere ọnọdụ dị ala maka asụsụ Welsh, " ka Dr. Davies dere. O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị a siri ike mere na pati ahụ enweghị ike ịdọta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ahụmịhe n'afọ ndị mbụ ya.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị òtù ahụ kwenyere na ihiwe ntọala ya bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'onwe ya; "naanị site na ịdị adị, òtù ahụ bụ nkwupụta nke ịdịiche nke Wales", ka Dr. Davies dere.<ref name="Davies_548" /> N'ime afọ ndị agha, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nwere ihe ịga nke ọma karịa dị ka otu nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke agụmakwụkwọ kama ịbụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Tân yn Llŷn 1936 == A malitere nnwere onwe mba Welsh na 1936 mgbe gọọmentị UK kpebiri iguzobe ogige ọzụzụ Royal Air Force na Penyberth na mpaghara Llŷn na Gwynedd. Ihe ndị gbara ime ngagharị iwe ahụ gburugburu, nke a maara dị ka Tân yn Llŷn (''Ọkụ n'asụsụ Llŷn''), nyere aka kọwaa Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru. Gọọmentị UK kpebiri na Llŷn maka ebe ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ọhụrụ ya mgbe ebe ndị yiri ya Northumberland na Dorset zutere ime ngagharị iwe. Otú ọ dị, Praịm Minista Stanley Baldwin jụrụ ịnụ ikpe megide iwu "ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ" na Wales, n'agbanyeghị ndị nnọchi anya na-anọchite anya ọkara ndè ndị Welsh na-eme ngagharị iwe. Lewis chịkọtara ngaghari iwe megide ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ mgbe o dere na gọọmentị UK bu n'obi ịgbanwe otu n'ime "ụlọ ndị dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị, okwu, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Welsh" ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkwalite usoro agha "obi ọjọọ".<ref name="Davies_592" /> Iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ malitere kpọmkwem ka afọ narị anọ gasịrị mgbe e tìrì iwu Laws In Wales Act nke 1535 na 1542. <ref name="Davies_592" /> Na 8 Septemba 1936 a gbara ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ ọkụ ma na nnyocha nke sochiri Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, na D.J. Williams kwuru na ọ bụ ha kpatara ya. Ikpe e kpere ha na Caernarfon ekwekọrịtaghị na mkpebi ikpe ma ziga ikpe ahụ na Old Bailey dị na London. A mara "mmadụ atọ ahụ" ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa itoolu na Wormwood Scrubs, mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha, puku ndị Welsh iri na ise nabatara ha dị ka ndị dike na Pavilion Caernarfon. Ọtụtụ ndị Welsh were iwe n'ihi mmeso ihere nke onye ọka ikpe ahụ na-emeso asụsụ Welsh, site na mkpebi iwega ikpe ahụ na London, yana n'ihi mkpebi nke Mahadum College, Swansea, ịchụpụ Saunders Lewis n'ọkwa ya tupu a chọpụta na ikpe mara ya. Dafydd Glyn Jones dere banyere ọkụ ahụ na ọ bụ "oge mbụ n'ime narị afọ ise Wales mere ihe ike laghachiri England... Nye ndị Welsh, bụ ndị ọ dịrịị anya ha kwụsịrị ikwere na ha nwere ya n'ime ha, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ijuanya".<ref name="Davies_593" /> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Ndị òtù Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nweere onwe ha ịhọọrọ onwe ha ógó nkwado ha ga-enye maka mbọ agha ahụ. Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nọpụrụ iche n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro banyere itinye aka na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], nke Valentine, Lewis na ndị isi ndị ọzọ weere dị ka ịga n'ihu nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Isi ihe dị na iwu nnọpụiche ahụ bụ echiche na Wales, dị ka mba, nwere ikike ikpebi n'onwe ya n'àgwà ya n'ebe agha nọ, yana mmegide megide mkpebi gọọmentị UK itinye Wales na esemokwu ahụ. Site na iwu a, ndị isi òtù nwere olileanya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Welsh ga-ajụ isonyere ndị agha. Lewis na ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-anwa ime ka o sikwuo ike bụ irube isi nye mba Welsh "karịa irube isi nye steeti Britain. " Lewis kwuru na "Nanị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mba Welsh dị bụ na e nwere ndị na-eme ka ọ dị adị. " Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-azọrọ na akọ na uche ha jụrụ ime nke a mere ya n'ihi omume ha na nkwenkwe okpukpe ha, kama ịbụ maka iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime ndị a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ndị a gụpụrụ n'ọrụ agha. Ihe dị ka ndị òtù iri abụọ na anọ mere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị naanị ihe kpatara ngụpụ onwe ha, nke iri na abụọ n'ime ha nwetara ịtụ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Davies_599" /> Nye Lewis, ndị jụrụ ajụ gosipụtara na nňomi nke Wales bụ nke "a na-anagide, ọbụlagodi n'okpuru nrụgide kachasị njọ".<ref name="Davies_599" /> == Onye ụkọchukwu, onye edemede, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ == Dị ka onye ụkọchukwu, ọ jere ozi na chọọchị dị n'ebe ugwu Wales ma dezie akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi Baptist, ''Seren Gomer'', site na 1951 ruo 1975. O dekwara banyere ahụmịhe ya n'agha ahụ na A makwaara VaAkwụkwọ ndekọ nke onye ọlụagha dere ukwe Gweddi dros Cristo ("Ekpere maka Wales"), nke a na-abụkarị na ụda nke Finland Hymn nke Jhdere. n Sibelius. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere nke a dị ka ukwe mba Welsh nke abụọ, Dafydd Iwan dekwara ya ma mee ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Mgbe ọ bụ ụkọchukwu Baptist na Llandudno, ọ sụgharịrị ụfọdụ Abụ Ọma a na-akpọ ''Detholiad o'r Salmau'', nke Gwasg Ilston bipụtara na 1936. == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Valentine, Lewis (1893-1986). Na Meic Stephens (Ed.) (1998), Onye ''Enyi ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ Wales''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. .  * Vittle, Arwel Valentine: onye na-akwado Lewis Valentine. (2006). Okwu ihu na ihu: Y Lolfa. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-86243-929-9|<bdi>0-86243-929-9</bdi>]]. &nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ ===  {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box|title=President of [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=1925–1926|before=''New position''|after=[[Saunders Lewis]]}} {{s-end}}{{Plaid Cymru}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 15u8z11n1z44m7cp60qyqmcgcpz0qdo 687799 687797 2026-07-13T11:05:39Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ */ 687799 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Parch Lewis Valentine yn ifanc.jpg|thumb|Lewis Valentine]]   '''Lewis Edward Valentine''' M.A. (1 Jun 1893 - 1 Maachị 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh, ụkọchukwu ndị Baptist, onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka Asụsụ Welsh. Ọ bụ onye ndú mbụ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh Plaid Cymru. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Valentine na Llanddulas, Conwy, nwa nwoke nke Samuel Valentine, onye na-egwupụta nkume limestone, na nwunye ya Mary. Ọ malitere ịmụ ihe iji banye n'ije ozi nke ụka Baptist na Mahadum College of North Wales, Bangor mana a kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya n'ihi Agha Ụwa Mbụ. == Iguzobe Plaid Cymru == Ahụmahụ ndị o nwere na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na ọmịiko ya maka ihe kpatara nnwere onwe Ireland, mere ka ọ banye na nnwere onwe mba nke Welsh, na 1925 ọ zutere Saunders Lewis, H. R. Jones, na ndị ọzọ na nzukọ National Eisteddfod nke 1925, nke emere na Pwllheli, Gwynedd, na ebumnuche nke iguzobe òtù Welsh. Mkparịta ụka maka mkpa ọ dị inwe "òtù Welsh" anọwo na-agbasa kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Na ọgbọ ma ọ bụ karịa tupu 1922 e nwere "ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na nkwado iwu nke mba Welsh, "ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Dr. John Davies dere. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, e nwere ndị mmadụ nọ na Wales "na-achọsi ike ime ka mba ha bụrụ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh lekwasịrị anya". Ebumnuche bụ isi nke òtù ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ ịkwalite Wales na-asụ Welsh. Iji mezuo nke a, e kwekọrịtara na a ga-eme azụmahịa pati na Welsh, nakwa na ndị òtù ahụ niile ga-akwụsị njikọ niile ha na ndị ọzọ nọ na Britain nwere.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Valentine, Lewis na ndị ọzọ siri ọnwụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a tupu ha ekwenye na nzukọ Pwllheli. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ n'isi n'isi nke 1911 si kwuo, n'ime ndị bi na mba ahụ na-erughị nde mmadụ abụọ na ọkara, pasent iri anọ na atọ na ọkara nke ndị bi na Wales na-asụ Welsh dị ka asụsụ mbụ. Nke a bụ mbelata site na ọnụ ọgụgụ enwebu na 1891 ebe pasent iri ise na anọ na ụma anọ na-asụ Welsh n'ime ndị dị otu ndè na ọkara bi na Wales. Site n'ọnọdụ ndị a a ga-emezuriri, Lewis katọrọ "Nnwere onwe mba Welsh' dị ka ọ dịbu, nnwere onwe mba nke njirimara ya bụ nzukọ dị iche iche ndị òtù, nchegbu maka Westminster na njikere ịnakwere ọnọdụ dị ala maka asụsụ Welsh, " ka Dr. Davies dere. O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị a siri ike mere na pati ahụ enweghị ike ịdọta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ahụmịhe n'afọ ndị mbụ ya.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị òtù ahụ kwenyere na ihiwe ntọala ya bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'onwe ya; "naanị site na ịdị adị, òtù ahụ bụ nkwupụta nke ịdịiche nke Wales", ka Dr. Davies dere.<ref name="Davies_548" /> N'ime afọ ndị agha, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nwere ihe ịga nke ọma karịa dị ka otu nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke agụmakwụkwọ kama ịbụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Tân yn Llŷn 1936 == A malitere nnwere onwe mba Welsh na 1936 mgbe gọọmentị UK kpebiri iguzobe ogige ọzụzụ Royal Air Force na Penyberth na mpaghara Llŷn na Gwynedd. Ihe ndị gbara ime ngagharị iwe ahụ gburugburu, nke a maara dị ka Tân yn Llŷn (''Ọkụ n'asụsụ Llŷn''), nyere aka kọwaa Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru. Gọọmentị UK kpebiri na Llŷn maka ebe ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ọhụrụ ya mgbe ebe ndị yiri ya Northumberland na Dorset zutere ime ngagharị iwe. Otú ọ dị, Praịm Minista Stanley Baldwin jụrụ ịnụ ikpe megide iwu "ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ" na Wales, n'agbanyeghị ndị nnọchi anya na-anọchite anya ọkara ndè ndị Welsh na-eme ngagharị iwe. Lewis chịkọtara ngaghari iwe megide ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ mgbe o dere na gọọmentị UK bu n'obi ịgbanwe otu n'ime "ụlọ ndị dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị, okwu, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Welsh" ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkwalite usoro agha "obi ọjọọ".<ref name="Davies_592" /> Iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ malitere kpọmkwem ka afọ narị anọ gasịrị mgbe e tìrì iwu Laws In Wales Act nke 1535 na 1542. <ref name="Davies_592" /> Na 8 Septemba 1936 a gbara ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ ọkụ ma na nnyocha nke sochiri Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, na D.J. Williams kwuru na ọ bụ ha kpatara ya. Ikpe e kpere ha na Caernarfon ekwekọrịtaghị na mkpebi ikpe ma ziga ikpe ahụ na Old Bailey dị na London. A mara "mmadụ atọ ahụ" ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa itoolu na Wormwood Scrubs, mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha, puku ndị Welsh iri na ise nabatara ha dị ka ndị dike na Pavilion Caernarfon. Ọtụtụ ndị Welsh were iwe n'ihi mmeso ihere nke onye ọka ikpe ahụ na-emeso asụsụ Welsh, site na mkpebi iwega ikpe ahụ na London, yana n'ihi mkpebi nke Mahadum College, Swansea, ịchụpụ Saunders Lewis n'ọkwa ya tupu a chọpụta na ikpe mara ya. Dafydd Glyn Jones dere banyere ọkụ ahụ na ọ bụ "oge mbụ n'ime narị afọ ise Wales mere ihe ike laghachiri England... Nye ndị Welsh, bụ ndị ọ dịrịị anya ha kwụsịrị ikwere na ha nwere ya n'ime ha, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ijuanya".<ref name="Davies_593" /> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Ndị òtù Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nweere onwe ha ịhọọrọ onwe ha ógó nkwado ha ga-enye maka mbọ agha ahụ. Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nọpụrụ iche n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro banyere itinye aka na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], nke Valentine, Lewis na ndị isi ndị ọzọ weere dị ka ịga n'ihu nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Isi ihe dị na iwu nnọpụiche ahụ bụ echiche na Wales, dị ka mba, nwere ikike ikpebi n'onwe ya n'àgwà ya n'ebe agha nọ, yana mmegide megide mkpebi gọọmentị UK itinye Wales na esemokwu ahụ. Site na iwu a, ndị isi òtù nwere olileanya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Welsh ga-ajụ isonyere ndị agha. Lewis na ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-anwa ime ka o sikwuo ike bụ irube isi nye mba Welsh "karịa irube isi nye steeti Britain. " Lewis kwuru na "Nanị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mba Welsh dị bụ na e nwere ndị na-eme ka ọ dị adị. " Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-azọrọ na akọ na uche ha jụrụ ime nke a mere ya n'ihi omume ha na nkwenkwe okpukpe ha, kama ịbụ maka iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime ndị a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ndị a gụpụrụ n'ọrụ agha. Ihe dị ka ndị òtù iri abụọ na anọ mere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị naanị ihe kpatara ngụpụ onwe ha, nke iri na abụọ n'ime ha nwetara ịtụ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Davies_599" /> Nye Lewis, ndị jụrụ ajụ gosipụtara na nňomi nke Wales bụ nke "a na-anagide, ọbụlagodi n'okpuru nrụgide kachasị njọ". == Onye ụkọchukwu, onye edemede, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ == Dị ka onye ụkọchukwu, ọ jere ozi na chọọchị dị n'ebe ugwu Wales ma dezie akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi Baptist, ''Seren Gomer'', site na 1951 ruo 1975. O dekwara banyere ahụmịhe ya n'agha ahụ na A makwaara VaAkwụkwọ ndekọ nke onye ọlụagha dere ukwe Gweddi dros Cristo ("Ekpere maka Wales"), nke a na-abụkarị na ụda nke Finland Hymn nke Jhdere. n Sibelius. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere nke a dị ka ukwe mba Welsh nke abụọ, Dafydd Iwan dekwara ya ma mee ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Mgbe ọ bụ ụkọchukwu Baptist na Llandudno, ọ sụgharịrị ụfọdụ Abụ Ọma a na-akpọ ''Detholiad o'r Salmau'', nke Gwasg Ilston bipụtara na 1936. == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Valentine, Lewis (1893-1986). Na Meic Stephens (Ed.) (1998), Onye ''Enyi ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ Wales''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. .  * Vittle, Arwel Valentine: onye na-akwado Lewis Valentine. (2006). Okwu ihu na ihu: Y Lolfa. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-86243-929-9|<bdi>0-86243-929-9</bdi>]]. &nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ ===  {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box|title=President of [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=1925–1926|before=''New position''|after=[[Saunders Lewis]]}} {{s-end}}{{Plaid Cymru}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h35k4pw4yuydwejv43r8vfh62d7fc7c 687800 687799 2026-07-13T11:06:48Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Iguzobe Plaid Cymru */ 687800 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Parch Lewis Valentine yn ifanc.jpg|thumb|Lewis Valentine]]   '''Lewis Edward Valentine''' M.A. (1 Jun 1893 - 1 Maachị 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh, ụkọchukwu ndị Baptist, onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka Asụsụ Welsh. Ọ bụ onye ndú mbụ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh Plaid Cymru. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Valentine na Llanddulas, Conwy, nwa nwoke nke Samuel Valentine, onye na-egwupụta nkume limestone, na nwunye ya Mary. Ọ malitere ịmụ ihe iji banye n'ije ozi nke ụka Baptist na Mahadum College of North Wales, Bangor mana a kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya n'ihi Agha Ụwa Mbụ. == Iguzobe Plaid Cymru == Ahụmahụ ndị o nwere na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na ọmịiko ya maka ihe kpatara nnwere onwe Ireland, mere ka ọ banye na nnwere onwe mba nke Welsh, na 1925 ọ zutere Saunders Lewis, H. R. Jones, na ndị ọzọ na nzukọ National Eisteddfod nke 1925, nke emere na Pwllheli, Gwynedd, na ebumnuche nke iguzobe òtù Welsh. Mkparịta ụka maka mkpa ọ dị inwe "òtù Welsh" anọwo na-agbasa kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Na ọgbọ ma ọ bụ karịa tupu 1922 e nwere "ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na nkwado iwu nke mba Welsh, "ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Dr. John Davies dere. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, e nwere ndị mmadụ nọ na Wales "na-achọsi ike ime ka mba ha bụrụ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh lekwasịrị anya". Ebumnuche bụ isi nke òtù ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ ịkwalite Wales na-asụ Welsh. Iji mezuo nke a, e kwekọrịtara na a ga-eme azụmahịa pati na Welsh, nakwa na ndị òtù ahụ niile ga-akwụsị njikọ niile ha na ndị ọzọ nọ na Britain nwere.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Valentine, Lewis na ndị ọzọ siri ọnwụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a tupu ha ekwenye na nzukọ Pwllheli. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ n'isi n'isi nke 1911 si kwuo, n'ime ndị bi na mba ahụ na-erughị nde mmadụ abụọ na ọkara, pasent iri anọ na atọ na ọkara nke ndị bi na Wales na-asụ Welsh dị ka asụsụ mbụ. Nke a bụ mbelata site na ọnụ ọgụgụ enwebu na 1891 ebe pasent iri ise na anọ na ụma anọ na-asụ Welsh n'ime ndị dị otu ndè na ọkara bi na Wales. Site n'ọnọdụ ndị a a ga-emezuriri, Lewis katọrọ "Nnwere onwe mba Welsh' dị ka ọ dịbu, nnwere onwe mba nke njirimara ya bụ nzukọ dị iche iche ndị òtù, nchegbu maka Westminster na njikere ịnakwere ọnọdụ dị ala maka asụsụ Welsh, " ka Dr. Davies dere. O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị a siri ike mere na pati ahụ enweghị ike ịdọta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ahụmịhe n'afọ ndị mbụ ya.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị òtù ahụ kwenyere na ihiwe ntọala ya bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'onwe ya; "naanị site na ịdị adị, òtù ahụ bụ nkwupụta nke ịdịiche nke Wales", ka Dr. Davies dere. N'ime afọ ndị agha, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nwere ihe ịga nke ọma karịa dị ka otu nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke agụmakwụkwọ kama ịbụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Tân yn Llŷn 1936 == A malitere nnwere onwe mba Welsh na 1936 mgbe gọọmentị UK kpebiri iguzobe ogige ọzụzụ Royal Air Force na Penyberth na mpaghara Llŷn na Gwynedd. Ihe ndị gbara ime ngagharị iwe ahụ gburugburu, nke a maara dị ka Tân yn Llŷn (''Ọkụ n'asụsụ Llŷn''), nyere aka kọwaa Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru. Gọọmentị UK kpebiri na Llŷn maka ebe ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ọhụrụ ya mgbe ebe ndị yiri ya Northumberland na Dorset zutere ime ngagharị iwe. Otú ọ dị, Praịm Minista Stanley Baldwin jụrụ ịnụ ikpe megide iwu "ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ" na Wales, n'agbanyeghị ndị nnọchi anya na-anọchite anya ọkara ndè ndị Welsh na-eme ngagharị iwe. Lewis chịkọtara ngaghari iwe megide ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ mgbe o dere na gọọmentị UK bu n'obi ịgbanwe otu n'ime "ụlọ ndị dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị, okwu, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Welsh" ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkwalite usoro agha "obi ọjọọ".<ref name="Davies_592" /> Iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ malitere kpọmkwem ka afọ narị anọ gasịrị mgbe e tìrì iwu Laws In Wales Act nke 1535 na 1542. <ref name="Davies_592" /> Na 8 Septemba 1936 a gbara ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ ọkụ ma na nnyocha nke sochiri Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, na D.J. Williams kwuru na ọ bụ ha kpatara ya. Ikpe e kpere ha na Caernarfon ekwekọrịtaghị na mkpebi ikpe ma ziga ikpe ahụ na Old Bailey dị na London. A mara "mmadụ atọ ahụ" ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa itoolu na Wormwood Scrubs, mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha, puku ndị Welsh iri na ise nabatara ha dị ka ndị dike na Pavilion Caernarfon. Ọtụtụ ndị Welsh were iwe n'ihi mmeso ihere nke onye ọka ikpe ahụ na-emeso asụsụ Welsh, site na mkpebi iwega ikpe ahụ na London, yana n'ihi mkpebi nke Mahadum College, Swansea, ịchụpụ Saunders Lewis n'ọkwa ya tupu a chọpụta na ikpe mara ya. Dafydd Glyn Jones dere banyere ọkụ ahụ na ọ bụ "oge mbụ n'ime narị afọ ise Wales mere ihe ike laghachiri England... Nye ndị Welsh, bụ ndị ọ dịrịị anya ha kwụsịrị ikwere na ha nwere ya n'ime ha, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ijuanya".<ref name="Davies_593" /> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Ndị òtù Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nweere onwe ha ịhọọrọ onwe ha ógó nkwado ha ga-enye maka mbọ agha ahụ. Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nọpụrụ iche n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro banyere itinye aka na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], nke Valentine, Lewis na ndị isi ndị ọzọ weere dị ka ịga n'ihu nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Isi ihe dị na iwu nnọpụiche ahụ bụ echiche na Wales, dị ka mba, nwere ikike ikpebi n'onwe ya n'àgwà ya n'ebe agha nọ, yana mmegide megide mkpebi gọọmentị UK itinye Wales na esemokwu ahụ. Site na iwu a, ndị isi òtù nwere olileanya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Welsh ga-ajụ isonyere ndị agha. Lewis na ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-anwa ime ka o sikwuo ike bụ irube isi nye mba Welsh "karịa irube isi nye steeti Britain. " Lewis kwuru na "Nanị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mba Welsh dị bụ na e nwere ndị na-eme ka ọ dị adị. " Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-azọrọ na akọ na uche ha jụrụ ime nke a mere ya n'ihi omume ha na nkwenkwe okpukpe ha, kama ịbụ maka iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime ndị a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ndị a gụpụrụ n'ọrụ agha. Ihe dị ka ndị òtù iri abụọ na anọ mere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị naanị ihe kpatara ngụpụ onwe ha, nke iri na abụọ n'ime ha nwetara ịtụ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Davies_599" /> Nye Lewis, ndị jụrụ ajụ gosipụtara na nňomi nke Wales bụ nke "a na-anagide, ọbụlagodi n'okpuru nrụgide kachasị njọ". == Onye ụkọchukwu, onye edemede, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ == Dị ka onye ụkọchukwu, ọ jere ozi na chọọchị dị n'ebe ugwu Wales ma dezie akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi Baptist, ''Seren Gomer'', site na 1951 ruo 1975. O dekwara banyere ahụmịhe ya n'agha ahụ na A makwaara VaAkwụkwọ ndekọ nke onye ọlụagha dere ukwe Gweddi dros Cristo ("Ekpere maka Wales"), nke a na-abụkarị na ụda nke Finland Hymn nke Jhdere. n Sibelius. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere nke a dị ka ukwe mba Welsh nke abụọ, Dafydd Iwan dekwara ya ma mee ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Mgbe ọ bụ ụkọchukwu Baptist na Llandudno, ọ sụgharịrị ụfọdụ Abụ Ọma a na-akpọ ''Detholiad o'r Salmau'', nke Gwasg Ilston bipụtara na 1936. == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Valentine, Lewis (1893-1986). Na Meic Stephens (Ed.) (1998), Onye ''Enyi ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ Wales''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. .  * Vittle, Arwel Valentine: onye na-akwado Lewis Valentine. (2006). Okwu ihu na ihu: Y Lolfa. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-86243-929-9|<bdi>0-86243-929-9</bdi>]]. &nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ ===  {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box|title=President of [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=1925–1926|before=''New position''|after=[[Saunders Lewis]]}} {{s-end}}{{Plaid Cymru}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3euo90wfq5tu79o543oa510lnxvqllr 687802 687800 2026-07-13T11:08:46Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Tân yn Llŷn 1936 */ 687802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Parch Lewis Valentine yn ifanc.jpg|thumb|Lewis Valentine]]   '''Lewis Edward Valentine''' M.A. (1 Jun 1893 - 1 Maachị 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh, ụkọchukwu ndị Baptist, onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye na-eme mkpọsa maka Asụsụ Welsh. Ọ bụ onye ndú mbụ nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh Plaid Cymru. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Valentine na Llanddulas, Conwy, nwa nwoke nke Samuel Valentine, onye na-egwupụta nkume limestone, na nwunye ya Mary. Ọ malitere ịmụ ihe iji banye n'ije ozi nke ụka Baptist na Mahadum College of North Wales, Bangor mana a kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya n'ihi Agha Ụwa Mbụ. == Iguzobe Plaid Cymru == Ahụmahụ ndị o nwere na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, na ọmịiko ya maka ihe kpatara nnwere onwe Ireland, mere ka ọ banye na nnwere onwe mba nke Welsh, na 1925 ọ zutere Saunders Lewis, H. R. Jones, na ndị ọzọ na nzukọ National Eisteddfod nke 1925, nke emere na Pwllheli, Gwynedd, na ebumnuche nke iguzobe òtù Welsh. Mkparịta ụka maka mkpa ọ dị inwe "òtù Welsh" anọwo na-agbasa kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Na ọgbọ ma ọ bụ karịa tupu 1922 e nwere "ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na nkwado iwu nke mba Welsh, "ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Dr. John Davies dere. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, e nwere ndị mmadụ nọ na Wales "na-achọsi ike ime ka mba ha bụrụ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Welsh lekwasịrị anya". Ebumnuche bụ isi nke òtù ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ ịkwalite Wales na-asụ Welsh. Iji mezuo nke a, e kwekọrịtara na a ga-eme azụmahịa pati na Welsh, nakwa na ndị òtù ahụ niile ga-akwụsị njikọ niile ha na ndị ọzọ nọ na Britain nwere.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Valentine, Lewis na ndị ọzọ siri ọnwụ na ụkpụrụ ndị a tupu ha ekwenye na nzukọ Pwllheli. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ n'isi n'isi nke 1911 si kwuo, n'ime ndị bi na mba ahụ na-erughị nde mmadụ abụọ na ọkara, pasent iri anọ na atọ na ọkara nke ndị bi na Wales na-asụ Welsh dị ka asụsụ mbụ. Nke a bụ mbelata site na ọnụ ọgụgụ enwebu na 1891 ebe pasent iri ise na anọ na ụma anọ na-asụ Welsh n'ime ndị dị otu ndè na ọkara bi na Wales. Site n'ọnọdụ ndị a a ga-emezuriri, Lewis katọrọ "Nnwere onwe mba Welsh' dị ka ọ dịbu, nnwere onwe mba nke njirimara ya bụ nzukọ dị iche iche ndị òtù, nchegbu maka Westminster na njikere ịnakwere ọnọdụ dị ala maka asụsụ Welsh, " ka Dr. Davies dere. O nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị a siri ike mere na pati ahụ enweghị ike ịdọta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere ahụmịhe n'afọ ndị mbụ ya.<ref name="Davies_548" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị òtù ahụ kwenyere na ihiwe ntọala ya bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'onwe ya; "naanị site na ịdị adị, òtù ahụ bụ nkwupụta nke ịdịiche nke Wales", ka Dr. Davies dere. N'ime afọ ndị agha, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nwere ihe ịga nke ọma karịa dị ka otu nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke agụmakwụkwọ kama ịbụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Tân yn Llŷn 1936 == A malitere nnwere onwe mba Welsh na 1936 mgbe gọọmentị UK kpebiri iguzobe ogige ọzụzụ Royal Air Force na Penyberth na mpaghara Llŷn na Gwynedd. Ihe ndị gbara ime ngagharị iwe ahụ gburugburu, nke a maara dị ka Tân yn Llŷn (''Ọkụ n'asụsụ Llŷn''), nyere aka kọwaa Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru. Gọọmentị UK kpebiri na Llŷn maka ebe ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ọhụrụ ya mgbe ebe ndị yiri ya Northumberland na Dorset zutere ime ngagharị iwe. Otú ọ dị, Praịm Minista Stanley Baldwin jụrụ ịnụ ikpe megide iwu "ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ" na Wales, n'agbanyeghị ndị nnọchi anya na-anọchite anya ọkara ndè ndị Welsh na-eme ngagharị iwe. Lewis chịkọtara ngaghari iwe megide ịrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ mgbe o dere na gọọmentị UK bu n'obi ịgbanwe otu n'ime "ụlọ ndị dị mkpa nke ọdịbendị, okwu, na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Welsh" ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịkwalite usoro agha "obi ọjọọ".<ref name="Davies_592" /> Iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ malitere kpọmkwem ka afọ narị anọ gasịrị mgbe e tìrì iwu Laws In Wales Act nke 1535 na 1542. Na 8 Septemba 1936 a gbara ụlọ akwụkwọ bọmbụ ahụ ọkụ ma na nnyocha nke sochiri Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine, na D.J. Williams kwuru na ọ bụ ha kpatara ya. Ikpe e kpere ha na Caernarfon ekwekọrịtaghị na mkpebi ikpe ma ziga ikpe ahụ na Old Bailey dị na London. A mara "mmadụ atọ ahụ" ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa itoolu na Wormwood Scrubs, mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha, puku ndị Welsh iri na ise nabatara ha dị ka ndị dike na Pavilion Caernarfon. Ọtụtụ ndị Welsh were iwe n'ihi mmeso ihere nke onye ọka ikpe ahụ na-emeso asụsụ Welsh, site na mkpebi iwega ikpe ahụ na London, yana n'ihi mkpebi nke Mahadum College, Swansea, ịchụpụ Saunders Lewis n'ọkwa ya tupu a chọpụta na ikpe mara ya. Dafydd Glyn Jones dere banyere ọkụ ahụ na ọ bụ "oge mbụ n'ime narị afọ ise Wales mere ihe ike laghachiri England... Nye ndị Welsh, bụ ndị ọ dịrịị anya ha kwụsịrị ikwere na ha nwere ya n'ime ha, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ijuanya".<ref name="Davies_593" /> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Ndị òtù Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nweere onwe ha ịhọọrọ onwe ha ógó nkwado ha ga-enye maka mbọ agha ahụ. Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru nọpụrụ iche n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro banyere itinye aka na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], nke Valentine, Lewis na ndị isi ndị ọzọ weere dị ka ịga n'ihu nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Isi ihe dị na iwu nnọpụiche ahụ bụ echiche na Wales, dị ka mba, nwere ikike ikpebi n'onwe ya n'àgwà ya n'ebe agha nọ, yana mmegide megide mkpebi gọọmentị UK itinye Wales na esemokwu ahụ. Site na iwu a, ndị isi òtù nwere olileanya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Welsh ga-ajụ isonyere ndị agha. Lewis na ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-anwa ime ka o sikwuo ike bụ irube isi nye mba Welsh "karịa irube isi nye steeti Britain. " Lewis kwuru na "Nanị ihe akaebe na-egosi na mba Welsh dị bụ na e nwere ndị na-eme ka ọ dị adị. " Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-azọrọ na akọ na uche ha jụrụ ime nke a mere ya n'ihi omume ha na nkwenkwe okpukpe ha, kama ịbụ maka iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime ndị a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ndị a gụpụrụ n'ọrụ agha. Ihe dị ka ndị òtù iri abụọ na anọ mere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị naanị ihe kpatara ngụpụ onwe ha, nke iri na abụọ n'ime ha nwetara ịtụ mkpọrọ.<ref name="Davies_599" /> Nye Lewis, ndị jụrụ ajụ gosipụtara na nňomi nke Wales bụ nke "a na-anagide, ọbụlagodi n'okpuru nrụgide kachasị njọ". == Onye ụkọchukwu, onye edemede, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ == Dị ka onye ụkọchukwu, ọ jere ozi na chọọchị dị n'ebe ugwu Wales ma dezie akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi Baptist, ''Seren Gomer'', site na 1951 ruo 1975. O dekwara banyere ahụmịhe ya n'agha ahụ na A makwaara VaAkwụkwọ ndekọ nke onye ọlụagha dere ukwe Gweddi dros Cristo ("Ekpere maka Wales"), nke a na-abụkarị na ụda nke Finland Hymn nke Jhdere. n Sibelius. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere nke a dị ka ukwe mba Welsh nke abụọ, Dafydd Iwan dekwara ya ma mee ya n'ọtụtụ ebe. Mgbe ọ bụ ụkọchukwu Baptist na Llandudno, ọ sụgharịrị ụfọdụ Abụ Ọma a na-akpọ ''Detholiad o'r Salmau'', nke Gwasg Ilston bipụtara na 1936. == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * Valentine, Lewis (1893-1986). Na Meic Stephens (Ed.) (1998), Onye ''Enyi ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ Wales''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. .  * Vittle, Arwel Valentine: onye na-akwado Lewis Valentine. (2006). Okwu ihu na ihu: Y Lolfa. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-86243-929-9|<bdi>0-86243-929-9</bdi>]]. &nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ ===  {{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{succession box|title=President of [[Plaid Cymru]]|years=1925–1926|before=''New position''|after=[[Saunders Lewis]]}} {{s-end}}{{Plaid Cymru}}{{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bc4q4jfppz8fml8gn1o390pep5pi4bb 0 73151 687568 641135 2026-07-12T14:43:31Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Avane|nativename=|states=[[Venezuela]]|region=Colombian border|extinct=by late 20th century<br>attested {{Circa|1780}}|familycolor=arawakan|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Northern|fam3=[[Upper Amazon Arawakan|Upper Amazonian]]|fam4=Orinoco|fam5=Yavitero languages|iso3=bvv}} '''Avane''' ('''Abane'''), otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ a na-akpọ '''Baniwa''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Baniva Yavitero,''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bvv|title=Baniva|work=Ethnologue|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-20|archivedate=2019-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703205755/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bvv}}</ref> bụ [[Asụsụ Arawak]] nke [[Venezuela]]. E kwenyere na ọ kwụsịrị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20, ọ bụkwa naanị na ndepụta okwu dị mkpirikpi site na ngwụchi narị afọ nke 18.<ref name=":0" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-asụkarị ya na mpaghara Amazonas nke Venezuela na n'akụkụ ókèala Colombia, ma nwee olumba a na-akpọ '''Quirruba''' <ref name=":0" /> na '''Baniva-Avani''' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bani1254|title=Glottolog 4.0 - Avane|work=glottolog.org|accessdate=2019-09-20|archivedate=2019-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920204945/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bani1254}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka asụsụ ahụ malitere imebi mgbe ndị Jesuit rutere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. Asụsụ Avane nwere aha asụsụ obodo iji zoo aka na ndị Maipure gbara agbata obi, Metimetichini, nke nwere ike ịpụta n'ụzọ ọchị na ụdị okwu Maipure dị iche iche ma nwee ụda abụọ a na-anaghị ahụkarị na Avane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/zamponi-maipure_2003|title=Maipure|author=Zamponi|first=Raoul|publisher=Lincom|year=2003|location=Munich}}</ref> Asụsụ a na-ekerịtakwa ụfọdụ okwu na ndị ọzọ nọ n'otu ezinụlọ, gụnyere Maipure na Guipunave, mana o doro anya na ọ dị iche n'ụda olu.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == A na-akọwa Avane na phonetically ma e jiri ya tụnyere Maipre, na-egosi ụfọdụ nnukwu ọdịiche. Avane na-eji nkwsị ezé [d], nke a na-adịghị ahụ na Maipure mana ọ bụ nwa amaala Yavitero na Baniva. Ọ na-eji fricative glottal [h] ([x]) tupu [i] na / ma ọ bụ [a], ebe Maipure ga-eji [t], [k], na [j]. N'adịghịkwa ka Maipure, Avane diphthongs [ai] na [au] apụtaghị na a na-etinye ya na mkpụrụedemede siri ike.<ref name=":1" /> Ethnographer Gilij kọwara pronunciation Avane dị ka "rude, guttural" ma e jiri ya tụnyere Maipure's "mkpụrụ obi, mara mma".<ref>{{Cite book|title=American Indian languages : the historical linguistics of Native America|author=Campbell|first=Lyle|date=21 September 2000|isbn=9780195349832|location=Oxford|oclc=1108851780}}</ref> == Ọdịdị == Na morphology, a na-ahụ Avane dị ka onye dị nso na Maipure, na-eji nsonaazụ "efu morph" "{{Lang|bvv|-cà}}" maka ụfọdụ ngwaa na-arụ ọrụ na nke na-adịghị agafe agafe.<ref name=":1" /> == Okwu == {| class="wikitable" |+Okwu ndị Avane kwadoro<ref name=":1" /> !Avane !Nkọwa |- |{{Lang|bvv|javaxì}} |axis |- |{{Lang|bvv|pussi}} |achịcha manioc |- |{{Lang|bvv|casimeje}} |ịgba egwú |- |{{Lang|bvv|Diòsu}} |Chineke |- |{{Lang|bvv|ada}} |onye na-enye onyinye |- |{{Lang|bvv|tamàu}} |ọ gara |- |{{Lang|bvv|nuxa}} |M |- |{{Lang|bvv|nuxacàu}} |Ana m aga |- |{{Lang|bvv|nujutuà}} |Ana m ese siga |- |{{Lang|bvv|quaxixì}} ({{Lang|bvv|quajijì}}) |jaguar |- |{{Lang|bvv|Metimetichinì}} |Maipure |- |{{Lang|bvv|napài}} |Nna m |- |{{Lang|bvv|unè}} |ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ |- |{{Lang|bvv|Purrùnaminàri}} |onye kachasị elu |- |{{Lang|bvv|yema}} |ụtaba |- |{{Lang|bvv|inioxì}} |nwanyị |- |{{Lang|bvv|saje}}, {{Lang|bvv|ja}} |ee |} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 3a0cdtqyd92f2mmmhiinylwscxp4f5j 0 73157 687567 637627 2026-07-12T14:40:33Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ */ Fixed reference error 687567 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Atinuke''' bụ onye edemede akwụkwọ ụmụaka a mụrụ na Naijiria na onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala ọdịnala Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-07|title=Reading with... Atinuke|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/readers-issue.html?issue=1019|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ == Atinuke was born in [[Ibadan]] and grew up in [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] with her parents and three siblings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About me|url=https://atinuke.co.uk/about/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Atinuke}}</ref> Her father was a Nigerian university lecturer and her mother was an English editor.<ref name=":0" /> Atinuke is of [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] ancestry through her father.<ref name=":1" / ><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://authorfy.com/masterclasses/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=authorfy|language=en-GB}}</ref> Atinuke chose to attend a boarding school in England from ages ten to thirteen.<ref name=":1" /> Her parents and three siblings then moved to England, and Atinuke began attending public school. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> na mahadum, Atinuke gụrụ Bekee na Commonwealth Literatures . <ref name=":1" /> O nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=Miles Stott Agency|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322201505/https://milesstottagency.co.uk/author/atinuke/}}</ref> ma bi na Wales ugbu a.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atinuke, Nigerian Born Storyteller and Children's Book Author ★|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Atinuke|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=African American Literature Book Club|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Akụkọ mbụ Atinuke kọrọ nye ndị na-ege ntị na England n'afọ 1990, mgbe onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ emeghị ka ọ pụta ìhè. Ọ malitere njem okike na ọrụ ọkachamara nke ịchịkọta akụkọ sitere n'Africa na ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ ma gwa ha ndị na-ege ntị n'obodo na mba ụwa, n'ememe na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị njem na 2005 n'ihi ọrịa, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ mbụ ya, gbasara agwa akụkọ ifo Anna Hibiscus, nwa agbọghọ bi na "Amazing Africa". Atinuke bụ onye dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ ụmụaka iri abụọ dabere na ndụ ya na Naịjirịa na akụkọ ọdịnala. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ụmụaka na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gbasara mba iri ise na ise nke Africa. Akwụkwọ ya bụ "Baby Goes To Market" ka ebipụtara na US na UK yana na French na Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atinuke|url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/authors/a/atinuke/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=BookTrust}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == The African American Literature Book Club kpọrọ Atinuke na ndepụta ha nke "Top 100 Bestselling Authors" n'ọnọdụ nke 60.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Top 100 Bestselling Black Authors|url=https://aalbc.com/authors/bestselling-authors2.php|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=African American Literature Book Club|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Good Luck, Anna Hibiscus! The Horn Book Magazine kpọrọ ya otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-12-05|title=Horn Book Fanfare 1938 to present|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/horn-book-fanfare-1938-to-present|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, akpọrọ Double Trouble for Anna Hibiscus otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka na ndị na-eto eto kacha mma n'afọ site na Shelf Awareness.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2015-12-11|title=Our 2015 Best Books of the Year|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=2652|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness ]]}}</ref> Na 2017, ''Ị dị ịtụnanya, Anna Hibiscus!'' gụnyere na ndepụta "Best Books for Middle Graders of 2017" nke Kirkus Reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vicky|first=Vicki|date=2017-11-27|title=Old Friends Return in the Best Books for Middle Graders|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/old-friends-return-best-books-middle-graders/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, a gụnyere Baby Goes to Market na ndepụta Children's Africana Book Awards 'Best Books for Young Children'. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meadows|first=Rebecca|title=UCF Research Guides: Award Winning and Notable Children's Books PreK - 8: CABA Children's Africana Book Awards|url=https://guides.ucf.edu/c.php?g=851147&p=8600797|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[University of Central Florida]]|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, akpọrọ Too Small Tola otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ site na The Horn Book Magazine, School Library Journal na Shelf Awareness <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gershowitz|first=Elissa|date=2021-12-10|title=Fanfare Family Reading 2021|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-family-reading-2021|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blair|first=Monisha|date=2021-11-22|title=Best Chapter Books 2021 {{!}} SLJ Best Books|url=https://www.slj.com/story/best-chapter-books-2021-slj-best-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[School Library Journal]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2021-11-23|title=Our 2021 Best Children's & YA Books of the Year|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=4119|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, The Horn Book Magazine kpọrọ Too Small Tola and the Three Fine Girls otu n'ime akwụkwọ ụmụaka kachasị mma n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-12-14|title=Fanfare 2022 Annotations|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/fanfare-2022-annotations|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Onyinye maka edemede Atinuke'''Ihe odide Atinuke''' !Afọ !Aha ya !Ihe nrite !Nsonaazụ !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2010 | rowspan="2" |''Anna Hibiscus'' |Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị Mkpirikpi |Ndị ikpeazụ |<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=2010 Cybils Finalists|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2010-cybils-finalists|accessdate=2023-03-22|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2011 |Boston Globe-Horn Book Award maka akụkọ ifo |Nsọpụrụ |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-01-10|title=Past Boston Globe–Horn Book Award Winners|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/past-boston-globe-horn-book-award-winners|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[The Horn Book]]}}</ref> |- |''Na-ekpori ndụ, Anna Hibiscus!'' |Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị Mkpirikpi |'''Onye mmeri''' |<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=2011 Cybils Winners|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170942/https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2011-cybils-winners|archivedate=2023-03-21|accessdate=2023-03-21|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2012 |''Obi ụtọ, Anna Hibiscus!'' |Mind the Gap Awards: Ka mma ihu ọma n'oge ọzọ |'''Onye mmeri''' |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2012-07-09|title=Out of the Box {{!}} 2012 Mind the Gap Awards|url=https://www.hbook.com/story/2012-mind-the-gap-awards|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=The Horn Book}}</ref> |- |2013 |The No. 1 Car Spotter and the Firebird |Ihe nrite Carnegie |Onye a họpụtara | |- |2014 |''Ụgwọ maka Anna Hibiscus!'' |Ihe nrite Audie maka utu aha ụmụaka ruo afọ 8 |'''Onye mmeri''' |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audie Award Finalists and Winners|url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/audies/2014/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[AudioFile Magazine]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-18|title=2014 Audie Finalists Announced|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/audio-books/article/61095-2014-audie-finalists-announced.html|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 | rowspan="3" |''Nwa A Na-aga Ahịa'' |ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama |Nhọrọ |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2018-04-12|title=ALSC names 2018 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2018/04/alsc-names-2018-notable-childrens-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[American Library Association]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Charlotte Zolotow |Nsọpụrụ |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-01-12|title=Awards: Charlotte Zolotow; Edward Stanford Travel Writing|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3163|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite akwụkwọ Mathical: Pre-K |'''Onye mmeri''' |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2018-02-27|title=Awards: Mathical Book; Jane Grigson Trust|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=3193|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Shelf Awareness]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Afrịka, Afrịka Dị ịtụnanya'' |Ihe nrite akwụkwọ ozi nke School Library Association maka afọ 8 ruo 12 |Ndepụta dị mkpirikpi |<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Shortlist Announced for School Library Association Information Book Award 2020 :: NEWS|url=https://www.sla.org.uk/article/richard-leveridge/shortlist-announced-for-school-library-association-information-book-award-2020|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[School Library Association]]|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |''B bụ maka nwa ọhụrụ'' |ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama |Nhọrọ |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2020-02-25|title=ALSC names 2020 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2020/02/alsc-names-2020-notable-childrens-books|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[American Library Association]]|language=en}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Carnegie |Ndepụta dị ogologo |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=Longlists for 2020 CILIP Carnegie and Kate Greenaway Medals Announced|url=https://yotocarnegies.co.uk/longlists-for-2020-cilip-carnegie-and-kate-greenaway-medals-announced/|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=The Yoto Carnegies|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 | rowspan="3" |''Obere Tola'' |Onyinye Cybils maka Akwụkwọ Isiokwu Dị mfe |Onye ikpeazụ |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 Cybils Finalists|url=https://www.cybils.com/cybils-books/2021-cybils-finalists|accessdate=2023-03-27|work=Children's and Young Adult Book Lover's Literary Awards|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Jhalak maka Ụmụaka YA |Ndepụta dị ogologo | |- |2022 |ALSC Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka A Ma Ama |Nhọrọ |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schulte-Cooper|first=Laura|date=2023-02-01|title=2022 Notable Children's Books|url=https://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/notalists/ncb/ncbpastlists/ncb_2022|accessdate=2023-03-22|work=[[Association for Library Service to Children]] (ALSC)|language=en}}</ref> |} == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akụkọ ifo === ==== Usoro Anna Hibiscus ==== [[Lauren Tobia]] gosipụtara usoro Anna Hibiscus # ''Anna Hibiscus'' (2010) # ''Ụgwọ maka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2010) # ''Na-ekpori ndụ, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2011) # ''Welcome Home, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2012) # ''Gaa nke ọma, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2014) # ''Ịhụnanya sitere n'aka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2015) # ''Ị dị ịtụnanya, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2016) # ''Obi ụtọ Krismas, Anna Hibiscus!'' (2023) ===== Akwụkwọ foto Anna Hibiscus ===== * ''Abụ Anna Hibiscus'' (2012) * ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' (2014) * ''Nsogbu Abụọ Maka Anna Hibiscus!'' (2015) ==== Usoro ụmụaka ==== [[Angela Brooksbank]] gosipụtara usoro Baby. # ''Nwa A Na-aga Ahịa'', (2017) # ''B bụ maka nwa ọhụrụ'' (2019) # ''Nwa, Nwa Na-ehi Ụra'' (2021) # ''M bụ maka Mango'' (2025) ==== Usoro No. 1 Car Spotter ==== Usoro No. 1 Car Spotter bụ nke [[Warwick Johnson-Cadwell]] gosipụtara. # The No. 1 Car Spotter (2011) # The No. 1 Car Spotter na Firebird (2011) # ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na ndị ohi ụgbọ ala'' (2012) # ''Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ'' (2014) # The No. 1 Car Spotter na Broken Road (2015) # Onye na-ahụ maka ụgbọala nke 1 na-alụ ọgụ na ụlọ ọrụ (2016) ==== Usoro Tola Obere ==== [[Onyinye Iwu]] gosipụtara usoro Too Small Tola. # ''Obere Tola'' (2020) # Too Obere Tola na Ụmụ agbọghọ Atọ mara mma (2021) # Obere Obere Obodo Na-esi Ike (2023) ==== Akwụkwọ ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha ==== * ''Jide ọkụkọ ahụ!'' , nke [[Angela Brooksbank]] sere (2020) * ''Hugo'', nke [[Birgitta Sif]] sere (2020) * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị isi ojii na Britain (nke a tụrụ anya ya na 2023) * Beti na Little Round House, nke Emily Hughes sere, Walker Books (2024) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tolkien|first=Tom|title=Year 2 Reading List|url=https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/reading-lists-for-ks1-school-pupils/year-2/|work=School Reading List|publisher=School Reading List|accessdate=24 April 2025}}</ref> === Ihe Ndị Na-abụghị Akụkọ ifo === * ''Africa Amazing Africa: Mba site na Mba'', nke [[Mouni Feddag]] sere (2019) == Hụkwa == * [[Marguerite Abouet]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rzyg5x6nptmqfc7skr6s5vb14zidg9x 0 73227 687589 596986 2026-07-12T15:22:28Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ihe ndabere */ Fixed reference error 687589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Mmemme Ntuziaka Enyemaka Akara''' ( Chinese Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Lutheran Maka Ndị Ntị Na-eme Ọmụmụ Ihe ) malite na Febụwarị 2012 site na ego sitere na Quality Education Fund . <ref name="official website">{{Cite web|title=手語輔助教學計劃|url=https://www.lsd.edu.hk/hs|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=The Lutheran School For The Deaf|language=zh-Hant-hk|archivedate=2021-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210140057/https://www.lsd.edu.hk/hs}} [[Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)]]</ref> == Ihe ndabere == Ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri nwere ihe nkwado cochlear nke gọọmentị Hong Kong tinyere, mana onye isi nkwukọrịta nke Equal Opportunities Commission, Chen Jie-zhen, kwuru na ikike nke ihe nkwado cochlear dị oke. E nwere akụkọ sitere n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na naanị ụda ndị na-adịghị ike ka a na-anụ n'ọtụtụ oge na ihe nkwado ahụ enweghị ike idozi nsogbu mmụta. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Lutheran Maka Ndị Ntị Chiri na-akụzi ihe n'ọnụ, nke asụsụ ndị ogbi na-enyere aka ka ụmụ akwụkwọ wee nwee ike ịmụta ihe ngwa ngwa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-28|title=新學制考試令聽障生難圓大學夢|url=https://jmc.hksyu.edu/shuo/%E6%96%B0%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%B6%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6%E4%BB%A4%E8%81%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%A3%E5%9C%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A2/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130357/https://jmc.hksyu.edu/shuo/%e6%96%b0%e5%ad%b8%e5%88%b6%e8%80%83%e8%a9%a6%e4%bb%a4%e8%81%bd%e9%9a%9c%e7%94%9f%e9%9b%a3%e5%9c%93%e5%a4%a7%e5%ad%b8%e5%a4%a2/|archivedate=2021-02-10|accessdate=2017-05-24|work=Shuo Online|language=zh-hk}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, Hong Kong enweghị asụsụ ogbi zuru oke ma dị n'otu. Ọtụtụ asụsụ ogbi dị iche iche na-emepụta site n'aka òtù ndị ntị chiri dị iche iche n'ógbè ahụ, ya mere okwu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ okwu. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ okwu na-ekwu maka ndụ kwa ụbọchị, okwu pụrụ iche metụtara agụmakwụkwọ ezughi oke. <ref>{{Cite web|title=手說話 多做事 路德會啟聾學校|url=http://www.grateful-heart.org/WonderfulGrace/content.php?article=3564|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130430/http://www.grateful-heart.org/WonderfulGrace/content.php?article=3564|archivedate=2021-02-10|accessdate=2017-05-24|work=Grateful Heart|language=zh-hk}}</ref> == Goolu == Site na Febụwarị 2012 ruo Jenụwarị 2015, a na-eme atụmatụ afọ atọ. Ebumnuche ndị a bụ: <ref name="official website" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=計劃撮要|url=https://qcrc.qef.org.hk/Publish/project_information/P2010-0500-1.pdf|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=[[Quality Education Fund]] Cyber Resource Centre|publisher=[[Quality Education Fund]]|language=zh-Hant-hk|archivedate=2021-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210153940/https://qcrc.qef.org.hk/Publish/project_information/P2010-0500-1.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-31|title=計劃總結報告|url=https://qcrc.qef.org.hk/Publish/project_information/201510/20151023151008_393d5MjAxN.pdf|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=[[Quality Education Fund]] Cyber Resource Centre|publisher=[[Quality Education Fund]]|language=zh-Hant-hk|archivedate=2021-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210153934/https://qcrc.qef.org.hk/Publish/project_information/201510/20151023151008_393d5MjAxN.pdf}}</ref> # Hụ na ndị nkuzi na-akụzi ihe ma n'ọnụ ma n'asụsụ ndị ogbi # Mepụta ebe a ga-esi enweta ihe ọmụma gbasara agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ogbi # Hazie okwu ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ ndị ogbi iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri aka ịmepụta otu asụsụ ndị ogbi n'ụzọ dị mfe iji mee ka nkwurịta okwu na mmụta dịkwuo mfe. # Mepụta okwu pụrụ iche maka isiokwu ụlọ akwụkwọ iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri aka ịghọta ihe dị na nkuzi ahụ ma jikọta ihe mmụta ndị a mụtara # Nye ndị nkuzi ọzụzụ asụsụ ogbi iji mee ka nkuzi dị mfe # Mee ka mmụta asụsụ ogbi dịkwuo mma # Kwado mmụta asụsụ ogbi site n'aka ndị ikwu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri # Nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri na ndị ọrụ nkuzi nwere ohere ịmụta asụsụ ogbi iji nyere aka n'ịmụ ihe na izi ihe Site na Febụwarị 2015 ruo Julaị 2017, a na-eme atụmatụ afọ abụọ. Ebumnuche ndị a bụ: <ref name="official website" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=計劃撮要|url=https://qcrc.qef.org.hk/Publish/project_information/201712/20130249PP.pdf|accessdate=2021-02-10|work=[[Quality Education Fund]] Cyber Resource Centre|publisher=[[Quality Education Fund]]|language=zh-Hant-hk|archivedate=2021-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210153938/https://qcrc.qef.org.hk/Publish/project_information/201712/20130249PP.pdf}}</ref> # Mee ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ ogbi dị mma mgbe niile iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri aka ịhazi asụsụ ogbi na mmepe ọnụ # Mepụta ngwa mmụta asụsụ ogbi dị mfe iji kwalite mmepe asụsụ ogbi # Mepụta ebe dị mma ige ntị iji belata ọdịiche mmụta # Nyere ndị nkụzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri aka ịmalite itolite mgbe niile # Zụlite uru nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri ma nye ọzụzụ asụsụ ogbi aka ọrụ # Mee ka mkparịta ụka dịrị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri na ndị mụrụ ha mfe # Kwalite asụsụ ogbi na omenala ndị ntị chiri iji kwalite mmekọrịta ụlọ akwụkwọ na mgbanwe ọkachamara n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ == Nnabata == Onye hiwere Silence, Polly Lam, kwuru na ọnụọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ndị ntị chiri na Hong Kong ebelatala site na atọ ruo otu. O kwukwara na ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche ndị gara aga anaghị akụzi asụsụ ogbi, yabụ na a na-amanye ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri kpamkpam ige ntị na-enweghị ike ịnụ ihe ma ọ bụ ịgụ ihe n'egbugbere ọnụ . N'ihi ya, ụmụ akwụkwọ enweghị ike ịmụta ihe nke ọma. Ọ bụrụgodị na ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nkuzi, ọ na-emefusị oge. Ọ na-eme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ghara inwe mmasị n'ịmụ ihe ma nwee nkụda mmụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-06-13|title=「龍耳社」李鸝 ── 為聾人利益打拼|url=https://www2.hkej.com/instantnews/mobileLiteArticle/id/385461/%E3%80%8C%E9%BE%8D%E8%80%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%80%8D%E6%9D%8E%E9%B8%9D+%E2%94%80%E2%94%80+%E7%82%BA%E8%81%BE%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E6%89%93%E6%8B%BC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210130357/http://www2.hkej.com/instantnews/mobileLiteArticle/id/385461/%E3%80%8C%E9%BE%8D%E8%80%B3%E7%A4%BE%E3%80%8D%E6%9D%8E%E9%B8%9D+%E2%94%80%E2%94%80+%E7%82%BA%E8%81%BE%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A%E6%89%93%E6%8B%BC|archivedate=2021-02-10|accessdate=2017-05-24|work=信網手機版|publisher=Hong Kong Economic Journal|language=zh-hk}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Lutheran Maka Ndị Ntị Chiri * Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Hong Kong * Ntị chiri == Edensibịa == nwere akụkọ sitere n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na naanị ụda ndị na-adịghị ike ka a na-anụ n'ọtụtụ oge na ihe nkwado ahụ enweghị ike idozi nsogbu mmụta. Ụlọ A{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.lsd.edu.hk/hs Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] * Sign Assisted Instruction Programme r3jewnlltjpa48rmfqsos471rmlajlv 0 73279 687565 597063 2026-07-12T14:37:26Z Akwugo 11031 /* Okwu */ Fixed reference error 687565 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>''''''Arawa'''''' (nke a na-akpọkwa ''''''Arawan'''''', '''Arauan''', Arawán, Arawa, '''Arauán''') bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ Brazil (Amazonas, Acre) na Peru (Ucayali). == Mmekọrịta asụsụ == Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na enwere myirịta okwu dị na Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Yanomami, Arawak, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, na ezinụlọ asụsụ Tupi n'ihi kọntaktị. == Nkewa ezinụlọ == Asụsụ Arauan dị n'ime otu narị na iri abụọ: * [[Asụsụ Arawá|Arawa]] † * [[Asụsụ Kulina|Kulina]] * Nkwụsị * [[Asụsụ Madí|Jamamadi]] * Paumari * [[Asụsụ Zuruahá|Suruwahá]] === Jolkesky (2016) === Nchịkọta n'ime site na Jolkesky (2016): († = agwụla)   === Dienst (2010) === Nchịkọta n'ime ụlọ site na Dienst (2010):   === Mason (1950) === Nchịkọta nke Arauá n'ime site na Mason (1950):<ref name="Mason-1950">{{Cite book|author=Mason|first=John Alden|authorlink=John Alden Mason|date=1950|chapter=The languages of South America|editor=Steward|title=Handbook of South American Indians|pages=157–317|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Bureau of American Ethnology]] Bulletin 143|location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}</ref>   === Ụdị ndị ọzọ === * '''Himarimã''' - asụsụ a na-eche na [[Himarimã|Ndị Himarimã]] na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Piranha n'etiti Osimiri Juruá na Osimiri Purus. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Himarimã|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hir|accessdate=2022-05-23|work=Ethnologue|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Isolated Indians.|url=http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/c/no-brasil-atual/quem-sao/Indios-isolados|accessdate=2012-02-12|work=Povos Indígenas no Brasil.|archivedate=2012-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212134547/http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/c/no-brasil-atual/quem-sao/Indios-isolados}}</ref> Site na akaebe Suruwahá na Banawá, yana ndepụta okwu furu efu, a kwenyere na ọ bụ Arawan.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hammarström|first=Harald|date=September 2015|title=Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593411|journal=Language|language=en|volume=91|issue=3|pages=s1–s188|doi=10.1353/lan.2015.0049|issn=1535-0665}}</ref> === Loukotka (1968) === Ụdị dị iche iche nke Loukotka depụtara (1968): <ref name="Loukotka">{{Cite book|author=Loukotka|first=Čestmír|authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka|title=Classification of South American Indian languages|url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk|publisher=UCLA Latin American Center|year=1968|location=Los Angeles}}</ref> * '''Purupurú''' - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-asụ n'otu mpaghara ahụ n'akụkụ ala nke Osimiri Purus. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''Uainamari''' / '''Wainamarí''' - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-asụ na Osimiri Inauini, nke na-esite n'elu Osimiri Purus. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''Uatanari''' / '''Watanarí''' - a na-asụbu ya na Osimiri Ituxi na Osimiri Sepatini n'otu mpaghara ahụ; ugbu a ma eleghị anya ọ kwụsịrị. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''Sewacu''' - a na-asụbu ya na Osimiri Pauini, ugbu a n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke Osimiri Purus n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ọnụ Osimiri Sepatini. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''Pamana''' - a na-asụbu ya na Osimiri Ituxi na Osimiri Mucuim dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Agaam, otu mpaghara ahụ; ugbu a o yikarịrị ka ọ dịghịzi. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''Amamati''' - asụsụ a na-asụbu na Osimiri Mucuim n'ebe ugwu nke agbụrụ Pamana. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''[[Asụsụ Madí|Yuberí]]''' / '''Xubiri''' - a na-asụbu ya n'etiti Osimiri Purus n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ọnụ Osimiri Mamoriá na gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Abunini, ugbu a na ala nke Osimiri Tapauá, otu mpaghara ahụ. (Unattested) Ndepụta okwu nke aha asụsụ a, nke Johann Natterer "edekọ", bụ ihe efu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adelaar|first=Willem F. H.|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/71532|title=Archiv 63-64|date=2014|isbn=978-3-643-99824-8|editor=Weltmuseum Wien Friends|chapter=Natterer’s Linguistic Heritage}}</ref> * '''Sipó''' / '''Cipo''' - asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu nke agbụrụ Yuberi na Osimiri Tapaua. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) * '''[[Asụsụ Kulina|Curina]]''' / '''Kurina''' / '''Kólö''' - asụsụ a na-asụ na mpaghara abụọ; nke mbụ, n'akụkụ aka nri nke Osimiri Juruá, n'ofe Osimiri Marari na n'elu Osimiri Tapauá; nke abụọ, na Osimiri Eiru na Osimiri Gregorio na n'akụkụ ekpe nke Osimiri Muru, ókèala Acre, Brazil. * '''[[Asụsụ Kulina|Madiha]]''' - a na-asụ ya n'Osimiri Eiru dị nso na Bom Jardim, Amazonas. * '''Catiana''' - asụsụ a na-asụbu na Osimiri Iaco, Acre. (Ọ bụghị ihe akaebe) == Okwu == Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị dị mkpa na-esonụ. <ref name="Loukotka" /> == Asụsụ Mbụ == N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndị a họọrọ Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions nke aha osisi na anụmanụ site na Dixon (2004): === Flora === === Anụmanụ === ==== Anụ na-enye nwa ara ==== ==== Nnụnụ ==== ==== Azụ ==== ==== Anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ==== == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ntinye nrụgide, nhazi mkpụrụedemede, na ịdị ala na Banawá. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''59'' (1), 280-293. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1997). ''Asụsụ ndị American Indian: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ ndị American Indian''. New York: Oxford University Press. .  * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nrụzigharị n'ime nke nsonaazụ oge na Jarawara. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Asụsụ Jarawara nke ndịda Amazon''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-19-927067-8|<bdi>0-19-927067-8</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Proto-Arawá phonology. Anthropological Linguistics, ''46'', 1-83. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1990). Akụkọ asụsụ na South America: Ihe anyị maara na otu esi ama ihe ndị ọzọ. Na D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13-67). Austin: Mahadum nke Texas Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-292-70414-3|<bdi>0-292-70414-3</bdi>]].&nbsp; &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1994). Asụsụ ala nke South America. Na C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.&nbsp; ; Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ abụọ n'asụsụ Paumarí na Portuguese. Porto Velho: International Society of Linguistics. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dicionário Dení Português (na mmeghe ụtọ asụsụ). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Diccionario kulina-Portuguese na Portuguese-kulina (asụsụ nke Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Kansụl Indigenista Missionario. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dicionário suruwahá-Portuguese na okwu Portuguese- suruwahá. Hawaii: Mahadum nke Mba. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Jarawara - Portuguese. Cuiabá: SIL. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/amerindia/macro_tucano/arawan Akụkụ nke Arawán] {{Language families}} 9w9a7zpchy15y49bf4yx9i0y87b8y1u 0 73319 687758 597118 2026-07-13T10:07:00Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ịlaghachi Nepal */ 687758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kumar_bhante_at_anandakuti.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Kumar Bhante na Ananda Kuti Vihar na 2008.]]   '''Bhante Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir''' Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir (Nepali: कुमारकाश्यप महास्थविर) (amụrụ Asta Man Shakya) (24 Julaị 1926 - 26 Febrụwarị 2012) bụ onye mọnk Buddhist Nepalese onye e nyere aha Tripitakacharya (Tripitaka Master). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Monk Kumar Kashyap Mahasthabir no more|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Monk+Kumar+Kashyap+Mahasthabir+no+more&NewsID=322089|accessdate=4 May 2012|work=The Himalayan Times|date=26 February 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1944, ọchịchị Rana chụpụrụ ya na Nepal maka ịkwalite okpukpe Buddha Theravada na ide ihe na Nepal Bhasa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html|title=Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal|publisher=Lumbini Nepalese Buddha Dharma Society (UK)|accessdate=4 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804160554/http://www.lumbini.org.uk/bd_n_thera_t.html|archivedate=4 August 2014}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ n'ebe a chụgara ya na [[Ndia|India]] na Sri Lanka. == Ndụ mbido == Kumar Kashyap (aha ọzọ: Kumar Bhante) a mụrụ na Tansen, Palpa, mpaghara dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Nepal. Nna ya bụ Sanat Kumar Shakya na nne Tej Maya Shakya. A maara ya dị ka Asta Man Shakya tupu ọ ghọọ onye mọnk novice na 1942.[1] Mgbe e chichara ya echichi, Kumar Bhante kwagara Kathmandu ebe o sonyeere obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mọnk wee rụọ ọrụ ịkwalite Theravada Buddhism.<ref name="ekantipur">{{Cite news|author=Tuladhar|first=Kamal Ratna|title=The monks in yellow robes|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/04/07/saturday-features/the-first-word--the-monks-in-yellow-robes/351932.html|accessdate=4 May 2012|work=The Kathmandu Post|date=7 April 2012}}</ref> == Ịga Mba Ọzọ == Gọọmentị na-enyo ọrụ nke ndị mọnk Buddha enyo ka ha na-aghọwanye ndị a ma ama. A kpọrọ ndị mọnk ahụ n'ihu praịm minista ma nye iwu ka ha kwụsị ikwusa okpukpe Buddha na ide ihe na Nepal Bhasa nke ọchịchị ahụ na-anabataghị. Ha jụrụ, na 30 Julaị 1944, a gwara ha ka ha pụọ na mba ahụ. Ndị mọnk asatọ gụnyere Kumar Kashyap, [[Dhammalok Mahasthavir]] na Pragyananda Mahastha vir gara Kushinagar, India wee gakwa Sarnath ebe ha guzobere otu ndị Buddha aha ya bụ Dharmodaya Sabha (Society for the Rise of the Teaching). Kumar Kashyap mechara kwaga Kalimpong wee gaa Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhikshu Kumar Kashyap Mahasthavir Special|work=Sandhya Times|date=9 March 2012}}</ref> == Ịlaghachi Nepal == N'afọ 1946, e kwere ka ndị mọnk ahụ lọta mgbe ndị ọrụ ihu ọma Sri Lanka gara Kathmandu ma gbaa gọọmenti ume ka ha wepụ iwu ịchụpụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dietrich|first=Angela|title=Buddhist Monks and Rana Rulers: A History of Persecution|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BH/bh117536.htm|accessdate=17 March 2011|work=Buddhist Himalaya: A Journal of Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods}}</ref> Kumar Kashyap laghachiri Kathmandu wee bụrụ onye edemede na onye nkuzi na Ananda Kuti Vidyapeeth na Swayambhu. O bipụtara akwụkwọ isii. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ ''Gautam Buddha'' n'afọ 1956. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Anandabooumi'', magazin Buddha nke Ananda Kuti Vihar bipụtara. A kpọkwara ya onye nkwado nke Nepal Lipi Guthi, otu a raara nye ichekwa ihe odide Nepalese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://guthi.net/nepallipiguthi/#PATRONS%20OF%20THE%20GUTHI|title=Patrons of the Guthi|publisher=Nepal Lipi Guthi|accessdate=4 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014012824/http://www.guthi.net/nepallipiguthi/#PATRONS%20OF%20THE%20GUTHI|archivedate=2011-10-14}}</ref> Kumar Kashyap ghọrọ onye isi nke Ananda Kuti Vihar ma nwee ọkwa nke Deputy Chief Monk mgbe ọ nwụrụ. Onye isi ala Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa na Praịm Minista DM Jayaratne gosipụtara mwute na ọnwụ Kumar Bhante.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sri Lankan Prez, PM express grief over Kasyap's death|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2012/03/02/capital/sri-lankan-prez-pm-express-grief-over-kasyaps-death/349854.html|accessdate=4 May 2012|work=ekantipur.com|date=2 March 2012}}</ref> Gọọmenti Myanmar enyela ya aha Agga Maha Saddhammajothikadhaja na ndị otu Buddhist na India na Sri Lanka kwanyere ya ugwu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ven. Kumara Kassapa Maha Thera made outstanding contributions to the Buddha Sasana|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/02/27/news15.asp|accessdate=11 May 2012|work=Daily News|publisher=Associated Newspapers of Ceylon|date=27 February 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịchụpụ ndị mọnk Buddha na Nepal == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} gfl4nsmks9w0yw4mbn0zo7hv27ji2s2 0 73766 687755 598091 2026-07-13T10:03:19Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* */ 687755 wikitext text/x-wiki    Koleʹtŭ (Malayalam) bụ mkpụrụ edemede syllabic e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na Kerala, ndịda India, maka ide asụsụ Malayalam.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en|title=Perumals of Kerala|date=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=379-80 and 398|origyear=1972}}</ref> Kolezhuthu malitere site na Vattezhuthu (ihe odide) n'oge Chera (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na abụọ gaa n'ihu) na Kerala.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en|title=Perumals of Kerala|date=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=379-80 and 398|origyear=1972}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNarayanan2013">Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013) [1972]. </cite></ref> Ụfọdụ obodo Keralite, dịka ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst, jiri ya ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 18 AD gasịrị. . O yikarịrị ka okwu Kolezhuthu sitere na ụdị stylus pụrụ iche a na-eji eme ihe na ihe odideya.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwlq="">kool <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;,<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;href<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;./Template:Cite_book<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;params<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125056270&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;The</nowiki> Languages of Kerala and Lakshadweep<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publisher<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Orient BlackSwan<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;isbn<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;9788125056270<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Devy<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;G. N.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;series<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;People's Linguistic Survey of India<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;15<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;location<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;New Delhi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;page<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;66<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwag\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFDevy\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Devy, G. N. (ed.). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Koleluttu#cite_note-:0-4 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> N'asụsụ Malayalam nke oge a, kōl na-ezo aka na stylus ma ọ bụ ihe dị ogologo dị ka osisi, ebe eʹuttŭ na-egosi 'ụdị ederede'. <ref name=":0" /> == Unicode == A gbakwunyere ya na Unicode, ọ nweghị aro ọ bụla. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} nwgv0u8d6mivxm7r8b0t9v59cxip1xt 687756 687755 2026-07-13T10:04:13Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* */ 687756 wikitext text/x-wiki    Koleʹtŭ (Malayalam) bụ mkpụrụ edemede syllabic e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na Kerala, ndịda India, maka ide asụsụ Malayalam.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|author=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en|title=Perumals of Kerala|date=2013|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=379-80 and 398|origyear=1972}}</ref> Kolezhuthu malitere site na Vattezhuthu (ihe odide) n'oge Chera (ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na abụọ gaa n'ihu) na Kerala. Ụfọdụ obodo Keralite, dịka ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst, jiri ya ruo mgbe narị afọ nke 18 AD gasịrị. . O yikarịrị ka okwu Kolezhuthu sitere na ụdị stylus pụrụ iche a na-eji eme ihe na ihe odideya.<sup class="mw-ref reference" mwlq="">kool <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;,<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;href<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;./Template:Cite_book<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;params<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;url<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?id=9788125056270&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;The</nowiki> Languages of Kerala and Lakshadweep<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;publisher<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Orient BlackSwan<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;isbn<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;9788125056270<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor-last<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Devy<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;editor-first<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;G. N.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;series<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;People's Linguistic Survey of India<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;15<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;location<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;New Delhi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;page<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;66<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwag\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt22\" class=\"citation book cs1\" id=\"CITEREFDevy\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Devy, G. N. (ed.). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Koleluttu#cite_note-:0-4 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> N'asụsụ Malayalam nke oge a, kōl na-ezo aka na stylus ma ọ bụ ihe dị ogologo dị ka osisi, ebe eʹuttŭ na-egosi 'ụdị ederede'. <ref name=":0" /> == Unicode == A gbakwunyere ya na Unicode, ọ nweghị aro ọ bụla. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 7mw1sbjff4ie6w0e9t967ra8jgfjzr7 0 73898 687748 686927 2026-07-13T09:55:58Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ìgwè egwú */ 687748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kim J. Henriksen.jpg|thumb|Kim J. Henriksen]]   '''Kim Jan Henriksen''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Kimo''', amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1960) bụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eti egwu Esperantist na Denmark. Site n'aka nne ya a mụrụ na Poland, Bogumiła Maria Henriksen, na nna ya a mụrụ n'Denmark, Kai L. Henriksen. Ọ mụtara Esperanto mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, bụrụ onye a ma ama n'Òtù ndị ntorobịa Esperanto na n'ụwa nke egwu egwu Esperanto na 1980s na 1990s. Kim Henriksen na nwunye ya a mụrụ na Poland na-asụ Esperanto n'ụlọ ma na-azụlite nwa ha nwoke dị ka onye na-asụgharị Esperanto nke ọgbọ nke abụọ. Egwu Henriksen na-anụ ọkụ n'obi n'aha Esperanto na nghọta ọdịbendị site na egwu rock emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na Europe na America. == Nkọwa Arika Okrent == Onye America na-amụ asụsụ bụ Arika Okrent kwuru, sị: "[Henriksen] yiri ka ọ maghị otú ọ dị ịtụnanya ịbụ onye na-asụ asụsụ e chepụtara echepụta. Esperanto bụ ihe na-emetụta mmekọrịta ndị mụrụ ya na ndụ ezinụlọ ha niile. Tupu ị malite iwe n'ihi ya, mara na mgbe ọ na-etolite, ya na ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe nke ọma n'èzí ụlọ ya ma mụta ịsụ Danish dịka nwa amaala. Mana o weere Esperanto dị ka ezigbo asụsụ nne ya. Maka Kimo, Esperanto bụ eziokwu zuru oke nke ndụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ Polish gaara abụ ma ọ bụrụ na nne na nna ya abụọ bụ Polish. Kimo ahọrọghị ịmụ Esperanto, nwa ya nwoke emeghịkwa, mana onye ọ bụla ọzọ nọ na nnọkọ ahụ mere. N'otu ebe n'ụzọ ha kpebiri na ọ bara uru oge ha iji mụta asụsụ utopian a na-arọ nrọ. " == Ìgwè egwú == N'afọ 1983, Henriksen bụ onye so guzobe otu Amplifiki (ya na [[Bertilo Wennergren]] na Micke Englund), nke rụrụ ọrụ na Europe niile n'afọ ndị 1980. O dere ma bụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime egwu kachasị ewu ewu nke otu egwu egwu egwu Esperanto bụ Sola. Onye guzobere otu Esperanto Desperado <ref name="ipern" /> na 1996, ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwu, Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-akụ ụbọ akhara n'òtù a. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2005, ya na Brian Laustsen, Nis Bramsen na Mark Dziwornu guzobere otu Hotel Desperado, otu ya na ya ka na-arụ ọrụ. Ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ahụ ugbu a bụ Thierry Boisdon na David-Emil Wickström . Ìgwè ahụ na-abụ abụ n'ọtụtụ asụsụ - Danish, English, French, [[Akan language|Twi]] na Spanish.<ref name="mshd" /> Egwú ha na-agụnye ihe ndị dị na flamenco, Afro, blues, folk, Balkan na ska. Henriksen bụ onye isi otu Danish Esperanto Youth Organisation, onye isi otu Danish Esperanto Society site na 1995 ruo 2002 na onye isi oche nke Copenhagen Esperanto Club site na 2005 ruo 2007 O nyere aka na ntọala ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nke ''Sunda Esperanto agado'', otu na-enyere aka na mmekorita Øresund-ógbè n'etiti klọb Esperanto si Copenhagen na Helsingborg na Denmark na klọb si Malmö na Lund na Sweden. Ọ nọ na ndị isi nke Esperanto Club nke Malmö kemgbe afọ 2007, ebe ọ na-akụzi nkuzi mmeghe na nke etiti na Esperanto. == ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5yd12r2wfwo5bti9bg8wu9rynofm7t1 0 74185 687600 598899 2026-07-12T16:37:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Oluwatoyin Adepeju Odeku''' bụ prọfesọ Naịjirịa nke teknụzụ ọgwụ na ọgwụ, onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ndụmọdụ. Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Mahadum Ibadan, ebe ọ jerela ozi dị ka Dean nke Faculty of Pharmacy. A maara ya maka nyocha ya na nhazi ọgwụ na usoro nnyefe, yana onyinye ya na iduzi ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị. <ref name="african_scientists">{{Cite web|title=Oluwatoyin Odeku Profile|url=https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/odeku/|work=African Scientists Directory|accessdate=17 March 2026|archivedate=19 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419222924/https://africanscientists.africa/business-directory/odeku/}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == Odeku nwetara nzere bachelọ nke ọgwụ (B.Pharm.) na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] . O mechara nweta nzere masta nke sayensị (M.Sc.) na nzere doctorate nke nkà ihe ọmụma (PhD) na Mahadum Ibadan. O nwekwara akara ugo mmụta Dọkịta nke Ọgwụ (PharmD) na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Mahadum Benin]] ma nweta ọzụzụ na njikwa agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na Germany. <ref name="naip">{{Cite web|title=Professor Oluwatoyin A. Odeku|url=https://staging.naipnigeria.org/professor-oluwatoyin-a-odeku-2/|work=NAIP Nigeria|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Odeku malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Ibadan n'afọ 1993 wee ruo n'ọkwa prọfesọ na afọ 2008. <ref name="daad">{{Cite web|title=Professor Oluwatoyin Odeku Biography|url=https://static.daad.de/media/daad_de/pdfs_nicht_barrierefrei/infos-services-fuer-hochschulen/projektsteckbriefe/daad_gender_conference_proceedings_2017.pdf|work=DAAD|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> O nweela ọtụtụ ọrụ nduzi, gụnyere: * Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy * Onyeisi, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmemme Mba Nile * Onyeisi nke Ngalaba (Onye Na-eme Ihe Omume) * Sub-Dean (Undergraduate) Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na ọgwụ, usoro nnyefe ọgwụ, sayensị polymer, na teknụzụ ọgwụ. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nleta na nyocha na mba Jamanị, Izrel, na Ghana. == Nnyocha na mbipụta == Ihe ndị Odeku chọrọ ime n'ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere usoro nhazi ọgwụ na nnyefe ya, ihe ndị na-enye ọgwụ na ihe ndị e ji eme ka ọ dị mma, na mmepụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa shuga . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">achọrọ ntụaka</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> O tinyere aka na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ gbasara ọgwụ ma deekwa ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ ndị sitere na osisi maka ọrịa shuga. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">achọrọ ntụaka</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> O tinyekwara aka dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'akwụkwọ mmụta gbasara nsogbu ahụike na mpaghara ndịda Sahara nke Afrịka. <ref name="bloomsbury">{{Cite web|title=Oluwatoyin A. Odeku|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/author/oluwatoyin-a-odeku/|work=Bloomsbury Publishing|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> == Ndụmọdụ na nkwado == Odeku hiwere otu [[Women in Academia Advancement Network]] (WAAN) n'afọ 2018, otu ndụmọdụ ebumnuche ya bụ ime ka mmepụta ihe nyocha na mmepe ọrụ dịkwuo mma n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ. Ọrụ nkuzi ya na-edozi nsogbu ndị ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na sayensị, gụnyere nguzozi ọrụ na ndụ na ihe mgbochi ụlọ ọrụ. == Ihe nrite na mmata == Odeku enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere: * Ihe nrite Okike maka Nduzi na Sayensị (West Africa, 2024) * Onyinye Ọrụ Ọkachamara nke May & Baker na Ọgwụ (2024) * Ihe nrite Humboldt Alumni maka Mmemme Mmekọrịta Ọhụrụ (2021) Ọ bụ onye otu nke Nigerian Academy of Science, Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, na [[Nigerian Academy of Pharmacy]] . == Mmekọrịta ọkachamara == Odeku so n'ọtụtụ òtù sayensị, gụnyere Sayensị Association of Nigeria na African Academy of Sciences. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nnọchiteanya Humboldt na Naịjirịa. == Ndụ nkeonwe == Odeku lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ ma kwuo maka mkpa nkwado ezinụlọ dị n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịchụso ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4senteg8eiuhmj77hes07f543a04fmx 0 74500 687749 672684 2026-07-13T09:57:56Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Isiokwu */ 687749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kimberlé Crenshaw (40901215153).jpg|thumb|Kimberlé Crenshaw ]]   '''Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw''' (amụrụ na Mee 5, 1959) bụ onye America na-akwado ikike obodo na onye ọkà mmụta nke echiche agbụrụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na UCLA School of Law na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na okwu agbụrụ na okike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817|title=Reunion Renews Commitment to William H. Hastie Fellowship Legacy {{!}} University of Wisconsin Law School|work=law.wisc.edu|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=April 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160402/https://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817}}</ref> A maara Crenshaw maka iwebata na ịzụlite echiche nke intersectional, nke a makwaara dị ka intersectional theory, ọmụmụ nke otu mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị njirimara ndị pere mpe, si emetụta usoro na usoro nke mmegbu, ọchịchị, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Adewunmi|first=Bim|date=April 2, 2014|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'|work=New Statesman|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ruparelia 2019">{{Cite book|author=Ruparelia|first=Rakhi|year=2019|origdate=2016|chapter=The Invisibility of Whiteness in the White Feminist Imagination|editor=Kirkland|title=Shades of Whiteness|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|pages=77–89|doi=10.1163/9781848883833_008|isbn=978-1-84888-383-3}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-agbasawanye iji tinye intersectional femism, nke bụ sub-category metụtara intersectionel theory. Intersectional femism na-enyocha usoro mmegbu na ịkpa ókè nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu n'ihi agbụrụ ha, mmekọahụ, na akụ na ụba ha.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectional-feminism_us_598de38de4b090964296a34d|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw Explains The Power Of Intersectional Feminism In 1 Minute|author=Miller|first=Hayley|date=August 11, 2017|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=December 16, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Crenshaw na Canton, Ohio, na Mee 5, 1959, <ref name="Guardian-blacklives">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw: the woman who revolutionised feminism – and landed at the heart of the culture wars|first=Aamna|author=Mohdin|date=November 12, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=|archivedate=October 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145808/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars}}</ref> nne na nna Marian na Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/cantonrep/obituary.aspx?n=marian-williams-crenshaw&pid=120476451&fhid=3194|title=Marian Williams Crenshaw|work=The Repository/The Independent|date=November 22, 2008|accessdate=10 February 2022|archivedate=April 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428181526/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/cantonrep/obituary.aspx?n=marian-williams-crenshaw&pid=120476451&fhid=3194}}</ref> Site na nwata, ndị mụrụ Crenshaw gbara ya ume ka ọ kwurịta "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị" nke ọ "hụrụ n'ụwa n'ụbọchị ahụ". Ọzụzụ mbụ a ga-abụ ihe ndabere nke nhọrọ ọrụ ya ka oge na-aga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-07|title=Meet Kimberlé Crenshaw, a Dr. John Hope Franklin Award Recipient|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15106507/meet-kimberl-crenshaw-a-dr-john-hope-franklin-award-recipient|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}</ref> Crenshaw gara Canton McKinley High School. N'afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na gọọmentị na ọmụmụ Africana na Mahadum Cornell, <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Lang|first=Susan S.|date=7 October 2013|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21|title=Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21|work=Cornell Chronicle|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> ebe ọ bụ onye otu Quill and Dagger senior Honors Society. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 31, 1980|title=Congratulations!|work=The Cornell Daily Sun|page=8|url=https://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/?a=d&d=CDS19801031.2.7.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|accessdate=February 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kimberle-williams-crenshaw-voice-intersectionality/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=African American Registry|language=en}}</ref> Ọ natara JD na Harvard Law School na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw|publisher=Columbia Law School|accessdate=10 February 2022|archivedate=February 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210010049/https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, ọ natara LLM site na Mahadum Wisconsin Law School, ebe ọ bụ William H. Hastie Fellow na odeakwụkwọ iwu na Wisconsin Supreme Court Judge Shirley Abrahamson . <ref name=":11" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=William H. Hastie Fellowship Program|publisher=University of Wisconsin Law School|url=http://law.wisc.edu/grad/fellow_hastie.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810105220/https://law.wisc.edu/grad/fellow_hastie.html|archivedate=August 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kimberle-williams-crenshaw-voice-intersectionality/|accessdate=2023-02-14|work=African American Registry|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị LLM ya, Crenshaw sonyeere ngalaba nke UCLA School of Law na 1986. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ngalaba nke Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu na onye nkuzi na ikike obodo, ọmụmụ agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu iwu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Lang|first=Susan S.|date=7 October 2013|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21|title=Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21|work=Cornell Chronicle|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLang2013">Lang, Susan S. (October 7, 2013). [https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21 "Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21"]. ''Cornell Chronicle''. Ithaca, N.Y. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222410/http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21 Archived] from the original on May 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Na UCLA School of Law, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ kụziri klas anọ, Advanced Critical Race Theory, Civil Rights, Intersectional Perspectives on Race, Gender, and the Criminalization of Women & Girls, and Race, Law and Representation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/courses/|title=Courses Page|work=law.ucla.edu|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=April 26, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426114915/https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/courses/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Crenshaw nyeere ndị otu iwu na-anọchite anya Anita Hill aka na US Senate confirmation hearings maka Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 18, 2016|title=Where Are All the Black Feminists in Confirmation?|url=http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35699/hbo-confirmation-black-feminists/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024427/http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35699/hbo-confirmation-black-feminists/|archivedate=November 7, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2016|work=ELLE}}</ref> N'afọ 1991 na 1994, a họpụtara ya dịka prọfesọ nke afọ site n'ịbanye ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/musher/establishment%20files/Establishment%20of%20MAP_files/CU%20Record%20New%20Faculty%20Appointments%20in%20Law,%20Social%20Science%20and%20Social%20Work.htm|title=Columbia University Record|author=|first=|authorlink=|date=September 15, 1995|work=|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513231759/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/musher/establishment|accessdate=March 9, 2016|archivedate=May 13, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, a họpụtara Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, nke e guzobere na 2011.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="foundation1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642|title=UCLA and Columbia Law Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to Receive 2016 Fellows Outstanding Scholar Award - American Bar Foundation|author=Foundation|first=American Bar|work=www.americanbarfoundation.org|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=July 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701004637/http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642}}</ref> Na Columbia Law School, ọmụmụ Kimberlé W. Crenshaw gụnyere ogbako intersectionalities na nke ọzọ lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem na ikike obodo. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-crenshaw|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|work=Columbia Law School|language=en|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=June 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621140246/http://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-crenshaw}}</ref>&nbsp; Na 1996, Crenshaw ghọrọ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke African American Policy Forum (AAPF), onye na-eche echiche lekwasịrị anya na "ịkwụsị enweghị ahaghị nhata" na "ịkwalite na ịgbasa ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, na enweghị ike nke ikike mmadụ niile, ma na US na mba ụwa." Ebumnuche ya bụ iwulite njikọ dị n'etiti nyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta na okwu ọha na eze gbasara ahaghị nhata na ịkpa ókè.[1][2] Crenshaw enyela onye isi oche Fulbright maka Latin America na Brazil, na 2008, e nyere ya mkpakọrịta na Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies na Stanford.[3] Na 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ ndabere na agbụrụ agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị maka United Nations World Conference on Racism, nyere aka kwado nsonye nwoke na nwanyị na nkwupụta ogbako WCAR, jere ozi dị ka onye otu National Science Foundation's Committee on Research on Violence Against Women na National Research Council on Research on Violence Against Women. Crenshaw bụ onye otu ndị otu Strategy Group na Aspen Institute site na 1992 ruo 1995, [1] Women's Media Initiative, [2] ma bụrụ onye na-ekwu okwu oge niile na NPR's The Tavis Smiley Show.[3] N'afọ 2020, Crenshaw natara nzere doctorate n'aka KU Leuven . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laudatio - Motivatio Kimberlé Crenshaw|url=https://www.kuleuven.be/english/about-kuleuven/honorary-doctorates/2012/2012-christian-thielemann/laudatio-motivatio|accessdate=2023-06-13|work=www.kuleuven.be|language=nl}}</ref> O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebipụta.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=www.law.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-19|title=Kimberle Williams Crenshaw (1959- )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/crenshaw-kimberle-williams-1959/|accessdate=2023-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Crenshaw na Luke Charles Harris na George Lipsitz, The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, na-eme atụmatụ ibipụta na Disemba 2025. === Intersectionality ===   ==== Mmalite nke echiche a ==== Na 1989, Crenshaw chepụtara okwu intersectionality na edemede ya "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics" dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka kọwaa mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na America.[1][2] Echiche nke intersectionality dị ogologo oge tupu Crenshaw chepụta okwu ahụ mana a mataghị ya ruo mgbe ọrụ Crenshaw. Ndị inyom ojii dị ka Sojourner Truth na okwu 1851 ya "Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?" na Anna Julia Cooper na edemede ya nke 1892 "Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nwanyị Na-acha Acha" kwupụtara echiche dị n'etiti ogologo oge tupu e dee okwu ahụ.[3][4][5] Mkpali Crenshaw maka echiche ahụ malitere mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na Mahadum Cornell mgbe ọ chọpụtara na aghọtachaghị akụkụ agbụrụ nke agbụrụ.[6] ==== Arụmụka Crenshaw ==== Crenshaw zoro aka na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors n'ihe odide ya, ajụjụ ọnụ ya, na nkuzi ya. Na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors,[1] otu ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America boro ebubo na ha enwetala ịkpa oke n'ebe ọrụ, na-ewepụ ha na ohere ọrụ. Ha rụrụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị tozuru oke maka ọkwa ụkọchukwu na odeakwụkwọ, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ka enyere ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America ịchọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ tụlere ebubo nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-achọpụta na ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ Africa-American bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ihi ya, ụlọikpe ahụ jụrụ ịtụle ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ ma kagbuo ikpe ahụ.[2] Crenshaw kwukwara banyere intersectionality n'ihe metụtara ahụmahụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke 1991 iwu otu maka Anita Hill, nwanyị nke ebubo Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nhoputa bụ Clarence Thomas maka iyi egwu mmekọahụ.[1] Ikpe ahụ dọtara ndị mmadụ abụọ na-emegide: ndị ọcha na-akwado Hill na ndị Africa-American na-emegide Clarence Thomas. Akụkụ abụọ nke arụmụka ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmahụ Hill nke ịbụ ndị a na-akpagbu dị ka nwanyị, n'otu aka ahụ, na n'aka nke ọzọ, ịrịọ mgbaghara Thomas ma ọ bụ leghara omume ya anya n'ihi ohere ya ịghọ nanị onye America nke abụọ na-eje ozi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States. [1] Crenshaw kwuru na n'ihi na otu abụọ ahụ na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'oge ikpe ahụ, Anita Hill tụfuru olu ya dị ka nwanyị ojii. A họpụtara ya n'amaghị ama ka ọ kwado akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'ụzọ mere ka njirimara agbụrụ ya ghara ịdị mkpa na usoro ahụ. "Ọ dị ka otu n'ime oge ahụ ebe ị na-eche n'ụzọ nkịtị ka a na-achụpụ gị n'obodo gị, ihe niile n'ihi na ị na-agbalị ikwu okwu ma kwuo banyere ụzọ ndị inyom Africa America si enweta mmekpa ahụ na ime ihe ike. "Ọ bụ oge na-akọwapụta oge maka Anita Hill, "Crenshaw kwukwara, "na ime ihe mere ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya .... Aghọtala ugbu a. Ihe a na-emeghị bụ ịnakwere ahụmahụ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ịkpa ókè."[1] Crenshaw kwukwara banyere echiche nke intersectionality na a TED Talk na October 2016. [1] Ọzọkwa, Crenshaw nyere okwu isi okwu na Women of the World event na Southbank Center na London, England, na 2016. [2] O kwuru banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ndị inyom na-agba agba n'ọgụ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ, na ike. [3] N'okwu TED ya na okwu isi okwu na 2016, o kwuru okwu banyere nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ụmụ nwanyị agba: obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. O webatara mkpọsa #SayHerName, nke e mere iji mee ka a mara akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ndị uwe ojii gburu. [4] A na-elekwasị anya na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị SayHerName sitere na echiche nke intersectionality, nke Crenshaw na-akọwa otú a: "Ọ dị ka Lazy Susan - ị nwere ike ịnakwere agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, njirimara transgender, ma ọ bụ klas ma na-akatọ ndị inyom site na njedebe. [5] Kemgbe afọ 2010, Crenshaw ekwuola megide nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke intersectionality, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ akọwaala ya n'ụzọ na-eweghi ezi dị ka okwu mkpuchi maka nsogbu "dị mgbagwoju anya", "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steroid," ma ọ bụ "usoro iji gbanwee ndị ọcha ka ha bụrụ ndị a jụrụ ajụ ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=www.law.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, Crenshaw na-akọwa intersectionnality dị ka,   === Onye Na-elekọta Nwanne M === Mgbalị mba imeghe ubube nke ohere maka ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ojii.[1] Crenshaw na ndị ọzọ sonyere na African American Forum egosila site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na atụmatụ a nwere ezi ebumnuche mana e mere ya iji mee ka ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike mana ewepu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O dere otu akụkọ na New York Times na-akọwapụta nsogbu ndị dị na atụmatụ ahụ.[2] AAPF ewepụtala mgbasa ozi #WHYWECANTWAIT iji kwado maka mmezigharị nke "My Brothers Keeper" gụnyere ndị isi ojii, ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwoke. A na-akwado atụmatụ a n'ebe nile, nke ndị ikom ojii bịanyere aka na ya, akwụkwọ ozi ndị ụmụ nwanyị ojii bịanyere aka na ya, na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ụmụnna ndị kwenyere n'ihe kpatara ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara na Laura Flanders Show, Crenshaw kwuru na ewepụtara mmemme a maka nzaghachi oke iwe n'etiti ndị Africa-America ka a tọhapụrụ George Zimmerman na agbapụ na igbu onye Africa-American n'afọ iri na ụma Trayvon Martin. Ọ kọwara mmemme ahụ dị ka “ezi obi” na atụmatụ nna mana o kwenyeghị na ọ bụ usoro dị mkpa ma ọ bụ usoro ga-enyere aka ịlụso mbibi nke ikike obodo ọgụ; atụmatụ ahụ agaghị enye ụdị ihe onwunwe nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ọdịiche. O kwenyere na n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha odo odo bụ akụkụ nke obodo na-adịghị mma dị ka ụmụ nwoke ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya na atụmatụ ahụ, ka ọ bụrụ mmemme dị irè maka obodo, ọ dị mkpa ịgụnye ndị niile nọ n'obodo ahụ, ma ndị inyom ma ndị nwoke.[1]. * #Ihe mere na anyị enweghị ike ichere: Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie na-agba ume itinye aka na "Onye Nlekọta Nwanne m" * June 17, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 1000 ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAPF|date=2014-06-17|title=Why we can't wait: Women of Color Urging Inclusion in "My Brother's Keeper"|url=https://www.aapf.org/post/why-we-can-t-wait-women-of-color-urge-inclusion-in-my-brother-s-keeper|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ ndụ niile na ndị dị iche iche bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na'ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị prọfesọ mahadum na-aja Onye isi ala Obama mma na mbọ White House, ọrụ ebere onwe onye, na òtù ikpe ziri ezi, ma na-agba ume itinye ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ. Mgbanwe ahụ ga-adị mkpa "iji gosipụta ụkpụrụ nke itinye aka, ohere nhata na ọdịnihu a na-ekerịta nke mere ka ọgụ akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị maka ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ gaa n'ihu". * Mee 30, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi nke 200 Black Men na ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie na-akpọ oku maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na "My Brothers Keeper" <ref>{{Cite web|author=AAPF|date=2014-05-28|title=Letter of 250+ Concerned Black Men & Other Men of Color calling for the Inclusion of Women and Girls|url=https://www.aapf.org/post/letter-of-250-concerned-black-men-other-men-of-color-calling-for-the-inclusion-of-women-and-girls|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ikom sitere n’akụkụ nile nke ndụ bịanyere aka n’akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n’oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ndị ụkọchukwu, ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ndị nna ụmụ nwoke, nna ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị ọzọ. Ndị ikom niile kwekọrịtara na ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'obodo ebe ndị ikom a na-ekerịta ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ebe ntụrụndụ na-ekerịta ọdịnihu na ibe ha nakwa na atụmatụ ahụ enweghị isi ma ọ bụrụ na atụmatụ ahụ agụnyeghị ma nwoke ma nwanyị. == Mmetụta == A maara Crenshaw maka iguzobe echiche nke intersectionality, nke na-enyocha otú agbụrụ, klaasị, okike, na àgwà ndị ọzọ si ejikọta na njikọta iji kọwaa ịkpa ókè na enweghị aha na ọha mmadụ.[1] Crenshaw jere ozi dị ka onye ndu na onye na-akwado ọrụ na ngalaba nke ikike obodo, agbụrụ, intersectionality, na iwu na United States na mba ụwa. Ọrụ Crenshaw na intersectionality nwere mmetụta na-edepụta Iwu South Africa na Iwu Equality.[2] N'afọ 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị maka Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, bụ nke butere ịmepụta iwu nke ga-abara ndị pere mpe uru n'ụwa niile. Na mgbakwunye, Crenshaw kwadoro maka itinye okike na WCAR.[2][3] Kemgbe 2010, Crenshaw abụrụla onye nkwado maka mmegharị #SayHerName. O jikọtara ya (ya na Andrea Ritchie) Kwuo Aha ya: Iguzogide obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-edekọ na ịdọrọ uche gaa na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States.[1] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Crenshaw gara mmemme Women of the World, nke e mere na March 8-13, 2016 na Southbank Center na London, bụ ebe o nyere okwu isi okwu banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu, ya bụ mmegide ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2]. Ọ kwalitere mkpọsa #SayHerName, bụ nke e mere iji mee ka a mata ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị uwe ojii gburu.[3][4] N'afọ 2017, Crenshaw kwuru okwu were otu awa nye igwe mmadụ juru na Rapaporte Treasure Hall na Mahadum Brandeis.[1] Ọ kọwara ọrụ intersectionality na-ekere na ọha nke oge a.[2] Mgbe ememe ụbọchị atọ nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, Onye isi oche Mahadum Ron Liebowitz nyere Crenshaw na Toby Gittler Award na ememe na-esochi okwu ahụ.[3] N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Women in Animation Gender Equality Forum nke The Animation Guild, Local 839 kwadoro. Crenshaw tụlere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekpa ahụ n'ebe ọrụ ma gbanwee mkparịta ụka ahụ gaa n'otú o si arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe ọrụ taa. Ndị Crenshaw ibe ha kwetara na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe nchebe iji lụso iyi egwu mmekọahụ ọgụ n'ebe ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka ga-edozi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka iji dozie okwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[4] Na 2021, a họpụtara Crenshaw na American Academy of Arts and Sciences maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na mmezu ọsụ ụzọ na intersectionality, ikike obodo, echiche agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu.[1] Nakwa na 2021, a gbara Crenshaw ajụjụ ọnụ na nzaghachi Jon Wiener, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na The Nation, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu na USA, wee kwuo maka nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu, na-ekwupụta "Ebe ọ bụla enwere mgbanwe agbụrụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere".[2] == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement, May 1, 1996. Nchịkọta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide kachasị mkpa nke guzobere ma kwado echiche agbụrụ (CRT). Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere isiokwu sitere na Derrick Bell, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda, Anthony Cook, Duncan Kennedy, Gary Peller, Kimberlé Crenshaw, na ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu niile na-agbakwunye ihe na CRT, ma gụọ n'onwe ya, na-agbanye akụkụ dị mkpa na CRT movement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/344652.Critical_Race_Theory?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the ...|date=1995|publisher=New Press|accessdate=May 10, 2015}}</ref> * Okwu ndị merụrụ ahụ: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment, 1993. * The Race Track: Nghọta na Ihe ịma aka nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, July 30, 2013 * Nkwado Ịkpa Ókè: Echiche na-ezighị ezi nke Colorblindness, Remedy and Diversity, 2013 * ''Black Girls Matter: A chụpụrụ ha, chụpụ ha n'elu ndị uwe ojii na n'okpuru nchebe''. 2016. Akụkọ dabere na nyocha ọhụrụ nke data mba na ajụjụ ọnụ onwe onye na ụmụ agbọghọ na Boston na New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aapf.org/recent/2014/12/coming-soon-blackgirlsmatter-pushed-out-overpoliced-and-underprotected|title=COMING SOON: #BlackGirlsMatter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected - AAPF|work=www.aapf.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108223647/http://www.aapf.org/recent/2014/12/coming-soon-blackgirlsmatter-pushed-out-overpoliced-and-underprotected|archivedate=2015-01-08}}</ref> * Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color, Jenụwarị 25, 2010. Crenshaw na-azaghachi omume n'àgwà dị n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara iji leghara anya ma ọ bụ mechie ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, ihe a na-ekwughachi n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-enyocha akụkụ agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara (na-ele anya kpọmkwem na mmeghachi omume na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike) iji dọta uche na otu esi eleghara anya, leghara anya, na-ezighị ezi, na / ma ọ bụ mechie. Crenshaw na-elekwasị anya na akụkụ nhazi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke intersectionality n'ihe gbasara ndina n'ike na mmetọ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-eji nyocha a nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara iji mee ka mkpa nke intersectionality na itinye aka na okwu ndị dị ka ime ihe ike maka ụmụ nwanyị site na oghere intersectional pụta ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bibliographyofmylife.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/mapping-the-marginsintersectionality-identity-politics-and-violence-against-women-of-color/|title="Mapping the Margins:Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color"|date=January 25, 2010|accessdate=May 10, 2015|archivedate=May 18, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518234142/https://bibliographyofmylife.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/mapping-the-marginsintersectionality-identity-politics-and-violence-against-women-of-color/}}</ref> * On Intersectionality: Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw, September 24, 2015. Ọbịbịa. edemede na isiokwu ndị na-enyere aka ịkọwa echiche nke intersectionality. Crenshaw na-enye nghọta site na onye na-agba ọsọ na Central Park, akaebe Anita Hill megide onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Clarence Thomas na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ọdịmma ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kimberlé Crenshaw|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13236124-on-intersectionality?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=On Intersectionality: The Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw by Kimberlé Crenshaw|publisher=Goodreads.com|date=|accessdate=2022-06-12|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133403/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13236124-on-intersectionality?from_search=true&search_version=service}}</ref> * Ịhụ agbụrụ ọzọ: Ịlụso ndị ìsì ọgụ n'ofe ọzụzụ (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) <ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520300996/seeing-race-again|title=Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines|date=February 2019|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30099-6|editor=Crenshaw|language=en}}</ref> * The Race Track: Otu Akụkọ ifo nke Ohere Ịha nhata si merie Ikpe Ziri Ezi agbụrụ (ya na Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz), Disemba 2025. The Race Track na-ewepu akụkọ ifo nke America na-esote agbụrụ, na-akọwa ọ bụghị naanị ihe mere agbụrụ ji dị mkpa karịa mgbe ọ bụla kamakwa ihe ngwọta nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ ga-enye usoro maka ịghọta otu esi na ihe mere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ji dịgide n'oge a. * #SayHerName: Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ime ihe ike na ịgbachi nkịtị (nke Kimberlé Crenshaw na African American Policy Forum, Okwu mbido nke Janelle Monáe), Haymarket Books, July 2023. Ijikọta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii na okwu ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na-eziga ozi dị ike na, n'ezie, ndụ ndị isi ojii niile dị mkpa na ndị uwe ojii enweghị ike igbu n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Nke a bụ akụkọ dị ike nke omume ụmụ nwanyị ojii, iwu obodo, enablement, na ndekọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii. === Isiokwu === * "Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions" na 2003 anthology ''Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium'', nke Robin Morgan dezigharịrị.<ref name="illinois1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth|url=http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC|accessdate=2015-10-15|publisher=Vufind.carli.illinois.edu|archivedate=September 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927110628/https://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC}}</ref> * Kwuo Aha ya: Ịguzogide Obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii (ya na Andrea J. Ritchie, Rachel Anspach, Rachel Gilmer, Luker Harris, Columbia Law School, 2015) <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2015-01-01|title=Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3226|journal=Faculty Scholarship}}</ref> * Otu Colorblindness si gbasaa n'oge Obama, na Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Crenshaw, Kimberlé {{!}} UCLA Law|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=law.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> * Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019 dezigharịrị).<ref name=":13" /> * An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection (with Devon W. Carbado), 129 The Yale Law Journal Forum 108 (2019). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carbado|first=Devon|date=2019-01-01|title=An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2816|journal=Yale Law Journal Forum|volume=129|pages=108}}</ref> * Anyị Amụtaghị site na Anita Hill's Testimony, 26 UCLA Women's Law Journal 17 (2019). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2019-01-01|title=We Still Have Not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2973|journal=UCLA Women's L.J.|volume=26|pages=17|doi=10.5070/L3261044346}}</ref> * Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform, 130 Harvard Law Review 2298 (2017). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé Williams|title=Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/10/race-liberalism-and-the-deradicalization-of-racial-reform/|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=harvardlawreview.org|date=October 26, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> * Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis (ya na Sumi Cho na Leslie McCall), 38 (4) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 785 (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669608|journal=Signs|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Na-anọgide na Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer, 2013 Wisconsin Law Review 703 (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2013-01-01|title=Keeping Up with Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3292|journal=Wis. L. Rev.|volume=2013|pages=703}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Site na ime ihe ike nke onwe gaa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ: iche echiche gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, agbụrụ, na nchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, 59 UCLA Law Review 1418 (2012). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2012-01-01|title=From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally about Women, Race, and Social Control|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2863|journal=UCLA L. Rev.|volume=59|pages=141}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 12 German Law Review 247 (2011). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé Williams|date=1988|title=Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341398|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=101|issue=7|pages=1331–1387|doi=10.2307/1341398|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> * Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward, 43 Connecticut Law Review 1253-1352 (2011). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=2011-01-01|title=Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking back to Move Forward Commentary: Critical Race Theory: A Commemoration: Lead Article|url=https://opencommons.uconn.edu/law_review/117|journal=Connecticut Law Review}}</ref> * Encounters Close of Three Kinds: On Teaching Dominance, Feminism, and Intersectionality, 46 Tulsa Law Review 151-89 (2010). Symposium: Catharine MacKennon.<ref name=":13" /> * Framing Affirmative Action, 105 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 123 (2007). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2006-01-01|title="Framing Affirmative Action"|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr_fi/vol105/iss1/4|journal=Michigan Law Review First Impressions|volume=105|issue=1|pages=123–133}}</ref> * A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Law, na Philosophical Problems in the Law, 339-343, 4th ed. (nke David M. Adams dezigharịrị, Wadsworth, 2005). <ref name="Crenshaw">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=2015-12-07|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|volume=1989|issue=1|issn=0892-5593}}</ref> * Afọ Iri Mbụ: Critical Reflections, ma ọ bụ "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA Law Review 1343-72 (2002). <ref name="Crenshaw" /> * Okwu mmeghe: Nweghachi Ọdịnihu Yesterday, 47 UCLA Law Review 1459-65 (2000). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2000-01-01|title=Opening Remarks: Reclaiming Yesterday's Future|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2954|journal=UCLA Law Rev.|volume=47|pages=1459}}</ref> * Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Pro-active Defense of Affirmative Action, 16 ''National Black Law Journal'' 196-214 (1998). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1998-01-01|title=Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Proactive Defense of Affirmative Action|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2987|journal=Nat'l Black L. J.|volume=16|pages=196}}</ref> * Okwu mbido, na Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader (nke Devon W. Carbado dezigharịrị, New York University Press, 1999). <ref name=":13" /> * The Contradictions of Mainstream Constitutional Theory (ya na Gary Peller), 45 UCLA Law Review 1683-1715 (1998). Symposium: Voices of the People: Essays on Constitutional Democracy In Memory of Professor Julian N. Eule. <ref name=":13" />&nbsp; * Nrọ na-enweghị ụcha na nrọ ọjọọ agbụrụ: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, na Birth of A Nation'hood: Gaze, Script and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Trial (nke Toni Morrison na Claudia Brodsky LaCour dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1997). <ref name=":13" /> * Panel Presentation on Cultural Battery, 25 University of Toledo Law Review 891-901 (1994). <ref name=":13" /> * N'èzí ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na misogyny: Black Feminism na 2 Live Crew, na Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech na First Amendment (Westview, 1998). E bipụtakwara ya na Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (nke Diana Tietjens Meyers dezigharịrị, Routledge (1997). <ref name=":13" /> * Reel Time/Real Justice (ya na Gary Peller), 70 Denver University Law Review 283-96 (1993). Mkparịta ụka: Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Los Angeles Riots.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=1993-01-01|title=Reel Time/Real Justice|url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/dlr/vol70/iss2/10|journal=Denver Law Review|volume=70|issue=2|pages=283|issn=0883-9409}}</ref>&nbsp; * Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na Mmekọala Mmekọm, 65 Southern California Law Review 1467-76 (1992).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1992-01-01|title=Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2867|journal=S. Cal. L. Rev.|volume=65|pages=1467}}</ref> * Running from Race (Nkwupụta na Okwu Democrats banyere agbụrụ) (ya na Gary Peller), 7 Taken 13-17 (1992).<ref name=":13" /> * Ònye ka Akụkọ Ọ bụ, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ? Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Anita Hill, na Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 402-40 (nke Toni Morrison dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1992). <ref name=":13" /> * Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 Stanford Law Review 1241-99 (1991). Women of Color at the Center: Nhọrọ sitere na Nzukọ nke Atọ nke Mba na Women of Color na Iwu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (1994).|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-20005-010}}</ref>&nbsp; * Nkwụsị nke njikọ agbụrụ na mmekọahụ: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-67 (1989). E bipụtaghachiri ya na The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 195-217 (2nd ed., edited by David Kairys, Pantheon, 1990). <ref name="Crenshaw 139">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1989-01-01|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3007|journal=U. Chi. Legal F.|volume=1989|pages=139}}</ref> * Toward a Race-Conscious Pedagogy in Legal Education (Okwu mbido: Ikike ịtụ vootu: Atụmatụ maka Iwu na Ọrụ Obodo), 11 ''National Black Law Journal'' 1-14 (1989).<ref name=":13" /> * Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe, na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 101 Harvard Law Review 1331-87 (1988). E bipụtaghachiri ya na Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate (nke Christian Joerges na David M. Trubek dezigharịrị, Nomos, 1989).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1988-01-01|title=Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2866|journal=Harv. L. Rev.|volume=101|issue=7|pages=1331–1387|doi=10.2307/1341398}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1985: William H. Hastie Fellow * 1991: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé W. Crenshaw|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=27 October 2025|work=UCLA Law}}</ref> * 1994: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law <ref name=":20" /> * 2007; Fulbright Chair maka Latin America na Brazil <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer; no byline-->|title=Canton native Kimberlé Crenshaw receives legal scholar award|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711071408/https://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501|archivedate=July 11, 2021|accessdate=March 10, 2016|work=The Repository}}</ref> * 2008: onye natara Alphonse Fletcher Fellowship <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH|title=Canton native wins fellowships to study race|work=The Repository|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=March 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212439/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH}}</ref> * 2008: onye otu, Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies in the Social Sciences, Mahadum Stanford <ref name=":5" /> * 2015: No. 1 Most Inspiring Feminist, Ms. Magazine<ref name=":4" /> * 2015: "Power 100" Ebony Magazine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw named to Ebony Magazine's 'Power 100'|author=report|first=CantonRep.com staff|work=The Repository|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=March 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211926/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765}}</ref> * 2016: Onyinye Ọkà mmụta pụtara ìhè, Fellows of the American Bar Foundation (ABF) <ref name="foundation1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642|title=UCLA and Columbia Law Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to Receive 2016 Fellows Outstanding Scholar Award - American Bar Foundation|author=Foundation|first=American Bar|work=www.americanbarfoundation.org|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=July 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701004637/http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFoundation">Foundation, American Bar. [http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642 "UCLA and Columbia Law Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to Receive 2016 Fellows Outstanding Scholar Award - American Bar Foundation"]. ''www.americanbarfoundation.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210701004637/http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642 Archived] from the original on July 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> * 2017: Ihe nrite Gittler <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw honored with Gittler Prize {{!}} BrandeisNOW|work=BrandeisNOW|language=en|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=December 1, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145904/http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html}}</ref> * 2021: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Service Award, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=AALS Honors Kimberlé W. Crenshaw with Lifetime Service Award|url=https://www.aals.org/about/publications/newsletters/aals-news-summer-2021/aals-honors-kimberle-w-crenshaw-with-lifetime-service-award/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Association of American Law Schools}}</ref> * 2021: Onyinye Triennial, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Triennial Award|url=https://www.aals.org/awards/triennial/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Association of American Law Schools}}</ref> * 2021: A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences <ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crenshaw Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences {{!}} UCLA Law|url=https://law.ucla.edu/news/crenshaw-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=law.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> * 2023: O.A. Ihe nrite A. Winslow <ref name="Y">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/the-winslow-medal|title=The Winslow Medal|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|work=Yale School of Public Health|publisher=|accessdate=June 17, 2025|quote=|archivedate=June 27, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627073503/https://ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/the-winslow-medal/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/ Ndị prọfesọ iwu UCLA: Kimberlé W. Crenshaw] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ahụmahụ African American na Cyberspace. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-7453-2222-0|<bdi>0-7453-2222-0</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * {{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oj/interviews/crenshaw.html|title=O.J. Verdict Interviews: Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw|date=April 22, 2005|work=Frontline|publisher=PBS|accessdate=June 17, 2009}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị: [https://kimberlecrenshaw.com/ kimberlecrenshaw.com] * "Intersectionality: The Double Bind of Race and Gender" E debere ya na Wayback Machine, ajụjụ ọnụ na Kimberlé Crenshaw, American Bar Association, Spring 2004. * Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw na Teaching Truthfully About U.S. History, site na Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dluhw03ee5dtk0o0y8dr4ybkwsrbgt4 687752 687749 2026-07-13T09:58:48Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Onyinye na nsọpụrụ */ 687752 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kimberlé Crenshaw (40901215153).jpg|thumb|Kimberlé Crenshaw ]]   '''Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw''' (amụrụ na Mee 5, 1959) bụ onye America na-akwado ikike obodo na onye ọkà mmụta nke echiche agbụrụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na UCLA School of Law na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na okwu agbụrụ na okike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817|title=Reunion Renews Commitment to William H. Hastie Fellowship Legacy {{!}} University of Wisconsin Law School|work=law.wisc.edu|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=April 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160402/https://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817}}</ref> A maara Crenshaw maka iwebata na ịzụlite echiche nke intersectional, nke a makwaara dị ka intersectional theory, ọmụmụ nke otu mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị njirimara ndị pere mpe, si emetụta usoro na usoro nke mmegbu, ọchịchị, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Adewunmi|first=Bim|date=April 2, 2014|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'|work=New Statesman|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ruparelia 2019">{{Cite book|author=Ruparelia|first=Rakhi|year=2019|origdate=2016|chapter=The Invisibility of Whiteness in the White Feminist Imagination|editor=Kirkland|title=Shades of Whiteness|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|pages=77–89|doi=10.1163/9781848883833_008|isbn=978-1-84888-383-3}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-agbasawanye iji tinye intersectional femism, nke bụ sub-category metụtara intersectionel theory. Intersectional femism na-enyocha usoro mmegbu na ịkpa ókè nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu n'ihi agbụrụ ha, mmekọahụ, na akụ na ụba ha.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectional-feminism_us_598de38de4b090964296a34d|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw Explains The Power Of Intersectional Feminism In 1 Minute|author=Miller|first=Hayley|date=August 11, 2017|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=December 16, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Crenshaw na Canton, Ohio, na Mee 5, 1959, <ref name="Guardian-blacklives">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw: the woman who revolutionised feminism – and landed at the heart of the culture wars|first=Aamna|author=Mohdin|date=November 12, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=|archivedate=October 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145808/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars}}</ref> nne na nna Marian na Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/cantonrep/obituary.aspx?n=marian-williams-crenshaw&pid=120476451&fhid=3194|title=Marian Williams Crenshaw|work=The Repository/The Independent|date=November 22, 2008|accessdate=10 February 2022|archivedate=April 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428181526/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/cantonrep/obituary.aspx?n=marian-williams-crenshaw&pid=120476451&fhid=3194}}</ref> Site na nwata, ndị mụrụ Crenshaw gbara ya ume ka ọ kwurịta "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị" nke ọ "hụrụ n'ụwa n'ụbọchị ahụ". Ọzụzụ mbụ a ga-abụ ihe ndabere nke nhọrọ ọrụ ya ka oge na-aga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-07|title=Meet Kimberlé Crenshaw, a Dr. John Hope Franklin Award Recipient|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15106507/meet-kimberl-crenshaw-a-dr-john-hope-franklin-award-recipient|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}</ref> Crenshaw gara Canton McKinley High School. N'afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na gọọmentị na ọmụmụ Africana na Mahadum Cornell, <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Lang|first=Susan S.|date=7 October 2013|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21|title=Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21|work=Cornell Chronicle|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> ebe ọ bụ onye otu Quill and Dagger senior Honors Society. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 31, 1980|title=Congratulations!|work=The Cornell Daily Sun|page=8|url=https://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/?a=d&d=CDS19801031.2.7.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|accessdate=February 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kimberle-williams-crenshaw-voice-intersectionality/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=African American Registry|language=en}}</ref> Ọ natara JD na Harvard Law School na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw|publisher=Columbia Law School|accessdate=10 February 2022|archivedate=February 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210010049/https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, ọ natara LLM site na Mahadum Wisconsin Law School, ebe ọ bụ William H. Hastie Fellow na odeakwụkwọ iwu na Wisconsin Supreme Court Judge Shirley Abrahamson . <ref name=":11" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=William H. Hastie Fellowship Program|publisher=University of Wisconsin Law School|url=http://law.wisc.edu/grad/fellow_hastie.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810105220/https://law.wisc.edu/grad/fellow_hastie.html|archivedate=August 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kimberle-williams-crenshaw-voice-intersectionality/|accessdate=2023-02-14|work=African American Registry|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị LLM ya, Crenshaw sonyeere ngalaba nke UCLA School of Law na 1986. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ngalaba nke Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu na onye nkuzi na ikike obodo, ọmụmụ agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu iwu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Lang|first=Susan S.|date=7 October 2013|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21|title=Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21|work=Cornell Chronicle|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLang2013">Lang, Susan S. (October 7, 2013). [https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21 "Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21"]. ''Cornell Chronicle''. Ithaca, N.Y. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222410/http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21 Archived] from the original on May 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Na UCLA School of Law, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ kụziri klas anọ, Advanced Critical Race Theory, Civil Rights, Intersectional Perspectives on Race, Gender, and the Criminalization of Women & Girls, and Race, Law and Representation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/courses/|title=Courses Page|work=law.ucla.edu|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=April 26, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426114915/https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/courses/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Crenshaw nyeere ndị otu iwu na-anọchite anya Anita Hill aka na US Senate confirmation hearings maka Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 18, 2016|title=Where Are All the Black Feminists in Confirmation?|url=http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35699/hbo-confirmation-black-feminists/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024427/http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35699/hbo-confirmation-black-feminists/|archivedate=November 7, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2016|work=ELLE}}</ref> N'afọ 1991 na 1994, a họpụtara ya dịka prọfesọ nke afọ site n'ịbanye ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/musher/establishment%20files/Establishment%20of%20MAP_files/CU%20Record%20New%20Faculty%20Appointments%20in%20Law,%20Social%20Science%20and%20Social%20Work.htm|title=Columbia University Record|author=|first=|authorlink=|date=September 15, 1995|work=|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513231759/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/musher/establishment|accessdate=March 9, 2016|archivedate=May 13, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, a họpụtara Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, nke e guzobere na 2011.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="foundation1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642|title=UCLA and Columbia Law Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to Receive 2016 Fellows Outstanding Scholar Award - American Bar Foundation|author=Foundation|first=American Bar|work=www.americanbarfoundation.org|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=July 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701004637/http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642}}</ref> Na Columbia Law School, ọmụmụ Kimberlé W. Crenshaw gụnyere ogbako intersectionalities na nke ọzọ lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem na ikike obodo. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-crenshaw|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|work=Columbia Law School|language=en|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=June 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621140246/http://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-crenshaw}}</ref>&nbsp; Na 1996, Crenshaw ghọrọ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke African American Policy Forum (AAPF), onye na-eche echiche lekwasịrị anya na "ịkwụsị enweghị ahaghị nhata" na "ịkwalite na ịgbasa ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, na enweghị ike nke ikike mmadụ niile, ma na US na mba ụwa." Ebumnuche ya bụ iwulite njikọ dị n'etiti nyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta na okwu ọha na eze gbasara ahaghị nhata na ịkpa ókè.[1][2] Crenshaw enyela onye isi oche Fulbright maka Latin America na Brazil, na 2008, e nyere ya mkpakọrịta na Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies na Stanford.[3] Na 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ ndabere na agbụrụ agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị maka United Nations World Conference on Racism, nyere aka kwado nsonye nwoke na nwanyị na nkwupụta ogbako WCAR, jere ozi dị ka onye otu National Science Foundation's Committee on Research on Violence Against Women na National Research Council on Research on Violence Against Women. Crenshaw bụ onye otu ndị otu Strategy Group na Aspen Institute site na 1992 ruo 1995, [1] Women's Media Initiative, [2] ma bụrụ onye na-ekwu okwu oge niile na NPR's The Tavis Smiley Show.[3] N'afọ 2020, Crenshaw natara nzere doctorate n'aka KU Leuven . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laudatio - Motivatio Kimberlé Crenshaw|url=https://www.kuleuven.be/english/about-kuleuven/honorary-doctorates/2012/2012-christian-thielemann/laudatio-motivatio|accessdate=2023-06-13|work=www.kuleuven.be|language=nl}}</ref> O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebipụta.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=www.law.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-19|title=Kimberle Williams Crenshaw (1959- )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/crenshaw-kimberle-williams-1959/|accessdate=2023-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Crenshaw na Luke Charles Harris na George Lipsitz, The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, na-eme atụmatụ ibipụta na Disemba 2025. === Intersectionality ===   ==== Mmalite nke echiche a ==== Na 1989, Crenshaw chepụtara okwu intersectionality na edemede ya "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics" dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka kọwaa mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na America.[1][2] Echiche nke intersectionality dị ogologo oge tupu Crenshaw chepụta okwu ahụ mana a mataghị ya ruo mgbe ọrụ Crenshaw. Ndị inyom ojii dị ka Sojourner Truth na okwu 1851 ya "Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?" na Anna Julia Cooper na edemede ya nke 1892 "Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nwanyị Na-acha Acha" kwupụtara echiche dị n'etiti ogologo oge tupu e dee okwu ahụ.[3][4][5] Mkpali Crenshaw maka echiche ahụ malitere mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na Mahadum Cornell mgbe ọ chọpụtara na aghọtachaghị akụkụ agbụrụ nke agbụrụ.[6] ==== Arụmụka Crenshaw ==== Crenshaw zoro aka na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors n'ihe odide ya, ajụjụ ọnụ ya, na nkuzi ya. Na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors,[1] otu ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America boro ebubo na ha enwetala ịkpa oke n'ebe ọrụ, na-ewepụ ha na ohere ọrụ. Ha rụrụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị tozuru oke maka ọkwa ụkọchukwu na odeakwụkwọ, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ka enyere ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America ịchọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ tụlere ebubo nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-achọpụta na ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ Africa-American bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ihi ya, ụlọikpe ahụ jụrụ ịtụle ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ ma kagbuo ikpe ahụ.[2] Crenshaw kwukwara banyere intersectionality n'ihe metụtara ahụmahụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke 1991 iwu otu maka Anita Hill, nwanyị nke ebubo Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nhoputa bụ Clarence Thomas maka iyi egwu mmekọahụ.[1] Ikpe ahụ dọtara ndị mmadụ abụọ na-emegide: ndị ọcha na-akwado Hill na ndị Africa-American na-emegide Clarence Thomas. Akụkụ abụọ nke arụmụka ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmahụ Hill nke ịbụ ndị a na-akpagbu dị ka nwanyị, n'otu aka ahụ, na n'aka nke ọzọ, ịrịọ mgbaghara Thomas ma ọ bụ leghara omume ya anya n'ihi ohere ya ịghọ nanị onye America nke abụọ na-eje ozi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States. [1] Crenshaw kwuru na n'ihi na otu abụọ ahụ na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'oge ikpe ahụ, Anita Hill tụfuru olu ya dị ka nwanyị ojii. A họpụtara ya n'amaghị ama ka ọ kwado akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'ụzọ mere ka njirimara agbụrụ ya ghara ịdị mkpa na usoro ahụ. "Ọ dị ka otu n'ime oge ahụ ebe ị na-eche n'ụzọ nkịtị ka a na-achụpụ gị n'obodo gị, ihe niile n'ihi na ị na-agbalị ikwu okwu ma kwuo banyere ụzọ ndị inyom Africa America si enweta mmekpa ahụ na ime ihe ike. "Ọ bụ oge na-akọwapụta oge maka Anita Hill, "Crenshaw kwukwara, "na ime ihe mere ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya .... Aghọtala ugbu a. Ihe a na-emeghị bụ ịnakwere ahụmahụ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ịkpa ókè."[1] Crenshaw kwukwara banyere echiche nke intersectionality na a TED Talk na October 2016. [1] Ọzọkwa, Crenshaw nyere okwu isi okwu na Women of the World event na Southbank Center na London, England, na 2016. [2] O kwuru banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ndị inyom na-agba agba n'ọgụ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ, na ike. [3] N'okwu TED ya na okwu isi okwu na 2016, o kwuru okwu banyere nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ụmụ nwanyị agba: obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. O webatara mkpọsa #SayHerName, nke e mere iji mee ka a mara akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ndị uwe ojii gburu. [4] A na-elekwasị anya na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị SayHerName sitere na echiche nke intersectionality, nke Crenshaw na-akọwa otú a: "Ọ dị ka Lazy Susan - ị nwere ike ịnakwere agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, njirimara transgender, ma ọ bụ klas ma na-akatọ ndị inyom site na njedebe. [5] Kemgbe afọ 2010, Crenshaw ekwuola megide nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke intersectionality, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ akọwaala ya n'ụzọ na-eweghi ezi dị ka okwu mkpuchi maka nsogbu "dị mgbagwoju anya", "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steroid," ma ọ bụ "usoro iji gbanwee ndị ọcha ka ha bụrụ ndị a jụrụ ajụ ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=www.law.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, Crenshaw na-akọwa intersectionnality dị ka,   === Onye Na-elekọta Nwanne M === Mgbalị mba imeghe ubube nke ohere maka ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ojii.[1] Crenshaw na ndị ọzọ sonyere na African American Forum egosila site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na atụmatụ a nwere ezi ebumnuche mana e mere ya iji mee ka ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike mana ewepu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O dere otu akụkọ na New York Times na-akọwapụta nsogbu ndị dị na atụmatụ ahụ.[2] AAPF ewepụtala mgbasa ozi #WHYWECANTWAIT iji kwado maka mmezigharị nke "My Brothers Keeper" gụnyere ndị isi ojii, ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwoke. A na-akwado atụmatụ a n'ebe nile, nke ndị ikom ojii bịanyere aka na ya, akwụkwọ ozi ndị ụmụ nwanyị ojii bịanyere aka na ya, na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ụmụnna ndị kwenyere n'ihe kpatara ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara na Laura Flanders Show, Crenshaw kwuru na ewepụtara mmemme a maka nzaghachi oke iwe n'etiti ndị Africa-America ka a tọhapụrụ George Zimmerman na agbapụ na igbu onye Africa-American n'afọ iri na ụma Trayvon Martin. Ọ kọwara mmemme ahụ dị ka “ezi obi” na atụmatụ nna mana o kwenyeghị na ọ bụ usoro dị mkpa ma ọ bụ usoro ga-enyere aka ịlụso mbibi nke ikike obodo ọgụ; atụmatụ ahụ agaghị enye ụdị ihe onwunwe nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ọdịiche. O kwenyere na n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha odo odo bụ akụkụ nke obodo na-adịghị mma dị ka ụmụ nwoke ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya na atụmatụ ahụ, ka ọ bụrụ mmemme dị irè maka obodo, ọ dị mkpa ịgụnye ndị niile nọ n'obodo ahụ, ma ndị inyom ma ndị nwoke.[1]. * #Ihe mere na anyị enweghị ike ichere: Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie na-agba ume itinye aka na "Onye Nlekọta Nwanne m" * June 17, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 1000 ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAPF|date=2014-06-17|title=Why we can't wait: Women of Color Urging Inclusion in "My Brother's Keeper"|url=https://www.aapf.org/post/why-we-can-t-wait-women-of-color-urge-inclusion-in-my-brother-s-keeper|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ ndụ niile na ndị dị iche iche bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na'ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị prọfesọ mahadum na-aja Onye isi ala Obama mma na mbọ White House, ọrụ ebere onwe onye, na òtù ikpe ziri ezi, ma na-agba ume itinye ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ. Mgbanwe ahụ ga-adị mkpa "iji gosipụta ụkpụrụ nke itinye aka, ohere nhata na ọdịnihu a na-ekerịta nke mere ka ọgụ akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị maka ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ gaa n'ihu". * Mee 30, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi nke 200 Black Men na ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie na-akpọ oku maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na "My Brothers Keeper" <ref>{{Cite web|author=AAPF|date=2014-05-28|title=Letter of 250+ Concerned Black Men & Other Men of Color calling for the Inclusion of Women and Girls|url=https://www.aapf.org/post/letter-of-250-concerned-black-men-other-men-of-color-calling-for-the-inclusion-of-women-and-girls|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ikom sitere n’akụkụ nile nke ndụ bịanyere aka n’akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n’oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ndị ụkọchukwu, ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ndị nna ụmụ nwoke, nna ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị ọzọ. Ndị ikom niile kwekọrịtara na ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'obodo ebe ndị ikom a na-ekerịta ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ebe ntụrụndụ na-ekerịta ọdịnihu na ibe ha nakwa na atụmatụ ahụ enweghị isi ma ọ bụrụ na atụmatụ ahụ agụnyeghị ma nwoke ma nwanyị. == Mmetụta == A maara Crenshaw maka iguzobe echiche nke intersectionality, nke na-enyocha otú agbụrụ, klaasị, okike, na àgwà ndị ọzọ si ejikọta na njikọta iji kọwaa ịkpa ókè na enweghị aha na ọha mmadụ.[1] Crenshaw jere ozi dị ka onye ndu na onye na-akwado ọrụ na ngalaba nke ikike obodo, agbụrụ, intersectionality, na iwu na United States na mba ụwa. Ọrụ Crenshaw na intersectionality nwere mmetụta na-edepụta Iwu South Africa na Iwu Equality.[2] N'afọ 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị maka Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, bụ nke butere ịmepụta iwu nke ga-abara ndị pere mpe uru n'ụwa niile. Na mgbakwunye, Crenshaw kwadoro maka itinye okike na WCAR.[2][3] Kemgbe 2010, Crenshaw abụrụla onye nkwado maka mmegharị #SayHerName. O jikọtara ya (ya na Andrea Ritchie) Kwuo Aha ya: Iguzogide obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-edekọ na ịdọrọ uche gaa na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States.[1] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Crenshaw gara mmemme Women of the World, nke e mere na March 8-13, 2016 na Southbank Center na London, bụ ebe o nyere okwu isi okwu banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu, ya bụ mmegide ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2]. Ọ kwalitere mkpọsa #SayHerName, bụ nke e mere iji mee ka a mata ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị uwe ojii gburu.[3][4] N'afọ 2017, Crenshaw kwuru okwu were otu awa nye igwe mmadụ juru na Rapaporte Treasure Hall na Mahadum Brandeis.[1] Ọ kọwara ọrụ intersectionality na-ekere na ọha nke oge a.[2] Mgbe ememe ụbọchị atọ nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, Onye isi oche Mahadum Ron Liebowitz nyere Crenshaw na Toby Gittler Award na ememe na-esochi okwu ahụ.[3] N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Women in Animation Gender Equality Forum nke The Animation Guild, Local 839 kwadoro. Crenshaw tụlere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekpa ahụ n'ebe ọrụ ma gbanwee mkparịta ụka ahụ gaa n'otú o si arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe ọrụ taa. Ndị Crenshaw ibe ha kwetara na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe nchebe iji lụso iyi egwu mmekọahụ ọgụ n'ebe ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka ga-edozi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka iji dozie okwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[4] Na 2021, a họpụtara Crenshaw na American Academy of Arts and Sciences maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na mmezu ọsụ ụzọ na intersectionality, ikike obodo, echiche agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu.[1] Nakwa na 2021, a gbara Crenshaw ajụjụ ọnụ na nzaghachi Jon Wiener, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na The Nation, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu na USA, wee kwuo maka nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu, na-ekwupụta "Ebe ọ bụla enwere mgbanwe agbụrụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere".[2] == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement, May 1, 1996. Nchịkọta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide kachasị mkpa nke guzobere ma kwado echiche agbụrụ (CRT). Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere isiokwu sitere na Derrick Bell, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda, Anthony Cook, Duncan Kennedy, Gary Peller, Kimberlé Crenshaw, na ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu niile na-agbakwunye ihe na CRT, ma gụọ n'onwe ya, na-agbanye akụkụ dị mkpa na CRT movement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/344652.Critical_Race_Theory?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the ...|date=1995|publisher=New Press|accessdate=May 10, 2015}}</ref> * Okwu ndị merụrụ ahụ: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment, 1993. * The Race Track: Nghọta na Ihe ịma aka nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, July 30, 2013 * Nkwado Ịkpa Ókè: Echiche na-ezighị ezi nke Colorblindness, Remedy and Diversity, 2013 * ''Black Girls Matter: A chụpụrụ ha, chụpụ ha n'elu ndị uwe ojii na n'okpuru nchebe''. 2016. Akụkọ dabere na nyocha ọhụrụ nke data mba na ajụjụ ọnụ onwe onye na ụmụ agbọghọ na Boston na New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aapf.org/recent/2014/12/coming-soon-blackgirlsmatter-pushed-out-overpoliced-and-underprotected|title=COMING SOON: #BlackGirlsMatter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected - AAPF|work=www.aapf.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108223647/http://www.aapf.org/recent/2014/12/coming-soon-blackgirlsmatter-pushed-out-overpoliced-and-underprotected|archivedate=2015-01-08}}</ref> * Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color, Jenụwarị 25, 2010. Crenshaw na-azaghachi omume n'àgwà dị n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara iji leghara anya ma ọ bụ mechie ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, ihe a na-ekwughachi n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-enyocha akụkụ agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara (na-ele anya kpọmkwem na mmeghachi omume na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike) iji dọta uche na otu esi eleghara anya, leghara anya, na-ezighị ezi, na / ma ọ bụ mechie. Crenshaw na-elekwasị anya na akụkụ nhazi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke intersectionality n'ihe gbasara ndina n'ike na mmetọ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-eji nyocha a nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara iji mee ka mkpa nke intersectionality na itinye aka na okwu ndị dị ka ime ihe ike maka ụmụ nwanyị site na oghere intersectional pụta ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bibliographyofmylife.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/mapping-the-marginsintersectionality-identity-politics-and-violence-against-women-of-color/|title="Mapping the Margins:Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color"|date=January 25, 2010|accessdate=May 10, 2015|archivedate=May 18, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518234142/https://bibliographyofmylife.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/mapping-the-marginsintersectionality-identity-politics-and-violence-against-women-of-color/}}</ref> * On Intersectionality: Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw, September 24, 2015. Ọbịbịa. edemede na isiokwu ndị na-enyere aka ịkọwa echiche nke intersectionality. Crenshaw na-enye nghọta site na onye na-agba ọsọ na Central Park, akaebe Anita Hill megide onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Clarence Thomas na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ọdịmma ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kimberlé Crenshaw|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13236124-on-intersectionality?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=On Intersectionality: The Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw by Kimberlé Crenshaw|publisher=Goodreads.com|date=|accessdate=2022-06-12|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133403/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13236124-on-intersectionality?from_search=true&search_version=service}}</ref> * Ịhụ agbụrụ ọzọ: Ịlụso ndị ìsì ọgụ n'ofe ọzụzụ (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) <ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520300996/seeing-race-again|title=Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines|date=February 2019|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30099-6|editor=Crenshaw|language=en}}</ref> * The Race Track: Otu Akụkọ ifo nke Ohere Ịha nhata si merie Ikpe Ziri Ezi agbụrụ (ya na Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz), Disemba 2025. The Race Track na-ewepu akụkọ ifo nke America na-esote agbụrụ, na-akọwa ọ bụghị naanị ihe mere agbụrụ ji dị mkpa karịa mgbe ọ bụla kamakwa ihe ngwọta nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ ga-enye usoro maka ịghọta otu esi na ihe mere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ji dịgide n'oge a. * #SayHerName: Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ime ihe ike na ịgbachi nkịtị (nke Kimberlé Crenshaw na African American Policy Forum, Okwu mbido nke Janelle Monáe), Haymarket Books, July 2023. Ijikọta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii na okwu ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na-eziga ozi dị ike na, n'ezie, ndụ ndị isi ojii niile dị mkpa na ndị uwe ojii enweghị ike igbu n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Nke a bụ akụkọ dị ike nke omume ụmụ nwanyị ojii, iwu obodo, enablement, na ndekọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii. === Isiokwu === * "Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions" na 2003 anthology ''Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium'', nke Robin Morgan dezigharịrị.<ref name="illinois1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth|url=http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC|accessdate=2015-10-15|publisher=Vufind.carli.illinois.edu|archivedate=September 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927110628/https://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC}}</ref> * Kwuo Aha ya: Ịguzogide Obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii (ya na Andrea J. Ritchie, Rachel Anspach, Rachel Gilmer, Luker Harris, Columbia Law School, 2015) <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2015-01-01|title=Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3226|journal=Faculty Scholarship}}</ref> * Otu Colorblindness si gbasaa n'oge Obama, na Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Crenshaw, Kimberlé {{!}} UCLA Law|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=law.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> * Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019 dezigharịrị).<ref name=":13" /> * An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection (with Devon W. Carbado), 129 The Yale Law Journal Forum 108 (2019). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carbado|first=Devon|date=2019-01-01|title=An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2816|journal=Yale Law Journal Forum|volume=129|pages=108}}</ref> * Anyị Amụtaghị site na Anita Hill's Testimony, 26 UCLA Women's Law Journal 17 (2019). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2019-01-01|title=We Still Have Not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2973|journal=UCLA Women's L.J.|volume=26|pages=17|doi=10.5070/L3261044346}}</ref> * Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform, 130 Harvard Law Review 2298 (2017). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé Williams|title=Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/10/race-liberalism-and-the-deradicalization-of-racial-reform/|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=harvardlawreview.org|date=October 26, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> * Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis (ya na Sumi Cho na Leslie McCall), 38 (4) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 785 (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669608|journal=Signs|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Na-anọgide na Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer, 2013 Wisconsin Law Review 703 (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2013-01-01|title=Keeping Up with Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3292|journal=Wis. L. Rev.|volume=2013|pages=703}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Site na ime ihe ike nke onwe gaa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ: iche echiche gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, agbụrụ, na nchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, 59 UCLA Law Review 1418 (2012). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2012-01-01|title=From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally about Women, Race, and Social Control|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2863|journal=UCLA L. Rev.|volume=59|pages=141}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 12 German Law Review 247 (2011). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé Williams|date=1988|title=Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341398|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=101|issue=7|pages=1331–1387|doi=10.2307/1341398|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> * Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward, 43 Connecticut Law Review 1253-1352 (2011). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=2011-01-01|title=Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking back to Move Forward Commentary: Critical Race Theory: A Commemoration: Lead Article|url=https://opencommons.uconn.edu/law_review/117|journal=Connecticut Law Review}}</ref> * Encounters Close of Three Kinds: On Teaching Dominance, Feminism, and Intersectionality, 46 Tulsa Law Review 151-89 (2010). Symposium: Catharine MacKennon.<ref name=":13" /> * Framing Affirmative Action, 105 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 123 (2007). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2006-01-01|title="Framing Affirmative Action"|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr_fi/vol105/iss1/4|journal=Michigan Law Review First Impressions|volume=105|issue=1|pages=123–133}}</ref> * A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Law, na Philosophical Problems in the Law, 339-343, 4th ed. (nke David M. Adams dezigharịrị, Wadsworth, 2005). <ref name="Crenshaw">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=2015-12-07|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|volume=1989|issue=1|issn=0892-5593}}</ref> * Afọ Iri Mbụ: Critical Reflections, ma ọ bụ "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA Law Review 1343-72 (2002). <ref name="Crenshaw" /> * Okwu mmeghe: Nweghachi Ọdịnihu Yesterday, 47 UCLA Law Review 1459-65 (2000). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2000-01-01|title=Opening Remarks: Reclaiming Yesterday's Future|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2954|journal=UCLA Law Rev.|volume=47|pages=1459}}</ref> * Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Pro-active Defense of Affirmative Action, 16 ''National Black Law Journal'' 196-214 (1998). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1998-01-01|title=Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Proactive Defense of Affirmative Action|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2987|journal=Nat'l Black L. J.|volume=16|pages=196}}</ref> * Okwu mbido, na Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader (nke Devon W. Carbado dezigharịrị, New York University Press, 1999). <ref name=":13" /> * The Contradictions of Mainstream Constitutional Theory (ya na Gary Peller), 45 UCLA Law Review 1683-1715 (1998). Symposium: Voices of the People: Essays on Constitutional Democracy In Memory of Professor Julian N. Eule. <ref name=":13" />&nbsp; * Nrọ na-enweghị ụcha na nrọ ọjọọ agbụrụ: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, na Birth of A Nation'hood: Gaze, Script and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Trial (nke Toni Morrison na Claudia Brodsky LaCour dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1997). <ref name=":13" /> * Panel Presentation on Cultural Battery, 25 University of Toledo Law Review 891-901 (1994). <ref name=":13" /> * N'èzí ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na misogyny: Black Feminism na 2 Live Crew, na Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech na First Amendment (Westview, 1998). E bipụtakwara ya na Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (nke Diana Tietjens Meyers dezigharịrị, Routledge (1997). <ref name=":13" /> * Reel Time/Real Justice (ya na Gary Peller), 70 Denver University Law Review 283-96 (1993). Mkparịta ụka: Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Los Angeles Riots.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=1993-01-01|title=Reel Time/Real Justice|url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/dlr/vol70/iss2/10|journal=Denver Law Review|volume=70|issue=2|pages=283|issn=0883-9409}}</ref>&nbsp; * Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na Mmekọala Mmekọm, 65 Southern California Law Review 1467-76 (1992).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1992-01-01|title=Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2867|journal=S. Cal. L. Rev.|volume=65|pages=1467}}</ref> * Running from Race (Nkwupụta na Okwu Democrats banyere agbụrụ) (ya na Gary Peller), 7 Taken 13-17 (1992).<ref name=":13" /> * Ònye ka Akụkọ Ọ bụ, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ? Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Anita Hill, na Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 402-40 (nke Toni Morrison dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1992). <ref name=":13" /> * Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 Stanford Law Review 1241-99 (1991). Women of Color at the Center: Nhọrọ sitere na Nzukọ nke Atọ nke Mba na Women of Color na Iwu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (1994).|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-20005-010}}</ref>&nbsp; * Nkwụsị nke njikọ agbụrụ na mmekọahụ: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-67 (1989). E bipụtaghachiri ya na The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 195-217 (2nd ed., edited by David Kairys, Pantheon, 1990). <ref name="Crenshaw 139">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1989-01-01|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3007|journal=U. Chi. Legal F.|volume=1989|pages=139}}</ref> * Toward a Race-Conscious Pedagogy in Legal Education (Okwu mbido: Ikike ịtụ vootu: Atụmatụ maka Iwu na Ọrụ Obodo), 11 ''National Black Law Journal'' 1-14 (1989).<ref name=":13" /> * Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe, na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 101 Harvard Law Review 1331-87 (1988). E bipụtaghachiri ya na Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate (nke Christian Joerges na David M. Trubek dezigharịrị, Nomos, 1989).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1988-01-01|title=Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2866|journal=Harv. L. Rev.|volume=101|issue=7|pages=1331–1387|doi=10.2307/1341398}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1985: William H. Hastie Fellow * 1991: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé W. Crenshaw|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=27 October 2025|work=UCLA Law}}</ref> * 1994: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law <ref name=":20" /> * 2007; Fulbright Chair maka Latin America na Brazil <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer; no byline-->|title=Canton native Kimberlé Crenshaw receives legal scholar award|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711071408/https://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501|archivedate=July 11, 2021|accessdate=March 10, 2016|work=The Repository}}</ref> * 2008: onye natara Alphonse Fletcher Fellowship <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH|title=Canton native wins fellowships to study race|work=The Repository|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=March 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212439/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH}}</ref> * 2008: onye otu, Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies in the Social Sciences, Mahadum Stanford <ref name=":5" /> * 2015: No. 1 Most Inspiring Feminist, Ms. Magazine<ref name=":4" /> * 2015: "Power 100" Ebony Magazine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw named to Ebony Magazine's 'Power 100'|author=report|first=CantonRep.com staff|work=The Repository|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=March 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211926/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765}}</ref> * 2016: Onyinye Ọkà mmụta pụtara ìhè, Fellows of the American Bar Foundation (ABF) * 2017: Ihe nrite Gittler <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw honored with Gittler Prize {{!}} BrandeisNOW|work=BrandeisNOW|language=en|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=December 1, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145904/http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html}}</ref> * 2021: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Service Award, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=AALS Honors Kimberlé W. Crenshaw with Lifetime Service Award|url=https://www.aals.org/about/publications/newsletters/aals-news-summer-2021/aals-honors-kimberle-w-crenshaw-with-lifetime-service-award/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Association of American Law Schools}}</ref> * 2021: Onyinye Triennial, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Triennial Award|url=https://www.aals.org/awards/triennial/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Association of American Law Schools}}</ref> * 2021: A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences <ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crenshaw Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences {{!}} UCLA Law|url=https://law.ucla.edu/news/crenshaw-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=law.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> * 2023: O.A. Ihe nrite A. Winslow <ref name="Y">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/the-winslow-medal|title=The Winslow Medal|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|work=Yale School of Public Health|publisher=|accessdate=June 17, 2025|quote=|archivedate=June 27, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627073503/https://ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/the-winslow-medal/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/ Ndị prọfesọ iwu UCLA: Kimberlé W. Crenshaw] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ahụmahụ African American na Cyberspace. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-7453-2222-0|<bdi>0-7453-2222-0</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * {{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oj/interviews/crenshaw.html|title=O.J. Verdict Interviews: Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw|date=April 22, 2005|work=Frontline|publisher=PBS|accessdate=June 17, 2009}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị: [https://kimberlecrenshaw.com/ kimberlecrenshaw.com] * "Intersectionality: The Double Bind of Race and Gender" E debere ya na Wayback Machine, ajụjụ ọnụ na Kimberlé Crenshaw, American Bar Association, Spring 2004. * Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw na Teaching Truthfully About U.S. History, site na Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] baaog7zzlq5c1myey9uc485asybsvmw 687753 687752 2026-07-13T10:00:37Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ */ 687753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kimberlé Crenshaw (40901215153).jpg|thumb|Kimberlé Crenshaw ]]   '''Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw''' (amụrụ na Mee 5, 1959) bụ onye America na-akwado ikike obodo na onye ọkà mmụta nke echiche agbụrụ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na UCLA School of Law na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ ọkachamara na okwu agbụrụ na okike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817|title=Reunion Renews Commitment to William H. Hastie Fellowship Legacy {{!}} University of Wisconsin Law School|work=law.wisc.edu|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=April 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160402/https://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817}}</ref> A maara Crenshaw maka iwebata na ịzụlite echiche nke intersectional, nke a makwaara dị ka intersectional theory, ọmụmụ nke otu mkpuchi ma ọ bụ mkpuchi njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị njirimara ndị pere mpe, si emetụta usoro na usoro nke mmegbu, ọchịchị, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Adewunmi|first=Bim|date=April 2, 2014|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'|work=New Statesman|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ruparelia 2019">{{Cite book|author=Ruparelia|first=Rakhi|year=2019|origdate=2016|chapter=The Invisibility of Whiteness in the White Feminist Imagination|editor=Kirkland|title=Shades of Whiteness|location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|pages=77–89|doi=10.1163/9781848883833_008|isbn=978-1-84888-383-3}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na-agbasawanye iji tinye intersectional femism, nke bụ sub-category metụtara intersectionel theory. Intersectional femism na-enyocha usoro mmegbu na ịkpa ókè nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu n'ihi agbụrụ ha, mmekọahụ, na akụ na ụba ha.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectional-feminism_us_598de38de4b090964296a34d|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw Explains The Power Of Intersectional Feminism In 1 Minute|author=Miller|first=Hayley|date=August 11, 2017|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=December 16, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Crenshaw na Canton, Ohio, na Mee 5, 1959, <ref name="Guardian-blacklives">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw: the woman who revolutionised feminism – and landed at the heart of the culture wars|first=Aamna|author=Mohdin|date=November 12, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=|archivedate=October 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028145808/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars}}</ref> nne na nna Marian na Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/cantonrep/obituary.aspx?n=marian-williams-crenshaw&pid=120476451&fhid=3194|title=Marian Williams Crenshaw|work=The Repository/The Independent|date=November 22, 2008|accessdate=10 February 2022|archivedate=April 28, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428181526/https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/cantonrep/obituary.aspx?n=marian-williams-crenshaw&pid=120476451&fhid=3194}}</ref> Site na nwata, ndị mụrụ Crenshaw gbara ya ume ka ọ kwurịta "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị" nke ọ "hụrụ n'ụwa n'ụbọchị ahụ". Ọzụzụ mbụ a ga-abụ ihe ndabere nke nhọrọ ọrụ ya ka oge na-aga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-07|title=Meet Kimberlé Crenshaw, a Dr. John Hope Franklin Award Recipient|url=https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15106507/meet-kimberl-crenshaw-a-dr-john-hope-franklin-award-recipient|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Diverse: Issues In Higher Education|language=en-us}}</ref> Crenshaw gara Canton McKinley High School. N'afọ 1981, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ na gọọmentị na ọmụmụ Africana na Mahadum Cornell, <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Lang|first=Susan S.|date=7 October 2013|url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21|title=Race, gender scholar Crenshaw on campus Oct. 16-21|work=Cornell Chronicle|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> ebe ọ bụ onye otu Quill and Dagger senior Honors Society. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 31, 1980|title=Congratulations!|work=The Cornell Daily Sun|page=8|url=https://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/?a=d&d=CDS19801031.2.7.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|accessdate=February 10, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kimberle-williams-crenshaw-voice-intersectionality/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=African American Registry|language=en}}</ref> Ọ natara JD na Harvard Law School na 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw|publisher=Columbia Law School|accessdate=10 February 2022|archivedate=February 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210010049/https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, ọ natara LLM site na Mahadum Wisconsin Law School, ebe ọ bụ William H. Hastie Fellow na odeakwụkwọ iwu na Wisconsin Supreme Court Judge Shirley Abrahamson . <ref name=":11" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=William H. Hastie Fellowship Program|publisher=University of Wisconsin Law School|url=http://law.wisc.edu/grad/fellow_hastie.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810105220/https://law.wisc.edu/grad/fellow_hastie.html|archivedate=August 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw, Educator, and Author born|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/kimberle-williams-crenshaw-voice-intersectionality/|accessdate=2023-02-14|work=African American Registry|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị LLM ya, Crenshaw sonyeere ngalaba nke UCLA School of Law na 1986. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ngalaba nke Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu na onye nkuzi na ikike obodo, ọmụmụ agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu iwu. Na UCLA School of Law, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ọ kụziri klas anọ, Advanced Critical Race Theory, Civil Rights, Intersectional Perspectives on Race, Gender, and the Criminalization of Women & Girls, and Race, Law and Representation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/courses/|title=Courses Page|work=law.ucla.edu|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=April 26, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426114915/https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/courses/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Crenshaw nyeere ndị otu iwu na-anọchite anya Anita Hill aka na US Senate confirmation hearings maka Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 18, 2016|title=Where Are All the Black Feminists in Confirmation?|url=http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35699/hbo-confirmation-black-feminists/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024427/http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a35699/hbo-confirmation-black-feminists/|archivedate=November 7, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2016|work=ELLE}}</ref> N'afọ 1991 na 1994, a họpụtara ya dịka prọfesọ nke afọ site n'ịbanye ụmụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/musher/establishment%20files/Establishment%20of%20MAP_files/CU%20Record%20New%20Faculty%20Appointments%20in%20Law,%20Social%20Science%20and%20Social%20Work.htm|title=Columbia University Record|author=|first=|authorlink=|date=September 15, 1995|work=|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513231759/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/musher/establishment|accessdate=March 9, 2016|archivedate=May 13, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, a họpụtara Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke na Columbia Law School, ebe ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, nke e guzobere na 2011.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="foundation1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642|title=UCLA and Columbia Law Professor Kimberlé Crenshaw to Receive 2016 Fellows Outstanding Scholar Award - American Bar Foundation|author=Foundation|first=American Bar|work=www.americanbarfoundation.org|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=July 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701004637/http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/news/642}}</ref> Na Columbia Law School, ọmụmụ Kimberlé W. Crenshaw gụnyere ogbako intersectionalities na nke ọzọ lekwasịrị anya kpọmkwem na ikike obodo. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-crenshaw|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|work=Columbia Law School|language=en|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=June 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621140246/http://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-crenshaw}}</ref>&nbsp; Na 1996, Crenshaw ghọrọ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke African American Policy Forum (AAPF), onye na-eche echiche lekwasịrị anya na "ịkwụsị enweghị ahaghị nhata" na "ịkwalite na ịgbasa ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, na enweghị ike nke ikike mmadụ niile, ma na US na mba ụwa." Ebumnuche ya bụ iwulite njikọ dị n'etiti nyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta na okwu ọha na eze gbasara ahaghị nhata na ịkpa ókè.[1][2] Crenshaw enyela onye isi oche Fulbright maka Latin America na Brazil, na 2008, e nyere ya mkpakọrịta na Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies na Stanford.[3] Na 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ ndabere na agbụrụ agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị maka United Nations World Conference on Racism, nyere aka kwado nsonye nwoke na nwanyị na nkwupụta ogbako WCAR, jere ozi dị ka onye otu National Science Foundation's Committee on Research on Violence Against Women na National Research Council on Research on Violence Against Women. Crenshaw bụ onye otu ndị otu Strategy Group na Aspen Institute site na 1992 ruo 1995, [1] Women's Media Initiative, [2] ma bụrụ onye na-ekwu okwu oge niile na NPR's The Tavis Smiley Show.[3] N'afọ 2020, Crenshaw natara nzere doctorate n'aka KU Leuven . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Laudatio - Motivatio Kimberlé Crenshaw|url=https://www.kuleuven.be/english/about-kuleuven/honorary-doctorates/2012/2012-christian-thielemann/laudatio-motivatio|accessdate=2023-06-13|work=www.kuleuven.be|language=nl}}</ref> O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebipụta.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Kimberle W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/faculty/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=www.law.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-19|title=Kimberle Williams Crenshaw (1959- )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/crenshaw-kimberle-williams-1959/|accessdate=2023-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Crenshaw na Luke Charles Harris na George Lipsitz, The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, na-eme atụmatụ ibipụta na Disemba 2025. === Intersectionality ===   ==== Mmalite nke echiche a ==== Na 1989, Crenshaw chepụtara okwu intersectionality na edemede ya "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics" dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka kọwaa mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa na America.[1][2] Echiche nke intersectionality dị ogologo oge tupu Crenshaw chepụta okwu ahụ mana a mataghị ya ruo mgbe ọrụ Crenshaw. Ndị inyom ojii dị ka Sojourner Truth na okwu 1851 ya "Ọ bụghị m nwanyị?" na Anna Julia Cooper na edemede ya nke 1892 "Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nwanyị Na-acha Acha" kwupụtara echiche dị n'etiti ogologo oge tupu e dee okwu ahụ.[3][4][5] Mkpali Crenshaw maka echiche ahụ malitere mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na Mahadum Cornell mgbe ọ chọpụtara na aghọtachaghị akụkụ agbụrụ nke agbụrụ.[6] ==== Arụmụka Crenshaw ==== Crenshaw zoro aka na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors n'ihe odide ya, ajụjụ ọnụ ya, na nkuzi ya. Na DeGraffenreid v. General Motors,[1] otu ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America boro ebubo na ha enwetala ịkpa oke n'ebe ọrụ, na-ewepụ ha na ohere ọrụ. Ha rụrụ ụka na ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị tozuru oke maka ọkwa ụkọchukwu na odeakwụkwọ, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ka enyere ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America ịchọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ tụlere ebubo nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-achọpụta na ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ Africa-American bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ihi ya, ụlọikpe ahụ jụrụ ịtụle ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ ma kagbuo ikpe ahụ.[2] Crenshaw kwukwara banyere intersectionality n'ihe metụtara ahụmahụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke 1991 iwu otu maka Anita Hill, nwanyị nke ebubo Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nhoputa bụ Clarence Thomas maka iyi egwu mmekọahụ.[1] Ikpe ahụ dọtara ndị mmadụ abụọ na-emegide: ndị ọcha na-akwado Hill na ndị Africa-American na-emegide Clarence Thomas. Akụkụ abụọ nke arụmụka ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmahụ Hill nke ịbụ ndị a na-akpagbu dị ka nwanyị, n'otu aka ahụ, na n'aka nke ọzọ, ịrịọ mgbaghara Thomas ma ọ bụ leghara omume ya anya n'ihi ohere ya ịghọ nanị onye America nke abụọ na-eje ozi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States. [1] Crenshaw kwuru na n'ihi na otu abụọ ahụ na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'oge ikpe ahụ, Anita Hill tụfuru olu ya dị ka nwanyị ojii. A họpụtara ya n'amaghị ama ka ọ kwado akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'ụzọ mere ka njirimara agbụrụ ya ghara ịdị mkpa na usoro ahụ. "Ọ dị ka otu n'ime oge ahụ ebe ị na-eche n'ụzọ nkịtị ka a na-achụpụ gị n'obodo gị, ihe niile n'ihi na ị na-agbalị ikwu okwu ma kwuo banyere ụzọ ndị inyom Africa America si enweta mmekpa ahụ na ime ihe ike. "Ọ bụ oge na-akọwapụta oge maka Anita Hill, "Crenshaw kwukwara, "na ime ihe mere ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ya .... Aghọtala ugbu a. Ihe a na-emeghị bụ ịnakwere ahụmahụ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ịkpa ókè."[1] Crenshaw kwukwara banyere echiche nke intersectionality na a TED Talk na October 2016. [1] Ọzọkwa, Crenshaw nyere okwu isi okwu na Women of the World event na Southbank Center na London, England, na 2016. [2] O kwuru banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ndị inyom na-agba agba n'ọgụ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ, na ike. [3] N'okwu TED ya na okwu isi okwu na 2016, o kwuru okwu banyere nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ụmụ nwanyị agba: obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. O webatara mkpọsa #SayHerName, nke e mere iji mee ka a mara akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ndị uwe ojii gburu. [4] A na-elekwasị anya na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị SayHerName sitere na echiche nke intersectionality, nke Crenshaw na-akọwa otú a: "Ọ dị ka Lazy Susan - ị nwere ike ịnakwere agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, njirimara transgender, ma ọ bụ klas ma na-akatọ ndị inyom site na njedebe. [5] Kemgbe afọ 2010, Crenshaw ekwuola megide nkọwa na-ezighi ezi nke intersectionality, na-ekwu na ụfọdụ akọwaala ya n'ụzọ na-eweghi ezi dị ka okwu mkpuchi maka nsogbu "dị mgbagwoju anya", "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na steroid," ma ọ bụ "usoro iji gbanwee ndị ọcha ka ha bụrụ ndị a jụrụ ajụ ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw on Intersectionality, More than Two Decades Later|url=https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectionality-more-two-decades-later|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=www.law.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> Kama nke ahụ, Crenshaw na-akọwa intersectionnality dị ka,   === Onye Na-elekọta Nwanne M === Mgbalị mba imeghe ubube nke ohere maka ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ojii.[1] Crenshaw na ndị ọzọ sonyere na African American Forum egosila site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na atụmatụ a nwere ezi ebumnuche mana e mere ya iji mee ka ụmụ okorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike mana ewepu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O dere otu akụkọ na New York Times na-akọwapụta nsogbu ndị dị na atụmatụ ahụ.[2] AAPF ewepụtala mgbasa ozi #WHYWECANTWAIT iji kwado maka mmezigharị nke "My Brothers Keeper" gụnyere ndị isi ojii, ụmụ nwanyị, na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwoke. A na-akwado atụmatụ a n'ebe nile, nke ndị ikom ojii bịanyere aka na ya, akwụkwọ ozi ndị ụmụ nwanyị ojii bịanyere aka na ya, na akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ụmụnna ndị kwenyere n'ihe kpatara ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara na Laura Flanders Show, Crenshaw kwuru na ewepụtara mmemme a maka nzaghachi oke iwe n'etiti ndị Africa-America ka a tọhapụrụ George Zimmerman na agbapụ na igbu onye Africa-American n'afọ iri na ụma Trayvon Martin. Ọ kọwara mmemme ahụ dị ka “ezi obi” na atụmatụ nna mana o kwenyeghị na ọ bụ usoro dị mkpa ma ọ bụ usoro ga-enyere aka ịlụso mbibi nke ikike obodo ọgụ; atụmatụ ahụ agaghị enye ụdị ihe onwunwe nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ezigbo ọdịiche. O kwenyere na n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha odo odo bụ akụkụ nke obodo na-adịghị mma dị ka ụmụ nwoke ndị na-adịghị mma bụ ndị e lekwasịrị anya na atụmatụ ahụ, ka ọ bụrụ mmemme dị irè maka obodo, ọ dị mkpa ịgụnye ndị niile nọ n'obodo ahụ, ma ndị inyom ma ndị nwoke.[1]. * #Ihe mere na anyị enweghị ike ichere: Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha uhie uhie na-agba ume itinye aka na "Onye Nlekọta Nwanne m" * June 17, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 1000 ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara<ref>{{Cite web|author=AAPF|date=2014-06-17|title=Why we can't wait: Women of Color Urging Inclusion in "My Brother's Keeper"|url=https://www.aapf.org/post/why-we-can-t-wait-women-of-color-urge-inclusion-in-my-brother-s-keeper|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'afọ ndụ niile na ndị dị iche iche bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na'ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na ndị prọfesọ mahadum na-aja Onye isi ala Obama mma na mbọ White House, ọrụ ebere onwe onye, na òtù ikpe ziri ezi, ma na-agba ume itinye ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ. Mgbanwe ahụ ga-adị mkpa "iji gosipụta ụkpụrụ nke itinye aka, ohere nhata na ọdịnihu a na-ekerịta nke mere ka ọgụ akụkọ ihe mere eme anyị maka ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ gaa n'ihu". * Mee 30, 2014 - akwụkwọ ozi nke 200 Black Men na ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie na-akpọ oku maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na "My Brothers Keeper" <ref>{{Cite web|author=AAPF|date=2014-05-28|title=Letter of 250+ Concerned Black Men & Other Men of Color calling for the Inclusion of Women and Girls|url=https://www.aapf.org/post/letter-of-250-concerned-black-men-other-men-of-color-calling-for-the-inclusion-of-women-and-girls|accessdate=2023-02-16|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị ikom sitere n’akụkụ nile nke ndụ bịanyere aka n’akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n’oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, ndị ụkọchukwu, ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ndị nna ụmụ nwoke, nna ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị ọzọ. Ndị ikom niile kwekọrịtara na ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'obodo ebe ndị ikom a na-ekerịta ụlọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ebe ntụrụndụ na-ekerịta ọdịnihu na ibe ha nakwa na atụmatụ ahụ enweghị isi ma ọ bụrụ na atụmatụ ahụ agụnyeghị ma nwoke ma nwanyị. == Mmetụta == A maara Crenshaw maka iguzobe echiche nke intersectionality, nke na-enyocha otú agbụrụ, klaasị, okike, na àgwà ndị ọzọ si ejikọta na njikọta iji kọwaa ịkpa ókè na enweghị aha na ọha mmadụ.[1] Crenshaw jere ozi dị ka onye ndu na onye na-akwado ọrụ na ngalaba nke ikike obodo, agbụrụ, intersectionality, na iwu na United States na mba ụwa. Ọrụ Crenshaw na intersectionality nwere mmetụta na-edepụta Iwu South Africa na Iwu Equality.[2] N'afọ 2001, Crenshaw dere akwụkwọ gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị maka Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, bụ nke butere ịmepụta iwu nke ga-abara ndị pere mpe uru n'ụwa niile. Na mgbakwunye, Crenshaw kwadoro maka itinye okike na WCAR.[2][3] Kemgbe 2010, Crenshaw abụrụla onye nkwado maka mmegharị #SayHerName. O jikọtara ya (ya na Andrea Ritchie) Kwuo Aha ya: Iguzogide obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-edekọ na ịdọrọ uche gaa na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States.[1] Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Crenshaw gara mmemme Women of the World, nke e mere na March 8-13, 2016 na Southbank Center na London, bụ ebe o nyere okwu isi okwu banyere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu, ya bụ mmegide ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2]. Ọ kwalitere mkpọsa #SayHerName, bụ nke e mere iji mee ka a mata ụmụ nwanyị ojii ndị uwe ojii gburu.[3][4] N'afọ 2017, Crenshaw kwuru okwu were otu awa nye igwe mmadụ juru na Rapaporte Treasure Hall na Mahadum Brandeis.[1] Ọ kọwara ọrụ intersectionality na-ekere na ọha nke oge a.[2] Mgbe ememe ụbọchị atọ nke ọrụ ya gasịrị, Onye isi oche Mahadum Ron Liebowitz nyere Crenshaw na Toby Gittler Award na ememe na-esochi okwu ahụ.[3] N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ Crenshaw ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke Women in Animation Gender Equality Forum nke The Animation Guild, Local 839 kwadoro. Crenshaw tụlere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekpa ahụ n'ebe ọrụ ma gbanwee mkparịta ụka ahụ gaa n'otú o si arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe ọrụ taa. Ndị Crenshaw ibe ha kwetara na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe nchebe iji lụso iyi egwu mmekọahụ ọgụ n'ebe ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, a ka ga-edozi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka iji dozie okwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[4] Na 2021, a họpụtara Crenshaw na American Academy of Arts and Sciences maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ya na mmezu ọsụ ụzọ na intersectionality, ikike obodo, echiche agbụrụ dị egwu, na iwu.[1] Nakwa na 2021, a gbara Crenshaw ajụjụ ọnụ na nzaghachi Jon Wiener, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na The Nation, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu na USA, wee kwuo maka nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu, na-ekwupụta "Ebe ọ bụla enwere mgbanwe agbụrụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere".[2] == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement, May 1, 1996. Nchịkọta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe odide kachasị mkpa nke guzobere ma kwado echiche agbụrụ (CRT). Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere isiokwu sitere na Derrick Bell, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda, Anthony Cook, Duncan Kennedy, Gary Peller, Kimberlé Crenshaw, na ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu niile na-agbakwunye ihe na CRT, ma gụọ n'onwe ya, na-agbanye akụkụ dị mkpa na CRT movement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/344652.Critical_Race_Theory?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the ...|date=1995|publisher=New Press|accessdate=May 10, 2015}}</ref> * Okwu ndị merụrụ ahụ: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment, 1993. * The Race Track: Nghọta na Ihe ịma aka nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, July 30, 2013 * Nkwado Ịkpa Ókè: Echiche na-ezighị ezi nke Colorblindness, Remedy and Diversity, 2013 * ''Black Girls Matter: A chụpụrụ ha, chụpụ ha n'elu ndị uwe ojii na n'okpuru nchebe''. 2016. Akụkọ dabere na nyocha ọhụrụ nke data mba na ajụjụ ọnụ onwe onye na ụmụ agbọghọ na Boston na New York.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aapf.org/recent/2014/12/coming-soon-blackgirlsmatter-pushed-out-overpoliced-and-underprotected|title=COMING SOON: #BlackGirlsMatter: Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected - AAPF|work=www.aapf.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108223647/http://www.aapf.org/recent/2014/12/coming-soon-blackgirlsmatter-pushed-out-overpoliced-and-underprotected|archivedate=2015-01-08}}</ref> * Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color, Jenụwarị 25, 2010. Crenshaw na-azaghachi omume n'àgwà dị n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara iji leghara anya ma ọ bụ mechie ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu, ihe a na-ekwughachi n'ime òtù ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-enyocha akụkụ agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara (na-ele anya kpọmkwem na mmeghachi omume na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike) iji dọta uche na otu esi eleghara anya, leghara anya, na-ezighị ezi, na / ma ọ bụ mechie. Crenshaw na-elekwasị anya na akụkụ nhazi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke intersectionality n'ihe gbasara ndina n'ike na mmetọ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-eji nyocha a nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara iji mee ka mkpa nke intersectionality na itinye aka na okwu ndị dị ka ime ihe ike maka ụmụ nwanyị site na oghere intersectional pụta ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bibliographyofmylife.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/mapping-the-marginsintersectionality-identity-politics-and-violence-against-women-of-color/|title="Mapping the Margins:Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color"|date=January 25, 2010|accessdate=May 10, 2015|archivedate=May 18, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518234142/https://bibliographyofmylife.wordpress.com/2010/01/24/mapping-the-marginsintersectionality-identity-politics-and-violence-against-women-of-color/}}</ref> * On Intersectionality: Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw, September 24, 2015. Ọbịbịa. edemede na isiokwu ndị na-enyere aka ịkọwa echiche nke intersectionality. Crenshaw na-enye nghọta site na onye na-agba ọsọ na Central Park, akaebe Anita Hill megide onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Clarence Thomas na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke ọdịmma ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kimberlé Crenshaw|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13236124-on-intersectionality?from_search=true&search_version=service|title=On Intersectionality: The Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw by Kimberlé Crenshaw|publisher=Goodreads.com|date=|accessdate=2022-06-12|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133403/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/13236124-on-intersectionality?from_search=true&search_version=service}}</ref> * Ịhụ agbụrụ ọzọ: Ịlụso ndị ìsì ọgụ n'ofe ọzụzụ (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) <ref name=":16">{{Cite book|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520300996/seeing-race-again|title=Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines|date=February 2019|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-30099-6|editor=Crenshaw|language=en}}</ref> * The Race Track: Otu Akụkọ ifo nke Ohere Ịha nhata si merie Ikpe Ziri Ezi agbụrụ (ya na Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz), Disemba 2025. The Race Track na-ewepu akụkọ ifo nke America na-esote agbụrụ, na-akọwa ọ bụghị naanị ihe mere agbụrụ ji dị mkpa karịa mgbe ọ bụla kamakwa ihe ngwọta nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi agbụrụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ ga-enye usoro maka ịghọta otu esi na ihe mere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ji dịgide n'oge a. * #SayHerName: Akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ime ihe ike na ịgbachi nkịtị (nke Kimberlé Crenshaw na African American Policy Forum, Okwu mbido nke Janelle Monáe), Haymarket Books, July 2023. Ijikọta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii na okwu ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na-eziga ozi dị ike na, n'ezie, ndụ ndị isi ojii niile dị mkpa na ndị uwe ojii enweghị ike igbu n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla. Nke a bụ akụkọ dị ike nke omume ụmụ nwanyị ojii, iwu obodo, enablement, na ndekọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii. === Isiokwu === * "Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions" na 2003 anthology ''Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium'', nke Robin Morgan dezigharịrị.<ref name="illinois1">{{Cite web|date=|title=Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth|url=http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC|accessdate=2015-10-15|publisher=Vufind.carli.illinois.edu|archivedate=September 27, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927110628/https://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC}}</ref> * Kwuo Aha ya: Ịguzogide Obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii (ya na Andrea J. Ritchie, Rachel Anspach, Rachel Gilmer, Luker Harris, Columbia Law School, 2015) <ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2015-01-01|title=Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3226|journal=Faculty Scholarship}}</ref> * Otu Colorblindness si gbasaa n'oge Obama, na Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019) <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Crenshaw, Kimberlé {{!}} UCLA Law|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=law.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> * Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindity across the Disciplines (nke Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, na George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019 dezigharịrị).<ref name=":13" /> * An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection (with Devon W. Carbado), 129 The Yale Law Journal Forum 108 (2019). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carbado|first=Devon|date=2019-01-01|title=An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2816|journal=Yale Law Journal Forum|volume=129|pages=108}}</ref> * Anyị Amụtaghị site na Anita Hill's Testimony, 26 UCLA Women's Law Journal 17 (2019). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2019-01-01|title=We Still Have Not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2973|journal=UCLA Women's L.J.|volume=26|pages=17|doi=10.5070/L3261044346}}</ref> * Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform, 130 Harvard Law Review 2298 (2017). <ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé Williams|title=Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform|url=https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/10/race-liberalism-and-the-deradicalization-of-racial-reform/|accessdate=2023-03-14|work=harvardlawreview.org|date=October 26, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> * Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis (ya na Sumi Cho na Leslie McCall), 38 (4) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 785 (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cho|first=Sumi|date=2013|title=Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669608|journal=Signs|volume=38|issue=4|pages=785–810|doi=10.1086/669608|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Na-anọgide na Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer, 2013 Wisconsin Law Review 703 (2013). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2013-01-01|title=Keeping Up with Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3292|journal=Wis. L. Rev.|volume=2013|pages=703}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Site na ime ihe ike nke onwe gaa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ: iche echiche gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, agbụrụ, na nchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, 59 UCLA Law Review 1418 (2012). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2012-01-01|title=From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally about Women, Race, and Social Control|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2863|journal=UCLA L. Rev.|volume=59|pages=141}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> * Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 12 German Law Review 247 (2011). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé Williams|date=1988|title=Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341398|journal=Harvard Law Review|volume=101|issue=7|pages=1331–1387|doi=10.2307/1341398|issn=0017-811X}}</ref> * Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward, 43 Connecticut Law Review 1253-1352 (2011). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=2011-01-01|title=Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking back to Move Forward Commentary: Critical Race Theory: A Commemoration: Lead Article|url=https://opencommons.uconn.edu/law_review/117|journal=Connecticut Law Review}}</ref> * Encounters Close of Three Kinds: On Teaching Dominance, Feminism, and Intersectionality, 46 Tulsa Law Review 151-89 (2010). Symposium: Catharine MacKennon.<ref name=":13" /> * Framing Affirmative Action, 105 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 123 (2007). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2006-01-01|title="Framing Affirmative Action"|url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr_fi/vol105/iss1/4|journal=Michigan Law Review First Impressions|volume=105|issue=1|pages=123–133}}</ref> * A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Law, na Philosophical Problems in the Law, 339-343, 4th ed. (nke David M. Adams dezigharịrị, Wadsworth, 2005). <ref name="Crenshaw">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=2015-12-07|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|url=https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|volume=1989|issue=1|issn=0892-5593}}</ref> * Afọ Iri Mbụ: Critical Reflections, ma ọ bụ "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA Law Review 1343-72 (2002). <ref name="Crenshaw" /> * Okwu mmeghe: Nweghachi Ọdịnihu Yesterday, 47 UCLA Law Review 1459-65 (2000). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=2000-01-01|title=Opening Remarks: Reclaiming Yesterday's Future|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2954|journal=UCLA Law Rev.|volume=47|pages=1459}}</ref> * Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Pro-active Defense of Affirmative Action, 16 ''National Black Law Journal'' 196-214 (1998). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1998-01-01|title=Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Proactive Defense of Affirmative Action|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2987|journal=Nat'l Black L. J.|volume=16|pages=196}}</ref> * Okwu mbido, na Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader (nke Devon W. Carbado dezigharịrị, New York University Press, 1999). <ref name=":13" /> * The Contradictions of Mainstream Constitutional Theory (ya na Gary Peller), 45 UCLA Law Review 1683-1715 (1998). Symposium: Voices of the People: Essays on Constitutional Democracy In Memory of Professor Julian N. Eule. <ref name=":13" />&nbsp; * Nrọ na-enweghị ụcha na nrọ ọjọọ agbụrụ: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, na Birth of A Nation'hood: Gaze, Script and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Trial (nke Toni Morrison na Claudia Brodsky LaCour dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1997). <ref name=":13" /> * Panel Presentation on Cultural Battery, 25 University of Toledo Law Review 891-901 (1994). <ref name=":13" /> * N'èzí ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na misogyny: Black Feminism na 2 Live Crew, na Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech na First Amendment (Westview, 1998). E bipụtakwara ya na Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (nke Diana Tietjens Meyers dezigharịrị, Routledge (1997). <ref name=":13" /> * Reel Time/Real Justice (ya na Gary Peller), 70 Denver University Law Review 283-96 (1993). Mkparịta ụka: Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Los Angeles Riots.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|date=1993-01-01|title=Reel Time/Real Justice|url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/dlr/vol70/iss2/10|journal=Denver Law Review|volume=70|issue=2|pages=283|issn=0883-9409}}</ref>&nbsp; * Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na Mmekọala Mmekọm, 65 Southern California Law Review 1467-76 (1992).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1992-01-01|title=Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2867|journal=S. Cal. L. Rev.|volume=65|pages=1467}}</ref> * Running from Race (Nkwupụta na Okwu Democrats banyere agbụrụ) (ya na Gary Peller), 7 Taken 13-17 (1992).<ref name=":13" /> * Ònye ka Akụkọ Ọ bụ, n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ? Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Anita Hill, na Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 402-40 (nke Toni Morrison dezigharịrị, Pantheon Books, 1992). <ref name=":13" /> * Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 Stanford Law Review 1241-99 (1991). Women of Color at the Center: Nhọrọ sitere na Nzukọ nke Atọ nke Mba na Women of Color na Iwu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color (1994).|url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-20005-010}}</ref>&nbsp; * Nkwụsị nke njikọ agbụrụ na mmekọahụ: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-67 (1989). E bipụtaghachiri ya na The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 195-217 (2nd ed., edited by David Kairys, Pantheon, 1990). <ref name="Crenshaw 139">{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1989-01-01|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3007|journal=U. Chi. Legal F.|volume=1989|pages=139}}</ref> * Toward a Race-Conscious Pedagogy in Legal Education (Okwu mbido: Ikike ịtụ vootu: Atụmatụ maka Iwu na Ọrụ Obodo), 11 ''National Black Law Journal'' 1-14 (1989).<ref name=":13" /> * Agbụrụ, Mgbanwe, na Mgbanwe: Mgbanwe na Ikike n'Iwu Antidiscrimination, 101 Harvard Law Review 1331-87 (1988). E bipụtaghachiri ya na Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate (nke Christian Joerges na David M. Trubek dezigharịrị, Nomos, 1989).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1988-01-01|title=Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law|url=https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2866|journal=Harv. L. Rev.|volume=101|issue=7|pages=1331–1387|doi=10.2307/1341398}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1985: William H. Hastie Fellow * 1991: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé W. Crenshaw|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=27 October 2025|work=UCLA Law}}</ref> * 1994: Prọfesọ nke Afọ, UCLA School of Law <ref name=":20" /> * 2007; Fulbright Chair maka Latin America na Brazil <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer; no byline-->|title=Canton native Kimberlé Crenshaw receives legal scholar award|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711071408/https://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501|archivedate=July 11, 2021|accessdate=March 10, 2016|work=The Repository}}</ref> * 2008: onye natara Alphonse Fletcher Fellowship <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH|title=Canton native wins fellowships to study race|work=The Repository|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=March 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212439/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH}}</ref> * 2008: onye otu, Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies in the Social Sciences, Mahadum Stanford <ref name=":5" /> * 2015: No. 1 Most Inspiring Feminist, Ms. Magazine<ref name=":4" /> * 2015: "Power 100" Ebony Magazine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw named to Ebony Magazine's 'Power 100'|author=report|first=CantonRep.com staff|work=The Repository|accessdate=March 10, 2016|archivedate=March 10, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211926/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765}}</ref> * 2016: Onyinye Ọkà mmụta pụtara ìhè, Fellows of the American Bar Foundation (ABF) * 2017: Ihe nrite Gittler <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html|title=Kimberlé Crenshaw honored with Gittler Prize {{!}} BrandeisNOW|work=BrandeisNOW|language=en|accessdate=December 16, 2017|archivedate=December 1, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145904/http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html}}</ref> * 2021: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Service Award, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=AALS Honors Kimberlé W. Crenshaw with Lifetime Service Award|url=https://www.aals.org/about/publications/newsletters/aals-news-summer-2021/aals-honors-kimberle-w-crenshaw-with-lifetime-service-award/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Association of American Law Schools}}</ref> * 2021: Onyinye Triennial, Association of American Law Schools (AALS) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Triennial Award|url=https://www.aals.org/awards/triennial/|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=Association of American Law Schools}}</ref> * 2021: A họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Sciences <ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title=Kimberlé W. Crenshaw|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/kimberle-w-crenshaw|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crenshaw Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences {{!}} UCLA Law|url=https://law.ucla.edu/news/crenshaw-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences|accessdate=2023-03-13|work=law.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> * 2023: O.A. Ihe nrite A. Winslow <ref name="Y">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/the-winslow-medal|title=The Winslow Medal|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=|work=Yale School of Public Health|publisher=|accessdate=June 17, 2025|quote=|archivedate=June 27, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627073503/https://ysph.yale.edu/about-school-of-public-health/history/the-winslow-medal/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/ Ndị prọfesọ iwu UCLA: Kimberlé W. Crenshaw] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ahụmahụ African American na Cyberspace. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-7453-2222-0|<bdi>0-7453-2222-0</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * {{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oj/interviews/crenshaw.html|title=O.J. Verdict Interviews: Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw|date=April 22, 2005|work=Frontline|publisher=PBS|accessdate=June 17, 2009}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị: [https://kimberlecrenshaw.com/ kimberlecrenshaw.com] * "Intersectionality: The Double Bind of Race and Gender" E debere ya na Wayback Machine, ajụjụ ọnụ na Kimberlé Crenshaw, American Bar Association, Spring 2004. * Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw na Teaching Truthfully About U.S. History, site na Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r4xomcol6iign5qvrzr2969nfmbmyou 0 74805 687772 629274 2026-07-13T10:24:44Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 687772 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu.wav|Listen}} ( ise nwere ike 1921 - iri na abuo June 1980) bụ onye nchịkwa na onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ministri nke mba ofesi na onye nnọchi [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke mbụ na Ịtali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Heroes & heroines of Onitsha|author=Akosa, Chike|date=1987|publisher=Chice Akosa|isbn=9783037307|edition=1st|location=Onitsha|oclc=21447105}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Anionwu na ise nwere ike 1921 na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na Anambra Steeti. Nna ya bụ Julius Osakwe Anionwu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Mmụta == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ elementrị, Anionwu gara [[King's College, Lagos]]. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, Cambridge, England ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere MA na 1946, na LLB na 1948, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu na Lincoln's Inn, London n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/prof-elizabeth-nneka-anionwu-from-humble-background-to-pinnacle-of-nursing-sickle-cell-expertise/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Prof. Elizabeth Nneka Anionwu: From humble background to pinnacle of nursing, sickle cell expertise|date=8 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Heroes & heroines of Onitsha|author=Akosa, Chike|date=1987|publisher=Chice Akosa|isbn=9783037307|edition=1st|location=Onitsha|oclc=21447105}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAkosa,_Chike1987">Akosa, Chike (1987). ''Heroes & heroines of Onitsha'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Onitsha: Chice Akosa. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783037307|<bdi>9783037307</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21447105 21447105].</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Anionwu laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na 1949 wee malite ọrụ iwu onwe onye na [[Jos]], Plateau Steeti. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jos]] bọọdụ ndụmọdụ obodo, Kọmitii Mmụta mpaghara, Kọmiti Mmiri Ọṅụ mpaghara na Kọmitii Mụta Obodo Jos. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye njikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ Jos obodo na onye isi oche nke Jos klọb. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ laghachiri [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ma họpụta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke gọọmentị mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke gọọment'ọnwa Britain. Na mbido nnwere onwe na 1960, a họpụtara ya na gọọmenti etiti ọha ọrụ. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịmegharị ọrụ nke ngalaba gọọmentị iji mezuo ihe achọrọ maka mba nweere onwe ya. E zigara ya na Royal College of Defence Studies na London maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos, e zigara ya na ministri nke mba ofesi, na-eje ozi dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ site na 1960 ruo 1963. N'afọ 1964, e kenyere ya imeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na Ịtali ebe ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Naịjirị. N'afọ 1967, ọ ga-aga London dị ka Kọmishọna Ukwu, mana [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha obodo na Naịjirịa]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Ndụ e mesịrị == Anionwu lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ọha na eze mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo]] kwụsịrị na 1970, mana ọ nọgidere na-enye aka maka mmepe obodo n'obodo ya, Onitsha. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị o tinyere aka bụ iwughachi Emmanuel ụka. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na osisi nke ọrụ njem ụgbọ njem central wster na Onitsha. == Ndụ onwe onye == Anionwu lụrụ Regina Anionwu. Ya na nwa ya nwanyị [[Elizabeth Anionwu]], onye nne ya Mary Furlong bụ onye Irish, zutere, afọ asatọ tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/queen-honours-nigerian-nurse/|title=Queen honours Nigerian nurse|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 March 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-23}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Anionwu nwụrụ site na ọrịa strok na [[London]] na iri na abuo June 1980. E bugara ozu ya na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] maka olili ozu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 1n8zdmg5lk7r5bneef62ifw6q0x6jlo 687773 687772 2026-07-13T10:25:33Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Mmụta */ 687773 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu.wav|Listen}} ( ise nwere ike 1921 - iri na abuo June 1980) bụ onye nchịkwa na onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ministri nke mba ofesi na onye nnọchi [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke mbụ na Ịtali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Heroes & heroines of Onitsha|author=Akosa, Chike|date=1987|publisher=Chice Akosa|isbn=9783037307|edition=1st|location=Onitsha|oclc=21447105}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Anionwu na ise nwere ike 1921 na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na Anambra Steeti. Nna ya bụ Julius Osakwe Anionwu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Mmụta == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ elementrị, Anionwu gara [[King's College, Lagos]]. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, Cambridge, England ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere MA na 1946, na LLB na 1948, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu na Lincoln's Inn, London n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/prof-elizabeth-nneka-anionwu-from-humble-background-to-pinnacle-of-nursing-sickle-cell-expertise/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Prof. Elizabeth Nneka Anionwu: From humble background to pinnacle of nursing, sickle cell expertise|date=8 July 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Anionwu laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na 1949 wee malite ọrụ iwu onwe onye na [[Jos]], Plateau Steeti. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jos]] bọọdụ ndụmọdụ obodo, Kọmitii Mmụta mpaghara, Kọmiti Mmiri Ọṅụ mpaghara na Kọmitii Mụta Obodo Jos. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye njikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ Jos obodo na onye isi oche nke Jos klọb. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ laghachiri [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ma họpụta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke gọọmentị mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke gọọment'ọnwa Britain. Na mbido nnwere onwe na 1960, a họpụtara ya na gọọmenti etiti ọha ọrụ. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịmegharị ọrụ nke ngalaba gọọmentị iji mezuo ihe achọrọ maka mba nweere onwe ya. E zigara ya na Royal College of Defence Studies na London maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos, e zigara ya na ministri nke mba ofesi, na-eje ozi dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ site na 1960 ruo 1963. N'afọ 1964, e kenyere ya imeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na Ịtali ebe ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Naịjirị. N'afọ 1967, ọ ga-aga London dị ka Kọmishọna Ukwu, mana [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha obodo na Naịjirịa]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Ndụ e mesịrị == Anionwu lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ọha na eze mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo]] kwụsịrị na 1970, mana ọ nọgidere na-enye aka maka mmepe obodo n'obodo ya, Onitsha. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị o tinyere aka bụ iwughachi Emmanuel ụka. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na osisi nke ọrụ njem ụgbọ njem central wster na Onitsha. == Ndụ onwe onye == Anionwu lụrụ Regina Anionwu. Ya na nwa ya nwanyị [[Elizabeth Anionwu]], onye nne ya Mary Furlong bụ onye Irish, zutere, afọ asatọ tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/queen-honours-nigerian-nurse/|title=Queen honours Nigerian nurse|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 March 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-23}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Anionwu nwụrụ site na ọrịa strok na [[London]] na iri na abuo June 1980. E bugara ozu ya na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] maka olili ozu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} jqicqkeh7y7wlu8fp14ulwvv11lw0rw 687774 687773 2026-07-13T10:26:31Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọnwụ */ 687774 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu.wav|Listen}} ( ise nwere ike 1921 - iri na abuo June 1980) bụ onye nchịkwa na onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ministri nke mba ofesi na onye nnọchi [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke mbụ na Ịtali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Heroes & heroines of Onitsha|author=Akosa, Chike|date=1987|publisher=Chice Akosa|isbn=9783037307|edition=1st|location=Onitsha|oclc=21447105}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Anionwu na ise nwere ike 1921 na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na Anambra Steeti. Nna ya bụ Julius Osakwe Anionwu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Mmụta == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ elementrị, Anionwu gara [[King's College, Lagos]]. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, Cambridge, England ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere MA na 1946, na LLB na 1948, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu na Lincoln's Inn, London n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/prof-elizabeth-nneka-anionwu-from-humble-background-to-pinnacle-of-nursing-sickle-cell-expertise/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Prof. Elizabeth Nneka Anionwu: From humble background to pinnacle of nursing, sickle cell expertise|date=8 July 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Anionwu laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na 1949 wee malite ọrụ iwu onwe onye na [[Jos]], Plateau Steeti. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jos]] bọọdụ ndụmọdụ obodo, Kọmitii Mmụta mpaghara, Kọmiti Mmiri Ọṅụ mpaghara na Kọmitii Mụta Obodo Jos. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye njikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ Jos obodo na onye isi oche nke Jos klọb. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ laghachiri [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ma họpụta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke gọọmentị mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke gọọment'ọnwa Britain. Na mbido nnwere onwe na 1960, a họpụtara ya na gọọmenti etiti ọha ọrụ. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịmegharị ọrụ nke ngalaba gọọmentị iji mezuo ihe achọrọ maka mba nweere onwe ya. E zigara ya na Royal College of Defence Studies na London maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos, e zigara ya na ministri nke mba ofesi, na-eje ozi dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ site na 1960 ruo 1963. N'afọ 1964, e kenyere ya imeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na Ịtali ebe ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Naịjirị. N'afọ 1967, ọ ga-aga London dị ka Kọmishọna Ukwu, mana [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha obodo na Naịjirịa]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Ndụ e mesịrị == Anionwu lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ọha na eze mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo]] kwụsịrị na 1970, mana ọ nọgidere na-enye aka maka mmepe obodo n'obodo ya, Onitsha. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị o tinyere aka bụ iwughachi Emmanuel ụka. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na osisi nke ọrụ njem ụgbọ njem central wster na Onitsha. == Ndụ onwe onye == Anionwu lụrụ Regina Anionwu. Ya na nwa ya nwanyị [[Elizabeth Anionwu]], onye nne ya Mary Furlong bụ onye Irish, zutere, afọ asatọ tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/queen-honours-nigerian-nurse/|title=Queen honours Nigerian nurse|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 March 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-23}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Anionwu nwụrụ site na ọrịa strok na [[London]] na iri na abuo June 1980. E bugara ozu ya na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] maka olili ozu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 61rwr0ejexi318ckjgsnhm4xoah4db6 687775 687774 2026-07-13T10:27:13Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ */ 687775 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu.wav|Listen}} ( ise nwere ike 1921 - iri na abuo June 1980) bụ onye nchịkwa na onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ministri nke mba ofesi na onye nnọchi [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke mbụ na Ịtali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Heroes & heroines of Onitsha|author=Akosa, Chike|date=1987|publisher=Chice Akosa|isbn=9783037307|edition=1st|location=Onitsha|oclc=21447105}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Anionwu na ise nwere ike 1921 na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na Anambra Steeti. Nna ya bụ Julius Osakwe Anionwu . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history''. Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited. (2nd&nbsp;ed.). London, U.K.: Published by Africa Books Ltd. 1991. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0903274183|<bdi>0903274183</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24930445 24930445].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Mmụta == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ elementrị, Anionwu gara [[King's College, Lagos]]. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, Cambridge, England ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere MA na 1946, na LLB na 1948, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu na Lincoln's Inn, London n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/prof-elizabeth-nneka-anionwu-from-humble-background-to-pinnacle-of-nursing-sickle-cell-expertise/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Prof. Elizabeth Nneka Anionwu: From humble background to pinnacle of nursing, sickle cell expertise|date=8 July 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Anionwu laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na 1949 wee malite ọrụ iwu onwe onye na [[Jos]], Plateau Steeti. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jos]] bọọdụ ndụmọdụ obodo, Kọmitii Mmụta mpaghara, Kọmiti Mmiri Ọṅụ mpaghara na Kọmitii Mụta Obodo Jos. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye njikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ Jos obodo na onye isi oche nke Jos klọb. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ laghachiri [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ma họpụta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke gọọmentị mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke gọọment'ọnwa Britain. Na mbido nnwere onwe na 1960, a họpụtara ya na gọọmenti etiti ọha ọrụ. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịmegharị ọrụ nke ngalaba gọọmentị iji mezuo ihe achọrọ maka mba nweere onwe ya. E zigara ya na Royal College of Defence Studies na London maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos, e zigara ya na ministri nke mba ofesi, na-eje ozi dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ site na 1960 ruo 1963. N'afọ 1964, e kenyere ya imeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na Ịtali ebe ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Naịjirị. N'afọ 1967, ọ ga-aga London dị ka Kọmishọna Ukwu, mana [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha obodo na Naịjirịa]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya. == Ndụ e mesịrị == Anionwu lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ọha na eze mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo]] kwụsịrị na 1970, mana ọ nọgidere na-enye aka maka mmepe obodo n'obodo ya, Onitsha. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị o tinyere aka bụ iwughachi Emmanuel ụka. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na osisi nke ọrụ njem ụgbọ njem central wster na Onitsha. == Ndụ onwe onye == Anionwu lụrụ Regina Anionwu. Ya na nwa ya nwanyị [[Elizabeth Anionwu]], onye nne ya Mary Furlong bụ onye Irish, zutere, afọ asatọ tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/queen-honours-nigerian-nurse/|title=Queen honours Nigerian nurse|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 March 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-23}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Anionwu nwụrụ site na ọrịa strok na [[London]] na iri na abuo June 1980. E bugara ozu ya na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] maka olili ozu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 43awflc83t5byl41yyzf6nr97qf8rfq 687776 687775 2026-07-13T10:28:17Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Oge ọ malitere */ 687776 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Lawrence Odiatu Victor Anionwu.wav|Listen}} ( ise nwere ike 1921 - iri na abuo June 1980) bụ onye nchịkwa na onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ministri nke mba ofesi na onye nnọchi [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke mbụ na Ịtali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Makers of modern Africa : profiles in history|date=1991|publisher=Published by Africa Books Ltd|others=Uwechue, Raph., Africa Books Limited.|isbn=0903274183|edition=2nd|location=London, U.K.|oclc=24930445}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Heroes & heroines of Onitsha|author=Akosa, Chike|date=1987|publisher=Chice Akosa|isbn=9783037307|edition=1st|location=Onitsha|oclc=21447105}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Anionwu na ise nwere ike 1921 na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na Anambra Steeti. Nna ya bụ Julius Osakwe Anionwu . == Mmụta == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ elementrị, Anionwu gara [[King's College, Lagos]]. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, Cambridge, England ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere MA na 1946, na LLB na 1948, a kpọkwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu na Lincoln's Inn, London n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/prof-elizabeth-nneka-anionwu-from-humble-background-to-pinnacle-of-nursing-sickle-cell-expertise/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=2019-03-23|title=Prof. Elizabeth Nneka Anionwu: From humble background to pinnacle of nursing, sickle cell expertise|date=8 July 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Anionwu laghachiri [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na 1949 wee malite ọrụ iwu onwe onye na [[Jos]], Plateau Steeti. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jos]] bọọdụ ndụmọdụ obodo, Kọmitii Mmụta mpaghara, Kọmiti Mmiri Ọṅụ mpaghara na Kọmitii Mụta Obodo Jos. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye njikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ Jos obodo na onye isi oche nke Jos klọb. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ laghachiri [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] ma họpụta ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ukwu nke gọọmentị mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke gọọment'ọnwa Britain. Na mbido nnwere onwe na 1960, a họpụtara ya na gọọmenti etiti ọha ọrụ. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịmegharị ọrụ nke ngalaba gọọmentị iji mezuo ihe achọrọ maka mba nweere onwe ya. E zigara ya na Royal College of Defence Studies na London maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Lagos, e zigara ya na ministri nke mba ofesi, na-eje ozi dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ Naijiria mbụ site na 1960 ruo 1963. N'afọ 1964, e kenyere ya imeghe ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na Ịtali ebe ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke Naịjirị. N'afọ 1967, ọ ga-aga London dị ka Kọmishọna Ukwu, mana [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha obodo na Naịjirịa]] kwụsịrị ọrụ ya. == Ndụ e mesịrị == Anionwu lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ọha na eze mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo]] kwụsịrị na 1970, mana ọ nọgidere na-enye aka maka mmepe obodo n'obodo ya, Onitsha. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị o tinyere aka bụ iwughachi Emmanuel ụka. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na osisi nke ọrụ njem ụgbọ njem central wster na Onitsha. == Ndụ onwe onye == Anionwu lụrụ Regina Anionwu. Ya na nwa ya nwanyị [[Elizabeth Anionwu]], onye nne ya Mary Furlong bụ onye Irish, zutere, afọ asatọ tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/queen-honours-nigerian-nurse/|title=Queen honours Nigerian nurse|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 March 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-23}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Anionwu nwụrụ site na ọrịa strok na [[London]] na iri na abuo June 1980. E bugara ozu ya na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] maka olili ozu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} bm6ul8lsmy5u6wzbhj95qmz8ard5e2o 0 74963 687777 630798 2026-07-13T10:30:40Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Onyinye */ 687777 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly "Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly"]. Crescent Community News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly "Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly"]. Crescent Community News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy" >{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly "Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly"]. Crescent Community News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hjtkm9b7dm84o9wyc5xh65ovrav5t8e 687778 687777 2026-07-13T10:31:30Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ */ 687778 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly "Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly"]. Crescent Community News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly "Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly"]. Crescent Community News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1cq9fvac0a19jdlj8dzj1cbeghrceio 687780 687778 2026-07-13T10:36:20Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ */ 687780 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly "Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly"]. Crescent Community News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] twixabm99li0y4duxv3ulyv3ucr52q6 687781 687780 2026-07-13T10:37:18Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 687781 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j1ggknr0qyvk52zzaob0fx92a4mm0ga 687782 687781 2026-07-13T10:38:02Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ọrụ */ 687782 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html "Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven"]. Sydney Morning Herald. 30 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8iqey6u26n0y4wz0xzdjji1dfqko9rv 687783 687782 2026-07-13T10:38:57Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 687783 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k0ot78ilb74c0oih698kt3ezzcasr3y 687785 687783 2026-07-13T10:40:27Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 687785 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa. Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m4g6ntpa7qpg7snmme8wpii8oke6sy5 687786 687785 2026-07-13T10:42:07Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 687786 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90 "LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat"]. The Courier-Mail. 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa. Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nericu4teez8p9c3iq0k4eirgv5yc6n 687788 687786 2026-07-13T10:46:17Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 687788 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Leila Abukar''' (Somali: Leyla Abukar, Arabic: ليلى أبو بكر) is a Somali-[[Ostraliya|Australian]] political activist. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Abukar n'agbata afọ 1974 na 1975 na [[Somalia]].<ref name="Pttpitsp">{{Cite news|title=Precious thing: take part in this special project|url=http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/precious-thing-take-part-in-this-special-project-20140730-zy9ov.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye na Mogadishu . <ref name="Shjrsh" /> Mgbe agha obodo malitere n'afọ 1991, ndị agha gburu nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye. Nne Abukar mechara kpọga ezinụlọ ahụ n'ebe UN na-agba mgbaba na Kenya. Nwatakịrị ahụ nọ ebe ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ntụgharị okwu n'ọfịs, na-akụziri ụmụaka ihe ma na-eme ka a mara maka ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. <ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs">{{Cite news|title=LNP candidate Leila Abukar recounts her harrowing life in Somalia and why she's running for a seat|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/lnp-candidate-leila-abukar-recounts-her-harrowing-life-in-somalia-and-why-shes-running-for-a-seat/story-fnihsrk2-1227180788658?nk=092974190d9884ad35bee6e3ee607f90|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=11 January 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1997, Abukar kwagara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] naanị ya site na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australian High Commission na-eduzi. <ref name="Shjrsh">{{Cite news|title=Somalia: Harrowing journey to reach safe haven|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/people/somalia-harrowing-journey-to-reach-safe-haven-20140730-zy7a9.html|accessdate=19 January 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ otu Soroptimist International nyeere ya aka ibi na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya na Moorooka, Brisbane, na ezinụlọ ya mechara sonyere ya.<ref name="Lclarhhlswsrfs" /> Maka agụmakwụkwọ ya dị elu, Abukar nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Mahadum nke Queensland . O nwekwara diplọma post-graduate na nzere masta na ọzụzụ ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, o nwere nzere na nkwado nkwarụ na ngwọta esemokwu.<ref name="Laitlnpcfy">{{Cite web|title=Leila Abukar is the Liberal National candidate for Yeerongpilly|url=https://www.crescentsofbrisbane.org/Newsletter/CCN0494.asp#Leila_Abukar_is_the_Liberal_National_candidate_for_Yeerongpilly|publisher=Crescent Community News|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name="Nwscwp">{{Cite news|title=Candidate's war-torn past|url=https://www.northweststar.com.au/story/2832857/candidates-war-torn-past/|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ, na-asụrụ asụsụ asaa. Nne nke ụmụ abụọ, nwa nwoke (Abdi) na nwa nwanyị (Diamond), ya na ezinụlọ ya bi na mpaghara Brisbane nke Yeerongpilly. <ref name="Foblafs">{{Cite web|title=Faces of Brisbane - Leila Abukar from Somalia|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|publisher=ABC Brisbane|accessdate=19 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215185755/http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2010/07/faces-of-brisbane---leila-abukar-from-somalia.html?site=brisbane&program=612_faces_of_brisbane|archivedate=15 February 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abukar malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọpụpụ nke Australia. O nwere ahụmịhe dị ịrịba ama dị ka onye na-ahụ maka obodo, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nchịkwa dị elu na gọọmentị, kansụl na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru. Na mgbakwunye, Abukar bụbu onye otu Queensland Multicultural Roundtable, Refugees Resettlement Advisory Council, na Council for Multicultural Australia. Ọ mekwara mkpọsa megide igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị.<ref name="Wcftwdcbb">{{Cite news|title=Who cries for those who don't come by boat?|url=http://www.smh.com.au/action/printArticle?id=60386762|accessdate=15 February 2015|date=30 July 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014-2015, Abukar zọọrọ ọkwa dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Liberal National Party nke Queensland maka mpaghara ntuli aka Yeerongpilly. Ọ zọọrọ ọkwa ahụ n'ọkwa mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ na-azọ ọkwa ahụ.<ref name="Ayks">{{Cite web|title=Yeerongpilly (Key Seat)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/qld-election-2015/guide/yeer/|publisher=ABC|accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a họpụta ya, ọ gaara abụ onye Somalia na onye Alakụba mbụ na-eje ozi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Queensland.<ref name="Qmeifmm">{{Cite news|title=Queensland may elect its first Muslim MP|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/01/29/queensland-may-elect-its-first-muslim-mp|accessdate=3 February 2015|date=30 January 2015}}</ref> Abukar bịara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ, na-enweta 31.4% nke ngụkọta vootu na agba nke mbụ na 36.7% na agba nke ikpeazụ megide onye mmeri Mark Bailey nke Australian Labor Party.<ref name="Ayks" /> == Onyinye == Abukar enwetala onyinye na nkwanye ugwu dị iche iche maka ọrụ ọha na eze ya. N'afọ 2001, gọọmentị Australia nyere ya ihe nrite narị afọ maka onyinye ya na ndụmọdụ nsogbu, nkwado na nkwekọrịta megide obodo Somalia na ndị ọzọ kwagara na Queensland.<ref name="Cmalm">{{Cite web|title=Centenary Medal - ABUKAR, Leila Mohammed|url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1119315|publisher=Australian Government|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.tallyroom.com.au/qld2015/yeerongpilly2015 Ụlọ Tally - Yeerongpilly - Queensland 2015] * [http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/local/brisbane/conversations/201504/r1418866_20393225.mp3 Mkparịta ụka ya na Richard Fidler: Leila Abukar, Eprel 30, 2015] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] aa1ahw2yak4u6h9d8509z975tyx3cg3 0 75077 687763 631493 2026-07-13T10:12:46Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* */ 687763 wikitext text/x-wiki '''L. Lalitha Kumari''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1969) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India si Andhra Pradesh . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=L Lalitha Kumari(TDP):Constituency- PUTHALAPATTU(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5142|accessdate=2026-04-25|work=www.myneta.info}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye otu omeiwu nke na-anọchite anya otu Telugu Desam Party site na mpaghara Palamaner Assembly nke dị maka obodo Scheduled Caste na mpaghara Chittoor. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=23 March 2020|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Palamaner Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/palamaner.html|accessdate=25 April 2026|work=Elections.in}}</ref> Kumari si Puthalapattu, Chittor, Andhra Pradesh. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na 2011 site na kọleji jikọtara ya na Mahadum Dravidian, Kuppam . Ọ lụrụ M. Subramanyam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=L Lalitha Kumari(TDP):Constituency- PUTHALAPATTU(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5142|accessdate=2026-04-25|work=www.myneta.info}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5142 "L Lalitha Kumari(TDP):Constituency- PUTHALAPATTU(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:"]. ''www.myneta.info''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> A họpụtara Kumari na mbụ dịka onye omeiwu site na mpaghara Palamaner Assembly, nke meriri na ntuli aka Andhra Pradesh nke afọ 2004 nke na-anọchite anya otu Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vennelakanti|first=Pradeep|date=2024-02-02|title=Amaranatha to face crucial election in Palamaner|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/amaranatha-to-face-crucial-election-in-palamaner-855811|accessdate=2026-04-25|work=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> O nwetara vootu 67,861 ma merie onye iro ya kacha nso, Reddeppa Reddy R nke Indian National Congress, site na vootu 737. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 40hcsbb5xfdrebph3aa9tr9vt45rua3 687764 687763 2026-07-13T10:13:39Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* */ 687764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''L. Lalitha Kumari''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1969) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India si Andhra Pradesh . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=L Lalitha Kumari(TDP):Constituency- PUTHALAPATTU(CHITTOOR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5142|accessdate=2026-04-25|work=www.myneta.info}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye otu omeiwu nke na-anọchite anya otu Telugu Desam Party site na mpaghara Palamaner Assembly nke dị maka obodo Scheduled Caste na mpaghara Chittoor. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=23 March 2020|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Palamaner Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/palamaner.html|accessdate=25 April 2026|work=Elections.in}}</ref> Kumari si Puthalapattu, Chittor, Andhra Pradesh. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na 2011 site na kọleji jikọtara ya na Mahadum Dravidian, Kuppam . Ọ lụrụ M. Subramanyam. A họpụtara Kumari na mbụ dịka onye omeiwu site na mpaghara Palamaner Assembly, nke meriri na ntuli aka Andhra Pradesh nke afọ 2004 nke na-anọchite anya otu Telugu Desam Party.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vennelakanti|first=Pradeep|date=2024-02-02|title=Amaranatha to face crucial election in Palamaner|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/amaranatha-to-face-crucial-election-in-palamaner-855811|accessdate=2026-04-25|work=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> O nwetara vootu 67,861 ma merie onye iro ya kacha nso, Reddeppa Reddy R nke Indian National Congress, site na vootu 737. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 55p22ss6uttndcyq18au54cvb157het 0 75095 687588 631552 2026-07-12T15:20:34Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irene Scouloudi''' (2 Eprel 1907 - 31 Julaị 1992) bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Bekee, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye ọrụ ebere ma jee ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nsọpụrụ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Huguenot Society site n'afọ 1951 ruo afọ 1987. <ref name="vigne-indie">{{Cite news|author=Vigne|first=Randolph|authorlink=Randolph Vigne|title=Obituary: Irene Scouloudi|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-irene-scouloudi-1538813.html|accessdate=23 April 2026|work=The Independent|date=6 August 1992|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="vigne-proc">{{Cite journal|author=Vigne|first=Randolph|authorlink=Randolph Vigne|title=Obituary: Irene Scouloudi|journal=Proceedings of the Huguenot Society|date=1992|volume=25|issue=4|doi=10.3828/huguenot.1992.25.04.4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wilson|first=David M.|title=Irene Scouloudi 1907–1992|journal=Journal of the British Archaeological Association|date=January 1993|volume=146|issue=1|doi=10.1179/jba.1993.146.1.v}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Royal Historical Society na onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Institute of Historical Research . <ref name="vigne-indie" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Scouloudi na Manchester na abalị abụọ nke ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1907 na Frank na Emma (née Eumorfopoulos) Scouloudi. Nna ya bụ nwa amaala Frans nke sitere na ndị Gris. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ tupu ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na Notting Hill na Ealing High School, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta BA na akụkọ ihe mere eme na London Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Akụnụba na afọ 1931..<ref name="vigne-proc" /> N'afọ 1936, ọ nwetara MSc na akụkọ ihe mere eme, aha edemede ya bụ Alien Immigration into and Communities in London, 1558-1640. <ref name="vigne-indie" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Scouloudi|title=Returns of Strangers in the Metropolis 1593, 1627, 1635, 1639. A study of an active minority|publisher=Huguenot Society of London|year=1985}}<ref name="ellis">{{Cite journal|author=Ellis|first=Joyce|title=Irene Scouloudi (ed.), Returns of Strangers in the Metropolis 1593, 1627, 1635, 1639. A study of an active minority (Quarto series of the Huguenot Society of London, vol. lvii)|journal=Urban History|date=May 1987|volume=14|pages=224–225|doi=10.1017/S0963926800009056|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/abs/irene-scouloudi-ed-returns-of-strangers-in-the-metropolis-1593-1627-1635-1639-a-study-of-an-active-minority-quarto-series-of-the-huguenot-society-of-london-vol-lvii-london-huguenot-society-of-london-1985-iii-368-pp-6-plates-4-tables-10-appendices-500-to-members-1500-to-nonmembers/99A49C8036036CF21B307FA9A91640CA|language=en|issn=1469-8706}}</ref> * {{Cite book|editor=Scouloudi|title=Huguenots in Britain and France|date=1987|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|location=London|isbn=9780333396698|edition=1st 1987|url=https://archive.org/details/huguenotsinbrita0000unse/page/n3/mode/2up}} * {{Cite book|title=French Protestant refugees relieved through the Threadneedle Street Church, London, 1681-1687|first=A.P.|author=Hands|publisher=Huguenot Society of London|year=1971}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} rgqxkvt8absehipluu5vz17fu7r0svf 0 75165 687813 670691 2026-07-13T11:54:21Z King ChristLike 13051 unlinked subject name 687813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adis King''' bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Dominika|Dominican]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe na ikwado, ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, nchekwa ndị agadi na ndị Dominicans nwere nkwarụ nke Dominica n'etiti afọ puku abuo na iri Na iteghete na puku abuo iri abuo Na abuo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ King na. St Joseph ,[[Dominica]]" , nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụ anọ, ebe ọ tolitere ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="dom">{{Cite web|title=Adis King|url=https://www.dom767.com/dompedia/dr-adis-king-from-dominica/|work=dom767.com|accessdate=16 April 2026}}</ref> King rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge n'ugbo unere dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="dom" /> N'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na iri iteghete na otu, ọ malitere ịkụzi na ulo akwukwo St Joseph's Primari, ọ rụrụ o rua ruo n'afọ Otu puku nari iteghete na ano.<ref name="dom" /> O mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na Princess Margaret Hospital dị na Roseau ruo n'afọ puku abuo, mgbe ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na efu iji mụọ banyere dokita na Cuba, o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Havana n'afọ puku abuo Na asaa wee mechaa turu ugo okamụta na ihe banyere ime ahu mmadu n'afọ puku abuo na iri na ise 15.<ref name="dom" /> King rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta n'afu Maka one ALU mmadu na ulo ọgwụ Princess Margaret ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="dom" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu obodo na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name="dom" /> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ puku abuo Iri na iteghete, Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpopụtara Eze dị ka onye nno chite Anya Dominica Labour Party na-azọ ọkwa maka Saint Joseph na ntuli aka puku abuo Na iri na iteghete. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit announces 13 new DLP candidates for next general election|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/skerrit-announces-13-new-dlp-candidates-for-next-general-election/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=17 February 2019}}</ref> A họpụtara ya mgbe o meriri Monell Williams nke UWP ma nweta 60.15% nke votu.<ref name="dom" /> N'oge mkpọsa ahụ, Eze kwere nkwa ịgbanwe Saint Joseph ka ọ bụrụ ebe azụmahịa, idozi okporo ụzọ, imezi ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, atụmatụ iji kwalite otu egwu cadence-lypso nke obodo ahụ bụ Gramacks na onye na-agụ egwú ya, yana atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ, mmelite nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Saint Joseph, na usoro iji kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=DLP candidate lays out her plans for St. Joseph constituency|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dlp-candidate-lays-out-her-plans-for-st-joseph-constituency/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=28 August 2019}}</ref> Praịm Minista Roosevelt Skerrit kpọrọ ya Minista nke Mmepe na Nkwado Ndị Ntorobịa, Ndị Ntoropokgolo nọ n'Ihe ize ndụ, Mmekọahụ Mmekọala, Nchebe Ndị Agadi na ndị Dominic nwere nkwarụ ma duo ya na ṅụọ iyi oru na ubochi mkpulu iri Na asaa nke onwa Disemba Na ago puku abuo, iri Na iteghete. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEW CABINET OFFICIALLY SWORN IN|url=https://mail.news.gov.dm/news/news-items/eighteen-sworn-into-new-cabinet|work=[[Cabinet of Dominica]]|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Walker|first=Monika|title=18 takes oath in Ministerial expansion in Dominica|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/18-takes-oath-ministerial-expansion-dominica-194824618|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=WIC News|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị, ọ kwadoro itinye iwu Child Protection Bill na Domestic Violence Bill, yana ịlụso ime ihe ike megide ndị agadi ọgụ, ịchịkwa ụlọ nlekọta, na ịmalite mmemme ọzụzụ maka ndị na-eto eto a na-akparaghị ókè na ụlọ ọrụ na afu Maka akwa. <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Dr. Adis King calls for the eradication of elder abuse in society|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dr-adis-king-calls-for-the-eradication-of-elder-abuse-in-society/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=16 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Government to regulate institutions providing care for senior citizens|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/government-to-regulate-institutions-providing-care-for-senior-citizens/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=5 August 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abuo Na iri abuo, ọ kwupụtara ebumnuche gọọmentị iweputa Family Model Bills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dominica moving towards enacting Family Model Bills says Youth Minister|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/news/dominica-moving-towards-enacting-family-model-bills-says-youth-minister/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=Dominica News Online|date=13 November 2020}}</ref> King esoghị maka nhọpụta ọzọ na ntuli aka puku abuo na iri abuo na abuo ma nọchie ya dị ka minista na mkpulu ubochi iri Na ago nke onwa Disemba na afo puku abuo Na iri abuo Na abuo.<ref name="dom" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Skerrit’s new look government officially sworn in|url=https://antigua.news/2022/12/13/skerrits-new-look-government-officially-sworn-in/|accessdate=16 April 2026|work=[[Antigua.news]]|date=13 December 2022}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi nke Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na Dominica ma rụọ ọrụ maka UN Multi-Country Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (MSDCF) Focal Point . <ref name="dom" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=New UN Resident Coordinator for Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Visits Nature Isle|url=https://easterncaribbean.un.org/en/272166-new-un-resident-coordinator-barbados-and-eastern-caribbean-visits-nature-isle|work=United Nations Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean|accessdate=16 April 2026|date=21 June 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Category:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] ggjvj90avbtjsyxnu5793q4gypz032b 0 75178 687570 631704 2026-07-12T14:48:38Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ịwepụta na nnabata */ Fixed reference error 687570 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''AW''''' bụ abọm mbụ nke onye ọbụ abụ Denmark bụ Annika. E wepụtara abọm ahụ n'abali asatọ nke ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2025 site na Island Records. == Ịwepụta na nnabata == A wepụtara ya n'abali asatọ nke ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2025, ''AW'' gosipụtara ndị ọbịa si Josva, Sira Jovina, Lamin, na Gilli.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Svith|first=Sara Sofie|title=Fire danske artister gæster Annikas debutalbum|date=7 May 2025|url=https://gaffa.dk/nyheder-fra-gaffa/2025/maj/fire-danske-artister-gaester-annikas-debutalbum/|language=da|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref> Ọ bụ Anton Westerlin, Marius Iversen, na Nicki Pooyandeh mepụtara abọm ahụ.  ''AW'' nọrọ izu iri na isii na nọmba mbụ na n'eserese ọba abọm.<ref name="Hitlisten-2025">{{Cite web|title=Album Top-100 2025|url=https://hitlisten.nu/aarslister.asp?list=Album%20100&year=2025|accessdate=12 April 2026|work=Hitlisten.NU|language=da}}</ref> Ọ bụ abọm kachasị ewu ewu na na eserese ọba ahụ n'afọ 2025. <ref name="Hitlisten-2025" /> Nke a bụ nke mbụ kemgbe afọ 1999—mgbe otu nwa agbọghọ Cream nwere ọba egwu kachasị ewu ewu n'afọ- na nwanyị ewerela ọkwa kachasị elu..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Annika er første kvinde i dette årtusinde til at toppe listen over mest solgte albums|date=28 January 2026|url=https://politiken.dk/kultur/musik/art10708456/Annika-er-f%C3%B8rste-kvinde-i-dette-%C3%A5rtusinde-til-at-toppe-listen-over-mest-solgte-albums|language=da|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hjort|first=Malthe|title=Annika topper dansk hitliste som første kvinde siden 1999|date=29 January 2026|url=https://soundvenue.com/musik/2026/01/annika-topper-dansk-hitliste-som-foerste-kvinde-siden-1999-660664|language=da|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref> Abọm ahụ nwetara kpakpando anọ n'ime kpakpando isii site na Soundvenue, bụ nke kọwara ya dị ka " abọm ntụkwasị obi na nke maara onwe ya". Gaffa kpọrọ ya "ihe ngosi egwu nke ike" na nyocha ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Weirup|first=Rasmus|title=Hvis Annika er tynget af forventningerne, mærker man det overhovedet ikke på selvsikkert debutalbum|date=8 May 2025|url=https://soundvenue.com/musik/2025/05/hvis-annika-er-tynget-af-forventningerne-maerker-man-det-overhovedet-ikke-paa-debutalbummet-aw-623902|language=da|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sieben|first=Laura Marie Bjerregaard|title=En debut syet sammen med kirurgisk selvtillid|date=8 May 2025|url=https://gaffa.dk/anmeldelser/2025/maj/album/annika-aw/|language=da|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-esochi EP ya na-aga nke ọma ''Nye Tider'', nke e wepụtara n'afọ 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hellberg|first=Ludvig|title=Her er 6 ting, du (måske) ikke vidste om Annika Wedderkopp|date=29 May 2025|url=https://www.alt.dk/artikler/hvem-er-annika-wedderkopp/5578514|language=da|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref> == Ndepụta egwu ==   == Eserese == === Eserese ọba kwa izu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+  ! scope="col" |Chart (2025-2026) ! scope="col" |Ebe kachasị elu<br /> |- ! scope="row" |Albums Danish (Hitlisten) <ref name="DKcharts">{{Cite web|title=Discography Annika|url=https://www.danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Annika+%5BDK%5D|accessdate=12 April 2026|publisher=danishcharts.dk}}</ref> |1 |- ! scope="row" |Albums Norwegian (VG-lista) <ref name="nocharts">{{Cite web|url=https://topplista.no/artist/7930/|title=Annika|publisher=[[VG-lista]]|language=no|accessdate=12 April 2026}}</ref> |84 |} === Eserese ngwụcha afọ === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+  ! scope="col" |Chart ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Ọnọdụ |- ! scope="row" |Albums Danish (Hitlisten) |2025<ref name="Hitlisten-2025" /> |1 |} == asambodo == == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} s2ywmitsh2cx766y5wicr7fvqnl0aa3 0 75324 687806 672770 2026-07-13T11:27:05Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687806 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Joel Chukwuma Obi - Inter Mailand (2).jpg|thumb|'''Joel Chukwuma Obi''']] '''Joel Chukwuma Obi''' (amụrụ na 22 Mee 1991), nke a maara dị ka '''Joel Obi''', bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti. == Ọrụ klọb == === Inter === [[Faịlụ:Joel_Chukwuma_Obi_-_Inter_Mailand_(1).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Joel Obi na Inter]] N'afọ 2009, José Mourinho hụrụ ya ma duru ya gaa n'òtù mbụ nke Inter mgbe ụfọdụ. N'afọ 2010, ọbụlagodi na ọ naghị agba bọọlụ, edebanyere aha ya na ndepụta 'A' nke ndị egwuregwu, bụ ndị meriri Champions League na nke ikpeazụ megide Bayern Munich. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2010, Rafael Benítez kpọgara ya na ndị otu mbụ. Obi mere nke mbụ ya maka Inter na 29 Septemba 2010 na egwuregwu UEFA Champions League megide Werder Bremen . <ref name="obidebut">{{Cite news|title=Joel Chukwuma Obi – Profile|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250003339/profile/index.html|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Ọ gbara nkeji iri ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nọchiri anya na nkeji nke 80 maka onye ọgba bọọlụ ibe ya Dejan Stanković. Inter gara n'ihu merie Werder Bremen na 4-0 shutout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01e9-0e75abbcea79-75c484c0b55b-1000--eto-o-hat-trick-eases-inter-past-bremen/|title=Eto'o hat-trick eases Inter past Bremen|date=29 September 2010|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Obi mere Serie A mbụ ya na 17 Ọktoba 2010 megide Cagliari mgbe ọ nọchiri Philippe Coutinho na nkeji nke iri isii na isii.<ref name="obidebutitaly">{{Cite news|title=2010 Serie A, Round 7|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/seriea/matchStats?gameId=2010101710759|publisher=Fox Soccer|accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 1-0 site na goolu [[Samuel Eto'o]]. Obi malitere "Milan Derby" na Beijing maka Supercoppa [[Italy|Italian]]<nowiki/>a na 14 Nọvemba mana ekwesịrị dochie ya mgbe naanị nkeji 35 gasịrị n'ihi mmerụ ahụ, Coutinho dochie ya. Na Jenụwarị 2011, Obi na Nwankwo Obiora na-ere ya na Parma maka naanị € 750 na € 300,000 n'otu n'otu. Na otu egwuregwu ọ bụ onye mmalite n'okpuru ma Gian Piero Gasperini na onye nchịkwa ọhụrụ, Claudio Ranieri. Na 27 Septemba ọ malitere mmalite mbụ ya na Njikọ Njikọ, na 1 October, ezigara ya maka oge mbụ na ọrụ ya mgbe kaadị edo edo nke abụọ n'ụlọ Napoli. Na 17 Jenụwarị 2012 Parma rere òkè 50% nke Obi azụ na Inter maka nde €3.2 (€ 1.7 nde gbakwunyere Crisetig) na akwụgoro ụgwọ ọnwa ya na € 600,000 akọwara kwa afọ. Na 29 Eprel, Obi meriri goolu mbụ ya na Serie A megide Cesena, ihe nhata nwa oge 1–1, na mmeri 2–1 mechara. O mechiri oge 2011 – 12 na ngosipụta 27 na Serie A, abụọ na Coppa Italia na asaa na Champions League, gbakwunyere otu na ngwụcha Supercoppa Italiana. Otú ọ dị, e belatara oge ya site na mmerụ ọjọọ nke mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge ezumike. Remaining at a standstill due to injury, he returned to the field in 2012–13 season, exactly on 4 October, in the victory away from home 1–3 against Neftchi Baku in the Europa League scoring the goal of 0–2,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://it.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0202-0e9d7903f82f-4103b9ffe368-1000--la-baby-inter-convince-a-baku/|title=La baby Inter convince a Baku|work=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=4 October 2012}}</ref> which was the 500th goal in UEFA<ref>{{Cite news|title=Il tacco di Coutinho|publisher=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]}}</ref> competition for Inter. He concluded the season with two appearances in the league, one in the Coppa Italia and one in the Europa League. ==== Parma (nke a gbazinyere) ==== N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2013, e nyere ya Parma, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/43616|title=Joel Obi moves to Parma|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=FC Internazionale Milano}}</ref> n'egwuregwu ya na Catania, na-anọchi Marco Parolo. Mgbe ọ pụtara naanị ugboro asatọ, ọ laghachiri na Inter. === Ịlaghachi na Inter === Na 28 August 2014, ọ laghachiri na-egwu Inter na egwuregwu ụlọ meriri 6-0 na Europa League megide Stjarnan. Obi gara n'ihu na-agba egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ n'usoro Walter Mazzarri 3-5-2 n'ihi ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ nke ndị otu ya. Na 23 Nọvemba, ọ gbara egwu dị ka onye mbido na Milan derby, na-enye ihe nhata (1–1), na mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya nke oge, na-eme mmemme site na mmekpa ahụ. Ọ laghachiri n'ọhịa dị ka onye mbido na egwuregwu ụlọ furu efu 0–1 megide Torino na 25 Jenụwarị 2015, na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. Ọ mechiri oge ahụ na egwuregwu iri na asaa na otu goolu. N'ozuzu maka Inter ọ mere ngosi 71 wee nye goolu atọ. === Torino === N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015, Obi gafere Torino maka ego € 2.2 nde ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kicknews24.com/news/official-joel-obi-joins-torino/|title=Official: Joel Obi Joins Torino|publisher=Kicknews24.com|accessdate=3 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065147/http://kicknews24.com/news/official-joel-obi-joins-torino/|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://torinofc.it/news/02/07/2015/joel-obi-al-toro_8577|title=Joel Obi al Toro|date=2 July 2015|accessdate=2 July 2015|publisher=Torino F.C.|language=it}}</ref> Na mbido oge ahụ, o merụrụ ahụ ugboro abụọ, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha, mere ka ọ ghara ịga ọkara mbụ nke oge 2015-16. Ọ laghachiri n'ọgbọ egwuregwu, na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye mbido na egwuregwu megide Chievo Verona na 7 Febụwarị 2016, Alexander Farnerud nọchiri ya na ọkara nke abụọ. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ pụtara nke iri abụọ na anọ ya na Torino megide Sassulo wee gbaa goolu nke abụọ ya na nke mbụ n'oge ahụ na nkeji iri asatọ na asatọ. Egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 3-0 na-akwado Torino n'ụlọ. === Chievo Verona === N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Obi bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Chievo Verona na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na nhọrọ maka oge ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/chievo/?action=read&idtmw=1145015|accessdate=11 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: ChievoVerona, ecco Obi: contratto triennale con opzione|archivedate=12 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812021701/https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/chievo/?action=read&idtmw=1145015}}</ref> Obi gbazinyere klọb [[Turkéy|Turkey]] Alanyaspor na Jenụwarị 2019 maka ọkara nke abụọ nke mkpọsa 2018-19. <ref name="Salernitana">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/joel-obi-salernitana-sign-former-chievo-midfielder/hh2kxid2r3ow1lkhsc63r1ds6|title=Joel Obi: Salernitana sign former Chievo midfielder|work=Goal|date=21 July 2021|accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref> N'Oge 2020-21, onye ọgba bọọlụ ahụ gbara goolu anọ n'egwuregwu 31 nke Serie B maka Chievo.<ref name="Salernitana"/> Na 21 Julaị 2021, Obi bịanyere aka na klọb U.S. Salernitana 1919 nke e buliri n'ọkwa Serie A n'efu.<ref name="Salernitana"/> Obi kwetara nkwekọrịta otu afọ na nhọrọ nke ịgbatị.<ref name="Salernitana" /> Na 20 Julaị 2022, Obi sonyeere Reggina na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Reggina|url=https://www.reggina1914.it/notizie/joel-obi-e-un-calciatore-amaranto/|title=JOEL OBI È UN CALCIATORE AMARANTO|date=20 July 2022|accessdate=20 July 2022|language=it|archivedate=21 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021194840/https://www.reggina1914.it/notizie/joel-obi-e-un-calciatore-amaranto/}}</ref> === Vis Pesaro === Na Jenụwarị 2024, Obi sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ Serie C Group B Vis Pesaro na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vispesaro1898.it/vis/vis-pesaro-joel-obi-ufficiale/|title=JOEL OBI È BIANCOROSSO!|work=www.vispesaro1898.it|language=Italian|date=10 January 2024|accessdate=10 January 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Obi mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 9 Febụwarị 2011 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi ya na Sierra Leone na Lagos. Ọ malitere egwuregwu iri na otu sochirinụ n'usoro maka ''Eagles'' tupu ọ merụọ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 2012. A kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu mbụ maka 2014 World Cup. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Nosa Igiebor cut from Nigeria squad|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=24 November 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 ''FIFA World Cup na [[Russia]]''. <ref>{{Cite news|title=World Cup 2018: Arsenal's Iwobi in Nigeria's 23-man squad|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44346451|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2018}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|22 May 2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Joel obi Inter Profile |url=http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0851 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163929/http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0851 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |accessdate=8 May 2026 |archivedate=26 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163929/http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0851 }}</ref><ref>{{Soccerway|joel-chukwuma-obi/85498}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Mba ụwa |2010–11 | rowspan="4" |Usoro A |10 |0 |2 |0 |1[a] |0 |0 |0 |13 |0 |- |2011–12 |27 |0 |2 |0 |7[a] |0 |1[b] |0 |37 |0 |- |2012–13 |2 |0 |1 |0 |1[c] |1 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |- |2014–15 |11 |1 |1 |0 |3[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |15 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !50 !1 !6 !0 !12 !1 !1 !0 !69 !2 |- |Parma (nke a gbazinyere) |2013–14 |Usoro A |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Torino |2015–16 | rowspan="3" |Usoro A |10 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |1 |- |2016–17 |20 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2017–18 |22 |5 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !52 !6 !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !59 !7 |- | rowspan="4" |Chievo |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |11 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |1 |- |2019–20 |29 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |29 |1 |- |2020–21 |Usoro B |31 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |32 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !6 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !72 !6 |- |Alanyaspor (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |Süper Lig |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |Salernitana |2021–22 |Usoro A |21 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !204 !13 !16 !1 !12 !1 !1 !0 !233 !15 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|22 June 2018]]<ref>{{NFT player|41934}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2011 |11 |0 |- |2012 |0 |0 |- |2013 |0 |0 |- |2014 |1 |0 |- |2015 |0 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |0 |0 |- |2018 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !16 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Coppa Italia: 2010-112010–11 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2010 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2010 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h99u8v7csrkqvfuoj8sq4ttwc2nchax 687814 687806 2026-07-13T11:56:39Z Dolphyb 10983 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/687806|687806]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Eboms Divinefavour|Eboms Divinefavour]] ([[User talk:Eboms Divinefavour|talk]]) 687814 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joel Chukwuma Obi''' (amụrụ na 22 Mee 1991), nke a maara dị ka '''Joel Obi''', bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti. == Ọrụ klọb == === Inter === [[Faịlụ:Joel_Chukwuma_Obi_-_Inter_Mailand_(1).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Joel Obi na Inter]] N'afọ 2009, José Mourinho hụrụ ya ma duru ya gaa n'òtù mbụ nke Inter mgbe ụfọdụ. N'afọ 2010, ọbụlagodi na ọ naghị agba bọọlụ, edebanyere aha ya na ndepụta 'A' nke ndị egwuregwu, bụ ndị meriri Champions League na nke ikpeazụ megide Bayern Munich. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2010, Rafael Benítez kpọgara ya na ndị otu mbụ. Obi mere nke mbụ ya maka Inter na 29 Septemba 2010 na egwuregwu UEFA Champions League megide Werder Bremen . <ref name="obidebut">{{Cite news|title=Joel Chukwuma Obi – Profile|url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250003339/profile/index.html|publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Ọ gbara nkeji iri ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nọchiri anya na nkeji nke 80 maka onye ọgba bọọlụ ibe ya Dejan Stanković. Inter gara n'ihu merie Werder Bremen na 4-0 shutout.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/01e9-0e75abbcea79-75c484c0b55b-1000--eto-o-hat-trick-eases-inter-past-bremen/|title=Eto'o hat-trick eases Inter past Bremen|date=29 September 2010|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Obi mere Serie A mbụ ya na 17 Ọktoba 2010 megide Cagliari mgbe ọ nọchiri Philippe Coutinho na nkeji nke iri isii na isii.<ref name="obidebutitaly">{{Cite news|title=2010 Serie A, Round 7|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/seriea/matchStats?gameId=2010101710759|publisher=Fox Soccer|accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 1-0 site na goolu [[Samuel Eto'o]]. Obi malitere "Milan Derby" na Beijing maka Supercoppa [[Italy|Italian]]<nowiki/>a na 14 Nọvemba mana ekwesịrị dochie ya mgbe naanị nkeji 35 gasịrị n'ihi mmerụ ahụ, Coutinho dochie ya. Na Jenụwarị 2011, Obi na Nwankwo Obiora na-ere ya na Parma maka naanị € 750 na € 300,000 n'otu n'otu. Na otu egwuregwu ọ bụ onye mmalite n'okpuru ma Gian Piero Gasperini na onye nchịkwa ọhụrụ, Claudio Ranieri. Na 27 Septemba ọ malitere mmalite mbụ ya na Njikọ Njikọ, na 1 October, ezigara ya maka oge mbụ na ọrụ ya mgbe kaadị edo edo nke abụọ n'ụlọ Napoli. Na 17 Jenụwarị 2012 Parma rere òkè 50% nke Obi azụ na Inter maka nde €3.2 (€ 1.7 nde gbakwunyere Crisetig) na akwụgoro ụgwọ ọnwa ya na € 600,000 akọwara kwa afọ. Na 29 Eprel, Obi meriri goolu mbụ ya na Serie A megide Cesena, ihe nhata nwa oge 1–1, na mmeri 2–1 mechara. O mechiri oge 2011 – 12 na ngosipụta 27 na Serie A, abụọ na Coppa Italia na asaa na Champions League, gbakwunyere otu na ngwụcha Supercoppa Italiana. Otú ọ dị, e belatara oge ya site na mmerụ ọjọọ nke mere ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge ezumike. Remaining at a standstill due to injury, he returned to the field in 2012–13 season, exactly on 4 October, in the victory away from home 1–3 against Neftchi Baku in the Europa League scoring the goal of 0–2,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://it.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0202-0e9d7903f82f-4103b9ffe368-1000--la-baby-inter-convince-a-baku/|title=La baby Inter convince a Baku|work=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=4 October 2012}}</ref> which was the 500th goal in UEFA<ref>{{Cite news|title=Il tacco di Coutinho|publisher=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]}}</ref> competition for Inter. He concluded the season with two appearances in the league, one in the Coppa Italia and one in the Europa League. ==== Parma (nke a gbazinyere) ==== N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2013, e nyere ya Parma, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.inter.it/en/news/43616|title=Joel Obi moves to Parma|date=2 September 2013|accessdate=3 June 2014|publisher=FC Internazionale Milano}}</ref> n'egwuregwu ya na Catania, na-anọchi Marco Parolo. Mgbe ọ pụtara naanị ugboro asatọ, ọ laghachiri na Inter. === Ịlaghachi na Inter === Na 28 August 2014, ọ laghachiri na-egwu Inter na egwuregwu ụlọ meriri 6-0 na Europa League megide Stjarnan. Obi gara n'ihu na-agba egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ n'usoro Walter Mazzarri 3-5-2 n'ihi ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ nke ndị otu ya. Na 23 Nọvemba, ọ gbara egwu dị ka onye mbido na Milan derby, na-enye ihe nhata (1–1), na mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya nke oge, na-eme mmemme site na mmekpa ahụ. Ọ laghachiri n'ọhịa dị ka onye mbido na egwuregwu ụlọ furu efu 0–1 megide Torino na 25 Jenụwarị 2015, na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ. Ọ mechiri oge ahụ na egwuregwu iri na asaa na otu goolu. N'ozuzu maka Inter ọ mere ngosi 71 wee nye goolu atọ. === Torino === N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015, Obi gafere Torino maka ego € 2.2 nde ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kicknews24.com/news/official-joel-obi-joins-torino/|title=Official: Joel Obi Joins Torino|publisher=Kicknews24.com|accessdate=3 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065147/http://kicknews24.com/news/official-joel-obi-joins-torino/|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://torinofc.it/news/02/07/2015/joel-obi-al-toro_8577|title=Joel Obi al Toro|date=2 July 2015|accessdate=2 July 2015|publisher=Torino F.C.|language=it}}</ref> Na mbido oge ahụ, o merụrụ ahụ ugboro abụọ, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha, mere ka ọ ghara ịga ọkara mbụ nke oge 2015-16. Ọ laghachiri n'ọgbọ egwuregwu, na-egwuri egwu dị ka onye mbido na egwuregwu megide Chievo Verona na 7 Febụwarị 2016, Alexander Farnerud nọchiri ya na ọkara nke abụọ. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ pụtara nke iri abụọ na anọ ya na Torino megide Sassulo wee gbaa goolu nke abụọ ya na nke mbụ n'oge ahụ na nkeji iri asatọ na asatọ. Egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 3-0 na-akwado Torino n'ụlọ. === Chievo Verona === N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Obi bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Chievo Verona na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na nhọrọ maka oge ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/chievo/?action=read&idtmw=1145015|accessdate=11 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: ChievoVerona, ecco Obi: contratto triennale con opzione|archivedate=12 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812021701/https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/chievo/?action=read&idtmw=1145015}}</ref> Obi gbazinyere klọb [[Turkéy|Turkey]] Alanyaspor na Jenụwarị 2019 maka ọkara nke abụọ nke mkpọsa 2018-19. <ref name="Salernitana">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/joel-obi-salernitana-sign-former-chievo-midfielder/hh2kxid2r3ow1lkhsc63r1ds6|title=Joel Obi: Salernitana sign former Chievo midfielder|work=Goal|date=21 July 2021|accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref> N'Oge 2020-21, onye ọgba bọọlụ ahụ gbara goolu anọ n'egwuregwu 31 nke Serie B maka Chievo.<ref name="Salernitana"/> Na 21 Julaị 2021, Obi bịanyere aka na klọb U.S. Salernitana 1919 nke e buliri n'ọkwa Serie A n'efu.<ref name="Salernitana"/> Obi kwetara nkwekọrịta otu afọ na nhọrọ nke ịgbatị.<ref name="Salernitana" /> Na 20 Julaị 2022, Obi sonyeere Reggina na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Reggina|url=https://www.reggina1914.it/notizie/joel-obi-e-un-calciatore-amaranto/|title=JOEL OBI È UN CALCIATORE AMARANTO|date=20 July 2022|accessdate=20 July 2022|language=it|archivedate=21 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021194840/https://www.reggina1914.it/notizie/joel-obi-e-un-calciatore-amaranto/}}</ref> === Vis Pesaro === Na Jenụwarị 2024, Obi sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ Serie C Group B Vis Pesaro na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vispesaro1898.it/vis/vis-pesaro-joel-obi-ufficiale/|title=JOEL OBI È BIANCOROSSO!|work=www.vispesaro1898.it|language=Italian|date=10 January 2024|accessdate=10 January 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Obi mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na 9 Febụwarị 2011 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi ya na Sierra Leone na Lagos. Ọ malitere egwuregwu iri na otu sochirinụ n'usoro maka ''Eagles'' tupu ọ merụọ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 2012. A kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu mbụ maka 2014 World Cup. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Nosa Igiebor cut from Nigeria squad|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=24 November 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 ''FIFA World Cup na [[Russia]]''. <ref>{{Cite news|title=World Cup 2018: Arsenal's Iwobi in Nigeria's 23-man squad|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/44346451|accessdate=18 October 2022|work=BBC Sport|date=3 June 2018}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|22 May 2022]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Joel obi Inter Profile |url=http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0851 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163929/http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0851 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |accessdate=8 May 2026 |archivedate=26 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626163929/http://www.inter.it/en/squadra/G0851 }}</ref><ref>{{Soccerway|joel-chukwuma-obi/85498}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Mba ụwa |2010–11 | rowspan="4" |Usoro A |10 |0 |2 |0 |1[a] |0 |0 |0 |13 |0 |- |2011–12 |27 |0 |2 |0 |7[a] |0 |1[b] |0 |37 |0 |- |2012–13 |2 |0 |1 |0 |1[c] |1 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |- |2014–15 |11 |1 |1 |0 |3[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |15 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !50 !1 !6 !0 !12 !1 !1 !0 !69 !2 |- |Parma (nke a gbazinyere) |2013–14 |Usoro A |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Torino |2015–16 | rowspan="3" |Usoro A |10 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |1 |- |2016–17 |20 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2017–18 |22 |5 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !52 !6 !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !59 !7 |- | rowspan="4" |Chievo |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |11 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |1 |- |2019–20 |29 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |29 |1 |- |2020–21 |Usoro B |31 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |32 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !6 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !72 !6 |- |Alanyaspor (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |Süper Lig |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |Salernitana |2021–22 |Usoro A |21 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !204 !13 !16 !1 !12 !1 !1 !0 !233 !15 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|22 June 2018]]<ref>{{NFT player|41934}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2011 |11 |0 |- |2012 |0 |0 |- |2013 |0 |0 |- |2014 |1 |0 |- |2015 |0 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |0 |0 |- |2018 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !16 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Coppa Italia: 2010-112010–11 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2010 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2010 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2v3hpzjdh0r83fxresu6djb4rg2ucqp 0 75769 687767 637752 2026-07-13T10:18:17Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ nkeonwe */ 687767 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jean_de_La_Brète.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|John nke Brète]] '''Jean de La Brète''' (aha mkpị nke '''Alice Cherbonnel'''; 1858–1945) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ France nke ji aha nzuzu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="Classified1913">{{Cite book|title=Classified Catalogue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. 1907–1911|date=1913|publisher=Carnegie library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1899|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara, ''Mon oncle et mon curé'' (1889), gafere ọtụtụ mbipụta ma gbanwee ya ka ọ dabara na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Alice Cherbonnel na Saumur, Disemba 13, 1858<ref name="1frwp">{{Cite journal|author=Marnot|first=René|title=A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète|journal=Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois|date=1 February 1977|issue=126|pages=16–23|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> site n'aka nna onye Norman na nne onye Angevin. Ọ si n'agbụrụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ French. == Ọrụ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète bụ nkọwa gbasara ọha mmadụ nke oge a. Le Roman d'une croyante, L'Impossible, na Un Mirage lebara anya na nsogbu okpukpe ndị kpasuru France iwe n'oge La Brète. Ọrụ ya kacha ewu ewu bụ Mon oncle et mon curé, akụkọ ndụ nwa agbọghọ nke na-ekpughere onye na-agụ ya echiche ya, nrọ ya, na ọchịchọ ya. E nyere ya Prix Montyon na 1890 site n'aka Académie française, a na-ebipụtakwa ya mgbe niile ruo 1977. E mere akwụkwọ akụkọ a maka sinima na 1938. A na-ewere Mon oncle et mon curé dị ka ọrụ bara uru mmụta, nke e ji amamihe na nke dabara adaba zoo dị ka ọrụ akụkọ ifo.[1] Ọ bụ ederede kachasị amasị ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji. Elizabeth M. White gbanwere akwụkwọ ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto, na-edetu ihe n'efu na ihe odide ala ala, ma na-agbakwụnye usoro mmega ahụ dabere na ederede ahụ, maka ntụgharị site na Bekee laghachi na French.[2] A kọwara ụdị La Brète dị ka nke doro anya ma doo anya; akụkọ ya dị ike ma nwee agba dị iche iche; a na-egosipụta mmechi ya n'ozuzu ya site na atụmatụ ahụ kama site n'usoro okwu.<ref name="Tales1908">{{Cite journal|title=Jean de La Brète|journal=Tales: A Magazine of the World's Best Fiction|date=January 1908|volume=37|issue=3|pages=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-U5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA374|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == N'oge oyi, ọ bi n'ụlọ dị na Paris n'uzo Boulevard des Invalides. N'oge ọkọchị, ọ bi n'ụlọ ya dị na Anjou, ala nke ezinụlọ nne ya nwere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. E tinyere ọbá akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ elu dị n'elu ụlọ ekpere nke manor ahụ, nke nkọwa ya dị n'ọrụ ya ''Badinage'' ya. Alice Cherbonnel nwụrụ na Cizay-la-Madeleine na 23 Ọgọst n'afo 1945.<ref name="1frwp">{{Cite journal|author=Marnot|first=René|title=A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète|journal=Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois|date=1 February 1977|issue=126|pages=16–23|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarnot1977">Marnot, René (1 February 1977). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL "A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète"] &#x5B;About a work by Jean de la Brète&#x5D;. ''Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois'' (in French) (126): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2024</span> &#x2013; via Gallica.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Na France, okporo ụzọ atọ ka akpọrọ aha Jean de La Brète: na Saumur, na Cizay-la-Madeleine, na na Saint-Sylvain-d'Anjou. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1890: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Mon oncle et mon curé''<ref name="5frwp">{{Cite web|title=Jean de La Brète".|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/node/16429|work=www.academie-francaise.fr|publisher=Académie française|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> * 1895: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Un vaincu''<ref name="5frwp" /> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Mgbanwe == === Fim === * 1938: ''[Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe nkiri French nke Pierre Caron duziri, ya na André Lefaur, Annie France, Paul Cambo na René Génin === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === * 1935: ''Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe ọchị na 3 omume nke Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Jean de La Brète. Emere na Paris, Cercle les Jeunes des Ternes, 30 Eprel 1935 * 1939: ''La Source enchantée'', ihe ọchị na 4 omume Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète. Rennes, nke ụlọ ọrụ ''Le Manteau d'Arlequin'' kere, 22 Jenụwarị 1939 == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:La Brete, Jean de}} 1hiere0nwi43q2v2anbcct7smg8c8t0 687768 687767 2026-07-13T10:19:04Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ nkeonwe */ 687768 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jean_de_La_Brète.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|John nke Brète]] '''Jean de La Brète''' (aha mkpị nke '''Alice Cherbonnel'''; 1858–1945) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ France nke ji aha nzuzu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="Classified1913">{{Cite book|title=Classified Catalogue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. 1907–1911|date=1913|publisher=Carnegie library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1899|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara, ''Mon oncle et mon curé'' (1889), gafere ọtụtụ mbipụta ma gbanwee ya ka ọ dabara na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Alice Cherbonnel na Saumur, Disemba 13, 1858<ref name="1frwp">{{Cite journal|author=Marnot|first=René|title=A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète|journal=Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois|date=1 February 1977|issue=126|pages=16–23|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> site n'aka nna onye Norman na nne onye Angevin. Ọ si n'agbụrụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ French. == Ọrụ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète bụ nkọwa gbasara ọha mmadụ nke oge a. Le Roman d'une croyante, L'Impossible, na Un Mirage lebara anya na nsogbu okpukpe ndị kpasuru France iwe n'oge La Brète. Ọrụ ya kacha ewu ewu bụ Mon oncle et mon curé, akụkọ ndụ nwa agbọghọ nke na-ekpughere onye na-agụ ya echiche ya, nrọ ya, na ọchịchọ ya. E nyere ya Prix Montyon na 1890 site n'aka Académie française, a na-ebipụtakwa ya mgbe niile ruo 1977. E mere akwụkwọ akụkọ a maka sinima na 1938. A na-ewere Mon oncle et mon curé dị ka ọrụ bara uru mmụta, nke e ji amamihe na nke dabara adaba zoo dị ka ọrụ akụkọ ifo.[1] Ọ bụ ederede kachasị amasị ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji. Elizabeth M. White gbanwere akwụkwọ ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto, na-edetu ihe n'efu na ihe odide ala ala, ma na-agbakwụnye usoro mmega ahụ dabere na ederede ahụ, maka ntụgharị site na Bekee laghachi na French.[2] A kọwara ụdị La Brète dị ka nke doro anya ma doo anya; akụkọ ya dị ike ma nwee agba dị iche iche; a na-egosipụta mmechi ya n'ozuzu ya site na atụmatụ ahụ kama site n'usoro okwu.<ref name="Tales1908">{{Cite journal|title=Jean de La Brète|journal=Tales: A Magazine of the World's Best Fiction|date=January 1908|volume=37|issue=3|pages=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-U5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA374|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == N'oge oyi, ọ bi n'ụlọ dị na Paris n'uzo Boulevard des Invalides. N'oge ọkọchị, ọ bi n'ụlọ ya dị na Anjou, ala nke ezinụlọ nne ya nwere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. E tinyere ọbá akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ elu dị n'elu ụlọ ekpere nke manor ahụ, nke nkọwa ya dị n'ọrụ ya ''Badinage'' ya. Alice Cherbonnel nwụrụ na Cizay-la-Madeleine na 23 Ọgọst n'afo 1945. Na France, okporo ụzọ atọ ka akpọrọ aha Jean de La Brète: na Saumur, na Cizay-la-Madeleine, na na Saint-Sylvain-d'Anjou. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1890: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Mon oncle et mon curé''<ref name="5frwp">{{Cite web|title=Jean de La Brète".|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/node/16429|work=www.academie-francaise.fr|publisher=Académie française|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> * 1895: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Un vaincu''<ref name="5frwp" /> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Mgbanwe == === Fim === * 1938: ''[Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe nkiri French nke Pierre Caron duziri, ya na André Lefaur, Annie France, Paul Cambo na René Génin === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === * 1935: ''Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe ọchị na 3 omume nke Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Jean de La Brète. Emere na Paris, Cercle les Jeunes des Ternes, 30 Eprel 1935 * 1939: ''La Source enchantée'', ihe ọchị na 4 omume Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète. Rennes, nke ụlọ ọrụ ''Le Manteau d'Arlequin'' kere, 22 Jenụwarị 1939 == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:La Brete, Jean de}} s5sq4yx22gvscek4zs43nwh4teh9945 0 75770 687765 637753 2026-07-13T10:15:18Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ nkeonwe */ 687765 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jean_de_La_Brète.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jean de La Brète]] '''Jean de La Brète''' (aha mkpị nke '''Alice Cherbonnel'''; 1858–1945) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ France nke ji aha nzuzu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="Classified1913">{{Cite book|title=Classified Catalogue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. 1907–1911|date=1913|publisher=Carnegie library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1899|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara, ''Mon oncle et mon curé'' (1889), gafere ọtụtụ mbipụta ma gbanwee ya ka ọ dabara na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Alice Cherbonnel na Saumur, Disemba 13, 1858<ref name="1frwp">{{Cite journal|author=Marnot|first=René|title=A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète|journal=Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois|date=1 February 1977|issue=126|pages=16–23|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> site n'aka nna onye Norman na nne onye Angevin. Ọ si n'agbụrụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ French. == Ọrụ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète bụ nkọwa gbasara ọha mmadụ nke oge a. Le Roman d'une croyante, L'Impossible, na Un Mirage lebara anya na nsogbu okpukpe ndị kpasuru France iwe n'oge La Brète. Ọrụ ya kacha ewu ewu bụ Mon oncle et mon curé, akụkọ ndụ nwa agbọghọ nke na-ekpughere onye na-agụ ya echiche ya, nrọ ya, na ọchịchọ ya. E nyere ya Prix Montyon na 1890 site n'aka Académie française, a na-ebipụtakwa ya mgbe niile ruo 1977. E mere akwụkwọ akụkọ a maka sinima na 1938. A na-ewere Mon oncle et mon curé dị ka ọrụ bara uru mmụta, nke e ji amamihe na nke dabara adaba zoo dị ka ọrụ akụkọ ifo.[1] Ọ bụ ederede kachasị amasị ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji. Elizabeth M. White gbanwere akwụkwọ ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto, na-edetu ihe n'efu na ihe odide ala ala, ma na-agbakwụnye usoro mmega ahụ dabere na ederede ahụ, maka ntụgharị site na Bekee laghachi na French.[2] A kọwara ụdị La Brète dị ka nke doro anya ma doo anya; akụkọ ya dị ike ma nwee agba dị iche iche; a na-egosipụta mmechi ya n'ozuzu ya site na atụmatụ ahụ kama site n'usoro okwu.<ref name="Tales1908">{{Cite journal|title=Jean de La Brète|journal=Tales: A Magazine of the World's Best Fiction|date=January 1908|volume=37|issue=3|pages=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-U5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA374|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == N'oge oyi, ọ bi n'ụlọ dị na Paris n'uzo Boulevard des Invalides. N'oge ọkọchị, ọ bi n'ụlọ ya dị na Anjou, ala nke ezinụlọ nne ya nwere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. E tinyere ọbá akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ elu dị n'elu ụlọ ekpere nke manor ahụ, nke nkọwa ya dị n'ọrụ ya ''Badinage'' ya. Alice Cherbonnel nwụrụ na Cizay-la-Madeleine na 23 Ọgọst n'afo 1945.<ref name="1frwp">{{Cite journal|author=Marnot|first=René|title=A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète|journal=Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois|date=1 February 1977|issue=126|pages=16–23|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMarnot1977">Marnot, René (1 February 1977). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL "A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète"] &#x5B;About a work by Jean de la Brète&#x5D;. ''Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois'' (in French) (126): <span class="nowrap">16–</span>23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2024</span> &#x2013; via Gallica.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> Na France, okporo ụzọ atọ ka akpọrọ aha Jean de La Brète: na Saumur, na Cizay-la-Madeleine, na na Saint-Sylvain-d'Anjou. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1890: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Mon oncle et mon curé''<ref name="5frwp">{{Cite web|title=Jean de La Brète".|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/node/16429|work=www.academie-francaise.fr|publisher=Académie française|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> * 1895: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Un vaincu''<ref name="5frwp" /> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Mgbanwe == === Fim === * 1938: ''[Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe nkiri French nke Pierre Caron duziri, ya na André Lefaur, Annie France, Paul Cambo na René Génin === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === * 1935: ''Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe ọchị na 3 omume nke Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Jean de La Brète. Emere na Paris, Cercle les Jeunes des Ternes, 30 Eprel 1935 * 1939: ''La Source enchantée'', ihe ọchị na 4 omume Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète. Rennes, nke ụlọ ọrụ ''Le Manteau d'Arlequin'' kere, 22 Jenụwarị 1939 == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:La Brete, Jean de}} ttfc1aht8lnwkqr3ryhciqb3317nglb 687766 687765 2026-07-13T10:16:06Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ndụ nkeonwe */ 687766 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jean_de_La_Brète.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jean de La Brète]] '''Jean de La Brète''' (aha mkpị nke '''Alice Cherbonnel'''; 1858–1945) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ France nke ji aha nzuzu dee akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name="Classified1913">{{Cite book|title=Classified Catalogue of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. 1907–1911|date=1913|publisher=Carnegie library|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1899|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara, ''Mon oncle et mon curé'' (1889), gafere ọtụtụ mbipụta ma gbanwee ya ka ọ dabara na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Alice Cherbonnel na Saumur, Disemba 13, 1858<ref name="1frwp">{{Cite journal|author=Marnot|first=René|title=A propos d'un tableau de Jean de la Brète|journal=Société des lettres, sciences et arts du Saumurois|date=1 February 1977|issue=126|pages=16–23|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6528008r/f18.item.r=CHERBONNEL|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> site n'aka nna onye Norman na nne onye Angevin. Ọ si n'agbụrụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ French. == Ọrụ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète bụ nkọwa gbasara ọha mmadụ nke oge a. Le Roman d'une croyante, L'Impossible, na Un Mirage lebara anya na nsogbu okpukpe ndị kpasuru France iwe n'oge La Brète. Ọrụ ya kacha ewu ewu bụ Mon oncle et mon curé, akụkọ ndụ nwa agbọghọ nke na-ekpughere onye na-agụ ya echiche ya, nrọ ya, na ọchịchọ ya. E nyere ya Prix Montyon na 1890 site n'aka Académie française, a na-ebipụtakwa ya mgbe niile ruo 1977. E mere akwụkwọ akụkọ a maka sinima na 1938. A na-ewere Mon oncle et mon curé dị ka ọrụ bara uru mmụta, nke e ji amamihe na nke dabara adaba zoo dị ka ọrụ akụkọ ifo.[1] Ọ bụ ederede kachasị amasị ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji. Elizabeth M. White gbanwere akwụkwọ ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto, na-edetu ihe n'efu na ihe odide ala ala, ma na-agbakwụnye usoro mmega ahụ dabere na ederede ahụ, maka ntụgharị site na Bekee laghachi na French.[2] A kọwara ụdị La Brète dị ka nke doro anya ma doo anya; akụkọ ya dị ike ma nwee agba dị iche iche; a na-egosipụta mmechi ya n'ozuzu ya site na atụmatụ ahụ kama site n'usoro okwu.<ref name="Tales1908">{{Cite journal|title=Jean de La Brète|journal=Tales: A Magazine of the World's Best Fiction|date=January 1908|volume=37|issue=3|pages=375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-U5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA374|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == N'oge oyi, ọ bi n'ụlọ dị na Paris n'uzo Boulevard des Invalides. N'oge ọkọchị, ọ bi n'ụlọ ya dị na Anjou, ala nke ezinụlọ nne ya nwere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ. E tinyere ọbá akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ elu dị n'elu ụlọ ekpere nke manor ahụ, nke nkọwa ya dị n'ọrụ ya ''Badinage'' ya. Alice Cherbonnel nwụrụ na Cizay-la-Madeleine na 23 Ọgọst n'afo 1945. Na France, okporo ụzọ atọ ka akpọrọ aha Jean de La Brète: na Saumur, na Cizay-la-Madeleine, na na Saint-Sylvain-d'Anjou. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1890: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Mon oncle et mon curé''<ref name="5frwp">{{Cite web|title=Jean de La Brète".|url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/node/16429|work=www.academie-francaise.fr|publisher=Académie française|accessdate=15 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref> * 1895: Prix Montyon, Académie française, maka ''Un vaincu''<ref name="5frwp" /> == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Mgbanwe == === Fim === * 1938: ''[Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe nkiri French nke Pierre Caron duziri, ya na André Lefaur, Annie France, Paul Cambo na René Génin === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === * 1935: ''Mon oncle et mon curé'', ihe ọchị na 3 omume nke Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Jean de La Brète. Emere na Paris, Cercle les Jeunes des Ternes, 30 Eprel 1935 * 1939: ''La Source enchantée'', ihe ọchị na 4 omume Lucien Dabril, dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ La Brète. Rennes, nke ụlọ ọrụ ''Le Manteau d'Arlequin'' kere, 22 Jenụwarị 1939 == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:La Brete, Jean de}} 8pt6jdqovpv50bqtn7cd3ruwjgb4u6d 0 75807 687796 673816 2026-07-13T11:00:11Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Ihe nrite */ 687796 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Leslie Kaplan (amụrụ n'afọ 1943) bụ onye edemede French nke Amerịka.[1] A mụrụ ya na [[New York City]] ma tolite na Paris. Ọ gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta uche, ma rụọ ọrụ ruo afọ abụọ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Kaplan sonyere na ihe omume nke Mee 1968. O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1982 ''L'Excès-l'usine'', nke natara nkwado di mma site n'aka ndị edemede Marguerite Duras na Maurice Blanchot.<ref name="humanite">{{Cite news|url=https://www.humanite.fr/la-femme-du-jour-leslie-kaplan-636431|title=La femme du jour. Leslie Kaplan|date=May 23, 2017|work=L'Humanité|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Leslie Kaplan na [[New York City]] ma zụlite ya na France n'ezinụlọ ndị America, o dere na French. Ọ gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma, Psychology na [[Ákíkó mbu|History]]. N'oge ọ na-amụ ihe, o sonyere na mmegharị megide ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na ndị na-emegide ọchịchị megide agha Algeria na Vietnam. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dịka onye ọrụ "Workbench" site na Jenụwarị 1968 ma biri ndụ n'oge mmegharị nke Mee 68 n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe e ji arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Leslie Kaplan, made in USA|url=https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2009/01/08/leslie-kaplan-made-in-usa_301036/|work=Libération|accessdate=2024-07-28}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1982, o bipụtala akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, edemede na ihe nkiri, ọkachasị na POL. [[Faịlụ:Leslie Kaplan (2018).jpg|thumb|Leslie Kaplan]] Akwụkwọ mbụ ya natara nkwado na otuto site n'aka Marguerite Duras na Maurice Blanchot. A na-emegharị ọrụ ya ọtụtụ mgbe maka ikpo okwu (Claude Régy, Frédérique Lolliée, Élise Vigier, Marcial Di Fonzo Bo, wdg) a sụgharịkwara akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ iri na abụọ. Leslie Kaplan bụ onye so na board nke magazin ihe nkiri Trafic, nke Serge Daney guzobere. == Ihe nrite == Na 2017, ọ natara ihe nrite site n'aka Société des gens de lettres iji gosi ọrụ ya. == Ọrụ == Isi mmalite: <ref name="sgdl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sgdl.org/223-presentation-des-personnes/3154-leslie-kaplan|title=Leslie Kaplan|publisher=Société des gens de lettres|language=fr|accessdate=2018-07-22|archivedate=2018-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003613/https://www.sgdl.org/223-presentation-des-personnes/3154-leslie-kaplan}}</ref> * ''L'Excès - l'usine'' (1982) * ''Akwụkwọ nke Ciels'' (1983) * ''Le Criminel'' (1985) * ''Le Pont de Brooklyn'' (1987) * ''L'Epreuve du passeur'' (1988) * ''Le Silence du diable'' (1989) * ''Les Mines de sel'' (1993) * ''Depuis maintenant, Miss Ọ dịghị onye maara'' (1996) * ''Ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Les Prostituées'' (1997) * ''Akwụkwọ Le Psychanalyste'' (1999) * ''Les Amants de Marie'' (2002) * ''Les Outils'' (2003) * ''Ahụ ọkụ'' (2005) * ''Toute ma vie j'ai été une femme'' (2008) * ''Mon Amérique malitere na Pologne'' (2009) * ''Louise, elle bụ folle'' (2011) * ''Millefeuille'' (2012) nwetara Prix Wepler <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Actualite/Le-Prix-Wepler-a-Leslie-Kaplan-_NG_-2012-11-12-874844|title=Le Prix Wepler à Leslie Kaplan|date=November 12, 2012|language=fr}}</ref> * ''Déplace le ciel'' (2013) * ''Mathias et la Révolution'' (2016) == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qdnwj55x0a0lwbgsupa6euudg1t62k2 0 75948 687793 639012 2026-07-13T10:56:23Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* National Organization for Women (USA) */ 687793 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Faịlụ:Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_(Lavrys)_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22,_2022.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|308x308px|Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, a na-eji labrys eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike na afọ ojuju nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.]] [[Faịlụ:Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|210x210px|Flaglọ nsọpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke. A labrys superposed on the black triangle, seted on a lavender-purple background.<br />]] [[Faịlụ:Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|210x210px|Flaglọ ọkọlọtọ Lesbian nke nwere akara Venus abụọ (na biology na botany, akara Venus na-anọchite anya nwanyị <ref name="Stearn1961">{{Cite journal|author=Stearn|first=William T.|authorlink=William T. Stearn|date=May 1962|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|issn=0040-0262}}</ref>) ]] ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ usoro ọdịbendị na Echiche nke na-agba ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha lekwasị mgbalị ha, nlebara anya ha, mmekọrịta ha, na omume ha anya n’ebe ụmụnwaanyị ibe ha nọ karịa ụmụ nwoke, ma na-akwadokarị mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n’etiti ụmụnwaanyị dịka nsonaazụ ezi uche dị na ya nke ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị..<ref name="Rich_Compulsory">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Adrienne|title=Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/bloodbreadpoetry00adri|date=1986|chapter=Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (1980)|publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-31162-4}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe mmetụta kachasị na 1970s na mmalite 1980s, karịsịa na North America na Western Europe, mana ọ malitere na ngwụcha 1960s ma pụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke New Left, ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju na New Left, na Campaign for Homosexual Equality, sexism n'ime usoro nnwere onwe nwoke na nwanyị, na homophobia n'ime ndị inyom a ma ama n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Faderman377–391">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present|date=1981|edition=1st|chapter=The Rise of Lesbian-Feminism|pages=377–391|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York|isbn=0-68803733X}}</ref><ref name="Schneider2017">{{Cite book|editor=McCammon|date=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Women's Social Movement Activism|pages=89–108|chapter=The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4|isbn=978-0190204204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DuBois|first=Ellen|title=Feminism Old Wave and New Wave|url=http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html|work=The Feminist eZine|publisher=Lilith Press Magazine|accessdate=28 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307005901/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html|archivedate=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DuBois|first=Ellen|title=Feminism Old Wave and New Wave (1971)|url=https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave|work=[[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]]|date=September 22, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094729/https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave|archivedate=9 July 2025}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n’ime ndị na-akwado mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị bụ n’eziokwu ụmụanyị sonyere n’ọrụ nnwere onwe ndị nwoke na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi mmegbu na ilekwasị anya n’ebe ndị nwoke ahụ nọ n’ime obodo ha. Ha bụkwa ụmụanyị nọ n’òtù mmegharị ụmụanyị n’ozuzu ya, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi ịkpọasị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị nke dị n’ime ya..<ref name="Schneider2017" /><ref name="Schneider2017" /> Ụfọdụ ndị isi na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gụnyere Charlotte Bunch, Rita Mae Brown, Adrienne Rich, [[Audre Lorde]], Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, [[Barbara Smith]], Pat Parker, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Cheryl Clarke, Gloria E. Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Monique Wittig, na Sara Ahmed (ọ bụ ezie na abụọ ikpeazụ na-ejikọkarị na mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị). Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Sheila Jeffreys kwuru, "Lesbian femism pụtara n'ihi mmepe abụọ: ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ n'anya n'ime Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịmepụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, na ụmụ nwanyị na Gay Liberation Front hapụrụ iji sonyere ụmụnne ha nwanyị".<ref name="Jeffreys19">{{Cite book|author=Jeffreys|first=Sheila|title=Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|date=2003|edition=1st|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0745628370|url=https://archive.org/details/unpackingqueerpo00jeff/page/19}}</ref> Dị ka Judy Rebick, onye Canada na-ede akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ ma bụrụ mgbe niile "obi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị", ebe nsogbu ha "na-adịghị ahụ anya" n'otu òtù ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rebick|first=Judy|title=Feminism in a neo-liberal age|url=http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html|work=Research Initiative on International Activism|publisher=[[University of Technology Sydney]]|accessdate=March 23, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526131609/http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html|archivedate=May 26, 2005}}</ref> Ụdị feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta sitere n’etiti ndị nwere agba pụtara dịka nzaghachi megide echiche feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta nke na-etinyeghị nsogbu nke… klas na agbụrụ dị ka isi iyi nke mmegbu yana nwoke na nwanyị. == Echiche ndị dị mkpa == Feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta, dịka feminism, ọmụmụ gbasara ndị nwanyị na nwoke nwere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, na echiche queer, bụ nke e ji echiche nke ịrụ ụka na ime mgbanwe mara. N’otu oge ahụ, otu n’ime isiokwu dị mkpa nke feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta bụ nyocha nke…nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị bụ nyocha nke nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Rich_Compulsory"/> Ihe odide ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie nwoke na nwanyị na, dabere na nke a, iji nyochaa "mgbọrọgwụ" nke nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka nna ochie, akụrụngwa, na ọchịchị ala ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. <ref name="Rich_Compulsory" /> Sheila Jeffreys na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị dị ka ndị nwere isiokwu asaa dị mkpa: * Mmetụta na ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'ebe ibe ha nọ * Òtù Ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha * Obodo na echiche * Echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ maka ''nhọrọ'' na ''nguzogide'' * Echiche na nke onwe bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịnke onwe ya bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Ịjụ usoro ndị isi obodoỌchịchị ọha na eze * Nkatọ nke ịdị elu nwoke <ref name="Jeffreys19"/> Onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Bonnie Zimmerman na-enyocha ugboro ugboro asụsụ ndị odee sitere n’ime mmegharị ahụ ji eme ihe, na-adakarị n’akụkọ ndụ onwe ha na iji akaebe onwe onye. Dị ka Zimmerman siri kwuo, ederede ndị feminist lesbiyan na-adịkarị n’usoro na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ, juputara n’abụ uri ma ọbụna bụrụ ndị siri ike nghọta..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zimmerman|first=Bonnie|date=Autumn 1981|title=What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=451–475|doi=10.2307/3177760}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na-arụ ụka maka [[intersectionality]], ọkachasị crossings nke okike, okike, klas, na agbụrụ, na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ nnyocha na data gbasara mmekọahụ bụ ndị ọcha cis ụmụ nwoke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cerezo|first=Alison|date=2020-03-19|title=Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|volume=44|issue=1|pages=67–83|doi=10.1177/0361684319875977|issn=0361-6843|pmid=32194296}}</ref> === Biology, nhọrọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === Dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu, ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụdị nguzogide maka ụlọ ọrụ "nke mmadụ mere". Cheryl Clarke dere na edemede ya New Notes on Lesbianism: <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Days of Good Looks: The Prose and Poetry of Cheryl Clarke|author=Cheryl|first=Clarke|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7867-1675-3}}</ref><blockquote>Ana m akpọ onwe m "ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị" n'ihi na omenala a na-emegbu, na-agbachi nkịtị, ma na-ebibi ndị inyom na nwanyị, ọbụnadị ndị inyom le nwanyị na-edeghị onwe ha "ndị na-edine nwanyị". Ana m akpọ "ndị nwanyị na-adina nwanyị" na-edinni nwanyị" n" n’ihi na achọrọ m ka ndị lesbian ojii ndị ọzọ hụ m ma mata m. A na m akpọ onwe m “lesbian” n’ihi na anaghị m anabata ma ọ bụ soro usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke e guzobere n’ụzọ na-emegbu ma na-achịkwa ndị ọzọ.ị.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, dị ka A Dictionary of Gender Studies si kwuo, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ndị kwenyere na ha 'amụrụ n'ụzọ ahụ' weere onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ndị kwenyere ete ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị bụ nhọrọ dabere na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ 'ndina nwanyị' ma ghara ịnwale ma ọ bụ na-ekwu okwu megide mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-enwe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Gender Studies|author=Griffin|first=Gabriele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780191834837}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu na "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụ n'anya," nke na-ebelata ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji jụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-eleghara ọdịdị onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ngosipụta nke mmasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ehichapụ ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmekọ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Being a lesbian is not a political choice|url=https://thequeerness.com/2016/01/30/being-a-lesbian-is-not-a-political-choice/|date=2016-01-30|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=The Queerness|author=Stephanie Farnsworth}}</ref>   Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị na-edina nwanyị na-ele nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ nwa oge na dị ka omume ndụ niile, mana ọ ka ukwuu nke ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hess|first=Katharine|title=Feminismo Primero: Un Ensayo Sobre Separatismo Lesbiano / Feminism First: An Essay on Lesbian Separatism|date=1980|publisher=Tsunami Press|location=Seattle, Washington|url=http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/feminism_first_english.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị nkewa, a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ usoro dị mkpa nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye ume ha n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta ohere ọhụrụ na mkparịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-egbochi mmekọrịta ha na ụmụ nwoke. Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'afọ ndị 1970, ebe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke na nwoke nwere ihe ọ bụla ha ga-enye ha. N'afọ 1970, ụmụ nwanyị asaa, gụnyere Del Martin, zutere North Conference of Homophile [nke pụtara nwoke idina nwoke] Organizations banyere mkpa nke òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwanyị n'ime ya. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ mere mkpebi na-akwado nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, mana Martin chere na ha emeghị ihe zuru ezu wee dee "Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ bụ ihe niile dị adị", edemede nwere mmetụta nke 1970 nke ọ katọrọ òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, The Furies Collective guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ, ndị dị afọ iri na asatọ ruo iri abụọ na asatọ, ndị inyom niile, ndị inyomi niile, ndị ọcha niile, na ụmụ atọ n'etiti ha. Ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ụlọ na uwe, na-ebikọ ọnụ, na-ejikọ ụfọdụ ego ha, ma na-ehi ụra na matarasị n'otu ala.<ref name="Clendinen2001" /> Ha malitekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ụgbọ ala na ịrụzi ụlọ ka ha wee ghara ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Clendinen2001" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị site na Jenụwarị 1972 ruo June 1973; obodo ahụ n'onwe ya kwụsịrị na 1972. Charlotte Bunch, onye otu mbụ nke "The Furies", lere ụmụ nwanyị nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ, oge "nzọụkwụ mbụ", ma ọ bụ mwepụ nwa oge site na ọrụ ndị isi iji mezuo ebumnuche ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ melite uto onwe onye. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka onye edemede Lambda Award Elana Dykewomon, ahọrọla nkewa dị ka omume ndụ. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu Bunch kọwara n’akwụkwọ ''Learning from Lesbian Separatism'', na “n’ime ọha mmadụ ebe nwoke bụ onye kachasị elu (male-supremacist society), mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị (heterosexuality) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị,” ma omume nke ịkewapụ onwe (separatism) bụ ụzọ isi gbapụ n’aka ọchịchị ya." ma tụọ aro na "ọ bụrụhaala na ụmụ nwanyị ka na-erite uru site na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-enweta ihe ùgwù na nchekwa ya, ha ga-arara ụmụnne nwanyị ha nye, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Lesbian ndị na-anabataghị uru ndị ahụ".<ref name="Bunch 1972, pp.8-9" /> Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu nke Bunch kwupụtara na Learning from Lesbian Separatism, na "n'ime ọha mmadụ na-akwado nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị bụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" na omume nke nkewa bụ ụzọ isi gbanahụ ọchịchị ya. Maka The Furies, lesbianism bụ naanị ụzọ na-eduga na nnwere onwe site na ịdị elu nwoke ma a na-ahụ ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa mmasị mmekọahụ.<ref name="Hewitt2010">{{Cite book|editor=Hewitt|title=No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism|date=2010|pages=221–245|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0813547244}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1988, Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma lesbian Sarah Lucia Hoagland na-ezo aka na ikike nkewa nke lesbian nwere ịgba ndị lesbian ume ịzụlite ụkpụrụ omume obodo dị mma dabere na ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ekerịta. Hoagland na-akọwa ọdịiche (nke onye edemede Lesbian Separatist na onye na-amụ ban’etiti ''omenala obere ndị lesbian (lesbian subculture)'' na ''obodo ndị lesbian (lesbian community)''; ịbụ onye so na subculture na-akọwa ya “n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke omenala mpụga na-emegide na-akọwa,” ebe ịbụ onye so na obodo na-adabere na “ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ omume anyị kwenyere na anyị nwere ike mezuo ebe a.”. Bette Tallen kwenyere na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụfọdụ òtù ndị ọzọ na-ekewapụ onwe ha, "ọ bụghị maka nguzobe nke steeti nwere onwe ya, ọ bụ maka mmepe nke njirimara onwe onye na ịmepụta obodo ụmụ nwanyị siri ike". Mgbalị ndị e mere iji mepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, nke guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara na maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọtụtụ ndị lesbian na ndị na-akwado lesbian separatism nwere nnukwu mmetụta na mmegharị <nowiki><i>women in print</i></nowiki>, gụnyere Bunch.June Arnold, Barbara Grier, [[Barbara Smith]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adams|first=Kate|title=Built Out of Books: Lesbian Energy and Feminist Ideology in Alternative Publishing|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=1998|volume=34|issue=3–4|pages=113–141|doi=10.1300/J082v34n03_07|pmid=9505228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Harker|first=Jaime|title=The Lesbian South: Southern Feminists, the Women in Print Movement, and the Queer Literary Canon.|date=2018|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9781469643359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=Trysh|title=The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications.|journal=Book History|date=2008|volume=11|issue=1|pages=275–300|doi=10.1353/bh.0.0001}}</ref> Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Lillian Faderman na-akọwa mkpali nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị nke mepụtara ọdịbendị na ihe ọdịbendị dị ka "na-enye ịhụnanya n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ka ukwuu" na ọdịbendị sara mbara.<ref name="Faderman_Oddp220">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America|date=1991|edition=1st|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=0231074883}}</ref> Faderman kwekwaara na ndị inyom na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ nkewa mere ya iji "eweta echiche ha banyere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ịzụlite ndị nọ ná mkpa, mkpebi onwe onye na nha nhata nke ọrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ n'akụkụ niile nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba".<ref name="Faderman_Oddp220" /> Omume nke nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye echiche ndị metụtara Ịhụ mba n'anya na Ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ndị nkewa ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbian separatists) na-ejikọtakwa onwe ha na omume nke ikpere arụsị Dianic.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml Empowering the Goddess Within] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml|date=2012-02-12}}'', by Jessica Alton</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754 Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754|date=2014-10-26}}'', by Rosemary Ruether</ref> ala ụmụ nwanyị bụ obodo ndị inyom bu n'obi nke ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha na-emepụta, na-ebi, ma na-elekọta. <ref name="Kershaw">{{Cite news|author=Kershaw|first=Sarah|title=My Sister's Keeper|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/fashion/01womyn.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 30, 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="lesbian_intentional">{{Cite web|author=Ellison|first=Kate|title=Lesbian Intentional Community: "Yer not from around here, are ya?"|url=https://www.ic.org/wiki/lesbian-intentional-community-yer-around-ya/|work=[[Fellowship for Intentional Community]]|date=September 30, 2013|accessdate=21 December 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141448/https://www.ic.org/wiki/lesbian-intentional-community-yer-around-ya/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Cheney|title=Lesbian Land|date=1985|publisher=Word Weavers|edition=1st|isbn=978-0961560508}}</ref> N'ebe ọzọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nyochaa akụkọ ifo gbara ya gburugburu. edemede Marilyn Frye (1978) Notes on Separatism and Power bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị otú ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na-eme, n'oge ụfọdụ, ma na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị (otu nwere ike ịkọwa ebe mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị, oke ntuli aka ma ọ bụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị). Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ya, n'onwe ha ''dị ka'' nkewa site na ụmụ nwoke, ka a na-emeso ya na esemokwu (ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-atụ aro hysteria). N'aka nke ọzọ, nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke (otu nwere ike ịkpọ aha klọb ụmụ nwoke, òtù ndị ọrụ, otu egwuregwu, ndị agha na, karịa, ọnọdụ mkpebi n'ozuzu) bụ ihe dị mma. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewepụta echiche nke "ịpụ iche" site na ụmụ nwoke, na-arụ ụka ma na-etinye ego n'ihe ndị dị ka ebe nsọ ụmụ nwanyị na ìgwè ndị na-eme ka a mara, kamakwa na-enyocha omume kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịlaghachi ma ọ bụ na-eme onwe ha n'ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ. Margaret Sloan-Hunter jiri nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị tụnyere nkewa nke ndị isi ojii. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Making Separatist Connections: The Issue is Woman Identification o kwuru, sị: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/Sloan-Hunter.htm|title=Making Separatist Connections|work=www.feminist-reprise.org|accessdate=2016-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221212357/http://www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/Sloan-Hunter.htm|archivedate=21 February 2025}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ bụrụ na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị adaa ọ ga-abụ n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị dị n'otu nke na anyị ga-egosipụta njirimara nwanyị n'ebe ọ bụla anyị na-aga. Mana ebe ọ bụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị dị ogologo karịa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, o yiri ka anyị ga-anabata nkewa ugbu a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ uche, maka ahụike na ịma. Nke a bụ mgbanwe, ọ bụghị mkpọsa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, anyị ga-anọgide na-echeta onwe anyị.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ banyere nkewa. N'ihi nke a, otu ndị isi ojii na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Combahee River Collective, kwuru na nkewa abụghị usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè maka ha. === Nwanyị a maara dị ka nwanyị === Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịkọwa ntọala nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'otu oge, ọ ga-abụ na Mee 1970, mgbe Ndị Radicalbians, otu ụmụ nwanyị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke iri abụọ, gụnyere onye edemede Rita Mae Brown, weghaara ''Nzukọ nke Abụọ iji jikọta ụmụ nwanyị'', nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị na New York City. <ref name="NYC-Historic">{{Cite web|title=Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women/|work=[[NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project]]|publisher=Fund for the City of New York|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> <ref name="1969NYPL">{{Cite web|title=Radicalesbians|url=http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/radicalesbians.html|work=1969: The Year of Gay Liberation|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="LOC">{{Cite web|title=2nd Congress to Unite Women : weekend of May 1st thru 3rd at 333 W. 17 St.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2015648409/|work=[[Library of Congress]]|date=1970|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> N'enweghị oku, ha kwụ n'ahịrị n'elu ikpo okwu na-eyi T-shirts kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke e dere okwu "Lavender Menace", ma chọọ ka igwe okwu gụọ akwụkwọ ha n'olu dara ụda, "The Woman-Identified Woman", nke setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke mmegharị ha. <ref name="NYC-Historic" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jay|first=Karla|title=Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation|date=1999|pages=142–144|chapter=The Lavender Menace|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|isbn=0-465-08364-1}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, Adrienne Rich tinyere echiche a na edemede ya "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence", Nke a bụ ebe ọ na-akọwa echiche ahụ na ọchịchị nna (patriarchy) na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị lekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ ma ọ bụ bụrụ “ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-adabere n’ịmata ụmụ nwoke.” Ịghọ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha nọ, ya bụ, ịgbanwe uche na ike site n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ gaa n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, bụ ụzọ isi gbochie mmegbu ọchịchị nna.. "<ref name="Rich_Compulsory"/> N'adịghị ka nkwenkwe ụfọdụ a ma ama banyere "nwoke na-ịkpọ mmadụ asị", echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị anaghị akwado echiche nke nwoke. Ndị na-akwado ya dị ka Sheila Jeffreys (2003:13) ekwuola na "ụdị nwoke niile nwere nsogbu". Nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe dị iche na echiche nwoke na nwanyị, ikekwe nke kachasị mma nke Jack Halberstam chịkọtara na "Ọ bụrụ na Sheila Jeffreys adịghị, Camille Paglia gaara echepụta ya" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety|title=The ugly side of beauty|author=Bindel, Julie|date=July 2, 2005|publisher=The Guardian, UK}}, Retrieved 2013-05-29.</ref> === Omenala Womyn === "Womyn" tinyere "wimmin" na "womin" bụ okwu ndị jikọtara aka n'ime òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị iji mee ka ha dị iche na ụmụ nwoke na asụsụ "phallogocentric". A. A na-ahụ okwu “ụmụ nwanyị” dịka ihe sitere n’aka ụmụ nwoke, ma n’ikpeazụ ọ na-anọchi anya ụdị mmegbu a na-etinye n’ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu ọhụrụ malitere ịpụta n’ozuzu, ụfọdụ n’ime ha na-ekwu maka ihe efuola ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ekwughị okwu banyere ya. Ndị agha Amazon, chi nwanyị oge ochie - ọkachasị ndị Gris - mgbe ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ahụ nwanyị ma na-ezobe mgbe niile n'ụwa okike. A na-ekwukarị na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ ga-aga n'ihu, ọ nweghị ihe ọmụma banyere mgbọrọgwụ ya, ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị iji nweta. N'ihi ya, a na-ekwusi ike na ịmara ihe na ịkpụpụta ọdịbendị ọhụrụ (nke nwere ike ịbụ) "[[Gynocentrism|gynocentric]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Newton|first=Esther|date=1984|title=The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman|journal=Signs|doi=10.1086/494087|volume=9|issue=4|pages=557–575}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, e guzobere Salsa Soul Sisters na New York City dị ka nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị, nke ghọtara mmegbu atọ nke okike, agbụrụ, na ọkwa, karịa naanị okike, dị ka omenala "womyn".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salsa Soul Sisters|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/lgbtq/salsa-soul-sisters|work=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]]|date=June 16, 2022|accessdate=June 8, 2025}}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị == [[Faịlụ:Marche_des_fiertés_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ngagharị mpako nwoke na nwanyị, Rouen, France (2019) ]] Dị ka echiche dị oke egwu, a na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị nke ọma na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị na echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị. O doro anya na a na-ekwu na ndị inyom bụ ndị ikpe mara maka homophobia na ọdịda ya ijikọta mmekọahụ dị ka ụdị dị mkpa nke nyocha gbasara okike na mmeso ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị dịka nsogbu dị iche.<ref name="Bitch">{{Cite web|url=https://bitchmedia.org/article/everything-about-feminism-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask|title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Feminism But Were Afraid to Ask {{!}} Bitch Media|work=Bitch Media|date=11 October 2008|accessdate=2016-03-24|archivedate=2016-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406050832/https://bitchmedia.org/article/everything-about-feminism-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/StudentAffairs/WomensResourceCenter/evokejournal/currentissue/submissions/words/nolan_bouchillon_difference.html|title=Evoke Journal|author=Bouchillon|first=Nolan|date=2007|work=University of Colorado|accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref> N'ihe banyere nke a, akwụkwọ edemede Adrienne Rich nke afọ 1980 "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence" bụ ihe na-akụzi ihe na otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Bitch" /> === Mmetụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị === ==== National Organization for Women (USA) ==== Ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbians) arụsiwo ọrụ ike n’ime mmegharị feminist bụ isi na America. Oge mbụ e webatara nsogbu na nchegbu ndị lesbian n’ime…e National Organization for Women (NOW) bụ na 1969, mgbe Ivy Bottini, nwa nwanyị na-emeghe nke bụ onye isi oche nke New York chapter nke NOW, nwere nzukọ ọha na eze akpọrọ "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?". Otú ọ dị, onye isi ala NOW Betty Friedan megidere ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na mmegharị ahụ. N'afọ 1969, o kwuru na ọ na-eto eto na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya dị ka "ihe iyi egwu nke ndị na-eme ihe ike" ma chụpụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Rita Mae Brown, na 1970, ọ kwadoro ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị n"anya, gụnyere Ivy Bottini, na isi nke New York nke NOW. Na nzaghachi, n'uhuruchi mbụ, mgbe narị anọ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gbakọtara n'ụlọ nzukọ na 1970 Congress to Unite Women, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na-eyi T-shirts nke na-agụ "Lavender Menace" bịara n'ihu ụlọ ahụ wee chee ndị na-ege ntị ihu. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gụrụ nkwupụta nke otu ahụ, The Woman-Identified Woman, nkwupụta mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="google2" /> Ìgwè ahụ, bụ ndị mechara kpọọ onwe ha "Radicalesbians", so na ndị mbụ na-ama heterosexism nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na ịkọwa ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị mma. N'afọ 1971, NOW weputara mkpebi nke kwupụtara "ikike nwanyị nwere n'onwe ya gụnyere ikike ịkọwa ma gosipụta mmekọahụ nke ya na ịhọrọ ụzọ ndụ nke ya", yana mkpebi nzukọ na-ekwu na ịmanye ndị nne nwanyị ka ha nọrọ n'alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ ibi ndụ nzuzo na mgbalị iji mee ka ụmụ ha bụrụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. N'afọ ahụ, NOW kpebikwara inye nkwado iwu na nke omume n'okwu nnwale metụtara ikike nlekọta ụmụaka nke ndị nne nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> N'afọ 1973, e guzobere NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism. N'afọ 1967, Del Martin na Phyllis Lyon bụ di na nwunye mbụ sonyeere NOW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pioneers Del Martin (1921–2008) and Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020)|url=https://instituteforpr.org/del-martin-1921-2008-and-phyllis-lyon-1924-2020/|work=[[Institute for Public Relations]]|date=June 1, 2023|accessdate=2025-06-29}}</ref> Martin bụ nwanyị mbụ a na-ahụ anya nke nzukọ ahụ họpụtara.<ref name="ABOUTMARTIN">{{Cite web|author=Belge|first=Kathy|url=http://lesbianlife.about.com/cs/herstory/p/DelMartin.htm|title=Del Martin|work=[[About.com]]|accessdate=2007-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213073920/http://lesbianlife.about.com/cs/herstory/p/DelMartin.htm|archivedate=2007-02-13}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) wepụtara "Anti-Sexism Statement" nke na-ekwu: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oloc.org/antiSexism_Feminism.php|title=OLOC's Anti-Sexism Statement|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> === Mmetụta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị === N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1977, Nzukọ Ndị inyom nke mba ahụ wepụtara [http://www.lindagriffith.com/IWY%20PlanofAction.html Atụmatụ Ọrụ Mba], nke kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ: <blockquote>Nzukọ omebe iwu, steeti, na ndị omebe iwu obodo kwesịrị itinye iwu iji wepụ ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke mmekọahụ na mmasị ịhụnanya na mpaghara gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị, ọrụ, ụlọ, ebe obibi ọha na eze, ụgwọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị imezigharị iwu ntaramahụhụ ha ma ọ bụ kagbuo iwu steeti nke na-egbochi omume mmekọahụ onwe onye n'etiti ndị okenye kwenyere. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị itinye iwu nke ga-amachibido ịtụle mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ mmetụta ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na mkpebi ikpe ọ bụla gbasara nlekọta ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ikike ileta. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-enyocha ikpe nlekọta ụmụaka naanị na uru nke onye bụ nne na nna ka mma, n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ na mmetụta ịhụnanya nke onye ahụ.</blockquote>Onye America na-ese foto bụ Deborah Bright mepụtara usoro a na-akpọ Dream Girls nke na-ama njirimara nwoke na nwanyị aka nke Ụlọ ọrụ Hollywood na 1980s họọrọ ịgbasa. Mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị na 1990s wuru n'elu ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị, gụnyere nkatọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, nghọta nke okike dịka akọwapụtara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na nwoke na nwanyị. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-etinye echiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-emegide ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na-akatọkarị BDSM, njirimara na mmekọrịta, ndị transgender na ndị transsexual, ihe na-akpali agụụ Mmekọahụ, na ịgba akwụna, echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata ha. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata Mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị ma mesịa katọọ ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe nghọta dị mkpa banyere okike nke na-emegide ebumnuche ha kwuru. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ echiche nwoke na nwanyị dị ka nke na-emetụta ụmụ nwoke na ntụrụndụ nke ndị na-ahụkarị maka nnwere onwe nwoke na-emetụ n'ahụ nke ndị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke na mbụ chọrọ ebe mgbaba. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị agbaghawo site n'ikwu na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwanyere echiche nwoke na nwaanyị bụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ọtụtụ (gụnyere Judith Butler, Jack Halberstam, na Gayle Rubin) bụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge a chọpụtara na ha bụ ndị na - nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jagose|first=Annamarie|date=1996|title=Queer Theory: An Introduction|location=New York, NY|publisher=New York University Press}}</ref> Barry (2002) na-atụ aro na ịhọrọ n'etiti njikọ ndị a nwere ike (ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị na / ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị) mmadụ ga-aza ma ọ bụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe "dị mkpa na njirimara onwe onye" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epdf.tips/beginning-theory-an-introduction-to-literary-and-cultural-theoryfea4da5066aae1ce40d2a8b0b9fda54337638.html|title=Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory - PDF Free Download|work=epdf.tips|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> === Echiche banyere njirimara na mmekọrịta butch/femme === Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ekwuola na butch-femme bụ ihe na-emegharị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, ebe ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ihe na-ekwu na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emetụta usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, butch-fem n'otu oge na-agbagha ya.<ref name="Sullivan2003">{{Cite book|author=Sullivan|first=Nikki|title=Critical Introduction to Queer Theory|year=2003|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0748615971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eB6meILZ4toC&q=Sheila+Jeffries+butch+femme+heterosexual|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ butch-femme bụ ụzọ bụ isi iji mata ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ma na-atụle mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na 1940s, 1950s, na 1960s, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị agbanweela ọrụ ndị a ka ọ bụrụ "mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="Smith1989NWSA">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Elizabeth|year=1989|title=Butches, Femmes, And Feminists: The Politics Of Lesbian Sexuality|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=1|issue=3}}</ref> A na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị n'ihu ọha n'agbanyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha, ma na-ewepụkarị ma na-ekewapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edine nwanyị. N'ime obodo ndị a a na-ewepụghị, ọrụ butch-femme nọgidere na-eto ma na-eto n'afọ ndị 1970.<ref name="FadermanOdd_pg210">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America|date=1991|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York, New York|oclc=22906565|isbn=978-0231074889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpBdCl-I_oUC&q=odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers|accessdate=October 16, 2020}} p.210</ref> N'agbanyeghị nkatọ sitere n'aka ma ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ butch na femme pụtara ọzọ na 1980s na 1990s, mana ọ bụghịzi naanị ndị na-arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Faderman1992JHS">{{Cite journal|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=The Return of Butch and Femme: A Phenomenon in Lesbian Sexuality of the 1980s and 1990s|year=1992|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=2|issue=4|pages=578–596|issn=1043-4070}}</ref> N'ihi na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịha nhata na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-emegide ụdị ọ bụla nke BDSM nke na-agụnye ịkwalite echiche nwoke na nwanyị. Echiche a mara aka na ngwụcha afọ 1970, <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Loue|title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health|date=2004|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|location=New York|isbn=0-306-48073-5}}</ref> ọkachasị site n'aka otu Samois, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya na BDSM. Ndị otu Samois chere n'ụzọ siri ike na ụzọ ha si eme BDSM dakọtara kpamkpam na ụmụ nwanyị, ma kwenyere na ụdị mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Women Against Violence na Pornography na Media kwadoro bụ nke na-agbaso omenala na nke puritan.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rubin|first=Gayle|title=Samois|url=http://www.leatherarchives.org/resources/issue21.pdf|work=Leather Times|date=Spring 2004|pages=3–7|accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref><templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> == Ihe idea == ; Ihe ndị ọzọ == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pfayp1yg7j35b2hzn8qip0owkecdjz6 687794 687793 2026-07-13T10:57:49Z Ngozi scholar Okafor 19819 /* Biology, nhọrọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya */ 687794 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Faịlụ:Replica_of_a_Minoan_double_axe_(Lavrys)_at_Athens_War_Museum_on_November_22,_2022.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|308x308px|Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1970, a na-eji labrys eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike na afọ ojuju nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị.]] [[Faịlụ:Labrys_Lesbian_Flag.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|210x210px|Flaglọ nsọpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke. A labrys superposed on the black triangle, seted on a lavender-purple background.<br />]] [[Faịlụ:Lesbian_Pride_double-Venus_canton_rainbow_flag.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|210x210px|Flaglọ ọkọlọtọ Lesbian nke nwere akara Venus abụọ (na biology na botany, akara Venus na-anọchite anya nwanyị <ref name="Stearn1961">{{Cite journal|author=Stearn|first=William T.|authorlink=William T. Stearn|date=May 1962|title=The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|url=https://iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1964/male_fem.pdf|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|volume=11|issue=4|pages=109–113|doi=10.2307/1217734|issn=0040-0262}}</ref>) ]] ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ usoro ọdịbendị na Echiche nke na-agba ụmụnwaanyị ume ka ha lekwasị mgbalị ha, nlebara anya ha, mmekọrịta ha, na omume ha anya n’ebe ụmụnwaanyị ibe ha nọ karịa ụmụ nwoke, ma na-akwadokarị mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n’etiti ụmụnwaanyị dịka nsonaazụ ezi uche dị na ya nke ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị..<ref name="Rich_Compulsory">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Adrienne|title=Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose 1979-1985|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/bloodbreadpoetry00adri|date=1986|chapter=Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence (1980)|publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-393-31162-4}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe mmetụta kachasị na 1970s na mmalite 1980s, karịsịa na North America na Western Europe, mana ọ malitere na ngwụcha 1960s ma pụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke New Left, ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju na New Left, na Campaign for Homosexual Equality, sexism n'ime usoro nnwere onwe nwoke na nwanyị, na homophobia n'ime ndị inyom a ma ama n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Faderman377–391">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Surpassing the Love of Men: Romantic Friendship and Love Between Women from the Renaissance to the Present|date=1981|edition=1st|chapter=The Rise of Lesbian-Feminism|pages=377–391|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|location=New York|isbn=0-68803733X}}</ref><ref name="Schneider2017">{{Cite book|editor=McCammon|date=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Women's Social Movement Activism|pages=89–108|chapter=The Turn toward Socialist, Radical, and Lesbian Feminisms|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.4|isbn=978-0190204204}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DuBois|first=Ellen|title=Feminism Old Wave and New Wave|url=http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html|work=The Feminist eZine|publisher=Lilith Press Magazine|accessdate=28 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307005901/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Old_and_New_Wave-Feminism.html|archivedate=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=DuBois|first=Ellen|title=Feminism Old Wave and New Wave (1971)|url=https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave|work=[[Chicago Women's Liberation Union]]|date=September 22, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709094729/https://www.cwluherstory.org/classic-feminist-writings-articles/feminism-old-wave-and-new-wave|archivedate=9 July 2025}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n’ime ndị na-akwado mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị bụ n’eziokwu ụmụanyị sonyere n’ọrụ nnwere onwe ndị nwoke na nwoke na-enwe mmekọahụ, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi mmegbu na ilekwasị anya n’ebe ndị nwoke ahụ nọ n’ime obodo ha. Ha bụkwa ụmụanyị nọ n’òtù mmegharị ụmụanyị n’ozuzu ya, ndị ike gwụrụ n’ihi ịkpọasị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị nke dị n’ime ya..<ref name="Schneider2017" /><ref name="Schneider2017" /> Ụfọdụ ndị isi na-eche echiche na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gụnyere Charlotte Bunch, Rita Mae Brown, Adrienne Rich, [[Audre Lorde]], Marilyn Frye, Mary Daly, Sheila Jeffreys, [[Barbara Smith]], Pat Parker, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, Cheryl Clarke, Gloria E. Anzaldúa, Cherríe Moraga, Monique Wittig, na Sara Ahmed (ọ bụ ezie na abụọ ikpeazụ na-ejikọkarị na mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị). Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Sheila Jeffreys kwuru, "Lesbian femism pụtara n'ihi mmepe abụọ: ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ n'anya n'ime Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịmepụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, na ụmụ nwanyị na Gay Liberation Front hapụrụ iji sonyere ụmụnne ha nwanyị".<ref name="Jeffreys19">{{Cite book|author=Jeffreys|first=Sheila|title=Unpacking Queer Politics: A Lesbian Feminist Perspective|date=2003|edition=1st|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0745628370|url=https://archive.org/details/unpackingqueerpo00jeff/page/19}}</ref> Dị ka Judy Rebick, onye Canada na-ede akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ ma bụrụ mgbe niile "obi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị", ebe nsogbu ha "na-adịghị ahụ anya" n'otu òtù ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rebick|first=Judy|title=Feminism in a neo-liberal age|url=http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html|work=Research Initiative on International Activism|publisher=[[University of Technology Sydney]]|accessdate=March 23, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526131609/http://www.international.activism.uts.edu.au/conferences/rebick/discussion.html|archivedate=May 26, 2005}}</ref> Ụdị feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta sitere n’etiti ndị nwere agba pụtara dịka nzaghachi megide echiche feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta nke na-etinyeghị nsogbu nke… klas na agbụrụ dị ka isi iyi nke mmegbu yana nwoke na nwanyị. == Echiche ndị dị mkpa == Feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta, dịka feminism, ọmụmụ gbasara ndị nwanyị na nwoke nwere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, na echiche queer, bụ nke e ji echiche nke ịrụ ụka na ime mgbanwe mara. N’otu oge ahụ, otu n’ime isiokwu dị mkpa nke feminism nke ndị nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta bụ nyocha nke…nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị bụ nyocha nke nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="Rich_Compulsory"/> Ihe odide ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ iji mebie nwoke na nwanyị na, dabere na nke a, iji nyochaa "mgbọrọgwụ" nke nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka nna ochie, akụrụngwa, na ọchịchị ala ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. <ref name="Rich_Compulsory" /> Sheila Jeffreys na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị dị ka ndị nwere isiokwu asaa dị mkpa: * Mmetụta na ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'ebe ibe ha nọ * Òtù Ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha * Obodo na echiche * Echiche na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị bụ maka ''nhọrọ'' na ''nguzogide'' * Echiche na nke onwe bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchịnke onwe ya bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Ịjụ usoro ndị isi obodoỌchịchị ọha na eze * Nkatọ nke ịdị elu nwoke <ref name="Jeffreys19"/> Onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị Bonnie Zimmerman na-enyocha ugboro ugboro asụsụ ndị odee sitere n’ime mmegharị ahụ ji eme ihe, na-adakarị n’akụkọ ndụ onwe ha na iji akaebe onwe onye. Dị ka Zimmerman siri kwuo, ederede ndị feminist lesbiyan na-adịkarị n’usoro na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ, juputara n’abụ uri ma ọbụna bụrụ ndị siri ike nghọta..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zimmerman|first=Bonnie|date=Autumn 1981|title=What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=451–475|doi=10.2307/3177760}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na-arụ ụka maka [[intersectionality]], ọkachasị crossings nke okike, okike, klas, na agbụrụ, na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ nnyocha na data gbasara mmekọahụ bụ ndị ọcha cis ụmụ nwoke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cerezo|first=Alison|date=2020-03-19|title=Identity as Resistance: Identity Formation at the Intersection of Race, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|volume=44|issue=1|pages=67–83|doi=10.1177/0361684319875977|issn=0361-6843|pmid=32194296}}</ref> === Biology, nhọrọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === Dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu, ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ụdị nguzogide maka ụlọ ọrụ "nke mmadụ mere". Cheryl Clarke dere na edemede ya New Notes on Lesbianism: <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Days of Good Looks: The Prose and Poetry of Cheryl Clarke|author=Cheryl|first=Clarke|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7867-1675-3}}</ref><blockquote>Ana m akpọ onwe m "ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị" n'ihi na omenala a na-emegbu, na-agbachi nkịtị, ma na-ebibi ndị inyom na nwanyị, ọbụnadị ndị inyom le nwanyị na-edeghị onwe ha "ndị na-edine nwanyị". Ana m akpọ "ndị nwanyị na-adina nwanyị" na-edinni nwanyị" n" n’ihi na achọrọ m ka ndị lesbian ojii ndị ọzọ hụ m ma mata m. A na m akpọ onwe m “lesbian” n’ihi na anaghị m anabata ma ọ bụ soro usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke e guzobere n’ụzọ na-emegbu ma na-achịkwa ndị ọzọ.ị.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, dị ka A Dictionary of Gender Studies si kwuo, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ndị kwenyere na ha 'amụrụ n'ụzọ ahụ' weere onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ndị kwenyere ete ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị bụ nhọrọ dabere na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na-eji okwu ahụ bụ 'ndina nwanyị' ma ghara ịnwale ma ọ bụ na-ekwu okwu megide mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-enwe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Gender Studies|author=Griffin|first=Gabriele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780191834837}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu na "ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ahụ n'anya," nke na-ebelata ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji jụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-eleghara ọdịdị onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ngosipụta nke mmasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ehichapụ ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmekọ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Being a lesbian is not a political choice|url=https://thequeerness.com/2016/01/30/being-a-lesbian-is-not-a-political-choice/|date=2016-01-30|accessdate=2024-10-12|work=The Queerness|author=Stephanie Farnsworth}}</ref>   Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị na-edina nwanyị na-ele nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ nwa oge na dị ka omume ndụ niile, mana ọ ka ukwuu nke ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hess|first=Katharine|title=Feminismo Primero: Un Ensayo Sobre Separatismo Lesbiano / Feminism First: An Essay on Lesbian Separatism|date=1980|publisher=Tsunami Press|location=Seattle, Washington|url=http://feminist-reprise.org/docs/feminism_first_english.pdf}}</ref> N'ime ụmụ nwanyị nkewa, a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ usoro dị mkpa nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye ume ha n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta ohere ọhụrụ na mkparịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-egbochi mmekọrịta ha na ụmụ nwoke. Nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'afọ ndị 1970, ebe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke na nwoke nwere ihe ọ bụla ha ga-enye ha. N'afọ 1970, ụmụ nwanyị asaa, gụnyere Del Martin, zutere North Conference of Homophile [nke pụtara nwoke idina nwoke] Organizations banyere mkpa nke òtù na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwanyị n'ime ya. Ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ mere mkpebi na-akwado nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, mana Martin chere na ha emeghị ihe zuru ezu wee dee "Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ bụ ihe niile dị adị", edemede nwere mmetụta nke 1970 nke ọ katọrọ òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ndị na-akpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, The Furies Collective guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ, ndị dị afọ iri na asatọ ruo iri abụọ na asatọ, ndị inyom niile, ndị inyomi niile, ndị ọcha niile, na ụmụ atọ n'etiti ha. Ha na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ụlọ na uwe, na-ebikọ ọnụ, na-ejikọ ụfọdụ ego ha, ma na-ehi ụra na matarasị n'otu ala.<ref name="Clendinen2001" /> Ha malitekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị ụgbọ ala na ịrụzi ụlọ ka ha wee ghara ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị site na Jenụwarị 1972 ruo June 1973; obodo ahụ n'onwe ya kwụsịrị na 1972. Charlotte Bunch, onye otu mbụ nke "The Furies", lere ụmụ nwanyị nkewa anya dị ka atụmatụ, oge "nzọụkwụ mbụ", ma ọ bụ mwepụ nwa oge site na ọrụ ndị isi iji mezuo ebumnuche ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ melite uto onwe onye. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka onye edemede Lambda Award Elana Dykewomon, ahọrọla nkewa dị ka omume ndụ. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu Bunch kọwara n’akwụkwọ ''Learning from Lesbian Separatism'', na “n’ime ọha mmadụ ebe nwoke bụ onye kachasị elu (male-supremacist society), mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị (heterosexuality) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị,” ma omume nke ịkewapụ onwe (separatism) bụ ụzọ isi gbapụ n’aka ọchịchị ya." ma tụọ aro na "ọ bụrụhaala na ụmụ nwanyị ka na-erite uru site na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-enweta ihe ùgwù na nchekwa ya, ha ga-arara ụmụnne nwanyị ha nye, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Lesbian ndị na-anabataghị uru ndị ahụ".<ref name="Bunch 1972, pp.8-9" /> Nke a bụ akụkụ nke echiche buru ibu nke Bunch kwupụtara na Learning from Lesbian Separatism, na "n'ime ọha mmadụ na-akwado nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị bụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" na omume nke nkewa bụ ụzọ isi gbanahụ ọchịchị ya. Maka The Furies, lesbianism bụ naanị ụzọ na-eduga na nnwere onwe site na ịdị elu nwoke ma a na-ahụ ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa mmasị mmekọahụ.<ref name="Hewitt2010">{{Cite book|editor=Hewitt|title=No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism|date=2010|pages=221–245|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0813547244}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1988, Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma lesbian Sarah Lucia Hoagland na-ezo aka na ikike nkewa nke lesbian nwere ịgba ndị lesbian ume ịzụlite ụkpụrụ omume obodo dị mma dabere na ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ekerịta. Hoagland na-akọwa ọdịiche (nke onye edemede Lesbian Separatist na onye na-amụ ban’etiti ''omenala obere ndị lesbian (lesbian subculture)'' na ''obodo ndị lesbian (lesbian community)''; ịbụ onye so na subculture na-akọwa ya “n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke omenala mpụga na-emegide na-akọwa,” ebe ịbụ onye so na obodo na-adabere na “ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ omume anyị kwenyere na anyị nwere ike mezuo ebe a.”. Bette Tallen kwenyere na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị, n'adịghị ka ụfọdụ òtù ndị ọzọ na-ekewapụ onwe ha, "ọ bụghị maka nguzobe nke steeti nwere onwe ya, ọ bụ maka mmepe nke njirimara onwe onye na ịmepụta obodo ụmụ nwanyị siri ike". Mgbalị ndị e mere iji mepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, nke guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara na maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọtụtụ ndị lesbian na ndị na-akwado lesbian separatism nwere nnukwu mmetụta na mmegharị <nowiki><i>women in print</i></nowiki>, gụnyere Bunch.June Arnold, Barbara Grier, [[Barbara Smith]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adams|first=Kate|title=Built Out of Books: Lesbian Energy and Feminist Ideology in Alternative Publishing|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|date=1998|volume=34|issue=3–4|pages=113–141|doi=10.1300/J082v34n03_07|pmid=9505228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Harker|first=Jaime|title=The Lesbian South: Southern Feminists, the Women in Print Movement, and the Queer Literary Canon.|date=2018|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9781469643359}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Travis|first=Trysh|title=The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications.|journal=Book History|date=2008|volume=11|issue=1|pages=275–300|doi=10.1353/bh.0.0001}}</ref> Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị Lillian Faderman na-akọwa mkpali nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị nke mepụtara ọdịbendị na ihe ọdịbendị dị ka "na-enye ịhụnanya n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ka ukwuu" na ọdịbendị sara mbara.<ref name="Faderman_Oddp220">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America|date=1991|edition=1st|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=0231074883}}</ref> Faderman kwekwaara na ndị inyom na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ nkewa mere ya iji "eweta echiche ha banyere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ịzụlite ndị nọ ná mkpa, mkpebi onwe onye na nha nhata nke ọrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ n'akụkụ niile nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba".<ref name="Faderman_Oddp220" /> Omume nke nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye echiche ndị metụtara Ịhụ mba n'anya na Ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọ onwe ha ndị nkewa ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbian separatists) na-ejikọtakwa onwe ha na omume nke ikpere arụsị Dianic.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml Empowering the Goddess Within] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231957/http://www.warren-wilson.edu/~religion/newifo/religions/paganism/index/goddess/essay.shtml|date=2012-02-12}}'', by Jessica Alton</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754 Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026140651/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1754|date=2014-10-26}}'', by Rosemary Ruether</ref> ala ụmụ nwanyị bụ obodo ndị inyom bu n'obi nke ndị na-ekewapụ onwe ha na-emepụta, na-ebi, ma na-elekọta. <ref name="Kershaw">{{Cite news|author=Kershaw|first=Sarah|title=My Sister's Keeper|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/fashion/01womyn.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 30, 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> <ref name="lesbian_intentional">{{Cite web|author=Ellison|first=Kate|title=Lesbian Intentional Community: "Yer not from around here, are ya?"|url=https://www.ic.org/wiki/lesbian-intentional-community-yer-around-ya/|work=[[Fellowship for Intentional Community]]|date=September 30, 2013|accessdate=21 December 2018|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141448/https://www.ic.org/wiki/lesbian-intentional-community-yer-around-ya/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Cheney|title=Lesbian Land|date=1985|publisher=Word Weavers|edition=1st|isbn=978-0961560508}}</ref> N'ebe ọzọ, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma nyochaa akụkọ ifo gbara ya gburugburu. edemede Marilyn Frye (1978) Notes on Separatism and Power bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị otú ahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na-eme, n'oge ụfọdụ, ma na-apụta n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị (otu nwere ike ịkọwa ebe mgbaba ụmụ nwanyị, oke ntuli aka ma ọ bụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị). Ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ya, n'onwe ha ''dị ka'' nkewa site na ụmụ nwoke, ka a na-emeso ya na esemokwu (ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-atụ aro hysteria). N'aka nke ọzọ, nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke (otu nwere ike ịkpọ aha klọb ụmụ nwoke, òtù ndị ọrụ, otu egwuregwu, ndị agha na, karịa, ọnọdụ mkpebi n'ozuzu) bụ ihe dị mma. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewepụta echiche nke "ịpụ iche" site na ụmụ nwoke, na-arụ ụka ma na-etinye ego n'ihe ndị dị ka ebe nsọ ụmụ nwanyị na ìgwè ndị na-eme ka a mara, kamakwa na-enyocha omume kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịlaghachi ma ọ bụ na-eme onwe ha n'ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ. Margaret Sloan-Hunter jiri nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị tụnyere nkewa nke ndị isi ojii. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Making Separatist Connections: The Issue is Woman Identification o kwuru, sị: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/Sloan-Hunter.htm|title=Making Separatist Connections|work=www.feminist-reprise.org|accessdate=2016-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221212357/http://www.feminist-reprise.org/docs/Sloan-Hunter.htm|archivedate=21 February 2025}}</ref><blockquote>Ọ bụrụ na nkewa nke ụmụ nwanyị adaa ọ ga-abụ n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị dị n'otu nke na anyị ga-egosipụta njirimara nwanyị n'ebe ọ bụla anyị na-aga. Mana ebe ọ bụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị dị ogologo karịa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, o yiri ka anyị ga-anabata nkewa ugbu a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ụzọ uche, maka ahụike na ịma. Nke a bụ mgbanwe, ọ bụghị mkpọsa mmekọrịta ọha na eze, anyị ga-anọgide na-echeta onwe anyị.</blockquote>Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe obi abụọ banyere nkewa. N'ihi nke a, otu ndị isi ojii na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Combahee River Collective, kwuru na nkewa abụghị usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè maka ha. === Nwanyị a maara dị ka nwanyị === Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịkọwa ntọala nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'otu oge, ọ ga-abụ na Mee 1970, mgbe Ndị Radicalbians, otu ụmụ nwanyị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke iri abụọ, gụnyere onye edemede Rita Mae Brown, weghaara ''Nzukọ nke Abụọ iji jikọta ụmụ nwanyị'', nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị na New York City. <ref name="NYC-Historic">{{Cite web|title=Lavender Menace Action at Second Congress to Unite Women|url=https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/lavender-menace-action-at-second-congress-to-unite-women/|work=[[NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project]]|publisher=Fund for the City of New York|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> <ref name="1969NYPL">{{Cite web|title=Radicalesbians|url=http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/radicalesbians.html|work=1969: The Year of Gay Liberation|publisher=[[New York Public Library]]|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="LOC">{{Cite web|title=2nd Congress to Unite Women : weekend of May 1st thru 3rd at 333 W. 17 St.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2015648409/|work=[[Library of Congress]]|date=1970|accessdate=10 September 2021}}</ref> N'enweghị oku, ha kwụ n'ahịrị n'elu ikpo okwu na-eyi T-shirts kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke e dere okwu "Lavender Menace", ma chọọ ka igwe okwu gụọ akwụkwọ ha n'olu dara ụda, "The Woman-Identified Woman", nke setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke mmegharị ha. <ref name="NYC-Historic" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jay|first=Karla|title=Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation|date=1999|pages=142–144|chapter=The Lavender Menace|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|isbn=0-465-08364-1}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, Adrienne Rich tinyere echiche a na edemede ya "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence", Nke a bụ ebe ọ na-akọwa echiche ahụ na ọchịchị nna (patriarchy) na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị lekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ ma ọ bụ bụrụ “ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-adabere n’ịmata ụmụ nwoke.” Ịghọ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha nọ, ya bụ, ịgbanwe uche na ike site n’ebe ụmụ nwoke nọ gaa n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, bụ ụzọ isi gbochie mmegbu ọchịchị nna.. "<ref name="Rich_Compulsory"/> N'adịghị ka nkwenkwe ụfọdụ a ma ama banyere "nwoke na-ịkpọ mmadụ asị", echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị anaghị akwado echiche nke nwoke. Ndị na-akwado ya dị ka Sheila Jeffreys (2003:13) ekwuola na "ụdị nwoke niile nwere nsogbu". Nke a bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe dị iche na echiche nwoke na nwanyị, ikekwe nke kachasị mma nke Jack Halberstam chịkọtara na "Ọ bụrụ na Sheila Jeffreys adịghị, Camille Paglia gaara echepụta ya" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/02/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety|title=The ugly side of beauty|author=Bindel, Julie|date=July 2, 2005|publisher=The Guardian, UK}}, Retrieved 2013-05-29.</ref> === Omenala Womyn === "Womyn" tinyere "wimmin" na "womin" bụ okwu ndị jikọtara aka n'ime òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị iji mee ka ha dị iche na ụmụ nwoke na asụsụ "phallogocentric". A. A na-ahụ okwu “ụmụ nwanyị” dịka ihe sitere n’aka ụmụ nwoke, ma n’ikpeazụ ọ na-anọchi anya ụdị mmegbu a na-etinye n’ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu ọhụrụ malitere ịpụta n’ozuzu, ụfọdụ n’ime ha na-ekwu maka ihe efuola ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ekwughị okwu banyere ya. Ndị agha Amazon, chi nwanyị oge ochie - ọkachasị ndị Gris - mgbe ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ahụ nwanyị ma na-ezobe mgbe niile n'ụwa okike. A na-ekwukarị na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla ọ ga-aga n'ihu, ọ nweghị ihe ọmụma banyere mgbọrọgwụ ya, ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị iji nweta. N'ihi ya, a na-ekwusi ike na ịmara ihe na ịkpụpụta ọdịbendị ọhụrụ (nke nwere ike ịbụ) "[[Gynocentrism|gynocentric]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Newton|first=Esther|date=1984|title=The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman|journal=Signs|doi=10.1086/494087|volume=9|issue=4|pages=557–575}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, e guzobere Salsa Soul Sisters na New York City dị ka nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị, nke ghọtara mmegbu atọ nke okike, agbụrụ, na ọkwa, karịa naanị okike, dị ka omenala "womyn".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salsa Soul Sisters|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/lgbtq/salsa-soul-sisters|work=[[National Museum of African American History and Culture]]|date=June 16, 2022|accessdate=June 8, 2025}}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị == [[Faịlụ:Marche_des_fiertés_rouen_20190504_-_drapeau_lesbien.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ngagharị mpako nwoke na nwanyị, Rouen, France (2019) ]] Dị ka echiche dị oke egwu, a na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị nke ọma na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụkarị na echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị. O doro anya na a na-ekwu na ndị inyom bụ ndị ikpe mara maka homophobia na ọdịda ya ijikọta mmekọahụ dị ka ụdị dị mkpa nke nyocha gbasara okike na mmeso ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị dịka nsogbu dị iche.<ref name="Bitch">{{Cite web|url=https://bitchmedia.org/article/everything-about-feminism-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask|title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Feminism But Were Afraid to Ask {{!}} Bitch Media|work=Bitch Media|date=11 October 2008|accessdate=2016-03-24|archivedate=2016-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406050832/https://bitchmedia.org/article/everything-about-feminism-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/StudentAffairs/WomensResourceCenter/evokejournal/currentissue/submissions/words/nolan_bouchillon_difference.html|title=Evoke Journal|author=Bouchillon|first=Nolan|date=2007|work=University of Colorado|accessdate=March 24, 2016}}</ref> N'ihe banyere nke a, akwụkwọ edemede Adrienne Rich nke afọ 1980 "Mkpa Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence" bụ ihe na-akụzi ihe na otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Bitch" /> === Mmetụta n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị === ==== National Organization for Women (USA) ==== Ndị nwanyị na-ahụ nwanyị ibe ha n’anya (Lesbians) arụsiwo ọrụ ike n’ime mmegharị feminist bụ isi na America. Oge mbụ e webatara nsogbu na nchegbu ndị lesbian n’ime…e National Organization for Women (NOW) bụ na 1969, mgbe Ivy Bottini, nwa nwanyị na-emeghe nke bụ onye isi oche nke New York chapter nke NOW, nwere nzukọ ọha na eze akpọrọ "Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?". Otú ọ dị, onye isi ala NOW Betty Friedan megidere ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na mmegharị ahụ. N'afọ 1969, o kwuru na ọ na-eto eto na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya dị ka "ihe iyi egwu nke ndị na-eme ihe ike" ma chụpụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Rita Mae Brown, na 1970, ọ kwadoro ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị n"anya, gụnyere Ivy Bottini, na isi nke New York nke NOW. Na nzaghachi, n'uhuruchi mbụ, mgbe narị anọ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị gbakọtara n'ụlọ nzukọ na 1970 Congress to Unite Women, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ na-eyi T-shirts nke na-agụ "Lavender Menace" bịara n'ihu ụlọ ahụ wee chee ndị na-ege ntị ihu. Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gụrụ nkwupụta nke otu ahụ, The Woman-Identified Woman, nkwupụta mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="google2" /> Ìgwè ahụ, bụ ndị mechara kpọọ onwe ha "Radicalesbians", so na ndị mbụ na-ama heterosexism nke ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na ịkọwa ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị mma. N'afọ 1971, NOW weputara mkpebi nke kwupụtara "ikike nwanyị nwere n'onwe ya gụnyere ikike ịkọwa ma gosipụta mmekọahụ nke ya na ịhọrọ ụzọ ndụ nke ya", yana mkpebi nzukọ na-ekwu na ịmanye ndị nne nwanyị ka ha nọrọ n'alụmdi na nwunye ma ọ bụ ibi ndụ nzuzo na mgbalị iji mee ka ụmụ ha bụrụ ihe na-ezighị ezi. N'afọ ahụ, NOW kpebikwara inye nkwado iwu na nke omume n'okwu nnwale metụtara ikike nlekọta ụmụaka nke ndị nne nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated2" /> N'afọ 1973, e guzobere NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism. N'afọ 1967, Del Martin na Phyllis Lyon bụ di na nwunye mbụ sonyeere NOW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pioneers Del Martin (1921–2008) and Phyllis Lyon (1924–2020)|url=https://instituteforpr.org/del-martin-1921-2008-and-phyllis-lyon-1924-2020/|work=[[Institute for Public Relations]]|date=June 1, 2023|accessdate=2025-06-29}}</ref> Martin bụ nwanyị mbụ a na-ahụ anya nke nzukọ ahụ họpụtara.<ref name="ABOUTMARTIN">{{Cite web|author=Belge|first=Kathy|url=http://lesbianlife.about.com/cs/herstory/p/DelMartin.htm|title=Del Martin|work=[[About.com]]|accessdate=2007-02-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213073920/http://lesbianlife.about.com/cs/herstory/p/DelMartin.htm|archivedate=2007-02-13}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) wepụtara "Anti-Sexism Statement" nke na-ekwu: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oloc.org/antiSexism_Feminism.php|title=OLOC's Anti-Sexism Statement|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> === Mmetụta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị === N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1977, Nzukọ Ndị inyom nke mba ahụ wepụtara [http://www.lindagriffith.com/IWY%20PlanofAction.html Atụmatụ Ọrụ Mba], nke kwuru n'akụkụ ụfọdụ: <blockquote>Nzukọ omebe iwu, steeti, na ndị omebe iwu obodo kwesịrị itinye iwu iji wepụ ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke mmekọahụ na mmasị ịhụnanya na mpaghara gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị naanị, ọrụ, ụlọ, ebe obibi ọha na eze, ụgwọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị imezigharị iwu ntaramahụhụ ha ma ọ bụ kagbuo iwu steeti nke na-egbochi omume mmekọahụ onwe onye n'etiti ndị okenye kwenyere. Ndị omeiwu steeti kwesịrị itinye iwu nke ga-amachibido ịtụle mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ mmetụta ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na mkpebi ikpe ọ bụla gbasara nlekọta ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ikike ileta. Kama nke ahụ, a ga-enyocha ikpe nlekọta ụmụaka naanị na uru nke onye bụ nne na nna ka mma, n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ na mmetụta ịhụnanya nke onye ahụ.</blockquote>Onye America na-ese foto bụ Deborah Bright mepụtara usoro a na-akpọ Dream Girls nke na-ama njirimara nwoke na nwanyị aka nke Ụlọ ọrụ Hollywood na 1980s họọrọ ịgbasa. Mpụta nke echiche nwoke na nwanyị na 1990s wuru n'elu ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị, gụnyere nkatọ nke nwoke na nwanyị, nghọta nke okike dịka akọwapụtara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na nwoke na nwanyị. N'agbanyeghị nke a, a na-etinye echiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-emegide ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na-akatọkarị BDSM, njirimara na mmekọrịta, ndị transgender na ndị transsexual, ihe na-akpali agụụ Mmekọahụ, na ịgba akwụna, echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata ha. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-anabata Mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị ma mesịa katọọ ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-enwe nghọta dị mkpa banyere okike nke na-emegide ebumnuche ha kwuru. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ echiche nwoke na nwanyị dị ka nke na-emetụta ụmụ nwoke na ntụrụndụ nke ndị na-ahụkarị maka nnwere onwe nwoke na-emetụ n'ahụ nke ndị na'ahụ maka ụmụ nwoke na mbụ chọrọ ebe mgbaba. Ndị na-akụzi echiche nwoke na nwanyị agbaghawo site n'ikwu na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-akwanyere echiche nwoke na nwaanyị bụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ọtụtụ (gụnyere Judith Butler, Jack Halberstam, na Gayle Rubin) bụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge a chọpụtara na ha bụ ndị na - nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jagose|first=Annamarie|date=1996|title=Queer Theory: An Introduction|location=New York, NY|publisher=New York University Press}}</ref> Barry (2002) na-atụ aro na ịhọrọ n'etiti njikọ ndị a nwere ike (ndị inyom na-edina nwanyị na / ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị) mmadụ ga-aza ma ọ bụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe "dị mkpa na njirimara onwe onye" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epdf.tips/beginning-theory-an-introduction-to-literary-and-cultural-theoryfea4da5066aae1ce40d2a8b0b9fda54337638.html|title=Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory - PDF Free Download|work=epdf.tips|language=en|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> === Echiche banyere njirimara na mmekọrịta butch/femme === Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ekwuola na butch-femme bụ ihe na-emegharị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, ebe ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ihe na-ekwu na, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emetụta usoro mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke, butch-fem n'otu oge na-agbagha ya.<ref name="Sullivan2003">{{Cite book|author=Sullivan|first=Nikki|title=Critical Introduction to Queer Theory|year=2003|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0748615971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eB6meILZ4toC&q=Sheila+Jeffries+butch+femme+heterosexual|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ butch-femme bụ ụzọ bụ isi iji mata ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwoke ma na-atụle mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na 1940s, 1950s, na 1960s, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nwanyị agbanweela ọrụ ndị a ka ọ bụrụ "mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="Smith1989NWSA">{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Elizabeth|year=1989|title=Butches, Femmes, And Feminists: The Politics Of Lesbian Sexuality|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=1|issue=3}}</ref> A na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị n'ihu ọha n'agbanyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha, ma na-ewepụkarị ma na-ekewapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edine nwanyị. N'ime obodo ndị a a na-ewepụghị, ọrụ butch-femme nọgidere na-eto ma na-eto n'afọ ndị 1970.<ref name="FadermanOdd_pg210">{{Cite book|author=Faderman|first=Lilian|title=Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America|date=1991|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York, New York|oclc=22906565|isbn=978-0231074889|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpBdCl-I_oUC&q=odd+girls+and+twilight+lovers|accessdate=October 16, 2020}} p.210</ref> N'agbanyeghị nkatọ sitere n'aka ma ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ butch na femme pụtara ọzọ na 1980s na 1990s, mana ọ bụghịzi naanị ndị na-arụ ọrụ.<ref name="Faderman1992JHS">{{Cite journal|author=Faderman|first=Lillian|title=The Return of Butch and Femme: A Phenomenon in Lesbian Sexuality of the 1980s and 1990s|year=1992|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=2|issue=4|pages=578–596|issn=1043-4070}}</ref> N'ihi na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịha nhata na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ nwanyị na-emegide ụdị ọ bụla nke BDSM nke na-agụnye ịkwalite echiche nwoke na nwanyị. Echiche a mara aka na ngwụcha afọ 1970, <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Loue|title=Encyclopedia of Women's Health|date=2004|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|location=New York|isbn=0-306-48073-5}}</ref> ọkachasị site n'aka otu Samois, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya na BDSM. Ndị otu Samois chere n'ụzọ siri ike na ụzọ ha si eme BDSM dakọtara kpamkpam na ụmụ nwanyị, ma kwenyere na ụdị mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị nke Women Against Violence na Pornography na Media kwadoro bụ nke na-agbaso omenala na nke puritan.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rubin|first=Gayle|title=Samois|url=http://www.leatherarchives.org/resources/issue21.pdf|work=Leather Times|date=Spring 2004|pages=3–7|accessdate=August 6, 2009}}</ref><templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> == Ihe idea == ; Ihe ndị ọzọ == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] klzfwjj9dobep6luvvi1fxhxdt6fdmx 0 76044 687667 640506 2026-07-12T23:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687667 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Peter Edis Nieketien''' (amụrụ na 26 Nọvemba 1968) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu onye egwuregwu bọọlụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/?p=33425 |title=QUOTA SYSTEM RUINED US AT CHILE '87 –NIEKETIEN {{!}} NIGERIA GENERAL |accessdate=2026-05-28 |archivedate=2012-02-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225121254/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/generaltopics/?p=33425 }}</ref>. == Ọrụ == Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ ọkachamara na Iwuanyanwu Nationale, Julius Berger F.C., Kedah FA na Terengganu FA na Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvsports/19046/2/none.html|title=EAGLES CAN SPRING SURPRISE IN S'AFRICA – NIEKETIEN {{!}} Football News|accessdate=13 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020421/http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvsports/19046/2/none.html|archivedate=17 July 2011}}</ref> Na mbido afọ 1990, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka klọb ndị Gabon AS Douanes, ASMO FC na Delta Téléstar Gabon Télécom FC .<ref>[http://www.punchng.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201005111493693 The Punch:: Don't rule out surprises – Nieketien]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Ọ gbara oge abụọ ikpeazụ ya na Germany maka SG Bad Soden ma lara ezumike nka n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1997..<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111002094921/http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art20100309163921 The Punch:: Nieketien cautions on new coach]}}</ref>. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Nieketien gbara bọọlụ n'òtù egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa nke ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na Chile n'afọ 1987, ọ meriri egwuregwu atọ n'asọmpi ahụ. .<ref>{{FIFA player|193122}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lb1a0phcm1mz9616mjiw1o05cnu6fvk 0 76238 687736 656184 2026-07-13T07:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Ọkà mmụta ihe nka nke Amerịka, onye nkatọ na onye ọkà mmụta ihe nka (amụrụ na 1941)}} {{Infobox person | name = Rosalind Krauss | image = | birth_name = Rosalind Epstein | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|11|30}} | birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | education = [[Wellesley College]]<br>[[Harvard University]] | occupation = [[Art historian]], [[professor]], [[art critic]] | employer = [[Columbia University]] | notable_works = | spouse = | children = }} '''Rosalind Krauss''' (nwa '''Epstein'''; amụrụ na Nọvemba 30, 1941) bụ onye America [[onye nkatọ nka]], [[onye nkatọ nka|onye nkatọ nka]] nakwa prọfesọ na [[Mahadum Columbia]] na [[Mahadum New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rosalind Krauss {{!}} Department of Art History & Archaeology {{!}} Columbia University |url=https://arthistory.columbia.edu/content/rosalind-krauss }}</ref> A maara Krauss maka agụmakwụkwọ ya na narị afọ nke 20 [[eserese]], [[ihe ọkpụkpụ]] na [[foto]]. Dịka onye nkatọ na onye ọkà mmụta echiche, ọ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ya mgbe niile kemgbe afọ 1965 na ''[[Artforum]],'' ''[[Art International]]'' na ''[[Art in America]]''. Ọ bụ osote onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Artforum'' site na 1971 ruo 1974 ma bụrụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''[[October (journal)|October]]'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nkatọ na ozizi nka nke oge a nke o hiwere na 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=October {{!}} journal {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/October-journal |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Na 2025, e nyere ya [[Ndepụta nke ndị natara ihe nrite Balzan | Ihe nrite Balzan]] maka ihe ndị o rụzuru n'ọgụgụ akwụkwọ ya na ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'ịhazi nka nke oge a dịka ngalaba nyocha.<ref>[https://www.balzan.org/en/rosalind-krauss Balzan Prize 2025]</ref> ==Ndụ mbido== A mụrụ Krauss n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu nke Matthew M. Epstein na Bertha Luber<ref name="theartstory.org">[http://www.theartstory.org/critic-krauss-rosalind.htm] Rosalind E. Krauss biography</ref> na [[Washington, D.C.]], ma tolite n'ógbè ahụ, na-aga ileta ebe ngosi ihe nka ya na nna ya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosalind Krauss|url=http://www.theartstory.org/critic-krauss-rosalind.htm|work=The Art Story|publisher=The Art Story Foundation|access-date=October 5, 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[Wellesley College]] na 1962, ọ gara [[Harvard University]],<ref name="artcritical.com">[http://www.artcritical.com/2013/08/30/rosalind-krauss-interview/] The Real Thing: An Interview with Rosalind E. Krauss by David Plante at: http://www.artcritical.com/</ref> onye Ngalaba Nkà Ọma (nke bụ ugbu a Ngalaba Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Nka na Nhazi) nwere omenala siri ike nke nyocha siri ike nke ihe nka n'ezie n'okpuru nkwado nke [[Fogg Art Museum|Fogg Museum]]. Krauss dere edemede ya gbasara ọrụ nke [[David Smith (onye na-akpụ ihe)|David Smith]].<ref name="Chilvers, Ian 2009. p. 384">{{cite book|editor-last=Chilvers|editor-first= Ian |editor2=John Glaves-Smith|title=Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art|location= Oxford|publisher= Oxford University Press|date= 2009|page= 384}}</ref> Krauss nwetara Ph.D. ya na 1969. E bipụtara edemede ahụ dị ka ''Terminal Iron Works'' na 1971.<ref name="artcritical.com"/> Na ngwụcha afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, Krauss malitere itinye akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ nka dịka ''Art International'' na ''[[Artforum]]''—nke, n'okpuru onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Philip Leider, e si na California kwaga New York.<ref name="Chilvers, Ian 2009. p. 384"/> O bidoro site n'ide "Boston Letter" maka ''Art International,'' mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, e bipụtara akụkọ ndị a nabatara nke ọma na [[Jasper Johns]] (''Lugano Review'', 1965) na [[Donald Judd]] (''Allusion and Illusion in Donald Judd'', ''[[Artforum]]'', Mee 1966). Nraranye ya na [[ihe osise pere mpe]] na-apụta, karịsịa mere ka ọ dị iche na [[Michael Fried]], onye lekwasịrị anya n'ịga n'ihu nke nkọwa ọgbara ọhụrụ na [[Jules Olitski]], [[Kenneth Noland]] na [[Anthony Caro]]. Edemede Krauss ''A View of [[Modernism]]'' (''Artforum'', Septemba 1972), bụ otu ihe ịrịba ama nke ezumike a. ==Ọrụ== ===Ntọala ''October''=== Krauss enweghị afọ ojuju na ''Artforum'' mgbe n'akwụkwọ mbipụta ya nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1974, o bipụtara mgbasa ozi peeji zuru ezu site n'igosi onye omenkà ahụ [[Lynda Benglis]] ka ọ na-eme ihe n'ike jide nnukwu latex [[dildo]] ma yi naanị otu [[ugegbe anya]] na-akwalite ihe ngosi nke ya na-abịa na [[Paula Cooper Gallery]].<ref name="bookreview">{{cite journal|title=Challenging Art: Artforum 1962–1974 |last1 = Cohen |first1=David |journal = The Art Bulletin |volume=84 |issue=3 |date=September 2002 |pages=535–538|doi=10.2307/3177317|last2=Newman|first2=Amy |jstor=3177317}}</ref><ref name="doss">{{cite book |title=Twentieth-Century American Art |series=Oxford History of Art |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=[[Oxford]] |year=2002 |last=Doss |first=Erika |isbn=0-19-284239-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00doss/page/184 184] |chapter=Feminist Art and Black Art |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury00doss/page/184 }}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ onyinyo Benglis ugbu a dị ka ihe atụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe osise nke oge a, o mere ka a zaghachi ọtụtụ mmadụ mgbe ọ pụtara na mbụ.<ref>Richmond, Susan. "{{cite web |url=http://www.ktpress.co.uk/nparadoxavolumes.htm |title=KT press, KTpress.co.uk, n.paradoxa, feminist art, women artists, feminist art criticism, women's art practice, visual arts magazine, fine art magazine, contemporary art journal, feminist theory, 20th century art, e-journal, n.paradoxa individual volumes |access-date=2010-03-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829124953/http://www.ktpress.co.uk/nparadoxavolumes.htm |archive-date=2010-08-29 |accessdate=2026-06-03 |archivedate=2010-08-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829124953/http://www.ktpress.co.uk/nparadoxavolumes.htm }}" "Sizing Up the Dildo: Lynda Benglis' ''Artforum'' Advertisement as a Feminist Icon", ''[[n.paradoxa]]'' 15 (January 2005): 24-34.</ref> Krauss na ndị ọrụ Artforum ndị ọzọ wakporo ọrụ Benglis na mbipụta nke ọnwa sochirinụ nke ''Artforum'', na-akọwa mgbasa ozi ahụ dị ka nke na-erigbu mmadụ na nke na-eme ihe ike, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha hapụrụ magazin ahụ ka ha wee chọta ''[[October (journal)|October]]'' na 1976.<ref name="Chilvers, Ian 2009. p. 384"/> ''October'' e guzobere ya dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-ewebata ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ Amerịka echiche nke French [[post-structualism]], [[Michel Foucault]] na [[Roland Barthes]] mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ama ama.<ref name="theartstory.org"/> Krauss jiri ''October'' dị ka ụzọ isi bipụta edemede gbasara ozizi nka post-structuralist, ozizi [[Deconstruction]], [[psychoanalysis]], [[postmodernism]] na [[nkwado nha ụmụ nwanyị]].<ref name="theartstory.org"/> Ndị hiwere ya gụnyere Krauss, [[Annette Michelson]] na onye na-ese ihe [[Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe]]. A họpụtara Krauss dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya. Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe kwụsịrị ọrụ ya mgbe ọ gachara naanị obere mbipụta ole na ole, ma ka ọ na-erule oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1977, [[Douglas Crimp]] sonyeere ndị otu nchịkọta akụkọ. Na 1990, mgbe Crimp hapụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, [[Yve-Alain Bois]], [[Hal Foster (art critic)|Hal Foster]], [[Benjamin H. D. Buchloh]], Denis Hollier, na John Rajchman sonyeere Krauss na Michelson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trikster.net/2/crimp/1.html |title=Mathias Danbolt, Front Room – Back Room: An Interview with Douglas Crimp |work=Trikster – Nordic Queer Journal #2, 2008 |access-date=2008-09-26}}</ref> ===Agụmakwụkwọ=== ====Hunter College==== Krauss kụziri na [[Wellsley College|Wellsley]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] na [[Princeton University|Princeton]] tupu ọ sonyere ndị nkuzi na [[Hunter College]] na 1974. E buliri ya n'ọkwa prọfesọ na Hunter n'afọ 1977, a họpụtakwara ya dịka prọfesọ na Graduate Center nke [[City University of New York|CUNY]]. O ji ọkwa Prọfesọ a ma ama na Hunter ruo mgbe ọ hapụrụ isonye na ndị nkuzi [[Mahadum Columbia]] na 1992. Na 1985, otu akwụkwọ edemede nke Krauss dere, nke akpọrọ ''The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths'' bụ nke [[The MIT Press]] bipụtara. ====Columbia University==== Na mbụ [[Meyer Schapiro]] Prọfesọ nke Nkà na Echiche nke Oge a na Columbia, na 2005, a kwalitere Rosalind Krauss n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke [[Prọfesọ Mahadum (Columbia)|Prọfesọ Mahadum]]. O nwetala onyinye mmụta site n'aka [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation]] na [[National Endowment for the Arts]] ọ bụkwa onye otu Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts na nke Institute for Advanced Study. O nwetara ihe nrite [[Frank Jewett Mather]] maka nkatọ site n'aka [[College Art Association]] na 1973.<ref name="caa">{{cite web|url=http://www.collegeart.org/awards/matherpast|title=Awards|publisher=The College Art Association|access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu [[New York Institute for the Humanities]] kemgbe 1992, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] na 1994, wee bụrụ onye otu [[American Philosophical Society]] na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Rosalind+Krauss&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-03-19|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ natara akara ugo mmụta doctorate n'aka [[Mahadum London]]. ===Onye Nlekọta=== Krauss abụrụla onye na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ndị a ma ama, gụnyere ihe ngosi na [[Joan Miró]] na [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]] (1970–1973), na [[surrealism]] na foto na [[Corcoran Museum of Art]] (1982–1985), na [[Richard Serra]] na [[Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ]] (1985–86), na na [[Robert Morris (onye na-ese ihe)|Robert Morris]] na Guggenheim (1992–1994). O kwadebere ihe ngosi maka [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] na Paris nke akpọrọ "Formlessness: Modernism Against the Grain" na 1996. ==Ụzọ dị oke mkpa== ===Omenala nke Greenberg=== Mgbalị Krauss mere iji ghọta ihe dị iche iche gbasara nka ọgbara ọhụrụ, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, n'echiche ya, na n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ya, emeela ka ọ gaa n'akụkụ dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, o nweela mmasị n'ịzụlite foto, onye akụkọ ihe mere eme ya—nke na-aga n'ihu dịka nke eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke oge a—na-eme ka a hụ ihe ụfọdụ a na-eleghara anya na mbụ na "nkà dị elu", dị ka ọrụ nke akara indexical, ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ebe nchekwa. O nyochakwala echiche ụfọdụ, dịka "enweghị ọdịdị", "amaghị ihe anya", ma ọ bụ "pastiche", nke na-ahazi omume ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara usoro nkọwa dị iche iche site na nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ avant-garde. Dịka ọtụtụ mmadụ si kwuo, nkatọ e mere banyere [[Clement Greenberg]] dọtara Krauss, dị ka ihe megidere ụzọ e si eji [[Harold Rosenberg] eme ihe nke ukwuu. Ihe nlereanya uri na onye nkatọ ahụ dịgidere ogologo oge na mpaghara New York, site na ngwaahịa sitere na [[Frank O'Hara]] ruo Kynaston McShine ruo [[Peter Schjeldahl]], mana maka Krauss na ndị ọzọ, ntọala ya na ngosipụta onwe onye enweghị ike ịkọwa etu usoro ihe osise pụrụ iche si akpata mmetụta onwe onye metụtara ya. Ụzọ Greenberg si enyocha otu ihe nka si arụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ otu esi ejikọta ya, ghọrọ ihe bara uru nye Krauss;<ref name=Hughes>{{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Robert|title=The Medium Inquisitor|journal=The New York Review of Books|date=21 October 1993|volume=40|issue=17|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/oct/21/the-medium-inquisitor/|access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> ọ bụrụgodị na ya na onye otu ya bụ "Greenberger", [[Michael Fried]], ga-ebu ụzọ kewaa onye nkatọ ahụ meworo agadi, wee kewaa ibe ha, n'oge ikpe ụfọdụ, nkwanye aka [[nyocha iwu]] dị ka ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe zuru oke nke nkatọ siri ike ga-anọgide maka ha abụọ. Afọ iri ka ya na Greenberg mechara kpakọrịta, Krauss ka ji echiche ya gbasara 'ihe osise' dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali maka mgbalị siri ike o mere iji mezuo ihe osise mgbe afọ 1980 gasịrị n'ụdị nke [[William Kentridge]]. Krauss ga-akọwapụta nkwa a nke ndị na-eme iwu n'ụzọ siri ike, megide mgbalị iji kọwaa ihe osise dị ike n'ihe gbasara echiche ndị fọdụrụnụ gbasara onye omenkà nwere ọgụgụ isi, dịka ọmụmaatụ na edemede "The Originality of the Avant-Garde: A [[Postmodernist]] Repetition" and "Photography's Discursive Spaces." Maka Krauss, nakwa maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nkatọ ndị tolitere n'okpuru mmetụta ya, ihe nketa Greenbergian na-enye ụzọ kachasị mma isi kọwaa ọrụ nka site na iji ụkpụrụ ọha na eze na nke a pụrụ ịchọpụta. ===Ịsụgharị ihe ndị na-adịghị adịte aka ka ọ bụrụ ihe e dere ede=== Ma ọ bụ gbasara ([[Cubist]] [[collage]], [[Surrealist]] foto, ihe ọkpụkpụ [[Giacometti]] mbụ, [[Auguste Rodin|Rodin]], [[Brâncuși]], [[Jackson Pollock|Pollock]]) ma ọ bụ gbasara nka nke oge ya na ihe odide ya ([[Robert Morris (onye na-ese ihe)|Robert Morris]], [[Sol LeWitt]], [[Richard Serra]], [[Cindy Sherman]]), Krauss sụgharịrị ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ahụmịhe anya na nke anụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Bekee doro anya, nke mere ka ọ sie ike dịka onye nkatọ. Ihe ọ na-emebu bụ ime ka ahụmịhe a ghọta ihe site n'iji edemede ndị e si n'ọrụ onye na-eche echiche sụgharịa n'èzí ọmụmụ nka, dị ka [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]], [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], [[Jacques Lacan]], [[Jean-François Lyotard]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Georges Bataille]], ma ọ bụ [[Roland Barthes]].<ref>Chilvers, Ian & Glaves-Smith, John eds., Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 385</ref> N'ezie, o sonyere na nsụgharị nke isi ederede Lacan "[[Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment|Television]]" nke e bipụtara n'ọnwa Ọktoba ma mechaa bipụtaghachi ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ site n'aka [[W. W. Norton & Company|Norton]]. Ọrụ ya enyerela aka igosi ọnọdụ ndị edemede a n'ọmụmụ ihe nka, ọbụlagodi na ọ na-akpata nchekasị gbasara ihe iyi egwu nye nnwere onwe nke ngalaba ahụ. Ugbu a, ọ na-akwado mpịakọta nke abụọ nke edemede ndị a chịkọtara dịka ihe na-esochi ''The Originality of the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths'' (1986). N'ọtụtụ oge, a na-akpọ Krauss onye ndu n'iwebata echiche ndị a iji metụta ọmụmụ ihe nka nke oge a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''Passages in Modern Sculpture'' (1977) ya jiri ihe omimi [[Merleau-Ponty]] (dịka ọ ghọtara ya n'iche echiche banyere obere ihe osise) mee ihe dị mkpa maka ikiri ihe ọkpụkpụ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ozuzu ya. N'ọmụmụ ihe ya gbasara foto Surrealist, ọ jụrụ mbọ [[William Rubin]] mere iji kewaa ihe n'usoro dịka nke na-ezughị oke, kama ịkwado ụdị "nrọ" na "akpaaka", nakwa echiche "nhazi asụsụ" nke [[Derrida|Jacques Derrida]] nke "nhazi oghere." Lee "The Photographic Conditions of Surrealism" (''October'', oge oyi 1981). ===Ihe osise Picasso=== Banyere nka Cubist, o weere ihe osise Picasso mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịkọwa n'ihe gbasara echiche [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] gbasara mmekọrịta dị iche na enweghị ntụaka asụsụ, na-ajụ mgbalị ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-eme iji jikọta mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ e dere na akụkọ ihe mere eme mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'otu aka ahụ, o chere na mmepe nke Picasso n'ihe osise Cubist bụ ihe sitere na nsogbu echiche dị n'ime nka, kama ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke ndụ ịhụnanya nke onye na-ese ihe. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kọwara otú Picasso si tinye aka na ''rappel à l'ordre'' ma ọ bụ laghachi n'usoro nke afọ 1920 n'okwu ndị yiri [[structuralism|structuralist]]. Lee "In the Name of Picasso" (''October'', spring 1981), "The Motivation of the Sign" (in Lynn Zelevansky, ed., ''Picasso and Braque: A Symposium'', 1992), na ''The Picasso Papers'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998). ===Ozizi Freudian=== Site na afọ 1980, ọ malitere inwe nchegbu karịa iji nghọta [[psychoanalytic]] nke draịva na amaghị ihe, n'ihi na ọ bụghị n'ihi echiche Freudian nke [[André Breton]] ma ọ bụ [[Salvador Dalí]], nakwa n'ihi onye na-ahụ maka nhazi [[Jacques Lacan|Lacan]] na "dissident surrealist" [[Georges Bataille|Bataille]].<ref name="Chilvers, Ian 2009. p. 384"/> Lee "No More Play", edemede ya nke afọ 1984 maka [[Giacometti]], yana "Corpus Delicti", e dere maka ihe ngosi nke afọ 1985 ''L'Amour Fou: Photography and Surrealism'', ''Cindy Sherman: 1975–1993'' na ''The Optical Unconscious'' (ha abụọ n'ime 1993) na ''Formless: A User's Guide'' ya na Yve-Alain Bois, katalọgụ maka ihe ngosi ''L'Informe: Mode d'emploi'' (Paris: Centre Pompidou, 1996). ===Ịkọwa Pollock=== Afọ ole na ole ka oge ya na ''[[Artforum]]'' gasịrị n'afọ 1960, Krauss laghachikwara na eserese mmiri nke [[Jackson Pollock]] dị ka njedebe nke ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ime usoro nke "foto easel", na ihe ọhụrụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ọtụtụ mmepe dị mkpa na nka ndị mechara, site na ihe omume [[Allan Kaprow]] ruo [[Richard Serra]] usoro nhazi nke isi na eserese oxidation (ya bụ, mmamịrị) nke [[Andy Warhol]]. Maka ntụaka, lee isiakwụkwọ Pollock dị na peeji ''The Optical Unconscious,'' ọtụtụ ihe atụ n'ime katalọgụ ''Formless'', na "Beyond the Easel Picture", onyinye ya na ogbako [[MoMA]] nke sochiri nyocha Pollock nke afọ 1998 (''Jackson Pollock: New Approaches''). Ntuziaka a nyere nkwenye ọgụgụ isi maka ahịa Pollock na-agbawa agbawa; mana o mere ka mmekọrịta siri ike dị n'etiti ya na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali n'ọmụmụ ihe anya/omenala, ndị nke ikpeazụ na-eto nwayọ nwayọ na-enweghị ndidi na akwụkwọ nka ọdịnala nke ọdịda anyanwụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na mgbakwunye na ide ihe gbasara ndị na-ese ihe n'otu n'otu, Krauss mekwara ihe ndị sara mbara, ọmụmụ ihe ndị e ji aka mee nke nyeere aka ịchịkọta ma kọwaa oke nke ngalaba omume ụfọdụ. Ihe atụ nke a gụnyere "Sense and Sensibility: Reflections on Post '60s Sculpture" (''Artforum'', Nov. 1973), "Video: The Aesthetics of Narcissism" (''October'', spring 1976), "Notes on the Index: Seventies Art in America", in two parts, ''October'' spring and fall 1977), "Grids, You Say", In ''Grids: Format and Image in 20th Century Art'' (exh. cat.: Pace Gallery, 1978), na "Sculpture in the Expanded Field" (''October'', spring 1979). A chịkọtara ụfọdụ n'ime edemede ndị a n'akwụkwọ ya ''The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths''. == Ndekọ Akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ ahọpụtara === *''Terminal Iron Works: The Sculpture of David Smith''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1971. *''The Sculpture of David Smith: A Catalogue Raisonné''. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 73. New York: Garland, 1977. *''Passages in Modern Sculpture''. Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press, 1977. *''The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1985. *''L'Amour fou: Photography & Surrealism''. London: Arts Council, 1986. Ihe ngosi na [[Hayward Gallery]], London, Julaị ruo Septemba 1986. *''Le Photographique : Pour une théorie des écarts''. Translated by Marc Bloch and Jean Kempf. Paris: Macula, 1990. *''The Optical Unconscious'' (1993) *''Formless: A User's Guide'' (ya na Yve-Alain Bois) (1997) *''The Picasso Papers'' (1999) *''A Voyage on the North Sea: Art in the Age of the Post-Medium Condition'' (1999) *''Bachelors'' (2000) *''Perpetual Inventory'' (2010) *''Under Blue Cup''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2011. *''Willem De Kooning Nonstop: Cherchez La Femme''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016. === Edemede na isiokwu ahọpụtara === *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080602191425/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/author/default.asp?aid=1054&order=d9 MIT Press: selected articles by Rosalind Krauss] *"Contemporary Criticism". Markham, Ont.: Audio Archives of Canada, 1979. 1 sound cassette: 1 7/8 ips. *''Critical Perspectives in American Art'', pp.&nbsp;25–27. Introduction by Hugh M. Davies. Amherst: Fine Arts Center Gallery, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1976. Rosalind Krauss' text is followed by illustrations of works by Donald Judd, Robert Artschwager and Joel Shapiro. An Exhibition selected by Rosalind Krauss, [[Sam Hunter (art historian)|Sam Hunter]] and Marcia Tucker. Fine Arts Center Gallery, University of Massachusetts/Amherst, April 10, 1976 – May 9, 1976, American Pavilion, Venice Biennale, summer 1976. *"Death of a Hermeneutic Phantom: Materialization of the Sign in the Work of Peter Eisenman". In ''Peter Eisenman's Houses of Cards'', pp.&nbsp;166–184. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. * [http://artarchives.net/Rosalind_Krauss/ "Formless: A User's Guide" &#91;excerpt&#93;], ''October 78'', MIT Press, 1996. === Nyocha akwụkwọ === * "Man in a Mold". Nyocha nke James Lord, ''Giacometti: A Biography.'' na ''The New Republic'', Disemba 16, 1985, pp.&nbsp;24–29. * "Post-History on Parade". Nyocha nke akwụkwọ atọ nke Arthur Danto dere. Na ''The New Republic'', Mee 25, 1987, pp.&nbsp;27–30. * "Only Project". Nyocha nke Richard Wollheim, ''Painting as an Art''. Na ''The New Republic'', September 12 & 19, 1988, pp.&nbsp;33–38. ==Edensibia== {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụkwu ihe == *Yve-Alain Bois. "Rosalind Krauss with Yve-Alain Bois", ''The Brooklyn Rail'', 2012. *Matthew Bowman, "Rosalind Krauss", ''Fifty Key Writers on Photography'', Mark Durden deziri ya, pp.&nbsp;149–194. New York: Routledge, 2013. *Matthew Bowman, "''October''{{'}}s Postmodernism", na ''Visual Studies: A Journal of Documentation'', vol. 31, nos 1–2, pp.&nbsp;117–126. 2015 *David Carrier. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7MkXd07B9E8C&dq=greenwood+press+rosalind+krauss&pg=PP10 ''Rosalind Krauss and American philosophical art criticism'']. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. {{ISBN|0-275-97520-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-275-97520-3}} *[[Anna C. Chave]], "Minimalism and Biography", ''Art Bulletin'', Maachị 2000. *Janet Malcolm, "A Girl of the Zeitgeist", Part II, ''The New Yorker'', Ọktoba 27, 1986. *Scott Rothkopf, "Krauss and the Art of Cultural Controversy", ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'', Mee 16, 1997. *David Raskin, "The Shiny Illusionism of Krauss and Judd", ''Art Journal'', Spring 2006. *Judy K. Collischan Van Wagner, "Rosalind Krauss", ''Women Shaping Art: Profiles of Power,'' pp.&nbsp;149–164. New York: Praeger, 1984 === Nyocha nke ọrụ Krauss === ==== ''The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths'' ==== *Bois, Yve-Alain. ''Art Journal'' (Oge oyi 1985), pp.&nbsp;369ff. *Carrier, David. ''Burlington Magazine'' (November 1985), 127(992): 817. *Owens, Craig. "Analysis Logical and Ideological." ''Art in America'' (May 1985), pp.&nbsp;25–31. Reprinted in ''Beyond Recognition: Representation, Power, and Culture,'' pp.&nbsp;268–283. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. *[https://archive.today/19990528130414/http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/indiv/scctr/Wellek/krauss/A28a_originality_avant_garde.html List of reviews of ''The Originality of the Avant-Garde''] ====''The Optical Unconscious''==== *Roger Kimball, [http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/Feeling-sorry-for-Rosalind-Krauss-4751 "Feeling Sorry for Rosalind Krauss"], ''New Criterion'', 1993. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060519092133/http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/indiv/scctr/Wellek/krauss/A28_optical_unconscious.html#xtocid211519 Reviews of ''The Optical Unconscious''] ==== ''The Picasso Papers'' ==== *Marilyn McCully, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/534 "The Fallen Angel?" review of ''The Picasso Papers''], ''New York Review of Books'', Eprel 8, 1999. *Harry Cooper and Marilyn McCully, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/359 "The Picasso Papers: An Exchange"], ''New York Review of Books'', Ọktoba 7, 1999. ==== ''Art Since 1900'' ==== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150609132920/http://www.artforum.com/diary/id=8733 Claire Bishop, Artforum.com, Eprel 9, 2005] *Matthew Collings, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/14/highereducation.news "Review| Modern masters2], ''The Guardian'', Mee 14, 2005. *Martin Gayford, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528031712/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2005%2F04%2F24%2Fbofos24.xml&sSheet=%2Farts%2F2005%2F04%2F24%2Fbomain.html "Four authors and five theories"], arts.telegraph, April 24, 2005. *[http://www.opinionjournal.com/la/?id=110006408 Eric Gibson, ''OpinionJournal.com'', Machị 11, 2005] *Barry Gewen, [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/books/review/11gewen.html "State of the Art"], ''The New York Times'', Disemba 11, 2005. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051128085306/http://www.iconoduel.org/archives/2005/04/000594_lemon_harangue.php Dan Hopewell, Iconoduel Apr. 9, 2005] *[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_10_93/ai_n15890994 Pepe Karmel, review of ''Art Since 1900''], in ''Art in America'', Nọvemba 2005, pp. 61–63. *[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051226/schwabsky Barry Schwabsky, ''The Nation'', Disemba 8, 2005] *[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-1526637,00.html Frank Whitford, ''Times Online'' (UK) Machị 20, 2005] === Ihe izugbe === *David Cohen, [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_3_84/ai_91673188/print review of ''Challenging Art''] na ''Art Bulletin'', Septemba 2002 *[https://arthistory.columbia.edu/content/rosalind-krauss Columbia University: Rosalind Krauss] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051230025550/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/author/default.asp?aid=1054 MIT Press: Rosalind Krauss] *Robert Storr, [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_3_41/ai_94122681/print Letter to the editor], ''Artforum'', Nọvemba 2002 *Eddie Yeghiayan: [https://archive.today/20000819042346/http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/~scctr/Wellek/krauss/works_about.html Articles About Rosalind Krauss] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krauss, Rosalind}} [[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Category:Living people]] aufrqypbipwjyly0ig3o22d45101uo1 0 76390 687575 653727 2026-07-12T14:56:26Z Akwugo 11031 /* */ Fixed reference error 687575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Léonie_Coicou-Madiou.jpg|thumb|Léonie Coicou Madiou]] '''Léonie Coicou Madiou''' (1891 - 1974) bụ onye nkuzi Haiti, nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ekwu maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1955, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi obodo Port-au-Prince, Haiti . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Arthus|first=Wien Weibert|title=Haïti et le monde: deux siècles de relations internationales|date=2021|publisher=publisher not identified|isbn=978-99970-950-1-5|location=Place of publication not identified}}</ref><ref name="lh">{{Cite web|title=Léonie Coicou-Madiou, première femme maire d'Haïti {{!}} Loop Haiti|url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/leonie-coicou-madiou-premiere-femme-maire-dhaiti|accessdate=2023-10-28|work=Loop News|language=en|archivedate=2024-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501115122/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/leonie-coicou-madiou-premiere-femme-maire-dhaiti}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite == A mụrụ Léonie Coicou na Petion-Ville, Haiti, dị ka nwa nwanyị nke Lisebonne Joseph na Masillon Coicou, onye na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu, odee akwụkwọ na onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ. Onye nke ikpeazụ bụ, ruo otu oge, chargé d'affaires nke ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Haiti dị na Paris ya mere nwa ya nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na France.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Memoire de femmes|url=http://jasminenarcisse.com/memoire/03_feminisme/04_leonie.html|accessdate=2023-10-28|work=Internet archive wayback machine|archivedate=2021-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208155427/http://jasminenarcisse.com/memoire/03_feminisme/04_leonie.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Hillemand .|first=Constant|date=1908|title=La vie et l'oeuvre de Auguste Comte et de Pierre Laffitte discours commémoratifs précédés d'un grand nombre d'aperçus sur le positivisme.|pages=108|work=Paris: Revue positiviste internationale}}</ref> Mgbe ha laghachiri Haiti, e gburu nna ya na ụmụnne ya abụọ, Horace na Pierre-Louis Coicou, n'afọ 1908 maka atụmatụ iwepu Onye isi ala Pierre Nord Alexis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-05-21|title=Massillon Coicou|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/coicou/|accessdate=2023-10-28|work=Île en île|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2023-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115200254/http://ile-en-ile.org/coicou/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Onye nkuzi === Mgbe nna ya na ụmụnne nna ya ndị nwoke abụọ nwụsịrị, Coicou Madiou ghọrọ onye nkuzi ma, mgbe e mesịrị, bụrụ onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke École des Filles (ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụnwaanyị), nke a na-akpọzi Thomas Madiou School ugbu a iji cheta onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Haiti.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Español|first=Haití en|date=2021-09-03|title=Léonie Coicou-Madiou, primera alcaldesa de Haití|url=https://haitienespanol.medium.com/l%C3%A9onie-coicou-madiou-primera-alcaldesa-de-hait%C3%AD-2e19251c92c9|accessdate=2023-10-28|work=Medium|language=en|archivedate=2023-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029100355/https://haitienespanol.medium.com/l%C3%A9onie-coicou-madiou-primera-alcaldesa-de-hait%C3%AD-2e19251c92c9}}</ref> === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri === Masillon Coicou dere egwuregwu akpọrọ Liberté mgbe ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ na Paris. N'afọ 1904, nwa ya nwanyị rụrụ ọrụ Petit Sim na ya na Cluny Theatre dị na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/browse?t=AASC_Occupations%3A1156&t0=AASC_Occupations%3A718|title=Coicou-Madiou, Léonie|publisher=Oxford African American Studies Center|author=Dougé-Prosper, Mamyrah|date=1 June 2016|accessdate=2023-10-29|language=|archivedate=2024-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501115041/https://oxfordaasc.com/browse?t=AASC_Occupations%3A1156&t0=AASC_Occupations%3A718}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na egwuregwu na Haiti; na Torrent (May 18, 1940) nke meriri Grand Prize for Playwriting site n'aka Onye isi ala nke mba ahụ, ya na La Famille des Petites-Caille, Triumph of the Earth, Sanite Bélair (August 10, 1942) ''Min Coyo'' (1943), Barrières< (1945) na Lococia<ref name=":1" /> === Onye na-akwado ihe === Coicou Madiou bụ onye otu Women's League of Social Action (LFAS), nke e guzobere n'afọ 1934 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sylvain|first=Madeleine G.|date=1939|title=The Feminist Movement in Haiti|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bulpnamu73&id=377&div=&collection=|journal=Bulletin of the Pan American Union|volume=73|pages=315|accessdate=2023-10-28}}</ref> nke a kpọtụrụ aha na Women in Haiti na ngalaba banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Haitian Women's Movement . <ref name=":0" /> Ọ ghọkwara osote odeakwụkwọ nke Comité d'Action Féminine (CAF), nke e guzobere n'afọ 1946. <ref name="lh" /> N'afọ 1947, a họpụtara ya na Ngalaba Conciliation na Arbitration nke Haiti Labor Office ma, ya na Denyse Guillaume, mepụtara ngalaba ụmụnwaanyị maka ichebe ndị nne na ụmụaka. N'afọ 1950, e jidere ya ma tie ya ihe mgbe ọ na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụnwaanyị ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Jenụwarị, n'afọ 1946 na ọnwa Mee, afọ 1957. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Arthus|first=Wien Weibert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_lPEAAAQBAJ&dq=leonie+Coicou-Madiou&pg=PA298|title=Haiti et le monde. Deux siècles de relations internationales|date=2021-09-01|publisher=Wien Weibert Arthus|isbn=978-99970-950-1-5|language=fr|accessdate=2023-10-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1955, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye isi obodo Port-au-Prince afọ ise mgbe ụmụnwaanyị Haiti meriri ikike ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka ime obodo.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="lh" /> == Ndụ onwe ya == Coicou Madiou lụrụ Justin Madiou. Ha nwere ụmụ asatọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe nrite == Léonie Coicou Madiou nwetara ihe nriteNational Order of Honour and Merit, uru kachasị elu nke onye isi ala Haiti nyere, site n'aka Onye isi ala Sténo Vincent maka enyemaka ya na ọzụzụ nke ndị na-eto eto. Onye isi ala François Duvalier nyekwara ya Order of Toussaint-Louverture . <ref name=":1" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coicou Madiou, Leonie}} [[Category: Ndị amụrụ na 1891]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ na 1974]] [[Category: Ndị dị Port-au-Prince]] [[Category: Ndị nkuzi Haiti]] [[Category: Ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Haiti]] [[Category: Ndị na-akwado nha ụmụ nwanyị siHaiti]] [[Category: Ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị si Haiti]] [[Category: Ndị Meyọ nke Port-au-Prince]] bgjdmhneyqeu9dj2ydyo15j3bv9q85w 0 76542 687571 673659 2026-07-12T14:49:51Z Akwugo 11031 /* Edensibia */ Typo fixed 687571 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Awkuzu''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Awkuzu.ogg|(Mkpọputa)}}'' bụ obodo dị na [[Oyi]] Local Government Area nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] steeti nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Awkuzu – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/awkuzu/|accessdate=2022-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=ene|date=2022-09-03|title=Towns & Villages in Oyi « Anambra State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/oyi/|accessdate=2022-12-04|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmalite == Akụkọ banyere Mmalite nke Ọgwụgwụ, Ọgwụgwụ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nke nwa nke ise nke Eri naanị nwa ya nwanyị aha ya bụ Iguedo, onye a na-ekwukwa na ọ mụrụ ndị guzobere Ogbunike, Ọgwụgwụ, Umueri na Nando.<ref name="umueri">{{Cite web|title=History|url=http://www.umueriland.com/history.html|publisher=Umueriland.co|accessdate=6 July 2013|archivedate=18 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118182545/http://www.umueriland.com/history.html}}</ref> Akụzụ nke bụ oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị nke aha ahụ bụ "OKUZU" dị ugbu a na Mpaghara Ọchịchị Oyi nke Steeti Anambra ma nwee ókèala ya na obodo Umunya na Nteje nakwa na Oyi LGA, Ifitedunu, Ukpo na Ukwulu na Dunukofia LGA na obodo Nando na Igbariam na Anambra East LGA nke taa, na Abba na Njikoka LGA.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=ene|date=2022-09-03|title=Towns & Villages in Oyi « Anambra State « Nigeria.|url=https://townsvillages.com/ng/oyi/|accessdate=2022-12-04|work=Towns & Villages|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=sunnews|date=2016-06-08|title=Awkuzu: Anambra kingdom without a king|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/awkuzu-anambra-kingdom-without-a-king/|accessdate=2024-06-19|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en}}</ref> == Nkewa == Awkụzụ kewara n'akụkụ atọ: Ezi, Ifite na [[Ìkeǹgà|Ikenga]] dị ka ogo ma ọ bụ usoro ọmụmụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ obodo Eri-Awka nke [[Igboland]], a na-ekewa ngalaba ọ bụla n'ime obodo nta. * Ezi nwere Iru-Ayika, Aka-Ezi, Igbu na Ozu. * Akụkụ Ifite nwere Amabo, Isioji, na Ifite-Umueri. * Ikenga nwere Ezinkwo, Nkwelle, Ukpomachi, Umuobi, Dusogu, Otoko na Umudioka. Awkuzu nwekwara iyi na-agafe ya, nke a na-akpọ "OYI" Dị ka obodo, Awkụzụ bụ obodo a ma ama maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nyere ya aha "Ibilibe Ogada" (aha igurube). <ref name=":0"/> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] nke Awkuzu bụ Mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ na oge mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'etiti 1300-3000mm. A na-eji okpomọkụ dị elu, mmiri ozuzo na iru mmiri mara mpaghara ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Offiong|first=Priscilla|date=2019-10-01|title=The Social Cost of Climate Change in Nigeria|url=https://www.climatescorecard.org/2019/10/the-social-cost-of-climate-change-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-01-20|work=Climate Scorecard|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9j5aprbd2ruzoy6dgzvqce7mus4mp7o 0 76594 687751 654996 2026-07-13T09:58:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687751 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Sacrament of Bodies''''' bụ nchịkọta abụ uri nke afọ 2020 nke onye ode uri na onye edemede Naịjirịa bụ [[Romeo Oriogun]] dere. E bipụtara ya site na {{ill|University of Nebraska Press|en}} dịka akụkụ nke ''African Poetry Book Series''. Akwụkwọ a na-atụle isiokwu dịka ịdị adị ndị {{ill|LGBTQ|en}} na ọgụ maka ịdị ndụ na Nigeria.<ref name="Open Country Mag">{{cite web | last=Esomnofu | first=Emmanuel | title=Sacrament of Bodies by Romeo Oriogun Review—An Originative Work by an Epochal Poet | website=[[Open Country Mag]] | date=15 April 2021 | url=https://opencountrymag.com/sacrament-of-bodies-by-romeo-oriogun-review-an-originative-work-by-an-epochal-poet/ | access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> ==Ihe ndị ozi kwuru== Emmanuel Esomnofu, onye na-edere ''{{ill|Open Country Mag|en}}'', kọwara akwụkwọ a dịka "ọrụ pụrụ iche e kere eke" ma too usoro Oriogun si gosipụta ahụmahụ ndị otu LGBTQ. O kwuru na akwụkwọ ahụ nyere aka n'ịgbasa mkparịta ụka gbasara ndị queer n'ime akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Afrịka.<ref name="Open Country Mag" /> ''Africa in Words'' toro akwụkwọ a maka aka ọ na-enye n'ichepụ mmadụ n'akụkụ ọha mmadụ, site n'igosi ndị LGBTQ dịka ndị kwesiri nsọpụrụ na ịdị ùgwù na Obodo.<ref>{{cite web | title=Here's My Body, Take it! A Review of Romeo Oriogun's 'A Sacrament of Bodies' | website=africainwords.com | date=9 November 2020 | url=https://africainwords.com/2020/11/09/heres-my-body-take-it-a-review-of-romeo-orioguns-a-sacrament-of-bodies/ | access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> Naza Amaeze Okoli nke ''AfricanWriter.com'' kọwara akwụkwọ a dịka "ọrụ mgbake na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya". Ọ toro ụzọ akwụkwọ a siri nyochaa njirimara ndị otu LGBTQ, ma gbakwunye na "abụ uri ndị a na-agba akaebe ma banyere ahụhụ ma banyere ọṅụ, ebe ha na-emepụta ndekọ jikọrọ ọnụ nke ahụmahụ ndị a na-etinye n'akụkụ".<ref>{{cite web | last=Okoli | first=Naza Amaeze | title=Reclamation, Communion: On Romeo Oriogun's Sacrament of Bodies | website=African Writer | date=31 March 2020 | url=https://www.africanwriter.com/reclamation-communion-on-romeo-orioguns-sacrament-of-bodies/ | access-date=7 June 2026 | accessdate=10 June 2026 | archivedate=7 June 2026 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607223524/https://www.africanwriter.com/reclamation-communion-on-romeo-orioguns-sacrament-of-bodies/ }}</ref> ''Sacrament of Bodies'' bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ahọpụtara maka {{ill|Lambda Literary Award|en}} nke afọ 2021.<ref>{{cite web | last=Saka | first=Rasheeda | title=Here are the finalists for the 2021 Lambda Literary Award | website=Literary Hub | date=15 March 2021 | url=https://lithub.com/here-are-the-finalists-for-the-2021-lambda-literary-award/ | access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Romeo Oriogun & Sulaiman Addonia Shortlisted for 2021 Lambda Awards | website=Open Country Mag | date=15 March 2021 | url=https://opencountrymag.com/romeo-oriogun-sulaiman-addonai-shortlisted-for-the-2021-lambda-awards/ | access-date=7 June 2026}}</ref> ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Nchịkọta abụ uri nke 2020]] [[Category:Nchịkọta abụ uri ndị Naịjirịa]] [[Category:Abụ uri LGBTQ]] [[Category:Abụ uri Afrịka]] [[Category:Akwụkwọ Bekee]] [[Category:Ọrụ edemede LGBTQ nke 2020]] [[Category:Akwụkwọ University of Nebraska Press]] abbqiiaicb5ct09juhcfvlht5qsvu4d 0 76627 687537 671848 2026-07-12T12:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Obodo maara''' '''ihe''' bụ nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi e wuru nke maara mkpa na ọrụ nke ndị bi na ya ma na-aza ha. Nnyocha n'obodo ndị maara ihe na-enyocha otu ụlọ na imewe obodo nwere ike isi tụlee ma meghachi omume na mkpa mmadụ nke ọma site na nyocha data, ọgụgụ isi arụrụ arụ, na itinye sayensị nghọta n'ọrụ na imewe.<ref name="Clad2" /><ref name="CCities">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccities.org/|title=Home page|publisher=Conscious Cities|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na obodo mara mma na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ nke ọrụ, obodo mara mma na-eji teknụzụ ọhụrụ na nghọta omume eme ihe iji melite ahụmịhe na mmetụta uche na nke anụ ahụ ya. A kwenyere na obodo mara mma nwere ike ibelata ọrịa dịka nchekasị, nchekasị na ike ọgwụgwụ site n'inwe mmetụta na àgwà ndị mmadụ na-enwe n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke obodo ahụ.<ref name="Guardian" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/28/manifesto-conscious-cities-streets-sensitive-mental-needs|title=A manifesto for conscious cities: should streets be sensitive to our mental needs?|work=The Guardian|author=Itai Palti, Moshe Bar|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="PNAS">{{Cite journal|title=Geographically varying associations between personality and life satisfaction in the London metropolitan area|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=112|issue=3|pages=725–730|author=Markus Jokela, Wiebke Bleidorn, Michael E. Lamb, Samuel D. Gosling, and Peter J. Rentfrow|date=15 August 2014|doi=10.1073/pnas.1415800112|pmid=25583480}}</ref> Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Itai Palti na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị akwara ozi bụ Moshe Bar chepụtara okwu a n'akwụkwọ ha bụ́ Manifesto for Conscious Cities, nke e bipụtara na The Guardian n'afọ 2015.<ref name="Guardian" /> Palti gara n'ihu guzobe mmegharị obodo ndị maara ihe, na-ekwu, "Ihe ịma aka ahụ bụ ihe abụọ na symbiotic: iji nye ndị na-emepụta ihe ike ma mee ka ndị na-eme iwu kwenye, na site na ha, ndị na-egwu ahịa na usoro ọhụrụ nke ihe ndị dị mkpa dị mkpa. " Mmegharị ahụ malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ Conscious Cities na ọnwa Nọvemba, n'afọ 2016.<ref name="UDMH2" /><ref name="CCities2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccities.org/publications/conscious-cities-journal-no-1/|title=Conscious Cities Journal, No. 1|publisher=Conscious Cities|accessdate=22 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203163708/http://www.ccities.org/publications/conscious-cities-journal-no-1/|archivedate=3 December 2016}}</ref> E mere nzukọ obodo mbụ, nke a na-akpọ "Conscious Cities - Architecture and Neuroscience", n'afọ 2016. <ref name="MoA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.museumofarchitecture.org/conference.html|title=Conscious Cities Conference|publisher=Museum of Architecture|accessdate=22 January 2017|archivedate=26 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126160125/http://www.museumofarchitecture.org/conference.html}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, e mere gburugburu ebe obibi iji metụta ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ, mana omume ahụ adịghị mgbe ọ bụla.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/28/manifesto-conscious-cities-streets-sensitive-mental-needs|title=A manifesto for conscious cities: should streets be sensitive to our mental needs?|work=The Guardian|author=Itai Palti, Moshe Bar|date=28 August 2015|accessdate=22 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFItai_Palti,_Moshe_Bar2015">Itai Palti, Moshe Bar (28 August 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/aug/28/manifesto-conscious-cities-streets-sensitive-mental-needs "A manifesto for conscious cities: should streets be sensitive to our mental needs?"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Curbed" /> Henri Lefebvre, onye malitere "ikike obodo", rụrụ ụka na The Production of Space (1974) na mbara igwe bụ ngwaahịa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ihe owuwu mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya dabere na ụkpụrụ na mmepụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ihe ọ pụtara, nke metụtara omume na nghọta oghere. N'ịkwado echiche Lefebvre, David Harvey kwuru, sị: "Ikike inwe obodo karịrị nnwere onwe onye iji nweta akụrụngwa obodo: ọ bụ ikike ịgbanwe onwe anyị site n'ịgbanwe obodo. "<ref name="Harvey">{{Cite journal|url=https://newleftreview.org/II/53/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city|title=The Right to the City|journal=New Left Review|issue=53|author=David Harvey|date=September–October 2008|pages=23–40|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> Amos Rapoport lere anya n'ihe ọ pụtara n'ebe e wuru ya, na-arụ ụka na ebe nwere ọ bụghị naanị ihe ndị dị n'ahụ, kamakwa ihe ndị mmadụ ghọtara ma kọwaa dabere na atụmanya ha, ọrụ ha, ahụmịhe ha, na ihe mkpali ha.<ref name="Rapoport">{{Cite book|author=Rapoport|first=Amos|date=1982|title=The Meaning of the Built Environment: A Nonverbal Communication Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bn_7_UFAbdUC|publisher=University of Arizona Press|location=Google Books|isbn=9780816511761}}</ref> Narị afọ nke 21 wetara nnukwu data na mgbasa ozi ọha mmadụ, nke na-enye nghọta miri emi banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obodo ukwu na ndị bi na ha.<ref name="Planning" /lanningresource.co.uk/article/1396605/conscious-city-rise-cliff-hague|title=The conscious city is on the rise|publisher=Planning Resource|author=Cliff Hague|date=27 May 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref>== Omume na omume == Nhazi ụlọ, nhazi ime ụlọ, na atụmatụ obodo nwere ike imetụta omume na usoro uche mmadụ, na-akpata mgbanwe uche, biophysical, na nghọta na ndị mmadụ, ọtụtụ mgbe na-amaghị ha.<ref name="Curbed">{{Cite web|url=http://www.curbed.com/2016/11/16/13637148/design-brain-architecture-psychology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128141143/http://www.curbed.com/2016/11/16/13637148/design-brain-architecture-psychology|archivedate=28 January 2017|title=Can your city change your mind?|publisher=Curbed|author=Nate Berg|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNate_Berg2016">Nate Berg (16 November 2016). . Curbed. Archived from on November 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha otu ndị mmadụ si aghọta oghere ọha na eze na mmetụta ha na-eme ka o kwe omume inyocha omume ndị mmadụ na-eme ebe.<ref name="Pink">{{Cite web|url=https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/doing-sensory-ethnography/book242776|title=Doing Sensory Ethnography|publisher=Sage Publishing|author=Sarah Pink|date=2015|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya nke ihe omimi na mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ịkwalite nchọpụta na mmetụta nke obi ụtọ, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ndị a maara nke ọma. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe nzuzo anya nwere ike ime ka egwu ndị mmadụ na-atụ maka mpụ n'ebe ọha na eze.<ref name="Fear">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4387327|title=Landscapes of Fear and Stress|journal=Environment and Behavior|volume=29|issue=3|pages=291–323|author=Jack L. Nasar, Kym M. Jones|date=May 1997|accessdate=22 January 2017|doi=10.1177/001391659702900301}}</ref> Ihe atụ dị mfe nke ihe dị n'obodo bụ nnukwu okooko osisi abụọ na-afụli elu na Jerusalem, nke na-ama ifuru iji mepụta onyinyo site na anyanwụ ma ọ bụ kpuchie mmiri ozuzo mgbe ọ na-anụ ka ndị na-agafe agafe na-abịaru nso.<ref name="Clad2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cladglobal.com/CLADnews/architecture-design/Conscious-cities-architecture-design-neuroscience-future-technology-privacy-ethics/322396?source=news|title=Could our future cities use technology to bring fun and surprise into our lives?|publisher=CLAD News|author=Kim Megson|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKim_Megson2016">Kim Megson (9 March 2016). [http://www.cladglobal.com/CLADnews/architecture-design/Conscious-cities-architecture-design-neuroscience-future-technology-privacy-ethics/322396?source=news "Could our future cities use technology to bring fun and surprise into our lives?"]. CLAD News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Banyere ịchọta ụzọ, obodo mara ihe ga-eme ka map uche a na-agaghị echefu echefu dị mfe site n'ịmepụta ihe niile dị na ya nke ọma site n'ilekwasị anya na mkpa anụ ahụ na nke mmetụta uche nke ndị na-eji ya.<ref name="CCD">{{Cite web|url=http://www.designbyccd.com/thinking/wayfinding-for-a-conscious-city/|title=Wayfinding for a Conscious City|publisher=CCD|author=Lili Larratea|date=18 April 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017|archivedate=8 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708153716/http://www.designbyccd.com/thinking/wayfinding-for-a-conscious-city/}}</ref> Ka ndị Yuropu nkịtị na-aka nká, a na-elebakwu anya n'ime ka obodo ukwu "dị mma maka afọ," karịsịa maka nsogbu isi mgbaka, ebe atụmatụ obodo ndị a na-eme nke ọma gụnyere "ebe a na-eme ihe ncheta," ihu ala dị n'ala, na ebe ndị a na-eji agagharị agagharị.<ref name="Planning">{{Cite web|url=http://www.planningresource.co.uk/article/1396605/conscious-city-rise-cliff-hague|title=The conscious city is on the rise|publisher=Planning Resource|author=Cliff Hague|date=27 May 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCliff_Hague2016">Cliff Hague (27 May 2016). [http://www.planningresource.co.uk/article/1396605/conscious-city-rise-cliff-hague "The conscious city is on the rise"]. Planning Resource<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Nchịkọta nke data mmadụ nke obodo ndị maara ihe chọrọ emeela ka ajụjụ gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na nzuzo.<ref name="Clad">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cladglobal.com/CLADnews/architecture-design/Arup-predict-a-future-of-conscious-cities/322159?source=news|title=Arup predict a future of smart, interactive, conscious cities|publisher=CLAD News|author=Kim Megson|date=1 March 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, obodo nwere uche nwere ike imeghachi omume n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma nye ụfọdụ otu site na iji "usoro ihe owuwu na-adịghị mma," dị ka oche ọha na eze gbadara agbada iji gbochie ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị na-ewepụta ihe ugboro ugboro iji gbochie ụmụaka ịnọ ebe ahụ.<ref name="Guardian2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jun/13/anti-homeless-spikes-hostile-architecture|title=Anti-homeless spikes are part of a wider phenomenon of 'hostile architecture'|work=The Guardian|author=Ben Quinn|date=13 June 2014|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/world/europe/this-mosquito-makes-unruly-teenagers-buzz-off.html?_r=1|title=This Mosquito makes unruly teenagers buzz off|work=The New York Times|author=Sarah Lyall|date=28 November 2005|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ihe omume ndị dị ka Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health, Urban Realities Laboratory, Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Conscious Design Kalpa ma ọ bụ Center for Advanced Design Research and Evaluation anọwo na-enyocha mmetụta nke atụmatụ obodo na ime iwu na akparamagwa mmadụ na ahụike uche. <ref name="UDMH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/|title=Centre for Urban Design and Mental Health|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Laboratory">{{Cite web|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/urban-realities-laboratory/|title=Urban Realities Laboratory|accessdate=22 January 2017|date=2014-04-04}}</ref> <ref name="CADRE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadreresearch.org/what-we-do/|title=CADRE: Mission and Vision|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bartlett">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa|title=The Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis|accessdate=18 December 2016|archivedate=17 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217081219/http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa}}</ref> Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture na-akwalite ma na-akwalite itinye neuroscience n'ọrụ na nzaghachi mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi e wuru ewu.<ref name="Architect">{{Cite web|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/three-ways-neuroscience-can-inform-and-improve-architecture_o|title=Three Ways Neuroscience Can Inform and Improve Architecture|publisher=Architect Magazine|author=Nate Berg|date=29 September 2014|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref>dị ka ndị mbụ na-eme nchọpụta Conscious Design, "nke nwere mmata nke, na ibu ọrụ n'ebe ndị ọrụ ya nọ.<ref name="Centric">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecentriclab.com/|title=Centric Lab|accessdate=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="UDMH2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/journal1-ipeditorial.html|title=Defining Conscious Cities|publisher=Journal of Urban Design and Mental Health|author=Itai Palti|date=2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFItai_Palti2016">Itai Palti (2016). [http://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/journal1-ipeditorial.html "Defining Conscious Cities"]. Journal of Urban Design and Mental Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A na-eme nnyocha ụbụrụ EEG iji mata mmetụta uche mmeghachi omume mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara obi ụtọ, nkụda mmụọ na itinye aka, karịsịa na nzaghachi maka ihe mkpali dịka ụda, mmetọ ikuku, na ìhè.<ref name="Clad" /> Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka owuwu ụlọ bụ Perkins na Will nwere ụlọ nyocha ahụmịhe mmadụ nke na-anwale echiche imewe ma na-atụle nzaghachi mmadụ site na ngwaọrụ electroencephalography, nlekota anya, nzaghachi akpụkpọ ahụ galvanic, ihe nchọpụta mmegharị, na accelerometers. Ụlọ nyocha ahụ na-ejikwa ekweisi eziokwu mebere emebere emebere na gburugburu ebe obibi mebere emebere emebere iji nwalee ihe ngosi anya na ntị nke atụmatụ imewe.<ref name="Curbed">{{Cite web|url=http://www.curbed.com/2016/11/16/13637148/design-brain-architecture-psychology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128141143/http://www.curbed.com/2016/11/16/13637148/design-brain-architecture-psychology|archivedate=28 January 2017|title=Can your city change your mind?|publisher=Curbed|author=Nate Berg|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=22 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNate_Berg2016">Nate Berg (16 November 2016). . Curbed. Archived from on November 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> CHORA Conscious City, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ihe owuwu, malitere ọrụ obodo mara mma maka Gela n'afọ 2015 iji nye obodo Sicily "ọrụ avant-garde n'echiche nke ụdị mmepe ọhụrụ na Mediterenian, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụzọ njem n'etiti kọntinent abụọ, Europe na Africa."<ref name="Accento">{{Cite web|url=http://www.accentonews.it/cultura/item/4110-gela-citta-consapevole-trenta-studenti-del-prof-bunschoten-presenteranno-i-loro-progetti|title=Gela, citta consapevole|publisher=Accento|language=italian|date=10 November 2015|accessdate=23 January 2017}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s8pvunt661mba6mwu6c674o3s91u5hj 0 76698 687572 655686 2026-07-12T14:50:56Z Akwugo 11031 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ Fixed reference error 687572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chalabianlu''' (Persian) bụ agbụrụ Turkophone Kurdish [1] nke bi na Garamduz District nke mpaghara Arasbaran, na East Azerbaijan Province nke Iran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Oberling|first=Pierre|date=1990|title=ČALABĪĀNLŪ|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/calabianlu-a-turkicized-tribe-dwelling-for-the-most-part-in-the-dehestan-of-garmaduz-in-arasbaran-q|journal=[[Encyclopedia Iranica]]|volume=IV}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Agbụrụ ndi Chalabianlu si na [[Kurdistan]] mpaghara Arasbaran n'oge ochichi Eze Ismail Shah site na Naqadeh. Na Arasbaran, a maara ha dị ka ''"Dil Bilmez"'' n'etiti ndị Turkic onụ ọgụgụ, nke pụtara ''"Ndị na-amaghị asụsụ anyị"'' mana jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ malite ịsụ Turkic. N'afọ otu puku, narị asatọ na iri ruo afọ otu puku narị asatọ na iri na otu. [1] , agbụrụ ahụ nupụrụ isi wee gafee Osimiri Aras gaa na mbara ala Mugan, mana a manyere ha ịlaghachi obodo Arasbaran. N'oge n'oge ochichi Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ,onye ohi a ma ama na mba ahụ bụ onyeisi agbụrụ Chalabianlu, Rahim Khan.[1] N'ihi Agha Russia na Peshia site na afọ otu puku, narị asatọ na anọ ruo afọ otu puku, narị asatọ na iri na atọ, ndị Chalabianlu bụ agbụrụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwu nke Arasbaran nwere ụlọ ntu puku otu na narị ise na ụlọ. Agbụrụ ahụ bụ onye na-akwado Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar n'oge mgbanwe iwu nke ndị Peshia. [4] N'afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri isii, agbụrụ ahụ nwere ezinụlọ Otu puku, narị itoolu na iri asaa na anọ ma, n'oge ahụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == *   0k8g91bur1cq9y1j7v9nbd9r4gm3tyv 0 76726 687664 655747 2026-07-12T21:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Lebanese professor}} {{Infobox academic | honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:CREDENTIAL]] and [[MOS:HONORIFIC]] --> | name = Pascal Saikaly | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = Pascal Elias Saikaly | birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = | death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | other_names = | occupation = Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering | period = | known_for = [[Bioelectrochemistry]] | title = | boards = <!--board or similar positions extraneous to main occupation--> | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = <!--notable national-level awards only--> | website = https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/study/faculty/pascal-saikaly | education = | alma_mater = [[American University of Beirut]] [[University of Cincinnati]] | thesis_title = Ecological Approach to Mitigate Toxic Shock Loads in Activated Sludge Systems | thesis_url = http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1125670988 | thesis_year = 2005 | school_tradition = | doctoral_advisor = [[Daniel Oerther]] | academic_advisors = | influences = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | era = | discipline = [[Environmental engineering]] | sub_discipline = [[Wastewater treatment]] | workplaces = [[American University of Beirut]] [[King Abdullah University of Science and Technology]] | doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles--> | notable_students = | main_interests = | notable_works = | notable_ideas = | influenced = <!--must be referenced from a third-party source--> | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | footnotes = }} '''Pascal Elias Saikaly''' bụ prọfesọ [[Environmental engineering|Sayensị na Injinia gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke Lebanon . A maara ya nke ọma maka ojiji omics maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Microbiology n'ime sistemu eji arụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ekere [[Mmiri mkpofu|Mmiri ọjọọ]] gụnyere Bioclectrochemistry, membrane bioreactors, na granular sludge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bashraheel|first=Aseel|date=2020-01-21|title=A Saudi Eco-friendly food waste startup brings value-added benefits|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1615941/saudi-arabia|work=Arab News|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdworldonline.com/briny-pool-bacteria-can-clean-up-and-power-up/|title=Briny Pool Bacteria Can Clean Up and Power Up|publisher=R and D World|date=2017-11-07|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdrc.kaust.edu.sa/Pages/News-2020-WDRC%20Translational%20Research.aspx|title=Serving the unserved population of Saudi Arabia with KAUST invented decentralized wastewater recycling system|publisher=Water Desalination and Reuse Center|date=2020-06-04|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://is-met.org/2020/10/12/ismet-awards-2020/|title=ISMET Awards 2020|publisher=The International Society for Microbial Electrochemistry and Technology|date=2020-10-12|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> Saikaly na-arụkọ ọrụ ma na-edu ndị otu sayensị na ndị injinia bụ ndị mepụtara ụzọ ọhụrụ isi nweta ike eletrik site na mmiri mkpofu ma na-emepụta ihe ndị bara uru n'otu oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/12/20181211-kaust.html|title=KAUST team develops new chemolithoautotroph bioreactor to convert CO2 to chemicals|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2018-12-11|accessdate=2020-12-20|archivedate=2019-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019143134/https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/12/20181211-kaust.html}}</ref> Karịsịa, ọ na-ejikọta ọganihu sitere na nanotechnology na nyocha ihe na ọganihu site na microbial ecology iji mepụta ngwaọrụ iji mepụta bioelectricity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-bionic-catalysts-energy.html|title=Bionic catalysts to produce clean energy|publisher=Phys.org|date=2019-07-02|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> Ọrụ a na-akwado mgbalị ogologo oge nke Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Eze Abdullah iji mee nchọpụta ma wepụta ihe ọzọ na-enye ike. Nnyocha Saikaly mere na-eleba anya n'okwu ndị dị mkpa n'ebe mmiri na-anaghị eru, gụnyere iji mmiri osimiri maka ịsacha ụlọ mposi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moms.com/red-sea-discovery-could-increase-use-saltwater-toilets/|title=Scientists Are Considering Using Saltwater Instead Of Freshwater In Your Toilet, Here's Why|publisher=Moms.com|date=2020-02-07|accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ya == Saikaly nwetara B.S. na M.S. ya na Mahadum America nke Beirut. N'afọ 2005, ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Cincinnati. Site na 2005 ruo 2007, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ postdoctoral na Mahadum North Carolina State. Site na 2008 ruo 2010, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum America nke Beirut . N'afọ 2010, ọ sonyeere ngalaba nke Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Eze Abdullah, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ zuru oke ugbu a. == Akwụkwọ o bipụtere == Saikaly nwere ihe karịrị 100 akwụkwọ edepụtara na Scopus nke e depụtara ihe karịrị ugboro 3000, na-enye ya h-index nke ihe karịrị 30. Isiokwu ya ndị a na-ekwukarị gụnyere: * {{Cite journal|date=2005|title=Use of 16S rRNA gene terminal restriction fragment analysis to assess the impact of solids retention time on the bacterial diversity of activated sludge|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=10|pages=5814–5822|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.10.5814-5822.2005|author=Saikaly|first=Pascal|pmid=16204492}} * {{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Do biological-based strategies hold promise to biofouling control in MBRs?|journal=Water Research|volume=47|issue=15|pages=25447–5463|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.033|author=Maleb|first=Lilian|pmid=23863390}} * {{Cite journal|date=2015|title=Assessment of Microbial Fuel Cell Configurations and Power Densities|journal=Environmental Science and Technology Letters|volume=2|issue=8|pages=206–214|doi=10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00180|author=Logan|first=Bruce}} == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://scholar.google.ro/citations?user=mh75-VoAAAAJ&hl=en Onye Ọkà mmụta Google] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 6cpm4822wxu8a3j4a96af752dwzm9ty 0 76781 687573 656010 2026-07-12T14:52:28Z Akwugo 11031 /* Edensibia */ Fixed typo 687573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Chukwuemeka Ezeife | image = Chukwuemeka Ezeife.jpg | office = [[Governor of Anambra State]] | term_start = 2 January 1992 | term_end = 17 November 1993 | predecessor = [[Joseph Abulu]] | successor = [[Dabo Aliyu]]{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|11|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Igbo-Ukwu]], Southern Region, [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] (now in [[Anambra State]], Nigeria) | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|12|14|1937|11|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Abuja]], Nigeria | party = | caption = Ezeife in 2023 }} '''Chukwuemeka Ezeife''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Chukwuemeka_Ezeife.wav|Listen}} (Nọvemba 1937 – 14 Disemba 2023) bụ onye ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke nọchitere anya Anambra Steeti dịka gọvanọ ya n’etiti Jenụwarị 1992 na Nọvemba 1993, n’oge Republic nke Atọ nke Naịjirịa. <ref name="wstate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|title=Nigerian States|publisher=WorldStatesmen|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Ezeife na [[Igbo-Ukwu]], Anambra Steeti, na 20 Nọvemba 1937. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mana ọ kụziiri onwe ya site na nkuzi akwụkwọ ozi, ruo eru maka nnabata mahadum. Ọ nwetara BSc na Economics na Mahadum College Ibadan, ma mesịa gaa [[Harvard University|Mahadum Harvard]] na agụmakwụkwọ Rockefeller Foundation, ebe ọ nwetara nzere masta na PhD na 1972.<ref name="tday210">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200911110210.html|title=Sixteen Years After - Where Are Babangida's Civilian Governors?|work=ThisDay|author=Ademola Adeyemo|date=10 November 2009|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> Ọrụ Ezeife gụnyere ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na Makerere University College na Kampala, Uganda, onye nkuchi na Mahadum Harvard, na onye ndụmọdụ na Arthur D. Little na Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ọ sonyeere ọrụ gọọmentị dị ka onye isi nchịkwa wee ruo n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Ezeife dịka Gọvanọ Anambra Steeti n’okpuru ikpo okwu nke Social Democratic Party (SDP), ma ọ jere ozi site na 2 Jenụwarị 1992 ruo 17 Nọvemba 1993, mgbe General [[Sani Abacha]] weghaara ọchịchị mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị. Dị ka gọvanọ, a na-ekwu na ọ nwere mmasị na atụmatụ karịa n'ịhụ mkpa mmepe ozugbo ma nweta nsonaazụ ole na ole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/05/20010805cov02.html|title=Igbo Vote: Can These Men Deliver?|author=Christian Ita and Pius Anakali|work=ThisDay|date=5 August 2001|accessdate=29 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215062907/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/05/20010805cov02.html|archivedate=15 December 2004}}</ref> O wegara [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe]] na [[Federal Polytechnic, Oko]] na gọọmentị etiti, nke nyeere aka hụ na ha dị ndụ n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/aug/16/powergame-16-08-2009-002.htm|title=Democracy died in Nigeria with Abiola|author=Nwabueze Okonkwo|date=16 August 2009|accessdate=29 April 2010|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> N’oge Republic nke Anọ, Ezeife, onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nwetara nhọpụta dịka Onye Ndụmọdụ Onye Isi Ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref name="tday210">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200911110210.html|title=Sixteen Years After - Where Are Babangida's Civilian Governors?|work=ThisDay|author=Ademola Adeyemo|date=10 November 2009|accessdate=29 April 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdemola_Adeyemo2009">Ademola Adeyemo (10 November 2009). [http://allafrica.com/stories/200911110210.html "Sixteen Years After - Where Are Babangida's Civilian Governors?"]. ''ThisDay''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == A họpụtara Ezeife ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Centre for Development & Empowerment of Commercial Motorcyclists. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2006, ndị Federal Capital Development Authority kwaturu ụlọ ya na [[Abuja]] n'ihi na enwetala ala na nke ụlọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2006/feb/26/powergame-2-26-2006-002.htm|title=I'm finished, cries Ex-Gov Ezeife, whose house was pulled down by el-Rufai|author=Francis Awowle-Browne|date=26 February 2006|accessdate=29 April 2010|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2010, ọ nọ n'etiti ọtụtụ puku ndị mere ngagharị iwe na [[Óká|Awka]], na-akpọ maka ntuli aka gọvanọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na nke na-enweghị ime ihe ike na 6 Febụwarị. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, otu n'ime ndị nwunye Ezeife, Onyedi, bụ onye ndị omempụ gburu ndị uwe ojii anọ n'oge gara aga tọọrọ. Ndị ntọ ahụ chọrọ nnukwu mgbapụta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004270521.html|title=Ezeife's Wife's Abductors Demand High Ransom|work=Vanguard|author=Vincent Ujumadu|date=26 April 2010|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Chukwuemeka Ezeife nwụrụ na 14 Disemba 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ex-anambra-governor-ezeife-dies-at-85/|title=Ex-Anambra governor, Ezeife, dies at 85|accessdate=28 July 2024|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] r9t5ej0ym9kancx7kh2sxr7ll519dbr 687574 687573 2026-07-12T14:53:28Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga */ Fixed reference error 687574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Chukwuemeka Ezeife | image = Chukwuemeka Ezeife.jpg | office = [[Governor of Anambra State]] | term_start = 2 January 1992 | term_end = 17 November 1993 | predecessor = [[Joseph Abulu]] | successor = [[Dabo Aliyu]]{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|11|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Igbo-Ukwu]], Southern Region, [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] (now in [[Anambra State]], Nigeria) | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|12|14|1937|11|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Abuja]], Nigeria | party = | caption = Ezeife in 2023 }} '''Chukwuemeka Ezeife''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578_(ibo)-Goodymeraj-Chukwuemeka_Ezeife.wav|Listen}} (Nọvemba 1937 – 14 Disemba 2023) bụ onye ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke nọchitere anya Anambra Steeti dịka gọvanọ ya n’etiti Jenụwarị 1992 na Nọvemba 1993, n’oge Republic nke Atọ nke Naịjirịa. <ref name="wstate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|title=Nigerian States|publisher=WorldStatesmen|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Ezeife na [[Igbo-Ukwu]], Anambra Steeti, na 20 Nọvemba 1937. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mana ọ kụziiri onwe ya site na nkuzi akwụkwọ ozi, ruo eru maka nnabata mahadum. Ọ nwetara BSc na Economics na Mahadum College Ibadan, ma mesịa gaa [[Harvard University|Mahadum Harvard]] na agụmakwụkwọ Rockefeller Foundation, ebe ọ nwetara nzere masta na PhD na 1972.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ Ezeife gụnyere ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na Makerere University College na Kampala, Uganda, onye nkuchi na Mahadum Harvard, na onye ndụmọdụ na Arthur D. Little na Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ọ sonyeere ọrụ gọọmentị dị ka onye isi nchịkwa wee ruo n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Ezeife dịka Gọvanọ Anambra Steeti n’okpuru ikpo okwu nke Social Democratic Party (SDP), ma ọ jere ozi site na 2 Jenụwarị 1992 ruo 17 Nọvemba 1993, mgbe General [[Sani Abacha]] weghaara ọchịchị mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị. Dị ka gọvanọ, a na-ekwu na ọ nwere mmasị na atụmatụ karịa n'ịhụ mkpa mmepe ozugbo ma nweta nsonaazụ ole na ole.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/05/20010805cov02.html|title=Igbo Vote: Can These Men Deliver?|author=Christian Ita and Pius Anakali|work=ThisDay|date=5 August 2001|accessdate=29 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215062907/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/08/05/20010805cov02.html|archivedate=15 December 2004}}</ref> O wegara [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe]] na [[Federal Polytechnic, Oko]] na gọọmentị etiti, nke nyeere aka hụ na ha dị ndụ n'oge ọchịchị ndị agha sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/aug/16/powergame-16-08-2009-002.htm|title=Democracy died in Nigeria with Abiola|author=Nwabueze Okonkwo|date=16 August 2009|accessdate=29 April 2010|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> N’oge Republic nke Anọ, Ezeife, onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nwetara nhọpụta dịka Onye Ndụmọdụ Onye Isi Ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]].<ref name="tday210">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200911110210.html|title=Sixteen Years After - Where Are Babangida's Civilian Governors?|work=ThisDay|author=Ademola Adeyemo|date=10 November 2009|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == A họpụtara Ezeife ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Centre for Development & Empowerment of Commercial Motorcyclists. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2006, ndị Federal Capital Development Authority kwaturu ụlọ ya na [[Abuja]] n'ihi na enwetala ala na nke ụlọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2006/feb/26/powergame-2-26-2006-002.htm|title=I'm finished, cries Ex-Gov Ezeife, whose house was pulled down by el-Rufai|author=Francis Awowle-Browne|date=26 February 2006|accessdate=29 April 2010|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2010, ọ nọ n'etiti ọtụtụ puku ndị mere ngagharị iwe na [[Óká|Awka]], na-akpọ maka ntuli aka gọvanọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na nke na-enweghị ime ihe ike na 6 Febụwarị. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, otu n'ime ndị nwunye Ezeife, Onyedi, bụ onye ndị omempụ gburu ndị uwe ojii anọ n'oge gara aga tọọrọ. Ndị ntọ ahụ chọrọ nnukwu mgbapụta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004270521.html|title=Ezeife's Wife's Abductors Demand High Ransom|work=Vanguard|author=Vincent Ujumadu|date=26 April 2010|accessdate=29 April 2010}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Chukwuemeka Ezeife nwụrụ na 14 Disemba 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ex-anambra-governor-ezeife-dies-at-85/|title=Ex-Anambra governor, Ezeife, dies at 85|accessdate=28 July 2024|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] hcc7qfvrzoa4kjt8ky1a4fsafypqcbt 0 77161 687619 670531 2026-07-12T18:47:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687619 wikitext text/x-wiki A mara nọrọ Yellow maka ịbụ ájá nwere oke ala. Ihe eserese ya bụ na ịrịgo nke ebe a gosipụtara nnukwu, calaamad nke osimiri ahụ meghere, mmiri na-ahọkwa nro. ịma, ájá na-abanye n'àkwà mgbe niile. N'ihe ihe mere eme, idei mmiri dakwasịrị mpaghara ugboro ugboro, ya mere ndị mmadụ wuru ụgbọ mmiri maka ihe nke idei mmiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, mmiri na- ikike elu site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. Mgbe mkpokọta nke ihe ụmụaka 300, iru na-aghọ ihe ọ bụ ugbu a.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://b2museum.cdstm.cn/swc/yujicms/14.htm | title=中国数字科技馆 | accessdate=2026-06-30 | archivedate=2012-04-25 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425151528/http://b2museum.cdstm.cn/swc/yujicms/14.htm }}</ref> == Edemsibia == 5nbgig75stn186r4xhy6bzypqij8vhw 0 77201 687554 672814 2026-07-12T14:06:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687554 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba (French: Parc national du W)<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|title=Parc national du W|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/355|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> ma ọ bụ '''Ogige Mpaghara W''' (French: W du Niger) bụ nnukwu ogige mba dị na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka gbara meander dị na Osimiri Niger nke yiri mkpụrụedemede [[W]] (French: okpukpu abụọ v). Ogige ntụrụndụ a gụnyere mpaghara mba atọ ahụ [[Niger]], [[Benin]] na [[Burkina Faso]], gọọmentị atọ ahụ na-achịkwa ya. Ruo afọ 2008, ọrụ ECOPAS nke EU kwadoro kwadoro mmejuputa njikwa mpaghara (Protected Ecosystems in Sudano-Sahelian Africa, French: Écosystèmes protégés en Afrique soudano-sahélienne). Ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ a na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha '''W Transborder Park''' (French: Parc régional W).<ref>[http://www.parc-w.net/ parc-w.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201062314/http://www.parc-w.net/ |date=2009-02-01 }}: Official site.</ref> Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba nke dị na Benin, nke dị ihe karịrị 8,000 km² (3,100 sq mi), bịara n'okpuru nlekọta zuru oke nke African Parks na June 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africanparks.org/benin-government-commits-long-term-protection-w-national-park|title=Benin Government Commits to Long-term Protection of W National Park in Benin}}</ref> Na Benin, Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba dị n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari nke bụkwa nke dị n'okpuru nlekọta nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Afrịka.<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E kere Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba nke Niger site na iwu na 4 Ọgọst 1954, kemgbe 1996, edepụtara ya dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO. N'ime Niger, a na-ede aha ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ, IUCN Ụdị nke Abụọ, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke nnukwu ogige nchekwa na ebe nchekwa. Ndị a gụnyere Dallol Bosso (Mmiri mmiri nke mba ụwa dị mkpa (Ramsar) dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Niger na njiko nke obere ahụ "Parc national du W" (Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=818&level=nat |title=World Database on Protected Areas: W du Niger |access-date=2008-08-16 |archive-date=2020-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619193237/https://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=818&level=nat |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-05 |archivedate=2020-06-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619193237/https://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=818&level=nat }}</ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ atọ ahụ bụ [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]] Important Bird Areas (IBAs) ụdị A1 na A3 (IBA codes IBA NE001, IBA BF008, na IBA BJ001). === Ime ihe ike === Na 8 Febụwarị 2022, ụgbọala abụọ nke ndị nche nke African Parks n'akụkụ Benin nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba gbara ogbunigwe ala nke a na-enyo enyo na ndị omekome Islam kụrụ, gbuo mmadụ asatọ. Na 25–26 Julaị 2024, e gburu ndị nche ogige ise nke Benin na ndị agha asaa n'ime mwakpo egbe n'ime ogige ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2024 |title=Five Rangers, 7 Soldiers Killed In Benin National Park: NGO |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/five-rangers-7-soldiers-killed-in-benin-national-park-ngo-0466988e |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=Barron's |language=en}}</ref> Na 17 Eprel 2025, e gburu ndị agha Benin 54 n'ime mwakpo dị n'ime ogige ahụ nke Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin kwuru na ọ bụ ya mere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=54 soldiers killed in suspected Jihadist attack in Benin |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250423-54-soldiers-killed-in-suspected-jihadist-attack-in-benin |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:Bends_in_the_River_Niger_which_give_W_National_Park_its_distinctive_name.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Bends na Osimiri Niger nke nyere W National Park aha ya pụrụ iche]] N'ime mba atọ ahụ, ogige ntụrụndụ mpaghara ahụ dị ihe dị ka 10,000 km² (3,900 sq mi) nke ọtụtụ mmadụ na-ebighị, ruo afọ 1970, ọ bụ mpaghara mmiri mmiri nke mmiri ịba nke e ji delta nke Osimiri Mékrou na Niger kpụọ, ugwu ndị dị n'okwute gbawara. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ebe a abụrụla ebe obibi mmadụ n'oge gara aga, ebe ndị dị mkpa e gwupụtara n'ala (karịsịa ili) a hụrụ n'ógbè ahụ na-ekpebi ya. == Ahịhịa ndụ == E dekọrọ ụdị osisi 454 n'ogige ahụ, gụnyere okooko osisi orchid abụọ a na-ahụ naanị na Niger. Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụkwa ókèala ndịda nke oke ọhịa tiger dị n'elu ala dị na Niger. == Anụmanụ == A maara ogige a maka nnukwu anụmanụ, gụnyere aardvark, baboon, buffalo nke Afrịka, caracal, cheetah, enyi ọhịa nke Afrịka, hippopotamus, leopard nke Afrịka, Ọdụm ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, serval na warthog. Ogige ntụrụndụ a na-enye ebe obibi maka ụfọdụ enyí ndị Africa ikpeazụ dị n'Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Agbanyeghị, giraffe nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ obere nke Niger taa, adịghị na mpaghara ahụ. A makwaara ogige W maka ihe mere eme nke nkịta ọhịa West Africa nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ,<ref>W National Park. 2009</ref> ọ bụ ezie na canid a nwere ike ịla n'iyi ugbu a n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>C.Michael Hogan. 2009</ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụ otu n'ime ebe ikpeazụ e wusiri ike maka cheetah nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. A na-eme atụmatụ na obere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise bi na mpaghara a na-echebe site na W–Arli–Pendjari.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=The global decline of cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus'' and what it means for conservation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=114 |issue=3 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1611122114 |pages=528–533 |pmc=5255576 |pmid=28028225|doi-access=free |last1=Durant |first1=Sarah M. |last2=Mitchell |first2=Nicholas |last3=Groom |first3=Rosemary |last4=Pettorelli |first4=Nathalie |last5=Ipavec |first5=Audrey |last6=Jacobson |first6=Andrew P. |last7=Woodroffe |first7=Rosie |last8=Böhm |first8=Monika |last9=Hunter |first9=Luke T. B. |last10=Becker |first10=Matthew S. |last11=Broekhuis |first11=Femke |last12=Bashir |first12=Sultana |last13=Andresen |first13=Leah |last14=Aschenborn |first14=Ortwin |last15=Beddiaf |first15=Mohammed |last16=Belbachir |first16=Farid }}</ref> A makwaara Ogige Ntụrụndụ W nke Mba maka ọnụọgụ nnụnụ ya, ọkachasị ụdị nnụnụ ndị na-agafe agafe, yana ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 350 achọpụtara n'ogige ahụ.<ref>United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (Content Partner); Mark McGinley (Topic Editor). 2009. "'''W' National Park, Niger.''" In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [https://www.eoearth.org/article/'W'_National_Park,_Niger online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129061424/http://www.eoearth.org/article/%27W%27_National_Park%2C_Niger |date=2009-11-29 }}</ref> Achọpụtala ogige ahụ site na [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]] dị ka Important Bird Area.<ref>BirdLife International. (2013). Important Bird Areas factsheet: 'W' National Park. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/03/2013.</ref> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> File:Elephants bath park w Niger 2006.jpg|{{center|Bush elephants}} File:Gazelle big road park w niger 2006148670716 94d943892c b.jpg|{{center|[[Roan antelope]]}} File:Gazelle clearing park w niger 2006.jpg|{{center|[[Kob]] antelope}} File:Gazelles grass park w niger 2006.jpg|{{center|[[Oribi]]s}} File:Landsacpe_dry_stream_park_w_niger_2006.jpg|{{center|Landscape}} File:Baboon niger parkw 2006.jpg|{{center|[[Tantalus monkey]]}} </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pendjari == Edensibia == {{Commons category|W National Park}}{{National Parks of Burkina Faso}} {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * Convers Arnaud, Chaibou Issa, Binot Aurélie, Dulieu Dominique (2007) La gestion de la transhumance dans la zone d'influence du parc régional du w par le program ecopas: une « usoro ọrụ » wụ l'aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Vertigo Hors Serie 4. URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/761 ; DOI : 10.4000/vertigo.761 * Benoit M (1998) Statut et usage du sol en périphérie du parc national du "W" du Niger. Tome 1 : Onyinye à l'étude du milieu naturel et des ressources végétales du canton de Tamou et du Parc du "W". ORSTOM, Niamey, Niger, 41 p. [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/griseli1/010016709.pdf] * Doussa S (2004) Les impacts de la culture cotonnière sur la gestion des ressources naturelles du Parc W. Maitrise, Université de Ouagadougou. * Grégoire JM, Fournier A, Eva H & Sawadogo L (2003) Caractérisation de la dynamique des feux et de l'évolution du couvert dans le Parc du W: Burkina Faso, Bénin et Niger. 64 S. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060515160415/http://www-tem.jrc.it/PDF_publis/2003/Gregoire_EUR_ParcW_2003.pdf] * Hogan C.Michael (2009) [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Nkịta Ịchụ nta Ese: Foto Lycaon'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 N. Stromberg] * Nacoulma, BMI (2012): Dynamique et stratégies de conservation de la végétation et de la phytodiversité du complexe écologique du Parc National du W du Burkina Faso. Nkà mmụta PhD, Mahadum de Ouagadougou. * Nacoulma, BMI, Schmidt, M., Hahn, K., Thiombiano, A. (2020): ''Ndepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ mba W dị na Burkina Faso, gụnyere mpaghara ịchụ nta dị n'akụkụ Tapoa-Djerma na Kondio'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ data ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ 8: e54205. [https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e54205] * Rabeil T (2003) Nkesa potentielles des grands mammifères dans le Parc du W au Niger. Thesis doctoral, Univ. Paris VII. 463 S. [http://tel.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/04/71/22/PDF/tel-00006931.pdf]  * Price et al. (2003) Ogige Mpaghara "W" nke Benin, Burkina Faso na Niger - Ịrụ ọrụ na Usoro nke Njikọta Mpaghara iji dozie ma Mmasị Obodo na Ihe Ịma Aka Ndị Gbasara Ókèala. Nzukọ Ogige Ụwa 2003, Durban, RSA. Na: Pansky, Diane (ed.). 2005. Ọchịchị nke Vth World Parks Congress. Ottawa, Canada: Parks Canada na IUCN/WCPA. ISBN R62-375/2003E-MRC 0-662-40433-5. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706175402/http://www.earthlore.ca/clients/WPC/English/grfx/sessions/PDFs/session_1/Price.pdf] * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Niger nke W. 2009. [http://www.wwfus.org/bsp/publications/africa/108/190/chap2.htm] * Zwarg A, Schmidt M, Janßen T, Hahn K, Zizka G (2012) Ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi, àgwà ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ala nke ahịhịa savannas na lateritic crusts (bowé) na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Burkina Faso. Flora et Vegetio Sudano-Sambesica 15: 15–24. [https://doi.org/10.21248/fvss.15.18] == Njikọ mpụga == {{National Parks of Niger}}{{National Parks of Burkina Faso}}{{National Parks of Niger}} * {{National Parks of Niger}} 90ib9t77w8lsnhts7cmynniri595k8g 0 77315 687576 671358 2026-07-12T14:59:09Z Akwugo 11031 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ Fixed reference error 687576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg|thumb|Nwoke Igbo nwere akara ihu nke ịbụ onye a ma ama nke a maara dị ka ''Ichi'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Among the Ibos of Nigeria: An Account of the Curious & Interesting Habits, Customs & Beliefs of a Little Known African People, by One who Has for Many Years Lived Amongst Them on Close & Intimate Terms|first=George Thomas|author=Basden|publisher=Seeley, Service|year=1921}}</ref>]] '''Ichi''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Ichi.wav|Listen}} bụ ụdị emume ihu nke ndị ikom [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-aka. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ gosipụtara na onye na-eyi ya agafeela site na mbido mbụ n'ime mgbako ndị isi ''[[Nze na Ozo]]'' , <ref name="Jeffreys">{{Cite journal|author=Jeffreys|first=M.|year=1951|title=The Winged Solar Disk or Ibo Itεi Facial Scarification|journal=Journal of the International African Institute|volume=21|issue=2|pages=93–111|doi=10.2307/1156462}}</ref> si otú a na-egosi onye na-eyi ya dị ka onye a ma ama. A na-ahụ nzaghachi nke ọdịnala a n'okwu nke oge a bụ '''Ichie''', nke na-egosi onye otu klas nke ndị isi a na-akpọ aha n'etiti ndị Igbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imeobionitsha.org/ndiche/|work=imeobionitsha.com|title=Ndichie|accessdate=May 28, 2023}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A chọtara iyi ichi n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nọ n'ógbè Awka-Nri na n'etiti umu nwanyi no n'ogbe [[Awgu|Awgwu]] na Nkanu. A na-enye ndị na-eyi ya ikike ime nsacha nke ihe arụ na inye ndị mmadụ echichi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Isichei|first=Elizabeth|authorlink=Elizabeth Isichei|title=Igbo Worlds|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues|year=1978|isbn=0-915980-62-2}}</ref> A na-ewere ndị nwere akara ihu dị ka umu nwoke ndi [[Anieze Nri|Nri]] ma o yighị ka a ga-ewere ha dị ka ndị ohu. Ufodu ndi ozo n'ala Igbo nwere ike ịmalite iyi Ichi n'ihi nke a. E nwere ụdị abụọ; ụdị Nri a na-eyi n'ógbè Awka-Nri, na ụdị Agbaja a na-eyi n'ogbe Awgwu na Nkanu.<ref name="Jeffreys" /> N'ụdị Nri, akara a tụrụ atụ si n'etiti ihu gaa na ntì. Akara nke abụọ gafere ihu, site na ntì aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe. A na-akahari akara nke a iji nweta ụkpụrụ e bu n'obi iṅomi ụzarị anyanwụ. N'ụdị Agbaja, a na-agbakwunye okirikiri na usoro yiriokiriki na oghere mbụ iji gosipụta ọnwa. E nyere ndị nnọchi anya ''Eze'' Nri iyi Ichi a; ''mbùríchi''. Iyi Ichi a bụ ụzọ ndi Nri si asọpụrụ anyanwụ ha na-efe ofufe ma bụrụ ụdị isacha ememe. == Hụkwa == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Odinani}} i2epjjw2z2wz429ir6tz90xuwkueb0c 687577 687576 2026-07-12T14:59:38Z Akwugo 11031 /* Ihe odide */ Fixed reference error 687577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg|thumb|Nwoke Igbo nwere akara ihu nke ịbụ onye a ma ama nke a maara dị ka ''Ichi'' <ref>{{Cite book|title=Among the Ibos of Nigeria: An Account of the Curious & Interesting Habits, Customs & Beliefs of a Little Known African People, by One who Has for Many Years Lived Amongst Them on Close & Intimate Terms|first=George Thomas|author=Basden|publisher=Seeley, Service|year=1921}}</ref>]] '''Ichi''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Ichi.wav|Listen}} bụ ụdị emume ihu nke ndị ikom [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-aka. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ gosipụtara na onye na-eyi ya agafeela site na mbido mbụ n'ime mgbako ndị isi ''[[Nze na Ozo]]'' , <ref name="Jeffreys">{{Cite journal|author=Jeffreys|first=M.|year=1951|title=The Winged Solar Disk or Ibo Itεi Facial Scarification|journal=Journal of the International African Institute|volume=21|issue=2|pages=93–111|doi=10.2307/1156462}}</ref> si otú a na-egosi onye na-eyi ya dị ka onye a ma ama. A na-ahụ nzaghachi nke ọdịnala a n'okwu nke oge a bụ '''Ichie''', nke na-egosi onye otu klas nke ndị isi a na-akpọ aha n'etiti ndị Igbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imeobionitsha.org/ndiche/|work=imeobionitsha.com|title=Ndichie|accessdate=May 28, 2023}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A chọtara iyi ichi n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nọ n'ógbè Awka-Nri na n'etiti umu nwanyi no n'ogbe [[Awgu|Awgwu]] na Nkanu. A na-enye ndị na-eyi ya ikike ime nsacha nke ihe arụ na inye ndị mmadụ echichi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Isichei|first=Elizabeth|authorlink=Elizabeth Isichei|title=Igbo Worlds|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues|year=1978|isbn=0-915980-62-2}}</ref> A na-ewere ndị nwere akara ihu dị ka umu nwoke ndi [[Anieze Nri|Nri]] ma o yighị ka a ga-ewere ha dị ka ndị ohu. Ufodu ndi ozo n'ala Igbo nwere ike ịmalite iyi Ichi n'ihi nke a. E nwere ụdị abụọ; ụdị Nri a na-eyi n'ógbè Awka-Nri, na ụdị Agbaja a na-eyi n'ogbe Awgwu na Nkanu.<ref name="Jeffreys" /> N'ụdị Nri, akara a tụrụ atụ si n'etiti ihu gaa na ntì. Akara nke abụọ gafere ihu, site na ntì aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe. A na-akahari akara nke a iji nweta ụkpụrụ e bu n'obi iṅomi ụzarị anyanwụ. N'ụdị Agbaja, a na-agbakwunye okirikiri na usoro yiriokiriki na oghere mbụ iji gosipụta ọnwa. E nyere ndị nnọchi anya ''Eze'' Nri iyi Ichi a; ''mbùríchi''. Iyi Ichi a bụ ụzọ ndi Nri si asọpụrụ anyanwụ ha na-efe ofufe ma bụrụ ụdị isacha ememe. == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Odinani}} rwjomqzctu1j4frtbpcq2qpylksib68 0 77369 687551 671853 2026-07-12T14:01:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Western Region, Uganda}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Murchison Falls National Park | alt_name = Kabalega National Park | iucn_category = II | image = Murchison_Falls_-_by_Boschlech.jpg | image_caption = [[Murchison Falls]] | location = [[Uganda]] | nearest_city = [[Masindi]] | coordinates = {{coord|02|11|15|N|31|46|53|E|region:UG_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}} | map=Uganda | map_caption = Location of Murchison Falls National Park | area_km2 = 3893 | established = 1952 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Ugandan Wildlife Authority]] | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Murchison Falls-Albert Delta Wetland System | designation1_date = 15 September 2006 | designation1_number = 1640<ref>{{Cite web|title=Murchison Falls-Albert Delta Wetland System|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1640|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Murchison Falls''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na [[Uganda]] nke Ugandan Wildlife Authority na-elekọta. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda, ọ na-agbasa n'ime ala site n'ikpere Ọdọ Mmiri Albert gburugburu Victoria Nile ruo Karuma Falls. yana n'akụkụ {{cvt|748|km2}} Bugugu Wildlife Reserve na ndị {{cvt|720|km2}} Karuma Wildlife Reserve, ogige ahụ mebere mpaghara nchekwa Murchison Falls.<ref name="About" /> == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Crocodile_along_River_Nile_in_Murchison_Falls_National_Park,_Uganda_01.jpg|thumb|Agụ iyi n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Murchison Falls]] Ogige ahụ na-adọba mpaghara Uganda nke Buliisa, Nwoya, Kiryandogo, na Masindi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị nchọpụta bụ John Speke na James Grant bụ ndị Europe mbụ gara MFCA nke oge a na 1862. Samuel na Florence Baker nyochara ya nke ọma na 1863-4. Baker kpọrọ nsụda mmiri ahụ Murchison Falls n'aha onye ọkà mmụta ala Roderick Murchison, onye isi oche nke Royal Geographical Society.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821–1893)|author=Ofcansky, T. P.|publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/1/101001135|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref> N'agbata 1907 na 191, a chụpụrụ ndị bi n'ebe dị ihe dị ka 13,000 km2 sq mi) n'ihi [[Ọrịa ihi ụra nke ukwuu|ọrịa ụra]] nke nnụnụ tsetse gbasaa. N'afọ 1910, e mepụtara Bunyoro Game Reserve n'ebe ndịda Osimiri Naịl. mpaghara ahụ kwekọrọ na akụkụ nke MFNP na mpaghara Buliisa, Masindi, na Kiryandongo. N'afọ 1928, a gbatịrị ókèala ahụ n'ebe ugwu nke osimiri ahụ n'ime Nwoya District nke oge a.<ref name="About">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park|title=About Murchison Falls National Park|accessdate=3 November 2016|date=2016|publisher=Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA)|archivedate=1 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101071508/http://ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161101071508/http://ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park "About Murchison Falls National Park"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 1952, gọọmentị Britain guzobere Iwu Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke [[Uganda]]. Ebe a kọwara n'elu ghọrọ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Murchison Falls . <ref name="About"/> N'afọ 1972, Ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị agha Idi Amin gbanwere aha ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Kabalega dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa Afrịka ya, iji sọpụrụ Chwa II Kabalega nke Bunyoro.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-25|title=Amin renames lakes, roads and mountain to 'decolonise' Uganda|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/amin-renames-lakes-roads-and-mountain-to-decolonise-uganda-1727874|accessdate=2026-03-23|work=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Aha ahụ mechara laghachi na Murchison.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Visual redress in Africa from indigenous and new materialist perspectives|date=2023|publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=978-1-032-36853-5|editor=Costandius|series=Routledge research in art and politics|location=New York; London|pages=260}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Murchison_falls_National_Park.2.jpg|thumb|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Murchison Falls]] == Nchịkọta == Murchison Falls National Park bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba Uganda nwere ihe dịka 3,893 KM2 (1,503 Sq mi).<ref name="About"/> Victoria Nile na-ekewa ogige ahụ site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ maka ihe dịka 115 km (71 mi).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citatio ne</span>]]''</sup>Ogige ahụ bụ ebe Murchison Falls dị, ebe mmiri nke Naịl na-agafe n'ọwa dị warara naanị 7 m (23 ft) n'obosara tupu ọ daa 43 M (141 ft).  N'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Masindi-Gulu bụ Karuma Falls, ebe 600 megawatt Karuma Power Station dị, nke bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke Uganda kemgbe ọ bịara n'ịntanetị na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karuma Heralds Ea of Abundant Power|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/640204/-/r0mwwrz/-/index.html|accessdate=3 November 2016|date=2009|author=Nakkazi|first=E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=Xinhua.net|date=22 August 2023|url=http://english.news.cn/20230822/feb0029ef9e34a7d8dc0d7b0ed1cbb91/c.html|title=Chinese-built power plant in Uganda launches fourth turbine set, moving closer to completion|author=Xinhua|accessdate=12 December 2023}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, a na-ewu East African Crude Oil Pipeline gụnyere iwu olulu mmanụ 10, pipeline, na refinery na gburugburu Murchison Falls National Park.<ref name="oil">{{Cite web|author=Bradstock, F.|date=2022|title=East African Governments Clash With Environmentalists Over New Oil Pipeline|url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/East-African-Governments-Clash-With-Environmentalists-Over-New-Oil-Pipeline.html|accessdate=2022-08-01|work=OilPrice.com}}</ref> == Anụ Ọhịa == Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe a na-echebe dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa [[Odúm|Ọdụm]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e mere atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị giraffe 250 nọ n'ogige ahụ. A na-ebufe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke giraffe 37 Rothschild site n'akụkụ ugwu nke Osimiri Naịl gaa n'akụkụ ndịda na 2016 na 2017, mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ihe dị ka 1,500.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nubian Giraffe Conservation in Uganda|url=https://giraffeconservation.org/programmes/uganda-programme/|work=Giraffe Conservation Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920235013/https://giraffeconservation.org/programmes/uganda-programme/|archivedate=20 September 2020|date=23 February 2016}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Murchison Falls na Budongo Forest Reserve dị nso nwere ụdị anụmanụ iri asaa na isii dịka chimpanzees yana ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ Nile kachasị na Uganda. E nwere ụdị nnụnụ 450 a ma ama gụnyere stork nke nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ, dwarf kingfisher, Goliath heron, white-thighed hornbill na great blue turaco. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Uganda == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/7060|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Murchison Falls National Park}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ogo6upnfb3kmzxhn2937uog4b7d41jo 0 77382 687553 671943 2026-07-12T14:05:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National Park in Uganda}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Rwenzori Mountains National Park | iucn_category = II | image = Rwenzori mountains FP.jpg | image_caption = The Rwenzori mountains | location = [[Kasese District]], Uganda | nearest_city = [[Kasese]] | module = {{designation list |embed = yes |designation1 = WHS |designation1_date = 1994 <small>(18th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> |designation1_type = Natural |designation1_criteria = vii, x |designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684 684] |designation1_free1name = Region |designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|Africa]] |designation1_free2name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Endangered]] |designation1_free2value = 1999&ndash;2004 |designation2 = Ramsar |designation2_offname = Rwenzori Mountains Ramsar Site |designation2_date = 13 May 2009 <ref name="Ramsar list">{{cite web |title=Ramsar List |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list/main/ramsar/1-31-218_4000_0__ |publisher=Ramsar.org |access-date=13 April 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409081737/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list/main/ramsar/1-31-218_4000_0__ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} | coordinates = {{coord|00|24|N|29|57|E|region:UG_type:forest|display=inline,title}} | map = Uganda | relief = 1 | map_caption = Location of Rwenzori Mountains National Park | area_km2 = 998 | established = 1991 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Ugandan Wildlife Authority]] | website = }} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ugwu Rwenzori''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba Uganda na ebe UNESCO na-ahụ maka ihe nketa ụwa dị n'Unesco dị n'Ugwu Rwenzori. N'ogo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,000 km2 (386 sq mi) n'ogo, ogige ahụ nwere ugwu nke atọ kachasị elu n'Africa yana ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na ice. A maara ogige ahụ maka ndụ osisi mara mma ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rwenzori Mountains na 1991. A họpụtara ya dị ka UNESCO World Heritage Site na 1994 n'ihi ịma mma okike ya.<ref name="unep" /><ref name="Williams93" /> Ndị agha nnupụisi weghaara Ugwu Rwenzori site na 1997 ruo June 2001. <ref name="unep" /> E debara aha ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger n'etiti afọ 1999 na 2004 n'ihi enweghị nchebe na enweghị ihe onwunwe na ogige ntorobịa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/threats/|title=History - List in Danger|accessdate=7 June 2008|publisher=UNESCO|archivedate=13 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034308/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684/threats/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/70|title=Angkor Among the three Properties Removed from Unesco's List of World Heritage in Danger|accessdate=7 June 2008|publisher=UNESCO|archivedate=2 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002094747/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/70}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rwenzori dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu ọdịda anyanwụ (Albertine). Ọ dị n'ókè Uganda na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) ma na-ejikọta [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga nke Mba|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Virunga]] nke DRC, nke bụkwa UNESCO World Heritage Site, maka 50 (31 mi). <ref name="unep">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rwenzor.html|title=Rwenzori Mountains National Park, Uganda|accessdate=3 June 2008|date=March 2003|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510070450/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/rwenzor.html|archivedate=10 May 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. </cite></ref> Ọ dị na mpaghara Bundibugyo, Kabarole, na [[Kasese]] District">Kasese, <ref name="unep" /> 25 km (16 mi) site na obere obodo Kasese. <ref name="Williams93">{{Cite book|title=Africa Overland|author=Williams|first=Lizzie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-qPSsfpgwQC|year=2005|publisher=Struik|isbn=1-77007-187-3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWilliams2005">Williams, Lizzie (2005). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ 996 square kilomita (385 mi2) n'ogo, pasent 70 nke karịrị ịdị elu nke mita 2,500 (8,200 . <ref name="whc" /><ref name="advisory" /> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị kilomita 120 (75 mi) n'ogologo na kilomita 48 (30 mi) n"obosara.<ref name="Williams93" /> Ogige ntụrụndụ a gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkụ etiti na ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Rwenzori, ugwu dị n'elu ala kpọrọ nkụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke equator. Ugwu ndị ahụ dị elu karịa Alps ma kpuchie ice. Ugwu Stanley dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Margherita Peak, otu n'ime ugwu abụọ nke Ugwu Stanley, bụ ugwu nke atọ kachasị elu n'Africa, nke dị elu nke mita 5,109 (ụkwụ 16,762). Ugwu nke anọ na nke ise kachasị elu n'Africa (Mount Speke na Mount Baker) dịkwa n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref name="unep"/> Ogige ntụrụndụ a nwere ice dị iche iche, snoo, mmiri mmiri, na ọdọ mmiri, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ugwu ndị kacha mma n'Africa. <ref name="unep" /><ref name="whc">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684|title=Rwenzori Mountains National Park|accessdate=3 June 2008|date=3 June 2008|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|archivedate=27 October 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027115023/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/684 "Rwenzori Mountains National Park"]. </cite></ref> == Nchekwa na njem nleta == [[Faịlụ:Ruwenzori_Mountains_Woman_SG.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nwanyị ugwu Ruwenzori]] The park is owned by the Ugandan government through Uganda National Parks. It is protected, although extraction may be sanctioned by a board of trustees.<ref name="unep"/> Kasese, 437&nbsp;km (260&nbsp;mi) west of Uganda's capital Kampala, is the gateway to the park. The town has hotels and lodges, while he park has camping, a good trail network, and huts for hikers.<ref name="Riley151" /> The park has trekking and climbing routes, several with unusual scenery. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> The most popular trek is a seven-day circuit of the park.<ref name="Williams93"/> == Ụdị dị iche iche == Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ndị dị na usoro Albertine Rift, ma enwere ọtụtụ ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ na ogige ntụrụngwa ahụ.<ref name="unep"/> O nwere ọtụtụ osisi na osisi.<ref name="Hodd702">{{Cite book|title=East Africa Handbook: The Travel Guide|author=Hodd|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUyRbGkUzyAC|year=2002|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=1-900949-65-2}}</ref> A maara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ ya, nke a kọwara dị ka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị mara mma n'ụwa.<ref name="Riley151">{{Cite book|title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves|author=Riley|first=Laura|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC|year=2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12219-9}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRileyWilliam_Riley2005">Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005). </cite></ref> E nwere mpaghara ahịhịa ise [[Biodiversity|ịdị iche iche]] n'ogige ahụ, nke na-agbanwe dabere na mgbanwe nke ịdị elu.<ref name="unep" /> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụdị nnụnụ 89, ụdị urukurubụba 15, na ụdị anụmanụ anọ.<ref name="advisory">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/684.pdf|title=World Heritage Nomination Rwenzori Mountains National Park (Uganda)|accessdate=3 June 2008|publisher=UNESCO}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/684.pdf "World Heritage Nomination Rwenzori Mountains National Park (Uganda)"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Anụ ọhịa nke ogige ahụ dịgasị iche na ịdị elu, ụdị ya gụnyere enyí ọhịa, chimpanzee, hyrax, Angola colobus, L'Hoest's monkeys, Ruwenzori duiker, na Rwenzori turaco.<ref name="Riley151" /> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/7045|author=BirdLife International|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Ruwenzori (Rwenzori) Mountains National Park}} o69dxv2xz7qmyh9od0a7ujpyvwixbcq 0 77422 687548 672201 2026-07-12T13:56:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Sudan}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Dinder National Park | alt_name = | iucn_category = II | image = DinderNationalPark Sudan.svg | image_alt = Dinder National Park map | image_caption = Dinder National Park boundaries. | image_size = | map = Sudan | map_alt = Location in Sudan | map_caption = | map_width = | relief = yes | location = | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coords|12.29|N|35.48|E|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | established = 1935 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | url = | child = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 7 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1461<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dinder National Park |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1461|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder''' bụ Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Sudan]], ma jikọta ya na Ogige Ntụ Alitash nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]].<ref name="NatGeo2016" /> == Ebe == Dinder dị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (mile 250) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Khartoum, n'akụkụ abụọ nke Osimiri Dinder nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu site n'akụkụ Osimiri Rahad.<ref name="vanhoven" /> Obodo Dinder (93 kilomita (58 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị njem nleta chọrọ ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/|title=Dinder National Park|accessdate=2013-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222516/http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> == Akụkọ ie mere eme == Ebe obibi Dinder jupụtara nke ukwuu mgbe ndị Yuropu gara ya na mbụ na 1861. N'afọ 1880, n'oge Agha Mahdist na ụnwụ nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kwụsịrị. Alfred Harrison hụrụ naanị ihe ndị mmadụ bi na ya na 1925.<ref name="vanhoven">{{Cite journal|author=van Hoven, Wouter|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 August 2013|issn=0960-233X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFvan_Hoven,_WouterMutasim_B._Nimir2004">van Hoven, Wouter; Mutasim B. Nimir (2004). </cite></ref>E guzobere Dinder dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ na 1935 mgbe Mgbakọ London nke 1933 gasịrị ma kpọọ ya na 1979 dị ka onye otu World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Na 1983, a gbatịkwuru ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ruo kilomita 2,630 (1,020 sq mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. <ref name="vanhoven" /> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ na-ada na gburugburu ebe dị n'etiti mpaghara Sahel na Highlands nke Etiopia. O nwere usoro okike atọ dị iche iche: * [[osimiri]] - mpagharaụ simiri * ọhịa * ''Maya'' (Ọdọ mmiri oxbow). Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụdị 27 nke nnukwu anụ na-enye nwa ara dịka agụ owuru, cheetah, ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 160, ụdị azụ 32, na obere anụ na-enyara nwa ara, ụsụ, anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na anụ na-ebi n'ala. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa. E nwekwara ọtụtụ nnụnụ North Africa bi n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder nwere [[Odúm|ọdụm]] dị mma. <ref name="NatGeo2016">{{Cite news|author=Howard, B.|title=Once Thought Extinct, 'Lost' Group of Lions Discovered in Africa|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/|date=2016|accessdate=2016-02-07}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHoward,_B.2016">Howard, B. (2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="New Scientist2016">{{Cite news|publisher=New Scientist|title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/|date=2016|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{Cite news|title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573|date=2016|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> === Egwu === Okike gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogige ahụ na-eyi egwu site na mmegide sitere n'aka ndị na-azụ ehi bụ ndị a na-achụpụ site na ala ịta nri ọdịnala ha site na mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo, site na isi ihe kpatara mmụba nke ndị bi na mpaghara. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ anụ, gụnyere tiang, Roan, waterbuck na reebuck, nọ n'okpuru nrụgide ọzọ ka ala na-abụghị ogige ntụrụndụ nke ha na-agafe agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ egwuregwu n'etiti 1971 na 2001 egosila mbelata dị egwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke waterbuck na-ada site na 85%, reedbuck site na 72%, na oribi site na 68%. E kpochapụrụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na Dinder ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara ya, gụnyere enyí ọhịa Africa, anụ ọhịa ojii, Enyí mmiri, Torha hartebeest, giraffe Nubian, gazelle Soemmerring, na Agụ iyi Naịl.<ref name="vanhoven"/> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder abụwo ebe obibi maka nkịta ịchụ nta (''Lycaon pictus''), mana nkịta a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ belatara na mpaghara a.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 "Painted Hunting Dog: ''Lycaon pictus''", GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 |date=2010 }}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 1ea8i6we9ssv524f2pwyi8z7vfm0hnl 0 77423 687556 672207 2026-07-12T14:08:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687556 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị na Nyabushozi County, Kiruhura District na [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1090848|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=New Vision}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo dị na Mpaghara Kiruhura dị na Mpaghara Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Uganda, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (mile 19) n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mbarara na ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (mile 150) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kampala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Districts bordering Lake Mburo park want wildlife law amended|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/districts-bordering-lake-mburo-park-want-wildlife-law-amended-1614722|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=Monitor}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo na mbụ n'afọ 1933 dị ka ebe a na-achụ nta ma kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-echekwa anụ ọhịa na 1963.<ref name="Mallarach">{{Cite book|author=Mallarach|first=J.-M.|title=Protected landscapes and cultural & spiritual values|year=2008|publisher=[[World Conservation Union]]|location=Heidelberg|isbn=978-3925064609|pages=132–134}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=The alluring Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/the-alluring-lake-mburo-national-park-1691562|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ bụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, ndị na-azụ ehi Ankole, ma ka na-azụkwa ha.<ref name="Mallarach" /> Ndị bi ebe ahụ nọgidere na-azụ ehi ha n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ihe mere ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-akwado nchekwa kpọrọ ha "ndị mwakpo" na 1981, mana a chụpụrụ ha n'ala ha mgbe e kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na 1983, dịka ụfọdụ ndị West tụrụ anya ya.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Mallarach" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malpas|first=R.|date=1981|title=Elephant Losses in Uganda – and Some Gains|journal=Oryx|volume=16|issue=1|pages=41–44|doi=10.1017/S0030605300016720}}</ref> Mkpebi nkwalite nke gọọmentị Obote bụ, n'otu akụkụ, iji mee ka Banyankole ghara ịdị ike, bụ́ ndị kwadoro ndị nnupụisi na-emegide Obote. Ọ bịara n'oge agha Bonanza nke gburu mmadụ 300,000 n'oge agha Uganda Bush. Ebe ọ bụ na a naghị akwụ ndị na-azụ anụmanụ a chụpụrụ ụgwọ maka ala ịta nri furu efu ma ọ bụ nyere ha aka ibi n'ụlọ ọzọ, ọtụtụ ndị ka na-emegide nkwalite ahụ. E kewara ala ubi dị n'èzí ogige ahụ n'ime obere ubi na ala ubi ugbo.<ref name="Mallarach" /> Na 1985, ọchịchị nke abụọ nke Obote dara, ndị bibu na Lake Mburo weghaara ala ogige ahụ ọzọ, chụpụ ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ, bibie akụrụngwa, ma gbuo anụ ọhịa. Ọchịchị National Resistance Movement mechara degharịa ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ala mbụ nke ogige ahụ na 1986.<ref name="Mallarach" /> N'ime ogige ahụ, e nwere ebe ndị dị mkpa n'ọdịnala, dịka Rubanga, ebe a na-achụrụ chi àjà n'oge gara aga; Ruroko bụ ebe Bachwezi nke dị na akụkọ ifo bi, ebe Kigarama bụ ebe ndị ohu eze na-anọkarị. == Anụ ọhịa == [[Faịlụ:Mpala_found_at_Lake_Mburo_National_park.png|alt=added image|thumb|Impala dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mba Mburo]] [[Faịlụ:Rothschild_Giraffe.png|thumb|Giraffe Rothschild dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park]] Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nabatara [[zebra]], hippopotamus, impala, warthog, common eland, African buffalo na ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300. Ndị na-eri anụ nwere ike ịgụnye [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], hyena, genet, African civet, jackals na serval, kemgbe015, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Rothschild's giraffes. IUCN weere mpaghara nchekwa ahụ dị ka 'ngalaba nchekwa ọdụm' na 2005,<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ọdụm anaghịzi eme ebe a. Ndị obodo ahụ gburu ọdụm n'afọ 1980, mana e nwere akụkọ na mbido afọ 2015 na otu ọdụm na-agagharị n'ógbè Miriti, Kashara, Warukiri na Rwonyo. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị bi ebe ahụ weere nke a dị ka ihe na-akpata nsogbu, ihe ngwọta e nyere bụ ibuga ọdụm ahụ n'ogige anụmanụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ogige ntụrụndụ tinyere echiche nke iweghachi ọdụm n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Ọdụm ahụ na-agagharị n'ógbè ahụ mechara wakpo ma merụọ mmadụ atọ ahụ, nke mere ka ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu nke obodo ahụ iwe jiri nkume na osisi chụsoo anụmanụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ anụ ọhịa Uganda mere mkpebi igbu anụmanụ ahụ, ebe obodo ahụ were iwe ma ọnọdụ ahụ adịla ize ndụ. A na-eche na ọ si n'ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Kagera dị na Tanzania kwata.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|title=Stray lion in Isingiro District|date=2015|url=http://www.pearlofafricatours.com/blog/108-lion-escapes-from-park-injures-three-people-before-being-gunned-down.html|work=Uganda Wildlife Authority|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Impalas_sleeping_at_night_in_Lake_Mburo_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ anụmanụ Impala na-ehi ụra n'abalị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park]] Nsogbu ndị na-azụ anụ n'ogige ahụ na-enwe bụ mgbanwe dị n'ebe obibi ha na-eme ka oge na-aga. Ọtụtụ ebe ndị bụbu ala ahịhịa n'ogige ahụ agbanweela ghọọ ọhịa ma ọ bụ oke ọhịa ka ụdị osisi ọhịa ndị a na-akpọ Acacia hockii chịburu ebe ndị a. Acacia n'onwe ya na-echebe ụdị osisi na osisi ndị ọzọ, bụ́ ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa ma dịkwa oke ibu. Nkụkọ ọhịa a na-amanye anụmanụ ịbanye n'ọhịa na ala nkeonwe gbara ya gburugburu, na-eme ka a kpọọ ha asị dị ka ihe na-akpata ahụhụ. Gọọmentị agbalịala ịhazi ebe ndị a ka ha bụrụ ebe a na-achịkwa ịchụ nta maka ịchụ nta trophy, mana ndị nwe ala na-eme mkpesa na ego a na-enweta na-emefu na ọrụ obodo dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ahụike na okporo ụzọ kama idozi nsogbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu sitere na anụmanụ nwere nsogbu. Ịzụta ihe na-egwupụta ihe maka ijikwa ebe obibi, usoro dị iche iche nke ọkụ ọhịa, ịgba ogige, ịkwaga anụmanụ ndị gabigara ókè, ịzụ anụ ọhịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta, njem nlegharị anya obodo, inye ikike maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu na ịbawanye oke nwere ike ibelata nke a; A na-ekwe ka ndị obodo ahụ kpụrụ osisi acacia ka ha wee bụrụ nkụ, mana nke a emeghị nke ọma. A na-ewere hyenas na Cape bushbuck dịka anụmanụ nwere nsogbu. == Leekwa == * Mpaghara Mbarara * Mpaghara Masaka == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170622151000/http://www.ugandawildlife.org/news-a-updates-2/uwa-news/item/381-giraffes-will-be-translocated-to-lake-mburo-national-park Giraffes will be translocated to Lake Mburo National Park] Archived 2017-06-22 at the Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211005114747/https://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/lake-mburo-national-park Official government site] Archived 2021-10-05 at the Wayback Machine bmkknobkkslqm1bwv9t9hztht3s5v5g 1728 77449 687591 673598 2026-07-12T15:30:46Z Akwugo 11031 /* '''List''' */ 687591 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} == '''About The Project''' == [[File:Clean up, Fixing Redlink References on Igbo Wikipedia Flyer.png|thumb|Flyer]] The existence of redlink references and redlinked templates highlights significant content gaps within Igbo Wikipedia. When articles are redlinked the encyclopedia's ability to provide a rich and interconnected learning experience is reduced. This affects both the credibility and usability of the platform as a reliable source of knowledge. This project seeks to address these challenges by identifying and correcting these red-linked articles and templates while improving existing content. Through collaborative editing and contributor engagement, the project will strengthen the structure and quality of Igbo Wikipedia, making it more accessible, informative, and engaging for readers. By reducing content gaps and improving article connectivity, this initiative will enhance the overall user experience, support knowledge discovery, and contribute to the growth and sustainability of free knowledge in the Igbo language. == '''Venue'''== Nigeria Book Foundation behind Kenneth Dike Library opposite UBA bank near Aroma Junction Awka == '''Date and Time''' == Saturday 11th July 2026 11:am prompt == '''Organizers''' == * [[user:Ebube Clara| Ebube Clara]] * [[User:Akwugo | Akwugo]] == '''Expectations''' == At the end of this project, the following should be achieved: # Recruit of new members into the Igbo Wikimedians User Group # Training on fixing reference errors and templates on Igbo Wikipedia {{doing}} # Fixing reference errors in more than 150 Igbo Wikipedia articles {{doing}} == '''Target audience''' == * Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group * Wikimedia grantees * Igbo language speakers * Students and researchers * Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo == '''List''' == [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1F9J7sLB9uzaFTp4pCE30-stJtdNoS-OSSu0ORLI4kyg/edit?gid=1386366356#gid=1386366356 work list] Contributiins will start reading from 7th July 2026 and stop on 1st August 2026 tpkkmhcxoyzm1t1elg31c09jp71ry4i 0 77451 687547 672761 2026-07-12T13:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox park | name = Nylsvley Nature Reserve | other_name = | image = Scenery in Nylsvley nature reserve 3.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Wetland with [[Phragmites australis|common reed]] | image_size = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_relief = yes | map_alt = | map_caption = Location within Limpopo | map_size = | location = [[Limpopo Province]], [[South Africa]] | nearest_city = [[Mookgophong]] | coordinates = {{coord|24.6548|S|28.691|E|region:ZA-LP|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = <ref>{{Cite web| url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Nylsvley_Nature_Reserve| title=Nylsvley Nature Reserve| work=protectedplanet.net| accessdate=2026-07-05| archivedate=2012-06-03| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603160054/http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Nylsvley_Nature_Reserve}}</ref> | area = {{Convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | established = {{Start date and age|1998|7|7}} | administrator = [[Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism]] | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | camp_sites = Multiple | governing_body = | world_heritage_site = | url = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 7 July 1998 | designation1_number = 952<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nylsvley Nature Reserve|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/952|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ebe Nchekwa Ọdịdị Nylsvley''' bụ ebe a na-echebe nke dị kilomita iri anọ (40 mi2) maịlụ iri na ise, nke dị n'akụkụ ebe idei mmiri nke Osimiri Nyl na-ejupụta n'oge, akụkụ kachasị elu nke Mogalakwena nke nwere obere ala. Ọ dị nso na Mookgophong na Limpopo Province nke South Africa. Akpọwo mpaghara ahụ ebe mmiri Ramsar dị n'ihi mkpa nchekwa mba ụwa ya. Ala idei mmiri ahụ nwere nnukwu ahịhịa na ahịhịa gbara ya gburugburu nke oke ọhịa mepere emepe. Aha 'Nylsvley' sitere na Vlei, pan ma ọ bụ ebe idei mmiri na-eme n'oge, na okwu maka "Nile". N'afọ 1860, otu ìgwè ndị ọrụ ugbo Voortrekker hụrụ nnukwu ala dị larịị na Osimiri Naịl-asọ n'ebe ugwu ma dị ka akụkọ ifo si kwuo weere ya dị ka ''Nylrivier'' (osimiri Nile). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm|title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve|accessdate=18 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm|archivedate=13 September 2013}}</ref> == Foto == <gallery> Faịlụ:Nylsvley_Brochure_pg_1.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure pg 1 Faịlụ:Nylsvley_Brochure_pg_2.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure pg 2 Faịlụ:Nylsvley_Brochure_pg_3.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure pg 3 Faịlụ:Nylsvley_Brochure_pg_4.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure pg 4 </gallery> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260705202250/https://nylsvley.co.za/ Ndị enyi Nylsvley] * [https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/np_nylsvley.htm Ogige Nchekwa Okike nke Nylsvley, Limpopo] ah964t4skubudcmay4cfyic3g49luft 0 77464 687641 673713 2026-07-12T19:19:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Údolí řeky Orange - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange]]    '''Osimiri Orange''' (site na Afrikaans / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') bụ osimiri dị na Southern Africa. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na South Africa. N'inwe ngụkọta 2,432 mi), Orange River Basin si [[Lesotho]] banye South Africa na [[Namibia]] n'ebe ugwu. Ọ na-ebili n'ugwu Drakensberg na Lesotho, na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa ruo n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti South Africa na Lesotho na n'etiti Sud Africa na Namibia, yana ọtụtụ ókèala mpaghara n'ime South Africa. Ewezuga Upington, ọ naghị agafe obodo ukwu ọ bụla.Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụ na ụba South Africa n'ihi na ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi na imepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ike mmiri.Onye nchọpụta Dutch, Robert Jacob Gordon, kpọrọ ya Osimiri Orange iji sọpụrụ Ụlọ Orange, ezinụlọ eze na-achị Netherlands n'oge ahụ. Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mara osimiri ahụ gụnyere naanị okwu pụtara "osimiri". N'asụsụ Khoekhoegowab, a na-ede ya !Garib, nke e mesịrị gbanwee n'asụsụ Afrikaans ka ọ bụrụ Osimiri Gariep, ebe e jiri ụda mkpụrụedemede dị iche dochie ụda mkpọtụ nke dị na mbụA na-akpọkwa ya Groote River (aha sitere na Kai !Garib) ma ọ bụ Osimiri Senqu, nke bụ aha a na-ejikarị ya na Lesotho, sitere n'okwu ǂNū, nke pụtara "oji" ma ọ bụ "nwa." N'asụsụ isiXhosa, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ iGqili. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River|author=Travel|first=Wild Africa|work=www.wildafricatravel.com|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|archivedate=20 December 2016}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|title=Orange River Basin|work=www.dwa.gov.za|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|archivedate=13 December 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Doke|first=C.M|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|year=1972|isbn=0-85494-027-8|location=Johannesburg|pages=11|language=en, zu}}</ref> == Ụzọ == [[Faịlụ:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụzọ na mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, Osimiri Caledon na Osimiri Vaal. Map a na-egosi ókèala na-agbaso omenala maka mmiri. N'ụzọ doro anya, ewepụghị ọdọ mmiri Kalahari, dịka ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ bụ endorheic. Ụfọdụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-eji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke gụnyere akụkụ nke [[Botswana]] (ya mere nke Kalahari). ]] Orange na-ebili n'Ugwu Drakensberg n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti South Africa na [[Lesotho]], ihe dị ka kilomita 193 (120 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] na n'ịdị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000 m (9,800 . A maara nsọtụ Osimiri Orange n'ime Lesotho dị ka '''Senqu'''. Akụkụ nke Osimiri Senqu na-ajụ oyi n'oge oyi n'ihi ịdị elu ya. na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-agbadata, nke na-emetụta mmepụta ewu na ehi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features & Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange n'ebe ndịda Rosh Pinah]] [[Faịlụ:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Senqu Near Ha Potomane (Ogige Ịkpụcha) na Quthing, Lesotho]] [[Faịlụ:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange dị nso na Hopetown]] Osimiri Orange na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa, na-emepụta ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Free State. N'akụkụ a, osimiri ahụ na-ebu ụzọ banye na Gariep Dam ma mesịa banye na Vanderkloof Dam. Site n'ókè Lesotho ruo n'okpuru Vanderkloof Dam, a na-egbutu ala osimiri ahụ nke ukwuu. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ala ahụ dị larịị, a na-ejikwa osimiri ahụ eme ihe nke ukwuu maka ịgba mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}</ref> N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Free State, n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kimberley, Osimiri Orange na-ezukọta na isi iyi ya kachasị ukwuu, Osimiri Vaal, nke na-emekwa nnukwu akụkụ ókè ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ.Site n'ebe ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe ọzara akọrọ nke mpaghara ndịda Kalahari na Namaqualand n'ime ógbè Northern Cape, ruo mgbe ọ rutere ókè ya na Namibia n'ogo ogologo 20°E.Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dị ka kilomita 550 (maili 340),ma bụrụ ókè mba ụwa n'etiti ógbè Northern Cape na ǁKaras Region nke Namibia.A pụrụ ịgafe osimiri ahụ n'okporo ụzọ site na Vioolsdrif / Noordoewer, nakwa na Alexander Bay / Oranjemund ebe a na-agafe ókèala, nakwa Sendlingsdrif, ebe a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri ebu ndị mmadụ agafe osimiri ahụ. [[Faịlụ:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi a na-egosi 100 kilomita ikpeazụ (62 mi) ma ọ bụ karịa nke Osimiri Orange, ebe nkume dị n'ala osimiri na n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na diamond, na ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ a.]] N'ime kilomita 800 (maili 500) ikpeazụ nke ụzọ Osimiri Orange si aga, ọ na-anata ọtụtụ iyi mmiri na-asọpụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ (dịka Osimiri Fish), ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu ndagwurugwu mmiri akọrọ na-abanyekwa n'ime ya.N'akụkụ a, Ọzara Namib na-akwụsị n'akụkụ ugwu nke osimiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, n'ọnọdụ nkịtị, oke mmiri nke iyi ndị a na-agbakwunye n'osimiri ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu.N'akụkụ a kwa, ala osimiri ahụ na-adịkwa omimi ọzọ n'ihi mmebi ala nke mmiri mere. Ọ bụkwa ebe Augrabies Falls dị, ebe Osimiri Orange na-adaba mita 56 (ụkwụ 184) n'ime ogologo ụzọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 18 (maili 11).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa|url=https://www.cedarberg-travel.com/destination/south-africa/northern-cape/augrabies-falls-national-park/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=www.cedarberg-travel.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Orange na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'etiti obere obodo Oranjemund (nke pụtara "ọnụ Orange") na Namibia na Alexander Bay na South Africa, banyere equidistant n'etiti Walvis Bay na [[Cape Town]]. Ọnụ osimiri Orange bụ ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 57 dị iche iche na 20 653-26 653 nnụnụ n'otu n'otu edere na 1985. Ọ bụ ebe a ma ama na Ramsar bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri ole na ole na-adịgide adịgide n'ụsọ oké osimiri South-West Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Mark D|date=September 2003|title=Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306520309485389|journal=Ostrich|language=en|volume=74|issue=3–4|pages=159–172|doi=10.2989/00306520309485389|issn=0030-6525}}</ref> Ihe dị ka 33 (21 mi) site n'ọnụ ya, ọ na-egbochi ya site na rapids na sand bars ma n'ozuzu ya anaghị agafe agafe ogologo oge. Osimiri ahụ nwere ngụkọta ,432 km (1,511 mi). <ref name=":0"/> === Mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo === [[Faịlụ:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ọda Mmiri Augrabies na-asọba]] N'[[Oge ọkọchị]], ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ọsọ ọsọ na evaporation. Na isi iyi nke Orange, mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị ka 2,000 in) kwa afọ, mana mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata ka osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; n'ọnụ ya, mmiri ozu na-erughị 50 in) kwa shekara. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akwado evaporation na-abawanye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. N'Oge mmiri ozuzo (oge okpomọkụ), osimiri Orange na-aghọ iyi na-acha nchara nchara. Nnukwu ihe ndị e bu n'ime ala na-eme ka ọrụ injinia dị n'osimiri ahụ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu ogologo oge. Mkpokọta mpaghara mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, tinyere Osimiri Vaal, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 973,000 km² (376,000 square miles). Nke a hà ka ihe dị ka 77% nke mkpokọta ala South Africa, nke nwere mpaghara ruru 1,221,037 km² (471,445 square miles).Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 366,000 km² (141,000 square miles), ya bụ ihe dị ka 38% nke mpaghara mmiri a, dị n'èzí South Africa, n'ime mba Lesotho, Botswana, na Namibia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}</ref> === Ụtụ isi === * Osimiri Vaal - 1,458 km (906 mi) * Osimiri Caledon - 642 km (399 mi) * Osimiri Khubelu - 144 km (89 mi) == Usoro ụtụ isi == A na-enye mmiri n'elu akụkụ Osimiri Orange site n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta na iyi mmiri ndị na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị na Lesotho na South Africa.N'ime isi iyi ndị kachasị mkpa dị n'elu akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Caledon, Osimiri Little Caledon, Osimiri Kraai, Kornetspruit, na Osimiri Senqunyane. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anakọta mmiri sitere n'Ugwu Maloti, tupu ha ejikọọ na ọwa mmiri bụ isi nke Osimiri Orange. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)|year=2015}}</ref> Mmiri ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri Orange River na-agba kwa afọ n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu Lesotho. Snowfall na oge mmiri ozuzo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na iyi na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hydrology of the Orange-Senqu Basin|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu na-achịkwa site na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project, nke na-enye South Africa mmiri mgbe ọ na-emepụta ike eletrik maka Lesotho.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=ORASECOM|year=2015}}</ref> === Ihe mgbochi mmiri === * Ọdọ Mmiri Armenia * Ọdọ Mmiri Egmont * Ọdọ Mmiri Gariep * Ọdọ Mmiri Newberry * Ọdọ Mmiri Vanderkloof * Ihe mgbochi mmiri Welbedacht * Ọdọ Mmiri Knellport * Ọdọ Mmiri Kalkfontein * Ihe mgbochi mmiri Teirpoort * Ọdọ Mmiri Mohale * Ihe Mmiri Katse * Ọdọ Mmiri Rustfontein == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Okwu mmalite === Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bi na mbụ tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ achịkwa ha kpọrọ osimiri ahụ, na-ezo aka na ụcha ojii ya, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị Kai ! ''Arib'' ("Great River"), nke sitere na ya na nsụgharị Afrikaans ''Gariep'', na nsụgharị "Groote Rivier". Aha Dutch mbụ maka osimiri ahụ bụ naanị nsụgharị ahụ, Groote Rivier, nke pụtara "Osimiri Ukwu". Colonel Robert Gordon, onye isi nke United East India Company (VOC) na Cape Town, kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Orange, na njem n'ime ime obodo na 1779.<ref name="ACWR" /> Gordon kpọrọ osimiri ahụ iji sọpụrụ William V nke Orange.<ref name="ACWR" /> Nkwenye a ma ama ma ọ bụghị nke ziri ezi bụ na a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ aha ya site na ụcha Oroma nke mmiri ya, n'adịghị ka ụcha nke mmiri ya na-esote, Osimiri Vaal, nke aha ya sitere na aha ahụ bụ "osimiri na-acha odo odo" (vaal bụ Afrikaans maka ntụ ma ọ bụ ntụ). Kemgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, aha "Gariep" enweela ihu ọma ka ukwuu na akwụkwọ ozi gọọmentị na South Africa, ọ bụ ezie na aha "Orange" nwere nkwado mba ụwa ka ukwuu.<ref name="ACWR">Earle, Anton et al. (2005), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080228220417/http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf A preliminary basin profile of the Orange/Senqu River (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228220417/http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf |date=28 February 2008 }}, ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007</ref> Na Lesotho, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebili, a maara ya dị ka Osimiri Senqu, nke sitere na aha [[Griqua language|Khoemana]] mbụ. [[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Panorama e si n'ugwu jupụtara na fluorspar na-ele anya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke jupụtara na mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo karịrị nke ọma]] Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Aha Ala nke Eastern Cape akpọsawo ebumnuche ya ịtụle mgbanwe aha site na aha ọchịchị, maka akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti Eastern Cape na Free State, na aro ndị bụ '''IGqili''' ma ọ bụ '''Senqu'''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|work=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date=13 June 2013|page=11}}</ref><ref name="polity.org.za">{{Cite web|url=https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/sa-statement-by-afriforum-civil-rights-organisation-objects-to-proposed-name-change-of-orange-river-06062013-2013-06-06|title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River|work=Polity|date=6 June 2013}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi e tinyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Aliwal Weekblad'' na-ekwu na "a na-eche na aha a dị ugbu a nwere njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmeri ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma ya mere enweghị ọnọdụ n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo ike ugbu a".<ref name="polity.org.za" /> === Grootslang === N'akụkọ ọdịnala nke South Africa, a na-ejikọta Osimiri Orange na Grootslang, ihe e kere eke a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo nke yiri nnukwu agwọ. A na-ejikọtakwa ya na dayamọnd ndị a na-ahụ n'ájá na nkume ndị mmiri osimiri na-eburu. A na-ekwu na Grootslang bi n'ime ọgba jupụtara na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, nke ejikọtara na Osimiri Orange site n'okporo mmiri eke nke dayamọnd ndị ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abanye n'ime osimiri ahụ.Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu na ha bụ ebe Grootslang na-ebi gụnyere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru King George Cataract na Aughrabies Falls, nke a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ebe dayamọnd si apụta,[1] nakwa nnukwu nkume dị n'etiti osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ụdị a nke akụkọ ifo ahụ, a na-ekwukwa na Grootslang na-achụ ma na-eri ehi ndị na-ata ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.<ref name="Dream">{{Cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G.|title=Where Men Still Dream|date=1948|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54893|publisher=Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town|pages=125–126}}</ref>.<ref name="Glamour">{{Cite book|author=Cornell, F. C.|title=The Glamour of Prospecting|date=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/glamourprospect00corngoog|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Faịlụ:Orange_River_at_Aliwal_North.jpg|thumb|Àkwà Mmiri General Hertzog n'elu Osimiri Orange na Aliwal North n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na Free State: Rịba ama ihe ndị fọdụrụ na Frere Bridge n'aka ekpe.]] Dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa, Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, na igwu ala. Iji nyere aka na nke a, e mepụtara nnukwu atụmatụ mmiri abụọ, Orange River Project na Lesotho Highlands Water Project. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, osimiri ahụ keere òkè dị mkpa na South African diamond rush, na diamond mbụ na mba ahụ ka a chọtara na alluvial deposits na Orange. Taa, ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Orange na gburugburu ọnụ ya, ebe e nyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ikike na ikikere maka nchọpụta mmanụ na gas. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sowman|first=Merle|date=2023|title=Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa|url=https://oneoceanhub.org/mapping-for-justice-towards-an-accessible-transparent-database-of-mining-along-the-west-coast-of-south-africa/|accessdate=8 June 2026|work=One Ocean Hub}}</ref> N'ihi enweghị anụmanụ dị ize ndụ na oke mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, a na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ntụrụndụ na rafting. Orange River rafting aghọwo ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ogige ha n'akụkụ osimiri iji rụọ ọrụ. Njem ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ njem osimiri ụbọchị anọ na ụbọchị isii nke na-ewere ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru Augrabies Falls ma ọ bụ na mpaghara Richtersveld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=4-Day Orange River Adventure|url=https://orangeriverrafting.com/adventures/4-day-orange-river-adventure/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Orange River Rafting|language=en-US|archivedate=2026-01-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260118105251/https://orangeriverrafting.com/adventures/4-day-orange-river-adventure/}}</ref> === Ọrụ Osimiri Orange === Orange River Project (ORP) bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ na nke kachasị mma nke ụdị ya na South Africa. Ọ bụ gọọmentị Hendrik Verwoerd wuru ya n'oge Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. E wuru ORP iji mebie mmiri nke Osimiri Orange - nke, na-enweghị Osimiri Vaal, na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 14.1% nke ngụkọta mmiri na South Africa - na n'ime usoro ahụ, iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka mmiri. Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ọrụ ahụ bụ: <ref>{{Cite news|title=Orange River - People, Economy, Borders {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River/People-and-economy#ref418184|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Research Portal|url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/doctoral/To-provide-for-the-supply-and/9942601307691|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=ujcontent.uj.ac.za}}</ref> * iji mee ka mmiri na-asọsi ike, * mmepụta na nnyefe nke ike eletrik mmiri, * iji nye ndị ọrụ mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Orange, na * iji nye ndụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri na Eastern Cape, dị ka Great Fish na Sundays River valleys. Gariep Dam, nke dị nso na Colesberg, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu a na-echekwa mmiri n'ime usoro Osimiri Orange.Site na dam a, a na-ebuga mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ:N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri na-eso Osimiri Orange gaa n'ihu (na-agafe ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri) ruo Vanderkloof Dam.N'akụkụ ndịda, a na-ebufe mmiri ahụ site na Orange–Fish Tunnel ruo ógbè Eastern Cape. [[Faịlụ:GariepDam.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Gariep Dam nke dị na Osimiri Orange bụ nnukwu mmiri na South Africa, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke Orange River Project.]] ==== Mmiri eletrik ==== Eskom na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Gariep Dam na Vanderkloof Dam. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri dị na Vanderkloof Dam bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletriki mbụ na South Africa nke dị kpamkpam n'okpuru ala. E guzobere obodo Oviston na Oranjekrag iji mee ka iwu na ịrụ ọrụ nke akụrụngwa ọhụrụ dị mfe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-06|title=Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/vanderkloof-power-station/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=www.eskom.co.za|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Scenery_photo_by_Siloam_Village_Gariep.JPG|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ, na mmiri na-abanye na Oviston]] ==== Ịgba mmiri ==== [[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Wine_Farm.jpg|thumb|Ubi vaịn dị n'Osimiri Orange]] [[Faịlụ:Irrigation_Project_along_the_Orange_River.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọrụ ịgba mmiri dị iche iche n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ]] Ịgba mmiri n'ebe sara mbara dị n'okpuru mmiri nke Vanderkloof Dam, nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku hekta nke ala kpọrọ nkụ ghọọ ala ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, mere ka o kwe omume site na iwu Gariep na Vanderk loof Dam. Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri ochie dị ka ndị dị na [[Buchuberg]], Upington, Kakamas, na Vioolsdrif enwetala uru n'ihi na ịchịkwa mmiri ahụ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a. N'akụkụ osimiri Namibia, Aussenkehr na-emepụta mkpụrụ vaịn site na enyemaka nke mmiri sitere na Orange.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-07|title=Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/irrigation-project-along-the-orange-river-43035/|accessdate=2026-06-01|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya n'akụkụ Osimiri Orange amụbaala n'ịdị mkpa. Ịgba mmiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape enwetala nnukwu mmụba, ọ bụghị naanị site na mmiri a na-eme ka ọ dị, kamakwa n'ihi mmelite nke mmiri. Enweghị mmelite a, ndị ọrụ ugbo citrus nọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Lower Sundays ga-anọgide na-ata ahụhụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-30|title=Wine in the desert|url=https://news.wine.co.za/news.aspx?NEWSID=44771|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=wine.co.za|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Scheme|url=https://www.gfrwua.com/scheme|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=GFRWUA|language=en}}</ref> === Ọrụ Mmiri nke Highlands === E chepụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project iji gbakwunye mmiri na Vaal River System. A na-ebute mmiri na South Africa site na ọwa mbufe -agafe n'okpuru ókèala Lesotho South Africa na Osimiri Caledon, wee gaa n'okpuru Osimiri Little Caledon n'ebe ndịda Clarens na Free State, ma na-abanye na Osimiri Ash ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'ebe ugwu. Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ga-ekwe omume mgbe mmiri achọrọ na Gauteng ruru ọkwa ndị a na-enweghịzi ike ịkwado n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na atụmatụ nchekwa ọzọ dị ka Tugela River-Vaal River, nke jiri Sterkfontein Dam, nke dị nso na Harrismith na Free State.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study|url=https://www.internetgeography.net/geotopics/lesotho-large-scale-water-transfer-scheme-case-study/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Internet Geography|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Diamonds nke mmiri na-asọ asọ === N'afọ 1867, a chọtara diamond mbụ a chọtara na South Africa, Eureka Diamond, na nso Hopetown na Osimiri Orange. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a chọtara diamond buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Star of South Africa n'otu ebe ahụ, na-akpata ọganihu diamond. N'oge na-adịghị anya, diamond rush na-aga na diamond mine kpọmkwem site na kimberlite na Kimberley na 1871, ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-ahụ diamond alluvial na Orange. Taa, ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke osimiri ahụ, yana osimiri ndị gbara ọnụ ya gburugburu. Ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụkwa ọrụ n'etiti osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eureka Diamond {{!}} History of Diamonds|url=https://cairndiamonds.com/blogs/news/eureka-diamond-historical-diamonds|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Cairn Diamonds|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting na Osimiri Orange bụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu.]] === Ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri === N'oge ọnwa dị jụụ nke Machị na Eprel, nyere ezigbo mmiri ozuzo na oghere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emeghe, onye na-agba ụgbọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri) nwere ike ịga kilomita 30 (19 mi) kwa ụbọchị. Ebe ndị dị ala nke osimiri ahụ kachasị ewu ewu, n'ihi ọdịdị ala mara mma. A na-enweta njem azụmahịa, njem ndị a na-esi n'obodo Vioolsdrif.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Butler|first=Graeme|date=1997-01-01|title=A Study of Places Relating to Selected Historic Forest Themes in the North East Forest Region Victoria (excluding Box Ironbark Area|url=https://www.academia.edu/43684379/A_Study_of_Places_Relating_to_Selected_Historic_Forest_Themes_in_the_North_East_Forest_Region_Victoria_excluding_Box_Ironbark_Area|journal=Volume 2: Place Reports}}</ref> == Anụ Ọhịa == Osimiri Orange enweghị nnukwu anụmanụ. Ọ dị n'èzí Agụ iyi Naịl, ọ bụ ezie na enyí dị ọtụtụ, a chụrụ ha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Osimiri Orange nwere obere ụdị dị iche iche. Nnyocha site na 1995 ruo 2001 na Lower Orange River chọpụtara ụdị azụ 19 dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ asatọ dị iche iche. Ụdị abụọ na-abụghị nke ala e dekọrọ na nyocha ahụ bụ <nowiki><i id="mwAe4">Cyprinus carpio</i></nowiki> na ''Oreochromis mossambicus'', nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha mụbara ngwa ngwa n'ụba kemgbe mmalite afọ 1980.<ref name="NINA">{{Cite book|author=Næsje|first=T. F.|title=Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001|date=2007|publisher=NINR|location=Trondheim|isbn=978-82-426-1791-0|pages=5–6}}</ref> A na-ahụ ụdị ọzọ dị iche iche, rainbow trout, na isi mmiri nke osimiri na Lesotho. [[Faịlụ:Labeobarbus_aeneus,_Orange_river,_Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|Smallmouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') bụ Azụ egwuregwu a ma ama nke dị na usoro Osimiri Orange-Vaal.]] Ụdị asaa dị na usoro Osimiri Vaal-Orange: <ref>{{Cite book|author=Beekman|first=Hans E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKWRJ7GOOM0C&pg=PA13|title=Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change|date=2006-05-30|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2574-2}}</ref> * Azụ̀ catfish (''Austroglanis sclateri'') * Maluti redfin ma ọ bụ Maloti minnow (''Pseudobarbus quathlambae'') * Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes) * Osimiri sardine (''Mesobola brevianalis'') * Azụ̀ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') * Nnukwu azụ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus kimberlyensis'') * Azụ̀ Mudfish nke Osimiri Orange (''Labeo capensis'') [[Faịlụ:Augrabies_-_Twin_Falls_-_001.jpg|thumb|Twin Falls na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Augrabies Falls]] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri dị na South Africa * Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị dị n'ókè mba ụwa * Ndepụta nke ịgafe Osimiri Orange == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Kruchem|first=Thomas|title=Orange-Senqu Artery of Life: Water and Peace in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJs5MwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Brandes & Apsel|location=Eschborn|isbn=978-3-86099-884-7}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commons category|Orange River}} * [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100716045208/http://www.orangesenqurak.org/ Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - ebe ihe ọmụma maka ọdọ mmiri Orange-Sencu River] * Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlasnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback (nke edere na 13 Ọgọst 2012) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map nke akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Orange River nke bụ akụkụ nke South Africa] * [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari "Ịhụ Orange na Kalahari"], isiokwu na foto onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021 * [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Ihe ọmụma banyere Osimiri Orange sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Ọhịa nke South Africa] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o8cr23omhlw6pp3ud84hc3xq9s4muyp 0 77484 687645 673440 2026-07-12T19:26:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Shire River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Shiré, Chire | name_etymology = [[Chewa language|Chewa]] ''chiri'', "steep banks"<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29778127|title=Shire, Shirwak and Nyasa |author=Price, T.|year=1966|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=15-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872|title=The Mighty Shire River – History Of Malawi|accessdate=2026-07-06|archivedate=2023-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411075408/https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Shire fluss nsanje.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = The Shire near [[Nsanje]], Malawi | map = Shire (rivière).png | map_size = 280px | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|402|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = 486 m3/s | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Lake Malawi]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|14|25|25|S|35|14|10|E|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|474|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Zambezi]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|17|41|36|S|35|18|55|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Shire''' bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html|title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor|date=December 20, 2010}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị ebe a na-esi abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, ọ na-asọbakwa n'Osimiri Zambezi dị na [[Mozambique]]. Ogologo ya bụ {{convert|402|km|mi}}. Osimiri Shire dị n'elu na-asọpụta site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi ma na-asọ ihe dị ka {{convert|12|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} tupu ọ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malombe dị omimi. Ọ na-asọpụ mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malombe wee na-asọga n'ebe ndịda site na Liwonde National Park ebe ọtụtụ hippopotamus juru ebe niile n'akụkụ ya. N'etiti obodo Matope na Chikwawa, osimiri etiti na-ada ihe dị ka {{convert|1300|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} site na usoro mmiri na ndagwurugwu, gụnyere Mmiri Kapachira. E wuru ọdọ mmiri abụọ maka ike eletrik n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Shire nke Blantyre. Mgbe Chikwawa gafere, osimiri dị n'okpuru na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ wee banye n'ala dị larịị nke Mozambique. Osimiri Ruo, nke kachasị ukwuu ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime obere mmiri ya na-asọba mgbe niile, na-esonyere Shire dị nso n'obodo Malawi bụ Chiromo. Mmiri apịtị ahụ na-agafe n'ebe buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Elephant Marsh tupu ọ ruo na njikọ ya na Osimiri Zambezi dị n'ebe ndịda obodo Sena, Mozambique. N'afọ 1859, njem David Livingstone nke Abụọ nke Zambezi gara n'osimiri Shire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|title=Malawi|date=2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQueDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9|page=9|language=en}}</ref> Ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro East Africa Rift.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |title=Live Search Maps |access-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 |archive-date=2007-12-03 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-06 |archivedate=2007-12-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&A=100000&L=WLD0409 }}</ref> [[File:Ferry over Shire River in Mozambique.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe Shire na Mozambique]] {{clear|left}} == Edensibia == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Rivers of Malawi}} {{Rivers of Mozambique}} {{Authority control}} {{Malawi-river-stub}} {{Mozambique-river-stub}} 31f5zwgdsty9or8jninpd6b7rkc893f 0 77503 687654 673576 2026-07-12T19:34:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}} '''Osimiri Yala''' bụ [[osimiri]] dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, otu akụkụ nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Ọ na-asọfe ngwa ngwa n'elu ala okwute site na nnukwu ndagwurugwu tupu ọ banye na [[Osimiri Nzoia]] wee mepụta [[Apịtị Yala]] n'ókèala Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. A na-akọkarị ala dị n'akụkụ ya ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe maka ịta nri, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị obere ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ọhịa mbụ ahụ. [[Mbibi ala]] na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ dum, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ala. A na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka osimiri ahụ nwee ike iji mmiri rụọ ọrụ. ==Usoro == Osimiri Yala na-arịgo n'ime [[Nandi Escarpment]] dị na [[Rift Valley Province]], Kenya. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ maka {{convert|219|km}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Lake Victoria]] na [[Siaya County]], Kenya.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri Kenya kachasị ukwuu na-eri nri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, nke na-agbapụta nkezi nke {{convert|27.4|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} Osimiri ahụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị ise nke mmiri na-abata kwa afọ na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Osimiri Yala na-agafe ndagwurugwu sara mbara, nke toro eto nke yiri ka e megharịrị ya ọhụrụ n'oge ntụgharị nke metụtara mmegharị nke etiti-[[Pleistocene]]. Ọ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ n'elu akwa nkume, ebe enweghịkwa ụlọ dị larịị na mbara ihu.{{sfn|Ominde|1971|p=30}} Ọwa isi ahụ dị ihe dịka {{convert|30|m}} n'obosara, ewezuga Yala Swamp.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ọhịa Kakamega]], ebe o nwere mmiri mmiri dị egwu nke {{convert|20|m|adj=on}}.{{sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019|p=4}} [[Apịtị Yala]] dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka {{convert|175|km2}} n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Apịtị ahụ nwere {{convert|15|km2}} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli]], ala mmiri dị mmiri deltaic dị ọhụrụ nke nwere omimi nkezi nke {{convert|3|m}}, nke mmiri idei mmiri nke [[Osimiri Nzoia|Nzoia]] na osimiri Yala na-enye nri site na mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị na-adịghịzi na Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} N'oge gara aga, Osimiri Yala na-asọfe site na 20% nke Ọwara Yala n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, wee banye n'ime nnukwu apịtị, wee si n'obere ọdọ mmiri banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Taa, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke apịtị ahụ agbapụtala mmiri, osimiri ahụ na-asọba ozugbo n'ime apịtị ukwu nke {{convert|80|km2}}. Ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ala dị larịị ekewapụrụ ya site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli. Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli na-enweta mmiri ya ugbu a site n'ebe mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na site n'ala mmiri dị n'azụ. Ọkpọ mmiri ewepụla ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke mere ka mmiri zoo n'azụ ya wee malite {{convert|5|km2}} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Sare]].{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Ọdọ mmiri Sare, nke nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na Ọdọ mmiri Victoria, dị mkpa n'ichekwa anụ azụ̀ [[cichlid]] nke Ọdọ mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} Mmiri osimiri ahụ na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Sare site na ọwa mmiri nke gafere n'okporo ụzọ C27 nke dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Goye.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} ==Basin== [[File:Crossing The Yala.jpg|thumb|Raft e ji aka rụọ n'osimiri ahụ]] Ebe mmiri nke Osimiri Yala na-ekpuchi {{convert|3351|km2}}.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Nnyocha njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri Yala na [[Osimiri Nzoia|Nzoia]] wepụtara akụkọ mmalite na 2008. Ọ mụrụ ihe gbasara blọk ala atọ a na-anọchite anya ha n'ime mmiri Yala.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=5}} N'ime blọk atọ ahụ niile, a kụrụ ọtụtụ ala ahụ. Ihe ubi ndị e ji ebi ndụ gụnyere [[ọka]], [[agwa]], [[sorgum]], [[unere]], [[akpụkpọ]] na [[potato]], ebe ihe ubi ego gụnyere [[tii]], [[wit]] na [[mango]].{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9, 27, 43}} Oke Ogidi Yala dị na [[Uasin Gishu District]] gụnyere [[Lake Lessos]], otu n'ime isi iyi mmiri Yala. Ógbè ahụ nwere ala dị larịị, ugwu ndị dị larịị nwere ala dị larịị. E nwekwara ala mmiri na obere iyi na-adịgide adịgide. Ugbo ndị ahụ buru ibu, ọrụ ugbo ha anaghịkwa adị mfe. Ala a na-akọ ihe jupụtara na ahịhịa.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=41}} Mmepụta mmiri ara ehi dị mkpa.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=43}} Pasentị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ala ahụ gosiri mbuze ala na 2008.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=46}} Ógbè Yala nke dị n'etiti na [[Ógbè Vihiga]] na [[Ógbè Kakamega]] nwere ugwu ugwu nwere ọtụtụ obere iyi, ma nwee ọtụtụ ala mmiri. E nwere ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ọhịa ndị a na-echekwa n'ime blọk ahụ dum e ji eme ihe maka omenala, nakwa osisi n'ime ọhịa Kaimosi dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke blọk ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ugbo ndị ahụ bụ ndị a kụrụ n'ubi gabigara ókè, na-enweghị ntụgharị ọdịnala na oge ọdịda. A na-elekọta ugbo ndị ahụ nke ọma n'ebe ugwu nke blọk ahụ, ha nwekwara ọtụtụ osisi na ogige, ebe a na-akọkwa ugwu ndị dị elu n'ebe ndịda n'enweghị usoro nchekwa.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=25}} Ihe dị ka ọkara nke blọk ahụ na-egosi ihe akaebe nke mbuze ala.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=29}} Blọk Yala nke dị na [[Mpaghara Kisumu]] na [[Mpaghara Siaya]] nwere ala dị ala ruo na nke dị n'etiti, nwere obere ugwu ole na ole buru ibu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na ya bụ [[ndị Luo|Luo]], mana n'ebe ụfọdụ, ndị mmadụ bụ [[ndị Luhya|Luhya]].{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9}} A na-eji ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na atọ nke ala ahụ eme ihe ubi, ebe pasentị iri ise na ise maka anụ ụlọ ịta nri.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=13}} Anụ ụlọ gụnyere ehi, ehi, ọkụkọ, ewu na atụrụ.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=18}} E nwere obere osisi, na mbuze ala gbasaara ebe niile.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=14}} ==Ọrụ mmiri eletrik== Ruo afọ 2016, e mechaala ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmepe nke dam mmiri Nandi Forest iji kwado ịgba mmiri, inye mmiri na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ ga-enwe turbine Pelton abụọ nke nwere ike 25 MW ma na-enye 185 GWh kwa afọ.{{sfn|Lahmeyer International GmbH|2016|p=59}} N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, a mara ọkwa na Tembo Power nke Mauritius, tinyere Metier na WK Construction nke South Africa, abanyela aka na nkwekọrịta maka mmepe nke [[ọsọ-na-ọsọ-na-na-osimiri-ọkụ eletrik]] n'elu Osimiri Gala.{{sfn|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} A ga-enwe ike ike [[Ọdụ Ike Kaptis Hydroelectric]] nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ruo 2022. Ọrụ a ga-efu nde dọla iri atọ. A ga-enye ọkụ eletrik ahụ na grid nke gọọmentị [[Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) na-arụ ọrụ.{{sfn|Takouleu|2020}} A chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ dị nso n'obodo [[Kakamega]].{{sfn|Creamer|2020}} ==Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi== [[File:Kenyaboli1.JPG|thumb|[[Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli]] ]] Nnyocha e mere gbasara data mwepụ site na 1950 ruo 2000 gosiri mmụba n'ozuzu nke mwepụta. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbibi nke mkpuchi ala, gụnyere oke ọhịa ndị obodo.{{sfn|Sangale|Okungu|Opango|2011|p=6}} Ntọhapụ nri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ kwa afọ dị ihe dị ka tọn 1,000 nke [[nitrogen]] na tọn 102 nke [[phosphorus]].{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} Ihe ndị na-eyi gburugburu ebe obibi osimiri egwu gụnyere ihe mkpofu sitere na ikpochapụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, mwụfu mmanụ n'ime na nso osimiri ahụ, igbukpọ ọhịa na mbuze nke si na nsọtụ osimiri pụta, na mwepụ ájá.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Ọrụ mmepe gụnyere ọrụ ịgba mmiri na mmiri mmiri n'akụkụ ala na etiti nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ike mmiri, na ngwaahịa ala mmiri, njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi na njem nlegharị anya egwuregwu mmiri, na ikekwe [[nchekwa carbon]].{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} A ghaghị iji nlezianya jikwaa mgbanwe nke ala mmiri maka mmepụta ihe ubi iji hụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide. A ghaghị ịnọgide na-enwe ala mmiri zuru oke iji chịkwaa mbuze ma melite mma mmiri, nke na-emetụta azụ̀ n'osimiri na ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ya. A ga-arụkwa ọrụ ndozigharị nke ebe mmiri ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe mmepụta ihe ubi ma belata mbuze na nsị nke ala mmiri na osimiri.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Akụkọ nke afọ 2005 gosiri mgbanwe dị na Lake Sare nke yiri gburugburu ebe obibi ọdọ mmiri ahụ egwu site na mmetọ ikuku na mmebi. Ọ tụrụ aro atụmatụ njikwa gụnyere ihe niile gbasara ogige mmiri Yala iji gbochie mmebi ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005||p=347}} Dịka ọ dị na 2019, BirdLife International kwuru na ihe iyi egwu nke ebe apịtị ahụ dị elu, o nweghịkwa olileanya maka ihe a ga-eme.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{reflist|25em}} {{commons category|Yala River}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/6839/ktf0256.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-03-07 |first1=Anja |last1=Boye |first2=Louis |last2=Verchot |first3=Robert |last3=Zomer |publisher=International Centre for Research in Agorforestry |location=Nairobi, Kenya |date=5 March 2008 |title=Baseline Report Yala and Nzoia River Basins |type=Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project: Findings from the Baseline Surveys }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{citation |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/debt-funders-appointed-for-15-mw-kenya-hydropower-project-2020-04-16/rep_id:4136 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last=Creamer |first=Terence |date=16 April 2020 |work=Engineering News |title=Debt funders appointed for 15 MW Kenya hydropower project}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fcgkenya.co.ke/projects/identification-of-a-multipurpose-water-resources-development-project-in-the-yala-river-basin-in-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Identification of a multipurpose water resources development project in the Yala River basin in Kenya |publisher=FCG Kenya |ref={{harvid|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} |archive-date=2019-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917083302/https://www.fcgkenya.co.ke/projects/identification-of-a-multipurpose-water-resources-development-project-in-the-yala-river-basin-in-kenya |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/article/kenya-tembo-power-develop-first-hydro-project-metier |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Kenya: Tembo Power to develop first hydro project with Metier |date=17 April 2020 |work=African Energy |ref={{harvid|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} }} *{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/30808072-Development-of-a-power-generation-and-transmission-master-plan-kenya.html |access-date=2021-03-07 |author=Lahmeyer International GmbH |title=Development of a Power Generation and Transmission Master Plan, Kenya |date=May 2016}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054119/https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/EIA_1680-1689/EIA_1683_Kakamega%20Forest%20fence%20ESIA%20Study-min.pdf |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Mwangi |first1=Peter |last2=Chege |first2=David |date=December 2019 |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service |title=Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report for the Proposed Kakamega Forest Conservation Fence Project |archive-date=2021-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026150422/https://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/EIA_1680-1689/EIA_1683_Kakamega%20Forest%20fence%20ESIA%20Study-min.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |access-date=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |last=Ominde|first=Simeon Hongo|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&pg=PA30 |date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8873639#map=12/-0.0290/34.0623 |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Relation: Yala (8873639) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Yala (8873639)}} }} *{{citation |title=Variation of flow of water from Rivers Nzoia, Yala and Sio into Lake Victoria |year=2011 |last1=Sangale |first1=Felix |last2=Okungu |first2=John |last3=Opango |first3=Peterlis |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources |url=http://repository.eac.int:8080/bitstream/handle/11671/824/Variation%20of%20flow%20of%20water%20from%20rivers%20Nzoia%2c%20Yala%20and%20Sio%20into%20Lake%20Victoria.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-03-07}} *{{citation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/kenya-eaif-and-finnfund-finance-15-mw-kaptis-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=2021-03-07 |last=Takouleu |first=Jean-Marie |date=20 April 2020 |title=KENYA: EAIF and Finnfund finance 15 MW Kaptis Hydroelectric Project |work=Afrik21 |archive-date=2020-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210085331/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/kenya-eaif-and-finnfund-finance-15-mw-kaptis-hydroelectric-project/ |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} 5v2tlg56ravhztegtv63rdh4p2t2sws 0 77504 687626 673578 2026-07-12T18:58:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Gucha - Migori | name_other = Kuja | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Gucha River (center left) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | mapframe = yes <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Kenya]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 149 | length_ref = <ref name="jica_2014"/> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|58 <ref name="jica_2014"/>|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Nyamira County]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|-0.563813|34.993856|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Lake Victoria]] | mouth_location = [[Migori County]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-0.905|34.144|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 6900 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="jica_2014"/><ref name="lbda_2008" /> | tributaries_left = Sare River, Oyani River, [[Migori River]], Ongoche River | tributaries_right = Riana River | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Osimiri Gucha''', nke a na-akpọ Osimiri Kuja site n'aka [[Luo (ezinụlọ nke agbụrụ)|Luo]] obodo sitere n'ugwu Kiabonyoru dị na [[Nyamira County]] na-agafe n'etiti [[Mpaghara Gucha]] na-aga ọdịda anyanwụ site na obodo Migori ebe ọ na-esonyere Osimiri Migori ma na-asọba dị ka Osimiri Kuja-Migori na-abanye [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Mang’era |first=Ondemo, Fredrick |title=Evaluating Fish Community Structure In Relation To Water Quality Along Nyangweta Tributary, Kuja- Migori River Basin, Kenya |date=2023 |publisher=Kisii University |url=http://repository.kisiiuniversity.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8309 |language=en |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260112175532/http://repository.kisiiuniversity.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8309 |archive-date=2026-01-12}}</ref>. Ka ọ na-agafe n'Ala Gusii, akụkụ ya na-aghọ Osimiri Mogonga, nke a maara maka mmetụta dị egwu ya mgbe idei mmiri ruru. Mogonga na Gucha fọrọ nke nta ka ha hà nhata, ha na-ezute naanị otu maịlụ tupu ha agafee n'etiti obodo [[Ogembo]]. Osimiri Gucha-Migori gbanwere ụzọ ya n'akụkụ ọnụ ya n'afọ 2001-2002, wee gaa n'ebe ugwu ruo ebe ọ dị ugbu a.<ref name="jica_2014">{{cite web|last1=WRMA and JICA|title=Appendix 3-4 Gucha Migori River Basin Integrated Flood Management Plan Draft|url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf|accessdate=4 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174450/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf|archivedate=4 December 2016|date=July 2014}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ na ise site na [[Migori]], e mechara mmiri mmiri [[Gogo Falls]] n'afọ 1956, nke nwere ike ike mmiri nke 2MW, nke jikọtara ya na grid mba Kenya.<ref name="lbda_2008">{{cite web|last1=Lake Basin Development Authority|title=PROPOSAL FOR A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON KUJA RIVER MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT|url=http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf|accessdate=4 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152121/http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf|archivedate=2016-12-04|date=June 2008}}</ref> [[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (Kengen) na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi mmiri a.<ref>{{cite web|title=HYDRO POWER STATIONS|url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content/hydro-power-stations|website=www.kengen.co.ke|accessdate=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 2014, gọọmentị Kenya kwupụtara nkwalite na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, iji mee ka ikike ya ruo 12MW, chịkwaa mmiri iji gbochie idei mmiri, ma kwe ka mmiri gbaa ihe dị ka hekta 25,000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government to boost energy capacity of Gogo Falls|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000105509/government-to-boost-energy-capacity-of-gogo-falls|website=Standard Digital News|date=February 2014|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> Ruo ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2016, e wurula mmiri na ọwa mmiri Orango n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ojiji nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Okenge na Owiro na [[Migori County]], mana e gbuola oge iwu nke ọwa nkesa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Endless wait for irrigation water dampens Nyatike farmers’ hopes|url=http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/|website=Kenya News Agency|date=February 2016|accessdate=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045247/http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045247/http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/}}</ref> Ebe ihe ochie [[Gogo Falls]] dị nso na mgbochi mmiri ahụ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 8vdf3odgzhadg4pwtowt855ea8cdluw 0 77506 687647 686894 2026-07-12T19:27:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}} [[Faịlụ:Kavirondo-Nasa--ISS.jpg|thumb|Sondu Miriu]] '''Osimiri Sondu Miriu''' bụ osimiri sara mbara dị na [[Ọdịda Anyanwụ (Kenya)|ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Ọ na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mmụta mmiri na mpaghara ahụ, mmepụta ike, ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na ihe nketa omenala. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere akụkụ nke ógbè [[Kericho County|Kericho]], [[Kisumu]], Nyando, na [[Homa Bay]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe dị mkpa maka obodo, ọrụ ugbo, na mmepe mba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ochieng |first1=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |article-number=6485960 |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi-access=free |issn=1687-9317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala na usoro == Osimiri Sondu Miriu malitere na [[Mau Escarpment]] dị na mpaghara [[Rift Valley Province|Rift Valley]] ma na-asọfe site na mpaghara Bomet, Kericho na Kisumu tupu ọ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Ógbè mmiri ahụ nwere ihe dị ka 3,470km² ma nwee apịtị, ugwu ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, na ala ubi. == Ike mmiri eletrik == Osimiri ahụ nwere [[Ọdụ Ike Mmiri Sondu Miriu]], ọrụ mmiri nke nwere ike ịgba ọsọ nke MW 60 nke [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ọkụ eletrik Kenya]] (KenGen) na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directors |first=Hydro Review Content |date=2008-04-10 |title=Kenya completes commissioning of 60-MW Sondu Miriu |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/kenya-completes-commissioning-of-60-mw-sondu-miriu/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Factor This™ |language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ a malitere n'afọ 1999, e wee malite ọrụ ikpeazụ na 2008, ọ na-enyekwa aka nke ukwuu na nhazi mba Kenya. Tinyere nke ahụ, e mechara wuo [[Ọdụ Ike Mmiri Sang'oro]] iji jiri mmiri a gbapụtara site na Sondu Miriu, wee tinye 20 MW nke [[ike mmeghari ohuru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sondu |url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.kengen.co.ke |accessdate=2026-07-07 |archivedate=2025-09-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922220211/https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya - Business Daily |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.businessdailyafrica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sondu Miriu Hydro Power Project – H Young & Co. (E.A.) Ltd |url=https://hyoung.com/portfolio/construction-of-sondu-miriu-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durrant & Company International Ltd - Africa Project |url=https://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=durrantinternational.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=By |date=2009-07-24 |title=Kenya launches Sondu Miriu power plant |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2009/07/kenya-launches-sondu-miriu-power-plant/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mkpa omenala dị == Osimiri ahụ dị mkpa n'ọdịnala obodo ndị dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ọkachasị [[ndị Luo]]. Ọ na-akwalite ọrụ ịkụ azụ ọdịnala ma a na-amata ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo dị ka isi iyi mmiri dị nsọ ma bụrụ ihe nnọchianya. == Leekwa == * Ọdịdị ala nke Kenya * Ndepụta osimiri Kenya == Edensibia == <references /> og5a0w2c42m2tijip1wyhvcykdmb3o7 0 77509 687636 673632 2026-07-12T19:09:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Mara Region, Tanzania na Narok County, Kenya}} {{Infobox river | name = Mara River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mara River Massai Mara.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = The Mara River in Kenya | map = Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Mara River (bottom) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Kenya]] | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = [[Narok County]] | subdivision_type3 = Country | subdivision_name3 = [[Tanzania]] | subdivision_type4 = Region | subdivision_name4 = [[Mara Region]] | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|395|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Waterway">{{cite web|url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/region|title=Waterway}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Near mouth | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Period: 1960–2000){{cvt|41.7|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE">[ http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/NILE/The%20Nile%20Basin%20Water%20Resources%20Atlas-Chapter%206_0.pdf](PDF; 10,77&nbsp; MB)</ref><ref name="Nile River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/article/nile?catid=186&Itemid=496|title=Nile River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = ''Mau escarpment'' | source1_location = [[Narok County]], [[Kenya]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation= {{cvt|3000|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Lake Victoria]] | mouth_location = [[Mara Region]], [[Tanzania]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|1|30|50|S|33|55|56|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = [[Lake Victoria]] → [[Victoria Nile]] → [[Albert Nile]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]] | river_system = [[Nile River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|13,393|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="HYDROLOGY OF THE NILE"/> | tributaries_left = Amala, Talek, Sand, Somoche | tributaries_right = Nyangores, Thigithe | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Bridges on the border of Kenya and Tanzania]] [[File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo with calf, Mara River, Kenya]] '''Osimiri Mara''' bụ [[osimiri]] nke na-amalite ịsọ site na [[Narok County]] na [[Kenya]] wee kwụsị na [[Mpaghara Mara]] na [[Tanzania]]. Ọ dị n'ofe ụzọ mbugharị nke [[ungulate]] na usoro iheomume [[Maasai Mara]]/[[Serengeti National Park|Serengeti]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca |accessdate=2026-07-07 |archivedate=2025-08-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805160014/https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem }}</ref> ==Mmiri Osimiri ahụ na-asọ== Osimiri Mara kpuchiri ala nke {{cvt|13,504|km2}}, nke ihe dị ka 65% dị na Kenya na 35% dị na Tanzania.<ref>Jim K. Kairu, "Biodiversity Action Plan for Sustainable Management: Mara River Basin" (WWF, 2008)</ref> Site na isi iyi ya n'ugwu Kenya, osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka {{cvt|395|km}} ma na-esi na [[Mau Escarpment]] apụta ma na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Enwere ike kewaa ala ahụ ụzọ anọ maka ojiji ala na/ma ọ bụ ngalaba nchịkwa. ==Mpaghara ndị Mara== Ebe Nzọpụ Mau: Osimiri Mara sitere na apịtị Napuiyapi (2932m), ebe isi iyi mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide bụ Amala na Nyangores, nke na-asọpụ site na ọdịda anyanwụ Mau Escarpment. Akụkụ a nke ala mmiri ahụ na-akwado ma e wezụga oke ọhịa, ma [[obere ugbo]] (ihe na-erughị eka 10) ma ugbo ndị dị ọkara (ọtụtụ mgbe ugbo tii ruru eka 40). Ala Nkịtị Kenya: N'ebe a, osimiri Amala na Nyangores na-esi na Mau Escarpment na-asọpụta ma na-ezukọta wee mepụta Osimiri Mara. Osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'ime ahịhịa savannah mepere emepe nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ [[Ndị Maasai|Ndị Maasai]] na-achịkwa ma jiri ya mee ebe ịta nri maka anụ ụlọ na maka obere na ọrụ ugbo buru ibu (ihe karịrị eka iri anọ). E nwekwara ebe mmiri anọ dị mkpa nke mmiri Mara (osimiri Talek, Engare, Sand na Engito) dị n'ebe a, tinyere ụfọdụ ebe ugwu dịka [[Ugwu Loita]]. Ebe Ndị E Chebere: N'ikpeazụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Masai Mara National Reserve]] a ma ama n'ụwa, ebe ọ na-ejikọta ya na atọ n'ime mmiri anọ a kpọtụrụ aha. N'ókèala Kenya na Tanzania, osimiri ahụ na-asọba n'ime [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Serengeti]] ma ọ na-esonyere ya na nnukwu mmiri nke anọ: Osimiri Ájá (ma ọ bụ Longaianiet). N'ogige anụ ọhịa ndị a, ihe mmadụ na-eme bụ naanị ikiri anụ ọhịa. N'ala mmiri dị na Mpaghara Mara Tanzania: Ozugbo Osimiri Mara si na [[Ikorongo Game Reserve]] (nke dị n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Serengeti) rịdata, ọ na-agbagharị nke ọma gaa n'ebe ugwu. N'ebe osimiri ahụ na-aga n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, ọwa mmiri ahụ na-efunahụ ọzọ n'ime iyi dị iche iche, nke na-agafe n'ala mgbada [[Ala Mmiri Mara |Ala Mmiri Mara]]. Iyi na ala mmiri ndị a na-aga n'ihu ruo ihe dị ka {{cvt|70|km}} n'akụkụ ala. N'akụkụ a nke ógbè ahụ, njupụta mmadụ na anụ ụlọ dị elu, ebe obere ihe e ji eme ala bụ isi ihe e ji eme ya. Osimiri Mara bụ otu n'ime [[ebe a na-adọba mmiri]] iri na-abanye na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]], ya mere, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na n'akụkụ [[Osimiri Naịl]]. ==Elu na oke== [[Elu|elu]] dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị site na mita 2,932 gburugburu isi iyi mmiri dị na Mau Escarpment ruo mita 1,134 gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Oke mmiri ozuzo na-adị iche dabere na elu ndị a. Mau Escarpment na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kachasị na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ dị n'agbata 1,000 na 1,750mm. Ala ahịhịa savannah nke dị n'etiti ókèala na-enweta nkezi n'etiti 900 na 1,000 mm, na ala Kenya [[Ugwu Loita]] na mpaghara gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria gburugburu naanị ihe dị ka mmiri ozuzo 700 na 850mm kwa afọ. N'elu mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo a na mbara igwe, a makwaara mpaghara ahụ maka mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo ya n'oge, nke pụtara na mpaghara dị iche iche niile na-enweta mmiri ozuzo dị iche iche n'afọ. Oge mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'ụdị abụọ, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-amalite n'etiti Maachị ruo Juun, ebe mmiri ozuzo na-apụta n'ọnwa Eprel, ebe obere mmiri ozuzo na-abịa n'etiti Septemba na Disemba. [[File:Masai Mara River aerial.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Mara dị na Narok County]] ==Mmetụta nke Mara== Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka anụmanụ ndị na-ata nri n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na n'oge ọkọchị, ọ na-adịkarị ka ọ dị obere, mana ọ nwere ike ito ruo okpukpu abụọ nke nha ya mgbe mmiri ozuzo siri ike gasịrị. Nke a nwere ike ime ka mmiri gbapụta n'osimiri ahụ, nke nwere ike ibute ụkọ nri maka anụ ọhịa ndị na-enweghị ike ịgafe osimiri ịchụ nta.[https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?353152/Healthy-Mara-river-is-critical-to-Kenya-and-Tanzania][https://web.archive.org/web/20240620060155/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620060155/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2019_USAID_ATLAS_Vulnerability%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Mara%20River%20Basin.pdf |date=2024-06-20 }} == Leekwa == * [[Naịl|Osimiri Naịl]] * [[Osimiri Nzoia]] * [[Osimiri Yala]] * [[Masai Mara|Maasai Mara]] * [[Ogige Ntụrụndụ Serengeti]] * [[Mpaghara Mara]] * [[Narok County]] ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html gabepalacio.com: Mara River virtual Tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518203348/http://www.gabepalacio.com/mara.html |date=2020-05-18 }} (requires QuickTime plugin) * [http://www.maratriangle.org The Mara Triangle] The Mara River defines the boundaries of the Mara Triangle in the Masai Mara * [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti] Mara River flows from Masai Mara into Serengeti 2cmq22gt60k4c6h8pwe059ep66rt157 0 77510 687648 673636 2026-07-12T19:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Suguta''' bụ osimiri oge a na-enweta n'oge dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya | Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] dị na [[Kenya]] (Afrịka), kpọmkwem na ndịda [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]]. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ugwu site na [[Ndagwurugwu Suguta]] n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-emepụta Ọdọ Mmiri Alablad nwa oge, [[ọdọ mmiri akọrọ]] nke na-ejikọta ya na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Logipi]] na nsọtụ ugwu nke ndagwurugwu ahụ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf |page=18 |first=Chege David |last=Mathea |title=OUR LAKES, OUR FUTURE |date=November 1, 2009 |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation |access-date=2011-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |accessdate=July 7, 2026 |archivedate=April 26, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf }}</ref> Osimiri Suguta na-amalite site n'ime iyi mmiri dị nso na-esi nke na-esi n'akụkụ [[Ugwu Silali]], ugwu mgbawa gbawara agbawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://northrifttourism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=71&Itemid=213 |title=About the Baringo Region |work=North Rift Tourism |access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-eche na isi iyi ọkụ [[Kapedo]], nke na-asọda site na otu mmiri mmiri na-asọda na Osimiri Suguta, bụ ebe mmiri si na [[Lake Baringo]] {{convert|60|km|mi}} gaa na ndịda.<ref name=Frommers/> N'otu oge, Osimiri Suguta gafere n'etiti ugwu mgbawa abụọ, isi iyi ọkụ na-esikwa n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ na-enye ya mmiri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/Kenya/RiftValley/LogipiGeyser.htm |title=Logipi Geyser |work=WonderMondo |access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-eji nkwụ kpuchie akụkụ Osimiri Suguta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flyladylori.com/2011/09/sand-dunes-of-the-suguta-valley-2/ |title=SAND DUNES OF THE SUGUTA VALLEY |work=Lady Lori |access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya bụ ebe obibi nke [[cichlid]], [[Nịl tilapia#Ụdị|Suguta tilapia]] (''Oreochromis niloticus sugutae''). Ọ bụ ezie na osimiri ahụ na-akpọnwụ mgbe mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, azụ̀ ndị ahụ na-adị ndụ n'ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite FTP |url = ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/inco2/docs/29_dookeyo.pdf |title = TAXONOMY, COMMON NAMES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FISH IN THE EASTERN ARM OF THE RIFT VALLEY DRAINAGE, KENYA |author = Daniel O. Okeyo |server = FTP server |url-status = dead |access-date = 2012-04-09 }}</ref> Osimiri ahụ bụkwa ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agụ iyi.<ref name=Frommers/> Nnukwu ìgwè flamingo bi n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigearth.com/location/suguta-valley-crossing/ |work=Big Earth |title=Suguta Valley Crossing |access-date=2012-04-09 |accessdate=2026-07-07 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081400/http://www.bigearth.com/location/suguta-valley-crossing/ }}</ref> ==Leekwa== * [[Ọdọ Mmiri Suguta]] ==Edensibia== {{Reflist |refs= <ref name=Frommers>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtIuj0DenGwC&pg=PA159 |title=Frommer's Kenya and Tanzania |author1=Keith Bain |author2=Pippa De Bruyn |author3=Philip Briggs |author4=Lizzie Williams |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2010 |isbn=978-0470285589}}</ref> }} 5mgvszih6dm9hlon69emm7mp1omaz8i 0 77513 687640 673660 2026-07-12T19:18:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia}} "Osimiri Omo" (nke a na-akpọkwa Omo-Bottego) dị na ndịda Etiopia bụ osimiri Etiopia kachasị ukwuu n'èzí [[Naịl|Naịl]]. Ụzọ ya dị n'ime ókèala Etiopia kpamkpam, ọ na-abanyekwa n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]] dị na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Etiopia-Kenya|ókèala Kenya]]. Osimiri ahụ bụ isi iyi nke [[endorheic]] [[drainage basin]], [[Turkana Basin]]. A maara osimiri ahụ maka ọtụtụ ihe ochie [[hominid]] na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe ochie dịka ngwaọrụ nkume mbụ, nke mere ka e tinye ya na [[UNESCO]] [[Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa]] na 1980.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 |title = Lower Valley of the Omo |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 18 September 2021}}</ref> ==Ọdịdị ala== [[Image:Omo river delta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Delta Osimiri Omo]] Osimiri Omo na-etolite site na njikọ nke [[Osimiri Gibe]], nke kachasị na mmiri mmiri nke Osimiri Omo, na [[Osimiri Gojeb]], nnukwu akụkụ aka nri nke Omo.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content |title = Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III) |website = Addis Abeba University |publisher = Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering |access-date = 9 November 2025}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ha buru ibu, ogologo na ụzọ ha, mmadụ nwere ike iwere osimiri Omo na Gibe dị ka otu osimiri mana ha nwere aha dị iche iche. N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ebe a na-akpọ osimiri dum ''Obodo Osimiri Omo-Gibe''. Osimiri a gụnyere akụkụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ [[Mpaghara Oromia]] na etiti [[Mpaghara Ndịda, Mba, na Ndị Mmadụ]].<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> Ụzọ ya na-agakarị n'ebe ndịda, mana ọ gbagọrọ agbagọ gaa n'ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe dịka 7° N 37° 30' E ruo ihe dịka 36° E ebe ọ na-atụgharị gaa ndịda ruo 5° 30' N'ebe ọ na-eme nnukwu S-bend wee maliteghachi ụzọ ndịda ya gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana. Dịka ihe ndị Etiopia [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Etiti (Etiopia)|Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọnụọgụgụ Etiti]] bipụtara si kwuo, Osimiri Omo-Bottego dị {{convert|760|km}} ogologo.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"], Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> N'ime usoro ya, Omo-Bottego nwere oke ọdịda dị ihe dịka {{convert|700|m}} site na njikọta nke osimiri Gibe na Wabe na {{convert|1060|m}} ruo {{convert|360|m}} na ọkwa ọdọ mmiri, ọ bụkwa iyi dị ngwa ngwa n'elu ya, nke Kokobi na mmiri ndị ọzọ na-agbawa, a pụkwara ịgagharị naanị obere oge n'elu ebe ọ na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Turkana, otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri nke [[Gregory Rift]]. ''Ntuziaka Spectrum nye Etiopia'' kọwara ya dị ka ebe a ma ama maka [[ịgba ụgbọ mmiri ọcha]] na Septemba na Ọktoba, mgbe osimiri ka dị elu site na oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>Camerapix (2000), p. 262</ref> Osimiri kachasị mkpa ya bụ [[Osimiri Gibe]]; obere osimiri gụnyere [[Osimiri Wabe|Wabi]], [[Osimiri Denchya|Denchya]], [[Osimiri Gojeb|Gojeb]], [[Osimiri Mui|Mui]] na [[Osimiri Usno|Usno]] osimiri. Osimiri Omo-Bottego mere ókèala ọwụwa anyanwụ maka alaeze ndị bụbu [[Alaeze Janjero|Janjero]], na [[Alaeze Garo|Garo]]. Omo na-agafekwa [[Mago National Park|Mago]] na [[Omo National Park]], nke a maara maka anụ ọhịa ha.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=281|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi nso na n'osimiri ahụ, gụnyere [[hippopotamus]]es, [[agọ]]s na [[Bitis arietans|puff adders]]. ==Ihe ndị e mere n'oge ochie== [[File:Lower Valley of the Omo-138523.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Okporo ụzọ osimiri Omo]] Osimiri Omo dum dịkwa mkpa ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara ala na ihe ochie. A chọpụtala ihe karịrị ihe ochie 50,000 site na ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru ala, gụnyere ihe ochie hominid 230 nke dị n'etiti [[Pliocene]] na [[Pleistocene]].<ref name = "Alemseged">{{cite journal |last1=Alemseged |first1=Z |title=An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=April 2003 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–478 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00012-5|pmid=12727463 }}</ref> Fossils ndị dị n'ime ndị a ''[[Australopithecus]]'' na ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' a chọtala n'ọtụtụ ebe ihe mgbe ochie, tinyere ngwaọrụ e ji [[quartzite]] rụọ, nke kacha ochie n'ime ha dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.4 gara aga.<ref name = "unesco"/> Mgbe achọpụtara ha, e chere na ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe a na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ tupu oge ochie, ọbụna karịa nke dị na [[Olduvai Gorge]]. Nnyocha e mere eme gosiri na ọdịdị dị njọ nke ngwaọrụ ndị a bụ n'ihi ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ adịghị mma, nakwa na usoro eji eme ihe na ụdịdị ndị ahụ na-ekwe ka ha tinye na [[Oldowan]]. Ihe mbụ e mere n'ebe ahụ bụ n'afọ 1901, site n'aka ndị France mere njem. Ndị otu ihe ochie mba ụwa mere ihe ndị kacha pụta ìhè n'oge na-adịghị anya, n'agbata afọ 1967 na 1975.<ref name="readersnatural"/> Ndị otu a chọtara ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọkpụkpụ agba nke otu nwoke ''[[Australopithecus]]'', nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dị ka nde afọ 2.5.<ref>Crandall (2007)</ref><ref name="readersnatural"/> Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie achọtakwala [[ihe fọdụrụ | iberibe ihe ochie]] nke [[Olduwan]] [[hominid]] site na mmalite [[[Pleistocene]] ruo oge [[Pliocene]]. A chọtala ngwaọrụ quartz yana ụfọdụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' nke e mechara chọta n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="readersnatural"/> Kemgbe ahụ, otu ndị France na Amerịka jikọrọ aka rụọla ọrụ igwu ala ahụ.<ref name = "Plummer">{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Ferraro |first2=Joseph V. |last3=Louys |first3=Julien |last4=Hertel |first4=Fritz |last5=Alemseged |first5=Zeresenay |last6=Bobe |first6=René |last7=Bishop |first7=L.C. |title=Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=November 2015 |volume=88 |pages=108–126 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.006|pmid=26208956 |doi-access=free |hdl=10211.3/198525 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ihe ndị e ji mee ihe n'oge ochie nke hominid, ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche dị na anụmanụ<ref name = "Plummer"/> na azụ<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trapani |first1=Josh |title=Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2008 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017|pmid=18691738 }}</ref> fossil rụọ n'ime Omo Valley.<ref name = "Alemseged"/> == Mmetụta mmadụ == [[File:Omo River Valley IMG 9888.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Omo]] Ụfọdụ kwenyere na ndagwurugwu Omo dị n'okpuru ala bụ ebe a na-aga kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ ka omenala na agbụrụ dị iche iche na-akwaga gburugburu mpaghara ahụ, ya na nnukwu usoro [[Hominidae|hominid]] fosil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Lower Valley of the Omo |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> Ruo taa, ndị bi na Ndagwurugwu Ala nke Omo, gụnyere [[Ndị Mursi|Ndị Mursi]], [[Ndị Surma|Ndị Suri]], a na-amụ [[Ndị Nyangatom | Ndị Nyangatom]], [[Ndị Dizi | Ndị Dizi]] na Me'en, maka [[Ọdịbendị dị iche iche|ọdịbendị]] ha.<ref>Hurd (2006)</ref> Onye nchọpụta Itali [[Vittorio Bottego]] rutere n'osimiri Omo na 29 Juun 1896 n'oge njem nke abụọ ya n'Africa (1895–97), wee nwụọ n'oge njem a na 17 Maachị 1897. A gbanwere aha osimiri Omo ka ọ bụrụ Omo-Bottego iji sọpụrụ ya. [[Herbert Henry Austin]] na ndị ikom ya rutere Omo delta na 12 Septemba 1898, wee chọpụta na njem Etiopia, nke Ras [[Wolda Giyorgis] duziri, mbụ tinyela ọkọlọtọ Etiopia n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Turkana na 7 Eprel. Lieutenant [[Alexander Bulatovich]] duuru njem Etiopia nke abụọ nke ruru ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Ọgọst 21, 1899, ma mebiekwa ihe. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị France nọ na pati ahụ mere nke ọma maka oge mbụ ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Delta nke Osimiri Omo. A ka na-eji nsụgharị a nke Osimiri Omo eme ihe ruo afọ 1930 mgbe ndị na-ese foto nke ndị Itali chịrị mere nsụgharị ọhụrụ na nke ziri ezi nke osimiri ahụ na delta ya.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |title= Local History in Ethiopia |access-date= 2016-05-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612210605/http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |archive-date= 2011-06-12 |url-status= dead |accessdate= 2026-07-07 |archivedate= 2011-06-12 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612210605/http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 May 2016)</ref> ==Ọdụ ike hydroelectric== E nwere ọtụtụ ebe ọkụ eletrik na dam dị na mpaghara Omo nke akpọrọ aha [[Osimiri Gilgel Gibe]] na [[Osimiri Gibe]], nke bụ akụkụ mmiri nke Osimiri Omo. N'agbanyeghị na aha ha dị mgbagwoju anya, ha bụ ọdụ ọkụ eletrik na dam ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Omo. ===Ọdụ ọkụ Gilgel Gibe II=== Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik [[Gilgel Gibe II]] {{coord|7.756492664604506|N|37.56255950100352|E}} bụ [[hydroelectric]] [[ọkụ eletrik]] dị n'Osimiri Omo nke nwere ike megawatt 420 (MW). Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ na-enweta mmiri site na ọnụ ụzọ ọwara {{coord|7|55|27|N|37|23|16|E|name=Gilgel Gibe II Ọdụ ọkụ eletrik headrace ọwara ọnụ ụzọ |display=inline}} na [[Osimiri Gilgel Gibe]] na [[ọsọ-n'osimiri]] atụmatụ. Ọnụ ụzọ ọwara ahụ dị n'okpuru mmiri nke [[Gilgel Gibe I Dam]] nakwa n'akụkụ Osimiri Gilgel Gibe nke o ji mee ka ọwara mmiri eletrik dị. ===dam Gibe nke Atọ=== Ọdọ mmiri mmiri Gibe nke Atọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mmiri nke {{convert|243|m}} dị elu [[roller-compacted siment]] nwere ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri jikọtara ya na Osimiri Omo na [[Ethiopia]]. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ike mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Etiopia nwere ike mmepụta ihe dị ka Megawatt 1870 (MW), ya mere, ọ karịrị okpukpu abụọ nke ikike arụnyere na Etiopia site na ọkwa 814 MW ya nke 2007.<ref name="Gibe">[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014013025/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ |date=2016-10-14 }}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref><ref>[[Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET |date=2010-08-31 }}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> Esemokwu amalitela gbasara owuwu ya, ebe ọtụtụ ndị otu NGO na-eme mkpọsa megide ya. Dịka Terri Hathaway, onye nduzi nke mmemme [[International Rivers]]' nke Afrịka si kwuo, Gibe nke Atọ bụ "mmiri mgbochi mmiri kacha emebi emebi n'Africa." Ọrụ a ga-akatọ "ọkara nde mmadụ n'ime ndị kacha nwee nsogbu n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi agụụ na esemokwu."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> Otu ndị na-eme mkpọsa mba ụwa malitere mkpesa n'ịntanetị megide ọrụ mgbochi mmiri nke Etiopia maka nchegbu gbasara ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm|title=Web campaign against Ethiopia dam|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683|title=Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia|last=International|first=Survival|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, Azeb Asnake, onye njikwa ọrụ nke Gibe III maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik gọọmentị, kwuru na a kwadebela usoro mbelata ma ọ bụrụ na ihe emee. E wezụga nke a, Asnake buru amụma na ọrụ ahụ agaghị enwe ihe ọjọọ ọ bụla ga-esi na ya pụta, na-agbakwụnye na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ dabere na enyemaka idei mmiri nakwa na ọ dị mkpa ka ụlọ ọrụ a rụọ ọrụ n'ihi na ugbu a, ọ na-enye naanị pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ndị bi na ya ike.<ref>[http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2009/03/30/ethiopia_gilgel_gibe_iii_managers_dismis "Ethiopia - Gilgel Gibe III managers dismiss environmental concerns"] nazret.com. 30 Mar 2009. Last accessed 22 Apr 2011.</ref> == Idei mmiri nke afọ 2006 == Mmiri ozuzo nke mere n'afọ 2006 mere ka Omo jupụta n'ala ala ya, nke mere ka ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 456 oriri ma chụpụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 20,000 n'ime ụbọchị ise nke na-agwụ na 16 Ọgọst. Ọ bụ ezie na oké mmiri ozuzo n'oge a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ a nke mba ahụ, ịta ahịhịa gabiga ókè na igbukpọ ọhịa bụ ihe kpatara ọdachi a. "Osimiri ndị dị na Etiopia enweghị ike ijide mmiri dịka ha nwere ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, n'ihi na a na-ejupụta ha na ájá," ka onye na-ekwuchitere [[World Food Programme]] bụ Paulette Jones kwuru. "Ọ na-ewe obere mmiri ozuzo... iji mee ka osimiri dị n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke obodo ahụ jupụta."<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=315920&sid=wor "More than 700 killed or missing in Ethiopian floods"], Zeenews.com 16 August 2006; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312013509/http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet "Ethiopian floods feared to have killed 870" by Tsegaye Tadesse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312013509/http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet |date=2007-03-12 }}, Eircom net, 16 August 2006</ref> Idei mmiri nke Osimiri Omo n'oge dị oke mkpa nye ndị obodo bi n'akụkụ ya. Idei mmiri ahụ na-eweta ájá dị mma ma jupụta n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ na mmiri, nke mere ka o kwe omume ịkọ ihe n'akụkụ osimiri. Ndị dị iche iche dị n'akụkụ Omo ala—nke gụnyere ndị [[Ndị Turkana | Turkana]], [[Daasanach people | Dassanach]], [[Hamar people|Hamer]], [[Nyangatom people|Nyangatom]], Karo, [[Kwegu people|Kwegu]], [[Mursi people|Mursi]], [[Bodi people|Bodi]], na [[Me'en people|Me'en]]—na-enweta nnukwu akụkụ nke nri ha site na ịkọ ubi mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> Iju mmiri buru ibu ma mebie ihe nke afọ 2006 bụ naanị nke mere n'ime afọ iri ise gara aga. Mbelata dị n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Turkana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke a maara na ọ na-enweta ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu nke mmiri ya site na mmiri Omo na-abata, emeela ka ọkwa nnu dị elu. == Leekwa == [[File:Karo woman and child.jpg|thumb|Nwanyị Karo na nwatakịrị nọ nso n'Osimiri Omo]] * [[Osimiri Gibe]] * [[Ndepụta nke osimiri Etiopia]] * [[Ndepụta ebe e si nweta fossil]] ''(na ndekọ njikọ)'' * [[Nhazi Omo Kibish]] * [[Omo fọdụrụ]] * [[Ndepụta Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na Etiopia]] == Ihe ndetu == {{reflist|2}} ==Edensibia== * Butzer, Karl W. (1971). ''Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolph'', Research paper '''136''', Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 184 p., [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] 70-184080 * Camerapix (2000). ''Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia'', First American Ed., Brooklyn: Interlink, {{ISBN|1-56656-350-X}} * Crandall, Ben (2007). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061210123834/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/omoriver.html The Omo River Valley]'', eMuseum @ [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; website accessed 31 October 2007 * Hurd, W. (2006). "[http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/rangers-birth Rangers by Birth]", ''Cultural Survival Quarterly'', '''30.2''', website accessed 31 October 2007 * UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2007). ''[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 Lower Valley of the Omo]'', World Heritage List, website accessed 31 October 2007 * Vannutelli, L. and Citerni, C. (1899). ''Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L'Omo, viaggio d'esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale'', Milano : Hoepli, 650 p. <!--commented out as original is 1899 long before ISBN, no search on ISBN successful, please provide reprint details: ISBN 978-0543938176--> ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons}} *[http://www.selamta.net/omo_park.htm Omo National Park] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222523/http://www.slidespost.com/zoom.php?id=2326 The African Tribes of OMO] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203655/http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Omo River] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Walking With The Mursi is an adventure/travel documentary spanning four continents as David Willing hikes 500km across Ethiopia's remote Omo Valley, home of the fascinating Mursi tribes.] {{Authority control}} rqtieg3otmirsa6u9244h15ypcirpy8 0 77515 687590 673666 2026-07-12T15:29:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ol Arabel''' (ma ọ bụ Olarabel) bụ osimiri dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu, Kenya|Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]] nke [[Kenya]] nke na-azụ [[Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo]]. Ọ na-enye aha ya n'oké ọhịa nke kpuchiri isi mmiri ya na mpaghara. ==Osimiri== Osimiri Ngusero na Ol Arabel na-asọpụ nsọtụ ugwu nke [[Aberdare Range]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA190 |page=190 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2880329493}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-emepụta delta ebe ọ na-abanye na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Baringo na {{coord|0.531113|36.115837}}, nke a na-aghọkwa oké apịtị n'oge dị elu karịa n'oge ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQYDPsQhCx0C&pg=PA563 |pages=563–564 |title=Lake Basins Through Space and Time |first1=Elizabeth |last1=Gierlowski-Kordesch |first2=K. R. |last2=Kelts |publisher=AAPG |year=2000 |ISBN=0891810528}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-adị n'oge oge, n'oge ọkọchị nke mmalite afọ 2000, ọ dịghịzi erute ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCjIB5YRtnkC&pg=PA338 |page=338 |title=The East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Palaeolimnology, and Biodiversity |author=Eric Onyango Odada, Daniel O. Olago |publisher=Springer |year=2002 |ISBN=1402007728}}</ref> ==Ojiji ala n'oge gara aga== N'oge gara aga, ndị na-azụ anụ [[Il Chamus]] na-eji mpaghara ahụ eme ihe. N'afọ 1930, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto nke ndị ọrụ ugbo [[Ndị Tugen|Tugen]] kwabatara n'ógbè ahụ, site n'enyemaka gọọmentị.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lik9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA34 |page=34 |title=The Elusive Granary: Herder, Farmer, and State in Northern Kenya |first=Peter D. |last=Little |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |ISBN=0521405521}}</ref> N'afọ 1940, ndị bi n'ala ọzọ kwagara n'Oke Nchekwa Ohia Ol Arabel dị na [[Laikipia District]] wee kụọ ala dị eka 84, e mechara chụpụ ha n'ala na 1947.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_go9AGqld1AC&pg=PA102 |page=102 |title=Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63 |author=Tabitha M. Kanogo |publisher=East African Publishers |year=1987 |ISBN=9966463267|author-link=Tabitha Kanogo}}</ref> N'afọ 1970, gọọmentị mere atụmatụ maka ebe obibi na Ol Arabel, mana emechara gbalịa ime ka ala ahụ laghachi n'ime oke ọhịa.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHSYeqVpXDEC&pg=PT19 |page=1311 |journal=Kenya National Assembly Official Record (Hansard) |title=Banning of Forest Excisions |date=3 Jul 1996 |access-date=2012-04-12}}</ref> Atụmatụ obibi Harambee gụnyere {{convert|6000|ha}} iji mee ihe maka ịzụ ehi na ịkọ ọka.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_L37A_v4o9kC&pg=PA78 |title=Peak Revision K.C.S.E Agriculture |author=A. Nyanjom & J. K’Onyango |publisher=East African Publishers |ISBN=9966254625}}</ref> ==Nchekwa ọhịa== Ebe Nchekwa Ọhịa Ol Arabel bụ akụkụ nke ọhịa Marmanet dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Rift Valley, n'ebe ugwu nke [[Nyahururu]]. Ebe nchekwa ọhịa, nke bụ akụkụ nke ebe mgbada elu nke Osimiri Ol Arabel, kpuchiri {{convert|9629|ha}}, mana e gbupụrụ {{convert|6273|ha}} na 1993. A kọwaghị atụmatụ ókèala ọ bụla.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf |title=Mau Complex and Marmanet forests |date=20 May 2008 |publisher=UNEP |access-date=2012-04-12 |archive-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122213800/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-07 |archivedate=2010-11-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122213800/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Mau-Complex_20May08.pdf }}</ref> N'ihi ya, ihe dị ka pasentị iri asatọ nke ọhịa ahụ ka e biri site na atụmatụ [[Mochongoi]] ruo afọ 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smenetwork.co.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59%3Aforest-allocation-in-kenya&Itemid=102 |work=SMS Network |title=Forest Allocation in Kenya |author=Hilary Kiprop |access-date=2012-04-12 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Na Mee 2007, a mara ọkwa na European Union na-akwado mbọ a na-agba iji kụọ osisi ọhịa ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ, gụnyere ọhịa Ol Arabel. N'ime afọ iri gara aga, ọdọ mmiri Baringo anọwo na-agbaze ma na-ebelata n'ógbè ahụ n'ihi mmụba ọrụ ugbo na mbelata mkpuchi ọhịa n'ime mmiri ya, ebe azụ̀ dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba na-ada nke ukwuu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://desertification.wordpress.com/2007/05/30/kenya-investment-in-reforestation-environmental-and-community-devlopment-projects-fao-infosylva-allafrica-the-nation/ |title=Kenya: important investment in reforestation, environmental and community development projects |work=The Nation |date=May 24, 2007 |access-date=2012-04-12}}</ref> Na Septemba 2011, otu onye ọrụ nke otu Green Belt kwuru na oke ọhịa Ol Arabel fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laa n'iyi n'ihi ndị na-egbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, ọkachasị ndị na-ere ọkụ na-ere ọkụ. Ndị uwe ojii anaghị eme ihe ọ bụla iji gbochie ihe omume ha. Osimiri ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ahụ na-eri nri na-achọ ịkpọnwụ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201109091317.html |title=Kenya: Greenbelt Sounds Alarm Over Destruction of Two Laikipia Forests |author=WANJOHI GAKIO |date=9 September 2011 |work=The Star |access-date=2012-04-12}}</ref> ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *{{cite web |url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Olarabel_Forest_Reserve |work=Protected Planet |title=Ol Arabel Forest Reserve |access-date=2012-04-12}} 8zgcvlytvtt56lipb6yuiho8qixni29 0 77519 687634 673684 2026-07-12T19:08:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Osimiri Malewa''' na-arịgo n'ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Aberdare Range]] dị na [[Kenya]] ma na-asọba n'ebe ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ gaa na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha]] dị na [[Ndagwurugwu Rift, Kenya | Ndagwurugwu Rift Ukwu]]. Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha bụ isi iyi mmiri dị mkpa n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ, ọ na-akwadokwa azụmaahịa ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ugbo nke na-elekwasị anya na mbupụ yana njem nlegharị anya. Mmiri dị n'osimiri Malewa emebiela n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe mmadụ na-eme n'elu mmiri ahụ. Mmetụta ogologo oge nke a nwere na pasentị mmiri ozuzo na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha edoghị anya. O nwere ike na afọ mmiri ozuzo dị ala, pasentị ahụ ga-ada n'ihi mmiri a na-amịkọrọ, ebe n'afọ mmiri ozuzo dị elu, pasentị ahụ ga-arị elu n'ihi ala a kụrụ akụ nwere obere ikike ijide mmiri na iwebata ihe karịrị 100% mmiri na-asọpụta dịka okporo ụzọ laamba na mpempe ígwè, wdg. ==Ebe ndọba mmiri== Mmiri mmiri Malewa nke {{convert|1730|km2|sqmi}} na-enye ihe dị ka 90% nke mmiri na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha, ebe ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-esi na [[Osimiri Gilgil]] apụta.{{sfn|Gherardi|2007|p=93}} Isi mmiri nke isi ọwa mmiri Malewa na-amalite site n'ebe dị elu nke {{convert|3700|m|ft}} n'ugwu Nyandarua (Aberdare). Osimiri nta dị iche iche na-esi na mkpọda nke Aberdares na-asọba n'akụkụ mmiri ya nke [[Osimiri Wanjohi|Wanjohi]].{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}} Ụtụ ndị ọzọ bụ [[Turasha River|Turasha]], Simba, Nyairoko na Ol Kalou.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=17}} Osimiri ndị dị na mpaghara Malewa dị obere mana ha niile na-adịru ogologo oge.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}} Oke ọhịa Aberdare na-enweta ihe dị ka {{convert|1200|mm|in}} mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ ma nwee nnukwu oke ọhịa. Ugwu ndị Malewa na-agbapụta bụ ugwu mgbawa ma na-enye aka na sodium na calcium na mmiri site na mmiri kemịkalụ nke nkume ndị ahụ. Sulphate dị n'ime mmiri na-esi n'ikuku apụta.{{sfn|Young|1996|p=142}} Ala nke Rift Valley na-adị naanị {{convert|600|mm|in}} kwa afọ, a na-ekpuchikwa ya nke ọma site na ahịhịa, yana ájá nkịtị. Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'etiti Eprel na Juun, nakwa ọzọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba. Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo n'ime ọnwa ndị a.{{sfn|Hamududu|1998}} ==Ojiji ala== Osimiri Malewa na-enweta mmiri site na iyi ndị na-agafe [[Kinangop Plateau]]. N'otu oge, ala ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ahịhịa jupụtara na ya nke nwere obere osisi. Ndagwurugwu iyi ahụ nwere ọtụtụ apịtị ndị na-amị amị. [Ndị Kikuyu|Ndị Kikuyu]] ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ala ahụ kemgbe afọ 1960. Ha akọọla ọtụtụ ala iji kụọ ọka, ọka wit, kabeeji na poteto. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ala mmiri ndị ahụ agbapụtala.{{sfn|Birdlife International}} Ebe a na-anaghị eme atụmatụ iwepụ mmiri n'ime mmiri, osisi ndị a kụrụ maka osisi na nkụ na-amịkọrọ mmiri ahụ. Usoro a bụ ịkọ ihe ubi nri na ihe ubi ego nke ọma.{{sfn|Darwin Initiative|2006}} ==Nsogbu== Ogbugbu na mkpọmkpọ ala na-eyi osimiri ahụ egwu, mmụba nke mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, na mmetọ sitere na fatịlaịza na ọgwụ nje.{{sfn|Lake Naivasha - Malewa}} N'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1997, mmiri osimiri Malewa jupụtara n'ala gbasasịrị ihe dị ka {{convert|500|m|ft}} wee banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Naivasha.{{sfn|Harper|2003|p=16}} Inweta akụrụngwa na ahịa sitere n'okike adịghị mma n'ógbè ahụ. [[Esemokwu mmiri]] bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ịda ogbenye dịkwa ebe niile. Mmezi na usoro njikwa akụrụngwa nwere ike ibute nnukwu mmezi na ibelata mmetọ na mbuze.{{sfn|Ogweno|2009}} ==Edensibia== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6394 |title=KE004: Kinangop grasslands |last=Birdlife International |access-date=2011-12-28}} *{{cite web |url=http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/EIDPO007/4977/EIDPO007%20FR%20Ann%2011.3%20Kinangop%20Mgmt%20plan.pdf |title=Kinangop Plateau Nature Reserve Management Plan |date=2006-07-05 |author=Darwin Initiative |access-date=2011-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001645/http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/EIDPO007/4977/EIDPO007%20FR%20Ann%2011.3%20Kinangop%20Mgmt%20plan.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-25 |df= |accessdate=2026-07-07 |archivedate=2012-04-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001645/http://darwin.defra.gov.uk/documents/EIDPO007/4977/EIDPO007%20FR%20Ann%2011.3%20Kinangop%20Mgmt%20plan.pdf }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.researchkenya.org/?ID=622 |title=Erosion assessment for large basins using remote sensing and GIS |first=Byman, H |last=Hamududu |year=1998 |publisher=International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Netherlands |access-date=2012-01-02}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNfRJvCXbe4C&pg=PA93 |title=Biological invaders in inland waters: profiles, distribution and threats |first=Francesca |last=Gherardi|authorlink=Francesca Gherardi |publisher=Springer |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4020-6028-1}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q1pfcjMae8C&pg=PA16 |title=Lake Naivasha, Kenya |first=David M. |last=Harper |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-1236-5}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Lake Naivasha - Malewa}} |url=http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/eastern_southern_africa/our_solutions/projects/index.cfm?uProjectID=KE0852 |title=Lake Naivasha - Malewa River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Programme |publisher=WWF Global |access-date=2011-01-02}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.researchkenya.org/?ID=630 |title=Hydrological analysis of Malewa watershed as a basis for implementing payment for environmental services (PES) |last=Ogweno |first=Luke Philip |year=2009 |publisher=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya |access-date=2012-01-02}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGm16q8aCFAC&pg=PA142 |title=East African ecosystems and their conservation |first=T. P. |last=Young |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-510817-5}} {{refend}} degpjzetetgr4vtn0oczskr62gvfcwe 0 77530 687646 674691 2026-07-12T19:26:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Sierra Leone''' bụ ọdụ mmiri dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic na Ọdịda Anyanwụ Sierra Leone. Osimiri Bankasoka na Osimiri Rokel na-akpụ ya, ọ dịkwa n'agbata maịlụ 4 na 10 n'obosara (kilomita 6–16) na maịlụ 25 (kilomita 40) n'ogologo. Ọ nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị bụ isi nke Queen Elizabeth II Quay na Pepel. Osimiri ahụ dịkwa mkpa maka mbupu. Ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okike kachasị ukwuu na kọntinent Afrịka. Ọtụtụ agwaetiti, gụnyere Agwaetiti Tasso (nke kachasị ukwuu), Agwaetiti Tombo, na Agwaetiti Bunce dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067679/Sierra-Leone-River "Sierra Leone River"] britannica.com</ref> == Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi == {{isi akụkọ|Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi}} Osimiri ahụ kewara Freetown, isi obodo Sierra Leone, nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, site na ọdụ ụgbọelu isi obodo ahụ, Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Lungi, nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na mpaghara a na-akpọ "Bullom Shore." Ụzọ mbufe isi site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu gaa Freetown bụ site na ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ọsọ. Ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na helikọpta anaghịzi arụ ọrụ. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == A na-akpọ {{Convert|2950|km2|mi2}} nke osimiri Sierra Leone dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa Mgbakọ Ramsar n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>[http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int ''World Database on Protected Areas: Site Information''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924014313/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=198331&level=int |date=2008-09-24}}, UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2004), retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> Ebe a bụ isi apịtị mangrove mana ọ gụnyekwara oke ọhịa apịtị mmiri dị ọcha.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080714104645/http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm Ramsar Sites Information Service] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714104645/http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default.htm |date=2008-07-14}}, Ramsar, retrieved on 10 November 2007</ref> BirdLife International akpọwokwa ebe a Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị Eurasian oystercatchers, curlew sandpipers na hooded vultures.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/sierra-leone-river-estuary-iba-sierra-leone|title= Sierra Leone River Estuary|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-11-06}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == * Ebe ndị a na-echebe na Sierra Leone * Ndepụta Ramsar nke ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile fusui2usw528sfg671g0ohnm3spewsu 0 77537 687649 674922 2026-07-12T19:29:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Tana''' bụ [[osimiri]] kachasị ogologo na [[Kenya]], a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sagana na mpaghara Ugwu Kenya ma nye aha ya [[Obodo Osimiri Tana]].<ref name="The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name" =nakaegawa2012=""> Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century," [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_pdf ''Hydrological Research Letters'', 6, pp. 29–34]. </ref> Ogologo ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 1000, ebe mmiri ya dị ihe dị ka kilomita 100,000, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ime isi mmiri na Tana dị ala nke mejupụtara akụkụ dị n'okpuru ala Kora ebe osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe dị ka kilomita 700 site na mbara ala kpọrọ nkụ.<ref>(Omengo, Fred & Geeraert, Naomi & Bouillon, Steven & Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301291119_Sediment_deposition_patterns_in_a_tropical_floodplain_Tana_River_Kenya]</ref> [[Osimiri|Osimiri]] ya gụnyere ụfọdụ osimiri dị mkpa na Mpaghara Etiti dịka [[Osimiri Thika|Thika]], Osimiri Ragati, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci na Mutonga. The river rises from Mt Kenya in [[Nyeri]]. Ọ na-amalite ịgbaga ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ tupu ọ tụgharịa gaa ndịda gburugburu [[massif]] nke [[Ugwu Kenya]] wee gbadaa ruo Oké Osimiri India. N'okpuru [[#Dams|dams]], osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ugwu ma na-asọfe n'ókèala ugwu-ndịda n'etiti [[Meru, Kenya|Meru]] na Ugwu [[Kitui County|Kitui]] na Bisanadi, Kora na Rabole National Reserve. N'ime ebe nchekwa mmiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-atụgharị ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee gaa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ọ na-agafe obodo ndị dị na [[Garissa]], [[Hola, Kenya|Hola]] na [[Garsen]] tupu ọ banye na [[Oké Osimiri India]] na mpaghara [[Ungwana Bay]]-[[Kipini]], na njedebe nke [[osimiri delta]] nke ruru ihe dị ka kilomita iri atọ site n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya.<ref name="The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name"/> Ọ na-agafe n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ ma na-agba mmiri n'ala gbara ya gburugburu. Mmiri mmiri kwa afọ karịrị nde 5,000 [[cubic mita]] (MCM) na nkezi, mana ọ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma n'ime na n'ime afọ niile, ọ na-agụnyekwa oge idei mmiri abụọ kwa afọ. N'agbata afọ 1944 na 1978, nkezi mmiri zuru oke (na Garissa) bụ MCM 6,105, nke dị iche site na naanị MCM 1,789 na 1949 ruo MCM 13,342 na 1968.<ref>Hughes, F. (1990). "The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya," [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404295 ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 27(2), pp. 475–491].</ref> N'oge 1982-1996, mmiri kwa afọ dị n'elu 5,000 MCM.<ref>Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). "Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya," [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300908607 ''Journal of Arid Environments'', 50, pp. 53–79].</ref> A na-esi n'osimiri ahụ enweta mmiri site na ọrụ ịgba mmiri ndị a dị mkpa: [[Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura (Kenya)|Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwụ Ala na Bura]], Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana na Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Tana Delta.<ref>Government of Kenya 2007. ''Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya''.</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na [[mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ga-emebi Osimiri Tana na ebe obibi ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jenkins|first1=Rhosanna L. M.|last2=Warren|first2=Rachel F.|last3=Price|first3=Jeff T.|date=2021-07-21|title=Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=16|issue=7|article-number=e0254879|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254879|pmid=34288974|issn=1932-6203|pmc=8294490|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654879J|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Muthuwatta|first1=Lal|last2=Sood|first2=Aditya|last3=McCartney|first3=Matthew|last4=Silva|first4=Nishchitha Sandeepana|last5=Opere|first5=Alfred|date=2018-06-05|title=Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya|url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/379/37/2018/|journal=Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences|language=English|publisher=Copernicus GmbH|volume=379|pages=37–42|doi=10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018|bibcode=2018PIAHS.379...37M|hdl=10568/96602|s2cid=51999648 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nakaegawa|first1=Tosiyuki|last2=Wachana|first2=Calistus|date=2012|title=First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_article|journal=Hydrological Research Letters|volume=6|pages=29–34|doi=10.3178/hrl.6.29|bibcode=2012HRL.....6...29N|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Dam== E wuru ọtụtụ dam mmiri hydroelectric (Ụlọ ọrụ Seven Forks Hydro Stations ma ọ bụ Seven Forks Scheme) n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere (n'usoro e si agbaze) [[Masinga Dam]] (e nyere ọrụ na 1981 nke nwere ikike arụnyere nke 40MW), [[Mdam Kamburu]] (1974, 94.20MW), [[Mdam Gitaru]] (1978, 225.25MW), [[Mdam Kindaruma]] (1968, 72MW) na [[Mdam Kiambere]] (1988, 168MW).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2 | title=The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures | year=1986 | last1=Adams | first1=W.M. | last2=Hughes | first2=F.M.R. | journal=Geoforum | volume=17 | issue=3–4 | pages=403–410 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDISMGMT/Resources/0821363328.pdf |access-date=2012-06-23 |title=Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya |work=Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies. |publisher=The World Bank |last1=Galadin |first1=H. |last2=Bidault |first2=N. |last3=Stephen |first3=L. |last4=Watkins |first4=B. |last5=Dilley |first5=M. |last6=Mutunga |first6=N. |year=2006}}</ref> en<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:seven-forks-hydro-stations&catid=33:power-stations|title = KenGen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Hydropower_Stations_in_Kenya|title = Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia}}</ref> [[Ọdọ Mmiri Masinga]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kiambere]], nke Masinga na Kiambere dam mepụtara n'otu n'otu, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ: [[ike mmiri na ọkụ eletrik]] (HEP) mmepụta na ịgba mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji atọ ndị ọzọ eme ihe nanị maka mmepụta HEP. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2003 gosiri na usoro ihe mgbochi mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tana nyere ụzọ abụọ n'ime atọ nke mkpa ọkụ eletrik nke Kenya. Ọtụtụ mmadụ kwenyere na mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri a dị n'okpuru ya, mana ọ dịghị otú ahụ.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy06tana.pdf |title=Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |work=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #6 |date=May 2003 |access-date=2012-06-24}}</ref> A na-enye ọkụ eletrik ahụ na sistemụ grid mba ma kesaa ya n'ofe mba ahụ site na usoro nke obere ọdụ, transformer na waya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/KenGen-increases-hydropower-output/1056-4521358-dtimtu/index.html|title=KenGen increases hydropower output|website=Daily Nation|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref> ==Aha ndị yiri ya== A na-akpọ ụdị anụ abụọ dị n'Africa aha Osimiri Tana: ''[[Mochlus tanae]]'' na ''[[Myriopholis|Myriopholis tanae]]''.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Tana", p. 260).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malonza |first=Patrick K. |last2=Wasonga |first2=Victor D. |last3=Muchai |first3=Vincent |last4=Rotich |first4=Damaris |last5=Bwong |first5=Beryl A. |last6=Bauer |first6=Aaron M. |date=July 2006 |title=Diversity and Biogeography of Herpetofauna of the Tana River Primate National Reserve, Kenya |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-east-african-natural-history/volume-95/issue-2/0012-8317_2006_95_95_DABOHO_2.0.CO_2/DIVERSITY-AND-BIOGEOGRAPHY-OF-HERPETOFAUNA-OF-THE-TANA-RIVER-PRIMATE/10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=Journal of East African Natural History |language=en |volume=95 |issue=2 |doi=10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |issn=1026-1613 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220120162002/https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-east-african-natural-history/volume-95/issue-2/0012-8317_2006_95_95_DABOHO_2.0.CO_2/DIVERSITY-AND-BIOGEOGRAPHY-OF-HERPETOFAUNA-OF-THE-TANA-RIVER-PRIMATE/10.2982/0012-8317(2006)95[95:DABOHO]2.0.CO;2.full |archive-date=2022-01-20}}</ref> ==Leekwa== *[[Ebe Nchekwa Osimiri Tana River]] *[[Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwaga Bura (Kenya)|Ọrụ Ịgba Mmiri N'Ala na Ịkwaga Bura]] *[[Galana Kulalu Project]] ==Edensibia== {{reflist}} ==Ịgụkwu ihe== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121180831/https://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/377-securing-water-and-land-in-the-tana-basin-kenya-a-resource-book-for-water-managers-and-practitioners.html Securing water and land in the Tana Basin, Kenya: a resource book for water managers and practitioners] * "And the River Flowed On; An Adventurous Journey Down the Tana River" site n'aka James Meester 1958 ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons category|Tana River (Kenya)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220309051435/http://www.kenweb.or.ke/index.php/projects/tana-delta.html "Tana River Delta"]. ''The Kenya Wetlands Biodiversity Research Team''. Retrieved 2026-06-01. {{Authority control}} t70p1tdihslfs5l2ekev6ijy50x2fih 0 77543 687639 674017 2026-07-12T19:12:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Nairobi, Kenya}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} [[File:Nairobi river pollution.jpg|thumb|300px|Mmetọ dị n'Osimiri Nairobi.]] "Osimiri Nairobi" bụ osimiri nke na-asọfe [[Nairobi]], isi obodo [[Kenya]]. Ọ bụ isi iyi nke Osimiri Nairobi, ebe ọtụtụ iyi ndị yiri ya na-asọga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Osimiri nile nke dị na mpaghara Nairobi na-esonye n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nairobi wee zute [[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]], nke na-emesịa na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]]. Osimiri ndị ahụ dị warara ma eme tọrọ ya rinne,<ref>Ndiritu, G. G., N. N. Gichuki, P. Kaur, and L. Triest. 2003. The Nairobi river is mainly used by local citizens for bathing, washing clothes, and cleaning their homes. Characterization of environmental gradients using physicochemical measurements and diatom densities in Nairobi River, Kenya. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 6 (3): 343–354.</ref> ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji hichaa osimiri emeela ka mma mmiri dị gbagọrọ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf|title=Nairobi River Basin|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-05-13|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131216/http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf|accessdate=8 July 2026|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131216/http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/PDFs/ISWMLaunch_NairobiRiverBasin.pdf}}</ref> Isi iyi ahụ, Osimiri Nairobi, na-agafe etiti obodo dị n'ebe ugwu, ebe ọ bụ akụkụ nke [[nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe]]. == Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ == Osimiri Nairobi sitere na [[Ondiri Wetland|Ondiri Swamp]] dị na [[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Increased human activities threaten source of Nairobi River - Smart Harvest|url=https://www.farmers.co.ke/article/2001293527/increased-human-activities-threaten-source-of-nairobi-river|last=Obura|first=Fredrick|website=www.farmers.co.ke|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> Osimiri Nairobi nwere ọtụtụ [[[Mmiri|mmiri ndị na-asọfe mmiri]]:<ref name="tributaries">{{Cite web|url=https://askumo.com/a-guide-to-nairobi-rivers-and-streams/ |title= A Guide to Nairobi's Rivers and Streams |date=27 May 2017 |author=Galimo Askumo}}</ref> *[[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]] *Osimiri Gatara-ini *Osimiri Gitathuru *Osimiri Kiu *Osimiri Mathari *[[Osimiri Mbagathi]] *Osimiri Nairobi *Osimiri Ngong *Osimiri RuiRuaka Osimiri Motoine na-asọba na [[Nairobi Dam]], [[Mmiri (mmiri)|ọdọ mmiri e ji aka rụọ]] nke e zubere iji nye ndị bi na Nairobi mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Iyi ahụ na-aga n'ihu dị ka Osimiri Ngong. Iyi [[Gatharaini]]<ref>Ndaruga, A. M., G. G. Ndiritu, N. N. Gichuki and W. N. Wamicha.N. 2004. The impact of water quality changes on riverine macroinvertebrate assemblages along a tropical stream, [[Kenya]]. African Journal of Ecology 42: 208–216</ref> na-amalite n'ala mmiri dị n'ala ala nke [[Ugwu Aberdare|Ugwu Aberdare]] ma na-agafe n'ọtụtụ ebe mmadụ bi. Ọrụ mmadụ na-arụ n'akụkụ mmiri ya na n'ebe mmiri ya na-asọda na-emetụta iyi ahụ. N'akụkụ elu nke Kiambaa na Kanunga, iyi ahụ na-agafe n'ebe apịtị na apịtị dị, tinyere ọrụ ugbo na ebe obibi mmadụ dị ka ụdị ojiji ala bụ isi. N'etiti Kiambu, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ kọfị na [[ọrụ ugbo agwakọtara]]. Na ọwụwa anyanwụ Nairobi, ọ na-agafe ụlọ ọrụ Nairobi Sewerage Company dị na Ngundu, [[Kamulu]]. N'akụkụ ala nke Githurai na Zimmerman, a na-ahụ iyi ahụ site n'ịkọ kọfị, ịkọ ugbo dị iche iche, na ụlọ ọrụ dịka Kamiti Tannery Factory. Mmiri iyi dị n'okpuru ala na-acha odo odo ma na-emebi emebi. N'oge gara aga, ọrụ ugbo mmiri [[ihe ubi]] nke [[arrowroot]] na [[kale]] bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ahụ dum. A ka ga-amalite mbọ iji chekwaa ma chekwaa osimiri a. E metọrọ osimiri Nairobi n'ihi ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ndị ogbenye, na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |title=Biosafety News, October/November 2002 |access-date=2006-10-13 |archive-date=2006-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023152439/http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=8 July 2026 |archivedate=23 October 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023152439/http://www.biosafetynews.com/octnov02/story8.htm }}</ref><ref>Ndiritu, G. G., N. N. Gichuki and L. Triest. 2006. Distribution of epilithic diatoms in response to environmental conditions in an urban tropical stream, Central Kenya. Biodiversity and conservation 15:3267-3293</ref> N'oge mmiri ozuzo, osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri ndị dị ala na-ejupụta n'ime mmiri. Kenya nwere osimiri nke abụọ a na-akpọ Nairobi nke na-amalite na [[Ugwu Kenya]] ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime osimiri Sagana na [[Osimiri Tana (Kenya)|Tana]], osimiri kachasị ogologo na mba ahụ.<ref>{{cite map | publisher = Rough Guide | title = Rough Guide Map Kenya | edition = 9| year = 2006 | cartography = World Mapping Project | scale = 1:900,000 | series = Rough Guide Map | isbn = 1-84353-359-6}}</ref> [[File:Gathara-ini river.jpg|thumb|Gathara-ini river is in Kasarani constituency; Nairobi county.]] == Leekwa == * [[Nweta Mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Kenya]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|1|11|59|S|37|09|26|E|region:KE-200_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} s5i34ro4386kgdicsvxlzptjjqk87a2 0 77546 687650 674020 2026-07-12T19:31:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}} [[File:Tsavo national park map en.png|thumb|Osimiri Tsavo na Tsavo National Parks]] <!-- [[File:View of the Tsavo River in Tsavo West National Park (edited).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Foto nke Osimiri Tsavo dị na [[Tsavo West National Park]]]] --> '''Osimiri Tsavo''' dị na [[Coast Province]] na [[Kenya]]. Ọ na-aga n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ site na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Tsavo West National Park]] nke [[Kenya]], nso ókèala [[Tanzania]], ruo mgbe ọ sonyeere [[Osimiri Athi-Galana-Sabaki|Osimiri Athi]],<ref name="Patterson2004">{{cite book |author=Patterson, Bruce D. |year=2004 |title=The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-136333-5 |page=29 }}</ref> na-eme [[Osimiri Galana]] dị nso n'etiti ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Osimiri a bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ogige ahụ dị, ọ bụkwa ebe obibi nke azụ̀ juru ebe niile. Osimiri Tsavo bụ ebe ihe mere n'afọ 1898 [[Tsavo Maneaters]]. {| style="margin: 0 auto 0 auto; border: none;" | style="padding-right: 0.5em;" | | style="padding-left: 0.5em;" | [[File:View of the Tsavo River in Tsavo West National Park (edited).jpg|thumb|center|Foto nke Osimiri Tsavo dị na [[Ogige Mba Tsavo West]]]] |} == Leekwa == * [[Tsavo Man-Eaters]] * [[Tsavo]] == Ntụaka == {{reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Tsavo River}} * [http://fish.mongabay.com/data/ecosystems/Sabaki%20River.htm Freshwater Fish Species in Athi-Galana-Sabaki River Drainage System] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030074309/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Man-Eaters-of-Tsavo.html Man-Eaters of Tsavo] Smithsonian.com {{coord|2|58|39|S|38|31|14|E|region:KE-300_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} atram5n6alhfuwww9htgwwi4o8brkl0 0 77550 687653 674034 2026-07-12T19:33:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na mpaghara Mkinga, mpaghara Tanga nke Tanzania na mpaghara Kwale, Kenya}} '''Osimiri Umba''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Umba}}) dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]] na [[Mpaghara Lushoto, Tanga | Lushoto]] na [[Mpaghara Mkinga, Tanga | Mkinga]] nke [[Mpaghara Tanga]]. Ọ na-arịgo na Schageiuforest (Shagayu) n'Ọdịda Anyanwụ [[Ugwu Usambara]] nke Lushoto n'elu mita 2,000 ma na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu nke ugwu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=umba|title=Deutsches Koloniallexikon 1920, SCHNEE, H.(Buchstabe: Umba)|access-date=2011-04-17|archive-date=2021-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-07-08|archivedate=2021-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925212012/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Umba}}</ref> Na [[Lelwa]], ọ na-awụpụ mmiri [[Osimiri Mbalamu]], nke si n'ebe ugwu nke Ugwu Usambara pụta, na [[Osimiri Mglumi]] banye na Umba. Tupu Umba abanye n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]], ọ gafere ókèala ahụ gaa [[Kenya]]. Ọnụ ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ebe kachasị ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ókè dị n'etiti Tanzania na Kenya, nke e mere n'ahịrị kwụ ọtọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na-aga [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] na narị afọ nke 19. N'elu osimiri ahụ n'etiti afọ 1960, a chọtara ọtụtụ nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, gụnyere [[Umba sapphires|sapphires]] na [[Almandine|spessartine]], n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. N'akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụkwa [[Umba River Game Reserve]], ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa nke gụnyere [[Mkomazi Game Reserve]], ihe dị ka kilomita 2,600. ==Hydrometry== A hụla mmiri osimiri ahụ n'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ (1963–2003) na Mbuta, obodo dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ n'elu ọnụ. Mmiri nkezi kwa ọnwa nke ọdụ mmiri Umba nke Mbuta (na m3) (agbakọ site na iji data ahụ ruo afọ 30, 1954–84)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322202450/http://www.worldwatercongress2008.org/resource/authors/abs624_article.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 22, 2012 | title=Unknown}}</ref> <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:220 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:60 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 45 bar:Fév from:0 till: 10 bar:Mar from:0 till: 5 bar:Avr from:0 till: 8 bar:Mai from:0 till: 7 bar:Jun from:0 till: 4 bar:Jul from:0 till: 2 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 1 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1 bar:Oct from:0 till: 2 bar:Nov from:0 till: 3 bar:Déc from:0 till: 18 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 45 fontsize:S text: 45 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 10 fontsize:S text: 10 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 5 fontsize:S text: 5 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 8 fontsize:S text: 8 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 7 fontsize:S text: 7 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 4 fontsize:S text: 4 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 1 fontsize:S text: 1 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 2 fontsize:S text: 2 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 3 fontsize:S text: 3 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} == Leekwa == * [[Ọdịdị ala nke Tanzania]] * [[Umba Valley]] * [[Umba sapphires]] 7gv8h2tm3j3opcgpvvqs8956c89q888 0 77555 687643 674065 2026-07-12T19:22:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Tanzania}} {{Infobox river | name =Pangani River | native_name = {{native name|sw|Mto Pangani}} | image =Pangani River in Bushiri Ward.jpg | image_size = 250 | image_alt = | image_caption = Pangani River in [[Bushiri]] ward. | map = Panganirivermap.png | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_caption = Map of River Pangani | source1_location = [[Arusha District Council, Arusha|Arusha District]], [[Arusha Region]] | mouth_location = [[Indian Ocean]] at the town of [[Pangani]], [[Pangani District]], [[Tanga Region]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Tanzania}} | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Tanga Region]], [[Arusha Region]], [[Manyara Region]], [[Kilimanjaro Region]] | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name3 = [[Arusha District Council]], [[Meru District, Arusha|Meru District]], [[Arusha City Council, Arusha|Arusha City Council]], [[Hai District, Kilimanjaro|Hai District]], [[Moshi District, Kilimanjaro|Moshi District]], [[Mwanga District, Kilimanjaro|Mwanga District]], [[Same District, Kilimanjaro|Same District]], [[Korogwe District, Tanga|Korogwe District]], [[Korogwe Town Council, Tanga|Korogwe Town]], [[Muheza District, Tanga|Muheza District]], [[Pangani District]], | length = 500km | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|27|m3/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|43650|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9bRbbgft8C&q=River+Mkomazi+tansania&pg=PA1 |title=Pangani basin: a situation analysis |year=2003 |isbn=9782831707600 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> | river_system = | tributaries_left = [[Mkomazi, Pangani|Mkomazi]]; [[Luengera]] | tributaries_right = Lumoromo; Fukda; Mkalami }} [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-157-47.jpg|thumb|Atụmatụ Eletriki Pangani]] '''Osimiri Pangani''' (''Mto Pangani'', na [[Swahili language|Swahili]]), (a na-akpọkwa ya '''Luffu''' na '''Jipe Ruvu''', karịsịa n'ebe ndị ochie, ma eleghị anya a kpọrọ ya otu ugboro '''Rhaptus''') bụ nnukwu osimiri nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Tanzania]]. O nwere isi iyi abụọ:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |title=Entry "Pangani" in the German Koloniallexikon |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2014-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011083932/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-08 |archivedate=2014-10-11 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011083932/http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/php/suche_db.php?suchname=Pangani }}</ref> [[Osimiri Ruvu Jipe | Ruvu]], nke na-ebili dị ka [[Osimiri Lumi, Tanzania | Lumi]] na [[Kilimanjaro]], gafere [[Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe]], wee wụsa n'ime [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir]], na [[Osimiri Kikuletwa]], nke si n'ọdịda anyanwụ na-abịa ma osimiri nke [[Ugwu Meru (Tanzania)|Ugwu Meru]] dị na [[Mpaghara Arusha]] na-azụkarị ya, nke na-abanyekwa na Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir na [[Mpaghara Kilimanjaro]]. Ozugbo ha si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta, iyi ahụ ghọrọ Pangani bụ́ isi, nke na-asọba n'ime [[Oké Osimiri India]] na [[Mpaghara Tanga]] n'obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tangan nke [[Pangani]].<ref name="INTELLIGENCER1852">{{cite book|title=THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY INTELLIGENCER|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rhYFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA93|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1852|pages=93–}}</ref> Ruo ọtụtụ n'ogologo ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ókèala mpaghara nke [[Mpaghara Kilimanjaro]] na [[Mpaghara Manyara]], tupu ọ banye na [[Mpaghara Tanga]], nke nwere Ọdụ Ọkụ Pangani nke dị 68&nbsp;MW na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Pangani Falls]]. E nwere ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị mmadụ bi n'ime osimiri ahụ. Osimiri ahụ jupụtara na agụ iyi; hippopotami dị ụkọ n'akụkụ ala ya. ==Etymology nke aha ya== Isi iyi Pangani sitere na Kilimanjaro, ebe ọ bụ [[Osimiri Lumi, Tanzania|Osimiri Lumi]]. A pụrụ iwere Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe dị ka mmiri dị n'azụ Lumi.<ref name="Meyer1891">{{cite book|last=Meyer|first=Hans|title=Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro|url=https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog|access-date=11 October 2011 |year=1891|publisher=G. Philip & son|pages=[https://archive.org/details/acrosseastafric00meyegoog/page/n431 321]–}}</ref> N'okpuru ọdọ mmiri Jipe na n'elu mmiri iyi mmiri, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ "Ruvu".<ref name="BritainShaw1875">{{cite journal |last=New |first=Charles |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |title=Journey from the Pangani, via Wadigo, to Mombasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nQMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA318 |year=1875 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=317–323|doi=10.2307/1799979|jstor=1799979 }}</ref> N'oge gara aga, a na-akpọ ụzọ isi gaa n'oké osimiri "Ruvu" na "Pangani".<ref>cf the map [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_500k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6590061-mombasa-sb-37-2.jpg Sheet SB 37/2, Series Y401, by War Office 1946] of 1946 and this map from 1960 [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/east_africa_250k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-6595692-lushoto-sb-37-2.jpg Sheet SB-37-2 Series Y503, Edition 1-TSD, Published by the Survey Division, Ministry of Lands, Survey and Water, Tanganyika 1960], both showing "Pangani or Ruvu River" as name</ref> Taa, a na-akpọ ya "Pangani" site na ebe nchekwa mmiri Nyumba ya Mungu ruo n'Oké Osimiri. Ọ bụ ezie na [[Swahili (asụsụ)|Swahili]] na-akpọ ya "''Pangani''" (nke pụtara kesaa ma ọ bụ hazie),<ref name="Hodd2002" /> a na-akpọkwa ya "''Luffu''" site n'aka [[Wasambara]] (ndị si n'ógbè Nderema, n'ugwu atọ dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri) na [[asụsụ Zigula|Zigua]] (ndị bi n'agwaetiti osimiri ahụ).<ref name="INTELLIGENCER1852" /><ref name="BritainShaw1875" /> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọchịchị niile kwenyere na osimiri "Rhaptus" nke maapụ [[Ptolemy]] [[topography|topographical]] bụ Pangani nke maapụ nke oge a.<ref name="Proceedings1891">{{cite book|author=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv4QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA524|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1891|publisher=Edward Stanford|pages=524–}}</ref> ==Ọdịdị ala== Pangani ahụ dị {{convert|500|km}} n'ogologo.<ref name="iwmnet.eu">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin|title=Pangani Basin|publisher=IWMNet|access-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin|archive-date=18 February 2012|accessdate=8 July 2026|archivedate=18 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218024206/http://www.iwmnet.eu/index.php/research/pangani-basin}}</ref> ;Isi mmalite Otu isi iyi nke osimiri ahụ na-ebili na Kilimanjaro, ihe dị ka {{convert|120|mi}} site n'oké osimiri. A maara ya dị ka Lumi n'ógbè a, ụzọ ya na-agafe n'Ọdọ Mmiri Jipe. Nke ọzọ dị n'Ugwu Meru n'ọdịda anyanwụ, a makwaara ya dị ka [[Osimiri Kikuletwa|Kikuletwa]]. Dịka osimiri niile dị n'Africa, omimi ya na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka oge si dị. Osimiri ahụ na-adị elu karịa n'ọnwa Mee, nke kacha ala na-adịkwa nso n'ọnwa Ọktoba. Ebe ọzọ bụ [[Saunyi River]] na [[Kilindi District, Tanga|Kilindi District]]. [[File:Bushiri Pangani District.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Pangani site na ngalaba Bushiri nke mpaghara Pangani]] ;Ngalaba etiti A na-eji ya aga obere ụgbọ mmiri dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ na [[Ludwig von Höhnel|Höhnel Cataracts]], usoro ọsọ mmiri.<ref name="Lewin1924">{{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Evans|title=Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajWmBSO_vH8C|access-date=11 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1924|publisher=Clarendon press|page=108}}</ref> N'okpuru Höhnel Cataracts, o nwere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri, yana ọtụtụ agwaetiti nwere obodo nta dị na ha. Iyi mmiri ahụ siri ike karịa [[Koleni]], n'ime maịlụ ise site na Pangani Waterfall, ebe osimiri ahụ dị warara. A naghị aga akụkụ a gaa n'ebe dị anya n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ahụ, nke dị ihe dị ka {{convert|30|mi}} site n'ọnụ. Ihe dị ka {{convert|4|mi}} site n'ọnụ, [[apịtị mangrove]] dị oke ọnụ kpuchiri ala dị larịị n'etiti ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ abụọ ahụ. N'ebe a, dị nso na Teufelsfelsen, e nwere ala dị elu, ebe na-eme nri nke ọma, na ala kpọrọ nkụ [[Masai Steppe]].<ref name="iwmnet.eu" /> N'akụkụ a bụ Ugwu Kovu Kovu, {{convert|360|ft}} n'ịdị elu, ebe n'akụkụ ndịda bụ ugwu {{convert|400|ft}} dị elu. [[Pombwe]], otu n'ime ebe obibi ndị bụ isi dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, dị ihe dị ka {{convert|1|mi}} n'ọdịda anyanwụ Kovu Kovu. N'elu Pombwe, osisi nkwụ nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na-eto, ebe n'okpuru Pombwe, osisi ndị a bụ osisi areca na aki oyibo.<ref name="AfricaPilot1916">{{cite book|author=United States. Hydrographic Office|title=Africa Pilot: South and east coasts of Africa from Cape of Good Hope to Ras Hafun|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1916|publisher=Hydrographic office under the authority of the secretary of the navy|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O9MNAQAAMAAJ/page/n402 392]–}}</ref> Obodo Lemkuna na obodo nta Ngage dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ebe Mvungwe na Meserani dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya.<ref name="Catchment ">{{cite book|title=Catchment ecosystems and downstream water : the value of water resources in the Pangani basin, Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmHvdkVNLEgC&pg=PA34|access-date=11 October 2011|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-955-8177-49-5|pages=34–}}</ref> ;Ọnụ Ọnụ ahụ dị {{convert|52|km}} n'ebe ndịda [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="Hodd2002">{{cite book|last=Hodd|first=Michael|title=East Africa handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCFrdRKB8hYC&pg=PA383|access-date=11 October 2011|date=22 March 2002|isbn=978-1-900949-65-1|pages=383–}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ jupụtara n'oké osimiri ruo ebe dị anya site na {{convert|22|mi}} site n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata ahụ.<ref name="AfricaPilot1916" /> Akụkụ ndịda nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ nwere akara nke bluff kwụ ọtọ aha ya bụ Bweni, ihe dị ka {{convert|200|ft}} elu; e nwere obodo nwere otu aha ahụ, Bweni, dị ebe a. Akụkụ ugwu nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ bụ osimiri ájá dị larịị nke si n'isi mmiri ahụ pụta. E nwere ọtụtụ ebe obibi n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, abụọ dị n'ebe ugwu na abụọ dị n'akụkụ ndịda. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, obodo [[Pangani]], nke dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke osimiri ahụ, nwere aha ọma maka ahụ ọkụ.<ref name="Africapilot1878" /> N'ebe osimiri ahụ dị, n'akụkụ obodo Pangani, ọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|600|ft}} n'obosara, ọ dịkwa omimi karịa {{convert|12|-|15|ft}}. ;Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ Ọtụtụ mmiri si n'ugwu Pare, ugwu Usambara na ọhịa [[Wasegiia]] bịa na-esonyere Pangani n'ụzọ ya. Ndị a gụnyere Kibaya, Komkuza, Kwachigulu, Kwamwadyau na Mnyusi.<ref name="Journal1959">{{cite book|title=Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6xLAQAAIAAJ|access-date=8 October 2011|year=1959|publisher=Staples and Staples, Ltd.|page=40}}</ref> ==Hydrometry== A tụrụ nkezi mmiri Pangani kwa ọnwa n'ọdụ mmiri dị na [[Korogwe]] Estate, ihe dị ka kilomita 110 n'elu ọnụ na m³ / s (1959–77).<ref name="GRDC">[http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1289200.html GRDC - The Pangani in Korogwe]</ref> Mmiri Pangani na-akpali oge, dịka ọtụtụ osimiri dị na mpaghara ahụ. <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:40 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:5 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:March bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 29 bar:Fév from:0 till: 22 bar:Mar from:0 till: 23 bar:Avr from:0 till: 33 bar:Mai from:0 till: 39 bar:Jun from:0 till: 33 bar:Jul from:0 till: 28 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 25 bar:Sep from:0 till: 21 bar:Oct from:0 till: 21 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 23 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 29 fontsize:S text: 29 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 22 fontsize:S text: 22 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 39 fontsize:S text: 39 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 33 fontsize:S text: 33 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 28 fontsize:S text: 28 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 21 fontsize:S text: 21 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 23 fontsize:S text: 23 shift:(-10,5) </timeline> ==Pangani Basin== Pangani Basin (PB) bụ otu n'ime ebe ndọba mmiri itoolu dị na Tanzania. Site n'ugwu ugwu ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tanzania, PB dị ihe dịka {{convert|56300|km2}} n'ogo, nke {{convert|4880|km2}} dị n'ime Kenya.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Bhatt | first1=Yogesh Chandra | last2=Bossio | first2=Deborah | last3=Enfors | first3=E. | last4=Gordon | first4=L. | last5=Kongo | first5=V. | last6=Kosgei | first6=J. R. | last7=Makurira | first7=H. | last8=Masuki | first8=K. | last9=Mul | first9=M. | last10=Tumbo | first10=S. D. | title=Smallholder system innovations in integrated watershed management (SSI): Strategies of water for food and environmental security in drought-prone tropical and subtropical agro-ecosystems | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9qZIXK-XtIC&pg=PA10 | access-date=8 October 2011 | year=2006 | publisher=[[International Water Management Institute]] | isbn=978-92-9090-634-6 | page=10}}</ref> E nwere obere ọdọ mmiri ise dị n'okpuru mmiri ahụ: Osimiri Pangani ({{convert|43650|km2}}), [[Osimiri Umba (Tanzania)|Osimiri Umba]] ({{convert|8070|km2}}), [[Osimiri Msangazi]] ({{convert|5030|km2}}), [[Osimiri Zigi]], na [[Osimiri Mkulumuzi]] tinyere osimiri ndị ọzọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ({{convert|2080|km2}}).<ref name="MiniGrids">{{cite web | url=http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 | title=Pangani Basin Water Board | publisher=Mini Grids Information Portal | access-date=1 July 2018 | archive-date=27 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327112041/http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 | url-status=dead | accessdate=8 July 2026 | archivedate=27 March 2020 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327112041/http://www.minigrids.go.tz/en/Directory/Details/c4c1761f-fdb3-41d1-9aff-a79876e21663 }}</ref> Ihe ndị a niile na-abanye n'ime oke osimiri India.<ref name="PBWB"/> E guzobere [[Pangani Basin Water Board]] (PBWB) na Julaị 1991 n'okpuru Iwu Iji Mmiri (Njikwa na Iwu) Nke 42 nke 1974. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na [[Moshi, Tanzania|Moshi]] dị na Mpaghara Kilimanjaro. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na [[Arusha]] na [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]].<ref name="PBWB">{{cite web | url=http://www.panganibasin.com/ | title=Pangani Basin | publisher=Pangani Basin Water Board | access-date=9 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/# | archive-date=2011-10-21 | url-status=dead | accessdate=2026-07-08 | archivedate=2011-10-21 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021212915/http://www.panganibasin.com/ }}</ref> PBWB nwere ndị ọkachamara iri sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na LGA nkeonwe, UWSA, na kọmitii ndị ọzọ. Usoro osimiri ahụ nọ n'okpuru nrụgide n'ihi ojiji mmiri na-adịghị mma na oke oke nke mmiri ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adabere n'osimiri maka ịgba mmiri. Ọrụ ndị e mere n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ emeela ka mmiri na-asọfe n'osimiri ahụ site na ọtụtụ narị cubic mita kwa sekọnd gaa na ihe na-erughị {{convert|40|m3/s}}. Nke a emetụtala obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, bụ́ ndị hụworo mbelata dị ukwuu n'ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ̀ na mbata mmiri nnu<ref name="IUCN">{{cite web | url=http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/water/wp_where_we_work/wp_our_work_projects/wp_our_work_pan/ | title=Pangani River Basin | publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] | access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> Na 2002, e guzobere [[Ọrụ Njikwa Osimiri Pangani]] iji jikwaa akụ mmiri nke mpaghara ahụ. Ọ na-enweta enyemaka teknụzụ site n'aka [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN), [[SNV Netherlands Development Organisation]], [[German Development Organisation GIZ]] na otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị ime obodo [[PAMOJA]].<ref name="IUCN"/> Ọrụ a na-enwetakwa ego site n'aka gọọmentị Tanzania, IUCN, [[European Commission]], na [[Global Environment Facility]] site na [[United Nations Development Programme]].<ref name="IUCN"/> ==Azụmahịa== E nwere ọtụtụ azụmaahịa ebe a, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ma na-ebudata n'osimiri ahụ. A na-ebuga ihe ọkụkụ n'osimiri ahụ, karịsịa n'elu ụgbọ mmiri e ji osisi Moale mee, a na-agbaji ha wee ghọọ ihe a na-azụ ahịa. N'afọ 1878, a kọrọ na ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọkarị n'akụkụ osimiri bụ shuga.<ref name="Africapilot1878">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Hydrographic Office|title=Africa pilot: South and east coasts of Africa, from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape Guardafui, including the islands in Mozambique Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog|access-date=8 October 2011|edition=Now in the public domain|year=1878|publisher=Printed for the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africapilot02offigoog/page/n339 327], 328–}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|2}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons category}} *[https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HlrMnhN16wo/TJpJQSLfKTI/AAAAAAAAAaQ/B093LT_qbUs/s1600/eamap.jpg Map showing the river] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405214734/http://www.svt.ntnu.no/geo/Forskning/Pangani/Bilder/Pang_medium_ok.gif Map showing river basin] {{Coord|5|26|S|38|58|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} {{Authority control}} oj5uo918qxnyu48qj2y3bsghj5rbe9q 0 77590 687644 674553 2026-07-12T19:24:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687644 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Osimiri Rokel Osimiri Seli Osimiri Pamoronkoh<br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size:78%"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Osimiri Seli * Osimiri Pamoronkoh </div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[Faịlụ:Freetown-aerialview.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Freetown n'ọnụ mmiri</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<mapframe zoom="6" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Rokel River","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#0000ff","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q1781219"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#0000ff","title":"Rokel River"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q1781219"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-12.8,8.55],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Rokel River","marker-symbol":"water"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption"></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ebe |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Sierra Leone]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Àgwà ya&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe e si nweta ya | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |Ugwu Loma, Ugwu Guinea, [[Sierra Leone]], West AfricaEbe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |900 m (3,000 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ịdị elu&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |0 m (0 ft) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ogologo | class="infobox-data" |386 kilomita (240 mi) &nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ogologo ọdọ mmiri</div> | class="infobox-data" |10,6² km2 (4,101 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" style="display:none;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ịchụpụ | class="infobox-data" |  |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; ebe&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" |N'akụkụ ọnụ |- style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="font-weight:normal">&#x2022; nkezi&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> | class="infobox-data" | (Oge: 1971-2000) 546.9 m³/s (19,310 cu ft/s) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;" |Ihe ndị dị n'ime ala&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Usoro osimiri</span> | class="infobox-data" |Osimiri Rokel |} Osimiri Rokel (nke a makwaara dị ka Osimiri Seli; a na-akpọbu ya Osimiri Pamoronkoh) bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na Republic of Sierra Leone dị na West Africa.Mpaghara mmiri ya ruru kilomita skwea 10,622, ebe Ugwu Gbengbe, Ugwu Kabala, na Ugwu Sula na-ekewa mpaghara mmiri ya.Ọnụ osimiri ahụ , nke gbasara mpaghara ruru kilomita skwea 2,950 (1,140 mil2)ghọrọ ala mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'ụwa na afọ 1999. <ref name="Ramsar" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/sitelist_order.pdf|title=1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary|date=13 December 1999|accessdate=7 July 2013|publisher=Ramsar organization}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Osimiri Rokel si n'ugwu dị n'elu ala dị ihe dịka mita 900 n'ime Ugwu Loma, nke dị na Guinea Highlands n'ebe ugwu etiti Sierra Leone, pụta. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dịka kilomita 390, na-agafe ọtụtụ ugwu. Mgbe e mesịrị, ya na obere iyi ọzọ a na-akpọ Port Loko Creek, nke na-asọ n'akụkụ ya, na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri Rokel Estuary tupu ọ banye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantik.Mgbe ọnụ mmiri ahụ jikọtara na Osimiri Bankasoka, a na-akpọkwa ya Osimiri Sierra Leone. Ọ dị ihe dịka kilomita 40 n'ogologo, ebe obosara ya dị n'etiti kilomita 6.4 na 16.1,Obodo Freetown na Pepel bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ dị n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri ahụ. Ka ọnụ mmiri ahụ na-abawanye obosara ma na-ejikọta na Oké Osimiri Atlantik, obosara ya na-eru ihe dịka kilomita 11. Akụkụ ndịda nke ọnụ mmiri ahụ bụ nke kacha emi, ma na-emepụta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri eke, nke a na-akọ na ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri eke nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Apiti mangrove na mbara ala apịtị bụ ụdị gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị pụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọnụ mmiri (ria) nke Osimiri Rokel. Ha na-ekpuchi ihe dịka pasent 19 nke ọhịa mangrove niile dị na Sierra Leone.Mpaghara mmiri nke osimiri ahụ ruru kilomita skwea 10,622, ebe Ugwu Gbengbe, Ugwu Kabala, na Ugwu Sula na-ekewa usoro mgbapụta mmiri ya.N'ebe Mmiri Ọda Bumbuna , Osimiri Rokel na-adaba ihe dịka mita 15.Ụdị osisi mangrove ndị e dekọrọ n'ebe ahụ gụnyere Rhizophora, Avicennia, Laguncularia, na Conocarpus, bụ́ ndị na-ekpuchi mpaghara ruru ihe dịka hekta 34.23.Isi obodo Sierra Leone, bụ Freetown, dị n'ọnụ ụzọ Osimiri Sierra Leone, ihe dịka kilomita 40 site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Pepel. == Ọdịdị ala == A na-akọwa Osimiri Rokel na ndị na-eso ya dị ka "Rokel River Group" maka ọmụmụ ala. A na-akọ na ọdịdị ala n'ime otu a bụ nke Tabe na ice sediments na-achịkwa ọnụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya ma na-ekpughe n'akụkụ osimiri n'akụkụ ụfọdụ; ọdịdị ala a hụrụ n'osimiri ahụ bụ nkume granite. A na-ekewapụta ọdịdị ahụ n'ozuzu ya dị ka nkume sedimentary folded. A kọwakwara na orogeny ya bụ nke Pan African thermo-tectonic age nke ihe dị ka 550 Ma.N'ihe gbasara ala, ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri a na-achịkwa na tectonically nke nwere usoro Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian na Pleistocene. Osimiri ahụ dị n'etiti Ugwu Sula dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na ugwu grantoid nke ugwu Gbengbe na Kabal dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. A maara mmiri a ma ama dị n'osimiri ahụ dị ka mmiri Bumbuna na-ada ebe osimiri ahụ na-ada site na mita 15 (49 na-enye maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ hydroelectric. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == John MacCormac, N'afọ 1816, John MacCormac, onye ọchụnta ego sitere na Ireland, biri n'Agwaetiti Timbo ma malite ibupụ osisi African Oak sitere n'Osimiri Rokel. Ahịa ahụ gara nke ọma ruo oge ụfọdụ, ma emesịa ọ dara.A malitere ịkụpụta ígwè ore na ọlaedo alluvial n'ọgwụgwụ afọ ndị 1920 na mmalite afọ ndị 1930, ebe ọrụ iwulite ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik Bumbuna Falls malitekwara.Ndị Yalunka guzobere isi obodo ha, Falaba, n'akụkụ isi iyi Osimiri Rokel.Ọnụ mmiri nke osimiri ahụ, nke gbasara mpaghara ruru kilomita skwea 2,950, debanyere aha ya dị ka Ebe Ala Mmiri Ramsar nke nwere nnukwu mkpa n'afọ 1999.Ebe ahụ nwere Cape Point n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Freetown dị ka ókè ya, Osimiri Bunce n'otu akụkụ ya, na Tagrin Point n'ebe ndịda nke ọnụ mmiri ahụ, ebe akụkụ nke Osimiri Rokel na-ejikọta n'ọnụ ya.<ref name="DACB">{{Cite web|title=McCormack, John|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|publisher=Center for Global Christianity and Mission|accessdate=10 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011223122/http://www.dacb.org/stories/sierraleone/mccormack_john.html|archivedate=11 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party|work=ramsar.org|date=15 January 2000|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/sierra-leone-becomes-ramsars-118th-contracting-party}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, Thomas Mariee mechara gbadaa 365km n'onwe ya n'osimiri Rokel n'ime ụbọchị 17. == Ọganihu == A tụọla mmiri nke osimiri Rokel na ọdụ atọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị nta a kọrọ na Magbass, otu n'ime ọdụ atọ ahụ, bụ 1,905 mita (67,300 na 2 cubic mita (71 cu ft) n'otu n'otu. E nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ mepụtara na ndagwurugwu osimiri nke na-enweta mmiri ha chọrọ site na osimiri a. Mmanụ ala ígwè na Marampa na-adabere na mmiri a na-enweta site na osimiri ahụ. A bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ikike mmiri nke Osimiri Rokel (Ratification) Act na ndị mmepe nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala; ebe a na'egwupụta mmiri na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1933 ruo 1975 site na Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) na Astro Minerals site na 1983. Nkwekọrịta mmiri ahụ na-enye "ikike pụrụ iche na nke kachasị mma maka iji mmiri Rokel site na nkwekọrịta pụrụ iche" maka oge afọ 89 site na 1 Jenụwarị 1938. Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọrụ na-agbadata na mwepụ nke nsị sitere na ọrụ igwu ala akọwaghị. Igwe a na-ewepụta emeela ka ịdị elu nke otu n'ime ugwu ndị na-ebute ore belata site na mita 24.4 (80 ft) A malitere nnukwu ọrụ ịkụpụta ọlaedo n'Ugwu Sula na n'ime ájá na unyi nke Osimiri Rokel na ndị iyi ya kemgbe afọ 1929, mgbe a chọpụtara ọlaedo n'ugwu ndị ahụ.E mere ọmụmụ banyere sedimenti nke osimiri iji tụọ oke mkpokọta arsenic na mineral ndị ọzọ. A na-eji ọrụ aka eme nchọpụta na ịsa ájá n'osimiri ahụ, dabere n'usoro a na-akpọ paddocking.A kọwara ụdị ọrụ ịkụpụta ọlaedo a dị ka nke na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu, n'ihi na igbutu ọhịa maka ọrụ ngwuputa mere ka ugwu na-emebi emebi ma na-asachapụ ngwa ngwa. Nke a butere nnukwu nchikọta ájá na unyi n'Osimiri Rokel na ndị iyi ya. E mepụtara Bumbuna Dam n'osimiri ahụ site n'iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri dị mita 93 (305 n'ebe dị warara nke osimiri ahụ, nke mepụtara ọdọ mmiri nke gbatịrị kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'elu mmiri.[16sq.">] E mere atụmatụ ịgba mmiri Magbass n'okpuru mmiri nke mmiri ahụ. China nyere aka na mmejuputa oru ngo maka ịkọ okpete. Ọrụ ahụ, nke etinyere n'ọrụ na 1980, dị na Magbass n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ma nwee iwu ịgba mmiri nke 880 square kilomita (340 sq mi). [17] == Flora na fauna == Osisi ndị dị n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ nwere ọhịa mangrove. Nnụnụ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere nnụnụ 10,000 nke ụdị 36 (ihe ndekọ nke afọ 1995). A kọwakwara na e nwere ụdị wader asatọ n'oge oyi nke na-akpata 1% nke ndị bi na ya n'ụwa. Ụdị asatọ nke Palaearctic migrant waders e dekọrọ bụ: <ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf|title=Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site|accessdate=3 July 2013|publisher=Wetland Organization|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211324/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211324/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1SL001en_part1.pdf "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> * Plovụ nwere mgbaaka (''Charadrius hiaticula'') * Nnụnụ Kentish (''Pluvialis squatarola'') * Ịgbagharị (''Calidris alba'') * Onye na-eti mkpu (''Calidris ferruginea'') * Nnụnụ Eurasian (''Numeniusphaeopus'') * ahịhịa ndụ (''Tringa nebularia'') * Ogwe uhie (''Tringa totanus'') * Nnụnụ Western reef heron (''Egrette gularis'') == Hụkwa == * Mabilafu, obodo ukwu dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Rokel == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bird|first=Eric|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mfo5TPb7SDsC&pg=PA933|date=8 April 2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8638-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Brebbia|first=C. A.|title=Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsGsLmjUU2EC&pg=PA45|date=2013|publisher=WIT Press|isbn=978-1-84564-703-2}} * {{Cite book|first=M. J.|author=Hambrey|title=Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iw-gQf4_LYC&pg=PA132|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-17230-1}} * {{Cite book|first=Dan|author=Rosbjerg|title=Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPDr7HLdSt4C&pg=PA496|year=1997|publisher=International Association for Hydrological Sciences|isbn=978-1-901502-05-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=Encyclopedia of African History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftz_gtO-pngC&pg=PA922|year=2004|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-57958-245-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Mangroves of Western and Central Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdrMCcDQaaoC&pg=PA41|year=2007|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2792-0|pages=41–}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] pu780kqtwa5jwukdyp7hldg37j91w51 0 77594 687742 674566 2026-07-13T08:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Rugezi Marsh<br />Ruhengeri Marsh | alt_name = | iucn_category = | image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_size = | pushpin_map = Rwanda | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Rugezi Marsh | map_size = | location = Rwanda | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|01|29|00|S|29|51|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | area = {{Convert|6735|ha}} | established = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | site web = | module = }} '''Rugezi Marsh''' (a makwaara dị ka Ruhengeri Marsh <ref name="IBA" />) bụ mpaghara echekwara na Rwanda, nke nwere hekta 6,735 (eka 16,640).<ref name="Paper" /> Ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime isi mmiri nke Naịl, nke dị na Mpaghara Ugwu Buberuka. N'ịdị elu mita 2,100 (ụkwụ 6,900), ala mmiri ahụ bụ apịtị peat dị elu. Rugezi sitere na mkpokọta ihe ndị sitere n'okike n'ime ala mmiri quartzite nke na-ejide nkume. N'ọnọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ya, Rugezi anọwo na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmiri, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ntụrụndụ na Rwanda. <ref name="Paper" /><ref>[http://www.wdpa.org/SiteSheet.aspx?sitecode=101181 World Database on Protected Areas]</ref> Ọ bụkwa Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) nke BirdLife International nabatara na 2001, a kọkwara na ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 43 dị n'ime na gburugburu ala ahịhịa ahụ; a chọpụtara mpaghara IBA dị ka hekta ha8,500 (eka 21,000). BirdLife International kọrọ na ụdị nnụnụ Grauer's swamp warbler (Bradypterus graueri) na nnụnụ swamp warbler ọcha (Bradypterus carpalis) bi ọnụ dị ka "ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe" .<ref name="IBA" /> == Ọdịdị ala == Rugezi Marsh bụ ndagwurugwu dị elu nke e kere n'ihi mmụba nke Buberuka Highlands. Ókèala ya na-agbatị n'etiti latitude ndịda 1° 21'30<nowiki>''</nowiki>na 1°36'11<nowiki>''</nowiki> na longitude ọwụwa anyanwụ 29°49'59<nowiki>'''</nowiki>na 29°59'50.<nowiki>''</nowiki> Ugwu ndị dị n'ala apịtị na-akpata mbuze ma a na-ahụ ha ka ha dị gburugburu. Ọdịdị ala ya nwere nkume metamorphic. Ugwu ndị gbara apịtị mmiri gbara gburugburu bụ nke quartzite. N'nọdụ ebumpụta ụwa ya, Rugezi Marsh mepụtara ute dị oke n'elu peat na-ese n'elu mmiri miri emi ya.<ref name="IBA"/><ref name="Paper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf|archivedate=30 June 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Rwanda. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20140630150821/http://irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A na-akọ na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ime marsh bụ 1,200 milimita (47 in). <ref name="IBA" /> [[Faịlụ:Rugezi_wetland.jpg|thumb|Ala mmiri Rugezi]] == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Ala marsh na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-achịkwa iji mee ka ọpụpụ na-abanye ma na-apụ apụ ma na-enye ya aha "mụrụ ụwa". Ọzara ahụ na-achịkwa, na-ejigide, ma na-enyocha ihe onwunwe mmiri nke na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Burera|Bulera]] (nke dị n'ókè [[Uganda]]) na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Ruhondo|Ruhondo]]. Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara Rugezi Marsh gụnyere mmezigharị ọrụ ugbo na drainage site na ELECTROGAZ (Agency for Electricity, Water and Gas supply).<ref name="Paper"/><ref name="Hategekimana2007">{{Cite web|author=Hategekimana|first=Sylvère|title=The impact of wetlands degradation on water resources management in Rwanda: the case of Rugezi Marsh|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:N85Du-22HmYJ:www.irst.ac.rw/IMG/pdf/Paper_for_V_International_Symposium_on_En_Hydrology1.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjwoA3wVRvx-yIkDG1DEGib-bZoH_PgvO6JZhCuUsvotpotgQJOVfUc6YAJTqMyjpDuHeF5yJe7DNQdbxpTZQ_kEDJ3xWOFdsibxLHXQRvA-UOrIKrXQQpgJkTXnOP9UcOfknvD&sig=AHIEtbTSVngg3quOw9dm0Nrog811Ml_GEQ|work=Paper presented at the International Symposium on Hydrology|year=2007}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ịdị irè ya dị ka nguzozi mmiri nke ihe onwunwe emebiwo n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi nrụgide dị elu nke mmadụ nakwa n'ihi ọrụ mmepe nke mmepe nke ime ka ọrụ ugbo dịghachi mma na mmiri na-agbapụta n'ọzara.<ref name="Paper" /> == Flora == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Ụdị okooko osisi ndị a kọrọ site na marsh bụ ''Miscanthidium violaceum'', ''Cyperus latifolius'' na papyrus C. a kọrọ ụdị papyrus n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="IBA"/> == Anụnụ == N'ime ụdị nnụnụ iri anọ na atọ (ha niile bụ nnụnụ bi) n'apịtị na gburugburu ya dị ka Afrotropical Highlands biome, ụdị nnụnụ ndị a na-eyi egwu n'ụwa niile n'okpuru ụdị dị iche iche akọwapụtara bụ ndị a:<ref name="IBA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773|title=Rugezi Marsh|accessdate=23 April 2013|publisher=BirdLife International organization}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6773 "Rugezi Marsh"]. BirdLife International organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Bradypterus graueri'' (Grauer's swamp-warbler) (EN) * ''Laniarius mufumbiri'' (papyrus gonolek) (NT) * ''Calamonastides gracilirostris'' (papyrus yellow warbler) (VU) * ''Balearica regulorum'' (Oké okpuez na-acha odo odo) (EN) Ewezuga ihe ndị dị n'elu, ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ha bụ ndị a.<ref name="IBA"/> * ''Cisticola carruthersi'' (Carruthers's cisticola) * ''Bradypterus carpalis'' (onye na-acha ọcha na-acha uhie uhie) * ''Onychognathus tenuirostris'' (ụmụ kpakpando nwere ọnụ dị warara) * ''Ploceus baglafecht'' (onye na-akpa ákwà) * ''Nesocharis ansorgei'' (oliveback na-acha ọcha) * ''Crithagra frontalis'' (citril na-acha odo odo) * ''Crithagra koliensis'' (papyrus canary) * ''Crithagra burtoni'' (onye na-agba ọsọ ọnụ) == Edensibịa ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} i8j54yo8iwrv623n8yxspuyf6v79me8 0 77605 687623 674586 2026-07-12T18:55:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687623 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Densu_River_5.jpg|thumb|Ọwara Mmiri]] [[Faịlụ:Densu_meander.JPG|thumb|Meander]] '''Osimiri Densu''' bụ osimiri dị kilomita 116 n'ogologo na [[Ghana]] nke na-ebili na Atewa Range . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/|title=Protecting Atewa Forest|date=2015-07-13|work=Ghana {{!}} A Rocha|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-18|archivedate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518151057/https://ghana.arocha.org/projects/protecting-atewa-forest/}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa na akụ na ụba, na-enye ọkara mmiri ọṅụṅụ na isi obodo Ghana nke Accra. Osimiri ahụ na-agwụ na mpaghara mmiri dị mkpa n'ụsọ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/habitats/wetlands|title=Wetlands {{!}} Habitats {{!}} WWF|work=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> Densuano Dam na Weija Dam dị na Osimiri Densu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/|title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net|work=www.africalocal.net|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/|title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm|author=Welsing|first=Kobina|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-18|archivedate=2019-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == ''Osimiri Densu'' dị n'ebe '''ndịda Ghana''' ma bụrụ akụkụ nke usoro Osimiri mmiri Mmiri. Ebe ọ na-enweta mmiri bụ ihe dịka '''2,490-2,600 km2,''' na-agbasa akụkụ nke Eastern (72%), Central (5%), na Greater Accra (23%) Regions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Ofosu|first=Samuel Anim|date=2021-11-06|title=Assessment of the quality of the Densu river using multicriterial analysis and water quality index|journal=Applied Water Science|language=en|volume=11|issue=12|doi=10.1007/s13201-021-01516-z|issn=2190-5495}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ sitere na Atewa-Atwiredu Range, mpaghara ugwu dị n'oké ọhịa nke na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ osimiri Ghana.Osimiri ahụ na-emesị banye na Gulf of Guinea site na usoro ala mmiri a maara dị ka ''Densu Delta'', nke mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-emetụta.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oduro|first=Charles Yaw|date=2024-07-25|title=Morphological Patterns and Drivers of Urban Growth on Africa's Wetland Landscapes: Insights from the Densu Delta Ramsar Site, Ghana|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=16|issue=15|doi=10.3390/su16156372|issn=2071-1050}}</ref> == Mkpa Ọdịdị Na Ala == Akụkụ ala nke Osimiri Densu na-emepụta Densu Delta Ramsar Site, nke bụ ala mmiri nwere nnukwu mkpa n'ụwa, e depụtara ya n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ramsar n'afọ 1992.Mpaghara ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe dịka hekta 5,893, ma gụnye laguun, ọhịa mangrove, ebe a na-emepụta nnu, na ala apịtị .A matakwara ya dịka Mpaghara Dị Mkpa Maka Nnụnụ site na BirdLife International, n'ihi na ọ na-akwado nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eji ya ezumike n'oge oyi. Ndị a gụnyere ụdị terns dị iche iche, yana western reef egret, spotted redshank, little tern, black tern, roseate tern, common tern, Sandwich tern, na royal tern.Ala mmiri a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị oke mkpa n'ịchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe mgbochi idei mmiri eke, ebe ájá na unyi na-anọgide , na ihe na-enyere aka ịkwado ụsọ oké osimiri, si otú a na-echebe obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu pụọ na mbuze ala na ebili mmiri siri ike nke oke osimiri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564|archivedate=2025-11-16|accessdate=2026-06-14|work=rsis.ramsar.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity-iba-ghana|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site and vicinity|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-11-16}}</ref> == Mmiri na ụtụ isi == Usoro Osimiri Densu na-anata mmiri sitere n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta , gụnyere Osimiri Nsaki, Osimiri Dobro, Osimiri Kuia, Osimiri Adaiso, na Osimiri Pompon. Osimiri nta ndị a na-enye aka n'ịgbanwe oke mmiri Osimiri Densu na-enweta n'oge dị iche iche nke afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Densu Basin – Water Resources Commission|url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/densu/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260314231251/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/densu/|archivedate=2026-03-14|accessdate=2026-06-14|work=wrc.gov.gh|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara mmiri, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwe usoro mmiri ozuzo bi-modal, na-eduga na mgbanwe oge na nsị. Akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-enwekwu mmiri na ọhịa, ebe akụkụ ndịda kpọrọ nkụ ma mepụta obodo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akurugu|first=Bismark Awinbire|date=April 2022|title=Groundwater resources assessment in the Densu Basin: A review|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214581822000301|journal=Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies|language=en|volume=40|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101017|issn=2214-5818}}</ref> A na-achịkwa mmiri Osimiri Densu site na nnukwu akụrụngwa njikwa mmiri, gụnyere Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Weija, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchekwa mmiri na ịnye Mpaghara Ukwu Accra mmiri. == Mkpa akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Osimiri Densu bụ otu n'ime ebe mmiri dị ọhụrụ kachasị mkpa na-enye isi obodo Ghana, bụ Accra, mmiri. Site na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Mmiri Weija , osimiri ahụ na-enye nnukwu akụkụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ a sachara maka ndị bi n'obodo ahụ.Ụlọ Mgbochi Mmiri Weija , nke dị n'Osimiri Densu, bụ isi ebe a na-enweta mmiri na Mpaghara Greater Accra. Ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ahụ na-enye ihe ruru pasent 80 nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha a na-eji n'ofe Mpaghara Greater Accra. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa, gụnyere ịgba mmiri na [[Ọrụ ugbo siri ike|mmepụta anụ ụlọ]], ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oti|first=Jonathan Opoku|date=August 2020|title=Hydrologic response to climate change in the Densu River Basin in Ghana|journal=Heliyon|volume=6|issue=8|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04722|issn=2405-8440|pmid=32904314}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ala dị ala na-adabere n'osimiri ahụ na ala mmiri ya maka ịkụ azụ, mmepụta nnu, na obere azụmahịa, karịsịa n'ime mpaghara delta. == Egwu == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na Densu Basin bụ ihe dịka mmadụ 240 kwa square kilomita.<ref name="wrc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|title=River Basin Activities|publisher=Water Resources Commission of Ghana|accessdate=2008-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html|archivedate=2008-11-20}}</ref> Akụkụ nke Osimiri Densu aghọwo ebe a na-atụfu ihe site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, na-akpata mmetọ mmiri. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, igwu ájá na igwu ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/165424/River-Densu-chokes-on-dumped-refuse|title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse|work=BusinessGhana|accessdate=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html|title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee|work=[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Daily Graphic]]|accessdate=2019-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghana-net.com/densu-delta-ramsar-site.html|title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site|work=Ghana-Net.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-22}}</ref> == N'omenala a ma ama == * Onye Ghana na-ese ihe Kojo Antwi kpọrọ abọm studio nke abụọ ya, nke e wepụtara na 2002, mgbe osimiri ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532|title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music|work=iTunes|accessdate=2016-07-17}}</ref> * Osibisa, otu egwu [[Afrobeat]], dere abụ akpọrọ Densu, na-akọwa banyere ụdị azụ dị iche iche na abụ ndị ọkụ azụ na-abụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw|archivedate=2021-06-24|title=Densu by Osibisa|work=YouTube|accessdate=2019-02-27}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Osimiri Volta]] (Ghana) * Ogige Ọhịa Atewa Range * Ọdọ Mmiri Weija * Mgbakọ Ramsar == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 3sfc5qvxaqc42b32t6o6wtekugf605u 0 77612 687621 674643 2026-07-12T18:50:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:River_Bujuku_in_lower_bigo.jpg|alt=A small stream flowing through marshy land|thumb|Osimiri Bujuku na Lower Bigo Bog]] '''Osimiri Bujuku''' bụ osimiri dị na Uganda nke si n'Ọdọ Bujuku, bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime olulu ugwu mgbawa n'Ugwu Rwenzori, malite.Osimiri ahụ na-amalite n'ebe dị mita 3,962 (ụkwụ 12,999) n'elu oke osimiri, ma na-asọdata n'akụkụ ugwu ruo mgbe ọ sonyere Osimiri Mubuku.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=River Bujuku|url=https://graciaphotography.com/rwenzori-mountains-mystical-challenge/img_1315/|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Gracia Photography|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Bujuku, Bujuku Lake on Mountain Rwenzori National Park|url=https://www.insiderwenzorimountainsnationalpark.com/lake-bujuku.html|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Inside Rwenzori Mountains National Park|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Days Rwenzori Mountain Hiking|url=https://www.gorillaugandasafaris.com/10-days-rwenzori-mountain-hiking/|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Gorilla Trekking Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RWENZORI CIRCUIT|url=https://bensonmusabe.wixsite.com/mufco-uganda/rwenzori-circuit|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Musabe_Tours|language=en|archivedate=2024-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605093047/https://bensonmusabe.wixsite.com/mufco-uganda/rwenzori-circuit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2015-10-20|title=Climb Mountain Rwenzori Uganda|url=https://www.queenelizabethnationalpark.com/rwenzori-mountains-climbing.html|accessdate=2024-06-05|work=Queen Eliz|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|0.3582|29.9716|type:river_region:UG}} 49m2z7iuj140lupex62tm0zgdx63xap 0 77616 687633 674932 2026-07-12T19:08:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}} '''Osimiri Malagarasi''' bụ osimiri dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ [[Tanzania]], na-asọfe na [[Mpaghara Kigoma]], ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime mmiri ya si na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Burundi]]. Osimiri ahụ mekwara ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Mpaghara Tabora]], ókèala ndịda nke [[Mpaghara Kagera]] na ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Mpaghara Geita]]. Ọ bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Tanzania n'azụ [[Osimiri Rufiji|Rufiji]]—[[Osimiri Ruaha Ukwu|Ruaha Ukwu]], ma nwee ebe mmiri kachasị ukwuu karịa osimiri ọ bụla na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> '''Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi''' bụ ebe a kpọrọ [[Mgbakọ Ramsar |Ebe Ramsar]]. Ndị obodo akpọọla Malagarasi aha dị ka "osimiri nke mmụọ ọjọọ". ==Ọdịdị ala== Osimiri Malagarasi bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na Tanzania, na {{convert|475|km}}.<ref name="KisanganiBobb2010">{{cite book|last1=Kisangani|first1=Emizet F.|last2=Bobb|first2=F. Scott|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA299|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2|page=299}}</ref><ref name="(Company)1992">{{cite book|author=Elf-Aquitaine (Company)|title=Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3QcAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=Société nationale Elf-Aquitaine (Production)}}</ref> Isi iyi osimiri ahụ dị nso n'ókè Tanzania na Burundi.<ref name="geoariz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf|title=Malagarasi River Delta Sedimentology: Evidence of Lake Level Changes in Lake Tanganyika|author1=Shick, Kate|author2=Flaccus, Kathy|publisher=Geology Department of the [[University of Arizona]]|accessdate=30 May 2012|archivedate=14 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814155954/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/nyanza/pdf/ShickFlaccus.pdf}}</ref> Mmalite {{convert|80|km}} nke osimiri ahụ bụ ókèala mba ụwa dị n'etiti Tanzania na [[Burundi]]. Ọtụtụ mmiri si n'ugwu Burundi na-abanye n'akụkụ aka nri ya. Mgbe ha na Osimiri Lumpungu jikọtara ọnụ, Malagarasi banyere Tanzania, gbaa gburugburu ma wụsa mmiri n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika ihe dị ka {{convert|25|mile}} n'ebe ndịda [[Kigoma]], dị nso [[Ilagala]].<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title= Maps|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmiri ndị kacha abata n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. [[Osimiri Moyowosi]] bụ mmiri mmiri kachasị mkpa, ya na mmiri bara ọgaranya [[Osimiri Nikongo]];<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=R. H.|last2=Hughes|first2=J. S.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA244|accessdate=28 May 2012|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=244–}}</ref> ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ mmiri gụnyere [[Osimiri Ugalla]], [[Osimiri Gombe]], [[Osimiri Ruchugi]], [[Osimiri Lumpungu]],<ref name="BrownlieBurns1979">{{cite book|last1=Brownlie|first1=Ian|last2=Burns|first2=Ian R.|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C&pg=PA748|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1979|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-0-903983-87-7|page=748}}</ref> na [[Osimiri Nguya]]. A maara ya dị ka osimiri iyi dị ala,<ref name="KlerkxImanackunov2003">{{cite book|last1=Klerkx|first1=J.|last2=Imanackunov|first2=Beishen|title=Lake Issyk-Kul: Its Natural Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA231|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0900-6|pages=231–}}</ref> na ọpụpụ mmiri ya gụnyere [[biotope]] anọ: ebe apịtị, ọwa mmiri, osimiri na-asọ asọ nwere obere mmiri mmiri ole na ole, na nnukwu delta nwere alaka abụọ.<ref name="Thieme2005">{{cite book|last=Thieme|first=Michele L.|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA197|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-55963-365-9|pages=197–}}</ref> Mmiri nke osimiri ahụ na-eru n'etiti oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị kwa afọ, mgbe ụfọdụkwa, idei mmiri nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ ma ọ bụ belata obere iyi; ọrụ ugbo na igbukpọ oke ọhịa na-emetụtakwa mmiri mmiri nke obodo ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọkwa nke ihe ndị dị n'ime osimiri ahụ dịkwuo elu.<ref name="geoariz"/> Na [[Mberagule]], a chọpụtala na mmiri osimiri ahụ na-asọfe bụ cubic kilomita 6.9 kwa afọ.<ref name="geoariz"/> N'ihe dị ka {{convert|80|km}} site n'ọnụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe site n'ala apịtị Moyowosi, ebe "ala apịtị na ala idei mmiri buru ibu" na "ala apịtị".<ref name="KamukalaCrafter1993">{{cite book|last1=Kamukala|first1=G. L.|last2=Crafter|first2=S. A.|title=Wetlands of Tanzania: Proceedings of a Seminar on the Wetlands of Tanzania, Morogoro, Tanzania, 27-29 November, 1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbLsJa81gpgC&pg=PA34|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1993|publisher=IUCN Wetlands Programme|isbn=978-2-8317-0185-1|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Lambrecht1991">{{cite book|last=Lambrecht|first=Frank L.|title=In the Shade of an Acacia Tree: Memoirs of a Health Officer in Africa, 1945-1959|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TWftBeiEFEC&pg=PA217|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-194-1|page=217}}</ref> Ọ na-agafe [[Dodoma Belt]], mpaghara ala nke oge Archaean na Proterozoic nkume kristal Precambrian.<ref name="geoariz"/> ===Ebe Mmiri=== Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara mmiri ahụ dị {{convert|130,000|km2}}, Malagarasi nwere ebe mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime osimiri niile na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]].<ref name="geoariz"/> Mmiri Malagarasi mejupụtara pasentị iri atọ nke mpaghara mmiri niile dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Mmiri mmiri nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] dị n'ebe ugwu, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[ebe a na-emechi emechi]] nke [[Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ]], n'ebe ndịda n'akụkụ ebe a na-emechi emechi nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Rukwa]], nakwa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ala mmiri ahụ bụ [[Ahịa Miombo nke Central Zambezian |Ahịa Miombo]], yana ''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]'' na ''[[Julbernardia globiflora]]'' dị ka osisi ndị kacha ike.<ref>"Malagarasi-Moyowosi". Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (FEOW). Accessed 18 September 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/543]</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche nke [[ala ahịhịa jupụtara na Zambezian |ala ahịhịa jupụtara na idei mmiri]] n'etiti ala Malagarasi-Moyowosi, nakwa n'akụkụ Osimiri Ugalla dị n'etiti ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>"Zambezian Flooded Grasslands". WWF ecoregion profile, accessed 18 September 2019. [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0907]</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Dịka ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi [[Rosemary Lowe-McConnell]] si kwuo, "a na-eche na Malagarasi na [[Osimiri Rungwa]] bụ isi iyi nke ihe ndị sitere na mgbati tupu [[Ndagwurugwu Ukwu Rift (echiche ala)|rift]] [[Osimiri Congo|Zaire]] sistemụ".<ref name="Lévêque1997">{{cite book|last=Lévêque|first=C.|title=Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA107|accessdate=28 May 2012|date=13 May 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57033-6|pages=107–}}</ref> Obodo Malagarasi dịbu n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ọ bụkwa n'oge dị ka akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]] n'ọdịda anyanwụ ya. Kemgbe ahụ, ọdọ mmiri Tanganyika ekwuola na "a na-eme mpụ ma na-alọghachi azụ, na-etinye ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ọhụrụ, na-agbanwe delta, ma na-agbanwe ụzọ osimiri ahụ".<ref name="geoariz"/> Kemgbe akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, ọkwa ọdọ mmiri agbanweela nke ukwuu n'etiti {{convert|100|na|20|}}; akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na-egosi na ọ dị ihe dịka {{convert|10|m}} elu karịa ka ọ dị taa.<ref name="geoariz"/> ==Omenala== Ndị obodo ahụ akpọọla Malagarasi "osimiri nke mmụọ ọjọọ".<ref name="Grant2011">{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Richard|title=Crazy River: Exploration and Folly in East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivN5wQTCNt4C&pg=PA339|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=25 October 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-5414-4|pages=339–}}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, [[Ndị Vinza|Ndị Wavinza]], bụ́ ndị na-agba ọsọ ọrụ [[ụgbọ mmiri]] nke osimiri ahụ site n'akụkụ aka ekpe, zere itinye aka na [[Ndị Nyamwezi|Ndị Wanyamwezi]] n'ihi ihe mgbochi ebumpụta ụwa nke ndị Malagarasi mepụtara.<ref name="Anthropological1883">{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|accessdate=4 June 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1883|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=8–}}</ref> Ndị Wangoni (Watutu Zulus) nọkwa n'akụkụ mmiri nke ọzọ.<ref name="Newman2010">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtCt8aECfu0C&pg=PA105|accessdate=4 June 2012|year=2010|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-287-1|pages=105–}}</ref> [[Henry Morton Stanley]], onye weere [[ndị ozi ala ọzọ|ndị ozi ala ọzọ]] dị ka ihe dị mkpa nye "usoro mmepeanya" nke [[Africa]], kwuru na ndị ozi ala ọzọ nwere ike iso Malagarasi ma sonye na "njem ntụgharị gaa [[Uvinza]], Uha, na Ugala".<ref name="Newman2004">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=James L.|title=Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qKyxaJMVF0C&pg=PA81|accessdate=4 June 2012|date=1 November 2004|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-597-2|pages=81–}}</ref> ==Osisi na anụmanụ== Ụdị osisi dị na mpaghara Malagarasi gụnyere ''[[Albizia gummifera]]'', ''[[Bridelia micrantha]]'', ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Diospyros mespiliformis]]'', ''[[Ficus sycomorus]]'', ''[[Ficus verruculosa]]'', ''[[Isoberlinia]]'' spp., ''[[Khaya senegalensis]]'', ''[[Parkia filicoidea]]'', ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', ''[[Syzygium cordatum]]'', na ''[[Syzygium owariense]]''.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> Ahịhịa ndị a ma ama n'ala ahịhịa dị na ndagwurugwu bụ ụdị ''[[Hyparrhenia]]'', ''[[Themeda]]'', na ''[[Echinochloa]]''.<ref name="Society1980">{{cite book|author=Tanzania Society|title=Tanzania notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDVzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1980|publisher=Tanzania Society|pages=96–100}}</ref> [[Malagarasi sardine]] (''Mesobola spinifer'') bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị n'osimiri ahụ.<ref name="Seegers2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=11597|title=Mesobola spinifer (Bailey & Matthes, 1971) Malagarasi sardine |last=Seegers|first=L. |date=November 15, 2011|publisher=FishBase|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref> Anụ ọhịa Malagarasi nwere ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị na-eme na Osimiri Congo mana ọ bụghị na Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref name="HughesHughes1992" /> Otú ọ dị, nnukwu mmiri dị ọcha [[Mbu pufferfish]] na-apụta n'ime Central na Upper Zaire Basin na Osimiri Malagarasi.<ref name="Davies1986">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Bryan Robert|title=The Ecology of River Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA218|accessdate=30 May 2012|date=31 July 1986|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-6193-540-7|page=218}}</ref> ==Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi== Ala mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi dị n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ, n'ogo mita 1200 n'ebe Malagarasi na-ejikọta ya na osimiri Gombe, Muyovozi, Ugalla, na osimiri ndị ọzọ na-asọ asọ. Ala mmiri ahụ gụnyere {{convert|250,000|ha}} nke ọdọ mmiri oge ọkọchị na mmiri mepere emepe gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Sagara na Nyamagoma, na {{convert|200,000|ha}} nke apịtị papyrus na-adịgide adịgide. Ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri na-adị n'oge n'akụkụ idei mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na-adị iche iche n'oge na mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ, ha nwekwara ike ikpuchi ruo {{convert|1.5|e6ha}}.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Apịtị papyrus na-ejupụta n'ala mmiri sedge ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' na ahịhịa ''[[Oryza barthii]]''. Ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri na-emetụta n'oge gụnyere ''[[Hyparrhenia rufa]]'' na ''[[Echinochloa pyramidalis]]'', yana ''Hyparrhenia'' rinne n'ebe idei mmiri kacha nta, ''Echinochloa'' n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịkarịkarị, na ''[[Vossia (osisi)|Vossia]]'' nke kacha nso n'ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Ebe etiti na elu nke Osimiri Ugalla gụnyere ala idei mmiri nke mmiri na-erute n'oge {{convert|120|km}} ogologo ma ruo {{convert|50|km}}} obosara. Idei mmiri ahụ na-akwado ala ahịhịa sara mbara, nke ahịhịa na-achị ''[[Echinochloa haploclada]], [[Themeda triandra]], [[Setaria]] spp., [[Andropogon]] spp., [[Eragrostis]] spp., [[Digitaria]] spp''., na ''[[Sporobolus]]'' spp. Idei mmiri ahụ gụnyere osisi ndị gbasaara agbasasị gụnyere ''[[Combretum fragrans]], [[Combretum obovatum|C. obovatum]]'' na ''[[Combretum purpureiflorum|C. purpureiflorum]]'', ubi nkwụ ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'', na obere ọhịa mechiri emechi n'elu nnukwu ugwu termite.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref> Anụmanụ ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ime ala mmiri gụnyere [[Shoebill]] (''Balaeniceps rex''), [[Wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus''), [[African bush elephant]] ''(Loxodonta africana)'', [[Sitatunga]] (''Tragalephus spekii'') na [[Central African slender-snouted crocodile]] (''Mecistops leptorhynchus''). Ala mmiri ahụ nwere ụdị azụ iri ise, gụnyere [[Dark stonebasher]] (''Pollimyrus nigricans'') na ụdị nri dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ, ndị a na-ahụkarị, na ndị a na-eri.<ref>Director of Wildlife, Wildlife Division of the United Republic of Tanzania (1999). "The Malagarasi-Muyovozi Wetlands". Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands, 21-08-1999. Accessed 18 September 2019. [https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/TZ1024RIS.pdf]</ref><ref name="ramsar.org" /> [[Waterbuck]] (''Kobus ellipsiprymnus'') na [[hippopotamus]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius'') a na-ahụkarị n'ala mmiri.<ref name="Society1980"/> A na-enwe nchegbu gbasara [[Ndị Wanyahosa]] na-achụ anụ n'osimiri ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-ahọrọ anụ karịa azụ.<ref name="Society1963">{{cite book|author=Tanganyika Society|title=Tanganyika notes and records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QutBAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2012|year=1963|publisher=Tanganyika Society|page=210}}</ref> ==Ebe echekwara== Ala Mmiri Malagarasi-Muyovozi ghọrọ ebe akpọrọ [[Mgbakọ Ramsar |Ebe Ramsar]] na Eprel 13, 2000.<ref name="wetlands.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|title=TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF Ramsar Site 1024;(WI Site 1TZ001)|publisher=Wetlands International|accessdate=2 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416030414/http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/1TZ001.html|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ ebe mbụ Ramsar dị na mba ahụ. Na {{convert|35000|km2}} ọ bụ ebe Ramsar nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.<ref name="ramsar.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:qr7qByMsiXQJ:www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_malagarasi_statusreport.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShv4AVoNWD24D-q21LMoToWI-GT-CNDr7AHmIPXrq5cvokJ3uwXF7fkhKyyhNcViDa_GqIg_ZWcvAijo-yD3l2Chg9UmY5mC95Fk3kTVmMRa1RAktPz7H95FsXryJDK3xBquJwh&sig=AHIEtbQnxPur0go__exKQF2GIS2F7he4nA|title=The Project for Sustainable and Integrated Management of the Malagarasi-Muyovozi Ramsar Site (SIMMORS)|date=March 2007|publisher=Ramsar|accessdate=2 June 2012}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *[https://www.flickr.com/photos/friel/tags/malagarasi/ Photographs on flickr] {{DEFAULTSORT:Osimiri Malagarasi}} 3weishov81xb817son18n41qdlopi7j 0 77617 687631 674727 2026-07-12T19:07:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} {{Infobox river | name = Lukuga River | image = River Lukuga, Kalemia.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = River Lukuga from the bridge in Kalemie | map = Lukuga river.jpg | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = The Lukuga River, in dark blue | source1_location = [[Kalemie]] | mouth_location = [[Lualaba River]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | location = | length = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|2800|ft|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Jack|1887|p= 486}} | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|244500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p= 206}} | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Osimiri Lukuga''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Lukuga}}) bụ otu akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) nke na-asọpụ mmiri [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]]. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ihi na ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ọ bụghị naanị n'oge kamakwa n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo oge. ==Ọnọdụ== Lukuga na-agba n'akụkụ ugwu nke [[Katanga Plateau]]. Osimiri ahụ na-apụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika na [[Kalemie]] ma na-asọfe site n'oghere dị n'ugwu dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Tanganyika Province]] isonyere [[Osimiri Lualaba | Lualaba]] n'etiti [[Kabalo]] na [[Kongolo, Tanganyika District|Kongolo]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} N'ozuzu, osimiri ahụ na-akpata 18% nke mmiri na-efu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe ihe fọdụrụ bụ n'ihi mmiri na-ekupụ.{{sfn|Klerkx|Imanackunov|2003|p=241}} E nwere nnukwu ihe ndị dị na Lukuga.{{sfn|Davies|Walker|1986|p=206}} Oke nke ihe dị n'ime ionic ebe Osimiri Lukga si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụọ, nke magnesium na potassium juru karịa calcium na sodium, sitere na ntinye hydrothermal nke [[Albertine Rift]], dịka a hụrụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]].{{sfn|Likens|2010|p=299}} O yiri ka e guzobere usoro mmiri dị ugbu a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe ugwu mgbawa nke na-arụ ọrụ ka na-agbawa [[Ugwu Virunga|ugwu mgbawa nke Virunga]] gbawara ma gbochie mmiri si [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu]] na-asọpụta n'ebe ugwu gaa [[Ọdọ Mmiri Edward]], nke mere ka ọ na-asọpụta n'ebe ndịda gaa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika site na [[Osimiri Ruzizi]]. Tupu mgbe ahụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, ma ọ bụ obere ọdọ mmiri dị iche iche dị n'ebe a na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ugbu a, nwere ike ọ nweghị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ ewezuga ikuku mmiri.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmiri mmiri na Lukuga na-enwe mmasị dị ukwuu n'ebe mmiri ahụ dị, ebe ọ bụ na olu mmiri ọ na-ebu site n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu site n'oge ruo n'oge.{{sfn|Gupta|2008|p=296}} Mmiri osimiri na-asọkarị na Mee, ọ dịghịkwa nso na Nọvemba, nke kwekọrọ na mgbanwe oge n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Klerkx|Imanackunov|2003|p=229}} Osimiri ahụ na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo oge, dịka [[Neolithic Subpluvial]] ihe dị ka afọ 4000 Tupu Kraịst.{{sfn|Likens|2010|p=294}} Kemgbe afọ 1965, mmụba nke mmiri ahụ na-amụba, ọ bụ ezie na mkpokọta mmiri Congo na-ebelata.{{sfn|Klerkx|Imanackunov|2003|p=229}} Lukuga etolitela n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-enye ụzọ ebe ụdị mmiri dị iche iche nke [[Agba Kongo]] ga-esi biri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=562}} Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke enyi mmiri na agụ iyi.{{sfn|Inbar|2010}} E nwere ebe a na-etinye kol dị ala n'akụkụ mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ n'ebe ugwu nke [[Kalemie]] na Moluba.{{sfn|Kisangani|Bobb|2010|p=319}} ==Afọ ndị mbụ== Luka dị n'ebe ugwu, Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, [[Osimiri Luvua]] dị n'ebe ndịda na [[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]] bụ ókèala nke ndị [[Ndị Hemba]] bibu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na [[ndị Tumbwe]] n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ugwu. Ndị Kasangas nke [[ndị Tumbwe|Ndị Tumbwe]] chịrị steeti dị iche iche dị na mpaghara a.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=124}} Ndị Lukaga dị n'okpuru na Lualaba bụ ụzọ e si ekwurịta okwu n'okike, ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na mmadụ.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=131}} N'ihe dịka afọ 1800, n'ọkara nke abụọ nke ọchịchị [[Alaeze Ukwu Luba|Eze Ukwu Luba]] [[Ilunga Sungu]], ndị agha Luba wakporo Lualaba nke ruru Kalemie n'otu oge. Ụfọdụ ndị Luba bi na mpaghara ahụ, ndị gbara Kalemie gburugburu nọkwa n'okpuru ndị Luba n'ọchịchị ndị a nke [[Kumwimbe Ngombe]] na [[Ilunga Kabale]].{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=124}} Ndị Luba mepụtara echiche nke "eze ọkụ" iji chịa mpaghara dị n'akụkụ alaeze ukwu ha dịka ụzọ Luvua-Lukuga, ebe onye ọchịchị obodo ahụ bụ onye hà nhata na eze ukwu Luba, na-ezipụ naanị onyinye mgbe ụfọdụ. E webatara òtù nzuzo ''bamdudye'' na ''bakasandji'' n'ógbè ahụ, na-enye akụkọ ifo nke mmalite nke ndị eze ọkụ nke nyeere aka mee ka ọnọdụ ha dị ka ndị eze ọkụ si dị mma. [[Ndị Holoholo]] nke Kalemie nakweere ma gbanwee akụkọ ifo ndị a na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=127}} Steeti Hemba nke Kyombo Mkubwa ghọrọ isi obodo ndị ahịa nke Alaeze Ukwu Luba.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=126}} Agbanyeghị, mgbe ndị Yuropu malitere ịbanye n'ógbè ahụ, nwa nwoke [[Msiri]] bụ́ Simbi, si n'ebe ndịda na-abịa ma na-eme njikọ aka na ndị ọchịchị Hemba megide mwakpo sitere na [[Tippu Tip]], ewepụrụ Kyombo Mkubwa site na ala obi Luba.{{sfn|Reefe|1981|p=178}} ==Ndị kọntaktị Europe== [[File:Stanley's Lake Tanganyika.jpg|thumb|300px|Ahịrị ojii ahụ na-egosi ụzọ Stanley.]] N'ihe dịka afọ 1871 [[David Livingstone]] hụrụ mgbawa ugwu ndị "Logumba" gafere, wee kwuo na osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ebe mmiri si apụta n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, nakwa na enwere ike ịnwe ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu.{{sfn|Blackwood|1877|p=702}} [[Verney Lovett Cameron]] rutere n'osimiri ahụ n'ebe ọ hapụrụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Mee 1874 n'oge njem ya gafee Afrịka site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ. O kwetara na ọ bụ naanị ebe mmiri si abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika, mana o nweghị ike inweta onye ga-eduzi ya ka o soro ya gbadaa n'osimiri ahụ iji hụ na ọ na-asọba n'ime Lualaba.{{sfn|Cameron|1876|p=312}} Na 1876 [[Henry Morton Stanley]] gara leta ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ọ rutere, ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala, o wee kọwaa Lukuga dị ka nnukwu iyi nke na-agbasa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo ebe dị anya. Agbanyeghị, o kwetara na ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-arị elu, Lukga ga-abụ ebe a ga-esi nweta ihe ndị dị mkpa.{{sfn|Moore|1878|p=125}} O yiri ka ájá agbaala n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ, osimiri ahụ agbaala ájá n'azụ osisi ahụ.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} Na 1879 [[Joseph Thomson (onye nyocha)|Joseph Thomson]] si Pambete bịa Kasenge, na-eme njem site na obodo siri ike. Ọ chọpụtara na osimiri Lukga bụ nnukwu osimiri na-asọ asọ ngwa ngwa. Ọ gbasoro ụzọ osimiri ahụ ruo ụbọchị ole na ole, mana ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ gbochiri nchọpụta ya ọzọ.{{sfn|Burke|1881|p=435}} Mgbe [[Hermann Wissmann|Hermann von Wissmann]] rutere n'osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1882, ọ chọpụtara na osimiri ahụ aghọọla ihe na-agbapụta ngwa ngwa ma gbasaa. O kwukwara na ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị {{convert|4.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} n'okpuru akara mmiri kachasị elu.{{sfn|Clark|1969|p=35}} ==Taa== Ruo afọ 2008, Lukuga nwere nnukwu mmerụ ahụ n'ebe ọ banyere na Lualaba.{{sfn|O'Brien|2008|p=91}} Na Disemba 2010, a dọkpụrụ onye South Africa a ma ama na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na onye na-eme nchọpụta [[Hendrik Coetzee]] n'ime kayak ya n'elu Lukga ma gbuo ya site n'aka agụ iyi.{{sfn|Inbar|2010}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA702 |title=Twenty Years of African Travel |journal=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine |volume=121 |last=Blackwood |publisher=William Blackwood |year=1877}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA435 |title=The Annual register of world events: a review of the year, Volume 122 |first=Edmund |last=Burke |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1881}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkCIW4K8-08C&pg=PA312 |chapter=Sketch of a Journey Across Africa Part II |first=Verney Lovett |last=Cameron |title=The living age |volume=130 |publisher=The Living Age Co. Inc. |year=1876}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls prehistoric site, Volume 1 |first=John Desmond |last=Clark |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1969}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDjMyk4oDBkC&pg=PA206 |title=The Ecology of river systems |first1=Bryan Robert |last1=Davies |first2=Keith F. |last2=Walker |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |isbn=90-6193-540-7}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx7uuYmAkaMC&pg=PA296 |title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management |first=Avijit |last=Gupta |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-72371-5}} *{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA562 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}} *{{cite web |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/40764193/ns/today-today_people/t/horror-congo-croc-attack-kills-legendary-guide/#.TuTG3LKImuI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172912/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/40764193/ns/today-today_people/t/horror-congo-croc-attack-kills-legendary-guide#.TuTG3LKImuI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-05-14 |title=Horror in the Congo: Croc attack kills legendary guide |publisher=MSNBC |first=Michael |last=Inbar |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2011-12-11 |accessdate=2026-07-09 |archivedate=2011-05-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172912/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/40764193/ns/today-today_people/t/horror-congo-croc-attack-kills-legendary-guide#.TuTG3LKImuI }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwgVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA486 |title=THE GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD |last=Jack |publisher=Thomas C. Jack |year=1887}} *{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PA319 |chapter=Lukuga River |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |first1=Emizet F. |last1=Kisangani |first2=F. Scott |last2=Bobb |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8108-5761-2}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TT9q-vcN8IC&pg=PA229 |title=Lake Issyk-Kul: its natural environment |first1=J. |last1=Klerkx |first2=Beishen |last2=Imanackunov |publisher=Springer |year=2003 |isbn=1-4020-0900-3}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5VHWWrK_SsC&pg=PA294 |title=River ecosystem ecology: a global perspective : a derivative of Encyclopedia of inland waters |first=Gene E. |last=Likens |publisher=Academic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-12-381998-7}} *{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0dKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA125 |title=African Exploration |last=Moore |journal=Friends' Intelligencer |volume=34 |publisher=Wm. W. Moore |year=1878}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1e4hmZPt3wC&pg=PA91 |title=A Mighty Big River |first=Gerard |last=O'Brien |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4092-1802-9}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz8cv9-JlN0C&pg=PA124 |title=The rainbow and the kings: a history of the Luba Empire to 1891 |first=Thomas Q. |last=Reefe |publisher=University of California Press |year=1981 |isbn=0-520-04140-2}} {{refend}} {{coord|5.66667|S|26.91667|E|display=title}} 940t1ct6k2n83l75tkzkboqk84qfvkc 0 77620 687652 674936 2026-07-12T19:32:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Osimiri Ulindi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Ulindi}}) bụ otu n'ime mmiri nke [[Osimiri Lualaba]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E nwere atụmatụ iwu ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri n'osimiri ahụ iji nye ọkụ eletrik n'ọrụ igwu ọlaedo. ==Ọnọdụ== Osimiri ahụ na-arịgo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[South Kivu]] ma na-asọga n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Maniema]], na-esonyere Lualaba site na [[Kindu]].{{sfn|Blaes|2008}} Ndagwurugwu Ulindi dị n'elu nwere ọtụtụ anụmanụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị enwe, chimpanzees, agụ, buffaloes, enyí na antelopes.{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=5}} Ndị [[Ndị Lega|Ndị Lega]] na [[Ndị Nyindu]], ndị na-asụ [[asụsụ Lega|Kilega]] na [[asụsụ Shi|Kinyindu]], bụ́ asụsụ Bantu, bi na ndagwurugwu ahụ. A na-ekewa ya na nhazi ya na mpaghara [[Mwenga Territory | Mwenga]], [[Shabunda Territory | Shabunda]] na [[Pangi Territory | Pangi]] mpaghara.{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== N'afọ 1874, onye nchọpụta [[Verney Lovett Cameron]] gara leta osimiri Ulindi, onye nke abụọ si Yuropu gafee Afrịka.{{sfn|Schaller|1988|p=88}} N'oge [[Congo Free State]], mpaghara ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị nke ndị Arab si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Afrịka. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a dịka Munie Chabodu na Munie Mtoro bụ ndị nnọchi anya nke Free State. Ndị Arab hiwere obodo [[Shabunda]]. Na 1899, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị puku asatọ (8,000).{{sfn|Biebuyck|1973|p=3}} Na June 1997, akụkọ pụtara maka ogbugbu e gburu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Febụwarị afọ ahụ n'elu àkwà mmiri dị n'elu Ulindi dị n'ebe ugwu [[Shabunda]] na South Kivu. Ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ gụnyere ndị nkịtị na-enweghị ngwa agha na ndị agha [[Hutu]] ji ngwa agha bụ ndị sonyere na ogbugbu nke [[[Tutsi]] na Rwanda n'afọ 1994. Ndị agha Tutsi nke Rwanda wakporo ha, bụ́ ndị na-alụso ndị agha nnupụisi nke [[Laurent Kabila]] ọgụ iji kwatuo onye ọchịchị aka ike ahụ [[Mobutu Sese Seko]]. Ndị hụrụ ihe merenụ kwuru na e gburu ọtụtụ narị mmadụ.{{sfn|Cahn|1997}} ==Mgbake ọlaedo== Na Eprel 2009 [[Banro Corporation]], onye Canada na-egwupụta ọlaedo, kọrọ ihe si na nnyocha e mere maka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri na-enye ọkụ eletrik n'osimiri ahụ pụta. Ọrụ a ga-eji {{convert|600|m|ft}} dị n'osimiri ahụ mee ihe n'ebe dị anya nke {{convert|18|km|mi}}. Ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka nde dọla US133.8, nke na-enye "isi iyi ọkụ" maka ọrụ ọlaedo [[Twangiza]].{{sfn|PennWell|2009}} Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe ndị a na-ekpuchi {{convert|1164|km2|sqmi}} ma dị na {{convert|41|km|mi}} ndịda-ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Bukavu]].{{sfn|Twangiza}} Nchekwa ego a kwadoro ma nwee ike ịdabere na ọkwa njedebe nke 0.5-gram-kwa tọn bụ ounce ọlaedo nde 4.54. Ụlọ ọrụ ike a na-eme atụmatụ ime ga-adị n'ime "oké ọhịa ugwu mara mma", ọ ga-emetụtakwa ọrụ ugbo azụ̀ mpaghara.{{sfn|Kaiser|2009}} Nnyocha gosiri na ezinụlọ 1,860 bi n'ógbè dị n'etiti osimiri Twangiza na Lulimbohwe ga-emetụta, ebe a ga-ebikwa 1,257. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ aka na-egwupụta ihe. N'ime osimiri ndị dị n'okpuru ọrụ ahụ, ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 1,725 na-arụ ọrụ iji weghachite ọlaedo, tin, tungsten na tantalum, n'ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị otu nnupụisi na ndị agha na-achịkwa, ọtụtụ mgbe n'okpuru nchebe nke ndị ọchịchị obodo. A na-ere ọla ndị a na-ewepụta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ahịa ojii. Ọtụtụ iri afọ [[ngwupụta ihe e ji aka rụọ]] emerụọla ala osimiri ahụ site na lead, chromium, arsenic na ikekwe mercury.{{sfn|Kaiser|2009}} ==Ntụaka== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br775uirFl4C&pg=PA3 |title=Lega culture; art, initiation, and moral philosophy among a Central African people |first=Daniel P. |last=Biebuyck |author-link=Daniel P. Biebuyck |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |isbn=0-520-02085-5}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401040116/http://rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-01 |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |first=X. |last=Blaes |publisher=PNUD-SIG |date=October 2008 |access-date=2011-12-09}} *{{cite web |url=http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html |title=Witnesses say troops killed refugees at bridge in Zaire 6/29/97 |date=June 29, 1997 |first=Dianna |last=Cahn |agency=Associated Press |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2012-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616162150/http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-09 |archivedate=2012-06-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616162150/http://thecabin.net/stories/062997/witness.html }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ |title=John Kaiser's Ounces in the Ground, Part II - Banro's Twangiza |work=Mining Markets |first=John |last=Kaiser |date=2009-09-11 |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042148/http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-09 |archivedate=2012-04-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042148/http://www.miningmarkets.ca/news/john-kaiser-s-ounces-in-the-ground-part-ii--banro-s-twangiza/1000340713/ }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/6142483430/articles/hrhrw/News/Study_bolsters_plan_for_30-MW_Ulindi_2_at_DR_Congo_gold_mine.html |title=Study bolsters plan for 30-MW Ulindi 2 at DR Congo gold mine |date=February 4, 2009 |last=PennWell |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222025/http://www.hydroworld.com/index/display/article-display/6142483430/articles/hrhrw/News/Study_bolsters_plan_for_30-MW_Ulindi_2_at_DR_Congo_gold_mine.html |archive-date=2012-05-29}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJwoL8MLhjoC&pg=PA88 |title=The Year of the Gorilla |first=George B.|last=Schaller |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-226-73648-2}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Twangiza}} |url=http://www.infomine.com/suppliers/minedevelopments/twangiza/welcome.asp |title=Twangiza |work=Infomine |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2014-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005715/http://www.infomine.com/suppliers/minedevelopments/twangiza/welcome.asp |url-status=dead }} {{refend}} ==Njikọ mpụga== *{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/gallery/2007/sep/01/congo |title=Massacre in Congo |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=2011-12-10}} ls2kx09ib69yfkwns7rfrehgd4ff5z6 0 77628 687624 674772 2026-07-12T18:56:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Djoué River | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Le pont du Djoué.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Two taxis passing on the Djoué bridge over the Djoué river in Brazzaville at Pool | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Republic of the Congo | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Congo River]] | mouth_location = [[Brazzaville]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-4.310509|15.228197|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = Madzia | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Osimiri Djoué''' bụ osimiri nke Republic of the Congo. Ọ bụ akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. ==Usoro ụzọ== Osimiri Djoué na-arịgo n'ime [[Ngalaba Ọdọ Mmiri]] n'ebe ugwu nke [[Mayama (obodo)|Mayama]], ma na-asọfe n'obodo ahụ. Ọ na-esochi ụzọ mgbagharị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ site na [[Ngoma-Tsétse]] na [[Ngalaba Brazzaville]] wee gafere ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo [[Brazzaville]], na-abanye Congo ebe ọ na-esi na [[Pool Malebo]] pụọ.{{sfn|Relation: Djoué (1197781)}} Osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ime Kintamo Rapids n'ọnụ ya, nke onye England na-eme nchọpụta [[Henry Morton Stanley]] kọwara na 12 Maachị 1877 dị ka nke nwere ịma mma dị egwu nke na-adịghị ahụkebe.{{sfn|Monuments : Brazzaville.cg}} ==Ebe Ramsar== N'ọnụ ya, osimiri ahụ na-asọfe site na {{convert|2500|ha}} [[Ramsar site]] nọmba 1857, Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué. Ọ gụnyere mmiri mmiri, osimiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-adịru nwa oge, ala mmiri, agwaetiti ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na ọdọ mmiri aquaculture. E nwere agwaetiti atọ jupụtara n'oké ọhịa n'ebe ahụ. Otu n'ime ha, Île du Diable, bụ ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ. Ụzọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado azụ̀ na azụ̀ ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ọ bụkwa ebe a na-amụ nwa. Ọ bụ ezie na iwu na-echebe ya, ọ dịghị atụmatụ njikwa e mere, a na-ejikwa ebe ahụ maka ịkọ ugbo n'ahịa, ịkụ azụ na ịghọrọ mmanya [[mmanụ nkwụ]].{{sfn|Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué}} ==Ogo mmiri== Nnyocha e mere gbasara mmiri ahụ iji chọpụta ọgwụgwọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ọ dị mma ịṅụ mmiri chọpụtara na pH ya dị mma nke 7.5, mana ọ na-agbaze nke 15 NTU: mmiri ahụ dị oke apịtị.{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=621}} Mmiri ahụ dị nro, o nwekwara obere ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa ion phosphate.{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=622}} A pụrụ iji [[calcium hypochlorite]] gwọchaa ya ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iji [[calcium sulfate]] na [[Lime (ihe onwunwe)|lime]].{{sfn|Andzi Barhé|Safou Tchiama|Bouaka|2013|p=328}} ==Hydroelectricity== [[File:Djoue Dam.png|thumb|273x273px|Image of the Djoue Dam]] E nwere ọdọ mmiri ndọda nwere isi {{convert|24|m}} na ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri na-enye ọkụ eletrik n'osimiri ahụ nke na-erughị {{convert|10|km}} site n'etiti obodo ahụ, nke e wuru n'afọ 1950. Na Machị 2013, e nyere Andritz Hydro Switzerland nkwekọrịta ịhazigharị ma kwalite HPP Djoué. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ akwụsịla ọrụ kemgbe Eprel 2007, mgbe mmiri jupụtara n'ime ụlọ njikwa ahụ, mmiri gbasasịkwara ọwa ụgbọ mmiri azụ ya kpamkpam site na idei mmiri nke Osimiri Congo na-eme kwa afọ ugboro abụọ. Ụlọ ọrụ a rụgharịrị ga-enye 2 x 9.06MW.{{sfn|Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville}} ==Ihe ndetu== {{notelist}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Isi mmalite== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276286675_Physicochemical_Characterization_Chlorination_and_Flocculation_of_Waters_of_the_River_Djoue_Congo-Brazzaville |last1=Andzi Barhé |first1=T. |first2=Rodrigue |last2=Safou Tchiama |first3=Fulbert |last3=Bouaka |title=Physicochemical Characterization, Chlorination and Flocculation of Waters of the River Djoue (Congo-Brazzaville) |date=July 2013 |issn=2278-3229 |publisher=Marien Ngouabi University |journal=International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry |volume= 2 |issue=3 |pages=618–630}} *{{citation |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hydro-news-24/hy-news-24-11-djoue-hydro |accessdate=2020-09-06 |publisher=Andritz |title=Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville, Republic of Congo |ref={{harvid|Djoué - Clean energy for green Brazzaville}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1857 |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |ref={{harvid|Les Rapides du Congo-Djoué}} }} *{{citation |url=https://brazzaville.cg/en/monuments |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Monuments |work=Brazzaville.cg |ref={{harvid|Monuments : Brazzaville.cg}} |archive-date=2020-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012231538/https://brazzaville.cg/en/monuments |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1197781#map=12/-4.3062/15.2222 |accessdate=2020-09-06 |title=Relation: Djoué (1197781) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Djoué (1197781)}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:}} 5r4r36q10uafeqfu2kwirgd2qqdpep6 0 77632 687630 674784 2026-07-12T19:06:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Foto elu nke ''Osimiri Lukenie'' ka ọ na-agafe [[Oke ọhịa dị larịị nke Central Congo]] nke DRC]] [[File:Kasai River Catchment OSM.png|thumb|Osimiri Lukenie dị n'ọdọ mmiri Kasai (n'elu)]] ''' Osimiri Lukenie''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Rivière Lukenie'') bụ [[osimiri]] dị n'etiti [[Kongo Basin]] nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Njem Osimiri [[ụgbọ mmiri]] site na [[Kinshasa]] site na [[Osimiri Kongo|Kongo]], [[Osimiri Kwah|Kwah]] ([[Osimiri Kasai|Kasai]]), na [[Osimiri Fimi|Fimi]] Osimiri gaa Lukenie ruo ebe ọ ga-erute na [[Kole, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kole]], njem nke izu isii ruo iri na abụọ. A naghị eme nke a n'oge mmiri dị ala (June-August), mana, n'ihi egwu na ọ ga-anọ n'ebe dị anya ruo ogologo oge. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'elu Kole anaghị agba ọsọ site n'ụgbọ mmiri Lukenie. N'oge mbụ nke oge ọchịchị ndị Belgium, a na-eji osimiri ahụ ebuga rọba site na osisi dịka [[Kole, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kole]] na [[Lodja]] ruo [[Lake Leopold II]]. Agbanyeghị, e butere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ala site na [[Bene Dibele]], gaa na ndịda n'akụkụ aka nri nke [[Osimiri Sankuru]] dị n'okpuru ebe [[Osimiri Lubefu]] na-esonyere ya, ụzọ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi karịa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/landpeoplesofkas00hiltrich/landpeoplesofkas00hiltrich_djvu.txt |title=Land and Peoples of the Kasai; Being a Narrative of a Two Years' Journey Among the Cannibals of the Equatorial Forest and Other Savage Tribes |first=M.W. |last=Hilton-Simpson |pages=65, 123–124 |publisher=Constable |year=1911}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe ndị bụ isi [[nkwenye osisi]] nke [[Sodefor]] dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke Osimiri Lukenie, nke dị na [[Oshwe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |title=Carte Illustrative Actions Sociales |publisher=SODEFOR |access-date=2012-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-10 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php }}</ref> Na Septemba 2010, ọtụtụ narị mmadụ na [[Oshwe]], obodo dị na [[Mai-Ndombe Province]], mere ngagharịiwe megide SODEFOR. Ha na-arịọ ka a kwụsị igbu osisi n'ime mpaghara ahụ, nke na-emebi oke ọhịa nke obodo ahụ na-adabere na ya n'enweghị uru nye obodo ndị dara ogbenye.<ref name=Greenpeace20100923/> ==Ntụaka== <references> <ref name=Greenpeace20100923>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/en/Press-Centre-Hub/Press-releases/Greenpeace-witnesses-DRCs-Oshwe-Communities-Protest-Against-Logging-Company/ |publisher=Greenpeace |title=Greenpeace witnesses DRC's Oshwe Communities Protest Against Logging Company |date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=2012-02-03}}</ref> </references> {{coord missing|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} 1e1ju8q5q6rn3c5h30g7pwxwacv1g5y 0 77642 687550 674923 2026-07-12T13:59:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National park in Morocco}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Khenifiss National Park | iucn_category = II | image = Khenfiss dunes.jpg | image_caption = Sand dunes in the park, with the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the background | pushpin_map = Morocco | pushpin_relief = 1 | location = [[Morocco]] | nearest_city = [[Tan-Tan]], [[Tarfaya]] | coordinates = {{coords|27|56|N|12|20|W|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|1850|km2|mi2}}<ref name="park">{{cite web|url=http://www.pnk.un.ma/|title=Bienvenue au site du Parc national de Khenifiss|publisher=Parc national de Khenifiss|language=French|accessdate=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034722/http://www.pnk.un.ma/|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=dead|archivedate=17 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817034722/http://www.pnk.un.ma/}}</ref> | established = September&nbsp;26, 2006<ref name="park"/> | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Baie de Khnifiss | designation1_date = 20 June 1980 | designation1_number = 209<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baie de Khnifiss|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/209|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }}   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Khenifiss''' (French: Le Parc National Khenifess) bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Morocco]], nke dị nso na Akhfenir n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] na mpaghara Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra . E guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na 2006, e kere ya iji chebe ọzara, ala mmiri na ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="biodiv" /> Gọọmentị ekwuputala ebumnuche ya ime ka ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụrụ nnukwu ebe na-adọta ndị njem nleta na-ahụ maka njem nleta. == Ọdịdị ala == Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, nke nwere km2 mi2), dị n'ụsọ [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], n'ebe ugwu nke ókèala ya na Western Sahara, n'etiti obodo Tan-Tan n'ebeebe ugwu na Tarfaya n'ebe ndịda. National Route 1, nke na-aga n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Morocco, na-agafe ogige ahụ. Akụkụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Khenfiss, ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụsoro oké osimiri Morocco. Akụkụ dị n'ime ala, ọzara, gụnyere Sabkhas, dunes na plateaus limestone, ọ bụkwa ihe atụ nke ala Sahara. [[Faịlụ:Pink_flamingos_in_Moroccan_Sahara.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Flamingo n'ogige ntụrụndụ]] === Ebe obibi === Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe dị mkpa maka ịzụ nnụnụ. Ruddy shelducks, ọbọgwụ e ji mabụl mee na nnụnụ Audouin na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na-akwaga ebe a n'oge oyi. Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nnụnụ 20,000 na-anọ n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri n'oge oyi.<ref name="biodiv">{{Cite web|url=http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss|title=Le Parc National Khenifiss|publisher=Centre d'Échange d'Information sur la Biodiversité du Maroc|language=French|accessdate=23 February 2012|archivedate=2 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170944/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/pn_khenifiss/}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore=""> (in French). </cite></ref> A họpụtakwara saịtị ahụ dị ka Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) site na BirdLife International n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nnụnụ mmiri na-anọ n'oge oyi.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lagune-de-khnifiss-iba-morocco|title=Lagune de Khnifiss|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}</ref>{{Clear|left}} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na mbụ dị ka ebe nchekwa ihe okike n'afọ 1960. Na 1980, e kewara ya dị ka ala mmiri dị mkpa maka mba ụwa. Na 1983, e gbanwere ebe nchekwa ihe okike ka ọ bụrụ Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Na-adịgide Adịgide. E tinyere ebe ahụ na Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO na 12 Ọktoba 1998 na ngalaba "eke". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/fr/listesindicatives/1182/|title=Lagune de Khnifiss|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=1 August 2015}}</ref> Na 26 Septemba 2006, e mepụtara ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   lqd9semt19nikpft5gi52lczytvkblw 0 77643 687642 674924 2026-07-12T19:22:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687642 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Osimiri Pager''' bụ osimiri dị na Uganda, n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọ na-asọba n'akụkụ ugwu obodo ahụ ma sonye n'Osimiri Achwa. Osimiri a na-agafe n'akụkụ Kitgum Matidi na distrikti Kitgum na Uganda. Ogologo ya niile ruru ihe dịka kilomita 194.79. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pager River, Kitgum District, Northern Region, Uganda|url=https://ug.geoview.info/pager_river,141321125w|accessdate=8 June 2024|work=ug.geoview.info}}</ref> == Ụzọ mmiri na mmiri == Nnyocha na-akọwa Osimiri Pager ka ọ na-agafe mpaghara Labongo Layamo, Labongo Akwang na Labongo Amida na obodo Kitgum tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Achwa, nso ebe '''Osimiri Agago''' na-abanye na usoro Achwa. Akwụkwọ atụmatụ mmepe nke distrikti Kitgum na-akọwa na ọtụtụ obere iyi na osimiri nta dị n'ógbè ahụ na-asọba n'Osimiri Pager. Osimiri Pager na-asọba n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ gafee distrikti ahụ tupu o sonye n'Osimiri Aswa (Achwa), nke bụ otu n'ime osimiri na-asọba n'ime usoro mmiri Osimiri Naịl. == Ebe obibi == Osimiri ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na obodo ukwu Kitgum. Nnyocha nke usoro nhicha na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike na-ekwu na Kitgum Town dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Pager ma na-emeso Pager dị ka nnukwu osimiri obodo ahụ.<ref name="Kinobe2010">{{Cite web|author=Kinobe|first=J. R.|date=2010|title=Composting at households in Kitgum Town, Uganda (PDF)|publisher=SSWM|url=https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/KINOBE%20et%20al%202010%20Composting%20at%20households%20in%20KItgum%20Uganda.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'obodo ukwu n'oge gara aga kọrọ na Osimiri Pager gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu n'akụkụ atọ.<ref name="Ocitti1966">{{Cite journal|author=Ocitti|first=J. P.|date=1966|title=Kitgum: an urban study|journal=Journal for Contemporary History|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA19376812_54|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Idei mmiri na ihe ize ndụ == Nkọwapụta mba gbasara ihe egwu na-emere distrikti Kitgum na-egosi na idei mmiri mberede na-emekarị n'ebe ndị dị ala n'ihi Osimiri Pager. Ọ na-edekwa ihe mere n'afọ 2011, mgbe idei mmiri mberede kwụsịrị njem ụgbọala nwa oge n'Àkwà Mmiri Pager dị na Kitgum Town Council.<ref name="NECOC2016">{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Kitgum District Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Profile (PDF)|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister (Uganda), NECOC|url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzNorthern/Kitgum%20%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025|archivedate=28 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028093751/http://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzNorthern/Kitgum%20%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf}}</ref> Akụkọ mgbasa ozi akọwakwala idei mmiri mgbe osimiri ahụ gbawara n'akụkụ ya na Kitgum Municipality, na-ekpuchi ogige na ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Pager na Central divisions (Julia 2020). <ref name="URN2020Floods">{{Cite web|date=31 July 2020|title=Floods Hit Kitgum Municipality as R. Pager Bursts Banks|work=Uganda Radio Network|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/floods-hit-kitgum-municipality-as-river-pager-burst-banks?districtId=559|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Akwụkwọ atụmatụ mpaghara na gburugburu ebe obibi na ojiji ala na-akọwa ala na-adịghị mma (gleysols) n'akụkụ osimiri Pager na Kitgum District. Obodo Kitgum na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti mba Uganda emeela ụfọdụ ihe iji chebe mpaghara nchekwa nke Osimiri Pager.Uganda Radio Network kọrọ na e nwere atụmatụ ịdebanye mpaghara nchekwa nke Osimiri Pager n'ime National Wetland Atlas nke Uganda. Atụmatụ a metụtara mgbochi mbata mmadụ n'ógbè ahụ na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ihe omume dị ka ịkụ aja, ịkpụ brik, ịta anụmanụ nri, ịsacha ụgbọala, ọrụ ugbo, na ọrụ owuwu ụlọ a na-eme n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ..<ref name="URNWetlandAtlas">{{Cite web|title=River Pager Buffer Zones Added to National Wetland Atlas|work=Uganda Radio Network|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/river-pager-buffer-zones-added-to-national-wetland-atlas-?districtId=559|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2025, The Independent kọrọ ntuziaka obodo nke chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ugbo hapụ mpaghara Pager River buffer na Kitgum Municipality, na-ekwu maka itinye iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba na buffers osimiri.<ref name="Independent2025">{{Cite web|date=12 January 2025|title=Kitgum municipal council sets deadline for farmers to leave Pager buffer zone|work=The Independent (Uganda)|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/kitgum-municipal-council-sets-deadline-for-farmers-to-leave-pager-buffer-zone/|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Ịdị mma nke mmiri == Nnyocha nke ndị ọgbọ nyochara kọrọ na ụfọdụ akụkụ nke Osimiri Pager dị n'ime na gburugburu Obodo Kitgum na-enwe nrụgide mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nnukwu ebe obibi mmadụ na mkpofu a na-awụba n'ime osimiri ahụ. Nnyocha ahụ nyochakwara ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ sitere na ọla ndị na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike isi na mmetụ aka na mmiri osimiri ahụ ma ọ bụ ịṅụ ya pụta. == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Achwa * Kitgum * Mpaghara Kitgum * Ndepụta nke Osimiri nke Uganda == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Kitgum District Development Plan III (PDF)|publisher=Republic of Uganda, Kitgum District Local Government|url=https://kitgum.go.ug/sites/default/files/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Kitgum%20DDPIII-Final.doc.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}} * {{Cite web|title=Kitgum District Hazard, Risk, and Vulnerability Profile (PDF)|publisher=Office of the Prime Minister (Uganda), NECOC|url=https://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzNorthern/Kitgum%20%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025|archivedate=28 October 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028093751/http://www.necoc.opm.go.ug/HzNorthern/Kitgum%20%20District%20HRV%20Profile.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=Onen|first=P.|date=2023|title=Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda|journal=Journal of Xenobiotics|volume=13|issue=4|pages=544–559|doi=10.3390/jox13040035|pmid=37873812}} 8t3ejbnialu2gokge0c8kptariynihf 0 77648 687549 674982 2026-07-12T13:58:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Morocco}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Iriqui National Park | iucn_category = II | image = L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag (signpost).JPG | image_size = 300 | image_caption = [[L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag]] in the Iriqui National Park | location = [[Morocco]] | nearest_city = [[Foum Zguid]] | pushpin_map = Morocco | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|29|50|29.936322|N|6|31|2.110519|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 1230 | established = 1994 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Kingdom of Morocco: High Commission for Water, Forests and Desertification Control }}   E guzobere '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui''' na 1994 dị ka Ogige ntụrụndụ mba na [[Morocco]] nke nwere [[Hectare|hekta]] 123,000. == Ebe == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Iriqui dị n'etiti Osimiri Draa na South foothills nke Anti-Atlas, na mpaghara Zagora na Tata. == Flora na anụmanụ == A na-Akịna ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ site na ọdịdị ọzara nke ndịda Morocco. A na-anọchite anya ahịhịa site na steppe osisi na savanna na acacias. tamarix kpuchiri ụfọdụ n'ime dunes ya.<ref name="gov" /> N'oge mmiri ozuzo, Ọdọ Mmiri Iriqui na-aghọ ala mmiri nwa oge na ebe a na-anọkarị na-eme njem oyi maka ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, gụnyere flamingos, coots na geese, nke na-enye ogige ahụ ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndozigharị nke ala mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ bụ isi, mgbe e kere ogige ahụ.<ref name="gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|title=Parc National d’lriqui|accessdate=18 August 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082|archivedate=6 January 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 the original] on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> N'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, e nwere houbara bustards, enyí nnụnụ North Africa, atụrụ barbary, dorcas gazelles, oryxes na hyenas nwere akara.<ref name="Jourjon">Sylvie Jourjon: [http://desert-maroc.com/loasis-sacree-doum-laalag/ L’Oasis Sacrée d’Oum Lâalag.] 5 December 2012 (French).</ref> E nwekwara ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ dịka ngwere, ajị nwere mpi, ngwere monitor, chameleons, geckos na ụdị agwọ dị iche iche.<ref name="gov" /> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Mpaghara ahụ nwee ezinụlọ ole na ole bi n'ime ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ, mpaghara Iriqui bụ isi ebe ịta nri n'ihi ezigbo ikike ịta nri ya.<ref name="gov" /> == Njem == Ọgaranya ala na ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke mpaghara ahụ na-enye ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ikike njem nlea dị mkpa nke ga-abụ ihe na-akpali akpali maka mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara. Ntọala ya bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji bulie njem nleta na ndịda Morocco, nke nwere ike ịghọ ihe dị mkpa maka nkwalite na mmepe nke mpaghara Sahara.<ref name="gov" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} gsaldghnw3zamzozxvywjpz9forjxqi 0 77650 687635 674991 2026-07-12T19:09:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687635 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:River_Manafwa_in_Bududa_District.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osimiri Manafwa na mpaghara Bududa]] 0°56′31′′N 33°55′12′′E / 0.9420°N 33.920°E / 0. 9420; 33.920 '''Osimiri Manafwa''' bụ osimiri eke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda. Ọ na-amalite n'Ugwu Elgon dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Uganda, ma na-agafe distrikti Bududa, Manafwa, Mbale na Butaleja.Ọ na-esonye n'Osimiri Mpologoma, nke na-asọba n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga.Akụkụ mmiri nke osimiri a na-enwekarị idei mmiri, nke na-akpaghasị njem n'etiti distrikti Bududa na Manafwa, ma na-ebutekwa mmebi ụlọ na ọnwụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa in Eastern Uganda-Love Uganda Safaris|url=https://www.loveugandasafaris.com/river-manafwa.html/|work=Uganda Safaris & Tours - Uganda Holiday Tours - Uganda safari Tour|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Why Elgon's lost rivers need saving|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1495557/elgon-lost-rivers-saving|work=www.newvision.co.ug|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa, Uganda|url=http://ug.geoview.info/river_manafwa,167978839w|work=ug.geoview.info|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa disrupts traffic flow as it bursts banks|url=https://eagle.co.ug/2019/12/03/river-manafwa-disrupts-traffic-flow-as-it-bursts-banks.html|date=2019-12-03|work=Eagle Online|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Richard Schuhmann. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Bingwa, Fidele|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/867482572|title=A quantitative analysis of the impact of land use changes on floods in the Manafwa River Basin|date=2013-11-18|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|oclc=867482572}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Atuyambe|first=Lynn M|date=December 2011|title=Land slide disaster in eastern Uganda: rapid assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Bulucheke camp, Bududa district|url=|journal=Environmental Health|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=38|doi=10.1186/1476-069X-10-38|issn=1476-069X|pmid=21569594}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=River Manafwa bursts its banks sweeping away homes and gardens – NECJOGHA|url=https://necjogha.com/2019/11/23/river-manafwa-bursts-banks-sweeping-away-homes-and-gardens/|author=admin|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320160422/https://necjogha.com/2019/11/23/river-manafwa-bursts-banks-sweeping-away-homes-and-gardens/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hundreds displaced as floods ravage Butaleja - Uganda|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/uganda/hundreds-displaced-floods-ravage-butaleja|work=ReliefWeb|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=4 Dead as River Manafwa Bursts Banks|url=https://chimpreports.com/4-dead-as-river-manafwa-bursts-banks/|date=2019-12-03|work=ChimpReports|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Death toll in Uganda's landslide rises as more bodies recovered|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/death-toll-uganda-landslide-rises-bodies-recovered-181013060837374.html|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Manafwa_water_fall_in_Bududa_District.jpg|thumb|Nsụda mmiri Manafwa]] [[Faịlụ:Weather_along_Mpologoma_River.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Mpologoma nke na-abanye na R. Manafwa na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga]] Ọ dịla anya mmiri Manafwa dị mkpa maka ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Osuret|first=Jimmy|date=2016|title=Coping Strategies for Landslide and Flood Disasters: A Qualitative Study of Mt. Elgon Region, Uganda|journal=PLOS Currents|volume=8|language=en|doi=10.1371/currents.dis.4250a225860babf3601a18e33e172d8b|issn=2157-3999|pmid=27500012}}</ref> Mpaghara osimiri ahụ nwere phosphate na iron deposits na ebe ndị a na-egwupụta okwute gburugburu osimiri ahụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=NECOC - Home|url=http://necoc-opm.go.ug/|work=necoc-opm.go.ug|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2022-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122230108/https://www.necoc-opm.go.ug/}}</ref> Ebe ndị a a na-egwupụta ihe bụ isi iyi nke ego maka ụmụ amaala na-emepụta nkume mkpokọta, hardcore na ájá na-egwe ihe n'akụkụ osimiri maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ. Osimiri ahụ bụkwa isi iyi mmiri na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. == Ebe ala dị == Osimiri Manafwa dị n'agbata nhazi ọnọdụ ala ndị a: (1.089092, 34.46106) na (0.943084, 33.98428). Ọ na-asọkwa n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Uganda na Kenya, karịchaa n'ime distrikti Manafwa. == Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri == Osimiri Manafwa na-ada n'okpuru mpaghara nchịkwa mmiri Kyoga na mmiri ozuzo bimodal (April-June, August-November), nnukwu idei mmiri na-eduga na nnukwu mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources {{!}} Manafwa District|url=https://manafwa.go.ug/dept/natural-resources|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=manafwa.go.ug}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ na-enwekwa nnukwu mmiri ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu nwere oke [[Aja ahihia|ahịhịa]] na-efu nke na-akpata mbuze ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Erima|first=Godwin|date=2024-05-03|title=Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Hydrological Responses to Land-Use Land-Cover Changes in the Manafwa Catchment, Eastern Uganda|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2023.2275317?urlappend=?utm_source=researchgate.net&utm_medium=article|journal=The Professional Geographer}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=Matembu|first=Gerald|title=Govt Launches ‘Save River Manafwa’ Drive|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/248453/govt-launches-save-river-manafwa-drive|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=Nilepost News|language=en}}</ref> == Mkpa == Osimiri Manafwa nwere ma akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka obodo ahụ. Ọ na-enye mmiri maka iji ụlọ, ịgba mmiri, ime brik, igwupụta ájá, ịma mma maka njem nleta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-11|title=Govt organises marathon to save River Manafwa in Bugisu|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-organises-marathon-to-save-river-manafwa-in-bugisu-4959634|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Reporter|first=Vision|title=Butaleja devastated by River Manafwa flooding|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1532554/butaleja-devastated-river-manafwa-flooding|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=New Vision}}</ref> == Ihe ịma aka == Osimiri ahụ na-eche ọtụtụ nsogbu metụtara [[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] dịka [[mmetọ]], silting, sedimentation ihu. Nsogbu ndị a bụ n'ihi Ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ dịka mgbukpọ ọhịa,na Mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ladu|first=Novie Allens|title=Manafwa River: A Lifeline for Manafwa District Residents - Explorer Uganda|url=https://explorer.co.ug/manafwa-river-a-lifeline-for-manafwa-district-residents/|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=explorer.co.ug|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ọdọ Mmiri Kyoga * Ugwu Elgon * Mpaghara Butaleja == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96402072 * https://manafwa.go.ug/sites/default/files/MANAFWA%20DSA%20FY%202024_25.pdf<br /> mr0nrizw8jpw50g9lbtqrl2vcoyygo6 0 77656 687628 675019 2026-07-12T19:04:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Rivers_and_lakes_of_Uganda.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|345x345px|Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Uganda]]   '''Osimiri Lamia''' bụ osimiri dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ [[Uganda]] na Bundibugyo District . Ọ na-asọ n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lamia River - Visit Uganda|url=http://www.visituganda.com/beta/menu/category/what-to-see/water_bodies/lamia-river|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> == Ụzọ mmiri na mmiri == Osimiri Lamia na mmiri nke Lower Semuliki na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na snowfields Rwenzori banye n'ógbè Lower Semulika. Nkọwa ókèala dị na Iwu Nsọ Uganda nke 1967 na-ekwu na ókèala mba ụwa na-agbaso ahịrị kachasị omimi (thalweg) nke Osimiri Lamia ruo n'ebe ọ na-ezukọta na Osimiri Semuliki, ma site n'ebe ahụ soro Osimiri Semuliki ruo Ọdọ Mmiri Albert. N'ime mmiri Semuliki River, Osimiri Lamia na Lower Semuliki ruru akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti Uganda na DRC. == Ebe ndị a na-echebe na gburugburu ebe obibi == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Semuliki dị na Ndagwurugwu Semuliki, ebe Osimiri Semuliki na-eme ókèala mba ụwa n'akụkụ ugwu, ebe Osimiri Lamia na-eme ókèala ogige ahụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="Forbes2018">{{Cite journal|author=Forbes|first=Scott|date=2018-05-21|title=The butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidia) of Semuliki National Park, western Uganda|journal=Metamorphosis|volume=29|pages=14–21|url=https://www.metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1459/2018.05.21%20Metamorphosis%2029_14-21%20Forbes.pdf|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke National Forestry Authority nke ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-akọwa Ogige Ntụrụndụ Semuliki dị ka nke dị n'ókè Osimiri Semliki na Lamia.<ref name="NFA">{{Cite web|title=Semuliki National Park|work=National Forestry Authority (Uganda)|url=https://www.nfa.org.ug/national-parks/semuliki-national-park/|accessdate=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Nchịkwa mmiri == Ọrụ WWF kwadoro nke a na-akpọ Semuliki River Catchment and Water Resources Management Project họpụtara Osimiri Lamia na mpaghara Lower Semuliki dịka otu n'ime mpaghara nta mgbapụta mmiri e nyere mkpa pụrụ iche n'oge mbụ a na-eme nyocha na atụmatụ maka ọrụ nchekwa na njikwa mpaghara mgbapụta mmiri. == Hụkwa == * Osimiri Kafu * Osimiri Kagera * [[Osimiri Katonga]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Akụkọ WWF: Semuliki River Catchment Management Project evaluation (PDF) - https://kudos.dfo.no/documents/15967/files/16137.pdf * Forbes (2018) Metamorphosis isiokwu (PDF) - https://web.archive.org/web/20251219041837/https://www.metamorphosis.org.za/articlesPDF/1459/2018.05.21%20Metamorphosis%2029_14-21%20Forbes.pdf tanyieglb0wp0ejo53uywpxlmu7ce4d 0 77678 687620 675086 2026-07-12T18:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Crossing the Bumba, 1911.jpg|thumb|300px|Osimiri Boumba n'afọ 1911]] {{Infobox river | name = Osimiri Boumba | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Bumba, Wumo | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = | map = Sangha OSM.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Cameroon]] | subdivision_type2 = Regions | subdivision_name2 = [[East Region (Cameroon)|East Region]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|530|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Moloundou | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{Convert|285|m3/s|ft3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Near [[Abong-Mbang]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|3|52|00|N|13|28|00|E|}}<!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = {{convert|680|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = Confluence with the [[Dja River]] | mouth_location = Near Moloundou | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|2.035382|N|15.193748|E|}}<!-- {{Coord|...|display=inline,title}} --> | mouth_elevation = {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = [[Congo River]] | basin_size = {{convert|27400|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = Lokomo | tributaries_right = Medoum, Bouda, Ndjwe, Bek | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Osimiri Boumba''' bụ osimiri dị na [[South Cameroon Plateau]] nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Cameroon]]. ==Ọdịdị ala== Osimiri ahụ na-arị elu n'ógbè [[Abong-Mbang]]. Boumba dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 530 n'ogologo, o nwekwara ebe mmiri na-asọpụta 27.400 km² <ref name="FluCAM">[http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/Mon_hydr/25393.pdf PDF about the hydrology of Cameroon (French)] </ref> == Hydrometry == A tụrụ mmiri osimiri ahụ na Biwala na m³/s<ref name="FluCAM"/> {{ChartDirect|width=600px|type=bar|x=Jan,Feb,Mar,April,May,June,July,Aug,Sept,Oct,Nov,Dec|y1=60.6, 47.7, 54.7, 69.5, 78.7, 91.0, 83.1, 100, 175, 216, 176, 92.4|y1Title=discharge in m³/s}} == Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi == Osimiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime [[Osimiri Dja]] ma dị nso na [[Ogige Mba Boumba Bek]], nke dị n'etiti Boumba na [[Osimiri Bek]]. Ógbè dị n'ime ọhịa gbara osimiri gburugburu bụ ebe dị iche iche e si echekwa ihe. Igbu osisi bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ bụ ebe obibi nke [[Ndị Baka (Cameroon na Gabon)|Baka]].<ref>[http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2010/08/cameroonbbekeng.pdf Protected areas and indigenous peoples: the paradox of conservation and survival of the Baka in Moloundou region (south-east Cameroon)]</ref> Obodo dị n'ógbè ahụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ̀ na ịchịkọta ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-ejikwa ndị dinta na ndị ahịa na ndị na-achụ nta anụ ọhịa na-azụ ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị na mpaghara ahụ. A na-ebufekwa nnụnụ parrots na [[ivory]] n'ime mpaghara ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html |title=Rainforest Movement |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507011947/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html# |archive-date=2014-05-07 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2026-07-10 |archivedate=2014-05-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507011947/http://www.wrm.org.uy/oldsite/bulletin/67/Cameroon.html }}</ref> == Ajụjụ Ndị A Na-ajụkarị == * A kwenyere na ọ nwere ike ịbụ ebe nje [[HIV]] si malite.<ref>[http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/04/07/1199972/-Out-of-Africa-The-Origins-of-HIV Out of Africa: The Origins of HIV]</ref> * A kọrọ na a hụrụ [[Mokèlé-mbèmbé]] a ma ama n'osimiri ahụ n'afọ 2000. ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} {{coord|2.0354|N|15.1937|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} f5sjjqak28ktw7qbaud3a6qfm4mapyz 0 77683 687651 675101 2026-07-12T19:32:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tributary nke Osimiri Congo}} [[File:Ubangi river near Bangui.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Ubangi dị na mpụga [[Bangui]]]] {{Infobox river | name = Ubangi River | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Oubangui | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = Ubangirivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Map showing the Ubangi River drainage basin | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{cvt|1,060|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{cvt|1,120|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin">{{cite journal|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764|doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin |year=2018 |last1=Becker |first1=M. |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=F. |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Da Silva |first6=J. Santos |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=66 |pages=196–209 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..66..196B |s2cid=6873734 }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge2_location= [[Bangui]] (550 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: {{cvt|493,266.9|km2|abbr=on}} | discharge2_min = {{cvt|800|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="bossche" /> (Period: 1911–1994){{cvt|930|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Zaire-Bangui">{{cite web|url=https://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1749100.html|title=Zaire-Bangui}}</ref> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|4,004|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Congo River"/> (Period: 1911–1994){{cvt|4,092|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Zaire-Bangui"/> {{cvt|4,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="bossche" /> | discharge2_max = {{cvt|11,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="bossche" /> (Period: 1911–1994){{cvt|9,115|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Zaire-Bangui"/> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = Confluence of [[Uele River|Uele]] and [[Mbomou River|Mbomou]] | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= {{coord|4|7|41.2824|N|22|25|59.682|E}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|395|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Congo River]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|0|30|25.0992|S|17|42|20.4084|E}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|294|m|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Congo River|Congo]] → [[Atlantic Ocean]] | river_system = [[Congo River]] | basin_size = {{cvt|648,280.5|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Congo River"/> to {{cvt|651,915|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin"/> | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left =[[Uele River|Uele]], Lua, [[Ngiri River|Giri]] | tributaries_right =[[Mbomou River|Mbomou]], [[Kotto River|Kotto]], [[Ouaka River|Ouaka]], [[Mpoko River|Mpoko]], [[Lobaye River|Lobaye]] | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = |discharge1_location =Near mouth |discharge1_min={{cvt|1,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |discharge1_max={{cvt|15,500|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |discharge3_location=[[Yakoma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Yakoma]] (1,120 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: {{cvt|308,763.1|km2|abbr=on}} |discharge3_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|2,799|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Congo River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179|title=Congo River}}</ref> |discharge1_avg=(Period: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,630.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Congo River"/> (Period: 1911–1994){{cvt|5,936|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin"/>}} '''Osimiri Ubangi''' ({{langx|sw|Mto Ubangi}}; {{langx|fr|Fleuve Oubangui}}; {{langx|nl|Mubangi Stroom}}), enwekwara ike ide '''Oubangui''', bụ osimiri dị na [[Etiti Afrịka]], nakwa akụkụ aka nri kachasị ukwuu nke [[Osimiri Kongo]]. Ọ na-amalite na njikọ nke [[Mbomou River|Mbomou]] (nkezi mwepụta kwa afọ bụ 1,350 m³/s) na [[Osimiri Uele]] (nkezi mwepụta kwa afọ bụ 1,550 m³/s) ma na-asọga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-eme ókèala dị n'etiti [[Central African Republic]] (CAR) na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Ubangi gbagọrọ gaa na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ wee gafere [[Bangui]], isi obodo nke CAR, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-asọga na ndịda{{snd}} wee mepụta ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na [[Republic of the Congo]]. Ubangi mechara banye n'Osimiri Congo na Liranga. Ogologo Ubangi dị ihe dị ka {{cvt|1,060|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Ogologo ya niile na Uele, nke bụ mmiri kachasị ogologo ya, bụ {{cvt|2,270|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Drainage basin nke Ubangi dị nso {{cvt|651,915|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. [[Mgbapụta mmiri (hydrology)|Mgbapụta mmiri]] ya na Bangui sitere na ihe dịka {{cvt|800|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} ruo {{cvt|11,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}, na nkezi mmiri dị ihe dị ka ~{{cvt|4,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="bossche">{{cite book |last= Bossche |first= J.P. vanden |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title= Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year= 1990 |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn= 978-92-5-102983-1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |page= 338}}</ref> Its mean annual discharge at the mouth is around ~{{cvt|6,000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin" /> A kwenyere na akụkụ elu nke Ubangi na-asọba na [[Osimiri Chari]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Chad]] tupu Congo [[ejide iyi|ejide]] na mmalite Pleistocene.<ref>See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}</ref> Ya na Osimiri Congo, ọ na-enye ụzọ dị mkpa maka ụgbọ mmiri osimiri dị n'etiti Bangui na [[Brazzaville]]. Site na isi iyi ya ruo {{cvt|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} dị n'okpuru Bangui, Ubangi na-akọwa ókè dị n'etiti Central African Republic na Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-eme ókèala dị n'etiti DRC na Republic of Congo ruo mgbe ọ ga-asọba n'ime Osimiri Congo. [[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|left|Usoro Transaqua (na-acha ọbara ọbara)]] == Ọrụ mmezigharị nke ọdọ mmiri Chad == N'afọ 1960,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zarembka |first1=David |title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/ |access-date=25 June 2019 |work=[[Cleantechnica]] |date=24 June 2019}}</ref> e mere atụmatụ maka [[mgbochi mmiri|ịtụgharị mmiri]] site na Ubangi gaa na [[Osimiri Chari]]. Dịka atụmatụ ahụ si dị, nke a kpọrọ Transaqua, mmiri si na Ubangi ga-eme ka ọdọ mmiri Chad dịghachi ndụ ma nye ọtụtụ nde ndị Afrịka na ndị Sahel bi n'etiti ha ihe ha ji azụ azụ na ọrụ ugbo ka mma. E mere atụmatụ [[Interbasin transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] n'afọ 1980 na 1990 site n'aka onye injinia Naịjirịa bụ J.{{nbsp}}Umolu na ụlọ ọrụ Itali bụ́ Bonifica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf|title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-31|title=Africa at a watershed|author=Fred Pearce}}</ref><ref>Umolu, J. C.; 1990, Macro Perspectives for Nigeria’s Water Resources Planning, Proc. of the First Biennial National Hydrology Symposium, Maiduguri, Nigeria, pp. 218–262 (discussion of Ubangi-Lake Chad diversion schemes)</ref><ref>The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html|title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html|archive-date=2011-05-26|accessdate=2026-07-10|archivedate=2011-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html}}</ref> Na 1994, Kọmishọna Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri Chad (LCBC) tụrụ aro ọrụ yiri nke ahụ, na nzukọ nke Machị 2008, [[onyeisi mba|ndị isi obodo]] nke mba ndị so na LCBC raara onwe ha nye na ọrụ ntụgharị.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 1, 2008|title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad}}</ref> Na Eprel afọ 2008, LCBC kpọsara arịrịọ maka atụmatụ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ohere. ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html Map showing the Ubangi Subbasin at World Resources Institute] * [https://www.cicos.int/ International Commission of the Congo-Oubangui-Sangha Bassin] {{coord|0|30|S|17|42|E|display=title}} {{Authority control}} aj0qrccc176rhb8lkryxyoufhixfetr 0 77687 687629 675116 2026-07-12T19:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Lopori''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Lopori, na [[Osimiri Maringa]] dị n'ebe ndịda, jikọtara nso [[Basankusu]] iji mepụta [[Osimiri Lulonga]], [[nkewa]] nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. A na-akpọ mpaghara Lopori/Maringa [[Okirikiri ọhịa Maringa-Lopori-Wamba]], ebe dị oke mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape |author1=Jef Dupain |author2=Janet Nackoney |author3=Jean-Paul Kibambe |author4=Didier Bokelo |author5=David Williams |name-list-style=amp |publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale |accessdate=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf }}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} pft4oscmc97uc2dkc3bxnms6rsrgem4 0 77690 687637 675122 2026-07-12T19:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} '''Osimiri Maringa''' bụ osimiri dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Maringa, na [[Osimiri Lopori]] n'ebe ugwu, jikọtara na [[Basankusu]] iji mepụta [[Osimiri Lulonga]], otu akụkụ nke [[Osimiri Congo]]. Osimiri Marina/Lopori nwere [[Okirikiri Ala Marina-Lopori-Wamba]], ebe dị oke mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape |author1=Jef Dupain |author2=Janet Nackoney |author3=Jean-Paul Kibambe |author4=Didier Bokelo |author5=David Williams |name-list-style=amp |publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale |accessdate=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf }}</ref> [[Ndị Ngando]] bi n'ógbè Osimiri Marina n'ebe ugwu nke [[Ikela]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nxd |title=Ngando |work=Ethnologue |accessdate=2011-10-14}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} 40m3psawuxdnqn98k4gw3k2d29i5mgl 0 77691 687552 675138 2026-07-12T14:03:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Madagascar}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Sahamalaza National Park | alt_name = | iucn_category = II | image = Lepilemur sahamalazensis b.PNG | image_alt = Lepilemur sahamalazensis b.PNG | image_caption = [[Sahamalaza sportive lemur]] (Lepilemur sahamalazensis) in Sahamalaza National Park | image_size = 220px | pushpin_map = Madagascar | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of Sahamalaza National Park in Madagascar | map_size = | location = | nearest_city = [[Ambanja]] and [[Analalava]]. | coordinates = {{coord|13|57|S|47|39|E|region:MG_scale:500000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 260.35 | established = 2007 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | website = | module = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = | designation1_date = | designation1_type = Natural | designation1_criteria = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = Madagascar | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa]] | designation2 = Ramsar | designation2_offname = Zones Humides de Sahamalaza | designation2_date = 2 February 2017 | designation2_number = 2288<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zones Humides de Sahamalaza|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2288|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }}   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Sahamalaza''' dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Madagascar]] na mpaghara Sofia, nke nwere hekta 2,6035. E kenyere ndị nlekọta nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ Madagascar National Parks <ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc National Sahamalaza|url=https://www.parcs-madagascar.com/parcs/sahamalaza.php|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=www.parcs-madagascar.com|archivedate=2022-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220141830/https://www.parcs-madagascar.com/parcs/sahamalaza.php}}</ref> na akụkụ nke ego nke Madagascar Protected Areas and Biodiversity Fund (FAPBM nyere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sahamalaza – Îles Radama|url=https://www.fapbm.org/en/aire_protegee/sahamalaza-national-park-radama-islands/|accessdate=2024-05-22|work=Fondation pour les Aires Protégées et la Biodiversité de Madagascar|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ọ dị nso na Ambanja na Ambanja District (Diana Region) na Analalava (mpaghara Sofia). == Ụdị dị iche iche == * Blue-eyed black lemur, Northern giant mouse lemur, Sahamalaza sportive lemur, Boophis ankarafensis. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Madagascar * Anụmanụ nke Madagascar == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} qn7xh367v1qdy8s68n53ipfkeazwe8a 0 77697 687632 675137 2026-07-12T19:07:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:Port of Basankusu and River Lulonga.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Lulonga dị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Basankusu]] {{Infobox river | name = Lulonga River | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Rivers of center DRC.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Osimiri nke etiti Democratic Republic of Congo, ya na Lulonga na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya (n'elu aka ekpe) | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Congo River]] | progression = | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] | location = | length = {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg ={{convert|2,040|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Shift in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in the Congo River network">{{cite web|url=https://bg.copernicus.org/preprints/bg-2016-240/bg-2016-240-manuscript-version5.pdf|title=Shift in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in the Congo River network|last1=Thibault|first1=Lambert|last2=Steven|first2=Bouillon|last3=François|first3=Darchambeau|last4=Philippe|first4=Massicotte|last5=Alberto|first5=V. Borges|access-date=2023-05-29|archive-date=2023-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529105504/https://bg.copernicus.org/preprints/bg-2016-240/bg-2016-240-manuscript-version5.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | basin_size ={{convert|76,950|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | river_system = | tributaries_left = [[Maringa River|Maringa]] | tributaries_right = [[Lopori River|Lopori]] |discharge1_location=Confluence of [[Congo River|Congo]] (near mouth)}} '''Lulonga''' ({{langx|sw| Mto Lulonga}}, {{langx|fr|Rivière Lulonga}}, {{langx|nl|Lulonga Rivier}}) bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara [[Equateur]] nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 200 site na mmalite ya n'obodo [[Basankusu]]. [[Osimiri Lopori|Lopori]] na [[Osimiri Maringa|Maringa]] jikọtara aka wee mepụta Lulonga ebe ahụ. Osimiri Lulonga na-asọba na [[Osimiri Congo]] n'ime obodo Lolanga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape |author1=Jef Dupain |author2=Janet Nackoney |author3=Jean-Paul Kibambe |author4=Didier Bokelo |author5=David Williams |name-list-style=amp |publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale |accessdate=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=2016-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf }}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} {{coord|0.644489|18.3827877|display=title|format=dms}} 085jeeac0zr8ve4pxblzu27h685tt7p 0 77701 687625 675154 2026-07-12T18:56:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Osimiri dị na Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[File:Dungu river.jpg|thumb|300px|Osimiri Dungu dị na Dungu, RDC]] [[File:Ubangirivermap.png|thumb|300px|Ebe mmiri basin nke Osimiri Ubangi sị apụ: Osimiri Dungu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ]] '''Osimiri Dungu''' bụ osimiri nke na-asọfe n'ime ógbè [[Haut-Uele]] dị na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. Ọ gafere n'obodo [[Faradje]], wee banye na [[Osimiri Kibali]] na [[Dungu, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Dungu]] iji mepụta [[Osimiri Uele]]. Osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'etiti obodo Dungu na ọdụ ụgbọelu obodo ahụ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enoughproject.org/content/finishing-fight-against-lra|title=Finishing the Fight Against the LRA: A Photo Essay|author=Julia Spiegel and Noel Atama|date=March 2009|publisher=Center for American Progress|accessdate=2015-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717101611/http://www.enoughproject.org/content/finishing-fight-against-lra|archive-date=2016-07-17|url-status=dead|archivedate=2016-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717101611/http://www.enoughproject.org/content/finishing-fight-against-lra}}</ref> Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke agụ iyi, hippopotamus na agwọ.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tj8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24|journal=Life Magazine|date=19 February 1940|title=British Retrieve Transport Plane Down in an African River Jungle |accessdate=2015-05-03}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba nke afọ 2012, oke mmiri ozuzo mere ka osimiri ahụ jupụta, wee mikpuo akụkụ nke [[Garamba National Park]], gụnyere ụlọ onye njikwa ogige ahụ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.african-parks.org/News_48_Garamba+Garamba+National+Park+records+its+highest+rainfall+levels+since+1994.html|title=GARAMBA NATIONAL PARK RECORDS ITS HIGHEST RAINFALL LEVELS SINCE 1994|publisher=African Parks|accessdate=2015-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417040414/http://www.african-parks.org/News_48_Garamba+Garamba+National+Park+records+its+highest+rainfall+levels+since+1994.html|archive-date=2015-04-17|url-status=dead|archivedate=2015-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417040414/http://www.african-parks.org/News_48_Garamba+Garamba+National+Park+records+its+highest+rainfall+levels+since+1994.html}}</ref> ==Ntụaka== {{reflist}} 7wo1rajk9sz6k3k6k99k4i2z7xt2moo 0 77743 687555 682002 2026-07-12T14:07:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Ivory Coast}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Assagny National Park | iucn_category = II | pushpin_map = Côte d'Ivoire | pushpin_relief = 1 | mapframe = yes | map_caption = Location in Ivory Coast | mapframe-zoom = 8 | location = [[Côte d'Ivoire]] | nearest_city = [[Grand-Lahou]] | coordinates = {{coord|5|12|N|4|53|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{cvt|19,400|km2}} | established = January 1981 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Parc national d'Azagny | designation1_date = 27 February 1996 | designation1_number = 790<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parc national d'Azagny|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/790|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }}   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Azagny''' ma ọ bụ Ogige Ntụ Azagny bụ ogige ntụrụndụ dị na ndịda [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]] . Ọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ihe dị ka 75 (47 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Abidjan, n'etiti ọnụ Osimiri Bandama na Ébrié Lagoon, ma nwee mpaghara nke ihe dị ka hekta 17,000 (42,000 acres). <ref name="UNEP" /> == Nkọwa == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Assagny dị na Ivory Coast dị n'akụkụ [[Gulf of Guinea]]. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ dị Osimiri Bandama, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ dị Ébrié Lagoon , ogige ahụ na-agafe site na Asagni Canal nke na-ejikọ ha abụọ. Ogige ahụ gbara ala dị ntakịrị elu gburugburu ma nwee nnukwu ọzara, nke mmiri na-adịkarị na ya, nke ọkwa mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihu igwe ebe a na-ezo mmiri n'afọ niile, yana nkezi mmiri ozuzo nke {{convert|2300|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}. Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ogige ahụ nwere apịtị ndị mangroves na-achị, e nwekwara ụfọdụ ọhịa mmiri mmiri na savanna dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name=UNEP/> The park has potential for tourism.<ref name=East>{{cite book|author=East, Rod |title=Antelopes: Global Survey and Regional Action Plans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n22ER5vZqTkC&pg=PA73 |year=1990 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0016-8 |pages=51–58}}</ref> == Flora == [[Faịlụ:Rhizophora_trees.jpg|thumb|''Rhizophora racemosa'']] O ọhịa bụ ''Nauclea diderrichii'', ''Berlinia occidentalis'', ''Strombosia pustulata'', ''Scottellia klaineana'', ''Lovoa trichilioides'', ''Gilbertiodendron preciossii'', ''Discoglypremna caloneura'', ''Parinari excelsa'', ''Guarea cedrata'', ''Nesogordonia papaverifera'', ''Erythrophleum ivorense'', ''Tieghemella heckelii'', ''Klainedoxa gabonensis'', ''Lannea welwitschii'' na Heritiera utilis.<ref name="Ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CI790RIS_1809_fr.pdf|title=Côte d'Ivoire: Parc national d'Azagny|date=18 September 2018|work=Fiche descriptive Ramsar|publisher=Ramsar|language=French|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> Osisi ndị dị n'ọzara bụ ''Rhizophora racemosa'' na ''Avicennia germinans'', tinyere ọtụtụ nkwụ gụnyere ''Phoenix reclinata'', ''Borassus aethiopum'' na ''Raphia'', <ref name="Ramsar" /> yana ọtụtụ ahịhịa ahịhịhịa gụnyere ''Echinochloa pyramidalis''.<ref name="UNEP">{{Cite web|url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0072p.htm|title=Parc national d'Azagny|year=1983|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101223439/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0072p.htm|accessdate=2 June 2019|archivedate=2010-11-01}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. </cite></ref> A na-ejikarị ahịhịa ''Imperata cylindrica'' kpuchie mpaghara savanna.<ref name="UNEP" /> == Anụmanụ == E nwere enyí, chimpanzees na ọtụtụ ụdị enwe n'ime ọhịa, tinyere ezi ọhịa na buffalo ọhịa Africa. Ụdị agụ iyi atọ niile dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na-apụta ebe a, Crocodylus suchus, Crocodylus palustris na Mecistops cataphractus, mana n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, manatee Afrịka na-apụta na ọdọ mmiri Ébrié.<ref name="Stuart">{{Cite book|author=Stuart, Simon N.|title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use|url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|year=1990|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/108 108]–110}}</ref> Mgbalị iji mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Bay duikers na ogige ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihi predation site na pythons.<ref name="East" /> Ogige ntụrụndụ a bụ ebe obibi dị mkpa maka nnụnụ mmiri mmiri, a makwaara ya dị ka ebe a na-edebe Ramsar na 2005. Ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere ehi egret, obere egret, heron isi awọ, heron ojii na-acha ọbara ọbara na peregrine falcon. <ref name="Ramsar" />{{Cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CI790RIS_1809_fr.pdf|title=Côte d'Ivoire: Parc national d'Azagny|date=18 September 2018|work=Fiche descriptive Ramsar|publisher=Ramsar|language=French|accessdate=2 June 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CI790RIS_1809_fr.pdf "Côte d'Ivoire: Parc national d'Azagny"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> BirdLife International kwenyere na ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ bụ Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Cotedivoire.pdf|title=Côte d'Ivoire|author=Fishpool, Lincoln|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Hụkwa == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba * [[Gulf of Guinea|Ọwara Oké Osimiri Guinea]] * Ọwa Mmiri Asagni l0yit1o4dbdcw6ej62vigz7js02h6oi 0 77835 687622 687021 2026-07-12T18:54:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 687622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Osimiri dị na Etiti Afrịka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}} [[File:Aerial view of the Congo River near Kisangani.jpg|thumb|300px|Osimiri Kongo dị nso [[Kisangani]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]]]] {{Infobox river | name = Congo River<br />''Fleuve Congo''<br />''Rio Congo''<br />''Mto Kongo'' | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Zaire River<br />''Fleuve Zaïre''<br />''Rio Zaire'' | name_etymology = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Congobasinmap.png | map_size = 300 | map_caption = The [[drainage basin]] of the Congo River | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 100.1111111000000034r | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length ={{cvt|2,300|km|mi}}<ref name="Congo">{{cite web |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Congo%20000060487867 |title=Congo }}</ref> Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi {{cvt|4,700|km|mi}}; Congo–Lualaba {{cvt|4,374|km|mi}}<ref name="Congo River Basin">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311154427 |title=The Wetland Book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_92-2 |last1=Ian James |first1=Harrison |last2=Randall E. |first2=Brummett |last3=Melanie L. J. |first3=Stiassny |chapter=Congo River Basin |pages=1–18 |year=2016 |isbn=978-94-007-6173-5 }}</ref> | width_min = {{cvt|200|m}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|1,440|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | width_avg = | width_max = {{cvt|19,000|m}} (mouth) | depth_min = | depth_avg = {{cvt|12|to|75|m}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|5|to|22|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | depth_max = {{cvt|220|m|ft|sp=us}} (Lower Congo); {{cvt|50|m}} (Middle Congo)<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> | discharge1_location=[[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]] (near mouth) | discharge1_min = {{cvt|23,000|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=bossche /> | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|1,308|km3/year|m3/s}}<ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml |last1=Aiguo |first1=Dai |last2=Kevin |first2=E. Trenberth |title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations |date=2002 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687 |bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D }}</ref><ref name=bossche /> {{cvt|41,860|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ |title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III |last1=Igor Alekseevich |first1=Shiklomanov |isbn=978-1-84826-026-9 |year=2009 |publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref> | discharge1_max = {{cvt|75,000|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name=bossche /> | discharge2_location= [[Kinshasa]], [[Brazzaville]] | discharge2_min = {{cvt|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1905)<ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge2_avg =(Period: 1902–2019){{cvt|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> (Period: 1947–2023){{cvt|41,268|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa">{{cite journal |journal=Geography |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387214987 |title=Congo River: Analysis of suspended sediment flux in a multichannel megasystem in Central Africa |last1=Matheus |first1=Silveira de Queiroz |last2=Rogério |first2=Ribeiro Marinho |doi=10.5380/raega.v61i1.96047 |date=2024 |volume=61 |pages=153–172 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | discharge2_max ={{cvt|77,000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1961)<ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge3_location= [[Kisangani]] | discharge3_min ={{cvt|3,240|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge3_avg =(Period: 1951–2012){{cvt|7,640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/> | discharge3_max ={{cvt|13,930|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_location=[[Kindu]] | discharge4_min ={{cvt|640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_avg ={{cvt|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge4_max ={{cvt|7,640|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_location= [[Bukama]] | discharge5_min ={{cvt|52|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_avg ={{cvt|322|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | discharge5_max ={{cvt|1,229|m3/s|cuft/s}}<ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa"/> | source1 = [[Boyoma Falls]] | source1_location = [[Kisangani]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|0|29|34|N|25|12|25|E}} | source1_elevation ={{cvt|373|m}} | source2 = [[Lualaba River|Lualaba]] | source2_location =[[Katanga Plateau]] | source2_coordinates={{coord|11|45|53|S|26|30|10|E}} | source2_elevation ={{cvt|1,420|m}} | source3 = [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]] | source3_location = | source3_coordinates={{coord|9|6|23|S|31|18|21|E}} | source3_elevation ={{cvt|1,760|m}} | mouth = Atlantic Ocean | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|06|04|30|S|12|27|00|E|type:river|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m}} | progression = Atlantic Ocean | river_system = Congo River | basin_size = {{cvt|4,014,500|km2}}<ref name=bossche /> | tributaries_left =[[Lubudi River (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]], Lovoi, Luvidjo, Kasuku, [[Lomami River|Lomami]], [[Lulonga River|Lulonga]], [[Ikelemba River|Ikelemba]], [[Ruki River|Ruki]], [[Lake Tumba|Irebu]], [[Kasai River|Kasai]], Lufimi, [[Inkisi River|Inkisi]] | tributaries_right = [[Lufira River|Lufira]], [[Luvua River|Luvua]], [[Lukuga River|Lukuga]], [[Luama River|Luama]], [[Elila River|Elila]], [[Ulindi River|Ulindi]], [[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]], Maiko, [[Lindi River|Lindi]], [[Aruwimi River|Aruwimi]], [[Itimbiri River|Itimbiri]], [[Mongala River|Mongala]], [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]], [[Sangha River|Sangha]], [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]], [[Alima River|Alima]], Nkeni, [[Léfini River|Léfini]], [[Djoué River|Djoué]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-custom = {{maplink| | frame = yes | plain = yes | frame-align = center | frame-width = 300 | frame-height = 240 | frame-latitude = -4.5 | frame-longitude = 22 | zoom = 4 | title1 = Congo | id1 = Q3503 | type1 = line | stroke-color1 = | stroke-width1 = 2 | title2 = Lualaba | id2 = Q836812 | type2 = line | stroke-color2 = #0000FF | stroke-width2 = 2 }} | mapframe-caption = Congo (red) and Lualaba (blue) rivers }} '''Osimiri Congo''',{{efn|{{langx|kg|Nzâdi Kôngo}}, {{langx|sw|Mto Kongo}}, {{langx|fr|Fleuve Congo}}, {{langx|pt|Rio Congo}}}} a makwaara ya na mbụ dị ka '''Osimiri Zaire''', bụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ogologo na [[Afrịka]], dị mkpụmkpụ karịa [[Naịl]], yana oke osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa [[ndepụta osimiri site na mwepụ | site na mwepụ]], na-eso osimiri [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] na [[Ganges]]–[[Brahmaputra]]. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, nke nwere omimi gburugburu {{cvt|220|m|ft}}.<ref name="usgs2008">{{cite web |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |first=Kevin |last=Oberg |date=July 2008 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sistemụ Congo–[[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]]–[[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]]–[[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]]–[[Osimiri Chambeshi]] nwere ogologo zuru oke nke {{cvt|4,700|km|mi}}, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nke itoolu n'ụwa -[[Ndepụta osimiri site n'ogologo|osimiri kachasị ogologo]]. Chambeshi bụ [[ndị na-asọba]] nke Osimiri Lualaba, ''Lualaba'' bụkwa aha Osimiri Congo dị n'elu [[Boyoma Falls]], nke gbasaara ruo {{cvt|1,800|km|mi}}. A tụrụ Osimiri Congo ya na Lualaba, bụ́ isi iyi mmiri, ogologo ya bụ {{cvt|4,370|km|mi}}. Ọ bụ naanị nnukwu osimiri gafere [[equator]] ugboro abụọ.<ref>{{harvnb|Forbath|1979|p=[https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb/page/6 6]}}. "Not until it crosses the Equator will it at last turn away from this misleading course and, describing a remarkable counter-clockwise arc first to the west and then to the southwest, flow back across the Equator and on down to the Atlantic.<br /><br />In this the Congo is exceptional. No other major river in the world crosses the Equator even once, let alone twice."</ref> [[Mpaghara Congo]] nwere mkpokọta obosara ihe dị ka {{cvt|4,000,000|km2|mi2}}, ma ọ bụ 13% nke ala Afrịka dum. ==Aha== Aha ahụ bụ ''Congo/Kongo'' sitere na [[Alaeze Kongo]] nke dịbu n'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ. A kpọrọ alaeze ahụ aha ndị Bantu [[ndị Kongo]], nke a maara na narị afọ nke 17 dị ka "Esikongo".<ref>{{cite book |title=Africa's Urban Past |first=David |last=Anderson |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |page=79 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'ebe ndịda nke Alaeze Kongo dị n'okpuru alaeze a kpọrọ aha [[Kakongo]], nke a kpọtụrụ aha na 1535. [[Abraham Ortelius]] kpọrọ "Manicongo" dị ka obodo dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ na maapụ ụwa ya nke 1564.{{efn|[[Manikongo]] was properly the title of the kings of Kongo; their capital was at the site of modern [[M'banza-Kongo]], capital of Angola's northwestern [[Zaire Province]]. Ortelius had no knowledge of the [[orography]] of Africa and drew fictitious courses for its rivers; his Congo upstream of its [[estuary]] turns sharply south, flowing through what would correspond to [[Angola]] and [[Botswana]].}} Aha ebo dị na ''Kongo'' nwere ike ịpụta site na okwu na-egosi nzukọ ọha ma ọ bụ mgbakọ ebo. Aha ndị Kongo ma ọ bụ ''Bakongo'' nke oge a malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Aha ahụ bụ ''Zaire'' sitere na asụsụ Portuguese nke okwu [[Kongo|Kikongo]], {{lang|kg|nzere}} ("osimiri"), mbelata nke {{lang|kg|nzadi o nzere}} ("osimiri na-elo osimiri").{{sfn|Forbath|1979|p=19}} A maara osimiri ahụ dị ka "Zaire" n'oge narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17; "Congo" yiri ka ọ nọchiri "Zaire" nwayọ nwayọ n'asụsụ Bekee n'oge narị afọ nke 18, na "Congo" bụ aha Bekee a kacha mara amara n'akwụkwọ narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụ ezie na ebe a na-akpọ "Zahir" ma ọ bụ "Zaire" ka aha ndị bi ebe ahụ na-akpọ ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.<ref>{{cite book |author=James Barbot |title=An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700 |date=1746}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite book |author=James Hingston Tuckey |date=1818 |title=Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |access-date=11 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164926/https://archive.org/details/narrativeofexped00tuck |archive-date=21 May 2018 |url-status=live}}<br/>{{*}}{{cite book |quote=Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives |author=John Purdy |title=Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean |date=1822 |page=112 }}</ref> Aha ya bụ [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na [[Republic of the Congo]], dịka [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] gara aga nke nwetara nnwere onwe na 1960 site na [[Belgian Congo]]. Aha osimiri ahụ [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] n'afọ 1971–1997 bụkwa aha osimiri ahụ n'asụsụ [[French|French]] na [[Portuguese|Portuguese]]. ==Basin na ụzọ== [[File:Congo River with upstream half of Pool Malebo and Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Foto elu site n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Congo nwere ọkara nke [[Pool Malebo]] na [[Mbamu]] n'elu mmiri]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa depuis Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|[[Kinshasa]] dịka a hụrụ site na [[Brazzaville]], gafee [[Pool Malebo]]]] [[Drainage basin]] nke Congo na-ekpuchi {{cvt|4,014,500|km2|mi2}},<ref name=bossche/> mpaghara fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hà nhata nke [[European Union]]. [[Ịgbapụta mmiri (hydrology)|ịgbapụta mmiri]] nke Congo na-eru site na {{cvt|23,000|-|75,000|m3/s|sp=us}}, nkezi ya bụ {{cvt|41,000|m3/s|sp=us}}.<ref name=bossche/> Osimiri ahụ na-ebuga nde tọn [[ihe e ji kpuchie ájá]] 86 kwa afọ gaa na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] yana pasentị isii ọzọ nke [[ihe e ji kpuchie ájá]].<ref name="hani">{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |s2cid=199099061 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 }}</ref> Osimiri na [[ndị na-asọfe|ndị na-asọfe]] ya na-asọfe site na oké ọhịa Congo, mpaghara oké ọhịa nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, mgbe e mesịrị [[Amazon rainforest]] na South America. Osimiri nke atọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa site na olu mmiri na-asọpụta (n'ọnụ mmiri 41,860 m³/s), na-eso [[Osimiri Amazon|Amazon]] (219,530 m³/s) na [[Ganges]]–[[Osimiri Brahmaputra|Brahmaputra]]–[[Osimiri Meghna|Meghna]] (mkpokọta mmiri na delta 43,950 m³/s) osimiri;<ref name="Hydrological Cycle Volume III">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmCCwAAQBAJ |title=Hydrological Cycle Volume III |last1=Igor Alekseevich |first1=Shiklomanov |isbn=978-1-84826-026-9 |year=2009 |publisher=EOLSS Publications }}</ref> nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ime mmiri mmiri n'ime osimiri ọ bụla, n'azụ Amazon; ọ bụkwa otu n'ime osimiri kachasị omimi n'ụwa, n'ime omimi karịrị {{cvt|220|m|ft}}.<ref name="usgs2008" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Monster Fish of the Congo |work=National Geographic Channel |year=2009 |url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040928/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/explorer/3826/Overview |archive-date=6 December 2010 }}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ebe mmiri ya na-asọpụta mmiri gụnyere ebe dị iche iche ma n'ebe ugwu ma n'ebe ndịda nke [[Equator]], mmiri ya na-asọpụta nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ na-enwe [[oge mmiri ozuzo | oge mmiri ozuzo]].<ref>[http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html The Congo River] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093113/https://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/congo_river.html |date=20 October 2017 }}. Rainforests.mongabay.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2011.</ref> Isi iyi nke Congo dị n'ugwu na ugwu nke [[East Africa Rift]], yana [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]] na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]], nke na-azụ [[Osimiri Lualaba]], nke mechara bụrụ Congo dị n'okpuru [[Boyoma Falls]]. A na-ewerekarị [[Osimiri Chambeshi]] dị na Zambia dị ka isi iyi nke Congo dịka usoro a nabatara n'ụwa niile nke iji mmiri kachasị ogologo, dịka ọ dị na Osimiri Naịl. Congo na-asọba n'ozuzu ya gaa n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na [[Kisangani]] dị n'okpuru mmiri mmiri Boyoma, wee jiri nwayọ gbadaa n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe [[Mbandaka]], isonyere [[Osimiri Ubangi]] wee gbaa ọsọ banye na [[Pool Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[Kinshasa]] (nke bụbu Léopoldville) na [[Brazzaville]] dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke osimiri ahụ n'Ọdọ Mmiri ahụ, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebelata ma na-ada site na ọtụtụ [[Ụdị Mmiri Mmiri#Ụdị Mmiri Mmiri|cataracts]] n'ime ndagwurugwu miri emi (a na-akpọ ya [[Livingstone Falls]]), na-agba ọsọ site na [[Matadi]] na [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]], ma banye n'oké osimiri na [[Moanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Muanda]]. '''Ndịda Kongo''' mejupụtara akụkụ "ala" nke nnukwu osimiri ahụ; nke ahụ bụ akụkụ nke osimiri ahụ site na [[ọnụ osimiri]] na [[Oké Osimiri Atlantic|Atlantic Coast]] ruo isi obodo abụọ nke Brazzaville na Kinshasa. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, e nwere ihe abụọ dị mkpa, ma n'akụkụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndịda. ''Osimiri Kwilu'' malitere n'ugwu ndị dị nso na [[Angola]]n [[Angola-Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ma banye na Congo ihe dị ka kilomita 100 site na [[Matadi]]. Nke ọzọ bụ [[Osimiri Inkisi]], nke na-asọ site na [[Uíge Province]] dị na Angola gaa na [[confluence]] na Congo na "'Zongo'' ụfọdụ {{cvt|80|km}} n'ala site na isi ala abụọ ahụ. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmiri mmiri, karịsịa [[Livingstone Falls]], akụkụ a nke osimiri anaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site n'ụgbọ mmiri. ==Drainage basin== Ógbè Congo kpuchiri mba iri ma ihe dị ka pasentị iri na atọ nke [[Afrịka]]. Ebe kachasị elu n'ime ala Congo dị na [[Ugwu Ruwenzori]], n'elu ihe dịka {{cvt|4,340|m}} dị n'elu oke osimiri. Nkesa nke mpaghara mmiri Congo n'etiti mba dị iche iche:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{cite web |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |title=Congo-HYCOS |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live }}</ref> {{table alignment}} {| class="wikitable sortable col1left" {{right}} ! rowspan=2 | Country ! colspan=2 | Area ! rowspan=2 | % |- ! {{km2}} ! {{mi2}} |- | ''{{noflag|Congo basin total}}'' | {{convert|3,712,316|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 100.00 |- | {{flag|Angola}} || 305,760 || 118,050 || 8.24 |- | {{flag|Burundi}} || 18,728 || 7,231 || 0.50 |- | {{flag|Cameroon}} || 85,300 || 32,900 || 2.30 |- | {{flag|Central African Republic}} || 402,000 || 155,000 || 10.83 |- | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || 2,307,800 || 891,000 || 62.16 |- | {{flag|Gabon}} || 1,146 || 442 || 0.03 |- | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || 248,400 || 95,900 || 6.69 |- | {{flag|Rwanda}} || 382 || 147 || 0.01 |- | {{flag|Tanzania}} || 166,800 || 64,400 || 4.49 |- | {{flag|Zambia}} || 176,600 || 68,200 || 4.76 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Ọdụ mmiri kacha mkpa n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo bụ<ref name="Congo-HYCOS"/> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance<br />along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual<br />average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start<br />year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |[[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]] |{{convert|0|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|0|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,730,740|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1915 |{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Inga dams|Inga]] |{{convert|188|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1959 |{{convert|41,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kinshasa]], [[Brazzaville]] |{{convert|498|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|269|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,659,900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1902 |{{convert|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |[[Mossaka]] |{{convert|898|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|289|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,490,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |- |[[Mbandaka]] |{{convert|1,157|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|303|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,683,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|19,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Yangambi]] |{{convert|2,133|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|371|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,069,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|8,358|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kisangani]] |{{convert|2,240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|380|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|974,330|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907 |{{convert|7,079|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo'''<br />('''[[Lualaba River|Lualaba]]''') |- |[[Boyoma Falls]] |{{convert|2,310|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|400|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907 |{{convert|6,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Ubundu]] |{{convert|2,390|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|418|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907 |{{convert|6,378|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Kindu]] |{{convert|2,705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|448|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|810,440|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1912 |{{convert|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Ankoro]] |{{convert|3,455|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|556|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|171,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1935 |{{convert|901|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Bukama]] |{{convert|3,695|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|567|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|63,090|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1933 |{{convert|322|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |} ==Nwepụ== ===[[Kinshasa]] na [[Brazzaville]]=== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Mmiri Osimiri Congo na-asọpụta n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Kinshasa na Brazzaville kemgbe mmalite nke nha (1902 ruo 2021):<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/><ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea"/> ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- ==Obosara na omimi== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+Obosara na omimi nke etiti na ala Congo: !rowspan=2| Location !colspan=2| Width !colspan=2| Average depth !colspan=2| Max depth |- !m !ft !m !ft !m !ft |- | colspan="7" | '''Lower Congo''' |- | {{coord|5|08|55.3|S|13|59|20.5|E}} |{{convert|1,070|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|49.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|87.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Ile Soka {{coord|5|08|30.4|S|13|59|27.9|E}} |{{convert|1,020|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|57.4|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|92.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|02|57.3|S|13|59|28.2|E}} |{{convert|450|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | || <!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|165|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bulu {{coord|5|01|49.5|S|14|01|37.2|E}} |{{convert|429|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|62.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|102|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|01|58.6|S|14|01|37.2|E}} |{{convert|384|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|43.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | {{coord|5|02|07.8|S|14|01|50.3|E}} |{{convert|388|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|44.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Ile Banza {{coord|5|2|20.6|S|14|02|09.2|E}} |{{convert|540|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|44.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|79.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Luozi]] {{coord|4|56|50.7|S|14|09|21.2|E}} |{{convert|2,190|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Muhambi {{coord|4|55|38.5|S|14|15|16.5|E}} |{{convert|1,010|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|33.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Pioka {{coord|4|54|03.3|S|14|24|18.2|E}} |{{convert|1,460|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|75.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|118|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Kinshasa]]– [[Brazzaville]] {{coord|4|16|47.3|S|15|18|32.8|E}} |{{convert|3,264|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|9.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Congo''' |- | Maloukou {{coord|4|05|24.4|S|15|30|39.1|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|14.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Léchia {{coord|3|52|43.4|S|15|55|11.6|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|21.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|50.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Kounzoulou–Miranda {{coord|3|33|18.7|S|16|05|32.2|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|20.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|45.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Kunzulu {{coord|3|28|52.5|S|16|07|18.3|E}} |{{convert|1,540|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Kwamouth]] {{coord|3|11|23.7|S|16|11|09.6|E}} |{{convert|1,905|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Kasai River|Kasai]] at mouth {{coord|3|10|36.4|S|16|11|41.5|E}} |{{convert|606|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | Congo at [[Kasai River|Kasai]] mouth {{coord|3|09|59.7|S|16|10|51.7|E}} |{{convert|1,851|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.9–15.3|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Mbali–Mosebwaka {{coord|2|48|33.9|S|16|11|40.1|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.4|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|26.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bouemba {{coord|2|12|22.9|S|16|10|49.0|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Bolobo]] {{coord|2|09|28.5|S|16|12|16.5|E}} |{{convert|4,119|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Yumbi]] {{coord|1|52|15.5|S|16|30|43.4|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bounda {{coord|1|37|55.5|S|16|37|59.4|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Mossaka]] {{coord|1|14|22.2|S|16|47|44.5|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.6|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.2|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Lukolela]] {{coord|1|03|13.5|S|17|08|58.0|E}} |{{convert|1,757|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.0–11.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|32.0|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bweta–Manga {{coord|0|54|39.2|S|17|23|27.1|E}} |{{convert|1,865–5,083|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5.0–6.1|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | Yambe {{coord|0|43|38.5|S|17|33|02.9|E}} |{{convert|2,468|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- | [[Liranga District|Liranga]] {{coord|0|41|00.4|S|17|36|43.7|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.9|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|32.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | Bomenenge–Mikuka {{coord|0|25|58.1|S|17|50|13.3|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|7.6|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23.7|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Mbandaka]] {{coord|0|01|17.4|N|18|13|10.9|E}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|8.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|31.8|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |- | [[Kisangani]] {{coord|0|30|22.1|N|25|11|03.4|E}} |{{convert|1,440|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.0–7.5|m|ft|disp=tablecen|sortable=on}} | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |- class=sortbottom !scope=row colspan=7 | Sources:<ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River"/><ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa"/><ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models"/> |} ==Osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ== [[File:CongoLualaba watershed plain political.png|thumb|Ọwara mmiri na ọdọ mmiri nke Osimiri Congo nwere mba akara akara]] [[File:CongoLualaba watershed topo.png|thumb|Ọwara mmiri na drainage nke Osimiri Congo nwere onyinyo ọdịdị ala]] {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+A na-ahazi osimiri na mmiri ndị bụ isi (n'usoro site n'ọnụ na-aga n'elu mmiri): !rowspan=2| Left tributary !rowspan=2| Right tributary !colspan=2| Length !colspan=2| Basin size !colspan=2| Average discharge |- !km !mi !km² !sq mi !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="2" |''Congo'' |{{convert|4,374|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,712,316|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Lower Congo'''<br />(river mouth to [[Kinshasa]]) |- | |Luki | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|14.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lué-Grande | rowspan="5" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,786.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Fuila | {{convert|150|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,051.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri M'pozo|M'pozo]] |{{convert|170|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,932.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|78.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Osimiri Lufu|Lufu]] |{{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,586.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Kwilu |{{convert|284|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|89.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Lwala | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,322.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|26.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |[[Osimiri Lukunga|Lukunga]] | | {{convert|221|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,166.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Yambi | {{convert|65|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,262.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mpioka | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|31|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|788.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lunzadi | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|753.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Inkisi|Inkisi]] |{{convert|559|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|291.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Foulakary | {{convert|127|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,230.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|51.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Djoué|Djoué]] |{{convert|175|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,225|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|158.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Middle Congo'''<br />([[Kinshasa]] to the [[Boyoma Falls]]) |- |[[Osimiri Ndjili|N'djili]] | rowspan="2" | |{{convert|93|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,258.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|38.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Nsele Valley Park|Nsele]] |{{convert|193|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|77.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Djiri | {{convert|63|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,395.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|31.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Yana | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|663.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lufimi | |{{convert|268|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|199|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Mary | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,529|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|84.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mai Mpili | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|62|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|759.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lidji |{{convert|108|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,686|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Kasai|Kasai]] |{{convert|2,153|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|884,370|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="4" | |Gam-bomba | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,372.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|29.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lefini|Léfini]] |{{convert|418|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|14,951.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|423.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |M'Pouya | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,175.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|21.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |N'Goindi | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,537.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Gampoka | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,036.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | | Nkeni | {{convert|331|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,249.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|209.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nkeme | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,154|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nsolu | rowspan="2" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|4,129|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|39.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Sangasi | {{convert|64|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,020.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | | [[Alima]] |{{convert|577|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23,192.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]] |{{convert|615|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,053.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]] |{{convert|1,395|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|191,953|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,471|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Pama | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|50|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,202.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Manga | {{convert|43|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,337.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba|Irebu]] |{{convert|35|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7,380|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|105.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Ubangi|Ubangi]] |{{convert|2,299|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|651,918|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,936|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ruki|Ruki]] | rowspan="3" | |{{convert|1,200|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|173,790|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ikelemba|Ikelemba]] |{{convert|345|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12,510|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|222.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lulonga|Lulonga]] |{{convert|705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|76,950|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Moeko | {{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,346.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|40.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Mongala|Mongala]] | {{convert|663|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|52,200|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|708.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lofofe | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,333.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Mioka | {{convert|93|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,872|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Isambi | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,135.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="8" | |Molua |{{convert|71|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,566.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Itimbiri|Itimbiri]] |{{convert|700|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|50,490|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|773.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Makpulu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,279.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Loie | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|682.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Moliba | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,363.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|24.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ikot | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|987.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|20.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mokeke | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|695|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lula | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|582|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lunua | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|612.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] |{{convert|1,287|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|116,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Loleka | rowspan="3" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,349.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukombe | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|2,931.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|53.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lomami|Lomami]] |{{convert|2,063|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|109,080|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,061.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Lubilu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,222.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|20|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Romée | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|601.9|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Lubania | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|743.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]] |{{convert|797|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|60,300|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="8" style=text-align:center|'''Upper Congo'''<br />([[Lualaba River|Lualaba]]; upstream from the [[Boyoma Falls]]) |- |Yoko | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|866.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|15.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Maiko | {{convert|516|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|13,935.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|318.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Oluka | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|495.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Obiautku | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,290.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|33.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lilu | {{convert|281|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,381.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|192.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Ruiki | rowspan="2" | | {{convert|203|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,540.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|125.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lilo | {{convert|202|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,684.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|92.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | | [[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] |{{convert|615|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|49,590|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,624.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Ulindi|Ulindi]] |{{convert|803|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|30,240|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|901.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Kasuku | |{{convert|397|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,468.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|175.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | | Ambe | {{convert|96|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,231.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luti | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|771|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Elila|Elila]] |{{convert|670|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27,360|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|678.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lueki | | {{convert|205|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,494.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|58.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="2" | |Kiha-muwa | {{convert|182|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,362|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|23.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kabila | {{convert|70|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,229.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|22|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lowe | rowspan="3" | | {{convert|49|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,306.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ganze | {{convert|25|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,331.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lubutu | {{convert|212|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,419.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|57|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Kunda | {{convert|96|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,749.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|41.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mulongoi | | {{convert|219|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,754.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|21.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="6" | |Lulindi | {{convert|190|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3,515|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Luama|Luama]] |{{convert|741|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|25,099.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|221|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luika | {{convert|223|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6,214.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|17.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Luvilo | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,126.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lufutuka | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,792.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lukga|Lukuga]] |{{convert|350|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|271,580|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|271|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lubanzi | rowspan="3" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|3,045.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19.3|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kay | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,742|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukuswa | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,822.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Luboy | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,644.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4.4|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Luvidjo | |{{convert|240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|11,312.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|69.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | |Kalongwe | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,208.1|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|3.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]] |{{convert|388|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|265,260|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kai | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,142.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|6.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lubumbu | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,342.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | Kalumen-<br />gongo | {{convert|329|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|8,069.3|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|66.9|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | Lovoi | | {{convert|385|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|19,624.6|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|185.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | | [[Osimiri Lufira|Lufira]] |{{convert|911|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|51,480|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|502|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | [[Osimiri Lubudi (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]] | |{{convert|490|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|27,500|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|191.5|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | |Kalule | {{convert|172|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|4,208.8|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|28.6|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Musonoi | rowspan="2" | | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,539.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|7.7|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lufupa | {{convert|155|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|5,070.7|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|36.8|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | rowspan="3" | |Kando | {{convert|191|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|2,455.5|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|16.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Nyund-welu | ||<!--placeholder: remove || when adding a value--> |{{convert|1,319.4|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.1|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Lukonga | {{convert|131|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,721.2|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|10.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Mukwishi | | {{convert|61|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|1,562|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |{{convert|12.2|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- class=sortbottom !scope=row colspan=8 | Source:<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://hal.science/hal-01671764 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin (HAL) |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |date=2017 |volume=66 |page=196 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |last1=Becker |first1=Melanie |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=Frédéric |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Silva |first6=J. Santos da |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |s2cid=6873734 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/ |title=Topographic maps |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028103810/https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cicos.int/2014/03/ |title=Commission Internationale du Bassin Congo-Oubangui-Sangha (CICOS) |date=2014 |access-date=28 October 2022 |archive-date=28 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028103816/https://www.cicos.int/2014/03/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Congo River">{{cite web |url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179 |title=Congo River }}</ref><ref name="Le Fleuve Congo">{{cite web |url=http://congeau.site/fleuvecongo.html |title=Le Fleuve Congo }}</ref><ref name="Congo" /><ref name="Lwalaba">{{cite web |url=https://waterwaymap.org/river/Lwalaba%20000060489375 |title=Lwalaba }}</ref> |} '''Ndịda Kongo''' (ọnụ osimiri ruo [[Kinshasa]]) N'ala Kinshasa, site n'ọnụ osimiri dị na [[Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Banana]], e nwere obere mmiri ole na ole dị mkpa. * [[Osimiri M'pozo|M'pozo]] (aka ekpe) * Kwilu (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Inkisi|Inkisi]] (aka ekpe) * Foulakary (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Djoué|Djoué]] (aka nri) '''Etiti Kọngo''' ([[Kinshasa]] rụọ [[Boyoma Falls]]) * Nsele (aka ekpe) * Lufimi (aka ekpe) * Mary (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Kasai|Kwa–Kasai]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Fimi|Fimi]] *** [[Osimiri Lukenie|Lukenie]] [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|thumb|right|Foto sitere n'elu nke [[Osimiri Lukenie]] ka ọ na-agafe n'ime [[Oke ọhịa dị larịị nke Central Congo]]]] *** Lokoro—[[Ọdọ Mmiri Mai-Ndombe]] ** [[Osimiri Kwango|Kwango]] *** Culio *** [[Osimiri Wamba|Wamba]] *** [[Osimiri Kwilu|Kwilu]] **** [[Osimiri Kwenge|Kwenge]] **** Inzia ** [[Osimiri Loange|Loange]] ** [[Osimiri Sankuru|Sankuru]] *** Lubilanji *** [[Osimiri Lubefu|Lubefu]] *** [[Osimiri Lubudi (Sankuru tributary)|Lubudi]] ** [[Osimiri Lulua|Lulua]] ** Chicapa ** [[Luachimo Hydroelectric Power Station|Luachimo]] ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * [[Osimiri Léfini|Léfini]] (aka nri)[[File:Lefini River (25583791878).jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Léfini]]]] * Nkeni (aka nri) *[[Alima]] (aka nri) * [[Likouala-Mossaka|Likouala]]-[[Likouala-Mossaka|Mossaka]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Sangha|Sangha]] (aka nri) ** [[Likouala-aux-Herbes|Likouala aux Herbes]] ** [[Osimiri Ngogo|Ngoko]] *** [[Osimiri Boumba|Boumba]] ** [[Osimiri Kadéï|Kadéï]] (570&nbsp;km, 41,000&nbsp;km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Osimiri Ubangi|Ubangi]] (aka nri)[[File:Убанги као пут.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Ubangi]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** [[Osimiri Lobaye|Lobaye]] ** Mbali ** [[Osimiri Ouaka|Ouaka]] ** [[Osimiri Kotto|Kotto]] ** [[Osimiri Mbomou|Mbomou]] [[File:Forward, forward.jpg|thumb|Nwoke nọ n'elu [[Osimiri Mbomou]], n'etiti Bangassou na Ndu]] *** [[Osimiri Chinko|Chinko]] *** [[Osimiri Mbari|Mbari]] *** Bili ** [[Osimiri Uele|Uele]] [[File:Uele rivière Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Uele]]]] *** [[Osimiri Kibali|Kibali]] *** [[Osimiri Dungu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Dungu]] *** [[Osimiri Bomokandi|Bomokandi]] *** [[Osimiri Uere|Uere]] * Irebu—[[Ọdọ Mmiri Tumba]] (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Ruki|Ruki]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Momboyo|Momboyo]] ** [[Osimiri Busira|Busira]] *** [[Osimiri Salonga|Salonga]] *** [[Osimiri Tshuapa|Tshuapa ma ọ bụ Ruki]] (aka ekpe) **** [[Osimiri Lomela|Lomela]] * [[Osimiri Ikelemba|Ikelemba]] (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lulonga|Lulonga]] (aka ekpe) ** [[Osimiri Lopori|Lopori]] ** [[Osimiri Maringa|Maringa]] * Moeko (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Mongala|Mongala]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Itimbiri|Itimbiri]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Aruwimi|Aruwimi]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Ituri|Ituri]] [[File:Photo of the day 11.10.2015 (21868921339).jpg|thumb|Osimiri na-asọfe n'ime [[Ituri Rainforest]]]] ** [[Osimiri Nepoko|Nepoko]] * Lukombe (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lomami|Lomami]] (aka ekpe)[[File:Swallowtails on bank of Lomami River at Katopa Camp, Democratic Republic of the Congo (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Osimiri Lomami]]]] * [[Osimiri Lindi|Lindi]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Tshopo|Tshopo]] [[File:Cascades of the Tshopo river.jpg|thumb|Ọgba mmiri nke [[Osimiri Tshopo]]]] * Maiko (aka nri) '''Kọngo Elu''' ([[Osimiri Lualaba|Lualaba]]; site na elu [[Boyoma Falls]]) * Lilu (aka nri) * Ruiki (aka ekpe) * Lilo (aka ekpe) *[[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] (aka nri) ** Oso *[[Osimiri Ulindi|Ulindi]] (aka nri) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (aka ekpe) * Ambe (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Elila|Elila]] (aka nri) * Loho (aka ekpe) * Lubutu (aka ekpe) * Kunda (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Luama|Luama]] (aka nri) * Luika (aka nri) *[[Osimiri Lukuga|Lukuga]] (aka nri) ** [[Ruzizi River|Rusizi]] ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos and Bridge, Burundi 067.jpg|thumb|[[Osimiri Ruzizi]]]] ** [[Osimiri Malagarasi|Malagarasi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]]) *** [[Ogige Mba nke Osimiri Ugalla|Ugalla]] *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Luvua|Luvua]] (aka nri) ** [[Osimiri Kalungwishi|Kalungwishi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]]) ** [[Osimiri Luapula|Luapula]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Mweru]]; 740&nbsp;km, 173,386&nbsp;km², 741 m³/s) *** [[Osimiri Chambeshi|Chambeshi]] ([[Ọdọ Mmiri Bangweulu]], [[Ala Mmiri Bangweulu|Apịtị Bangweulu]]; 500&nbsp;km, 44,427&nbsp;km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (aka nri) * Lovoi (aka ekpe) * [[Osimiri Lufira|Lufira]] (aka nri) * [[Osimiri Lubudi (Lualaba tributary)|Lubudi]] (aka ekpe) * Lufupa (aka ekpe) ==Mkpa akụ na ụba== [[File:Oxfam East Africa - Mbandaka market.jpg|thumb|Obodo [[Mbandaka]] bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri jupụtara n'ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo.]] [[File:Congo maluku.jpg|thumb|right|Osimiri Congo na [[Maluku (Kinshasa)|Maluku]].]] Ọ bụ ezie na Mmiri Mmiri Livingstone na-egbochi mmadụ ịbanye n'oké osimiri, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Congo dum dị n'elu ha dị mfe [[Navigability|navigable]] n'akụkụ dị iche iche, karịsịa n'etiti Kinshasa na Kisangani. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-ekuru mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'osimiri ahụ ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Osimiri Congo ka bụ ebe obibi n'ala ebe okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè pere mpe.<ref>See, for instance, [[Thierry Michel]]'s film [http://www.congo-river.com/ Congo River] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129055817/http://www.congo-river.com/ |date=29 November 2009 }}</ref> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agafe isi iyi mmiri atọ dị mkpa ugbu a, ọtụtụ azụmaahịa nke Central Africa na-agafekwa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, gụnyere [[ọla kọpa]], [[mmanụ nkwụ]] (dị ka mkpụrụ osisi), [[shuga]], [[kọfị]], na [[owu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo—AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) |work=AFRICAN FINE COFFEES ASSOCIATION (AFCA) |date=7 October 2016 |url=https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ |access-date=24 April 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160919/https://afca.coffee/portfolio-item/dr-congo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ike mmiri eletrik=== Osimiri Kongo bụ osimiri kachasị ike n'Afrịka. N'oge mmiri ozuzo, ihe karịrị {{convert|50000|m3}} mmiri kwa sekọnd na-asọba n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic. Ya mere, ohere dị ukwuu maka Osimiri Congo na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya iji mepụta ike mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị agbakọọla na mpaghara Congo dum bụ pasent iri na atọ nke ike [[hydropower]] zuru ụwa ọnụ. Nke a ga-enye ike zuru oke maka mkpa ọkụ eletrik niile [[Saharan Africa]].<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 Alain Nubourgh, Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902053441/http://weetlogs.scilogs.be/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=331&blogId=27 |date=2 September 2011 }}. Weetlogs.scilogs.be (27 April 2010). Retrieved on 2011-11-29.</ref> Ugbu a, e nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ike mmiri iri anọ na Congo Basin. Ndị kacha ibu bụ [[Inga dam]], ihe dị ka {{convert|200|km}} na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Kinshasa. E bidoro ọrụ a na mbido afọ 1970, mgbe e mechara dam mbụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Showers |first=Kate B. |s2cid=145515488 |date=1 September 2011 |title=Electrifying Africa: An Environmental History with Policy Implications |journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography |language=en |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=193–221 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0467.2011.00373.x |issn=1468-0467 }}</ref> Atụmatụ ahụ (dịka e chepụtara na mbụ) chọrọ ka e wuo dam ise nke ga-enwe ike imepụta ihe ruru megawatt 34,500 (MW). Ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị mmiri mmiri Inga I na Inga II ka arụrụla, na-emepụta ike 1,776 MW.<ref name="weetlogs.scilogs.be"/> Na Febụwarị 2005, ụlọ ọrụ ike nke gọọmentị [[South Africa]], [[Eskom]], kwupụtara atụmatụ ịgbasa ọgbọ site na mmezi na iwuli [[Grand Inga Dam|ọrụ mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ]]. Ọrụ a ga-eme ka mmepụta kachasị elu nke ebe a ruo megawatts 40,000 (MW).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/congo/story/0,12292,1425023,00.html |title=Could a $50bn plan to tame this mighty river bring electricity to all of Africa? |work=World news |publisher=The Guardian |location=London |first=Jeevan |last=Vasagar |date=25 February 2005 |access-date=30 April 2010 }}</ref> A na-atụ egwu na ọwa mmiri eletrik ọhụrụ ndị a nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị sitere na osimiri.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okike== [[File:Chutes Livingstone.jpg|thumb|Mmalite nke [[Livingstone Falls]] (Lower Congo Rapids) dị nso na [[Kinshasa]]]] Ụzọ Osimiri Congo dị ugbu a malitere n'etiti afọ nde 1.5 na 2 [[Tupu Ugbu a|BP]], n'oge [[Pleistocene]].<ref name="Beadle1981">{{cite book |author=Leonard C. Beadle |title=The inland waters of tropical Africa: an introduction to tropical limnology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAIUAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2 April 2011 |year=1981 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-46341-7 }}</ref><ref>Thieme et al., ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment Ecoregions Assessments'', Island Press, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 p. 297] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080156/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA297 |date=10 November 2023 }}. "It is hypothesized that in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, a coastal Lower Guinean river captured Malebo Pool, connecting the previously interior Congo Basin to the ocean."</ref> O yikarịrị ka n'oge a, ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu nke Congo [[ihe e ji ejide mmiri site na]] mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ya, gụnyere Uele na elu Ubangi site na [[Osimiri Chari|usoro Chari]]<ref>Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395 }}</ref> na Osimiri Chambeshi<ref>Skelton, P.H. 1994. 'Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa', in ''Biological diversity in African fresh and brackish water fishes'', Symposium Paradi (G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan, and J.J. Albaret, editors), pp. 95–131. ''Annals of the Royal Central African Museum'' (Zoology) No. 275.</ref> tinyere ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri dị n'elu osimiri Kasai site na [[Zambezi|usoro Zambezi]].<ref>Gupta, Avijit (editor); ''Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management'', p. 327 {{ISBN|9780470849873 }}</ref> O nwere ike ịbụ na nhazi Congo mere ka e nwee [[ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa]] nke [[bonobo]] na [[chimpanzee]] nkịtị site na [[nna nna ochie ha kacha ọhụrụ]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Caswell JL, Mallick S, Richter DJ |title=Analysis of chimpanzee history based on genome sequence alignments |journal=PLOS Genet. |volume=4 |issue=4 |article-number=e1000057 |year=2008 |pmid=18421364 |pmc=2278377 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000057 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> Bonobo bụ [[Endemism|nke jupụtara ebe niile] n'ime oke ọhịa mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ, dịka ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama dịka [[Allen's swamp enwe]], [[dryas enwe]], [[aquatic genet]], [[okapi]], na [[Congo peafowl]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingdon |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |year=1997 |title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals |publisher=Academic Press Limited |location=London |isbn=978-0-1240-8355-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdonfieldguid00jona |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2022 |title=''Afropavo congensis'' |article-number=e.T22679430A208189646 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T22679430A208189646.en |access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref> Maka ihe gbasara ndụ mmiri, Osimiri Congo nwere oke [[ụdị bara ụba]] na otu n'ime ebe kachasị elu a maara nke ọma nke [[ndị na-enweghị isi]].<ref name="Smithsonian2009">{{cite web |title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World |first=Kyle |last=Dickman |date=3 November 2009 |publisher=Smithsonian Magazine |work=Science & Nature |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html |access-date=4 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html |archive-date=9 November 2011 |url-status=live |accessdate=10 July 2026 |archivedate=9 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109072934/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html }}</ref> {{Ruo | 2009}}, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị azụ 800 ka edekọworo site na Osimiri Osimiri Congo (anaghị agụta [[Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika]], nke jikọtara ọnụ mana ọ dị iche na gburugburu ebe obibi),<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book |author1=Frans Witte |author2=Martien J. P. van Oijen |author3=Ferdinand A. Sibbing |year=2009 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile |editor=Henri J. Dumont |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer |pages=647–675 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> a ka na-amụkwa akụkụ buru ibu nke ihe ndị a.<ref name=SudanicCongoOubangi>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 "Sudanic Congo—Oubangi"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204356/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=535 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a kabeghị ihe nlele ahụ n'akụkụ dị na [[Salonga National Park]], nke dị ihe dị ka nha Belgium, na 2006.<ref name=Schliewen2006>{{cite journal |author1=Schliewen, U.K. |author2=Stiassny, M.L.J. |year=2006 |title=A new species of Nanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1169 |pages=33–46 |s2cid=86533120 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1169.1.2 }}</ref> A kọwara ụdị azụ ọhụrụ n'ụzọ sayensị site na obere oge site na Osimiri Congo, a makwaara ọtụtụ [[Undescripted taxon|undescribed species]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Schwarzer, J. |author2=Misof, B. |author3=Schliewen, U.K. |year=2011 |title=Speciation within genomic networks: a case study based on Steatocranus cichlids of the lower Congo rapids |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=138–148 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02409.x |pmid=22070232 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Congo nwere ụdị azụ̀ kachasị elu karịa usoro osimiri ọ bụla dị n'Africa; ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, ndị ọzọ bara ọgaranya bụ Niger, [[Osimiri Volta|Volta]] na Naịl nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 240, 140 na 130, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Winemiller2008">{{cite book |author1=Winemiller, K.O. |author2=A.A. Agostinho |author3=É.P. Caramaschi |chapter=Fish Ecology in Tropical Streams |title=Tropical Stream Ecology |editor=Dudgeon, D. |year=2008 |pages=107–146 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-088449-0 }}</ref> N'ihi nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'etiti mpaghara dị na mpaghara Congo—gụnyere ebe obibi dị ka mmiri mmiri, osimiri miri emi, apịtị, na ọdọ mmiri—a na-ekewa ya n'ọtụtụ [[ecoregion]] (kama iwere ya dị ka otu ecoregion). N'ime mpaghara ndị a dị n'ime ala, cataracts nke Livingstone Falls nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 300,<ref name="weis">{{cite web |last1=Weisberger |first1=Mindy |title=Dying Fish Revealed Congo Is World's Deepest River |url=https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |website=livescience.com |publisher=LiveScience |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114030815/https://www.livescience.com/congo-river-fish-with-bends.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> gụnyere ihe dị ka endemic iri asatọ<ref name="RoughWaters">{{Cite web |last=Norlander |first=Britt |date=20 April 2009 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708055831/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_13_65/ai_n31583235/ |title=Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future |publisher=Science World }}</ref> ebe akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ (mpaghara osimiri Kasai) nwere ihe karịrị ụdị azụ 200, nke ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ha jupụtara na ya.<ref name="Kasai">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204417/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=546 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> [[File:Poisson-Tigre Goliath sous les yeux du journaliste halieutique David Mailland - Congo 23.jpg|thumb|[[Hydrocynus goliath|Nnukwu azụ tiger]]]] Ezinụlọ azụ̀ ndị kacha nwee ike ịkụ azụ—ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ osimiri—bụ [[Cyprinidae]] (carp/cyprinids, dịka ọmụmaatụ ''[[Labeo simpsoni]]''), [[Mormyridae]] (elephant fishes), [[Alestidae]] (African tetras), [[Mochokidae]] (squeaker catfishes), na [[Cichlidae]] (cichlids).<ref name="UpperLualaba">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 "Upper Lualaba"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204143/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=545 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> N'ime ndị bi n'osimiri ahụ bụ nnukwu anụ na-eri anụ nke ukwuu [[Hydrocynus goliath|nnukwu azụ tigerfish]]. Atọ n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ọcha (anaghị [[agba mmiri|agba agba]]) na ''[[Lamprologus lethops]]'' kpuru ìsì, nke a kwenyere na ọ dị ndụ n'ime miri emi dịka {{convert|160|m|ft}} n'okpuru ala,<ref name="RoughWaters" /> ''[[Heterochromis|Heterochromis multidens]]'', nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na cichlids nke Amerịka karịa cichlids ndị ọzọ dị n'Africa,<ref>Kullander, S.O. (1998). ''A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes).'' pp. 461–498 in Malabarba, L., et al. (eds.), Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes, Porto Alegre.</ref> na ''[[Caecobarbus|Caecobarbus geertsii]]'', naanị [[azụ mmiri]] a maara na Etiti Afrịka.<ref>{{cite book |author=Proudlove, G. |title=Subterranean fishes of the world |year=2006 |publisher=International Society for Subterranean Biology |isbn=978-2-9527084-0-1 }}</ref> E nwekwara ọtụtụ akịrị na ejula ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="UpperLualaba" /><ref name="LowerCongoRapids">Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 "Lower Congo Rapids"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204434/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=549 |date=5 October 2011}}. Accessed 2 May 2011.</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ ịrụ ọtụtụ [[hydroelectric dam]] n'osimiri ahụ, nke a nwekwara ike ibute [[mkpochapu]] nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="RoughWaters" /> Ọtụtụ ụdị mbe na [[Agụ iyi dị nro|mkpụrụ mmiri dị nro]], [[Agụ iyi dị na Naịl]] na [[agụ iyi dị egwu]] bụ ndị sitere na Osimiri Congo. [[Afrịka manatee]] bi n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Keith Diagne, L. |year=2015 |title=''Trichechus senegalensis'' |errata=2016 |article-number=e.T22104A97168578 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T22104A81904980.en |access-date=16 December 2023 }}</ref> === Idei mmiri === Ndị [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) na [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]] (RoC) enweela idei mmiri ugboro ugboro n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'akụkụ Osimiri Congo na isi iyi mmiri ya n'oge mmiri ozuzo, na-akpata mbuze na mbuze ala, ma na-emetụta ebe obibi mmadụ, ọrụ ugbo, na ahụike ọha na eze n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=The World Bank Group |date=2021 |title=Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2021 }}</ref> A na-atụ anya na [[mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ga-emetụta Osimiri Congo nke ukwuu ka okpomọkụ na-arị elu, mmiri ozuzo na-arị elu ma n'ike na oge oge.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |title=Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2021 }}</ref> Site na Ọktoba 2019 ruo Jenụwarị 2020, oke mmiri ozuzo metụtara mpaghara 16 n'ime 26 nke DRC na ngalaba asatọ n'ime 12 nke RoC, nke butere idei mmiri [[2019–2020 Congo River]]. Mmiri ozuzo ahụ mere ka Osimiri Congo na [[Osimiri Ubangi|Osimiri Ubangi]] ju ebe niile, idei mmiri na ala ọma jijiji mere n'ofe DRC na RoC ma dugara na [[ndị a chụpụrụ n'ime obodo na Democratic Republic of the Congo|mgbapụ]] nke ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 |access-date=27 October 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |date=10 December 2019 |language=en }}</ref> ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== ===Akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu ọchịchị obodo=== [[File:Congo by Mercator 1623 (3769167).jpg|thumb|Maapụ nke narị afọ nke 17 nke osimiri Congo]] [[File:Routes of European explorers in Africa, to 1853.jpg|thumb|Na maapụ Afrịka a nke afọ 1853, ''Mpaghara A Na-enyochaghị fọdụrụnụ'' kwekọrọ na ala Congo.]] [[Ndị Bantu]] bi na mpaghara Congo dum, e kewara ha n'ime ọtụtụ narị agbụrụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na [[mgbasawanye Bantu]] erutela etiti Congo ihe dị ka afọ 500 Tupu Kraịst na elu Congo na narị afọ mbụ AD. Ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ chụpụrụ site na njem Bantu, [[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]/''[[Twa|Abatwa]]'' nke [[asụsụ Ubangian|Ubangian]] phylum, ka dị n'ime oke ọhịa dị anya nke Congo Basin. Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 13, e nwere njikọ atọ dị mkpa nke steeti dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Congo. N'ọwụwa anyanwụ e nwere [[Alaeze Asaa nke Kongo dia Nlaza]], ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị kacha ochie na ndị kacha ike, nke nwere ike ịgụnye [[Nsundi]], [[Alaeze Mbata|Mbata]], [[Mpangu]], na ikekwe [[Kundi alaeze|Kundi]] na [[Okanga]]. Ndịda nke ndị a bụ [[Mpemba]] nke gbasaara site na [[Angola]] nke oge a ruo Osimiri Congo. Ọ gụnyere alaeze dị iche iche dịka [[Mpemba Kasi]] na [[Vunda]]. N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ya gafee Osimiri Congo bụ otu mba nke steeti nta atọ jikọrọ aka; [[Vungu]] (onye ndu ya), [[Kakongo]], na [[Ngoyo]].<ref>{{Citation |chapter=The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540 |date=2020 |title=A History of West Central Africa to 1850 |pages=16–55 |editor-last=Thornton |editor-first=John K. |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-west-central-africa-to-1850/development-of-states-in-west-central-africa-to-1540/CE71122CF8DFD7B4B188BA34F8F65BFC |access-date=2024-09-21 |series=New Approaches to African History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-56593-7 }}</ref>{{Rp|pages=24–25}} E guzobere [[Alaeze Kongo]] na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 14 site na njikọta nke alaeze nke [[Mpemba Kasi]] na [[Mbata Kingdom]] n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke Osimiri Congo dị ala. Njikwa ókèala ya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ ka dị naanị n'ihe kwekọrọ na mpaghara [[Kongo Central]] nke oge a. Nlegharị anya ndị Europe na Congo malitere na 1482 mgbe onye na-eme nchọpụta Portuguese [[Diogo Cão]] chọpụtara n'akụkụ osimiri{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} (ikekwe n'August 1482), nke o jiri [[Padrão]], ma ọ bụ ogidi nkume (ka dị, mana naanị n'ime iberibe) wuo n'elu Shark Point. Cão ji ụgbọ mmiri rịgoro osimiri ahụ ruo obere oge, wee malite ịkpọtụrụ Alaeze Kongo. A ka na-amaghị ụzọ zuru oke nke osimiri ahụ n'oge mmalite nke oge a.{{efn|The [[Dieppe maps]] of the mid-16th century show the Congo only as a minor river while having the [[Nile]] run throughout the continent, rising in Southern Africa. The same interpretation is in essence still found in Jan Blaeu's ''[[:File:Congo map 1690.jpg|Atlas Maior]]'' of 1660. Jacques Bellin's [[:File:Congo map 1754.jpg|map of the Congo]] in ''Histoire Generale Des Voyages'' by [[Antoine François Prévost]] (1754) shows awareness of the river reaching further inland, to the provinces of ''Sundi'' and ''Pango'', but has no detailed knowledge of its course.}} Oke osimiri Congo dị n'elu na-aga n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Albertine Rift]].{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} Amaghị njikọ ya na Congo ruo afọ 1877. [[Ndị Nilotic | Mgbasa Nilotic]] ruru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ala Congo n'oge dị n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na nke 18, site n'aka ndị nna nna nke [[Asụsụ Ndịda Luo|Ndị Ndịda Luo]] na-asụ [[Ndị Alur]]. [[Francisco de Lacerda]] sooro Zambezi wee ruo n'akụkụ kachasị elu nke ala Congo ([[Kazembe]] dị na ala Luapula dị elu) na 1796. [[Ahịa ohu nke oke osimiri India|Ahịa ohu nke ndị Arab]] rutere n'elu Osimiri Congo na mbụ na narị afọ nke 19. E hiwere [[Nyangwe]] dị ka ebe ndị ohu na-anọ n'ogige ihe dị ka afọ 1860. [[David Livingstone]] bụ onye Europe mbụ rutere Nyangwe na Machị 1871.{{sfn|Cana|1911|p=917}} Livingstone tụrụ aro ka o gosi na Lualaba jikọtara na Naịl, mana na Julaị 15, ọ hụrụ ogbugbu nke ihe dị ka ndị Afrịka 400 site n'aka ndị Arab na-agba ohu na Nyangwe, Ahụmịhe ahụ mere ka ọ tụọ ụjọ ma nwee nkụda mmụọ ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ịchọta ebe Naịl si apụta, ya mere o laghachiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tanganyika.<ref name="Livingstone 1871">{{cite book |last=Livingstone |first=David |title=Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary. A Multispectral Critical Edition |year=2012 |publisher=UCLA Digital Library: Los Angeles, CA |url=http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905100511/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/1871diary/ |archive-date=5 September 2014}}></ref><ref name="Jeal 1973">{{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |year=1973 |title=Livingstone |place=New Haven, CT |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=331–335 }}</ref> ===Mmalite nke ọchịchị ndị Europe=== Ndị Yuropu erutebeghị mpaghara etiti nke osimiri Congo site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ruo mgbe [[Henry Morton Stanley]] mere njem 1876–77, nke [[Kọmitii maka Ọmụmụ Ihe nke Upper Congo]] kwadoro. N'oge ahụ, otu n'ime ajụjụ ikpeazụ e jụrụ gbasara [[nyocha Europe nke Afrịka]] bụ ma Osimiri Lualaba ọ̀ na-enye Naịl (ozizi Livingstone), Congo,{{sfn|Jeal|2007|pp=188–219}} ma ọ bụ ọbụna [[Osimiri Naịja]]. E tinyere ego na 1874, [[Njem mbụ Henry Morton Stanley nke trans-Africa | Nnyocha mbụ nke Stanley nke trans-Africa]] malitere na [[Zanzibar]] wee rute Lualaba na 17 Ọktoba 1876. N'elu ala, o rutere Nyangwe, ebe etiti ebe iwu na-anaghị achị nke nwere agbụrụ ndị na-eri anụ ebe [[Tippu Tip]] hiwere ọrụ ohu. Stanley nwere ike were ndị agha Tippu Tip ka ha chebe ya ruo ụbọchị iri itoolu ma ọ bụ karịa. Ndị otu ahụ si n'ime ọhịa Matimba dị oke ọnụ pụọ na Nyangwe. Na ụbọchị iri na itoolu nke ọnwa Nọvemba, ha rutere Lualaba ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na njem dị oke njọ n'ime ọhịa ahụ, Tippu Tip tụgharịrị gaa oriri ya na Disemba 28, wee hapụ Stanley naanị ya, ya na mmadụ 143, gụnyere ụmụaka asatọ na ụmụ nwanyị 16. Ha nwere ụgbọ mmiri iri abụọ na atọ. Nzute mbụ ya na otu ebo obodo ahụ bụ na onye na-eri anụ [[Ndị Tumbuka|Wenya]]. N'ozuzu, Stanley kọrọ na nzukọ iri atọ na abụọ na-adịghị mma n'osimiri ahụ, ụfọdụ na-eme ihe ike, n'agbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị ịkparịta ụka n'okporo ụzọ udo. Ma ebo ndị ahụ kpachara anya n'ihi na naanị ihe ha hụrụ bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu. Na ụbọchị isii nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1877, mgbe {{convert|400|mi|km|order=flip}} gasịrị, ha rutere Boyoma Falls (nke a na-akpọ Stanley Falls ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị), nke nwere cataracts asaa nke na-agbasa site na {{convert|60|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} nke ha ga-agafe n'elu ala. O were ha ruo ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Febụwarị iji ruo na njedebe nke mmiri ozuzo ahụ. N'ebe a, Stanley nụrụ na aha osimiri ahụ ka a kpọrọ ya ''Ikuta Yacongo'',{{sfn|Jeal|2007|p=199; 7 February 1877}} gosiri ya na o rutela Kongo nakwa na Lualaba anaghị enye Naịl nri. Site n'oge a, ebo ndị ahụ abụghịzi ndị na-eri anụ mmadụ kama ha nwere egbe, o doro anya na ọ bụ n'ihi mmetụta ndị Portugal nwere. Ihe dị ka izu anọ wee ruo {{convert|1200|mi|km|order=flip}} mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rutere Stanley Pool (nke bụzi Pool Malebo), ebe obodo Kinshasa na Brazzaville dị ugbu a. N'akụkụ ala nke ọzọ bụ Livingstone Falls, nke aha ya na-ezighi ezi dịka Livingstone na-agabeghị na Congo: usoro ọdịda 32 na ọsọ mmiri nwere mgbanwe elu nke {{convert|900|ft|m|order=flip}} n'elu {{convert|220|mi|km|order=flip}}. Na ụbọchị iri na ise nke ọnwa Maachị ha malitere ịrịda mmiri ahụ, nke were ọnwa ise ma gbuo ọtụtụ mmadụ. Site na Isangile Falls, mmiri ise si n'ụkwụ gbapụta, ha kwọchara ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri na ''Lady Alice'' wee si n'osimiri ahụ pụọ, na-achọ ebe ndị Portugal na-eche nche nke [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]] site na ala. Na ụbọchị atọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ha rutere n'obodo nta Nsada. Stanley si ebe ahụ zigara mmadụ anọ nwere akwụkwọ ozi gaa Boma, na-arịọ maka nri maka ndị ya agụụ ji. N'abalị asaa nke ọnwa Ọgọst, ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa [[Liverpool]] bụ́ Hatton & Cookson zitere enyemaka ahụ. Na 9 Ọgọst ha rutere Boma, ụbọchị 1,001 kemgbe ha hapụrụ Zanzibar na 12 Nọvemba 1874. Ndị otu ahụ nwere mmadụ 108, gụnyere ụmụaka atọ a mụrụ n'oge njem ahụ. O yikarịrị ka (akwụkwọ Stanley n'onwe ya na-enye ọnụọgụgụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe), o furu mmadụ 132 site na ọrịa, agụụ, mmiri iri, igbu mmadụ na mgbahapụ.{{sfn|Jeal|2007|p=217}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Through the Dark Continent |last=Stanley |first=Henry M. |year=1988 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-25667-2 |edition=Reprint |orig-date=Originally published: London: G. Newnes, 1899 }}</ref> Stanley hiwere Kinshasa dị ka ebe azụmaahịa n'afọ 1881 ma kpọọ ya Léopoldville iji sọpụrụ [[Leopold nke Abụọ nke Belgium]]. Leopold nke Abụọ kwuru na Kọngo Basin dị ka [[Congo Free State]] n'onwe ya na 1885 ebe e mere ọtụtụ [[Mwakpo dị na Kọngo Free State]] ruo mgbe a kpọrọ mpaghara ahụ [[Belgian Congo]]. <gallery widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Advance Column of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1890.jpg|Henry M. Stanley na ndị ọrụ nke Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. Site n'aka ekpe: Dr. [[Thomas Heazle Parke]], [[Robert H. Nelson (onye na-eme nchọpụta)|Robert H. Nelson]], [[Henry M. Stanley]], [[William G. Stairs]], na [[Arthur J. M. Jephson]] File:Monument aux pionniers belges au Congo 001.jpg|Ihe atụ nke Osimiri Congo site n'aka [[Thomas Vinçotte]].<ref>Brussels, [[Monument to the Belgian Pioneers in Congo|Monument to Congo pionniers]], [[Cinquantenaire|50th Jubileum Park]].</ref> </gallery> ==Leekwa== * [[Ọdachi nke Osimiri Congo nke afọ 2021]] * [[Ndepụta nke ngafe nke Osimiri Congo]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri nke Afrịka]] * [[Ndepụta nke osimiri site na mwepụta]] * [[Ndepụta osimiri site n'ogologo]] == Ihe ndetu nkọwa == {{notelist}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=bossche>{{cite book |author1=J.P. vanden Bossche |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |year=1990 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |pages=338–339 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425222339/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA338 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217716 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River |year=2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259217410 |title=Velocity Mapping in the Lower Congo River: A First Look at the Unique Bathymetry and Hydrodynamics of Bulu Reach, West Central Africa |year=2009 }}</ref> <ref name="Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models">{{cite web |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf |title=Multi-threaded Congo River channel hydraulics: Field-based characterisation and representation in hydrodynamic models |year=2020 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031001010/https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/28130/1/Carr_BA_CivEng_Geography_PhD_20201201.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N'kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free |url=https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02989606 }}</ref> <ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series">{{cite book |title=A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series |last1=Guy D. |first1=Moukandi N'kaya |last2=Laraque |first2=Alain |last3=Paturel |first3=Jean-Emmanuel |last4=Gulemvuga Guzanga |first4=Georges |last5=Mahé |first5=Gil |last6=Tshimanga |first6=Raphael M. |series=Geophysical Monograph Series |year=2022 |pages=121–143 |doi=10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |isbn=978-1-119-65697-5 |s2cid=246986610 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080834/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119657002.ch8 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="The Congo River, Central Africa">{{cite book |chapter=The Congo River, Central Africa |last1=Jürgen |first1=Runge |title=Large Rivers |year=2007 |pages=293–309 |doi=10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |isbn=978-0-470-72372-2 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110080726/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470723722.ch14 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea">{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362149801 |title=Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea |last1=Talling |first1=Peter J. |last2=Baker |first2=Megan L. |display-authors=etal |year=2022 }}</ref> }} == Isi mmalite izugbe na ndị e hotara == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Congo |volume=6 |last=Cana |first=Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages=914–917}} * {{cite book |last=Forbath |first=Peter |year=1979 |title=The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River |place=New York |publisher=E. P. Dutton |isbn=0-525-47573-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb}} * {{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |year=2007 |title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |isbn=978-0-571-22102-8}} ==Njikọ mpụga== {{Commons and category|Congo River|Congo River}} * The [[Royal Geographical Society#Hidden Journeys|Royal Geography Society's Hidden Journeys project]]: ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120922/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/London-Johannesburg/Congo.aspx The River Congo Basin] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172521/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/Audio%20Slideshows.aspx#level_16 Audio slideshow: The River Congo: Following in Explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley's Footsteps]—Tim Butcher recounts his trip through the Congo on the route of 19th-century explorer Sir Henry Morgan Stanley. * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]—Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.html The Congo Project], American Museum of Natural History {{Authority control}} oiqt66sj0c54divtds11swxo41dkbmb 0 77860 687732 687521 2026-07-13T07:35:07Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 687732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Amalia of Sweden c 1840 by Josef Kriehuber.jpg|thumb|Princess Amalia nke Sweden ]]    '''Princess Amalia nke Sweden''' (Amalia Maria Charlotta; 22 Febụwarị 1805 - 31 Ọgọst 1853) bụ nwa eze Sweden, nwa nwanyị nke Eze Gustav nke Anọ Adolf nke Sweden na Frederica nke Baden.  == Ndụ == A mụrụ Amalia na Stockholm ma zụlite ya n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye na-achị eze Charlotte Stierneld. Amalia hapụrụ Sweden na ezinụlọ ya mgbe nna ya nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị mgbe ọchịchị 1809 gasịrị, nne na nne nne ha zụlitere ya na ụmụnne ya n'Obí Bruchsal dị na obodo Baden nke nne ya. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-arịa ọrịa rickets ma nọgide na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Amalia Charlotta i Wilhelmina Stålberg|title=Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor|year=1864}}</ref> N'afọ 1830, ọ kwagara Hacking, nke dị nso na Vienna, ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke, bụ́ Prince Gustav nke Sweden, biri; nwanne ya nwoke a zụtara ụlọ a na-akpọ Hackinger Schlösschen n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1832. Ọ malitere iji aha bụ́ "Amalia von Vasa" akpọ onwe ya, ma na-esokarị onye na-ejere ya ozi bụ́ Sophie von Scharnhorst na-akpakọrịta. O nwere mmasị n'egwu, ọ bụkwa enyi Jenny Lind.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[Ulf Sundberg]]|title=Kungliga släktband|year=2004|isbn=91-85057-48-7|publisher=Historiska Media}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 48, n'abalị iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1853, n'elekere iri na otu na ọkara nke abalị (11:30 p.m.) na Hacking Castle, n'ihi nkụchi obi." E buuru ozu ya gaa Oldenburg, lie ya n'ebe a na-eli ndị ezinụlọ ndị ọchịchị (ducal mausoleum) n'ebe ahụ. == Ndị nna nna ==    == Edensibịa == 2jgpazje7i2d8d3amgxv909hwjy3m48 2 77863 687581 2026-07-12T15:14:01Z Joyifeoma45 64095 Jiri '𝑴𝒚 𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒋𝒐𝒚 𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒊𝒎𝒐 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆.' kere ihü 687581 wikitext text/x-wiki 𝑴𝒚 𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒋𝒐𝒚 𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒊𝒎𝒐 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆. 0baovll9xwliy5dakves3anx60xctdu 2 77864 687582 2026-07-12T15:14:12Z Phil Unique Signature 64582 Jiri 'my name is Phillipa, a fashion designer with the brand name Phil Unique Signature.' kere ihü 687582 wikitext text/x-wiki my name is Phillipa, a fashion designer with the brand name Phil Unique Signature. 4my0i0vwonyw7lcfu6nlv7nq70v0u7s 2 77865 687583 2026-07-12T15:14:41Z Amarachukwu1 64583 Jiri 'my name is Amarachukwu, I'm an hair stylist' kere ihü 687583 wikitext text/x-wiki my name is Amarachukwu, I'm an hair stylist l53j6lsira9xemndqbdrqiubqnzu7ry 2 77866 687584 2026-07-12T15:14:46Z Onyefotoo 64585 Jiri 'I'm a freelance photographer.' kere ihü 687584 wikitext text/x-wiki I'm a freelance photographer. l2mv4w25fvdpe0dvu0lu04zylhgy665 2 77867 687585 2026-07-12T15:16:17Z Aniastar1 64581 Jiri 'my is name is Anthonia am fashion designer and a kedi healthcare consultant' kere ihü 687585 wikitext text/x-wiki my is name is Anthonia am fashion designer and a kedi healthcare consultant 9m4vfhirkchi0jkoua7krr3rpm5k0tk 0 77868 687592 2026-07-12T16:01:21Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358670682|Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1915–1980)]]" 687592 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <gallery class="centre" heights="160px" widths="160px"> Faịlụ:Wilhelm_and_Alexandrine.jpg|Princess Alexandrine nke Prussia na NBA yawith her father, nwa eze German echori echo bụ Prince Wilhelm Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-1014-505,_Potsdam,_Kronprinzessin_Cecilie_mit_ihren_Töchtern.jpg|Alexandrine bụ ya nọ n'ala mkpa ya na nne ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na 1934. Faịlụ:Friedrich_von_Preussen_(1911-1966)_-_Alexandrine_Irene_von_Preussen_(1915-1980).jpg|Ederede edere n'elu ili Alexandrine na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Frederick. </gallery>{{Reflist}}  '''Princess Alexandrine Irene nke Prussia''' (7 Eprel 1915 - 2 Ọktoba 1980) bụ nwa nwanyị nke okenye na nwa nke ise nke Wilhelm, bụ nwa eze German Crown, na Cecilie nke Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Nne na nna nna ya bụ Wilhelm nke Abụọ, Emperor German na nwunye ya Augusta Victoria nke Schleswig-Holstein, na Frederick Francis nke Atọ nke Mecklenburg-Schwerin na Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna nke Russia. Alexandrine bụ onye otu ụlọ nke Hohenzollern. Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke Queen Victoria. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Alexandrine na Kronprinzenpalais na Berlin. O yikarịrị ka e nyere ya aha nke abụọ nke Irene (Grik maka "udo") n'ihi ọmụmụ ya n'afọ nke abụọ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ. A na-akpọkwa ya "Adini".<ref name="Garland">{{Cite book|author=Garland-Thomson|first=Rosemarie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMksEQAAQBAJ&dq=Princess+Alexandrine+of+Prussia+1915%E2%80%931980+-wikipedia&pg=PA222|title=Freak Inheritance: Eugenics and Extraordinary Bodies in Performance|date=2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-769112-0|language=en}}</ref> Ọ sooro ụmụnne ndị okenye Wilhelm, Louis Ferdinand, Hubertus, na Frederick. A mụrụ naanị nwanne nwanyị Alexandrine, Cecilie, na 1917.  O doro anya n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe amuchara Alexandrine na ọ nwere ọrịa mmetụta ahụ ezuchaghị oke bụ Down syndrome. N'adịghị ka ụmụ eze ndị ọzọ nwere nkwarụ, e zochighị Alexandrine. Ọ pụtara na foto ezinụlọ na ihe omume. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=Gareth|title=The Emperors: How Europe's Rulers Were Destroyed by the First World War|date=August 6, 2014|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|pages=30}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nọọsụ ya, Selma Boese lekọtara ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preussen.de/de/geschichte/kronprinz_wilhelm/kinder/alexandrine.html|work=Preussen.de|title=Preussen.de - Alexandrine|accessdate=2017-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024094546/http://www.preussen.de/de/geschichte/kronprinz_wilhelm/kinder/alexandrine.html|archivedate=2008-10-24}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri na ụma, Alexandrine gara Trüpersche Sonderschule, ụlọ akwụkwọ amaara maka agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka nwere mkpa pụrụ iche. Alexandrine na nwanne ya nwanyị Cecilie mere emume nnata oriri nsọ ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1934. Ya na nne ya nọrọ afọ abụọ na Potsdam (1934-1935). N'afọ 1936, mgbe onye nlekọta ogologo oge ya bụ Selma Boese nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara n'obodo Bavaria nke Niederpöcking, ebe ọ nọrọ n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.<ref name="Garland">{{Cite book|author=Garland-Thomson|first=Rosemarie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMksEQAAQBAJ&dq=Princess+Alexandrine+of+Prussia+1915%E2%80%931980+-wikipedia&pg=PA222|title=Freak Inheritance: Eugenics and Extraordinary Bodies in Performance|date=2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-769112-0|language=en}}</ref> Alexandrine biri ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya na Bavaria, nke mbụ bụ na Pöcking ma mesịa bụrụ na nso Lake Starnberg, ebe ezinụlọ ya na-abịa eleta ya mgbe niile, ọkachasị nwanne ya nwoke Louis Ferdinand. Ọ bụ nọọsụ aha ya bụ Ericka Strecker lekọtara ya. N'afọ 1945, ọ kwagara n'otu obere ụlọ dị nso na Lake Starnberg. Strecker na ya Ka nọ mgbe nne ya gara leta ya n'afọ 1946. <ref name="Garland">{{Cite book|author=Garland-Thomson|first=Rosemarie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cMksEQAAQBAJ&dq=Princess+Alexandrine+of+Prussia+1915%E2%80%931980+-wikipedia&pg=PA222|title=Freak Inheritance: Eugenics and Extraordinary Bodies in Performance|date=2024|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-769112-0|language=en}}</ref> Alexandrine nwụrụ n'abalị abụọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1980. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Shaw|first=Christine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gs1PAQAAIAAJ&q=Alexandrine+of+Prussia+1915|title=Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage 2008|date=2007|publisher=Debrett's|isbn=978-1-870520-80-5|pages=114|language=en}}</ref> E liri ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Frederick na Hohenzollern Castle.<gallery class="centre" heights="160px" widths="160px"> Faịlụ:Wilhelm_and_Alexandrine.jpg|Princess Alexandrine nke Prussia na NBA yawith her father, nwa eze German echori echo bụ Prince Wilhelm Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2003-1014-505,_Potsdam,_Kronprinzessin_Cecilie_mit_ihren_Töchtern.jpg|Alexandrine bụ ya nọ n'ala mkpa ya na nne ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na 1934. Faịlụ:Friedrich_von_Preussen_(1911-1966)_-_Alexandrine_Irene_von_Preussen_(1915-1980).jpg|Ederede edere n'elu ili Alexandrine na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Frederick. </gallery> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{Prussian princesses by birth}}{{Authority control}} s7tlsmk4w2519ymqinimj8a0vvt227c 0 77869 687593 2026-07-12T16:13:12Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358672561|Princess Louise of Anhalt-Dessau (1798–1858)]]" 687593 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |Louise nke Anhalt-Dessau |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo" |[[File:Luise_Friederike_von_Anhalt-Dessau_(1798-1858).jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Foto nke [[Johann Heinrich Beck (painter)|Johann Heinrich Beck]] sere</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |[[List of Hessian royal consorts|Landgravine nke Hesse-Homburg]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Oge ọ nọrọ | class="infobox-data" |15 Disemba 1846 - 8 Septemba 1848 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1798-03-01</span>)</span> 1 Machị 1798<span class="birthplace">[[Dessau]], [[Anhalt]], [[Holy Roman Empire|Alaeze Ukwu Rom Dị Nsọ]]</span><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |11 June 1858 <span style="display:none">(1858-06-11)</span> (afọ 60) <span class="deathplace">[[Bad Homburg vor der Höhe|Bad Homburg]], [[Hesse-Homburg]]</span>&nbsp;<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Template:Marriage/styles.css" /><div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Gustav, Landgrave nke Hesse-Homburg</div> (nwụrụ n'afọ 1818; nwụrụ n'afọ 1848) &nbsp;&#x20;&nbsp;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x69;&#x62;&#x6F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x20;&#x1ECC;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;&#x20;&#x65;&#x7A;&#x69;&#x65;&#x20;&#x6E;&#x61;&#x20;&#x1ECD;&#x20;&#x62;&#x1EE5;</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe si na ya pụta | class="infobox-data" |Karoline, Princess Reuss nke Greiz ElisabethPrince Frederick<br /><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left" |Aha |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;" |German: ''Luise Friederike'' |} |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ | class="infobox-data" |Ascania |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nna | class="infobox-data" |Frederick, Onye Nchịkọta nke Anhalt-Dessau |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne | class="infobox-data" |Amalie nke Hesse-Homburg |} '''''Louise'' Fredericka nke Anhalt-Dessau''' ( German ) (1 Maachị 1798 – 11 Juun 1858) bụ onye otu Ụlọ Ascania na Ada Anhalt-Dessau site n'ọmụmụ ya. Site na alụmdi na nwunye ya na Gustav, Landgrave nke Hesse-Homburg, Louise ghọrọ [[wiktionary:consort|di]] Landgravine nke Hesse-Homburg site n'afọ 1846 ruo afọ 1848. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Princess Louise n'abalị mbụ nke ọnwa Machị afọ 1798 na Dessau dị ka nwa nke ise na nwa nwanyị nke abụọ nke Frederick, onye enweta ihe nleta nke nwa eze Anhalt-Dessau na nwunye ya Landgravine Amalie nke Hesse-Homburg, nwa nwanyị nke Frederick V, Landgrave nke Hesse. Princess Louise bụ onye ntị chiri site na ọmụmụ. Ruo afọ 1811, onye na-ede abụ bụ Friedrich von Matthisson (1761-1831) kụziiri ya na Wörlitz.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beethoven's Conversation Books|date=2019|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=9781783271511|editor=Albrecht|location=Woodbridge|pages=153}}</ref> == Alụmdi na nwunye na ọmụmụ == N'abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1818 na Dessau, Louise lụrụ nwanne nna ya, Gustav, Landgrave nke Hesse-Homburg. Gustav bụ nwanne nne Louise na nwa Frederick V, Landgrave nke Hesse-Homburg na nwunye ya Landgravine Caroline nke Hesse. Gustav na Louise mụtara ụmụ atọ: * Princess Caroline (1819-1872); lụrụ di n'afọ 1839 Henry XX, Prince Reuss nke Greiz (1794-1859) * Princess Elisabeth (1823-1864) * Prince Frederick (1830-1848) == Ọnwụ == Landgrave Gustav nwụrụ n'abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1848 na Bad Homburg. Princess Louise ji afọ itoolu die ọnwụ di ya ma nwụọ n'abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa June afọ 1858 na Bad Homburg. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{s-roy|de}} |- {{S-vac|last=[[Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg]]|years=15 December 1846 &ndash; 8 September 1848}} {{s-aft|after=none}} {{S-end}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 214fmr670rce27ez2h4mg2g1ztntn8j 0 77870 687594 2026-07-12T16:14:17Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358748849|Bagha Qaghan]]" 687594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Monarch | name = Bagha Khagan | image = Battle of Bahram Chubina with Saveh shah.jpg | caption = [[Shahnameh]] illustration of [[Bahram Chobin]] and Saveh (allegedly, Bagha) fighting | succession = [[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates|Qaghan]] of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] | reign = 587–588 | coronation = | predecessor = [[Ishbara Qaghan]] | successor = [[Tulan Qaghan]] | birth_name = Ashina Chuluohuo (阿史那處羅侯) | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 588 | spouse = [[Princess Qianjin]] | issue = | father = [[Issik Qaghan]] | mother = | religion = [[Tengrism]] | full_name = | royal_house = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] }} '''Bagha Qaghan''' (Chinese: 莫何可汗; pinyin: Mòhé Kèhán) bụ onye nke asaa n'ọkwa Khagan (587–588) nke Alaeze Ukwu Turkic nke Mbụ.<ref> {{Cite book|first=Susan Wise|author=Bauer|title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|pages=238}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na mmejọ na Šāwa, Sāva, ma ọ bụ Sāba n'akwụkwọ ndị sitere na Persia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Bagha Qaghan bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Issik Qaghan ma eleghị anya amụrụ ya n'agbata 540 na 550. E dekọrọ aha onwe ya dị ka '''Ashina Chuluohou''' (阿史那处罗侯) na isi mmalite ndị China, nke nwere ike ịbụ nsụgharị nke aha Turkic ''Čoluq'' (onye nwere nkwarụ ma ọ bụ onye nkwarụ). <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGolden2016">Golden, Peter (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3 ""The Great King of the Türks""]</span>. ''Turkic Languages'' (in German). '''20''' (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>59. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.13173/TL/2016/1/26|10.13173/TL/2016/1/26]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya bụ Ishbara Qaghan họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Töli shad n'afọ 581, si otú a nye ya ọrụ ịchị akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke alaeze ukwu ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ n'oge a ka a malitekwara ịkpọ ya Yabghu Khagan.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|date=2016|title=Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492|journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters|language=tr|volume=33|issue=1|pages=59}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Ada Qianjin n'alụmdi na nwunye na-anaghị amị amị. N'oge a, Eze Ukwu Wen nke Sui jiri Zhangsun Sheng (長孫晟), onye enyi Ada Qianjin, kpata esemokwu n'etiti ndị Göktürk. Dịka akụkọ ya si kwuo, Chuluohou bụ onye aghụghọ, mana ike adịghị ya ike. O nwetara obi ndị mmadụ, nke mere ka Ishbara nwee anyaụfụ na mwute, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị elu ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụghị ihe dị iche. N'eziokwu, Ishbara nwere nnukwu enyo na egwu. === Ọchịchị === Ishbara họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nketa tupu 587 n'iwu ya. Mgbe Ishbara nwụrụ, Ashina Yongyulü zigara onye ozi na nwanne nna ya, iji mezuo ọchịchọ ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze. Otú ọ dị, Chuluohou kwuru na n'ọgbọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị Göktürks agbasoghị na ndị nọchiri ya, ọ gaghịkwa abụ n'ụzọ omenala ka ọ were ocheeze mgbe nwa Ishbara ka dị ndụ. Ọ rịọrọ Yongyulü ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze kama ma kwupụta nkwado ya nye ya. Otú ọ dị, Yongyulü anabataghị arịrịọ ahụ ma sie ọnwụ na ọ ga-emezu uche nna ya. Bagha Qaghan mere nwa nwanne ya nwoke ''yabgu'' mgbe e chiri ya eze. Bagha gara n'ihu na iwu njikọ aka nke onye bu ya ụzọ na usoro ndị eze Sui ma lekwasị anya n'iwepụ ndị na-asọmpi. Ọ gara n'ihu kpochapụ Apa Qaghan onye n'oge ahụ wusiri onwe ya ike na nso Bukhara ma jide ya na ndụ. A rịọrọ ikike n'aka eze ukwu Sui ka o gbuo ndị Apa e jidere, mana Zhangsun Sheng megidere echiche ahụ, na-agba eze ukwu ume ka ọ dị ndụ iji mee ka ndị Göktürks nọgide na-achịkwa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|date=2016|title=Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492|journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters|language=tr|volume=33|issue=1|pages=59}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFErkoç2016">Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2016). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492 "Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu"] &#x5B;Foundation of the Western Türk Qaġanate&#x5D;. ''Journal of Faculty of Letters'' (in Turkish). '''33''' (1). [[Hacettepe University]]: 59.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)]]</ref> === Ọnwụ === N'ihe odide ụfọdụ nke Turkey, Baga Khagan, haziri njem gaa na Western Gokturk State iji merie Tardu ma weghachite ịdị n'otu nke steeti ahụ, ma nwee ike ịbụ na ndị agha Tardu meriri ya ma gbuo ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taşağıl|first=Ahmet|title=Gök-Türkler I-II-III|publisher=[[Turkish Historical Society]]|year=2012|edition=1st|pages=48–49|language=tr}}</ref> Dị ka Josef Markwart na Denis Sinor si kwuo, ọ nwere ike ịbụ 'nnukwu kaghan' nke onye ọchịagha Ndị Peshia bụ Bahrām Chobin ji akụ gbuo n'oge Agha Perso-Turkic Mbụ nke mere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 589 (ụbọchị Gumilev). Peter Golden lere nke a anya dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-atụle ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ n'afọ gara aga n'agha ya na Tardu na 588 AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGolden2016">Golden, Peter (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3 ""The Great King of the Türks""]</span>. ''Turkic Languages'' (in German). '''20''' (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>59. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.13173/TL/2016/1/26|10.13173/TL/2016/1/26]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Zhu Zhenhong gosipụtara nwa ya nwoke site na stele nke Shi Danai dị ka Ashina Tong (阿史那統) onye jere ozi dị ka ''Shiduo Gongmi Shad'' ma nwee utu aha nke Grand Master of the Palace (光ń大夫). Site na Tong, Bagha Qaghan bụ nna nna nke ọchịagha nke usoro ndị eze Tang Shi Danai.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Zhu|first=Zhenhong|date=2015|title=史大奈生平事蹟研究|url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/handle/20.500.12235/78839|journal=Journal of History of Taiwan Normal University|language=zh|volume=無|issue=54|pages=1–44|doi=10.6243/BHR.2015.054.001}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] rglytpi0acfg15ox7gsrnc23v78ymh7 687595 687594 2026-07-12T16:25:56Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 687595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Monarch | name = Bagha Khagan | image = Battle of Bahram Chubina with Saveh shah.jpg | caption = [[Shahnameh]] illustration of [[Bahram Chobin]] and Saveh (allegedly, Bagha) fighting | succession = [[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates|Qaghan]] of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] | reign = 587–588 | coronation = | predecessor = [[Ishbara Qaghan]] | successor = [[Tulan Qaghan]] | birth_name = Ashina Chuluohuo (阿史那處羅侯) | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 588 | spouse = [[Princess Qianjin]] | issue = | father = [[Issik Qaghan]] | mother = | religion = [[Tengrism]] | full_name = | royal_house = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] }} '''Bagha Qaghan''' (Chinese: 莫何可汗; pinyin: Mòhé Kèhán) bụ onye nke asaa n'ọkwa Khagan (587–588) nke Alaeze Ukwu Turkic nke Mbụ.<ref> {{Cite book|first=Susan Wise|author=Bauer|title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|pages=238}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na mmejọ na Šāwa, Sāva, ma ọ bụ Sāba n'akwụkwọ ndị sitere na Persia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Bagha Qaghan bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Issik Qaghan ma eleghị anya amụrụ ya n'agbata 540 na 550. E dekọrọ aha onwe ya dị ka '''Ashina Chuluohou''' (阿史那处罗侯) na isi mmalite ndị China, nke nwere ike ịbụ nsụgharị nke aha Turkic ''Čoluq'' (onye nwere nkwarụ ma ọ bụ onye nkwarụ). Nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya bụ Ishbara Qaghan họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Töli shad n'afọ 581, si otú a nye ya ọrụ ịchị akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke alaeze ukwu ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ n'oge a ka a malitekwara ịkpọ ya Yabghu Khagan.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|date=2016|title=Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492|journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters|language=tr|volume=33|issue=1|pages=59}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Ada Qianjin n'alụmdi na nwunye na-anaghị amị amị. N'oge a, Eze Ukwu Wen nke Sui jiri Zhangsun Sheng (長孫晟), onye enyi Ada Qianjin, kpata esemokwu n'etiti ndị Göktürk. Dịka akụkọ ya si kwuo, Chuluohou bụ onye aghụghọ, mana ike adịghị ya ike. O nwetara obi ndị mmadụ, nke mere ka Ishbara nwee anyaụfụ na mwute, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị elu ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụghị ihe dị iche. N'eziokwu, Ishbara nwere nnukwu enyo na egwu. === Ọchịchị === Ishbara họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nketa tupu 587 n'iwu ya. Mgbe Ishbara nwụrụ, Ashina Yongyulü zigara onye ozi na nwanne nna ya, iji mezuo ọchịchọ ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze. Otú ọ dị, Chuluohou kwuru na n'ọgbọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị Göktürks agbasoghị na ndị nọchiri ya, ọ gaghịkwa abụ n'ụzọ omenala ka ọ were ocheeze mgbe nwa Ishbara ka dị ndụ. Ọ rịọrọ Yongyulü ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze kama ma kwupụta nkwado ya nye ya. Otú ọ dị, Yongyulü anabataghị arịrịọ ahụ ma sie ọnwụ na ọ ga-emezu uche nna ya. Bagha Qaghan mere nwa nwanne ya nwoke ''yabgu'' mgbe e chiri ya eze. Bagha gara n'ihu na iwu njikọ aka nke onye bu ya ụzọ na usoro ndị eze Sui ma lekwasị anya n'iwepụ ndị na-asọmpi. Ọ gara n'ihu kpochapụ Apa Qaghan onye n'oge ahụ wusiri onwe ya ike na nso Bukhara ma jide ya na ndụ. A rịọrọ ikike n'aka eze ukwu Sui ka o gbuo ndị Apa e jidere, mana Zhangsun Sheng megidere echiche ahụ, na-agba eze ukwu ume ka ọ dị ndụ iji mee ka ndị Göktürks nọgide na-achịkwa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|date=2016|title=Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492|journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters|language=tr|volume=33|issue=1|pages=59}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFErkoç2016">Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2016). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492 "Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu"] &#x5B;Foundation of the Western Türk Qaġanate&#x5D;. ''Journal of Faculty of Letters'' (in Turkish). '''33''' (1). [[Hacettepe University]]: 59.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)]]</ref> === Ọnwụ === N'ihe odide ụfọdụ nke Turkey, Baga Khagan, haziri njem gaa na Western Gokturk State iji merie Tardu ma weghachite ịdị n'otu nke steeti ahụ, ma nwee ike ịbụ na ndị agha Tardu meriri ya ma gbuo ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taşağıl|first=Ahmet|title=Gök-Türkler I-II-III|publisher=[[Turkish Historical Society]]|year=2012|edition=1st|pages=48–49|language=tr}}</ref> Dị ka Josef Markwart na Denis Sinor si kwuo, ọ nwere ike ịbụ 'nnukwu kaghan' nke onye ọchịagha Ndị Peshia bụ Bahrām Chobin ji akụ gbuo n'oge Agha Perso-Turkic Mbụ nke mere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 589 (ụbọchị Gumilev). Peter Golden lere nke a anya dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-atụle ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ n'afọ gara aga n'agha ya na Tardu na 588 AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGolden2016">Golden, Peter (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3 ""The Great King of the Türks""]</span>. ''Turkic Languages'' (in German). '''20''' (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>59. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.13173/TL/2016/1/26|10.13173/TL/2016/1/26]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Zhu Zhenhong gosipụtara nwa ya nwoke site na stele nke Shi Danai dị ka Ashina Tong (阿史那統) onye jere ozi dị ka ''Shiduo Gongmi Shad'' ma nwee utu aha nke Grand Master of the Palace (光ń大夫). Site na Tong, Bagha Qaghan bụ nna nna nke ọchịagha nke usoro ndị eze Tang Shi Danai.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Zhu|first=Zhenhong|date=2015|title=史大奈生平事蹟研究|url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/handle/20.500.12235/78839|journal=Journal of History of Taiwan Normal University|language=zh|volume=無|issue=54|pages=1–44|doi=10.6243/BHR.2015.054.001}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 83r01lnfmk8ffzhvyk0dhibvmqnn0cn 687596 687595 2026-07-12T16:28:24Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 687596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Monarch | name = Bagha Khagan | image = Battle of Bahram Chubina with Saveh shah.jpg | caption = [[Shahnameh]] illustration of [[Bahram Chobin]] and Saveh (allegedly, Bagha) fighting | succession = [[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates|Qaghan]] of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] | reign = 587–588 | coronation = | predecessor = [[Ishbara Qaghan]] | successor = [[Tulan Qaghan]] | birth_name = Ashina Chuluohuo (阿史那處羅侯) | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 588 | spouse = [[Princess Qianjin]] | issue = | father = [[Issik Qaghan]] | mother = | religion = [[Tengrism]] | full_name = | royal_house = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] }} '''Bagha Qaghan''' (Chinese: 莫何可汗; pinyin: Mòhé Kèhán) bụ onye nke asaa n'ọkwa Khagan (587–588) nke Alaeze Ukwu Turkic nke Mbụ.<ref> {{Cite book|first=Susan Wise|author=Bauer|title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|pages=238}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na mmejọ na Šāwa, Sāva, ma ọ bụ Sāba n'akwụkwọ ndị sitere na Persia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Bagha Qaghan bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Issik Qaghan ma eleghị anya amụrụ ya n'agbata 540 na 550. E dekọrọ aha onwe ya dị ka '''Ashina Chuluohou''' (阿史那处罗侯) na isi mmalite ndị China, nke nwere ike ịbụ nsụgharị nke aha Turkic ''Čoluq'' (onye nwere nkwarụ ma ọ bụ onye nkwarụ). Nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya bụ Ishbara Qaghan họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Töli shad n'afọ 581, si otú a nye ya ọrụ ịchị akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke alaeze ukwu ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ n'oge a ka a malitekwara ịkpọ ya Yabghu Khagan.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|date=2016|title=Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492|journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters|language=tr|volume=33|issue=1|pages=59}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Ada Qianjin n'alụmdi na nwunye na-anaghị amị amị. N'oge a, Eze Ukwu Wen nke Sui jiri Zhangsun Sheng (長孫晟), onye enyi Ada Qianjin, kpata esemokwu n'etiti ndị Göktürk. Dịka akụkọ ya si kwuo, Chuluohou bụ onye aghụghọ, mana ike adịghị ya ike. O nwetara obi ndị mmadụ, nke mere ka Ishbara nwee anyaụfụ na mwute, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị elu ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụghị ihe dị iche. N'eziokwu, Ishbara nwere nnukwu enyo na egwu. === Ọchịchị === Ishbara họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nketa tupu 587 n'iwu ya. Mgbe Ishbara nwụrụ, Ashina Yongyulü zigara onye ozi na nwanne nna ya, iji mezuo ọchịchọ ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze. Otú ọ dị, Chuluohou kwuru na n'ọgbọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị Göktürks agbasoghị na ndị nọchiri ya, ọ gaghịkwa abụ n'ụzọ omenala ka ọ were ocheeze mgbe nwa Ishbara ka dị ndụ. Ọ rịọrọ Yongyulü ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze kama ma kwupụta nkwado ya nye ya. Otú ọ dị, Yongyulü anabataghị arịrịọ ahụ ma sie ọnwụ na ọ ga-emezu uche nna ya. Bagha Qaghan mere nwa nwanne ya nwoke ''yabgu'' mgbe e chiri ya eze. Bagha gara n'ihu na iwu njikọ aka nke onye bu ya ụzọ na usoro ndị eze Sui ma lekwasị anya n'iwepụ ndị na-asọmpi. Ọ gara n'ihu kpochapụ Apa Qaghan onye n'oge ahụ wusiri onwe ya ike na nso Bukhara ma jide ya na ndụ. A rịọrọ ikike n'aka eze ukwu Sui ka o gbuo ndị Apa e jidere, mana Zhangsun Sheng megidere echiche ahụ, na-agba eze ukwu ume ka ọ dị ndụ iji mee ka ndị Göktürks nọgide na-achịkwa. === Ọnwụ === N'ihe odide ụfọdụ nke Turkey, Baga Khagan, haziri njem gaa na Western Gokturk State iji merie Tardu ma weghachite ịdị n'otu nke steeti ahụ, ma nwee ike ịbụ na ndị agha Tardu meriri ya ma gbuo ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taşağıl|first=Ahmet|title=Gök-Türkler I-II-III|publisher=[[Turkish Historical Society]]|year=2012|edition=1st|pages=48–49|language=tr}}</ref> Dị ka Josef Markwart na Denis Sinor si kwuo, ọ nwere ike ịbụ 'nnukwu kaghan' nke onye ọchịagha Ndị Peshia bụ Bahrām Chobin ji akụ gbuo n'oge Agha Perso-Turkic Mbụ nke mere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 589 (ụbọchị Gumilev). Peter Golden lere nke a anya dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-atụle ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ n'afọ gara aga n'agha ya na Tardu na 588 AD.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGolden2016">Golden, Peter (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3 ""The Great King of the Türks""]</span>. ''Turkic Languages'' (in German). '''20''' (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>59. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.13173/TL/2016/1/26|10.13173/TL/2016/1/26]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Zhu Zhenhong gosipụtara nwa ya nwoke site na stele nke Shi Danai dị ka Ashina Tong (阿史那統) onye jere ozi dị ka ''Shiduo Gongmi Shad'' ma nwee utu aha nke Grand Master of the Palace (光ń大夫). Site na Tong, Bagha Qaghan bụ nna nna nke ọchịagha nke usoro ndị eze Tang Shi Danai.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Zhu|first=Zhenhong|date=2015|title=史大奈生平事蹟研究|url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/handle/20.500.12235/78839|journal=Journal of History of Taiwan Normal University|language=zh|volume=無|issue=54|pages=1–44|doi=10.6243/BHR.2015.054.001}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] kwlsaxy6npzol31v55rck5m8mnypnsf 687597 687596 2026-07-12T16:29:07Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 687597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Monarch | name = Bagha Khagan | image = Battle of Bahram Chubina with Saveh shah.jpg | caption = [[Shahnameh]] illustration of [[Bahram Chobin]] and Saveh (allegedly, Bagha) fighting | succession = [[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates|Qaghan]] of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] | reign = 587–588 | coronation = | predecessor = [[Ishbara Qaghan]] | successor = [[Tulan Qaghan]] | birth_name = Ashina Chuluohuo (阿史那處羅侯) | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = 588 | spouse = [[Princess Qianjin]] | issue = | father = [[Issik Qaghan]] | mother = | religion = [[Tengrism]] | full_name = | royal_house = [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] }} '''Bagha Qaghan''' (Chinese: 莫何可汗; pinyin: Mòhé Kèhán) bụ onye nke asaa n'ọkwa Khagan (587–588) nke Alaeze Ukwu Turkic nke Mbụ.<ref> {{Cite book|first=Susan Wise|author=Bauer|title=The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|pages=238}}</ref> A na-ejikọta ya na mmejọ na Šāwa, Sāva, ma ọ bụ Sāba n'akwụkwọ ndị sitere na Persia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Golden|first=Peter|date=2016|title="The Great King of the Türks"|url=https://tl.harrassowitz-library.com/article/TL/2016/1/3|journal=Turkic Languages|language=de|volume=20|issue=1|pages=26–59|doi=10.13173/TL/2016/1/26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === Bagha Qaghan bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Issik Qaghan ma eleghị anya amụrụ ya n'agbata 540 na 550. E dekọrọ aha onwe ya dị ka '''Ashina Chuluohou''' (阿史那处罗侯) na isi mmalite ndị China, nke nwere ike ịbụ nsụgharị nke aha Turkic ''Čoluq'' (onye nwere nkwarụ ma ọ bụ onye nkwarụ). Nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ ya bụ Ishbara Qaghan họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Töli shad n'afọ 581, si otú a nye ya ọrụ ịchị akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke alaeze ukwu ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ n'oge a ka a malitekwara ịkpọ ya Yabghu Khagan.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Erkoç|first=Hayrettin İhsan|date=2016|title=Batı Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Kuruluşu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309859492|journal=Journal of Faculty of Letters|language=tr|volume=33|issue=1|pages=59}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Ada Qianjin n'alụmdi na nwunye na-anaghị amị amị. N'oge a, Eze Ukwu Wen nke Sui jiri Zhangsun Sheng (長孫晟), onye enyi Ada Qianjin, kpata esemokwu n'etiti ndị Göktürk. Dịka akụkọ ya si kwuo, Chuluohou bụ onye aghụghọ, mana ike adịghị ya ike. O nwetara obi ndị mmadụ, nke mere ka Ishbara nwee anyaụfụ na mwute, n'agbanyeghị ọdịdị elu ahụ na-egosi na ọ bụghị ihe dị iche. N'eziokwu, Ishbara nwere nnukwu enyo na egwu. === Ọchịchị === Ishbara họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nketa tupu 587 n'iwu ya. Mgbe Ishbara nwụrụ, Ashina Yongyulü zigara onye ozi na nwanne nna ya, iji mezuo ọchịchọ ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze. Otú ọ dị, Chuluohou kwuru na n'ọgbọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị Göktürks agbasoghị na ndị nọchiri ya, ọ gaghịkwa abụ n'ụzọ omenala ka ọ were ocheeze mgbe nwa Ishbara ka dị ndụ. Ọ rịọrọ Yongyulü ka ọ rịgoro n'ocheeze kama ma kwupụta nkwado ya nye ya. Otú ọ dị, Yongyulü anabataghị arịrịọ ahụ ma sie ọnwụ na ọ ga-emezu uche nna ya. Bagha Qaghan mere nwa nwanne ya nwoke ''yabgu'' mgbe e chiri ya eze. Bagha gara n'ihu na iwu njikọ aka nke onye bu ya ụzọ na usoro ndị eze Sui ma lekwasị anya n'iwepụ ndị na-asọmpi. Ọ gara n'ihu kpochapụ Apa Qaghan onye n'oge ahụ wusiri onwe ya ike na nso Bukhara ma jide ya na ndụ. A rịọrọ ikike n'aka eze ukwu Sui ka o gbuo ndị Apa e jidere, mana Zhangsun Sheng megidere echiche ahụ, na-agba eze ukwu ume ka ọ dị ndụ iji mee ka ndị Göktürks nọgide na-achịkwa. === Ọnwụ === N'ihe odide ụfọdụ nke Turkey, Baga Khagan, haziri njem gaa na Western Gokturk State iji merie Tardu ma weghachite ịdị n'otu nke steeti ahụ, ma nwee ike ịbụ na ndị agha Tardu meriri ya ma gbuo ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taşağıl|first=Ahmet|title=Gök-Türkler I-II-III|publisher=[[Turkish Historical Society]]|year=2012|edition=1st|pages=48–49|language=tr}}</ref> Dị ka Josef Markwart na Denis Sinor si kwuo, ọ nwere ike ịbụ 'nnukwu kaghan' nke onye ọchịagha Ndị Peshia bụ Bahrām Chobin ji akụ gbuo n'oge Agha Perso-Turkic Mbụ nke mere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 589 (ụbọchị Gumilev). Peter Golden lere nke a anya dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-atụle ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ n'afọ gara aga n'agha ya na Tardu na 588 AD. == Ezinụlọ == Zhu Zhenhong gosipụtara nwa ya nwoke site na stele nke Shi Danai dị ka Ashina Tong (阿史那統) onye jere ozi dị ka ''Shiduo Gongmi Shad'' ma nwee utu aha nke Grand Master of the Palace (光ń大夫). Site na Tong, Bagha Qaghan bụ nna nna nke ọchịagha nke usoro ndị eze Tang Shi Danai.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Zhu|first=Zhenhong|date=2015|title=史大奈生平事蹟研究|url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/handle/20.500.12235/78839|journal=Journal of History of Taiwan Normal University|language=zh|volume=無|issue=54|pages=1–44|doi=10.6243/BHR.2015.054.001}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 0q4dz74f58cnhv8bni4yaahfwrq4gtg 0 77871 687598 2026-07-12T16:35:00Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358673341|Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau]]" 687598 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}{{Princesses of Anhalt-Dessau by birth}}'''Princess Maria Anna nke Anhalt-Dessau''' (14 Septemba 1837, Dessau - 12 Mee 1906, Friedrichroda) bụ Adaeze sitere n'Ụlọ Ascania. Ọ bụ nwa nke atọ nke Leopold nke Anọ, Duke nke Anhalt na Princess Frederica nke Prussia. == Ezinụlọ == Nnenne na nna nna nna Maria Anna bụ Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau na Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Homburg. Nne nne nne ya bụ Prince Louis Charles nke Prussia (nwanne Eze Frederick William nke Atọ nke Prussia) na Frederica nke Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Maria Anna bụ nwanne nwanyị obere nke Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt na Agnes, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg. == Alụmdi na nwunye hana ọmụmụ == N'abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1854, ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne ya nke abụọ bụ Prince Frederick Charles nke Prussia. Ọ bụ nwa nwa Frederick William nke Atọ nke Prussia site na nna ya Prince Charles nke Prussia. Ha mụtara ụmụ ise: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="18%" |Aha ya ! width="14%" |Ọmụmụ ! width="14%" |Ọnwụ ! width="62%" |Ihe edeturu |- |Princess <nowiki><i id="mwKA">Meri</i></nowiki> Elisabeth Luise Friederike nke Prussia |1855 |1888 |lụrụ di ugboro abụọ (1) Prince Henry nke Netherlands; (2) Prince Albert nke Saxe-Altenburg |- |Princess Elisabeth Anna nke Prussia |1857 |1895 |lụrụ Frederick Augustus nke Abụọ, Grand Duke nke OldenburgFrederick Augustus nke Abụọ, Eze Ukwu nke Oldenburg |- |Princess Anna Victoria Charlotte Augusta Adelheid nke Prussia |1858 |1858 | |- |Princess <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Luise Margarete</i></nowiki> Alexandra Victoria Agnes nke Prussia |1860 |1917 |lụrụ Prince Arthur, Duke nke Connaught na Strathearn |- |Prince Joachim Carl Wilhelm <nowiki><i id="mwRQ">Friedrich Leopold</i></nowiki> nke Prussia |1865 |1931 |lụrụ Princess Louise Sophie nke Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg |- |} Ha enweghị obi ụtọ na Alụmdi na nwunye ha . Mgbe amuchara nwa ha nwanyị nke anọ, Prince Frederick Charles kwuru na ọ kụrụ nwunye ya ihe maka na ọ mụtaghị nwa nwoke. Dị ka otu akwụkwọ si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị site na arịrịọ nke Emperor Wilhelm mere na ha ekewaghị. Ndị Enyi oge ya weere Maria Anna dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma n'ọgbọ ya. O nwere nkà dị ịrịba ama maka egwu na eserese, ma na-adụkarị ụmụ agbọghọ ọdụ mgbe ha banyere na ọha mmadụ. Maria Anna fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ntị chiri kpamkpam, nke dị ka enyi ya bụ Princess Catherine Radziwill si kwuo, "mere ka ọ gosipụta nleda anya na ihere dị egwu mgbe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ onwe ya na mkpakọrịta". Radziwill gara n'ihu na-ekwu na "mgbe [Maria Anna] nọ naanị gị na ya, mgbe mkpọtụ nke ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbara ya gburugburu anaghị enye ya nsogbu, ọ na-aghọ ihe mara mma, ma bụrụkwa onye nwere ọgụgụ isi n'ezie".<ref name="R103" /> == Ndụ ya gara aga == Di ya bụ Prince Frederick Charles nwụrụ na abalị iri na ise nke ọnwa June afọ 1885. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Maria Anna hapụrụ Berlin gaa Ịtali, nọrọ na Naples, Rome, na Florence karịa. N'oge na-adịghị anya, asịrị pụtara na Maria Anna lụrụ Capt. von Wagenheim, otu n'ime ndị ọlụlụ ya. N'afọ 1889, naanị nwa ha nwoke bụ Nwa eze nke nwoke bụ Frederick lụrụ Princess Louise Sophie nke Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, nwanne nwanyị nke Empress Augusta Viktoria. Maria Anna nwụrụ na abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Mee 1906 na Friedrichroda. == Ndị nna nna == {{Prussian princesses by marriage}}{{Authority control}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|first=Catherine|author=Radziwill|title=Memories of Forty Years|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesoffortyy00radz|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company|location=London|year=1915}} {{Princesses of Anhalt-Dessau by birth}}{{Prussian princesses by marriage}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 5autg49wtz9cyidteocs8p21tteqjmf 687599 687598 2026-07-12T16:35:49Z Akwugo 11031 687599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Princess Maria Anna nke Anhalt-Dessau''' (14 Septemba 1837, Dessau - 12 Mee 1906, Friedrichroda) bụ Adaeze sitere n'Ụlọ Ascania. Ọ bụ nwa nke atọ nke Leopold nke Anọ, Duke nke Anhalt na Princess Frederica nke Prussia. == Ezinụlọ == Nnenne na nna nna nna Maria Anna bụ Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Anhalt-Dessau na Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Homburg. Nne nne nne ya bụ Prince Louis Charles nke Prussia (nwanne Eze Frederick William nke Atọ nke Prussia) na Frederica nke Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Maria Anna bụ nwanne nwanyị obere nke Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt na Agnes, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg. == Alụmdi na nwunye hana ọmụmụ == N'abalị iri abụọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1854, ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne ya nke abụọ bụ Prince Frederick Charles nke Prussia. Ọ bụ nwa nwa Frederick William nke Atọ nke Prussia site na nna ya Prince Charles nke Prussia. Ha mụtara ụmụ ise: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! width="18%" |Aha ya ! width="14%" |Ọmụmụ ! width="14%" |Ọnwụ ! width="62%" |Ihe edeturu |- |Princess <nowiki><i id="mwKA">Meri</i></nowiki> Elisabeth Luise Friederike nke Prussia |1855 |1888 |lụrụ di ugboro abụọ (1) Prince Henry nke Netherlands; (2) Prince Albert nke Saxe-Altenburg |- |Princess Elisabeth Anna nke Prussia |1857 |1895 |lụrụ Frederick Augustus nke Abụọ, Grand Duke nke OldenburgFrederick Augustus nke Abụọ, Eze Ukwu nke Oldenburg |- |Princess Anna Victoria Charlotte Augusta Adelheid nke Prussia |1858 |1858 | |- |Princess <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Luise Margarete</i></nowiki> Alexandra Victoria Agnes nke Prussia |1860 |1917 |lụrụ Prince Arthur, Duke nke Connaught na Strathearn |- |Prince Joachim Carl Wilhelm <nowiki><i id="mwRQ">Friedrich Leopold</i></nowiki> nke Prussia |1865 |1931 |lụrụ Princess Louise Sophie nke Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg |- |} Ha enweghị obi ụtọ na Alụmdi na nwunye ha . Mgbe amuchara nwa ha nwanyị nke anọ, Prince Frederick Charles kwuru na ọ kụrụ nwunye ya ihe maka na ọ mụtaghị nwa nwoke. Dị ka otu akwụkwọ si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị site na arịrịọ nke Emperor Wilhelm mere na ha ekewaghị. Ndị Enyi oge ya weere Maria Anna dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma n'ọgbọ ya. O nwere nkà dị ịrịba ama maka egwu na eserese, ma na-adụkarị ụmụ agbọghọ ọdụ mgbe ha banyere na ọha mmadụ. Maria Anna fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ntị chiri kpamkpam, nke dị ka enyi ya bụ Princess Catherine Radziwill si kwuo, "mere ka ọ gosipụta nleda anya na ihere dị egwu mgbe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ onwe ya na mkpakọrịta". Radziwill gara n'ihu na-ekwu na "mgbe [Maria Anna] nọ naanị gị na ya, mgbe mkpọtụ nke ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka gbara ya gburugburu anaghị enye ya nsogbu, ọ na-aghọ ihe mara mma, ma bụrụkwa onye nwere ọgụgụ isi n'ezie".<ref name="R103" /> == Ndụ ya gara aga == Di ya bụ Prince Frederick Charles nwụrụ na abalị iri na ise nke ọnwa June afọ 1885. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Maria Anna hapụrụ Berlin gaa Ịtali, nọrọ na Naples, Rome, na Florence karịa. N'oge na-adịghị anya, asịrị pụtara na Maria Anna lụrụ Capt. von Wagenheim, otu n'ime ndị ọlụlụ ya. N'afọ 1889, naanị nwa ha nwoke bụ Nwa eze nke nwoke bụ Frederick lụrụ Princess Louise Sophie nke Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, nwanne nwanyị nke Empress Augusta Viktoria. Maria Anna nwụrụ na abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa Mee 1906 na Friedrichroda. == Ndị nna nna == {{Prussian princesses by marriage}}{{Authority control}} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|first=Catherine|author=Radziwill|title=Memories of Forty Years|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesoffortyy00radz|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company|location=London|year=1915}} {{Princesses of Anhalt-Dessau by birth}}{{Prussian princesses by marriage}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 8cumkh80ywybb5zdidvvad7f6pf356r 0 77872 687602 2026-07-12T16:50:55Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358673827|Princess Maria Karoline of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]" 687602 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Princess Maria Karoline nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha''' ( asụsụ German ; German: Maria Karoline Philomena Ignatia Pauline Josepha Michaela Gabriela Raphaela Gonzaga Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha;10 Jenụwarị 1899 – 6 Juun 1941) bụ adaeze nwanyị German si na ngalaba Brazil nke Ụlọ Saxe-Coburg na Gotha-Koháry . E gburu ya n'ebe a na-egbu ndị mmadụ na Hartheim dịka akụkụ nke mmemme Nazi ''Aktion T4'' . == Mmalite ndụ ya na ezinụlọ == [[Faịlụ:Dom_Augusto_Leopoldo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Princess Maria Karoline nọ n'aka nne ya ya na Nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ na nwanne nwanyị ya bụ Prince August (aka ekpa) na Princess Klementine (right), c. 1900]] A mụrụ Princess Maria Karoline na abalị iri nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1899 na Pula, Austria-Hungary ([[Kroatia|Croatia]] nke oge a), ebe ezumike a ma ama maka ezinụlọ eze Austro-Hungarian. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke abụọ nke Prince August Leopold nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha na Archduchess Karoline Marie nke Austria. Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke Emperor Pedro nke Abụọ nke Brazil na nwa nwanne nne nke anọ nke Eze George nke Isii nke United Kingdom. Ezinụlọ ya guzobere ihe a maara dị ka usoro Brazil nke Ụlọ Saxe-Coburg na Gotha-Koháry . Mgbe ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungarian na German, ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ike ijigide ụfọdụ akụ na ụba ha n'ihi ala Koháry. Ha bitere aka na Hungary na Schladming, Austria. == Hartheim == Maria Karoline nwere nsogbu mmụta. N'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ya tinyere ya n'ụlọ okpukpe. N'afọ 1941, ndị Nazi ji ike wepụ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma kpọga ya n'ebe a na-egbu mmadụ na Hartheim Castle ebe e gburu ya dị ka usoro nke mmemme Aktion T4. A jụrụ ajụjụ banyere ma ndị ikwu ya, gụnyere nwanne ya nwoke Prince Rainer nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha na onyeisi ezinụlọ, Charles Edward, Duke nke Saxe -Coburg and Gotha, ha mere ihe ọ bụla iji chebe ya. Charles Edward etinyeghị aka n'ihi na "ọ naghị echegbu onwe ya na ihe ọ bụla ga-eme ya". Ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi ọmịiko na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ ọnwụ chi ya, nke ọ na-ekwenyeghị. N'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka nwoke na-adịghị ahapụ ihe omume ezinụlọ, ọ gaghị Mmemme olili ozu ya . E weghachiri ntụ ozi ya n'ezinụlọ ya ma lie ya na crypt nke St Augustine's Church na Coburg.<ref name="Sandner">{{Cite book|author=Sandner|first=Harald|title=Das Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001. Eine Dokumentation zum 175-jährigen Jubiläum des Stammhauses in Wort und Bild|publisher=Verlagsanstalt Neue Presse|location=Coburg|year=2001|isbn=3-00-008525-4|pages=317–320}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * Alan R. Rushton Charles Edward nke Saxe-Coburg: The German Red Cross and the Plan to Kill "Unfit" Citizens 1933-1945, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018, 225 p. (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-5275-1340-2</nowiki>). * Olivier Defrance na Joseph van Loon, ''The Last Kohary - Ndụ Philipp Josias nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha'', Royalty Digest Quarterly, No. 4, 2017, p. 1-12 (ISSN 1653-5219)   f9cdlkgmbphyx2buafjrfcuslq956gx 687804 687602 2026-07-13T11:15:08Z Eboms Divinefavour 24818 E tinyere ihe onyonyo 687804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Maria Karoline von Sachsen-Coburg und Braganza.jpg|thumb|'''Maria Karoline von Sachsen-Coburg und Braganza''']]   '''Princess Maria Karoline nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha''' ( asụsụ German ; German: Maria Karoline Philomena Ignatia Pauline Josepha Michaela Gabriela Raphaela Gonzaga Prinzessin von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha;10 Jenụwarị 1899 – 6 Juun 1941) bụ adaeze nwanyị German si na ngalaba Brazil nke Ụlọ Saxe-Coburg na Gotha-Koháry . E gburu ya n'ebe a na-egbu ndị mmadụ na Hartheim dịka akụkụ nke mmemme Nazi ''Aktion T4'' . == Mmalite ndụ ya na ezinụlọ == [[Faịlụ:Dom_Augusto_Leopoldo.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Princess Maria Karoline nọ n'aka nne ya ya na Nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ na nwanne nwanyị ya bụ Prince August (aka ekpa) na Princess Klementine (right), c. 1900]] A mụrụ Princess Maria Karoline na abalị iri nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1899 na Pula, Austria-Hungary ([[Kroatia|Croatia]] nke oge a), ebe ezumike a ma ama maka ezinụlọ eze Austro-Hungarian. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke abụọ nke Prince August Leopold nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha na Archduchess Karoline Marie nke Austria. Ọ bụ nwa nwa nke Emperor Pedro nke Abụọ nke Brazil na nwa nwanne nne nke anọ nke Eze George nke Isii nke United Kingdom. Ezinụlọ ya guzobere ihe a maara dị ka usoro Brazil nke Ụlọ Saxe-Coburg na Gotha-Koháry . Mgbe ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungarian na German, ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ike ijigide ụfọdụ akụ na ụba ha n'ihi ala Koháry. Ha bitere aka na Hungary na Schladming, Austria. == Hartheim == Maria Karoline nwere nsogbu mmụta. N'afọ 1938, ezinụlọ ya tinyere ya n'ụlọ okpukpe. N'afọ 1941, ndị Nazi ji ike wepụ ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma kpọga ya n'ebe a na-egbu mmadụ na Hartheim Castle ebe e gburu ya dị ka usoro nke mmemme Aktion T4. A jụrụ ajụjụ banyere ma ndị ikwu ya, gụnyere nwanne ya nwoke Prince Rainer nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha na onyeisi ezinụlọ, Charles Edward, Duke nke Saxe -Coburg and Gotha, ha mere ihe ọ bụla iji chebe ya. Charles Edward etinyeghị aka n'ihi na "ọ naghị echegbu onwe ya na ihe ọ bụla ga-eme ya". Ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi ọmịiko na-ekwu na ọ nwụrụ ọnwụ chi ya, nke ọ na-ekwenyeghị. N'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka nwoke na-adịghị ahapụ ihe omume ezinụlọ, ọ gaghị Mmemme olili ozu ya . E weghachiri ntụ ozi ya n'ezinụlọ ya ma lie ya na crypt nke St Augustine's Church na Coburg.<ref name="Sandner">{{Cite book|author=Sandner|first=Harald|title=Das Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 1826 bis 2001. Eine Dokumentation zum 175-jährigen Jubiläum des Stammhauses in Wort und Bild|publisher=Verlagsanstalt Neue Presse|location=Coburg|year=2001|isbn=3-00-008525-4|pages=317–320}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * Alan R. Rushton Charles Edward nke Saxe-Coburg: The German Red Cross and the Plan to Kill "Unfit" Citizens 1933-1945, Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018, 225 p. (<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-5275-1340-2</nowiki>). * Olivier Defrance na Joseph van Loon, ''The Last Kohary - Ndụ Philipp Josias nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha'', Royalty Digest Quarterly, No. 4, 2017, p. 1-12 (ISSN 1653-5219)   nkzz7a1qm5w9iy4nf4ibedpq5gpr7h2 0 77873 687603 2026-07-12T16:57:57Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321754619|Otto IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]" 687603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Ottovonbraunschweig-lueneburg(gest.1446).jpg|thumb|Otto ]] '''Otto nke Anọ''', nke a makwaara dị ka ''Otto Crookleg'' ma ọ bụ Otto the Lame (d 1446) Duke nke Brunswick-Lüneburg, bụ ọkpara eze nke Lüneburg site n'afọ 1434 ruo afọ 1446. == Ndụ == Mgbe nna ya bụ, Bernard, nwụsịrị, ya na nwanne ya nwoke, Frederick the Pious, wehaara ọchịchị dị ka onye ọchịchị nke Principality of Lüneburg. Ọchịchị ha gosipụtara site na nnukwu ọrụ iwu ụlọ na Celle Castle nakwa site na ọtụtụ mgbanwe nke mere ka ọnọdụ iwu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo dị mma n'ihu ndị nwe obodo ha. == Alụmdi na nwunye == N'afọ 1425 Otto nke anọ lụrụ Elisabeth nke [[House of Everstein|Eberstein]] (tupu 1415-1468) ma mụọ nwa nwanyị. == Ndị nna nna ==   == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Die Celler Herzöge: Leben und Wirken 1371-1705''. Nke a: Georg Ströher. <nowiki>{{isbn}}</nowiki>: leghaara ISBN njehie anya (link). [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [[oclc:255990175|255990175]].  &nbsp; == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.welfen.de Ndị Welf] {{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[House of Welf]]||-||1446|[[House of Este]]}} {{s-reg|de}} {{succession box|before=[[Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Bernard I]]|after=[[Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Frederick the Pious]]|title=[[Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]<br>[[Lüneburg-Celle|Prince of Lüneburg]]<br><small>joint reign with brother [[Frederick II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg|Frederick the Pious]]</small>|years=1434–1446}} {{s-end}}{{Authority control}} on9t8oy0pf7k27ae5pmsipd0iopbvlt 0 77874 687604 2026-07-12T16:59:08Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358889283|Prusias I of Bithynia]]" 687604 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> Gbasaa<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox royalty | name = Prusias I Cholas | title = [[Basileus]] | image = Prusias I of Bithynia.jpg | image_size = | caption = Tetradrachm of Prusias I (young) | succession = [[List of rulers of Bithynia|King of Bithynia]] | reign = 228–182 BC | predecessor = [[Ziaelas]] | successor = [[Prusias II]] | birth_date = c. 243 BC | birth_place = [[Kingdom of Bithynia|Bithynia]]<br />(modern-day Northern Anatolia, [[Turkey]]) | death_date = 182 BC (aged 61) | death_place = Bithynia | issue = [[Prusias II]] | father = [[Ziaelas]] | mother = Unknown | religion = [[Religion in ancient Greece|Greek Polytheism]] | queen = Apama | native_lang1 = Greek | native_lang1_name1 = {{lang|grc|Λευκών}} | royal_house = }} [[Faịlụ:Prusias_I_of_Bithynia_bearded.jpg|thumb|Tetradrachm nke Prusias I (nke okenye na nke nwere afụ ọnụ). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Britain]] '''Prusias I Cholus''' (Grik oge ochie: , , lit. 'mmabe'; c. 243 - 182 BC) bụ Eze Bitinia nke chịrị site na c. Narị abụọ na iri anọ na atọ ruo narị na iri asatọ na abụọ BC. == Ndụ na ọchịchị == Prusias bụ nwa Eze Ziaelas nke Bitinia na nwanyị a na-amaghị ama. E chiri ya eze n'ihe dị ka 228 BC, nọchiri nna ya. Onye ndú siri ike ma dị ike; ọ lụrụ agha megide Byzantium na narị abụọ na iri abụọ BC, weghara ala ya dị n'Eshia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Polybius|title=Histories|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/4*.html#50|quote=He had also seized their Asiatic territory, a part of Mysia which had long been in their possession.}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, Prusias meriri Ndị Galeshia, ndị Nicomedes m kpọrọ na mbụ gafee Bosphorus gaa n'ókèala a na-akpọ Arisba, ma gbuo ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ ha niile ma hapụ ndị ikom ya ka ha zuo ibu ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Polybius|title=Histories|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/4*.html#50|quote=Prusias, therefore, led an army against them, and after destroying all the men in a pitched battle, put to death nearly all the women and children in their camp and allowed his soldiers who had taken part in the battle to plunder the baggage.}}</ref> N'oge ụfọdụ n'oge ọchịchị ya, Prusias na Eze Demetrius nke Abụọ nke Masedonia lụrụ, na-anabata nwa nwanyị nke ikpeazụ, Apama, dị ka nwunye ya. Prusias gbasaa ókèala Bitinia n'usoro agha megide Eze Attalus nke Mbụ nke Pergamon na Heraclea Pontica na Oké Osimiri Ojii, na-ewere obodo dị iche iche nke ndị Heraclean nwere n'oge gara aga ma gbanwee aha otu n'ime ha, Cierus, ka ọ bụrụ Prusias n'aha onwe ya.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ nọchibidoro Heraclea Pontica, e ji nkume kụọ Prusias mgbe ọ na-arịgo ubube ma gbajie ụkwụ ya; e wepụrụ nnọchibido ahụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na obodo ahụ nọchibidọrọ dị nso ka e weghara ya. O yikarịrị ka nke a bụ otu e si nye ya utu aha "onye nkwarụ".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Memnon|authorlink=Memnon of Heraclea|title=History of Heraclea Pontica|chapter=Chapter 19|chapterurl=http://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon1.html#19}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọgọ Eze Philip nke Ise nke Masedonia. Philip V nyere ya obodo Kios na Myrleia na narị abụọ na abụọ BC. Prusias gbanwere aha obodo ndị a dị ka Prusias (Bursa, Turkey ugbu a) na Apameia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Strabo|title=Geography|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/12D*.html#4.3|quote=And Prusias restored them from their ruins and named the city Cius "Prusias" after himself and Myrleia "Apameia" after his wife.}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na o nyere Hannibal ebe nsọ, onye jiri usoro dị iche iche megide Pergamene mee ihe n'ụzọ gara nke ọma maka ya n'oké osimiri, ọ nọgidere na-anọpụ iche n'oge agha dị n'etiti Roman Republic na Alaeze Ukwu Seleucid, na-ajụ njikọ aka na Eze Seleucid Antiochus nke Atọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Justinus|title=Philippic Histories|url=http://www.attalus.org/translate/justin5.html#32.4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Polybius|title=Histories|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/21*.html#11}}</ref> O kwekọrịtara na udo na Eumenes nke Abụọ nke Pergamon na 183 BC, n'obodo Cyzicus.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Polybius|title=Histories|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/22*.html#20|quote=This all happened in Cyzicus after the peace with King Prusias.}}</ref> Apama mụrụ ya nwa nwoke nwere otu aha, onye mechara nọchie ya. == Hụkwa == * Prusias ad Hypium, obodo oge ochie dị na Düzce Province, Turkey == Ebe e si nweta ya == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eto eto, 1. afọ 1957 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} tsdtrbo75upk4t4i67q9hs3ntad4spp 0 77875 687605 2026-07-12T17:09:18Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361515368|Shō Gen]]" 687605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = 尚元<br>Shō gen | image = King_Sho_Gen.jpg | image_size = 200px | alt = | caption = King Shō Gen in a painting by Shō Genko in 1796. | succession = [[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|King of Ryūkyū]] | reign = 1556–1572 | predecessor = [[Shō Sei]] | successor = [[Shō Ei]] | birth_name = Kanichiyo ({{lang|ja|金千代}}) | birth_date = {{birth date|1528|3|25|mf=yes}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1572|5|12|1528|3|25|mf=yes}} | burial_place = [[Tamaudun]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]] | consort = | spouse = Mawashi Kikoe-ōkimi-kanashi | spouses = Kume-Gushikawa [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]-shirare<br>Mēagari no [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]<br>Mafē [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]] | issue = Shō Kōhaku, Prince Kume-Gushikawa Chōtsū<br>Shō Ei, Prince Aoriyae<br>Shō Kyū, Prince Kin Chōkō<br>Princess Shuri-ōkimi Ajiganashi | house = [[Second Shō dynasty]] | father = [[Shō Sei]] | mother = Umimajingani [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji-ganashi]] | religion = | type = | native_lang1 = [[Okinawan name#Royal house|Divine name]] | native_lang1_name1 = Tedahajime-ajisohe ({{lang|ja|日始按司添 tiidahajimi ajishii}})<ref name="divine">{{cite web | url = http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/20.500.12000/2396/1/No11p1-27.pdf | script-title= ja:琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』 |language=Japanese}}</ref>| | more_text = | spouses_type = Concubine | full_name = Shō Gen ({{lang|ja|尚元}}) }} {{Infobox royalty | name = 尚元<br>Shō gen | image = King_Sho_Gen.jpg | image_size = 200px | alt = | caption = King Shō Gen in a painting by Shō Genko in 1796. | succession = [[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|King of Ryūkyū]] | reign = 1556–1572 | predecessor = [[Shō Sei]] | successor = [[Shō Ei]] | birth_name = Kanichiyo ({{lang|ja|金千代}}) | birth_date = {{birth date|1528|3|25|mf=yes}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1572|5|12|1528|3|25|mf=yes}} | burial_place = [[Tamaudun]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]] | consort = | spouse = Mawashi Kikoe-ōkimi-kanashi | spouses = Kume-Gushikawa [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]-shirare<br>Mēagari no [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]<br>Mafē [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]] | issue = Shō Kōhaku, Prince Kume-Gushikawa Chōtsū<br>Shō Ei, Prince Aoriyae<br>Shō Kyū, Prince Kin Chōkō<br>Princess Shuri-ōkimi Ajiganashi | house = [[Second Shō dynasty]] | father = [[Shō Sei]] | mother = Umimajingani [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji-ganashi]] | religion = | type = | native_lang1 = [[Okinawan name#Royal house|Divine name]] | native_lang1_name1 = Tedahajime-ajisohe ({{lang|ja|日始按司添 tiidahajimi ajishii}})<ref name="divine">{{cite web | url = http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/20.500.12000/2396/1/No11p1-27.pdf | script-title= ja:琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』 |language=Japanese}}</ref>| | more_text = | spouses_type = Concubine | full_name = Shō Gen ({{lang|ja|尚元}}) }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |尚元Shō gen<br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo" |[[File:King_Sho_Gen.jpg|200x200px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Eze Shō Gen na ihe osise nke Shō Genko sere na 1796.</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |[[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|Eze nke Ryūkyū]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọchịchị | class="infobox-data" |1556–1572 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Shō Sei]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nọchiri ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Shō Ei]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Kanichiyo (金千代) <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1528-03-25</span>)</span> March 25, 1528<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Mee 12, 1572 <span style="display:none">(1572-05-12)</span> (afọ 44) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E liri ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="label" style="display:inline">[[Tamaudun]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |Mawashi Kikoe-ōkimi-kanashi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwanyị iko nwanyị | class="infobox-data" |Kume-Gushikawa [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]-shirareMēagari no [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]] [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Issue (genealogy)|Ihe si na ya pụta]] | class="infobox-data" |Shō Kōhaku, Prince Kume-Gushikawa ChōtsūShō Ei, Prince AoriyaeShō Kyū, Prince Kin ChōkōPrincess Shuri-ōkimi Ajiganashi<br /><br /><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left" |Aha |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;" |Shō Gen (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">尚元</span></span>) |} |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha Chineke | class="infobox-data" |Tedahajime-ajisohe (日始按司添 tiidahajimi ajishii) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ | class="infobox-data" |Ọchịchị nke Abụọ nke Shō |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nna | class="infobox-data" |Shō Sei |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne | class="infobox-data" |Umimajingani Aji-ganashi |} Shō Gen bụ eze nke [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Alaeze Ryukyu]] site n'afọ 1556 ruo n'afọ 1572. A kpọrọ ya "Gen, onye ogbi". == Ndụ == Eze chọrọ nkwado dị ukwuu site na ''Sanshikan'' (Council of Three), isi kansụl nke ndị ndụmọdụ eze. Ọchịchị ya bụ mmalite nke ngosipụta nke kansụl nke ịdị irè na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa na mbụ. Shō Gen natara ọkwa ya n'ụlọ ikpe Ming na 1562, ma nata ndị ozi sitere n'Ezinụlọ Shimazu nke mpaghara Satsuma nke Japan na 1570 na 1572. Ndị Shimazu chọrọ iguzobe ikike ụfọdụ n'elu Ryukyus, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akwado ma ọ bụ steeti na-achị. Alaeze ahụ guzogidere mmegide Shimazu, obere ọrụ ntaramahụhụ nke Shimazu malitere mepụtara obere esemokwu na agwaetiti Amami Ōshima na 1571, ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ryukyuans meriri ha. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Eze Shō Sei, onye ọ nọchiri, nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Shō Ei nọchiri ya. == Hụkwa == * Ọrụ ndị eze ukwu China na alaeze Ryukyu == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|1}} == Edensibia == * Kerr, George H. (1965). ''Okinawa, the History of an Island People.'' Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. [[oclc:39242121|OCLC 39242121]] * Smits, Gregory. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=37LxVhgIbJkC ''Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics,''] Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82037-4|<bdi>978-0-824-82037-4</bdi>]]; [[oclc:39633631|OCLC 39633631]] * Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). ''Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824821593|<bdi>9780824821593</bdi>]];  ; [[oclc:170955369|OCLC 170955369]] {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[Shō Sei]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|King of Ryūkyū]]|years=1556-1572}} {{S-aft|after=[[Shō Ei]]}} {{s-end}}{{Kings of Chūzan}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ice5vlxo26zp4p60357yfa37u7azkwc 687606 687605 2026-07-12T17:16:12Z Specialyvonne 56002 687606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = 尚元<br>Shō gen | image = King_Sho_Gen.jpg | image_size = 200px | alt = | caption = King Shō Gen in a painting by Shō Genko in 1796. | succession = [[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|King of Ryūkyū]] | reign = 1556–1572 | predecessor = [[Shō Sei]] | successor = [[Shō Ei]] | birth_name = Kanichiyo ({{lang|ja|金千代}}) | birth_date = {{birth date|1528|3|25|mf=yes}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1572|5|12|1528|3|25|mf=yes}} | burial_place = [[Tamaudun]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]] | consort = | spouse = Mawashi Kikoe-ōkimi-kanashi | spouses = Kume-Gushikawa [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]-shirare<br>Mēagari no [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]<br>Mafē [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]] | issue = Shō Kōhaku, Prince Kume-Gushikawa Chōtsū<br>Shō Ei, Prince Aoriyae<br>Shō Kyū, Prince Kin Chōkō<br>Princess Shuri-ōkimi Ajiganashi | house = [[Second Shō dynasty]] | father = [[Shō Sei]] | mother = Umimajingani [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji-ganashi]] | religion = | type = | native_lang1 = [[Okinawan name#Royal house|Divine name]] | native_lang1_name1 = Tedahajime-ajisohe ({{lang|ja|日始按司添 tiidahajimi ajishii}})<ref name="divine">{{cite web | url = http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/20.500.12000/2396/1/No11p1-27.pdf | script-title= ja:琉球国王の神号と『おもろさうし』 |language=Japanese}}</ref>| | more_text = | spouses_type = Concubine | full_name = Shō Gen ({{lang|ja|尚元}}) }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |尚元Shō gen<br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo" |[[File:King_Sho_Gen.jpg|200x200px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Eze Shō Gen na ihe osise nke Shō Genko sere na 1796.</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |[[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|Eze nke Ryūkyū]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọchịchị | class="infobox-data" |1556–1572 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Shō Sei]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nọchiri ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Shō Ei]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Kanichiyo (金千代) <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1528-03-25</span>)</span> March 25, 1528<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Mee 12, 1572 <span style="display:none">(1572-05-12)</span> (afọ 44) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E liri ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="label" style="display:inline">[[Tamaudun]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |Mawashi Kikoe-ōkimi-kanashi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwanyị iko nwanyị | class="infobox-data" |Kume-Gushikawa [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]-shirareMēagari no [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]] [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Issue (genealogy)|Ihe si na ya pụta]] | class="infobox-data" |Shō Kōhaku, Prince Kume-Gushikawa ChōtsūShō Ei, Prince AoriyaeShō Kyū, Prince Kin ChōkōPrincess Shuri-ōkimi Ajiganashi<br /><br /><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left" |Aha |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;" |Shō Gen (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">尚元</span></span>) |} |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha Chineke | class="infobox-data" |Tedahajime-ajisohe (日始按司添 tiidahajimi ajishii) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ | class="infobox-data" |Ọchịchị nke Abụọ nke Shō |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nna | class="infobox-data" |Shō Sei |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne | class="infobox-data" |Umimajingani Aji-ganashi |} Shō Gen bụ eze nke [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Alaeze Ryukyu]] site n'afọ 1556 ruo n'afọ 1572. A kpọrọ ya "Gen, onye ogbi". == Ndụ == Eze chọrọ nkwado dị ukwuu site na ''Sanshikan'' (Council of Three), isi kansụl nke ndị ndụmọdụ eze. Ọchịchị ya bụ mmalite nke ngosipụta nke kansụl nke ịdị irè na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa na mbụ. Shō Gen natara ọkwa ya n'ụlọ ikpe Ming na 1562, ma nata ndị ozi sitere n'Ezinụlọ Shimazu nke mpaghara Satsuma nke Japan na 1570 na 1572. Ndị Shimazu chọrọ iguzobe ikike ụfọdụ n'elu Ryukyus, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akwado ma ọ bụ steeti na-achị. Alaeze ahụ guzogidere mmegide Shimazu, obere ọrụ ntaramahụhụ nke Shimazu malitere mepụtara obere esemokwu na agwaetiti Amami Ōshima na 1571, ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ryukyuans meriri ha. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Eze Shō Sei, onye ọ nọchiri, nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Shō Ei nọchiri ya. == Hụkwa == * Ọrụ ndị eze ukwu China na alaeze Ryukyu == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|1}} == Edensibia == * Kerr, George H. (1965). ''Okinawa, the History of an Island People.'' Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. [[oclc:39242121|OCLC 39242121]] * Smits, Gregory. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=37LxVhgIbJkC ''Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics,''] Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82037-4|<bdi>978-0-824-82037-4</bdi>]]; [[oclc:39633631|OCLC 39633631]] * Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). ''Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824821593|<bdi>9780824821593</bdi>]];  ; [[oclc:170955369|OCLC 170955369]] {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[Shō Sei]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|King of Ryūkyū]]|years=1556-1572}} {{S-aft|after=[[Shō Ei]]}} {{s-end}}{{Kings of Chūzan}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] 4brohfi13soh20vlo861p2pyojqstmz 687608 687606 2026-07-12T17:42:03Z Specialyvonne 56002 687608 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |尚元Shō gen<br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo" |[[File:King_Sho_Gen.jpg|200x200px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Eze Shō Gen na ihe osise nke Shō Genko sere na 1796.</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |[[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|Eze nke Ryūkyū]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọchịchị | class="infobox-data" |1556–1572 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Shō Sei]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nọchiri ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Shō Ei]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Kanichiyo (金千代) <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1528-03-25</span>)</span> March 25, 1528<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |Mee 12, 1572 <span style="display:none">(1572-05-12)</span> (afọ 44) &nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E liri ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="label" style="display:inline">[[Tamaudun]], [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwunye | class="infobox-data" |Mawashi Kikoe-ōkimi-kanashi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwanyị iko nwanyị | class="infobox-data" |Kume-Gushikawa [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]-shirareMēagari no [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]] [[Anji (Ryūkyū)|Aji]]<br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Issue (genealogy)|Ihe si na ya pụta]] | class="infobox-data" |Shō Kōhaku, Prince Kume-Gushikawa ChōtsūShō Ei, Prince AoriyaeShō Kyū, Prince Kin ChōkōPrincess Shuri-ōkimi Ajiganashi<br /><br /><br /> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left" |Aha |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;" |Shō Gen (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">尚元</span></span>) |} |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha Chineke | class="infobox-data" |Tedahajime-ajisohe (日始按司添 tiidahajimi ajishii) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ | class="infobox-data" |Ọchịchị nke Abụọ nke Shō |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nna | class="infobox-data" |Shō Sei |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne | class="infobox-data" |Umimajingani Aji-ganashi |} Shō Gen bụ eze nke [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Alaeze Ryukyu]] site n'afọ 1556 ruo n'afọ 1572. A kpọrọ ya "Gen, onye ogbi". == Ndụ == Eze chọrọ nkwado dị ukwuu site na ''Sanshikan'' (Council of Three), isi kansụl nke ndị ndụmọdụ eze. Ọchịchị ya bụ mmalite nke ngosipụta nke kansụl nke ịdị irè na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa na mbụ. Shō Gen natara ọkwa ya n'ụlọ ikpe Ming na 1562, ma nata ndị ozi sitere n'Ezinụlọ Shimazu nke mpaghara Satsuma nke Japan na 1570 na 1572. Ndị Shimazu chọrọ iguzobe ikike ụfọdụ n'elu Ryukyus, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akwado ma ọ bụ steeti na-achị. Alaeze ahụ guzogidere mmegide Shimazu, obere ọrụ ntaramahụhụ nke Shimazu malitere mepụtara obere esemokwu na agwaetiti Amami Ōshima na 1571, ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ryukyuans meriri ha. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Eze Shō Sei, onye ọ nọchiri, nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Shō Ei nọchiri ya. == Hụkwa == * Ọrụ ndị eze ukwu China na alaeze Ryukyu == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|1}} == Edensibia == * Kerr, George H. (1965). ''Okinawa, the History of an Island People.'' Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. [[oclc:39242121|OCLC 39242121]] * Smits, Gregory. (1999). [https://books.google.com/books?id=37LxVhgIbJkC ''Visions of Ryukyu: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics,''] Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-824-82037-4|<bdi>978-0-824-82037-4</bdi>]]; [[oclc:39633631|OCLC 39633631]] * Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). ''Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations: Irredentism and the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824821593|<bdi>9780824821593</bdi>]];  ; [[oclc:170955369|OCLC 170955369]] {{s-start}} {{s-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[Shō Sei]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Genealogy of the Kings of Chūzan|King of Ryūkyū]]|years=1556-1572}} {{S-aft|after=[[Shō Ei]]}} {{s-end}}{{Kings of Chūzan}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] tr7u7vjfmmo9fd5m94mqm4wjhig1p7v 0 77876 687607 2026-07-12T17:22:14Z Akwugo 11031 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327971735|Sigobert the Lame]]" 687607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Rathausturm_Köln_-_Sigibert_von_Ripuarien_(5907-09).jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke Sigobert the Lame n'elu ụlọ elu nke ụlọ nzukọ obodo Cologne]] '''Sigobert the Lame''' (bụkwa ''Sigibert'' maọbụ ''Sigebert'' ) (nwụrụ c. 508 ma ọ bụ 509) bụ eze Ripuarian Franks na mpaghara Zülpich ( Latin ) na Cologne . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Onye Aha nna ya bụ "Childebert".<ref>''He had a son: Siegbert or Sigebert, of whom further. (Ibid.) HI. Siegbert or Sigebert, called the Lame, son of Childebert, was King of the Ripuarian Franks.''{{Cite book|title=Colonial and Revolutionary Lineages of America: A Collection of Genealogical Studies, Completely Documented, and Appropriately Illustrated, Bearing Upon Notable Early American Lines and Their Collateral Connections|year=1939|publisher=American Historical Company, Incorporated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlZlAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> A na-eche na e merụrụ ya ahụ n'ikpere n'Agha nke Tolbiac lụrụ megide ndị Alamanni. Ọ kwadoro Clovis nke mbụ ọzọ, megide Ndị Visigoth na Agha Vouillé n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 507. N'agbanyeghị na o nyere Clovis aka ugboro abụọ n'oge gara aga, dị ka Gregory nke Tours si kwuo, nwa ya nwoke bụ Chlodoric gburu Sigobert na nyefe nke ọchịchị nke Clovis nke Mbụ, mgbe nwa ya nwoke zigaara ya ndị ogbu mmadụ ka ọ na-esi n'alaeze ya gaa n'ọhịa dị nso na Fulda. Chlodorich wee gwa Clovis banyere ogbugbu ahụ ma nye ya akụ kachasị mma nke alaeze ọhụrụ ya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ ha. Clovis zigara ndị ozi iji nyochaa ihe enweta ahụ, bụ ndị gwara Chlodoric ka ọ tinye aka ya n'ime mkpụrụ ego ọlaedo ya dị ka o kwere mee nke. Nke n'aka ya mikpuru, ndị nnọchi anya Clovis gburu eze ọhụrụ maka ịrara nye. Clovis wee guzoro n'ihu ndị Chlodoric ma kwuo egwu na ogbugbu Sigebert, gwa ha na nwa ahụ zitere ndị ogbu mmadụ igbu nna ya, mana na Chlodorics mechara nwụọ. Clovis wee nye ndị Sigobert na Chlodoric bụbu ndị nchebe ya, wee si otú a ghọọ eze ha. Gregory tụpụtara Ka e gbuo Chlodoric n'otu ụzọ ahụ e si gbuo Eze Frank Chararic. Tupu mgbe ahụ, Clovis egbuola Ragnachar na ụmụnne ya. Mgbe ogbugbu ndị a niile gasịrị, Gregory kwuru na Clovis kwara arịrị na ya enweghị ezinụlọ fọdụrụnụ, na-egosi na n'etiti ndị ya nwụrụ bụ ndị ikwu ya. O kwuru nke a ọ bụghị n'ihi iru uju maọbụ nchegharị, kama ka ndị ikwu ọ bụla ọzọ wee nwee ike ịkọwa onwe ha, ya mere, a ga-akara ha maka ọnwụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Gregory nke Tours. ''Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ndị Frank''. Mpịakọta 2. trans. O. M. Dalton. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 5mhs2xyagkwkq315wxr0udbcx8fmam8 0 77877 687610 2026-07-12T17:50:11Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354076243|Władysław the Hunchback]]" 687610 wikitext text/x-wiki Władysław onye nwere nkwarụ azụ (nke a maara na Polish dị ka Władysław Garbaty; ihe dị ka afọ 1303/05 – 5 Juun 1351 ma ọ bụ Eprel 1352) bụ nwa eze Poland, onye so n'ezinụlọ eze Piast. Ọ bụ Duke nke Dobrzyń n'oge afọ 1312 ruo 1327 (ruo afọ 1316, nne ya na nwanne nna ya na-elekọta ọchịchị n'aha ya) nakwa ọzọ malite n'afọ 1343, ọ bụkwa Duke nke Łęczyca malite n'afọ 1327. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke mbụ nke Siemowit nke Dobrzyń na Anastasia Lvovna nke Halych-Volhynia. == Ndụ == N'afọ 1316 Władysław sooro Florian, Bishọp nke Płock banye na nkwekọrịta gbasara ịkwụ ụgwọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri, n'ụzọ dị otú a, e wepụrụ nchụpụ a manyere ya na ezinụlọ ya kemgbe afọ 1310. Mgbe ọ malitere ọchịchị onwe ya, ọ bụ onye na-akwado nwanne nna ya na onye bụbu onye na-achị Władysław I the Elbow-high, onye ọ ghọtara dị ka onye na-elekọta ya. N'oge ọchịchị ya niile, Władysław (na nwanne ya nwoke na onye na-achị ya bụ Bolesław) gbalịrị ịgbaso iwu enyi na enyi na Chọọchị ahụ; na 24 June 1323 ha guzobere (ya na nne ha) ụlọ ọgwụ maka Order of the Holy Sepulchre na Rypin na 1332 ha nyere ọtụtụ obodo gụnyere ''Lodza'' (onye a kpọrọ Łódź kemgbe 1423) na ndị bishọp Kujawy. N'afọ 1327/28, n'ihi egwu nke Teutonic Order, Eze Poland gwara Władysław na Bolesław ka ha gbanwee ala nna nna ha Dobrzyń maka Łęczyca. E debere nkwekọrịta a na 1 Ọktoba 1327. Mgbe nwanne ya nwoke Bolesław nwụsịrị ca. 1328, Władysław chịrị naanị ya. Na 1343, n'ihi Nkwekọrịta nke Kalisz, Władysław weghachiri Dobrzyń (ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ na nke a bụ akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta mgbanwe 1327/28). Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe mpaghara Łęczyca n'oge ndụ ya. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1343, Władysław lụrụ Anna (nwụrụ n'ihe dị na Septemba 1349), onye a na-amaghị mmalite ya. Ha enweghị ụmụ. Władysław nwụrụ n'agbata afọ 1351 na 1352. N'ihi na ọ nweghị nwa, e jikọtara mpaghara Dobrzyń na Łęczyca na alaeze Poland. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} k6rksp2wyz1cctd2ledhmpvooo7i9z9 687611 687610 2026-07-12T17:57:10Z Specialyvonne 56002 687611 wikitext text/x-wiki Władysław onye nwere nkwarụ azụ (nke a maara na Polish dị ka Władysław Garbaty; ihe dị ka ụbọchị 5 nke ọnwa Mee afọ 1303 – 5 Juun 1351 ma ọ bụ Eprel 1352) bụ nwa eze Poland, onye so n'ezinụlọ eze Piast. Ọ bụ Duke nke Dobrzyń n'oge afọ 1312 ruo 1327 (ruo afọ 1316, nne ya na nwanne nna ya na-elekọta ọchịchị n'aha ya) nakwa ọzọ malite n'afọ 1343, ọ bụkwa Duke nke Łęczyca malite n'afọ 1327. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke mbụ nke Siemowit nke Dobrzyń na Anastasia Lvovna nke Halych-Volhynia. ==Ndụ== N'afọ 1316 Władysław sooro Florian, Bishọp nke Płock banye na nkwekọrịta gbasara ịkwụ ụgwọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri, n'ụzọ dị otú a, e wepụrụ nchụpụ a manyere ya na ezinụlọ ya kemgbe afọ 1310. Mgbe ọ malitere ọchịchị onwe ya, ọ bụ onye na-akwado nwanne nna ya na onye bụbu onye na-achị Władysław I the Elbow-high, onye ọ ghọtara dị ka onye na-elekọta ya. N'oge ọchịchị ya niile, Władysław (na nwanne ya nwoke na onye na-achị ya bụ Bolesław) gbalịrị ịgbaso iwu enyi na enyi na Chọọchị ahụ; na 24 June 1323 ha guzobere (ya na nne ha) ụlọ ọgwụ maka Order of the Holy Sepulchre na Rypin na 1332 ha nyere ọtụtụ obodo gụnyere ''Lodza'' (onye a kpọrọ Łódź kemgbe 1423) na ndị bishọp Kujawy. N'afọ 1327/28, n'ihi egwu nke Teutonic Order, Eze Poland gwara Władysław na Bolesław ka ha gbanwee ala nna nna ha Dobrzyń maka Łęczyca. E debere nkwekọrịta a na 1 Ọktoba 1327. Mgbe nwanne ya nwoke Bolesław nwụsịrị ca. 1328, Władysław chịrị naanị ya. Na 1343, n'ihi Nkwekọrịta nke Kalisz, Władysław weghachiri Dobrzyń (ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ na nke a bụ akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta mgbanwe 1327/28). Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe mpaghara Łęczyca n'oge ndụ ya. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1343, Władysław lụrụ Anna (nwụrụ n'ihe dị na Septemba 1349), onye a na-amaghị mmalite ya. Ha enweghị ụmụ. Władysław nwụrụ n'agbata afọ 1351 na 1352. N'ihi na ọ nweghị nwa, e jikọtara mpaghara Dobrzyń na Łęczyca na alaeze Poland. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} i2duzu817dm8peoas0eflu3zjq50gq1 0 77878 687613 2026-07-12T18:12:09Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358903454|Yeta III]]" 687613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Yeta III | title = | image = Yeta III of Barotseland.png | image_size = | caption = | succession = [[Litunga]] of [[Barotseland]] | reign = 8 March 1916 – 20 June 1945 | coronation = 13 March 1916 | predecessor = [[Lewanika]]<br />Mokamba (regent) | successor = [[Imwiko]] | birth_date = {{circa|1871}} | birth_place = Likapai, [[Barotseland]] | death_date = after 1945 | death_place = [[Barotseland]]? | burial_place = [[Mulumbo]], [[Mongu District]], [[Western Province, Zambia]] | spouse = Queen Kumayo | issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Ilute Yeta IV]]|[[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga]]}} | father = King [[Lewanika]] | mother = Queen Ma-Litia | issue_link = #Family | issue_pipe = among others }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Yeta III [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (onye amụrụ '''Litia''') bụ Litunga (Eze) nke Barotseland, nke Ndị Lozi na ihe bụzi Western [[Zambia]], site na 1916 ruo 1945. A mụrụ Yeta dị ka Prince Litia Malikana . <ref name="barotseland">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotseland.net/litunga1.htm|title=Litungas of Barotseland|work=barotseland.net|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="barotsepeace">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotselandpeacefoundation.com/history|title=History|work=barotselandpeacefoundation.com|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Nne na nna Yeta bụ Eze Lewanika na Eze Nwanyị Ma-Litia . Yeta married a woman called Kumayo who became his consort at Sefula [[Ulo uka|Church]] in 1892. They were baptized together. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Yeta mechara lụọ nwanyị ọzọ. Ụmụ ya bụ: * Nwa nwoke *Prince Daniel Akafuna Yeta – aha ya bụ eze [[Akafuna Tatila]] *Prince Edward Kaluwe Yeta – nna Prince Godwin Mando Kaluwe Yeta *Prince Richard Nganga Yeta *Princess Mareta Mulima *Princess Elizabeth Inonge Yeta III * Princess *Princess [[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga|Nakatindi]] *Eze [[Ilute]]{{citation need|date=August 2020}} * == Ọchịchị == E chiri Yeta eze na Loyalui na 13 Machị 1916, ma wepụ usoro ọdịnala nke ''corvee'', ihe ikpeazụ nke Ịgba ohu na 1 Eprel 1925. Yeta gara okpueze nke Eze George nke Isii na Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth na Westminster Abbey na London, mana ọ nwere ọrịa strok siri ike nke kpatara ahụ mkpọnwụ na enweghị ike ikwu okwu na mbido 1939. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Gerald L.|author=Caplan|title=The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969|url=https://archive.org/details/elitesofbarotsel0000capl|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|isbn=978-0-52001-758-0}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ Yeta dere, sị: "Okporo ahụ bụ ihe omume kachasị ukwuu anyị hụtụrụla ma ọ bụ ga-ahụ na ndụ anyị ọzọ. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iche na ọ nọ n'[[Àlà|ụwa]] n'ezie mgbe ọ na-ahụ ngagharị okpueze, mana na ọ na-arọ nrọ ma ọ bụ na Paradaịs. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hobsbawm|first=Eric|title=The Invention of Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SugpRWf_FB4C&q=%22but+that+he+is+either+dreaming+or+is+in+Paradise%22&pg=PA241|date=26 March 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60467-4}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọchịchị maka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere [[Imwiko]]. == Hụkwa == * Litunga * Nyame, nna nna nke ndị eze Lozi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] o83fj5mv84u6d1e1bvqg0l86feox3iy 687614 687613 2026-07-12T18:25:33Z Specialyvonne 56002 687614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Yeta III | title = | image = Yeta III of Barotseland.png | image_size = | caption = | succession = [[Litunga]] of [[Barotseland]] | reign = 8 March 1916 – 20 June 1945 | coronation = 13 March 1916 | predecessor = [[Lewanika]]<br />Mokamba (regent) | successor = [[Imwiko]] | birth_date = {{circa|1871}} | birth_place = Likapai, [[Barotseland]] | death_date = after 1945 | death_place = [[Barotseland]]? | burial_place = [[Mulumbo]], [[Mongu District]], [[Western Province, Zambia]] | spouse = Queen Kumayo | issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Ilute Yeta IV]]|[[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga]]}} | father = King [[Lewanika]] | mother = Queen Ma-Litia | issue_link = #Family | issue_pipe = among others }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Yeta III [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (onye amụrụ '''Litia''') bụ Litunga (Eze) nke Barotseland, nke Ndị Lozi na ihe bụzi Western [[Zambia]], site na 1916 ruo 1945. A mụrụ Yeta dị ka Prince Litia Malikana . <ref name="barotseland">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotseland.net/litunga1.htm|title=Litungas of Barotseland|work=barotseland.net|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="barotsepeace">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotselandpeacefoundation.com/history|title=History|work=barotselandpeacefoundation.com|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Nne na nna Yeta bụ Eze Lewanika na Eze Nwanyị Ma-Litia . Yeta married a woman called Kumayo who became his consort at Sefula [[Ulo uka|Church]] in 1892. They were baptized together. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Yeta mechara lụọ nwanyị ọzọ. Ụmụ ya bụ: * Nwa nwoke *Prince Daniel Akafuna Yeta – aha ya bụ eze Akafuna Tatila *Prince Edward Kaluwe Yeta – nna Prince Godwin Mando Kaluwe Yeta *Prince Richard Nganga Yeta *Princess Mareta Mulima *Princess Elizabeth Inonge Yeta III * Princess *Princess [[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga|Nakatindi]] *Eze [[Ilute]]{{citation need|date=August 2020}} * == Ọchịchị == E chiri Yeta eze na Loyalui na 13 Machị 1916, ma wepụ usoro ọdịnala nke ''corvee'', ihe ikpeazụ nke Ịgba ohu na 1 Eprel 1925. Yeta gara okpueze nke Eze George nke Isii na Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth na Westminster Abbey na London, mana ọ nwere ọrịa strok siri ike nke kpatara ahụ mkpọnwụ na enweghị ike ikwu okwu na mbido 1939. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Gerald L.|author=Caplan|title=The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969|url=https://archive.org/details/elitesofbarotsel0000capl|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|isbn=978-0-52001-758-0}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ Yeta dere, sị: "Okporo ahụ bụ ihe omume kachasị ukwuu anyị hụtụrụla ma ọ bụ ga-ahụ na ndụ anyị ọzọ. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iche na ọ nọ n'[[Àlà|ụwa]] n'ezie mgbe ọ na-ahụ ngagharị okpueze, mana na ọ na-arọ nrọ ma ọ bụ na Paradaịs. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hobsbawm|first=Eric|title=The Invention of Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SugpRWf_FB4C&q=%22but+that+he+is+either+dreaming+or+is+in+Paradise%22&pg=PA241|date=26 March 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60467-4}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọchịchị maka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere [[Imwiko]]. == Hụkwa == * Litunga * Nyame, nna nna nke ndị eze Lozi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] dq7oadsreis7qyoy1q656u8n898k4w8 687617 687614 2026-07-12T18:32:29Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ọchịchị */ 687617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Yeta III | title = | image = Yeta III of Barotseland.png | image_size = | caption = | succession = [[Litunga]] of [[Barotseland]] | reign = 8 March 1916 – 20 June 1945 | coronation = 13 March 1916 | predecessor = [[Lewanika]]<br />Mokamba (regent) | successor = [[Imwiko]] | birth_date = {{circa|1871}} | birth_place = Likapai, [[Barotseland]] | death_date = after 1945 | death_place = [[Barotseland]]? | burial_place = [[Mulumbo]], [[Mongu District]], [[Western Province, Zambia]] | spouse = Queen Kumayo | issue = {{unbulleted list|[[Ilute Yeta IV]]|[[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga]]}} | father = King [[Lewanika]] | mother = Queen Ma-Litia | issue_link = #Family | issue_pipe = among others }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Yeta III [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] (onye amụrụ '''Litia''') bụ Litunga (Eze) nke Barotseland, nke Ndị Lozi na ihe bụzi Western [[Zambia]], site na 1916 ruo 1945. A mụrụ Yeta dị ka Prince Litia Malikana . <ref name="barotseland">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotseland.net/litunga1.htm|title=Litungas of Barotseland|work=barotseland.net|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="barotsepeace">{{Cite web|url=https://www.barotselandpeacefoundation.com/history|title=History|work=barotselandpeacefoundation.com|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref> Nne na nna Yeta bụ Eze Lewanika na Eze Nwanyị Ma-Litia . Yeta married a woman called Kumayo who became his consort at Sefula [[Ulo uka|Church]] in 1892. They were baptized together. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Yeta mechara lụọ nwanyị ọzọ. Ụmụ ya bụ: * Nwa nwoke *Prince Daniel Akafuna Yeta – aha ya bụ eze Akafuna Tatila *Prince Edward Kaluwe Yeta – nna Prince Godwin Mando Kaluwe Yeta *Prince Richard Nganga Yeta *Princess Mareta Mulima *Princess Elizabeth Inonge Yeta III * Princess *Princess [[Nakatindi Yeta Nganga|Nakatindi]] *Eze [[Ilute]]{{citation need|date=August 2020}} * == Ọchịchị == E chiri Yeta eze na Loyalui na 13 Machị 1916, ma wepụ usoro ọdịnala nke ''corvee'', ihe ikpeazụ nke Ịgba ohu na 1 Eprel 1925. Yeta gara okpueze nke Eze George nke Isii na Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth na Westminster Abbey na London, mana ọ nwere ọrịa strok siri ike nke kpatara ahụ mkpọnwụ na enweghị ike ikwu okwu na mbido 1939. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Gerald L.|author=Caplan|title=The Elites of Barotseland, 1878-1969|url=https://archive.org/details/elitesofbarotsel0000capl|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1970|isbn=978-0-52001-758-0}}</ref> Odeakwụkwọ Yeta dere, sị: "Okporo ahụ bụ ihe omume kachasị ukwuu anyị hụtụrụla ma ọ bụ ga-ahụ na ndụ anyị ọzọ. Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iche na ọ nọ n'[[Àlà|ụwa]] n'ezie mgbe ọ na-ahụ ngagharị okpueze, mana na ọ na-arọ nrọ ma ọ bụ na Paradaịs. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hobsbawm|first=Eric|title=The Invention of Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SugpRWf_FB4C&q=%22but+that+he+is+either+dreaming+or+is+in+Paradise%22&pg=PA241|date=26 March 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-60467-4}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ọchịchị maka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Imwiko. == Hụkwa == * Litunga * Nyame, nna nna nke ndị eze Lozi == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] c2p1y23d8ug162vvupvf2unqahx6xm2 0 77879 687618 2026-07-12T18:43:22Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301623011|Alfonso Fróilaz]]" 687618 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Eze Galicia malite na 925 ruo 926 OA}} {{Infobox eze | aha = Alfonso Fróilaz |succession1 = Eze nke [[Kingdom of Asturia |Asturias]], [[Alaeze Galicia | Galicia]] na [[Alaeze León | León]] | ọchịchị1 = 925–926 | ọchịchị2 = 926–932 | onye bu ụzọ = [[Fruela II]] |onye ga-anọchi1 = {{plainlist|[[Sancho Ordóñez]] *[[Alfonso IV nke León|Alfonso IV]] *[[Ramiro II nke León|Ramiro II]]}|ịga nke ọma2=Eze nke Asturia|successor2=[[Ramiro II nke León|Ramiro II]]|nna=[[Fruela II]]}} '''Alfonso Fróilaz''', nke a na-akpọ '''the Hunchback''' (Spanish ''el Jorobado''),{{sfnp|Sánchez-Albornoz|1945|p=92}} bụ obere oge eze nke alaeze jikọrọ ọnụ nke [[Alaeze Asturia| Asturias]], na [[King] nke Galicia [[King] León|León]] na 925. Ọ nọchiri nna ya, Eze [[Fruela II nke León|Fruela II]] na Julaị 925 mana ndị nwanne nna ya [[Sancho Ordóñez|Sancho] chụpụrụ ya n'ocheeze n'ime afọ ahụ, [[Alfonso IV nke León|Alfonso IV]] na [[Ramiro II nke León nwanne nna]] na [[Ramiro II nke León] [[Ordoño II nke León|Ordoño II]]. E weghachiri ya n'ọkwa eze n'akụkụ nke alaeze ahụ mgbe Alfonso nke Anọ weghaara ọchịchị na 926, mana a chụpụrụ ya n'ike ma manye ya ịbanye n'ụlọ nsọ na 932.{{sfnp|Collins|2012|pp=143–45}} [[Faịlụ:Cantabria_Santoña_Santa_Maria_Puerto_02_lou.JPG|Ụlọ nsọ Santa María del Puerto na Santoña, nke dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Alfonso na 926–32]] Alfonso Fróilaz, nke a na-akpọ Hunchback (Spanish el Jorobado), [1] bụ eze nke alaeze dị n'otu nke [[Faịlụ:Cantabria_Santoña_Santa_Maria_Puerto_02_lou.JPG|thumb|Ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke Santa María del Puerto na Santoña, nke dị n'ime alaeze Alfonso na 926-32]] Alfonso bụ nwa mbụ nke Fruela nke Abụọ ma nwee ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụnne abụọ, Ordoño na Ramiro. A maghị ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi nke Alfonso. A kpọtụrụ ya aha na ndepụta eze ''Aha Ndị Eze Katọlik nke León'', nke pụtara n'ihe odide ụfọdụ n'akụkụ Akụkọ nke Albelda . [2] Nkwupụta zoro ezo nke onye Asturian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Sampiro na ọ "yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa mkpanaka nna ya" bụ naanị ihe akaebe ọzọ na ọ nọchiri alaeze ahụ dum mgbe nna ya gasịrị.[3] Ịchụpụ Alfonso Fróilaz mere ka agha obodo malite. Sancho weghaara León ma nwanne ya nwoke Alfonso nke anọ, onye nna nna ya, Eze Sancho nke Pamplona (nwụrụ na Disemba 925), nyeere aka. E meriri Alfonso nke anọ n'agha wee gbaga Astorga na Asturias, ebe ya na Alfonso Fróilaz, onye a manyere ịpụ n'isi obodo ma ọ bụghị alaeze ahụ, jikọrọ aka. Njikọ ahụ meriri Sancho ma manye ya ịgbaga Galicia, na-ahapụ Alfonso nke anọ na-achịkwa León. Ụmụnne ahụ emeela udo site na 927, Sancho nọgidere na-achị na Galicia.[2] N'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke alaeze ahụ, o yiri ka a nabatara Alfonso Fróilaz dị ka eze, ikekwe dị ka akụkụ nke ndokwa nke ọ kwadoro Alfonso nke anọ. Akwụkwọ ikike e dere na 16 Machị 927 n'ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke [[Santoña]])" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="es:Iglesia de Santa María del Puerto (Santoña)">ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke Santa María del Puerto na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Santoña dekọrọ na n'oge ahụ Nuño Fernández bụ onye na-achị Castile na eze na-achị bụ Alfonso Fróilaz.[4] Otu akwụkwọ nke Eprel dere na Alfonso nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ya, ma eleghị anya na-agụta site na ọnwụ nna ya.[5] Na mbido 932, Alfonso nke anọ hapụrụ ọchịchị maka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Ramiro nke Abụọ, ikekwe n'okpuru nrụgide. O mechara gbalịa ịlaghachi n'ọchịchị n'ọgba aghara, mana Ramiro meriri ya. Iji jide ocheeze ya, Ramiro nyere iwu ka Alfonsos abụọ - Alfonso nke anọ na Alfonso Fróilaz - tinyere ụmụ Fruela nke Abụọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị aha ụmụnne ndị ọzọ "kpu ìsì n'otu ụbọchị", dị ka Sampiro na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Muslim Ibn Hayyan si kwuo. E debere ụmụnne nne ahụ e merụrụ ahụ n'[[:es:Monasterio de San Julián y Santa Basilisa de Ruiforco|ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke Ruiforco]] na León.[2] A maghị ụbọchị ọnwụ Alfonso. A na-ekwu na Alfonso Fróilaz bụ "eze Alfonso nke ụmụnne ya kpuru ìsì" nke Sampiro kpọrọ nna Ordoño nke Anọ, mana a nabatara n'ozuzu na nna Ordoños nke anọ bụ Alfonso nke anọ. Usoro ọmụmụ nke Códice de Roda kpọrọ nne Ordoño Ónega, nwunye Alfonso nke anọ. [6][7] ''Chronica Naierensis'' nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ na-agbagwoju Alfonsos abụọ ahụ anya, na-ejikọta ihe abụọ nke ha abụọ.[1] Alfonso Fróilaz nwere nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Fruela onye ka dị ndụ na 29 August 975 mgbe eze nụrụ esemokwu ya na ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke San Xulián nke Samos na Galicia. [8] == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Fruela II of León|Fruela II]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[King of Asturias]],<br>[[King of Galicia|Galicia]] and [[King of León|León]]|years=925}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sancho Ordóñez|Sancho]]<br>[[Alfonso IV of León|Alfonso IV]]<br>[[Ramiro II of León|Ramiro II]]}} {{end}}{{Leonese monarchs}} jpx1jo2157kvx1kcc20rz7tlnnfa3ei 687627 687618 2026-07-12T19:01:00Z Specialyvonne 56002 687627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nkọwa dị mkpirikpi|Eze Galicia malite na 925 ruo 926 OA}} {{Infobox eze | aha = Alfonso Fróilaz |succession1 = Eze nke [[Kingdom of Asturia |Asturias]], [[Alaeze Galicia | Galicia]] na [[Alaeze León | León]] | ọchịchị1 = 925–926 | ọchịchị2 = 926–932 | onye bu ụzọ Fruela II {{plainlist| [[Sancho Ordóñez]] *[[Alfonso IV nke León|Alfonso IV]] *[[Ramiro II nke León|Ramiro II]]} | ịga nke ọma2 = Eze nke Asturia |successor2 = [[Ramiro II nke León|Ramiro II]] |nna = [[Fruela II]] }} '''Alfonso Fróilaz''', nke a na-akpọ '''the Hunchback''' (Spanish ''el Jorobado''),{{sfnp|Sánchez-Albornoz|1945|p=92}} bụ obere oge eze nke alaeze jikọrọ ọnụ nke [[Alaeze Asturia | Asturias]], na [[King] nke Galicia [[King] León|León]] na 925. Ọ nọchiri nna ya, Eze [[Fruela II nke León|Fruela II]] na Julaị 925 mana ndị nwanne nna ya [[Sancho Ordóñez|Sancho] chụpụrụ ya n'ocheeze n'ime afọ ahụ, [[Alfonso IV nke León|Alfonso IV]] na [[Ramiro II nke León nwanne nna]] na [[Ramiro II nke León] [[Ordoño II nke León|Ordoño II]]. E weghachiri ya n'ọkwa eze n'akụkụ nke alaeze ahụ mgbe Alfonso nke Anọ weghaara ọchịchị na 926, mana a chụpụrụ ya n'ike ma manye ya ịbanye n'ụlọ nsọ na 932.{{sfnp|Collins|2012|pp=143–45}} [[Faịlụ:Cantabria Santoña Santa Maria Puerto 02 lou.JPG|stumb|Ụlọ nsọ Santa María del Puerto na Santoña, nke dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Alfonso na 926–32]] Alfonso bụ nwa mbụ nke Fruela nke Abụọ ma nwee ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụnne abụọ, Ordoño na Ramiro. A maghị ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi nke Alfonso. A kpọtụrụ ya aha na ndepụta eze ''Aha Ndị Eze Katọlik nke León'', nke pụtara n'ihe odide ụfọdụ n'akụkụ Akụkọ nke Albelda . [2] Nkwupụta zoro ezo nke onye Asturian na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Sampiro na ọ "yiri ka ọ na-achịkwa mkpanaka nna ya" bụ naanị ihe akaebe ọzọ na ọ nọchiri alaeze ahụ dum mgbe nna ya gasịrị.[3] Ịchụpụ Alfonso Fróilaz mere ka agha obodo malite. Sancho weghaara León ma nwanne ya nwoke Alfonso nke anọ, onye nna nna ya, Eze Sancho nke Pamplona (nwụrụ na Disemba 925), nyeere aka. E meriri Alfonso nke anọ n'agha wee gbaga Astorga na Asturias, ebe ya na Alfonso Fróilaz, onye a manyere ịpụ n'isi obodo ma ọ bụghị alaeze ahụ, jikọrọ aka. Njikọ ahụ meriri Sancho ma manye ya ịgbaga Galicia, na-ahapụ Alfonso nke anọ na-achịkwa León. Ụmụnne ahụ emeela udo site na 927, Sancho nọgidere na-achị na Galicia.[2] N'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke alaeze ahụ, o yiri ka a nabatara Alfonso Fróilaz dị ka eze, ikekwe dị ka akụkụ nke ndokwa nke ọ kwadoro Alfonso nke anọ. Akwụkwọ ikike e dere na 16 Machị 927 n'ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke [[Santoña]])" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="es:Iglesia de Santa María del Puerto (Santoña)">ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke Santa María del Puerto na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Santoña dekọrọ na n'oge ahụ Nuño Fernández bụ onye na-achị Castile na eze na-achị bụ Alfonso Fróilaz.[4] Otu akwụkwọ nke Eprel dere na Alfonso nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ya, ma eleghị anya na-agụta site na ọnwụ nna ya.[5] Na mbido 932, Alfonso nke anọ hapụrụ ọchịchị maka nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Ramiro nke Abụọ, ikekwe n'okpuru nrụgide. O mechara gbalịa ịlaghachi n'ọchịchị n'ọgba aghara, mana Ramiro meriri ya. Iji jide ocheeze ya, Ramiro nyere iwu ka Alfonsos abụọ - Alfonso nke anọ na Alfonso Fróilaz - tinyere ụmụ Fruela nke Abụọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị aha ụmụnne ndị ọzọ "kpu ìsì n'otu ụbọchị", dị ka Sampiro na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Muslim Ibn Hayyan si kwuo. E debere ụmụnne nne ahụ e merụrụ ahụ n'[[:es:Monasterio de San Julián y Santa Basilisa de Ruiforco|ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke Ruiforco]] na León.[2] A maghị ụbọchị ọnwụ Alfonso. A na-ekwu na Alfonso Fróilaz bụ "eze Alfonso nke ụmụnne ya kpuru ìsì" nke Sampiro kpọrọ nna Ordoño nke Anọ, mana a nabatara n'ozuzu na nna Ordoños nke anọ bụ Alfonso nke anọ. Usoro ọmụmụ nke Códice de Roda kpọrọ nne Ordoño Ónega, nwunye Alfonso nke anọ. [6][7] ''Chronica Naierensis'' nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ na-agbagwoju Alfonsos abụọ ahụ anya, na-ejikọta ihe abụọ nke ha abụọ.[1] Alfonso Fróilaz nwere nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Fruela onye ka dị ndụ na 29 August 975 mgbe eze nụrụ esemokwu ya na ebe obibi ndị mọnk nke San Xulián nke Samos na Galicia. [8] == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Fruela II of León|Fruela II]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[King of Asturias]],<br>[[King of Galicia|Galicia]] and [[King of León|León]]|years=925}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sancho Ordóñez|Sancho]]<br>[[Alfonso IV of León|Alfonso IV]]<br>[[Ramiro II of León|Ramiro II]]}} {{end}}{{Leonese monarchs}} qy3hj4b9p4v5jzdm5elnt886a53l6ud 0 77880 687638 2026-07-12T19:11:14Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358512485|Archduchess Maria Luisa of Austria (1798–1857)]]" 687638 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Archduchess Maria Luisa nke Austria''' (30 Ọgọstụ 1798 - 15 June afọ 1857) bụ Archduchess nke Austria na PrinAda eze Bohemia, dị ka nwa nwanyị nke Ferdinand nke Atọ, Grand Duke nke Tuscany na Luisa nke Naples na Sicily. A mụrụ ya na nkwarụ, ya mere ọ lụbeghị di. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Luisa_Maria_di_Toscana.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Archduchess Maria Luisa dị ka nwatakịrị]] A mụrụ Archduchess Maria Luisa Giuseppa Cristina Rosa na 30 Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1798, na Florence. Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ na nwa nwanyị mbụ Ferdinand nke Atọ, Grand Duke nke Tuscany na nwunye ya Luisa nke Naples na Sicily mụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ÖNB-ALEX – Staatshandbuch|url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1833&page=7&size=45|work=alex.onb.ac.at}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 2019|title=Großherzoglich Würzburgischer Hof- und Staats-Kalender: für das Jahr ... 1812|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmUAAAAAcAAJ&q=Fr%C3%A4uleinstift+Es+zur+heiligen+Anna&pg=PA220|publisher=Intelligenz-Comptoir}}</ref> Maria Luisa nke obere tolitere na Ịtali na Austria. Nne na nna Maria Luisa bụ ụmụnne nne na nna abụọ. Ụmụ sitere na njikọ ndị ikwu na-enwe nsogbu nke ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa; <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Khayat|first=Abdullah M.|title=Consanguineous Marriage and Its Association With Genetic Disorders in Saudi Arabia: A Review|journal=Cureus|date=2024|volume=16|issue=2|doi=10.7759/cureus.53888|issn=2168-8184|pmid=38465157}}</ref> kemgbe a mụrụ ya, Maria Luisa nwere nkwarụ ma nwee nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=Cousin marriage: The new evidence about children's ill health|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c241pn09qqjo|accessdate=2025-10-07|work=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọ ya "nwatakịrị mkpumkpu azu". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A maara Maria Luisa na ezinụlọ ya ka ha na-eleta Pisa mgbe niile, kemgbe afọ 1814. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1w2AQAAMAAJ|title=Gazzetta di Firenze|date=1825|language=it}}</ref> Ọ lụghị di, ma ọ bụ mụọ ụmụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ hụtụbeghị ya n'ihu, nwanne nna ya nwoke na onye aha ya bụ, Crown Princess Louise nke Saxony, onye amụrụ afọ iri na atọ ka Archduchess nwusịrị, dere n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya ihe ọ nụrụ gbasara ya:<blockquote>Elekere iri bụ oge nri ehihie, mgbe ezinụlọ niile na-ezukọ, nwanne nne m, Adaeze nọkwa n'ọnọdụ mgbe niile . Ọ bụ onye dị obere, nke nwere uche gbagọrọ agbagọ, nke na-ejikarị ahụ gbagọrọ adọ. O nwere aka dị ogologo, dịka nke enwe, mgbe ọ bụla obi adịghị ya mma, ọ ga-atụfu ha dị ka ákwà ifufe wee kụọ onye ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ya nọ ya nso. Ọ bụ obere ihe e kere eke na-asọ oyi ma kpọọ onye ọ bụla na-eto eto ma mara mma asị, nke mere na ọbụna ndị ikwu ya kpọrọ ya asị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=of Tuscany|first=Louisa|title=My Own Story|pages=21-22}}</ref></blockquote>Ọ nwụrụ na 15 June n'afọ 1857, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bepi1949.altervista.org/firenze/ficap6.html|title=Capitolo VI – FIRENZE VECCHIA – Giuseppe Conti|work=bepi1949.altervista.org}}</ref> mgbe ọ dị afọ 58.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bepi1949.altervista.org/firenze/ficap8.html|title=Capitolo VIII – FIRENZE VECCHIA – Giuseppe Conti|work=bepi1949.altervista.org}}</ref><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist}}{{authority control}} evff9xfdyck94lv2uftkij5rd4gmowy 0 77881 687656 2026-07-12T19:59:11Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361190151|Theodosius III of Abkhazia]]" 687656 wikitext text/x-wiki     UdoTheodosius nke Atọ Onye ìsì (Georgian; nke a makwaara dị ka Theodosius Onye Mwute) bụ Eze nke ndị Abkhazia site na 975 ruo 978. [A] Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke anọ nke George nke Abụọ nke usoro ndị eze Anchabadze. Ọ nọchiri nwanne ya nwoke Demetrius nke Atọ, onye nwụrụ n'enweghị onye nketa nwoke. == Ndụ == Eze George nke Abụọ nke Abkhazia zigara ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ, Theodosius na Bagrat, na Constantinople ka ha gụọ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ka mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọ gaghị enwe esemokwu n'oge onye ga-anọchi ya. Mgbe nwanne ya nwoke na-achị achị bụ Leon nke Atọ nwụrụ n'afọ 967, otu ndị nnupụisi nke Meskhetian, Egrisian na Kartlian a ma ama gbara Theodosius ume ka ọ kwado ikike ya megide nwanne ya nwoke, Demetrius nke Atọ. N'ịbụ onye meriri n'agha obodo sochirinụ, Demetrius jidere Theodosius ma kpuo ya ìsì. Theodosius buru ụzọ gbaba na [[Duchy of Kartli|Kartli]] na otu Adarnase, wee soro [[Tao (historical region)|David nke Atọ]] nke [[Tao (historical region)|Tao]]" ebe ọ nọrọ nwa oge, ma mesịa kwaga n'ụlọ ikpe Kvirke nke Abụọ nke Kakheti. Demetrius nke Atọ jisiri ike mee ka Theodosius kwenye ịhazi udo, onye kwetara ịlaghachi Abkhazia na nkwa nke nchekwa onwe onye nke a kwadoro site n'ịṅụ iyi n'ihu ndị Katọlik na ndị ụkọchukwu. Gọọmentị etiti ka nwere ike zuru oke iji nagide nkewa nke obodo, mana ọ bụghị maka imeri nsogbu na-arịwanye elu. Adịghị ike nke gọọmentị wetara omume obi ọjọọ ọzọ. Demetrius jidere nwanne ya nwoke Theodosius ka ọ na-akpa nkata ọzọ ma mee ka ọ kpuo ìsì. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Demetrius na-enweghị nwa nwụrụ na 975, mgbe Theodosius nwere ike ịrịgo n'ocheeze. N'oge ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi nke Eze Theodosius nke Atọ, alaeze ahụ banyere n'ọgba aghara zuru oke na ọgba aghara nke feudal nke jikọtara ya na mwakpo nke ndị Kakhetians na Kartli, ebe ike eze dara kpamkpam na gọvanọ, Ioanne Marushis-dze, jikọtara ya n'aka nwa eze Bagratid nke Georgia [[Principality of Tao-Klarjeti|David nke Atọ Kuropalates]] nke [[Principality of Tao-Klarjeti|Tao]] iji tinye nwa nwanne Theodosius (nwa nwanne nwanyị) Bagrat dị ka onye na-achị Kartli n'afọ 975. N'afọ 978, site na mgbalị Marushidze, a chụpụrụ nwanne Gurandukht na-adịghị ike Theodosius nke Atọ ma chụpụ Bagrat, onye meworo agadi ugbu a, wee kpọsaa Eze Abkhazia. Kemgbe ahụ, Theodosius apụọla n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. == Usoro ọmụmụ == {{Genealogy of the Kings of Abkhazia}} == Hụkwa == * Divan nke ndị eze Abkhazia == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Akwụkwọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] {{S-start}} {{S-bef|rows=|before=[[Demetrius III of Abkhazia|Demetrius III]]}} {{S-ttl|rows=|title=[[King of Abkhazia]]|years=975–978}} {{S-aft|rows=|after=[[Bagrat II of Abkhazia|Bagrat II]]}} {{S-end}} 3xi103fx5q6rx0gsatc68igadk6njc9 0 77882 687659 2026-07-12T20:40:42Z IfyClassique 20717 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358812752|Malakia II Gurieli]]" 687659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Malakia Gurieli | succession = [[Principality of Guria|Prince of Guria]] | reign = 1684–1685 | predecessor = [[George III Gurieli|George III]] | successor = [[Kaikhosro II Gurieli|Kaikhosro II]] | house = [[House of Gurieli|Gurieli]] | father = [[Kaikhosro I Gurieli]] | mother = Khvaramze Goshadze | religion = [[Georgian Orthodox Church]] ([[Catholicate of Abkhazia]]) | succession1 = [[Principality of Guria|Prince of Guria]] | reign1 = 1689 | predecessor1 = [[Kaikhosro II Gurieli|Kaikhosro II]] | successor1 = [[Mamia III Gurieli|Mamia III]] | reign_type = 1st reign | reign_type1 = 2nd reign }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%" |Malakia Gurieli |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |[[Principality of Guria|Prince nke Guria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọchịchị nke Mbụ | class="infobox-data" |1684–1685 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[George III Gurieli|George nke Atọ]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nọchiri ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Kaikhosro II Gurieli|Kaikhosro nke Abụọ]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |[[Principality of Guria|Prince nke Guria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọchịchị nke Abụọ | class="infobox-data" |1689 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Kaikhosro II Gurieli|Kaikhosro nke Abụọ]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye nọchiri ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Mamia III Gurieli|Mamia nke Atọ]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;" |<div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Dynasty|Ụlọ]] | class="infobox-data" |[[House of Gurieli|Gurieli]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nna | class="infobox-data" |[[Kaikhosro I Gurieli|Kaikhosro nke Mbụ Gurieli]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne | class="infobox-data" |Khvaramze Goshadze |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Okpukpe | class="infobox-data" |[[Georgian Orthodox Church|Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Georgia]] (Catholicate of Abkhazia) |} '''Malakia Gurieli''' ([[Georgia (country)|Georgian]]: Georgian; 1660-1703), nke ụlọ Georgia nke Gurieli, bụ Nwaeze Guria site n'afọ 1684 ruo n'afọ 1685 nakwa ọzọ n'afọ na 1689. Nwa nwoke nke Kaikhosro Mbụ nke Gurieli, ọ nọchiri ya mgbe nwanne ya nwoke George Atọ nke Gurieli nwụrụ n'afọ 1684, mana nwa nwanne ya nwoke bụ Kaikhosro Abụọ nke Gurieli chụpụrụ ya n'oche ọchịchị ma kpuo ya isi. E weghachiri ya n'oge na-adịghị anya site na ntinye aka Ottoman n'afọ 1689, ndị isi obodo Guria chụpụrụ ya n'ihi enweghị ikike ịchịkwa ihe nke ọma. Malakia banyere n'ọrụ ụkọchukwu wee ghọọ Bishọp nke Shemokmedi. == Akụkọ ndụ == Malakia Gurieli bụ nwa nwoke nke Kaikhosro Mbụ nke Gurieli, Nwa eze nke Guria, site na nwunye ya Khvaramze Goshadze. Mgbe onye a ma ama bụ Machutadze gbachara Kaikhosro n'afọ 1660, Malakia na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya bụ George gbagara n'aka onye ọchịchị Ottoman pasha nke Akhaltsikhe, George mechara enyemakaonye a nweta ocheeze Guria mgbe Demetrius Gurieli nwụsịrị n'afọ 1668. N'afọ 1684, e gburu George n'agha Rokiti megide Eze Alexander nke Anọ nke Imereti na-alụ ọgụ, eze ahụ meriri n'agha ahụ wee họpụta Malakia ka ọ nọchie ya. N'afọ sochirinụ, nwa George bụ Kaikhosro si n'ebe a chụgara ya na Akhaltsikhe lọta na ndị agha nke Yusuf Pasha nke Akhaltsikihe nyere; e wepụrụ Malakia n'ocheeze ma, n'aka nke ya, ọ lara ezumike nká na Akhaltchikhe. Pasha nwara ike ya ime ndị Gurieli abụọ ahụ dịghachi n'otu, mana Kaikhosro mebiri nkwa ya na ọ gaghị emerụ Malakia ahụ ma mere ka e jide nwanne nna ya ma kpuo ya isi. Nke a kpasuru pasha iwe, onye mere ka bey nke Şavşat gbuo Kaikhosro n'afọ 1689. E weghachiri Malakia dị ka Onye isi nke Guria, mana ọchịchị ya adịteghị aka. Ndị Guria, ndị weere Malakia dị ka onye na-enweghị ike, nyere pasha nke Akhaltsikhe aka azụ ma nweta nkwado ya n'ịchụpụ Malakia n'ihi nwa nwanne ya ọzọ, Mamia Atọ nke Gurieli. Malakia kwere Nkwa ndị mọnk ma bụrụ onye Mamia Gurieli bishọp nke Shemokmedi, <ref name="Vakh">{{Cite book|author=Bagrationi|first=Vakhushti|year=1976|publisher=Metsniereba|location=Tbilisi|pages=148–149|url=https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/3067/1/Istoria_Carstva_Gruzinskogo.pdf|authorlink=Prince Vakhushti of Kartli|editor=Nakashidze, N.T.|language=Ru}}</ref> ọkwá ọ nọrọ ruo afọ 1703, mgbe e ji achịbishọp aha ya bụ Ioane dochie ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Chkhartishvili|first=K.|date=1983|location=Tbilisi|pages=384–385|language=ka|chapter=მალაქია II გურიელი [Malakia II Gurieli]}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[House of Gurieli]]}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[George III Gurieli]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Prince of Guria]]|years=1684–1685}} {{s-aft|after=[[Kaikhosro II Gurieli]]}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=Kaikhosro II Gurieli}} {{s-ttl|title=Prince of Guria|years=1689}} {{s-aft|after=[[Mamia III Gurieli]]}} {{s-end}} [[Otú:Articles with short description]] me3pu2ajco1cb2wnnoll7w7ykabq2t9 0 77883 687710 2026-07-13T04:04:41Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1272898013|Lothair the Lame]]" 687710 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Lothair the Lame ({{langx|fr|Lothaire le Boiteux}}, ''c''. 848 – 865{{sfn|McKitterick|1999|p=355}}) bụ nwa eze France, nwa nwoke nke atọ na nwa nke anọ nke [[:en:Charles_the_Bald|Charles the Bald]] na Ermentrude nke Orléans.{{sfn|Heidecker|2010|p=126}} Ka a mụrụ ya o nwee nkwarụ, ndị mụrụ ya zigara ya n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk mgbe ọ ka dị obere. N'afọ 861, ọ ghọrọ onye mọnk. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ bụ onye isi nke Montier-en-Der na Saint-Germain nke Auxerre,{{sfn|McKitterick|1999|p=188}} ebe ọ nwụrụ na 865 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa ma ọ bụ iri na asatọ. == Ebemsidee == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ihe Ndị E Dere == * {{Cite book|title=The Divorce of Lothar II: Christian Marriage and Political Power in the Carolingian World|url=https://archive.org/details/divorceoflothari00heid|first=Karl Josef|author=Heidecker|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780801439292}} * {{Cite book|title=The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians|first=Rosamond|author=McKitterick|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=1999}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0823-0877-_Carolus_Calvus_Francorum_Rex.html Carolus Calvus Francorum Rex, ''Patrologia Latịn''] [[Otú:Ụmụ eze]] rg90afp5lzkei17pna4zujluu5xasld 687711 687710 2026-07-13T04:06:37Z Goodymeraj 16207 e deziri m peeji a 687711 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Lothair the Lame''' ({{langx|fr|Lothaire le Boiteux}}, ''c''. 848 – 865{{sfn|McKitterick|1999|p=355}}) bụ nwa eze France, nwa nwoke nke atọ na nwa nke anọ nke [[:en:Charles_the_Bald|Charles the Bald]] na Ermentrude nke Orléans.{{sfn|Heidecker|2010|p=126}} Ka a mụrụ ya o nwee nkwarụ, ndị mụrụ ya zigara ya n'ebe obibi ndị mọnk mgbe ọ ka dị obere. N'afọ 861, ọ ghọrọ onye mọnk. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ bụ onye isi nke Montier-en-Der na Saint-Germain nke Auxerre,{{sfn|McKitterick|1999|p=188}} ebe ọ nwụrụ na 865 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa ma ọ bụ iri na asatọ. == Ebemsidee == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ihe Ndị E Dere == * {{Cite book|title=The Divorce of Lothar II: Christian Marriage and Political Power in the Carolingian World|url=https://archive.org/details/divorceoflothari00heid|first=Karl Josef|author=Heidecker|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780801439292}} * {{Cite book|title=The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians|first=Rosamond|author=McKitterick|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=1999}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0823-0877-_Carolus_Calvus_Francorum_Rex.html Carolus Calvus Francorum Rex, ''Patrologia Latịn''] [[Otú:Ụmụ eze]] 8h93degeu7dxhsff06oo8jg39bouhjg 0 77884 687713 2026-07-13T04:23:09Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358194726|Egbert the One-Eyed]]" 687713 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Egbert onye otu anya''' ({{langx|de|Ekbert der Einäugige}}) (nwụrụ 4 Eprel 994) bụụrụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Wichmann the Elder na nwanne nwoke nke obere nke Wichmann the Younger. Ya bụ na o so na ndị okenye n'ezinụlọ Billung. Aha otutu ya ka e nwetara site n'eziokwu bụ na ọ tụfuru otu anya ya n'ọgụ, mmerụ ahụ nke ọ na-ata Otto nke Mbụ ụta ya nke sokwa na-akọwa n'otu akụkụ ihe mere o ji sonye n'ọtụtụ ọgba aghara. Ọ ụ count nke Hastfalagau. Ọ kwadoro Liudolf, Duke nke Swabia, na nnupụisi o mere na 953-954. Ya na nwanne ya nwoke kpaliri ndị Obodri ịlụ agha na 955 mgbe Otto na-alụso Ndị Magyar agha. Ha gbanahụrụ ikpe na mkpọsa ndị Germany nke sochiri. N'afọ 978, e kpere ya ikpe dị ka onye nkwado nnupụisi nke Henry nke Abụọ, Duke nke Bavaria, na [[:en:War_of_the_Three_Henries_(977–978)|Agha nke Henries Atọ]] ma chụpụ ya. Egbert nyeere Henry aka n'ịtọrọ Otto nke Atọ ma tụọ nwanne Otto nke nwanyị bụ Adelaide mkpọrọ n'ụlọ elu ya dị na Ala. Site na nke a niile, Egbert nọgidere na-enwe ọkwá dị elu n'alaeze ahụ na njedebe nke ndụ ya. == Ịgụrụ Gawa == *   [[Otú:Ndị a maghị mgbe a mụrụ ha]] 5llv1kxymjnnu5fthccvgte9jk2qkqr 0 77885 687714 2026-07-13T04:57:47Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358333078|John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel]]" 687714 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''John nke Abụọ''', nke a na-akpọ onye ''otu anya'' (1253-1321) bụ count chịrị Holstein-Kiel site na 1263 ruo 1316. == Ndụ Ya == Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ nwoke abụọ nke Count John nke Mbụ, sitere n'agbụrụ Kiel nke Ụlọ Schauenburg. Ya na nwanne nna ya, Count [[:en:Gerhard_I,_Count_of_Holstein-Itzehoe|Gerhard nke Mbụ]] nke Holstein-Itzehoe na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye, Count [[:en:Adolph_V,_Count_of_Holstein-Segeberg|Adolphus nke Ise]] nke [[:en:Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein#Holstein-Segeberg_(1273%E2%80%931315)|Holstein-Segeberg]], nke chọrọ ịbụ [[:en:Secundogeniture|onye na-esote]] Holstein-Kiel kewara obodo ahụ. John nke Abụọ nwetara mpaghara dị n'etiti Kiel Fjord na isi iyi nke Alster na Pinnau. Ọ gara biri na [[:en:Kiel_Castle|Kiel Castle]]. Ọ bụ onye ọchịchị na-enweghị obi ọma. N'afọ 1308 nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ Adolphus VII nọchiri nwanne nwoke John nke Abụọ bụ Adolphus V na Holstein-Segeberg. Mgbe ọnwụ ike nke ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ bụ Adolphus VII na Christopher na 1313 na 1315 n'otu n'otu gasịrị, ụmụ ụmụ nwanne ya bụ [[:en:John_III,_Count_of_Holstein-Plön|John III]] nke Holstein-Plön na [[:en:Gerhard_III,_Count_of_Holstein-Rendsburg|Gerhard III]] nke Holstein-Rendsburg weghaara ihe ka ukwuu n'ókèala ya. Ọ nọ na-ebi ndụ ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ site na ego si n'obodo Kiel na gburugburu ya. Aha njirimara ya na-ezo aka n'ihe mberede ebe ọ tụfuru otu anya ya mgbe otu onye na-elekọta ụlọ ikpe ya tụrụ ya ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma n'anya. == Akara njirimara == Akara e sere n'elu isiokwu a na-agụ: S(IGILLUM) *IOHANNIS*COMITIS*HOLTZATIE "Akara njirimara nke John, Count nke Holstein" == Alụmdi na nwunye na ọmụmụ == Ọ lụrụ Margaret, nwa nwanyị nke Eze [[:en:Christopher_I_of_Denmark|Christopher nke Mbụ nke Denmark]] ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ: * Christopher nwụrụ na 1313, n'ihi ọdịda o si na windo nke ụlọ elu nke Count ahụ n'ọnọdụ a na-akọwanwughị dapụ. * [[Adolphus VII, Count of Holstein-Segeberg|Adolphus nke Asaa]], nọchiri nwanne nna ya Adolphus nke ise na 1308 dị ka Count nke [[:en:Counts_of_Schauenburg_and_Holstein#Holstein-Segeberg_(1273%E2%80%931315)|Holstein-Segeberg]], nke kwesịrị ka ọ bụrụ [[:en:Secundogeniture|onye na-esote]] Kiel, otu ìgwè ndị knights nke Hartwig Reventlow ya na ya na-ese okwu duziri n'onwe ya gburu ya n'àkwà ya na 1315. {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[House of Schauenburg]]||1253||1321}} {{S-bef|before=[[John I, Count of Holstein-Kiel|John I]]|as=Count of Holstein-Kiel}} {{S-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein#Holstein-Kiel (1261–1290)|Count of Holstein-Kiel]]|regent1=his brother [[Adolphus V, Count of Holstein-Segeberg|Adolphus V]]|years1=1263-1273|years=1263-1316}} {{S-aft|after=[[Adolph V, Count of Holstein-Segeberg|Adolphus V]]|as=Count of Holstein-Segeberg (newly partitioned)}} {{S-bef|before=[[Adolphus VII, Count of Holstein-Segeberg|Adolphus VII]]|as=Count of Holstein-Segeberg ([[reversion (law)|reverted]])}} {{S-aft|after=[[John III, Count of Holstein-Plön|John III]]|as=Count of Holstein-Kiel}} {{S-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:John 02 of Holstein-Kiel}} [[Otú:Ndị nwụrụ na 1321]] [[Otú:Ndị a mụrụ na 1253]] n7gqhoivn4dm4yaubdbrisux5nq7kp9 0 77886 687717 2026-07-13T05:49:30Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294025115|Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden]]" 687717 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Louis nke Abụọ''' ({{langx|de|Ludwig II.}}; 15 Ọgọst 1824 – 22 Jenụwarị 1858) bụ [[:en:Grand_Duke_of_Baden|Eze Ukwu nke Baden]] site na 24 Eprel 1852 ruo ọnwụ ya na 1858. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke [[:en:Leopold_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden|Leopold I, Eze Ukwu nke Baden]], yana Adaeze Sophie nke Sweden. == Mmalite Ndụ Ya == A mụrụ Louis na 15 Ọgọst 1824 dị ka nwa nwoke nke [[:en:Leopold_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden|Leopold, nwa eze Baden ga-anọchi nna ya]] (mesịrị bụrụ Eze Ukwu Leopold I), yana Adaeze Sophie nke Sweden. Mgbe a mụrụ ya, [[:en:Grand_Duke_of_Baden|Grand Duke nke Baden]] bụ nwanne nna ya nke nwoke bụ [[:en:Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden|Louis nke Mbụ]]. Dị ka ndị ga-anọchi ocheeze n'ọdịnihu, Louis na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Frederick, nwetara agụmakwụkwọ ọgbaraọhụrụ ma na-emekarị njem ezinụlọ aga n'ebe ugwu Ịtali na Netherlands n'oge ha bụ nwata. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, nna Louis ghọrọ eze Baden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG194065|title=Leopold I, Grand Duke of Baden|work=[[The British Museum]]|accessdate=28 January 2025}}</ref> Site na Disemba 1842 ruo Mee 1843, Louis na Frederick zutere ndị Austria ọkwa ha dị elu n'oge ha nọrọ na Vienna. Louis mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na [[:en:University_of_Heidelberg|Mahadum Heidelberg]] . == Ọchịchị Ya == Louis nọchiri nna ya dịka Grand Duke nke Baden na 24 Eprel 1852. Nwanne ya nwoke, Frederick, rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-achị, ebe Louis nwere ọrịa isi mgbaka. N'afọ 1856, Frederick ghọrọ Grand Duke, ebe a na-ewere ọrịa isi mgbaka Louis dịka nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na nke na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ bụ nwa amaala nsọpụrụ nke Karlsruhe. Louis nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 22, 1858. == Ndị nna nna Ya == <templatestyles src="Ahnentafel/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{s-start}} {{s-hou|[[House of Zähringen]]|15 August|1824|22 January|1858}} {{s-reg|}} {{s-bef|before=[[Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden|Leopold]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of rulers of Baden|Grand Duke of Baden]]|years=1852–1856}} {{s-aft|after=[[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick I]]}} {{s-end}}{{Princes of Baden}}{{Authority control}} 9ecar0jmz0wfc5plwvhi6hrinw5emnj 0 77887 687718 2026-07-13T06:09:51Z Goodymeraj 16207 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1299326365|Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria]]" 687718 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Louis nke asatọ nke Bavaria''' (German: ''Ludwig VIII der Höckrige'', Louis the Hunchback) (1 Septemba 1403<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ludwig VIII. - Deutsche Biographie|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd102507600.html#ndbcontent|work=www.deutsche-biographie.de|accessdate=28 April 2024|language=de}}</ref> &#x2013; 7 Eprel 1445<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ingolstädter Wochen-Blatt|date=1858|publisher=Schröder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgdFAAAAcAAJ&dq=Ludwig+VIII.+%E2%80%9E7+april+1445%22+ingolstadt&pg=PA121|accessdate=28 April 2024|language=de}}</ref>) bụụrụ Duke nke Bavaria-Ingolstadt site na 1443 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. A mụrụ ya na Paris, nwa nwoke nke Louis nke asaa na nwunye ya nke mbụ Anne de Bourbon-La Marche, bụ nwa nwanyị nke John nke Mbụ, Count nke Marche. Ọ nwụrụ na 1445 na Ingolstadt. == Akụkọ ndụ == N'afọ 1416 ọ nwetara ọkwa Count nke Graisbach . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mueller|first=Steven|title=The Wittelsbach Dynasty|date=2007|publisher=Waldmann Press|isbn=978-0-9702576-3-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVcjAQAAIAAJ&q=%20%221416%22%20graisbach|accessdate=28 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Margarete nke Brandenburg (1410 - 27 Julaị 1465), nwa nwanyị nke Frederick nke Mbụ nke Brandenburg, na 20 Julaị 1441.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine deutsche Biographie|date=1884|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFS8GOwi2ikC&dq=Ludwig+VIII.+Margarete+%2220+juli+1441%22&pg=PA507|accessdate=28 April 2024|language=de}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1438, Louis na nna ya Louis nke asọ anọwo n'ise okwu, onye nwere mmasị na nwa nwoke ọzọ (nwanyị ọ na-alụghị alụ mụụrụ ya). Louis sonyeere Henry nke Iri na Isii nke Bavaria-Landshut megide nna ya, onye e mechara tụọ mkpọrọ na 1443, mana Louis nke Asatọ nwụrụ afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbe Louis nke asaa nwụkwara na 1447, Henry mesịrị rigoro n'oche na Bavaria-Ingolstadt. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[House of Wittelsbach]]|1 September|1403|7 April|1445}} {{S-reg|}} {{Succession box|before=[[Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria|Louis VII]]|title=[[List of rulers of Bavaria|Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt]]|years=1443&ndash;1445|after=[[Henry XVI of Bavaria|Henry XVI]]}} {{S-end}}{{Dukes of Bavaria}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Ndi nwụrụ na 1445]] [[Otú:Ndị a mụrụ na 1403]] bxk0uph9p3lh524w81hrfw08538qygb 0 77888 687734 2026-07-13T07:37:21Z Ennydavids 13406 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358335919|Lamberto, Lord of Monaco]]" 687734 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Lamberto Grimaldi''' (ihe dị ka afọ 1420 – Maachị 1494) bụ onye chịrị Monaco malite na 16 Maachị 1458. Ọ lụrụ Claudine Grimaldi, bụ́ onye ha nwere njikọ ezinụlọ dị anya (nke a na-akpọ 'seventh cousin'), n'afọ 1465; nke a bụ n'ihi ọchịchọ na akwụkwọ ikpeazụ nke nwanne ya nwoke nwụrụ anwụ. <ref name="bourgne" /> Katalan, na nna ha. <ref name="bernardy">{{Cite book|author=de Bernardy|first=Françoise|title=The Princes of Monaco|date=1961|publisher=Archives du Palais/Arthur Barker Ltd|location=Monaco/London|edition=English translation}}</ref> Lamberto sitere na alaka nke ezinụlọ Grimaldi nke biri na Antibes ebe Claudine sitere na alaka Monaco dị ike karị. Grimaldi nwere otu nwanne nwoke, Jean-André, na chọọchị na nwanne nwoke ọzọ, Louis, na ndị agha.<ref name="bernardy" /> Grimaldi nwetara enyemaka na nkwado dị ukwuu dị ka onye ọchịchị site n'aka ụmụnne ya <ref name="bourgne">{{Cite book|author=Bourgne|first=Marc|title=The History of Monaco|date=November 1997|publisher=Dargaud|language=English|quote=After the defeat of Pommeline and her allies, Lambert Grimaldi, as Lord of Monaco, received an oath of fidelity from the population.}}</ref> ma, na-eso esemokwu ya na otu nke nne Claudine, Pomellina Fregoso, Lambert nwetara aha ya na "iyi nke iguzosi ike n'ihe" site n'etiti ndị Monaco.<ref name="bernardy" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ya na Claudine mere ka ọchịchị Monaco gaa n'ihu site na Grimaldi. Claudine bụ onye nọchiri nwanne ya nwoke, mana ike niile dị ka Seigneur nke Monaco dị n'aka di ya na alụmdi na nwunye ha mere ka ụmụ ha bụrụ ndị nọchiri ya.<ref name="pemberton">{{Cite book|author=Pemberton|first=H|title=The History of Monaco: Past and Present|date=1867|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London|edition=Google Books}}</ref> E nyere ụmụ Lamberto na Claudine ikike ịnọchi ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, n'usoro ọmụmụ, n'ọwa Augustụ iri na anọ, 1483. <ref name="bernardy" /> Iwu ọhụrụ a nke ịnọchi bụ n'ezie nkwenye nke iwu ndị nna Claudine na nwanne ya nwoke dere.<ref name="bernardy" /> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ga-adị ndụ, mgbe ahụ, e nyere iwu na ụmụ nwanyị dị otú ahụ ga-alụ Grimaldi iji keta ocheeze ahụ.<ref name="bernardy" /> Lamberto weghaara ọchịchị na Monaco n'oge siri ike n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Lamberto lụrụ ọgụ iji chekwaa nnwere onwe Monaco, a na-ekwukwa na ya "jiri nkà ha na-arụ ọrụ na nkwurịta okwu na mma agha".<ref name="grimaldi">{{Cite web|author=Diaferia, Esq.|first=Jamie|title=House of Grimaldi|url=http://www.grimaldi.org/en/history/monaco.asp|work=Grimaldi.org|publisher=Coleção Grimaldi|accessdate=12 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050409040532/http://www.grimaldi.org/en/history/monaco.asp|archivedate=9 April 2005|language=English|quote=Claudia, a granddaughter of John, happened to have no brothers to ensure the succession. Following the succession rule, she therefore married (1465) her cousin Lambert Grimaldi of Antibes, which legitimately kept her dynasty on the throne. A younger son of the Grimaldi branch of Antibes, Lambert became lord of Monaco at a time of deep uncertainty. He was a noteworthy ruler who handled diplomacy and the sword with equal talent. Lambert bravely established the independence of Monaco, receiving widespread admiration to the point where his favorite expression, "Deo juvante" ("With God's help"), became a motto for many Grimaldis. The union proved to be a happy marriage. Politically, however, it was not an easy situation for Lambert, who had immediately to defend Monaco and nearby Menton from the tip of his sword. Taking advantage of the extinction of the first branch of Monaco, intrigues and coup attempts emerged against him. With the help of his brothers of Antibes — who rushed to Monaco's help as often as needed — Lambert repelled all attempts to destabilize or conquer Monaco. Graceful, Monaco always kept its doors open to the Grimaldi of Antibes.}}</ref> O guzobekwara ụkpụrụ Grimaldi "site na eyemụ aka chineke". <ref name="hellomonaco">{{Cite web|title=Seigneur Lambert & Claudine Grimaldi: the pen is mightier than the sword|url=https://www.hellomonaco.com/sightseeing/grimaldi-family/seigneur-lambert-claudine-grimaldi-the-pen-is-mightier-than-the-sword/|work=hellomonaco.com|publisher=Hello Monaco|accessdate=12 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001134124/https://www.hellomonaco.com/sightseeing/grimaldi-family/seigneur-lambert-claudine-grimaldi-the-pen-is-mightier-than-the-sword/|archivedate=1 October 2020|language=English|format=Online|date=28 December 2018|quote=he created an official motto to guide them. And it reflected a modesty flowing from sincere religious beliefs. Over 500 years later Monaco’s official motto of the House of Grimaldi is Deo Juvante — «With God’s help».}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye okpukpe na onye na-amụ ihe, dị ka Bernardy si kwuo, ma "na-amụsi ike" na Mahadum Pavia. <ref name="bernardy">{{Cite book|author=de Bernardy|first=Françoise|title=The Princes of Monaco|date=1961|publisher=Archives du Palais/Arthur Barker Ltd|location=Monaco/London|edition=English translation}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Bernardy1961">de Bernardy, Françoise (1961). ''The Princes of Monaco'' (English translation&nbsp;ed.). Monaco/London: Archives du Palais/Arthur Barker Ltd.</cite></ref><ref name="bernardy" /> Ya na Claudine nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ isii: * Jọn (1468 - 11 Ọktoba 1505) * Louis (nke a na-ewere dị ka onye isi mgbaka ma machibido ya ikike nketa) <ref name="bernardy">{{Cite book|author=de Bernardy|first=Françoise|title=The Princes of Monaco|date=1961|publisher=Archives du Palais/Arthur Barker Ltd|location=Monaco/London|edition=English translation}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_Bernardy1961">de Bernardy, Françoise (1961). ''The Princes of Monaco'' (English translation&nbsp;ed.). Monaco/London: Archives du Palais/Arthur Barker Ltd.</cite></ref> * Bianca * Augustino, Bishọp nke Grasse (1482 - 14 Eprel 1532) * Françoise (nwụrụ tupu 1523); lụrụ Luc Doria, nwa ya nwoke Bartholomew Doria gburu nwanne ya nwoke Lucien * Lucien (1487 - 22 August 1523) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[House of Grimaldi]]||{{circa|1420}}|15 March|1494}} {{Succession box|before=[[Claudine Grimaldi, Lady of Monaco|Claudine]]|title=[[Lord of Monaco]]|years=1458–1494|after=[[Jean II, Lord of Monaco|Jean II]]}} {{S-end}} geg9gh8kofoqhb2ydnythh0ojj0zumd 0 77889 687750 2026-07-13T09:58:05Z Ennydavids 13406 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360413990|Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine]]" 687750 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Prince Friedrich nke Hesse na Rhine (Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig; 7 Ọktoba 1870 – 29 Mee 1873) bụ nwa nwoke Louis IV, bụ́ Grand Duke nke Hesse, na Princess Alice nke United Kingdom, ọ bụkwa nwa nwa Queen Victoria. Ọ bụ nwanne nne nne''' [[Philip Mountbatten|Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh]], site na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye, Princess Victoria nke Hesse na Rhine. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Friedrich na 7 Ọktoba, 1870 na New Palace na Darmstadt. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke abụọ na nwa nke ise nke Louis nke anọ, Grand Duke nke Hesse na Princess Alice nke United Kingdom, mgbe ahụ Prince na Princess Louis nke Hesse nakwa site na Rhine. Friedrich bụ nwa nwa nke Queen Victoria na Prince Albert nke Saxe-Coburg na Gotha . [1][2] Friedrich, onye ezinụlọ ya kpọrọ Frittie, bụ nwa nwere obi ụtọ na ndụ, nne ya hụkwara ya n'anya karịsịa. Aha ya bụ Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig, tinyere nsọpụrụ dịka nne nne ya na nna ya. A tinyere Leopold dịka otu n'ime aha ya iji sọpụrụ nwanne nna ya, Prince Leopold, Duke nke Albany. Prince Leopold, onye bụ nna nna Friedrich, nwere nsogbu ọbara nke hemophilia. Ụmụnne ya gụnyere [[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine|Victoria]]_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine">Viktoria, Elisabeth, Irene, Ernst Ludwig, [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alix]]_of_Hesse)" id="mwKA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alix na Marie nke Hesse na Rhine. Site na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye Victoria, Friedrich bụ nwanne nna nne nke Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh na site na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Alix, ọ bụ nwanne nna nke ụmụ nwanyị anọ ikpeazụ Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia na Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich nke Russia.[3] A chọpụtara na Friedrich nwere hemophilia na Febụwarị 1873. Ọ dara mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu ma bepụ ntị ya, nke dugara n'ịgba ọbara ụbọchị atọ. Bandages enweghị ike igbochi ọbara na-aga, nchọpụta ahụ bịara n'oge na-adịghị anya. Nna ya na nna ya, Prince Leopold, nwekwara haemophilia. == Ọnwụ == Na 29 Mee 1873, Friedrich na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya, Ernst, nọ na-egwuri egwu ọnụ n'ime ụlọ nne ha. Ernst gbara ọsọ gaa n'ime ụlọ ọzọ, nke dị n'akụkụ aka nri gaa n'ime ụlọ Alice wee lepụ anya na windo lee nwanne ya nwoke nke obere anya. Alice gbara ọsọ ka Ernst pụọ na windo. Mgbe ọ si n'ime ụlọ ahụ pụta, Friedrich rịgoro n'oche dị n'akụkụ windo mepere emepe n'ime ụlọ nne ya iji lekwasị anya nke ọma na nwanne ya nwoke. Oche ahụ dara ada, Friedrich wee si na windo daa, daa ụkwụ iri abụọ (mita isii na otu) n'elu balustrade dị n'okpuru. Ọ lanarịrị ọdịda ahụ, ọ gaara adị ndụ ma a sị na ọ nweghị haemophilia. Ọ nwụrụ awa ole na ole ka e mesịrị n'ihi ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ. == Ihe si na ya pụta == Mgbe ọnwụ Friedrich gasịrị, nne ya nwere nkụda mmụọ na-ekpe ekpere n'ili ya ma na-eme ememe ncheta nke obere ihe omume na ndụ ya. Nwanne ya nwoke, Ernst, gwara nne ya na ọ chọrọ ka ezinụlọ ahụ niile nwụọ ọnụ, ọ bụghị naanị ya "dị ka Frittie". Abụọ n'ime ụmụnne nwanyị Friedrich, Irene na Alix, nwekwara ụmụ nwoke na-arịa haemophilia. Nwa Irene, Prince Henry nke Prussia (amụrụ na 1900), nwụkwara n'ihi nsogbu sitere na ọdịda metụtara haemophilia, mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. == Ihe edeturu == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Edensibịa == * {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/bookofkingsroyal01mcna|title=The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy|author=McNaughton|first=Arnold|date=1973|publisher=[New York]: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.|isbn=978-0-8129-0280-8}} * {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/elizabethgranddu0000mage|title=Elizabeth, Grand Duchess of Russia|author=Mager|first=Hugo|date=1998|publisher=New York: Carroll & Graf|isbn=978-0-7867-0509-2}} * {{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/princessaliceque0000noel|title=Princess Alice: Queen Victoria's forgotten daughter|author=Noel|first=Gerard|date=1985|publisher=London: Constable|isbn=978-0-09-465980-3}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine}} * {{IMDb name|12567649|Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine}} 8phz0n7g8qcfzp7cw1qa88k0culwo43 0 77890 687757 2026-07-13T10:05:27Z Ennydavids 13406 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345590170|Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon]]" 687757 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rupert Alexander George Cambridge, Viscount Trematon (24 Eprel 1907 – 15 Eprel 1928) bụ nwa nwa nwa nwoke nke Queen Victoria, onye a mụrụ na England. Na mbụ, a maara ya dị ka Prince Rupert nke Teck, mana ya na ezinụlọ ya gbahapụrụ aha nsọpụrụ ha nke Germany n'afọ 1917. Dị ka onye ga-eketa ọkwa 'Earl of Athlone', a maara ya dị ka Lord Trematon, mana ọ nwụrụ tupu o nwee ike ịnata ọkwa ahụ.''' == Ezinụlọ == [[Faịlụ:Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone_with_children.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Prince Rupert na nne ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, c. 1909]] A mụrụ Rupert na 24 Eprel 1907 na Claremont House, England. Nne na nna ya bụ Prince Alexander nke Teck na onye bụbu Princess Alice nke Albany, nwa nwa na nwa nwa nke George nke Atọ na Queen Victoria. Prince Rupert bụ onye hemophiliac, ọnọdụ ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ Queen Victoria, gụnyere nna nna ya, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, onye nwụrụ n'ihi ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology: The Dynamic Science|author=Russel|first=Peter|location=Belmon, CA|publisher=Brooks/Cole|pages=265}}</ref> Rupert gara Ludgrove School<ref>{{Cite book|author=Barber|first=Richard|title=The Story of Ludgrove|date=2004|publisher=Guidon Publishing|location=Oxford|isbn=0-9543617-2-5}}</ref> na Eton dị ka nwata nwoke. N'oge ọ nwụrụ, ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Trinity College, Cambridge. == Viscount Trematon == N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, mmetụta nke ịkpọasị ndị German na United Kingdom mere ka nwanne nna Rupert bụ́ Eze George nke Ise kwụsị ịkpọ aha German niile maka onwe ya na ezinụlọ ya. N'ịzaghachi nke a, Prince Alexander, nna Rupert, na 14 Julaị 1917. jụrụ utu aha ya nke nwa eze Teck na Alaeze nke Württemberg na ụdị His Serene Highness. Alexander, ya na nwanne ya nwoke, Prince Adolphus nke Teck, nabatara aha Cambridge, site na nna nna ha, Prince Adolpheus, Duke nke Cambridge. Na 7 Nọvemba, Eze mepụtara nwanne di ya Earl of Athlone na Viscount Trematon. A na-akpọ Alexander ugbu a The Right Honourable The Earl of Athlone . Rupert nakweere utu aha nsọpụrụ nke Viscount Trematon. Nne ya nọgidere na-enwe utu aha ya nke Princess of Great Britain and Ireland na ụdị Her Royal Highness ma bụrụ onye a maara dị ka Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Ọnwụ == Viscount Trematon nwụrụ na 15 Eprel 1928 site na ọbara ọgbụgba n'ime ụbụrụ n'ihi ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na France. Na 1 Eprel 1928, Lord Trematon na ndị enyi abụọ nọ na-akwọ ụgbọala n'okporo ụzọ si Paris gaa [[Lyon]]. Ka ọ na-agafe ụgbọ ala ọzọ, ụgbọ ala Trematon kụrụ osisi wee tụgharịa. Otu n'ime ndị enyi ya nwụrụ site na mmerụ ahụ ma kpọga Trematon n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị nso na Belleville-sur-Saône na obere ọkpụkpụ okpokoro isi. Ọ nwetaghị onwe ya ma nwụọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ izu abụọ ka e mesịrị n'isi ụtụtụ nke Eprel 15.<ref name="Times_16_April" /> E mere emume olili ozu ya na St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Eze George V na Eze Nwanyị Mary bịakwara. E liri ya na Royal Vault na St George's Chapel na 20 Eprel tupu e lie ya na Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, na 23 Ọktoba 1928. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/about-st-georges/royal-connection/royal-burials/royal-burials-chapel-since-1805/|title=Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805|work=College of St George - Windsor Castle|accessdate=5 March 2023}}</ref> Ọnwụ ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla pụtara na utu aha Earl of Athlone kwụsịrị na 1957 mgbe nna ya nwụrụ n'enweghị nwa ọzọ, nwanne ya nwoke Maurice nwụrụ na 1910. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{authority control}} mfdf0dxmhi9j2s4g93sc0i46sc80t2f 0 77891 687761 2026-07-13T10:09:54Z Ennydavids 13406 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358670436|Prince Waldemar of Prussia (born 1889)]]" 687761 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Prince w'''aldemar William Louis Frederick Victor nke Prussia (German: Waldemar Wilhelm Ludwig Friedrich Viktor Heinrich; 20 Maachị 1889 na Kiel – 2 Mee 1945 na Tutzing, Bavaria) bụ ọkpara nwa Prince Henry nke Prussia na Princess Irene nke Hesse na Rhine. Ndị enyi ya na ezinụlọ ya na-akpọ ya Toddy. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:Prince_Heinrich_of_Prussia_with_family.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Prince Waldemar na nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Sigismund]] === Alụmdi na nwunye === Waldemar lụrụ Princess Calixta nke Lippe (14 Ọktoba 1895 - 15 Disemba 1982) na 14 Ọgọst 1919 na Hemmelmark.<ref name="aboh">{{Cite web|url=http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/body_files/c_body.htm|title=Calixta of Lippe – (1895–1982), German princess consort of Prussia|publisher=A Bit Of History|accessdate=29 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715193631/http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/body_files/c_body.htm|archivedate=15 July 2011}}</ref> === Haemophilia na ọnwụ === Waldemar, dị ka nwa nwanne nne ya, Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich nke Russia; nwanne nna nne [[Prince Friedrich nke Hesse na Rhine]]; na nwanne ya nwoke nke nta Henry, nwere haemophilia. Ọ nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Tutzing, Bavaria n'ihi enweghị ebe Mgbịnye ọbara. Ya na nwunye ya gbapụrụ n'ụlọ ha n'ihi ọganihu ndị Russia, ha rutere Tutzing, ebe Waldemar nwere ike ịnata mmịnye ọbara ikpeazụ ya.<ref name="fh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.baronage.co.uk/nl/nl-02-02.htm|title=The Feudal Herald|publisher=Pegasus Associates and The Baronage Press|accessdate=29 September 2010|archivedate=6 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506190814/http://www.baronage.co.uk/nl/nl-02-02.htm}}</ref> Ndị agha US wakporo mpaghara ahụ n'ụbọchị na-esote, na 1 Mee 1945, wee wepụ ihe niile gbasara ahụike iji gwọọ ndị nọ n'ogige ịta ahụhụ dị nso, na-egbochi dọkịta Waldemar ịgwọ ya.<ref name="fh" /> Waldemar nwụrụ n'ụbọchị na-esote, na 2 Mee.<ref name="aboh">{{Cite web|url=http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/body_files/c_body.htm|title=Calixta of Lippe – (1895–1982), German princess consort of Prussia|publisher=A Bit Of History|accessdate=29 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715193631/http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/body_files/c_body.htm|archivedate=15 July 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715193631/http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/body_files/c_body.htm "Calixta of Lippe – (1895–1982), German princess consort of Prussia"]. A Bit Of History. Archived from [http://abitofhistory.net/html/rhw/body_files/c_body.htm the original] on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Nsọpụrụ na onyinye == Prince Waldemar nwetara onyinye ndị a: * Knight of the Black Eagle, na Collar (Alaeze nke Prussia) [[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Black_Eagle_-_Ribbon_bar.svg|50x50px]] * Nnukwu Cross nke Red Eagle, na okpueze (Alaeze nke Prussia) [[Faịlụ:Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png|50x50px]] * Knight nke Prussian Crown, 1st Class (Alaeze nke Prussia) [[Faịlụ:PRU_Order_of_Crown_ribbon.svg|50x50px]] * Onye isi ndị agha nke Royal House Order of Hohenzollern (Alaeze nke Prussia) [[Faịlụ:D-PRU_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg|50x50px]] * Cross of Honour nke Prince House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class (House of Hohenzaollern-Sigmaringen) [[Faịlụ:D-PRU_Princely_Hohenzollern_Order_BAR.svg|50x50px]] * Knight nke House Order of Fidelity, ''1909'' (Grand Duchy of Baden) [[Faịlụ:BAD_Order_of_Fidelity_ribbon.svg|50x50px]] * Grand Cross nke Ludwig Order, ''19 Machị 1910'' (Grand Duchy nke Hesse na Rhine) [[Faịlụ:Ludwig_Order_(Hesse)_-_ribbon_bar.png|50x50px]] * Knight nke Rue Crown (Alaeze nke Saxony) [[Faịlụ:SAX_Order_of_the_Rue_Crown_ribbon.svg|50x50px]] * Grand Cordon nke Order of the Chrysanthemum, ''6 Mee 1912'' (Alaeze Ukwu nke Japan) <ref>{{Cite book|author=刑部芳則|title=明治時代の勲章外交儀礼|url=http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf|year=2017|publisher=明治聖徳記念学会紀要|language=ja}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:JPN_Daikun'i_kikkasho_BAR.svg|50x50px]] * Grand Cross nke St. Alexander, na Swords, ''1916'' (Alaeze nke Bulgaria) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-3K-2-123-134-Recipients_of_the_Bulgarian_Order_of_Saint_Alexander,_1912-1935.JPG|title=Български: Азбучник на ордена "Свети Александър", 1912-1935 г., XIII том}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:St.AlexanderOrder-ribbon.svg|50x50px]] == Ndị nna nna == <templatestyles src="Ahnentafel/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==  {{Prussian princes}}{{Authority control}} d3e8ikuw2ku7j4gca6wyrfu63dw7rfw 0 77892 687787 2026-07-13T10:45:01Z Adakaibe 14179 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350655170|Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova]]" 687787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=[[Don (honorific)|Don]]|name=Melchor Portocarrero|honorific_suffix=Count of Monclova|image=MelchorPorotcarreroLassodelaVega.jpg|order=23rd [[List of viceroys of Peru|Viceroy of Peru]]|term_start=September 15, 1689|term_end=August 15, 1705|monarch=[[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]] <br> [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]]|predecessor=[[Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata|Melchor de Navarra]]|successor=[[:es:Juan Peñalosa y Benavides|Juan Peñalosa y Benavides]]|birth_date=1636|birth_place=[[Madrid]]|death_date=September 15, 1705|death_place=[[Lima]]|1blankname=''[[Favourites|Valido]]''|1namedata=[[Manuel Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo|Count of Oropesa]]<ref>As '''Chief Minister of Spain'''</ref> <br> [[Luis Fernández Portocarrero]]|2blankname=[[List of prime ministers of Spain#Secretaries of State of the Universal Bureau|Secretary of the Universal Bureau]]|2namedata=Antonio de Ubilla|term_start2=June 16, 1686|term_end2=November 20, 1688|monarch2=Charles II|office2=29th [[Viceroy of New Spain]]|1blankname2=''[[Favourites|Valido]]''|1namedata2=Count of Oropesa|successor2=[[Gaspar de la Cerda, 8th Count of Galve|Gaspar Melchor Baltasar de la Cerda]]|predecessor2=[[Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquess of la Laguna de Camero Viejo|Tomas Antonio Manuel Lorenzo de la Cerda]]}}Don Melchor Portocarrero y Lasso de la Vega, onye nke atọ nwere aha nsọpụrụ bụ́ Count of Monclova (1636, Madrid – Septemba 15, 1705, Lima), bụ osote eze (viceroy) nke New Spain site na Nọvemba 30, 1686 ruo Nọvemba 19, 1688, nakwa osote eze nke Peru site na Ọgọst 1689 ruo 1705. == Ọrụ agha == A lieutenant general of cavalry, Portocarrero y Lasso de la Vega distinguished himself on campaign with John of Austria the Younger in Sicily, Flanders, Catalonia and Portugal. He was in the Battle of Arras, [[Siege of Condé|Condé]] and [[Siege of Saint Guillaume|Saint Guillaume]]. He lost his right arm in the Battle of the Dunes at Dunkirk in Ọnwa Isii 1658. He had a prosthesis made of silver, and his soldiers nicknamed him ''Brazo de Plata'' (Arm of Silver). Ọ bụ minista nke Council of the Indies na nke Real Junta de Guerra de las Indias (Royal War Council of the India). Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onyeisi ndị isi nke New Spain n'oge ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya eze. == Dị ka onye na-anọchite anya eze Peru == He was named viceroy of New Spain on April 17, 1686 under the authority of King Charles II of Spain. Upon arriving in Veracruz, he stayed there a few days in order to gather intelligence on whether the French had established a base on the Gulf coast. (France and Spain were then at war.) He ordered two well-armed brigantines to sail the coast to a point now on the east coast of the United States to look for a French colony. (They didn't actually sail that far.) Ọ bịarutere Chapultepec na Nọvemba 5, 1686 wee ṅụọ iyi n'ọkwa na Nọfemba 16. Ọ banyere na Mexico City na Nọvemba 30, 1686 ma malite n'ụbọchị ahụ. N'ọnwa sochirinụ, ndị ohi ụgbọ mmiri atọ nke England rutere n'obodo ahụ n'okpuru nche siri ike. A dọọrọ ha n'agha na Laguna de Términos, na-ekwu na ha so n'otu ìgwè ndị England 100 bịarutere ọnwa asaa tupu mgbe ahụ iji gbutuo osisi ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa iji zigara Jamaica. Onye na-anọchite anya eze mere ihe iji chụpụ ha. Ndị brigantine abụọ ahụ laghachiri, na-eweta akụkọ na ha achọtawo obere ụgbọ mmiri ole na ole na ọkara ụlọ elu e wuru na San Bernardo Bay, Texas, mana ndị India egbuola ndị wuru ụlọ ahụ. O nyere iwu ka e wuo ọwa mmiri ọzọ maka obodo Mexico City. Ọwa mmiri a si na Alberca Chica nke Chapultepec, nke dị n'ala ugwu ahụ, gafere n'okporo ụzọ ndị bụ Tacubaya na Arcos de Belén ruo n'otu ebe n'obodo ahụ a na-akpọ El Salto del Agua (nke pụtara "Mmiri na-awụli elu"). E mechara rụchaa ọrụ a, nke dị mita 3,908 n'ogologo ma nwee ihe owuwu yiri ákwà mmiri (arches) ruru 904, n'afọ 1779, n'oge ọchịchị Viceroy Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa. Ọ bụ Portocarrero ji ego nke ya kwụọ ụgwọ ọrụ ahụ. N'ihi egwu ọnụnọ nke ndị France na San Bernardo na Espíritu Santo, Portocarrero mere ka udo dị n'ógbè Nueva Extremadura de Coahuila ngwa ngwa ma kpọọ ya onyeisi Alonso de León gọvanọ. Na Ọgọst 12, 1689, de León hiwere obodo Santiago de la Monclova, nke a kpọrọ aha ya maka onyeisi ndị agha. E guzobere otu narị ezinụlọ na iri ise ebe ahụ, gụnyere ndị ikom 270 nwere ngwa agha nke ọma iji chụpụ mwakpo ọ bụla nke ndị France. Onyeisi ndị agha ahụ nyekwara iwu ka e rụzie ma ọ bụ wuo ebe ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu, ha niile na-ekwurịta okwu. Onye na-anọchite anya eze nyere iwu ka a na-ele anya n'ụsọ oké osimiri Gulf gafere Tampico, iji chebe onwe ya megide ndị agha René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, na-apụnara ndị mmadụ ihe na Fort St. Louis na Matagorda (Texas). Ọ chụpụrụ ndị ụkọchukwu mba ọzọ niile na-enweghị ikikere ikwusa ozi ọma na mpaghara ahụ. == As viceroy of New Spain == A họpụtara Portocarrero dị ka osote onyeisi Peru na Mee 3, 1688, onye ikpeazụ ga-anọchi onyeisi New Spain ebe ahụ. O nyefere ọchịchị ahụ n'aka onye ga-anọchi ya, Gaspar de la Cerda, Count nke 8 nke Galve na Nọvemba 19, 1688, mana ọ pụọghị ruo n'afọ sochirinụ, n'ihi enweghị ụgbọ njem. Na Mee 11, 1689, ọ si n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Acapulco banye ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ nwụrụ na Lima na 1705. Nwa ya nwanyị, Doña María Mercedes Portocarrero y Zamudio lụrụ Don José Manuel Tagle y Isasaga, 3rd Marquess of Torre Tagle. Ọ bụkwa nna nna nke Don José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, 4th Marquess of Torre Tagle, otu n'ime ndị ikom kachasị ike na Peru n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 19 ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala mba ahụ ugboro abụọ. == Edensibịa == q05g3pzqyvtf15iq5rn0qt1ahmoctfs