Maggie Aderin-Pocock

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="ig">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>igwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Midia</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Ọpụrụiche</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Ojiarụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá ojiarụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Faịlụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá faịlụ</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MidiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá MidiaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Templeeti</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá templeeti</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Enyemaka</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá enyemaka</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Otú</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá otú</namespace>
      <namespace key="118" case="first-letter">Édēchághị́</namespace>
      <namespace key="119" case="first-letter">Ńkàtá Édēchághị́</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Maggie Aderin-Pocock</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>11936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741602</id>
      <parentid>687049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T15:39:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22831" sha1="fpf4xalbp8gb29fal5o48c2zoadapop" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Margaret Ebunoluwa Aderin-Pocock''' MBE ( née Aderin ; amụru ya Maachị 9968) bu onye sayensi mbara mbara Britain na onye nkuzi sayensị. Ọ bụ onye na-eme nchọpụta nsọpụrụ nke Ngalaba Physics na Astronomy University College [[London]] . Ebe ọ bụ ọnwa February 2014, ọ na-enye Chris Lintott ihe omume telivishọn nke mbara igwe na-agba ọsọ ogologo og. N'afọ e nyere ya Institute of Physics William Thomson, Lord Kelvin Medal &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Maggie Aderin-Pocock, The First Black Woman To Win A Gold Medal In The Physics News Awards|url=https://www.becauseofthemwecan.com/blogs/botwc-firsts/meet-dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-the-first-black-woman-to-win-a-gold-medal-in-the-physics-news-awards|accessdate=20 December 2020|work=BOTWC}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Nrite maka ntinye aka ọha na eze na physics. Ọ bụ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo na ihe nrite Physics News Award. Ọ nwetakwara aha onye isi oche-ahọpụtara nke British Science Association &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Dr. Maggie Aderin-Pocock, The First Black Woman To Win A Gold Medal In The Physics News Awards|url=https://www.becauseofthemwecan.com/blogs/botwc-firsts/meet-dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-the-first-black-woman-to-win-a-gold-medal-in-the-physics-news-awards|accessdate=19 May 2021|work=BOTWC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Margaret Ebunoluwa Aderin na London na 9 Maachị 1968 nye nne na nna Nigeria, Caroline Philips na Justus Adebayo Aderin, ma zụlite ya na Camden, London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 March 2014|title=Weekend Birthdays|page=45|work=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Births: Margaret Efumoluwa Aderin, mmn = Wey, Mar 1968 5c 905 ISLINGTON&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.surreylife.co.uk/people/celebrity-interviews/bbc-sky-at-night-presenter-maggie-aderin-pocock-on-space-science-and-guildford-life-1-4392414|title=BBC Sky at Night presenter Maggie Aderin-Pocock on space, science and Guildford life|first=Interview: Angela|author=Wintle|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=11 February 2018|archivedate=10 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610140306/http://www.surreylife.co.uk/people/celebrity-interviews/bbc-sky-at-night-presenter-maggie-aderin-pocock-on-space-science-and-guildford-life-1-4392414}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha etiti ya bụ Ebunoluwa sitere na okwu Yoruba bu nke putara “onyinye” na Oluwa putara “Chineke” nke bu kwa ụzo di iche iche nke okwu a bu “Oluwabunmi” ma obu “Olubunmi” nke putara “onyinye Chineke” na Yoruba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindthename.com/name/olubunmi|title=OLUBUNMI|work=Behind the Name|accessdate=27 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na La Sainte Union Convent na North London. O nwere dyslexia na, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, mgbe ọ gwara onye nkuzi na ọ chọrọ ịbụ onye na- enyocha mbara igwe, a tụrụ aro ka ọ gbalịa nọọsụ, &quot;n'ihi na nke ahụ bụkwa sayensị&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aderin-Pocock|first=Maggie|title=Let's inspire the next generation of scientists|work=[[Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=13 March 2009|accessdate=20 September 2013|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/4985076/Lets-inspire-the-next-generation-of-scientists.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwetara ọkwa anọ A na mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics, kemistri na bayoloji. &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot; /&gt;

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Imperial College London, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BSc na physics na 1990, wee gụchaa PhD na injinia n'okụru nlekọta nke Hugh Spikes na 1994.  Nnyocha ya nyochara mmepe nke sistemụ nke ihe nkiri dị oke mkpa site na iji spectroscopy na interferometry ruo 2.5.&amp;nbsp;nm ọkwa.  Nke a gụnyere imeziwanye arụmọrụ ngwa anya na nhazi igwe nke sistemu ahụ, yana mmepe nke njikwa na Ngwaọrụ nhazi onyonyo . Usoro ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ naanị na ọkwa micron na mkpebi dị oke njọ. Ọrụ mmepe a mere ka ụlọ ọrụ na-agbapụ na Mahadum Imperial College, PCS Instruments na-ere ngwá ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Are we alone? The search for life on Mars|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/be-inspired/magazine/public/imperialmatters33.pdf|accessdate=27 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aka ọrụ na nyocha ==
Aderin-Pocock arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe, agụmakwụkwọ na gọọmentị. Site na 1996 ruo 1999 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, ngalaba nke UK Ministry of Defence . Na mbụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị sistemu na sistemu ịdọ aka ná ntị ngwa agha ụgbọ elu, site kwa na 1997 ruo 1999 ọ bụ onye njikwa ọrụ na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ eji aka achọpụta ogbunigwe .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vitae.ac.uk/researcher-careers/researcher-career-stories/list-of-vitae-career-stories-on-film/maggie-aderin-pocock|title=Maggie Aderin-Pocock|author=c0c6844f-85f4-450d-935c-a27a00bdf347|work=Vitae: realising the potential of researchers|publisher=Careers Research and Advisory Centre Limited|accessdate=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1999, Aderin-Pocock laghachiri na Imperial College na mkpakọrịta sitere na Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ Facilities Council ka ya na otu ahụ na-emepe emepe &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/hros/hrosRefs.html bHROS References] High Resolution Optical Spectrograph for Gemini South&lt;/ref&gt; spectrograph dị elu &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/hros/hrosIndex.html bHROS] High Resolution Optical Spectrograph for Gemini South&lt;/ref&gt; maka teliskop Gemini na [[Chile]] . Igwe teliskop ahụ na-enyocha ma na-enyocha ìhè kpakpando iji kwalite nghọta nke kpakpando ndị dị anya. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/hros/hrosComponents.html bHROS Components] High Resolution Optical Spectrograph for Gemini South&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161009004427/http://www.gemini.edu/node/10002 Instruments | Gemini Observatory] : [http://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/hros/hrosIndex.html bHROS], a high-resolution optical spectrograph, has been retired&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-edu ndú na Astrium, bụ ebe o jisiri ike na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri na satellite, na-atụle ọsọ ifufe iji nyere aka nyocha nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/164223/dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-science-your-career/|title=Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock: 'Science and your career' &amp;#124; Imperial News &amp;#124; Imperial College London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ijikwa ngwá ọrụ nlele maka Aeolus satịlaịtị, nke ga-atụle ọsọ ifufe iji nyere aka nyocha nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ịgwa ndị ọha na eze okwu sayensị, ọkachasị ụmụ akwụkwọ, ma na-ahụkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, Science Innovation Ltd, nke na-etinye ụmụaka na ndị okenye n'ụwa niile ihe ịtụnanya sayensị mbara igwe. 

Aderin-Pocock na-agba mbọ ịkwalite ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-agụ mbara igwe, ndị injinia na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ọ gwawokwa ihe dị ka ụmụaka 25,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ime ime obodo, na-agwa ha otú na ihe mere o ji ghọọ ọkà mmụta sayensị, na-ikọ akụkọ ifo banyere ọrụ, klaasị., na okike.  Site na nke a Aderin-Pocock na-eduzi &quot;Njegharị nke Eluigwe na Ala,&quot; bụ nke o guzobere iji tinye ụmụaka na ndị okenye gburugburu ụwa na ihe ebube nke oghere.  Ọ na-enyekwa aka ịgba mbọ na-agba mbọ sayensị nke ndị na-eto eto site n'ịbụ onye ọka ikpe ama ama na National Science + Engineering Competition. A na-eme ngwụcha asọmpi a na Big Bang Fair na March kwa afọ iji kwụọ ndị na-eto eto nwetagoro ọkaibe na ọrụ sayensị, teknụzụ, injinia, ma ọ bụ mgbakọ na mwepụ.

Aderin-Pocock bụ onye ndụmọdụ sayensị maka 2009 mini-usoro ''Paradox'', ma pụtakwara na ''Dọkịta Onye Nzuzo'' . &lt;ref&gt;[[imdbname:3724483|Maggie Aderin-Pocock]] IMDB&lt;/ref&gt; Na Febụwarị 2011, o gosiri ''Ànyị Chọrọ Ọnwa n'Ezie?'' na BBC Abụọ . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yb5jp|title=Do We Really Need the Moon? - BBC Two|accessdate=4 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O gosikwara na ''Orbit: ka Satellites na-achị ụwa anyị'' na BBC Abụọ na 26 Maachị 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00q85bw|title=The Trick is to Keep Moving ..., In Orbit: How Satellites Rule Our World – BBC Two|publisher=.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=4 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-egosikwa ''Sky na Night'' na Chris Lintott ., &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Emine Saner|date=19 January 2014|title=The Sky at Night presenter Maggie Aderin-Pocock: 'In space, race doesn't matter'|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/jan/19/sky-at-night-maggie-aderin-pocock}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aderin-Pocock ewepụtala ''Stargazing'' na CBeebies na Chris Jarvis, na ''n'ime ụwa a'' na CBBC ya na nwa ya nwanyị Lauren. Ọ pụtakwara na ''m ga-agharịrị gị ụgha?'', Dara O Briain's ''Go 8 Bit'', ''Ụlọ Egwuregwu Richard Osman'', na ''QI'' .

Ebe ọ bụ na 2006, Aderin-Pocock jere ozi dị ka onye nyocha na UCL Department of Science and Technology Studies, nke Sayensị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze 2010-2013 kwadoro site na Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC). Ọ na-enwebu mmekọrịta abụọ ọzọ metụtara nkwukọrịta sayensị, gụnyere sayensị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze 2006-08 Particle Physics na Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) na 2008-10 (STFC).  Nakwa na 2006, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị GetSET nwetara mmeri isii &quot;Women of External Achievement&quot;.

Na 2014, pseudonymously -written Ephraim Hardcastle kọlụm diary na ''Daily Mail'' kwuru na ahọpụtara Aderin-Pocock (tinyere Hiranya Peiris ) iji kwurịta nsonaazụ sitere na Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization 2 (BICEP-2) nnwale na ''Newsnight'' n'ihi na. nke okike na agbụrụ ya. Ndị mgbasa ozi bụ isi katọrọ nkwupụta ndị a, [[Royal Astronomical Society]] na Aderin-Pocock na mahadum Pereis, University College London, &lt;ref name=&quot;ind&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 March 2014|title=Scientist (PhD in astrophysics) shocked by reference to her ethnicity|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv-radio/scientist-phd-in-astrophysics-shocked-by-reference-to-her-ethnicity-as-daily-mail-accused-of-9208841.html|accessdate=12 December 2017|quote=A Mail spokesman said the paper fully accepted that the women were highly qualified in their field and that that was the reason they were chosen for interview. Yesterday's Ephraim Hardcastle column stated: &quot;I accept without questions that both ladies are highly qualified.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2014-03-21a&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Meikle|first=James|date=21 March 2014|title=Daily Mail accused of insulting top female scientists|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/mar/21/daily-mail-accused-of-insulting-top-female-scientists|accessdate=12 December 2017|quote=A Mail spokesman made it clear that the paper fully accepts that the women were highly qualified in their field and that was the reason they were chosen for interview. The Mail is in contact with Professor Price.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Keith|title=RAS statement on Hiranya Peiris and Maggie Aderin-Pocock|url=https://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/news-archive/254-news-2014/2424-ras-statement-on-hiranya-peiris-and-maggie-aderin-pocock|accessdate=12 December 2017|work=www.ras.org.uk|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213084550/https://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/news-archive/254-news-2014/2424-ras-statement-on-hiranya-peiris-and-maggie-aderin-pocock|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''Daily Mail'' na kọlụm ya kwadoro n'ime ụbọchị na-ekwenye na a họọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ. n'ihi na ha tozuru oke n'ugbo ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;ind&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian2014-03-21a&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-eme nchọpụta nsọpụrụ nke Ngalaba Physics na Astronomy University College London . 

Na 2020–21 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na kọmitii gọọmentị UK maka agbụrụ agbụrụ na agbụrụ (CRED) . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/commission-on-race-and-ethnic-disparities|title=Commission on Race and Ethnic Disparities}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/02/windrush-campaigners-alarmed-by-omissions-of-no-10-race-report|title=Windrush campaigners alarmed by omissions of No 10 race report|date=2 April 2021|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/race-report-bame-gaslighting-sewell-commission-b1825200.html|title=Editorial: The government's race report is an exercise in gaslighting|date=1 April 2021|work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56585538|title=Race report: 'UK not deliberately rigged against ethnic minorities'|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/03/31/boris-johnson-news-lockdown-easing-covid-eu-vaccine-pmqs/|title=Race report 'reluctant to accept structural issues', says Sir Keir Starmer|first=Catherine|author=Neilan|work=The Telegraph|date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akuko esemokwu nke kọmitii ahụ kwubiri na &quot;na-ekwu na mba ahụ ka na-akpa ókè agbụrụ abụghị ihe akaebe&quot;, mana ndị ọkachamara mere mkpesa na akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe akaebe na-ezighị ezi, na ndụmọdụ ndị isi azụmahịa na-eleghara anya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Savage|first=Michael|date=4 April 2021|title=Race report boss wanted schools to teach 'the truth' about modern Britain|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/04/race-report-boss-wanted-schools-to-teach-the-truth-about-modern-britain?utm_term=515a522646e159d15cc9e63c3a731654&amp;utm_campaign=GuardianTodayUK&amp;utm_source=esp&amp;utm_medium=Email&amp;CMP=GTUK_email|accessdate=4 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e bipụtachara akụkọ ahụ, Aderin-Pocock kwuru na ọ bụghị ịgọnarị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị n'ụlọ ọrụ mana o kwuru na kọmiti ahụ achọpụtaghị ihe akaebe ya na mpaghara ndị ọ lere anya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56592331|title=Campaigners criticise government race report|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe Disemba 2021, Aderin-Pocock abụrụla onye na-ese ajụjụ maka ihe ngosi egwuregwu Channel 4 M n'ezie gwara gị . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who sets the questions on Channel 4's I Literally Just Told You?|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/i-literally-just-told-you-emy-maggie/|accessdate=2022-01-07|work=Radio Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==
A họpụtara Aderin-Pocock ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Order of the British Empire na 2009 New Year Honors maka ọrụ mmụta sayensị.  Enyekwara ya nzere doctorate site na Mahadum Staffordshire &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=University|first=Staffordshire|title=Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock MBE|url=http://www.staffs.ac.uk/events/graduation/2009/honoraries/maggie_aderin_pocock/index.jsp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190534/http://www.staffs.ac.uk/events/graduation/2009/honoraries/maggie_aderin_pocock/index.jsp|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=4 February 2017|publisher=staffs.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2009 maka ntinye aka na ngalaba mmụta sayensị.

* 2005 - Enyere &quot;Sertificate of Excellence&quot; site na Champions Club UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-oration|work=University of Bath website|title=Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock: oration|accessdate=19 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 - Onye mmeri nke onyinye &quot;New Talent&quot; sitere na WFTV (Women in Film and Television) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/black-history/aderin-pocock/|title=Modern perspectives: Dr. Maggie Aderin-Pocock {{!}} Royal Society|work=royalsociety.org|language=en-gb|accessdate=3 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 - UK Powerlist, edepụtara dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ojii 100 kacha emetụta UK &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock: oration&quot; /&gt;
* 2013 - Ndepụta ikike UK, edepụtara dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ojii 10 kacha nwee mmetụta na UK &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Inspiring Woman: Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock, MBE|url=https://www.runnethlondon.com/2018/02/08/inspiring-woman-maggie-aderin-pocock/|author=Cross|first=Gilly|date=8 February 2018|work=Runneth London|language=en-GB|accessdate=23 May 2020|archivedate=15 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215183823/https://www.runnethlondon.com/2018/02/08/inspiring-woman-maggie-aderin-pocock/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 - Yale University Center for Dyslexia &quot;Nrite n'ime igbe echiche &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock: oration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock: oration|url=https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-oration/|work=www.bath.ac.uk|accessdate=2020-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;
* 2014 - Dọkịta Sayensị Sọpụrụ, Mahadum Bath &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-oration/|title=Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock: oration|author=Walker (Dr)|first=Alison|date=2014|work=University of Bath|publisher=University of Bath|accessdate=9 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 - Powerlist họọrọ nke isii kacha nwee mmetụta na Black Britain &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 10 most influential black people in Britain|url=https://www.indy100.com/article/the-10-most-influential-black-people-in-britain--ZJ35lmZpKg|work=indy100|accessdate=17 April 2020|language=en|date=24 November 2015|archivedate=8 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153724/https://www.indy100.com/article/the-10-most-influential-black-people-in-britain--ZJ35lmZpKg}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Do we really need black-only 'power lists' in the UK?|language=en|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10420922/Do-we-really-need-black-only-power-lists-in-the-UK.html|accessdate=30 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 - Dọkịta Sayensị Sọpụrụ, Mahadum Loughborough &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/alumni/news/2017/renowned-space-scientist-receives-honorary-doctorate.html|title=Renowned space scientist receives Honorary Doctorate from Loughborough University|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=19 December 2017|work=www.lboro.ac.uk|publisher=Loughborough University|accessdate=5 February 2018|archivedate=29 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229010323/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/alumni/news/2017/renowned-space-scientist-receives-honorary-doctorate.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 - Dọkịta Sayensị Sọpụrụ, Mahadum Leicester &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/for-journalists/graduation-ceremonies-1/summer-2018/honorands/dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-mbe|title=Dr Maggie Aderin-Pocock MBE|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=19 July 2018|work=www.le.ac.uk|publisher=University of Leicester|accessdate=16 June 2020|archivedate=16 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616120532/https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/press/for-journalists/graduation-ceremonies-1/summer-2018/honorands/dr-maggie-aderin-pocock-mbe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 - Institute of Physics William Thomson, Lord Kelvin Medal na Nrite maka ntinye aka ọha na eze na physics. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Institute of Physics Awards 2020|url=https://www.iop.org/about/awards/institute-physics-awards-2020|accessdate=29 October 2020|work=Institute of Physics Awards 2020 {{!}} Institute of Physics|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Aderin-Pocock tụlere ndụ ya na ''diski Desert Island'' nke BBC Radio 4 na Maachị 2010, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00r33mq|title=Maggie Aderin-Pocock|work=Desert Island Discs|publisher=BBC Radio 4|date=March 2010|accessdate=20 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akụkọ akụkọ ndụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị. &lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph&quot;/&gt;

Ọ lụrụ Martin Pocock na 2002. Ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Lauren, a mụrụ na 2010, ma biri na Guildford, Surrey.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ft.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Baker|first=Tamzin|title=At home: Maggie Aderin-Pocock|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d467e260-13c0-11e2-9ac6-00144feabdc0.html|accessdate=15 January 2014|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=19 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbipụta ==

* Aderin-Pocock, Maggie. &quot;Dr. Maggie's Grand Tour of the Solar System&quot; Onye nkwusa: Akwụkwọ Buster, Septemba 2019,  ,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Maggie's Grand Tour of the Solar System|url=https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/childrens-book-reviews/dr-maggies-grand-tour-solar-system/|work=School Reading List|date=23 August 2019|accessdate=21 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Aderin-Pocock, Maggie. &quot;Ihe Ọmụma: Stargazing&quot; Onye nkwusa: Quadrille Publishing Ltd, 10 Septemba 2015,  , 
* Aderin, M. &quot;Ngwaọrụ Space: Physics na Astronomy in Harmony?&quot; Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na Injinia na Fisiks - Mmekọrịta maka Ịga nke Ọma, 5 October 2006, UK.
* 
* Barlow, MJ, AS Hales, PJ Storey, XW Liu, YG Tsamis, na ME Aderin. &quot;Nleba anya mkpebi mkpebi nke Bhros High Spectral nke Pn Forbidden na Profile Line Recombination.&quot; ''Usoro nke International Astronomical Union'' 2, no. Symposium S234 (2006): 367–68.
* Aderin, ME &quot;Nwụnye Bhros na arụmọrụ Sistemu.&quot; Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na Ngwa dabere na Ground for Astronomy, 21–25 June 2004, USA.
* Aderin, M., I. Crawford, P. D'Arrigo, na A. Charalambous. &quot;Elu Mkpebi Optical Spectrograph (Hros): Nchịkọta Ọganihu.&quot; Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na ogbako on Optical and IR Telescope Instrumentation and Detectors, 27–31 Maachị 2000, Munich, [[Jémanị|Germany]].
* Aderin, ME, na IA Burch. &quot;Mgbochi: Nchọpụta m ejidere na ụgbọala.&quot; Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke Abụọ maka nchọpụta nke ogbunigwe agbahapụla, 12–14 Ọktoba 1998, London, UK. doi  
* Aderin, Margaret Ebunoluwa. &quot;Nchọpụta interferometric nke ihe nkiri mmanye mmanye dị oke mkpa na kọntaktị etinyere.&quot; 
* 
* 
* Cann, PM, M. Aderin, GJ Johnston, na HA Spikes. &quot;Nnyocha n'ime Molecules Oflubricant Orientation na kọntaktị Ehd.&quot; N'ime ''ihe ndị na-eyi: Site na Cradle ruo n'ili'', nke D. Dowson, G. Dalmaz, THC Childs, CM Taylor na M. Godet deziri. 209–18: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1992.
* 

== Edensibịịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]]
[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]]</text>
      <sha1>fpf4xalbp8gb29fal5o48c2zoadapop</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marius Kloppers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741609</id>
      <parentid>139405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T18:00:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3652" sha1="578u50ag1zgpof88m9lbov4ekbqtr5z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Marius Jacques Kloppers''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 26 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1962) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Australia amụrụ na South Africa na onye bụbu onye isi nke BHP Billiton, ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.crikey.com.au/Business/20070531-Another-foreigner-climbs-the-mountain-at-BHP.html|title=Crikey - Another foreigner climbs to the top of the heap at BHP-Billiton - Another foreigner climbs to the top of the heap at BHP-Billiton&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=31 May 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224531/http://www.crikey.com.au/Business/20070531-Another-foreigner-climbs-the-mountain-at-BHP.html|archivedate=26 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/bhp-appoints-new-ceo/2007/05/31/1180205381088.html BHP appoints new CEO]''[[Sydney Morning Herald]]'' 31 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Group Management Committee site na 2007 ruo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BHP Billiton web site|url=http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/aboutus/leadership/Pages/default.aspx|accessdate=2022-05-28|archivedate=2012-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209040028/http://www.bhpbilliton.com/home/aboutus/leadership/pages/default.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gwara ya ka ọ laa ezumike nká dị ka onye isi oche na 1 Ọktoba 2013, Andrew Mackenzie nọchiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Russell|first=Christopher|title=BHP CEO Marius Kloppers steps down|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/business/companies/bhp-ceo-marius-kloppers-to-retire/story-fndgp8b1-1226581630471|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|date=20 February 2013|accessdate=20 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MARIUS KLOPPERS TO RETIRE, ANDREW MACKENZIE TO BECOME CEO|url=http://www.bhpbilliton.com/~/media/bhp/documents/investors/news/2013/130220_bhp-billiton-ceo-retirement-and-appointment.pdf?la=en|publisher=[[BHP|BHP Billiton]]|date=20 February 2013|accessdate=20 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Kloppers gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Helpmekaar Kollege, mgbe ahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na Johannesburg. Kloppers gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Chemical Engineering na Mahadum nke Pretoria ma mesịa gaa n'ihu nweta PhD na Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MBA na INSEAD .

== Ọrụ ==
Kloppers rụrụ ọrụ na mmanụ ala na Sasol na nyocha ihe na Mintek na South Africa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị MBA ya na INSEAD, ya na ndị ndụmọdụ nchịkwa McKinsey &amp; Company na Netherlands rụkọrọ ọrụ tupu ọ banye na Billiton na 1993. N'afọ 2007, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na anọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, BHP Billiton . O weghaara ọkwa nke onye isi oche na 1 Ọktoba 2007. N'afọ 2009, ụgwọ ọrụ ya kwa afọ bụ $ US 10.4 nde, nke $ 2M bụ ụgwọ ọrụ na nkwụnye ego bụ bonus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=BHP chief gets $12 million paycheck, up 51pc|url=http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,26075598-5005361,00.html|publisher=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)]]|accessdate=2009-09-14|date=2009-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923210325/http://www.news.com.au/perthnow/story/0,21598,26075598-5005361,00.html|archive-date=2009-09-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chip Goodyear]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=CEO of [[BHP|BHP Billiton]]|years=2007–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Andrew Mackenzie (businessman)|Andrew Mackenzie]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>578u50ag1zgpof88m9lbov4ekbqtr5z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olalekan Jeyifous</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13964</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741679</id>
      <parentid>131016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T11:01:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11287" sha1="9cufzag3h5zoc7hk6w15yw8b7abpxoo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Olalekan Jeyifous''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1977), nke a na-akpọkarị Lek ( na-akpọpụta dịka &quot;Lake&quot;), bụ onye na-ese ihe na Naijiria bi na Brooklyn, New York. Ugbu a, ọ bụ onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Cornell ebe ọ nwetakwara nzere bachelọ na Architecture n'afọ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olalekan Jeyifous {{!}} Cornell AAP|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/people/olalekan-jeyifous|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=aap.cornell.edu|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413080224/https://aap.cornell.edu/people/olalekan-jeyifous|archive-date=2021-04-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|title=Olalekan Jeyifous Installs Protest in Cleveland's Public Square {{!}} Cornell AAP|work=aap.cornell.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112205317/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|archive-date=2019-11-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye a zụrụ azụ dị ka onye na-arụ ụlọ, ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na nka ọha na eze na azụmahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2017/09/trump_era_inspires_public_squa.html|title=Trump era inspires Public Square installation on political protest by New York artist Olalekan Jeyifous|author=Litt|first=Steven|date=2017-09-02|work=cleveland|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyebugo ọrụ ya ọrụ ọhụrụ maka Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America ngosi na Museum of Modern Art na New York nàkwà Amanda Williams, Walter Hood, na Mario Gooden.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=2021-03-11|title=How Can Blackness Construct America?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/11/arts/design/black-architecture-moma.html|accessdate=2021-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụlọ na oghere nke obodo ndị Africa America yana ndị Africa na ụzọ ndị a pụrụ isi mee ka akụkọ ihe mere eme pụta ìhè ma nwee ike iwulite nha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/5219|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ nka ==
Ọrụ Jeyifous na-eche nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ihu site na ntinye, nnukwu ihe osise, nnukwu ihe osise ọha na eze nakwa ụdị kọmputa 3D na-egosipụta echiche banyere Afrofuturism na dystopias ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citylab.com/housing/2016/08/a-futuristic-vision-of-lagos-skyscrapers-arising-from-shantytowns/494528/|title=Skyscrapers Rising From Shantytowns: A Futuristic Vision of Lagos|author=Misra|first=Tanvi|work=CityLab|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeyifous nwere mmasị na nsogbu obodo na ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe obodo na-arụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nka, ọdịbendị pop, na echiche nchịkọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okhio|first=Camille|title=Brooklyn-Based Artist Olalekan Jeyifous Imagines a New York Transformed by Climate Change|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/brooklyn-based-artist-olalekan-jeyifous-imagines-a-new-york-transformed-by-climate-change|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=Architectural Digest|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banyere ihe ngosi ya gosipụtara na ihe ngosi Museum of Modern Art, “Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America,” Jeyifous na-enyocha eziokwu dystopian nke gbanyere mgbọrọgwụ na ndị isi ojii nọ ná mba ọzọ na ephemera obodo mepere emepe na-apụ n'anya na ụlọ nke Brooklyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okhio|first=Camille|title=Brooklyn-Based Artist Olalekan Jeyifous Imagines a New York Transformed by Climate Change|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/brooklyn-based-artist-olalekan-jeyifous-imagines-a-new-york-transformed-by-climate-change|accessdate=2021-05-22|work=Architectural Digest|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2020, New York Times kpọrọ Jeyifous dịka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe 5 ga-eso na Instagram n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Kara Walker, Phyllis Galembo, Laylah Amatullah Barrayn, Alex Webb na Rebecca Norris Webb .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2020-04-22|title=Five Artists to Follow on Instagram Now|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/22/arts/design/five-artists-to-follow-instagram.html|accessdate=2021-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Eter okpueze ===
Crown Ether bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ dị mita iri ise n'ogologo n'afọ 2017 Coachella Valley Music and Art Festival . Jeyifous bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà ise a họpụtara maka ngosi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Crichton|first=Maddie|date=2017-04-14|title=FIRST LOOK: #EmptyCoachella Reveals the Gorgeous Art You'll Be Taking Selfies With This Year Los Angeles Magazine|url=https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/first-look-emptycoachella-reveals-gorgeous-art-youll-taking-selfies-year/|accessdate=2021-04-19|work=Los Angeles Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti njikọ na nkewa kpaliri ihe osise ahụ dị elu. Onye na-ese ihe kewara ụlọ elu okomoko dị elu nke dị elu site na obodo na-adịchaghị elu ma nwee ihe nketa dị n'okpuru, ebe ọ na-ejikọta obodo abụọ ahụ site na uru nke nchekwa na ndò.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/events/20170415/coachella-2017-art-is-always-more-than-just-music-at-the-festival|title=Coachella 2017: Art is always more than just music at the festival|date=2017-04-15|work=Daily News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== “Ngagharị iwe!” ===
“!”Ngagharị iwe (2017) bụ ihe osise ọha na eze dị mita iri nke nwere nnukwu ihe ọkpụkpụ anọ na Public Square na obodo Cleveland, OH. N'ike mmụọ nsọ site na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ngagharị iwe, nzukọ udo, na nnọkọ obodo nke mere n'ama Public Square, Jeyifous sere ihe osise oroma na-acha odo odo nke na-egosi ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-eyi ụja n'ime mpi ehi, na-enye akwụkwọ nta, ma na-amakụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/arts/2017/09/trump_era_inspires_public_squa.html|title=Trump era inspires Public Square installation on political protest by New York artist Olalekan Jeyifous|author=Litt|first=Steven|date=2017-09-02|work=cleveland|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkụ ahụ na-anọchite anya ngagharị iwe dị ka ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya site n'ịnabata ndị ọbịa ka ha nọdụ ala maọbụ zukọta okirikiri ikpo okwu oche ndị e wuru na ntọala ígwè nke ibe ọ bụla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|title=Olalekan Jeyifous Installs Protest in Cleveland's Public Square {{!}} Cornell AAP|work=aap.cornell.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112205317/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/olalekan-jeyifous-installs-protest-clevelands-public-square|archive-date=2019-11-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== The Boom na Bust ===
The Boom and the Bust (2019) bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ dị mita iri abụọ na ise nke dịka ụlọ dị elu nke nwere ihe yiri àkwá n'etiti ya na-ejide nchịkọta obere ụlọ na-acha uhie uhie. Akụkụ ahụ na-ezo aka na ihe ịma aka nke ịkpa ókè ụlọ na enweghị nhata n'obodo ukwu, n'oge gara aga, na ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2019/09/artprize-project-1-biennial-grand-rapids/|title=ArtPrize brings an inaugural biennial to Grand Rapids|date=2019-09-30|work=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wrought, Knit, Labors, Legacies ===
Wrought, Knit, Labors, Legacies (2020) bụ̀ ntinye n'akụkụ mmiri Alexandria Virginia nke na-edepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Alexandria nke ndị Africa nakwa America site na oghere nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ahịa nke obodo ahụ site na narị afọ 17 ruo 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Scott|first=Chadd|title=Alexandria, Virginia's Waterfront Park Adds Olalekan Jeyifous Installation 'Wrought, Knit, Labors, Legacies'|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chaddscott/2020/06/07/alexandria-virginias-waterfront-park-adds-olalekan-jeyifous-installation-wrought-knit-labors-legacies/|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọdịnihu anyị, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche anyị ===
Ọdịnihu anyị, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche anyị (2020) ga-abụ ihe mmekorita ya na onye na-ese ihe Amanda Williams maka mmeghe She Built NYC.  Akụkụ ahụ na-echeta Shirley Chisholm, nwanyị ojii mbụ gara ozi na Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/arts/design/shirley-chisholm-monument-prospect-park.html|title=The Shirley Chisholm Monument in Brooklyn Finds Its Designers|author=Steinhauer|first=Jillian|date=2019-04-23|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-11-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-ese ihe mere ihe ahụ iji kọwaa ihe ncheta nke narị afọ iri abụọ na otu, sọpụrụ ihe nketa Shirley Chisholm nke ịkpọkọta ndị mmadụ ọnụ, ma kwurịta ogologo oge ihe gbasara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://archpaper.com/2019/05/shirley-chisholm-monument-amanda-williams-olalekan-jeyifous/|title=Shirley Chisholm monument designers discuss using space to honor a legacy|date=2019-05-13|work=Archpaper.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ga-ewu ya na Brooklyn's Prospect Park na nkuku Ocean na Parkside Avenues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/may/21/shirley-chisholm-anti-monument-brooklyn|title='Her legacy is incredible': behind the Shirley Chisholm 'anti-monument'|author=Sayej|first=Nadja|date=2019-05-21|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2019-11-12|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* A họpụtara ya na Jennifer Bonner na Walter Hood dị ka ndị otu 2021 Architecture &amp; Design maka United States Artists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Jennifer Bonner, Walter Hood, and Olalekan Jeyifous named 2021 USA Fellows|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2021/02/jennifer-bonner-walter-hood-and-olalekan-jeyifous-2021-usa-fellows/|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* E nyere Jeyifous ihe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=J. Irwin and Xenia S. Miller Prize|url=https://exhibitcolumbus.org/2021-exhibition/j-irwin-and-xenia-s-miller-prize|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=Exhibit Columbus|archivedate=2021-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115232528/https://exhibitcolumbus.org/2021-exhibition/j-irwin-and-xenia-s-miller-prize}}&lt;/ref&gt; nrite 2020-2021 J. Irwin na Xenia S. Miller site n'aka Exhibit Columbus maka onyinye ya na ọzụzụ nke imewe, nka na ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-01|title=Exhibit Columbus announces virtual 2021 Design Presentations lineup|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2021/03/exhibit-columbus-announces-virtual-2021-design-presentations-lineup/|accessdate=2021-03-28|work=The Architect’s Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>9cufzag3h5zoc7hk6w15yw8b7abpxoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olu Oguibe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741681</id>
      <parentid>656072</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T11:23:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11948" sha1="ptnym8sp94mgdvajqegdq2bm055veuz" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Olu Oguibe''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1964) bụ onye Amerịka amụrụ na [[Naijiria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906195156/http://www.people.cornell.edu/pages/sh40/Oguibe.html Olu Oguibe]. Retrieved 29 June 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Prọfesọ nke Art na African-American Studies na Mahadum Connecticut, Storrs, Oguibe bụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye]] isi nke Vera List Center for [[Ǹkà|Art]] and Politics na New School, [[New York City]], na Smithsonian Institution na Washington, DC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianofi.com/fellowship-opportunities/smithsonian-institution-fellowship-program/past-smithsonian-institution-fellowship-program-awardees/|title=Past Smithsonian Institution Fellowship Program Awardees {{!}} Smithsonian Fellowships and Internships|work=www.smithsonianofi.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2018-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103074049/https://www.smithsonianofi.com/fellowship-opportunities/smithsonian-institution-fellowship-program/past-smithsonian-institution-fellowship-program-awardees/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye nlekọta nka, na onye na-eduga na-enye aka na post-colonial theory na ọmụmụ teknụzụ ozi ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no93037414.html|title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|author=Congress|first=The Library of|work=id.loc.gov|accessdate=2020-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no93037414.html|title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|author=Congress|first=The Library of|work=id.loc.gov|accessdate=2020-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makwaara Oguibe dị ka onye ọkà mmụta a na-akwanyere ùgwù na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka ndị Africa na ndị Africa America nke oge a ma kwanyere ya ugwu na State of Connecticut Governor's Arts Award maka ịdị mma na ndụ ya na 15 June 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/olu.htm|title=The Poetics of Line|work=africa.si.edu|accessdate=2018-01-02|archivedate=2015-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223042601/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/olu.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Courant&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130720052928/http://articles.courant.com/2013-05-23/entertainment/hc-three-in-connecticut-to-receive-governors-arts-awards-20130523_1_governor-international-festival-olu-oguibe &quot;Three In Connecticut To Receive Governor's Arts Awards&quot;], ''Hartford Courant''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ ya na 14 Ọktoba 1964 na [[Abá|Aba]], Nigeria, Ọ natara ahụmịhe nka mbụ ya site n'aka nna ya onye a maara dị ka onye nkwusa, onye bụbu onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye na-akpụ osisi, na onye na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha obodo Naịjirịa]] mebiri ndụ Oguibe n'afọ 1967-1970, mana ezinụlọ ya lanarịrị, onye na-ese ihe mechara sonye na ọrụ nka ọdịnala n'obodo ndị Igbo ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Oguibe sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Black Arts Movement nke na-eme n'etiti afọ 1965-1975. O nwetara ọtụtụ n'ime mkpali ya site na mmegharị a iji mepụta ihe osise ya pụrụ iche. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, Oguibe chọpụtara mgbanwe na mmegharị a dị ka ndị oji na-ese ihe na-egosi, na-enwe ụlọ ngosi ojii ha, na ebe ọdịbendị ojii. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1990, Black Arts Movement na Britain fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olu Oguibe by Saul Ostrow - BOMB Magazine|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/olu-oguibe/|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=bombmagazine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oguibe gụrụ akwụkwọ na Nigeria na England. N'afọ 1986, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na Fine and Applied Arts na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nke Naịjirịa]]. N'afọ 1992, ọ natara PhD na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na School of Oriental and African Studies University of London maka edemede ya &quot;[[Uzo Egonu]]: An African Artist in the West&quot; (ọ bụkwa aha akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1995).

== Art ==
[[Usòrò:Obelisk_Olu_Oguibe.jpg|thumb|''Ihe ncheta maka ndị ọbịa na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ'', 16.20 m elu]]
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e gosipụtala nka ya na nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi nka gburugburu ụwa gụnyere Whitney Museum of American Art; Whitechapel Gallery na Barbican Center na London; Migros Museum, Zurich; Irish Museum of Modern Art, na Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ; yana na Havana, Busan, na Johannesburg biennials, na nso nso nso a na 2007 Venice Biennial. Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ nka ọha ya na Germany, Japan na Korea. Oguibe akụziela na ọtụtụ kọleji gụnyere Mahadum nke Illinois na Chicago na Mahadum nke South Florida ebe o nwere oche Stuart Golding Endowed na African Art.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/pg/ma-contemporary-art-theory/|title=MA Contemporary Art Theory|work=Goldsmiths, University of London|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.graphicstudio.usf.edu/cam/exhibitions/1997_09_space/space.html|title=Cross/ing {{!}} Exhibitions {{!}} USF CAM Contemporary Art Museum {{!}} Institute for Research in Art|work=www.graphicstudio.usf.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere nnukwu ''ihe'' ọkpụkpụ ọha ya, Monument to Strangers and Refugees, ọrụ maka Documenta 14 (2017). Obelisk konkiri, nke e dere na ọla edo na amaokwu sitere na Matiu 25:35, &quot;Abụ m onye ọbịa ma ị kpọbatara m,&quot; na German, English, Arabic, na Turkish, e mere maka Königsplatz (King's Square) na Kassel. Maka ọrụ ahụ, e nyere Oguibe ihe nrite Arnold Bode na July 2017. Mgbe o nyere aka na Documenta 14 na 2017, arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ bilitere na netwọk mmekọrịta n'etiti ndị nhazi, ndị nta akụkọ na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe banyere ókè mmadụ nwere ike kewaa echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ nka. Okwu Oguibe banyere mwakpo e mere na magazin satirical [[Charlie Hebdo]] na ihe ndị Hamas mere n'Izrel welitere nchegbu siri ike maka ezi omume ọma nke onye nka n'etiti ndị na-ekere òkè na mkparịta ụka ahụ na ndị hụrụ okwu ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ein trojanisches Pferd? - Jérôme Kassel|url=https://www.jerome-kassel.de/2018/11/24/ein-trojanisches-pferd/|work=www.jerome-kassel.de|date=2018-11-24|accessdate=2023-10-17|language=de-DE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Time Capsule bụkwa ihe osise ọzọ nke Oguibe mere nke e si na ya chepụta ọrụ abụọ ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'oge nsogbu ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-eme n'afọ 2014 na 2015. A maara nsogbu a dị ka oge dị egwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Germany na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe ebe ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ gbapụrụ agha, ịda ogbenye, na arụrụala ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Curious Case of Olu Oguibe’s Monument for Strangers and Refugees|url=https://www.frieze.com/article/olu-oguibe-monument-strangers-refugees-controversy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ozizi ==
N'afọ 1995, Oguibe kwagara United States ma kụzie obere oge na Chicago campus nke Mahadum Illinois. Ọ na-akụzi ugbu a na Mahadum nke South Florida na Tampa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Onye nlekọta mba ụwa ==
Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ma ọ bụ onye nlekọta maka ọtụtụ ihe ngosi. Ndị a gụnyere 2nd Biennale of Ceramics in Contemporary Art na Genoa na Albisola, Italy, na 2003; Vidarte 2002: International Video and Media Art Festival na Palacio Postal, Mexico City, na 2002; Century City na Tate Modern, London, na 2001; Authentic / Ex-centric: Africa in and out of Africa for the 49th Venice Biennale na 2001, na Five ''Continents'' and One City: 3rd International Salon of Painting na [https://web.archive.org/web/20140801022843/http://www.cultura.df.gob.mx/museos/museo-de-la-ciudad-de-mexico Museo de la Ciudad], Mexico City, na 2000. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka Dakar, Johannesburg, na Havana biennials na dị ka onye nkatọ na-ebi na Art Omi International artists' residency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.omiartscenter.org/cms/uploads/art-omi_critic-in-residence.pdf |title=Art Omi. |accessdate=2022-06-05 |archivedate=2013-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207013022/http://www.omiartscenter.org/cms/uploads/art-omi_critic-in-residence.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye edemede na onye nkatọ ==
''Ihe odide'' Oguibe dị oke mkpa na nke ''echiche'' pụtara n'ọtụtụ mpịakọta dị mkpa gụnyere The Dictio''na''ry of Art, Art History and its Methods, Art in Theory 1900-2000, The Visual Culture Reader, Finding a Place: Nigerian Artists in the Contemporary Art World, Photography, and the Substance of the Image, The Third Text Reader on Art and Culture, The Black British Culture and ''[[Ȯgbà|Society]]'' Reader, na ''Theory in Contemporary Art'': From 1985 to the Present, yana ọtụtụ usoro dị ka ''Frieze'', Flash ''[[Ǹkà|Art]]'' International, Art Journal, ''Texte zur Kunst'', ''Zum Thema'', Third Text and ''Criterios''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Oguibe|first=Olu|date=1999-06-01|title=Finding a Place: Nigerian Artists in the Contemporary Art World|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1999.10791937|journal=Art Journal|volume=58|issue=2|pages=30–41|doi=10.1080/00043249.1999.10791937|issn=0004-3249}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Visual Culture Reader|url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Visual-Culture-Reader/Mirzoeff/p/book/9780415782623|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=Routledge &amp; CRC Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ gụnyere Reading the Contemporary: African Art from Theory to the Marketplace (MIT Press, 2000) na The Culture Game (University of Minnesota Press, 2004).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/reading-contemporary|title=Reading the Contemporary: African Art from Theory to the Marketplace|date=1999-11-08|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-65051-9|editor=Oguibe|location=Cambridge, MA, USA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Cuba Project na Matanzas, Cuba, na 2019; 2nd Biennale of Ceramics in Contemporary Art na Genoa na Albisola, Italy, na 2003; Vidarte 2002: International Video and Media Art Festival na Palacio Postal, Mexico City, na 2002; Century City na Tate Modern, London, na 2001; Au''the''ntic / Ex-centric: Africa in and out of Africa for the 49th Venice Biennale na 2001; Five ''Continents''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Authentic/ Ex-Centric. Africa In and Out of Africa, 2001|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/looking-back-i-authentic-ex-centric-africa-in-and-out-of-africa-2001/|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=Contemporary And|language=de|archivedate=2022-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124004814/https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/looking-back-i-authentic-ex-centric-africa-in-and-out-of-africa-2001/}}&lt;/ref&gt; and One City: 3rd International Salon of Painting na Museo de la Ciudad, Mexico City, na 2000, na The Poetics of Line: Seven Artists of the ''Nsukka Group'' na 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Giorgio Verzotti on Olu Oguibe|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/202002/olu-oguibe-82049|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=9780295982052: The Nsukka Artists and Nigerian Contemporary Art - AbeBooks - Nsukka Group And The State Of Nigerian Contemporary Art; Ottenberg, Simon; National Museum Of African Art (U. S.): 0295982055|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9780295982052/Nsukka-Artists-Nigerian-Contemporary-Art-0295982055/plp|accessdate=2021-11-14|work=www.abebooks.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndetu ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>ptnym8sp94mgdvajqegdq2bm055veuz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nonso Diobi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741659</id>
      <parentid>130934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7703" sha1="cp6nbuvfi2r8is5y0d5ph7k6ezs4oql" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:Pages using infobox person with deprecated net worth parameter]]

'''Nonso Diobi''' (amụrụ na Julaị 17, afọ 1976) // (ege ntị) bụ [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adeneyo|first=Apegg|date=2019-07-18|title=Yul Edochie reveals what Nonso Diobi did to him when he first came to Lagos|url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/entertainment/yul-edochie-reveals-what-nonso-diobi-did-to-him-when-he-first-came-to-lagos|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=Kemi Filani News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye nduzi ihe nkiri na Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201412060143.html|title=Nigeria: Nonso Diobi Throws Jab At Africa Magic|work=[[The Daily Independent (Lagos newspaper)|Daily Independent Newspaper]]|date=5 December 2014|accessdate=3 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/dailystar/2016/04/20/nollywood-actors-dont-care-about-each-other-nonso-diobi/|title=Nollywood actors don’t care about each other – Nonso Diobi|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|DailyPost News]]|date=20 April 2016|accessdate=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726173250/http://dailypost.ng/dailystar/2016/04/20/nollywood-actors-dont-care-about-each-other-nonso-diobi|archive-date=26 July 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe nkiri nka na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nke Naịjirịa]], O mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na ihe nkiri afọ 2001 nke akpọrọ Border Line sochiri arụmọrụ pụtara ìhè na ihe nkiri a kpọrọ &quot;Hatred&quot;. Ọ gara n'ihu mee ihe nkiri dị egwu na ihe nkiri 'Across the bridge' nke nyere ya ọganihu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ aha ụlọ n'ofe Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/2014/12/my-mom-wonders-why-im-still-single-at-38-nonso-diobi/|title=‘My mom wonders why I’m still single at 38’ – Nonso Diobi|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|author=Ikeh|first=Chrysanthus|date=13 December 2014|accessdate=3 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Diobi bụ nwa afọ Nawfia, obere obodo dị na [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra Steeti]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Goldentape media, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nkiri/igwe onyonyo na Afrịka. Nonso Diobi bụ onye nnọchi anya udo nke UN yana onye nnọchi anya ndị nkụzi na-enweghị ókèala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-11|title=MEET The Son Of Nollywood Actor Nonso Diobi -Photo {{!}} African News {{!}} Politics, Celeb News, Business Startups &amp; Entertainment|url=https://newsafrica.com.ng/meet-the-son-of-nollywood-actor-nonso-diobi-photo/|accessdate=2021-03-23|work=African News {{!}}{{!}} Politics, Celeb News, Business Startups &amp; Entertainment|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213000632/https://newsafrica.com.ng/meet-the-son-of-nollywood-actor-nonso-diobi-photo/}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meela ihe nkiri karịrị iri asaa na isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/11/14/dont-want-make-mistakes-marriage-nonso-diobi/|title=&quot;I don’t want to make mistakes in marriage&quot; – Nonso Diobi|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|DailyPost News]]|author=Orenuga|first=Adenike|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=3 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ynaija.com/ladies-of-today-are-nothing-to-write-home-about-nonso-diobi-speaks-on-his-crush-on-ini-edo-and-marital-status/|title=Ladies of today are nothing to write home about – Nonso Diobi speaks on his crush for Ini Edo and marital status|work=[[YNaija]]|author=Filani|first=Kemi|date=14 November 2014|accessdate=3 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: LightSteelBlue;&quot; |Ihe nkiri
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:40px;&quot; |Afọ
! style=&quot;width:300px;&quot; |Ihe nkiri
! style=&quot;width:200px;&quot; |Ọrụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|''Iji Na-adị Ndụ Ụgha''
|dị ka Kenneth
|-
|''Mkpụrụ nke ịkpọasị''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015
|''Mba ofesi''
|dị ka Kenneth
|-
|''The Last 3 Digits''
|dị ka Alex
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2010
|''Ndị Na-eme Ikpe Ziri Ezi''
|dị ka Desmond
|-
|''Ohu Obí''
| -
|-
|''Too Much''
|dị ka Richard
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009
|''Beyond Desire''
| -
|-
|''Ọchịchọ Ikpeazụ M''
|dị ka Dan
|-
|Ụmụ agbọghọ Sexy
| -
|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |2008
|''Chasing The Dream''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | -
|-
|''Ezi Àjà Ikpeazụ''
|-
|''Ọnọdụ Ndụ''
|-
|''Onye mgba gba ọtọ''
|-
|''Mmekọrịta na-akpasu iwe''
|dị ka Harry
|-
|''Ụlọ Nsọ nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi''
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | -
|-
|''Chi ndị maara ihe''
|-
|''Nwanyị na-egbu egbu''
|-
|''Eze Tiger''
|-
|''Echi Kwesịrị Iche''
|-
|''Ezi Àjà''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;20&quot; |2007
|''Bafana Bafana''
|dị ka Uche
|-
|''Ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkụda mmụọ''
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; | -
|-
|''Egwuregwu Ugboro abụọ''
|-
|''Ihe ize ndụ mmetụta uche''
|-
|''Ọgwụgwụ nke Ndị Na-eme Ihe Ọjọọ''
|-
|''Oge Awa Ikpeazụ''
|-
|''Ihe ize ndụ ikpeazụ''
|-
|''Ụlọ nke Doom''
|-
|''Ịhụnanya na Ịdị''
|-
|''Nwa m hụrụ n'anya''
|-
|''Alaeze gba ọtọ''
|-
|''Onye agbata obi na-esote''
|dị ka Tony
|-
|''Ike nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi''
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; | -
|-
|''Oge Ọsọ''
|-
|''Sunny My Son''
|-
|''The Cadet''
|-
|''Oge Obi Ụtọ''
|-
|''Akụ̀ na ụba Ewezuga''
|-
|''Uche nke Chineke''
|-
|''Ụwa nke ọgba aghara''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;19&quot; |2006
|''Ass on Fire''
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | -
|-
|''Tupu Ịhazi''
|-
|''Be My Val''
|-
|''Esemokwu nke Mmasị''
|-
|''Nzuzo kewara ekewa''
|-
|''Holy Cross''
|-
|''N'ime ụlọ''
|dị ka Quincy
|-
|''Ịgba Egwu Ikpeazụ''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | -
|-
|''Ìhè ọnwa''
|-
|''Enyi m nwanyị''
|-
|''N'ụbọchị agbamakwụkwọ m''
|dị ka Oscar
|-
|''Ọbara Pastọ''
|dị ka Nonso
|-
|''Ụbọchị ịkwụ ụgwọ''
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | -
|-
|''Okwu Udo''
|-
|''Mkparị Ndị Eze''
|-
|''Nwa ahụ furu efu''
|-
|''Anụ ọhịa wolf''
|-
|''N'okpuru Nchịkwa''
|-
|''Egwuregwu Agha''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;17&quot; |2005
|''Prince na Princess''
| rowspan=&quot;23&quot; | -
|-
|''Gafere àkwà mmiri''
|-
|''Back Drop''
|-
|''Black Bra''
|-
|''Agha Ọbara''
|-
|''C.I.D''
|-
|''Ememe Ọnwụ''
|-
|''Ịhụnanya Na-enweghị Isi''
|-
|''Diamond Forever''
|-
|''Ozi Ọma''
|-
|''Lụọ M''
|-
|''Ozi''
|-
|''Ola... The Morning Sun''
|-
|''Ihe ijuanya''
|-
|''Ndị hụrụ igbu onwe ha n'anya''
|-
|''Anya mmiri maka Nancy''
|-
|''Ụwa nke Prince''
|-
|2004
|''Nwanyị uwe ojii''
|-
|2003
|''Nwoke Kasị baa ọgaranya''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2001
|''Ịkpọasị''
|-
|''Ụgbọ mmiri ịhụnanya''
|-
|''Alọghachighị''
|-
|''Mpaghara Mpaghara''
|-
|}

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
[[Usòrò:Nonso_Diobi_and_colleagues_.jpg|thumb|Nonso Diobi si n'aka ekpe, Chita Oxe n'etiti na Linc Edochie si n'aka nri na 2021]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Emume onyinye
!Nrite
!Nsonaazụ
!Ref
|-
|2015
|3rd Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2014/12/12/nominees-announced-for-2015-amvcas/|title=Nominees Announced for 2015 AMVCAs|publisher=[[Africa Magic]]|date=12 December 2014|accessdate=3 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2014
|2014 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|{{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://goldenicons.com/awards/2014-nominees/|title=2014 NOMINEES|work=[[Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards]]|accessdate=3 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905165329/http://goldenicons.com/awards/2014-nominees/|archivedate=5 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|nm2408592|Nonso Diobi}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>cp6nbuvfi2r8is5y0d5ph7k6ezs4oql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nontsikelelo Mutiti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741660</id>
      <parentid>687520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:37:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8737" sha1="lm4wlqc798cgw0889ygy92jtz3n8e5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Nontsikelelo Mutiti''' (amụrụ na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri atọ na otu n afọ 1982) bụ onye mmebe eserese na onye nkuzi. Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na imewe weebụ, ihe onyonyo, mbipụta na nka akwụkwọ. Ọ na-a gụnyekarịkwa ọrụ ike isi n'ọrụ nhazi ya, ma &quot;na-enwe mmasị na ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala ndi isi ojii&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Morley|first=Madeleine|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti’s Book Designs Explore Black African Identity, the Aesthetics of Hair Braiding, and Brooklyn Police Brutality|url=https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/nontsikelelo-mutitis-book-designs-explore-black-african-identity-the-aesthetics-of-hair-braiding-and-harlem-police-brutality/|work=Eye on Design|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya gụnyere akụrụngwa ndị e bipụtara maka Black Lives Matter . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Tamara|title=At New Museum, a Pop-Up Support System for Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/arts/design/at-new-museum-a-pop-up-support-system-for-black-lives-matter.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Steinhauer|first=Jillian|title=Reflections from Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter|url=https://hyperallergic.com/322742/reflections-from-black-women-artists-for-black-lives-matter/|work=Hyperallergic Media|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=16 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutiti gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Zimbabwe Institute of Vigital Arts na diploma na nkà mgbasa ozi na  afọ 2007. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Yale School of Art na ntinye uche MFA na eserese eserese na afọ 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bulletin of Yale University: School of Art 2013-2014|url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/art-2013-2014.pdf|work=Bulletin of Yale University|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onye ==
A mụrụ Mutiti na afọ 1982 na Harare, [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography|url=https://icavcu.org/artist/knight/#biography|work=Institute for Contemporary Art at Virginia Commonwealth University|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ otu n ime ndị hibere ọtu ogbakọ ọdịnala mba 

Zimbab na Detroit, nke nyere ndị n eme ihe omume  n etiti Detroit na Zimbabwe agbamume.

rụpụtara ụlọ ọrụ omenala Zimbabwe na [[Detroit]], nke na-akwado nkwado n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na [[Detroit]] na [[Zimbabwe]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zimbabwe Cultural Centre in Detroit|url=https://knightfoundation.org/grants/5996|work=Knight Foundation|accessdate=5 March 2019|archivedate=27 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127111709/https://knightfoundation.org/grants/5996/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ  otu onye n ime ndị wubere Black Chalk &amp;amp;amp; Co. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Embuscado|first=Rain|title=Black Chalk &amp; Co. Is Building An Archive Of Zimbabwe's Stories|url=https://www.newinc.org/news-posts/black-chalk-co-reading-zimbabwe-2018|work=New Inc|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=30 May 2018|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043631/https://www.newinc.org/news-posts/black-chalk-co-reading-zimbabwe-2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Black Chalk &amp; Co.|url=http://blackchalkblackchalk.com/|work=Black Chalk &amp; Co.|accessdate=5 March 2019|archivedate=20 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320174949/http://blackchalkblackchalk.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nduzi nka na onye nchoputa nke Ihe ọgụgụ Zimbabwe, nke e guzobere na njedebe afọ 2016, ebe nchekwa dijitalụ nke akwụkwọ Zimbabwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mushakavanhu|first=Tinashe|title=Searching for Zimbabwe’s scattered (hi)stories|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-08-31-00-searching-for-a-countrys-scattered-histories|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|accessdate=5 March 2019|date=31 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mutiti bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth na ngalaba eserese grafik &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti|url=https://arts.vcu.edu/graphicdesign/faculty/nontsikelelo-mutiti/|work=Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts|accessdate=5 March 2019|archivedate=11 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711010148/https://arts.vcu.edu/graphicdesign/faculty/nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na [[New York City]] na Richmond, Virginia .

== Ihe nrite ==

* Mmemme Artist Berlin, BKP (2021) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BKP2021|url=https://www.daad.de/en/the-daad/communication-publications/press/press_releases/bkp2021/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=www.daad.de|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114713/https://www.daad.de/en/the-daad/communication-publications/press/press_releases/bkp2021/|archive-date=2021-04-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Soros Arts Fellowship, Open Society Foundation (2019) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Soros Arts Fellowship|url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/grants/soros-arts-fellowship?fellow=nontsikelelo-mutiti&amp;current=1|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=www.opensocietyfoundations.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Joan Mitchell Foundation Emerging Artist Grant (2015) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti|url=https://laundromatproject.org/people/nontsikelelo-mutiti/|work=Laundromat Project|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ndị otu Alice Kimball English Traveling Fellowship (2012) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bulletin of Yale University: School of Art 2013-2014|url=https://bulletin.yale.edu/sites/default/files/art-2013-2014.pdf|work=Bulletin of Yale University|accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

* The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (2017)
* We Buy Gold in Brooklyn, New York
* Whitney Museum in New York (2016)
* Studio Museum in Harlem (2015)
* Ruka (To Braid/ to knit/ to weave) at Recess Art (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Recess&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti: Ruka (To braid/ to knit/ to weave)|url=https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/|work=Recess|accessdate=19 December 2021|date=3 June 2014|archivedate=26 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526072606/http://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Edwin Gallery in Michigan
* Yale's Davenport Art Gallery
* Syracuse University

== Ọrụ ==
A maara Mutiti nke ọma maka nyocha nka pụrụ iche  na omume ọha mmadụ nke ike ntutu isi na ejiji onwe ya na mba Africa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ihe ngosi 2014 na Recess Art, Mutiti nwetara mkpali site na oghere nke ntutu isi nke Africa, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ ya na New York City ma ọ bụ Harare. Mutiti megharịrị ihe nrịbama mma dị ka &quot;mgbidi e sere na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ acid ma ọ bụ ucha oroma na-egbuke egbuke, akwụkwọ akụkọ e gbupụrụ ndị na-eme ememme, ụdị ntutu isi, akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ mmado sitere na chọọchị ndị na-ekwusa ozi ọma… [na] obere ihe onyonyo ojii nke dị n'ebe niile n'elu ụlọ nke na-eme. Ihe nkiri Nollywood.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/|title=Nontsikelelo Mutiti: Ruka (To braid/ to knit/ to weave)|date=2014|work=Recess Art|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2022-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526072606/http://www.recessart.org/coming-soon-nontsikelelo-mutiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmasị Mutiti na-esite na mma nke ụlọ okike si ruo n'ụdị obodo na mgbanwe ana-eme n'ime ha. N'afọ 2015, dị ka akụkụ nke Performa, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Chimurenga na Pan African Space Station ịmepụta mmapụta salon nke kwadoro usoro mkparịta ụka ''.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@tinsmush/storytelling-in-the-salon-nontsikelelo-mutiti-e0f22b653456|title=Storytelling in the salon — Nontsikelelo Mutiti|author=Mushakavanhu|first=Tinashe|date=2015-12-01|work=Medium|accessdate=2019-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mbipụta ===

* A-A-A (folded posters, 2012)
* Thread (screen print on linoleum tiles, 2012–2014)
* African Hair Braiding Salon Reader (spiral bound booklet, laser print, 2014)
* The Laundromat Project (2014)
* RIP Kiki (2016)
* Requiem (2016)
* How to Wear Cloth (folded posters, fabric, paper, letterpress, 2016)
* Bootleg This (book cloth, book board, laser printed booklet, compact disk, 2016)
* 1960 Free (risograph and laser printing, spiral bound, 2016)
* Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter (BWAforBLM) (identity, banner, and ephemera, 2016)

=== Vidiyo ===

* Unbreakable (2011)
* Pain Revisited Excerpt (2015)
* Just Keep Swimming (2016)

=== Weebụ ===

* Ọrụ ịsa akwa (mmeghari webụsaịtị, 2014)
* Ịgba braiding (2015)
* Ọgụgụ Zimbabwe (2016)

== Ebemsibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>lm4wlqc798cgw0889ygy92jtz3n8e5u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nydia Blas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741667</id>
      <parentid>624120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T08:47:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4330" sha1="2k1w809qscpkuis3b9it7skiiksgfye" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Nydia Blas''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1981) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto si na steeti New York, ọrụ ya na-enyocha njirimara nke ụmụ agbọghọ ojii na ụmụ nwanyị. Nchegbu ya banyere enweghị ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-anọchite anya na nka anya emeela ka ọ lekwasị anya naanị n'ime ihe oyiyi nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha. Ọ bụ onye enyemaka Prọfesọ ugbu a na Spelman College na Atlanta, Georgia, ebe ọ na-akụzi foto na Ngalaba nka na ọdịbendị anya. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Nydia Blas n'ọnwa Ọktoba, n'afọ 1981, ma too na Ithaca, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;influence&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://overtheinfluence.com/exhibitions/nydia-blas/|title=Nydia Blas &quot;Whatever You Like&quot; Garey Gallery|work=Over the Influence|accessdate=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iannone&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Iannone |first=Sarah |date=May 31, 2017 |title=A Conversation with Nydia Blas |url=http://the-editorialmagazine.com/a-conversation-with-nydia-blas/ |website=Editorial |issue=16 |access-date=3 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Blas nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Ithaca College na ihe nkiri na foto na obere na ọmụmụ African diaspora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/nydia-blas-we-girls-who-spun-gold|title=Nydia Blas: We the Girls Who Spun Gold|work=Cornell AAP|accessdate=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042716/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/nydia-blas-we-girls-who-spun-gold|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara Master of Fine Arts na foto na Mahadum Syracuse .&lt;ref name=&quot;iannone&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot; /&gt;

== Foto ==
Blas malitere ise foto mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Na mbụ, o nwere mmasị na foto dị ka usoro, ọkachasị ịnwa ma daa ruo mgbe a ga-enweta ngwaahịa achọrọ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na foto dị ka ụzọ isi metụta echiche ọha na eze, na-ekwu maka iji foto site na mmegide ịgbụ mmadụ na-amaghi ikpe iji mee ka ọha na eze megide ịgbụ mmadụ na-amaghi ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;foto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fotoroom.co/girls-who-spun-gold-nydia-blas/|title=Nydia Blas Celebrates the Femininity and &quot;Right to Pleasure&quot; of Black Girls|work=FotoRoom|accessdate=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nydia na-enyocha mmekọahụ, mmekọrịta chiri anya, na ahụmịhe ya dị ka nwatakịrị, okenye, na nne site na foto, collage, ihe nkiri, na akwụkwọ. Ọ na-eji nka ya ewupụta oghere anụ ahụ na ihe atụ nke a na-eme site na anya nwanyị ojii, na-akọ akụkọ banyere ọnọdụ, ihe ọ pụtara, na mmetụta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blas|first=Nydia|title=Nydia Blas|url=https://nydiablas.com/new-page-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foto Blas na-enyocha njirimara ndị isi ojii, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ ojii.
Blas kwuru na ọ na-enweta mkpali site n'echiche Audre Lorde banyere &quot;ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ&quot;, nke na-agụnye ọ bụghị naanị mmekọahụ kamakwa mmekọrịta chiri anya n'etiti ndị ezinụlọ na ndị enyi.
Otu n'ime usoro foto ya bụ The Girls Who Spun Gold .&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/nydia-blas-photography_us_58504975e4b0e05aded6516d|title=Why Photographer Nydia Blas Only Makes Images Of Women Of Color|work=Huffpost|first=Priscilla|author=Frank|date=14 December 2016|accessdate=2 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aha usoro foto ahụ sitere n'akwụkwọ Virginia Hamilton The Girl Who Spun Gold, nke bụ nkọwa African-American nke akụkọ ifo ''Rumpelstiltskin''.&lt;ref name=&quot;foto&quot;/&gt;
Priscilla Frank nke ''HuffPost'' kpọrọ usoro ahụ &quot;ememe ụmụ agbọghọ na nkwarụ ha niile, ịdị nro na ike&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Blas mụrụ nwa mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank&quot;/&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2021, o nwere ụmụ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipnyc.org/past/nydia-blas|title=Nydia Blas: 2017 Women In Photography (WIPNYC) Grant Short-List|work=Women in Photography|date=11 February 2019|accessdate=3 March 2019|archivedate=6 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042815/https://www.wipnyc.org/past/nydia-blas}}&lt;/ref&gt;
O kwuru na ahụmịhe ya dị ka nne &quot;na-agafe ọrụ m niile&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frank&quot; /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>2k1w809qscpkuis3b9it7skiiksgfye</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michelle Sank</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741614</id>
      <parentid>124601</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T21:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1680" sha1="hyied9hkldkfmol4jlzrvu4bhobtwjj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Michelle Sank''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1953) bụ ónyé na-ese foto na South Africa. Ọ hapụrụ South Africa na 1978 ma bírí na Exeter, nà South West England, kemgbe 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;THEFACE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sidhu|first=TJ|date=10 September 2019|title=‘North: Fashioning Identity’ returns|url=https://theface.com/culture/north-fashioning-identity-the-civic-barnsley-exhibition|work=The Face|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gụnyere ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nké Museum of Fine Arts Houston, Center for Photography nà Woodstock nà Royal Albert Memorial Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;MFAH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michelle Sank: Aaten and Aida|url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/91055/aaten-and-aida|work=The Museum of Fine Arts, Huston|access-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510030720/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/91055/aaten-and-aida|archive-date=2022-05-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CPW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Permanent Print Collection - Artists in CPW’s collection|url=https://www.cpw.org/about/print-collection/search-collection/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214025253/https://www.cpw.org/about/print-collection/search-collection/|archivedate=14 February 2020|work=Center for Photography}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RAMM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Michelle Sank: Breathe|url=https://rammuseum.org.uk/michelle-sank-breathe/|work=Royal Albert Memorial Museum &amp; Art Gallery, Exeter|language=en-gb|date=4 August 2021|accessdate=17 June 2022|archivedate=30 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130150249/https://rammuseum.org.uk/michelle-sank-breathe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>hyied9hkldkfmol4jlzrvu4bhobtwjj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lydia Cheromei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741601</id>
      <parentid>727987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T14:59:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16012" sha1="t7xg4qac26i37es2p3ai3amiv6n6gis" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Usòrò:Lydia_Cheromei.jpg|thumb|Lydia Cheromei, Amsterdam 2008]]
'''Lydia Cheromei''' (amụrụ na 15 na onwa Mee na afọ 1977, na Baringo District) bụ onye Kenya na-eme egwuregwu nke amụrụ n'ezinụlọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na ịgba ọsọ ogologo oge. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ site na mmeri na asọmpi ndị na-eto eto na IAAF World Cross Country Championships. O wepụrụ afọ ole na ole n'asọmpi, na-ekwu maka ike ọgwụgwụ, wee laghachi n'etiti afọ iri itoolu, na-apụta na afo 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Cheromei nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'okporo ụzọ, na-enweta mmeri na Saint Silvester Road Race wee bịa nke isii n'okpọ ụzọ na 2000 Summer Olympics. O sonyeghị na asọmpi site na afo 2001 ruo 2004 n'ihi nsogbu onwe onye, ọ tụfuru afọ abụọ ọzọ nke asọmpi mgbe nyocha doping dị mma na afọ 2006.

Cheromei laghachiri na afọ 2008 wee malite ịsọ mpi na marathons, onye nkuzi Ịtali Gabriele Nicola sochiri, na-enweta mmeri mbụ na Amsterdam Marathon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lydia Cheromei Marathon Training Program {{!}} RunnerUniverse|url=https://www.runnerprogram.com/product/lydia-cheromei-marathon-training-program/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2017-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518160514/http://www.runnerprogram.com/product/lydia-cheromei-marathon-training-program/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Lydia Cheromei bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ asaa. Ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya Joseph, Jeremiah na David na-akọrọ mmasị ya maka ịgba ọsọ. Nne ya na-agba ọsọ nkeji isii, ebe nna ya na afọ 2010 ka na-agba kilomita asaa mgbe ọ dị afọ 72. Ụmụnne ya nwoke Joseph na Jeremiah nọchitere anya Kenya na Olimpik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.swvatoday.com/news/article_d818a5ea-c731-5f91-8bbc-dea713f60c75.html|title=Born to run|work=SWVA Today|accessdate=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010131222/https://swvatoday.com/news/article_d818a5ea-c731-5f91-8bbc-dea713f60c75.html|archive-date=10 October 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; David Cheromei na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmụọ nsọ kpaliri ya iwere ịgba ọsọ n'ụzọ siri ike ka ihere wee ghara ime ya maka nwanne ya nwanyị na-eti ya ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.heraldcourier.com/news/running-free-runner-to-share-expertise-through-camp/article_0fb52cc8-0d4c-593d-9429-9265ac1602bb.html|title=Running Free: Runner to share expertise through camp|work=Running Courier|date=11 July 2010|accessdate=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010083857/https://heraldcourier.com/news/running-free-runner-to-share-expertise-through-camp/article_0fb52cc8-0d4c-593d-9429-9265ac1602bb.html|archive-date=10 October 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-eme egwuregwu ibe ya na onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa Paul Tergat bụ nwa nwanne ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.flamefans.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=20&amp;t=5043&amp;start=0|title=|work=www.flamefans.com|accessdate=1 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na Septemba na afọ 2006 Lydia mụrụ nwa nwanyị, Faith Chelagat.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/200701170018.html Cross Country – Cheromei Blames Fertility Jabs for Ban]. AllAfrica (17 January 2007). Retrieved  2 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ịnọ na ike ọgwụgwụ ===
Cheromei bụ onye nwetara ọla nchara na World Junior Championships ma merie na Junior category nke World Cross Country Championships na afọ 1991 mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. O meriri ule Kenya maka afọ 1991 World Championships, mana a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-eto eto iji sọọ mpi na Tokyo. Ọ bụ Sister Christine Heverin nke Singore Girls Secondary School zụrụ ya n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 August 1991|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/19/sports/track-and-field-kenyans-on-informal-path-to-success.html|title=TRACK AND FIELD; Kenyans on Informal Path to Success|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ naghị arụ ọrụ n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1997, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ekwu na onye na-agba ọsọ ahụ gbara ọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=The Tribune|date=22 January 2000|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000122/spr-trib.htm#2|title=Bid to end waste of talent|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ laghachiri mana o nwere ezumike afọ atọ ọzọ ruo 2004 n'ihi nsogbu onwe onye.&lt;ref name=&quot;near&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/near-world-record-misses-at-15km-for-sihine-a|title=Near World record misses at 15km for Sihine and Cheromei|publisher=IAAF|date=21 November 2004|accessdate=12 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịlaghachi na ịgba ọsọ na mmachibido iwu ọgwụ ọjọọ ===
Cheromei nwere mmeri atọ (afọ 1999, 2000 na 2004) na Saint Silvester Road Race nke a na-eme kwa afọ na [[Brazil]]. O meriri na afọ 2004 Zevenheuvelenloop site na ịgba ọsọ 47:02, oge nke abụọ kachasị mma 15K.&lt;ref name=&quot;near&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2006, a mara Cheromei ikpe maka ọgwụ clomiphene doping. E nyere ihe nnwale ahụ na 24 Febụwarị, na afọ 2005 na ule na-abụghị asọmpi na Eldoret. A kwụsịtụrụ ya na IAAF site na Mee na afọ 2005 ruo Mee 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Doping Rule Violation|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/Kind=1073741824/newsId=37204.html|publisher=IAAF|date=11 January 2007|accessdate=27 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na ọ na-aṅụ ọgwụ ahụ n'okpuru ọgwụ nke dọkịta ya ka ọ na-enweta ọgwụgwọ ọmụmụ n'oge ule.&lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/200701170018.html Cross Country – Cheromei Blames Fertility Jabs for Ban]. AllAfrica (17 January 2007). Retrieved on 2 February 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Mmachibido iwu ahụ nọgidere n'ihi na ọ gwaghị ndị isi dị mkpa banyere ozi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CROSS COUNTRY: Cheromei blames fertility jabs for ban|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/sports/1090-165908-vb79lo/index.html|work=Daily Nation|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịgba ọsọ Marathon ===
Cheromei meriri na afọ 2008 Rotterdam Half Marathon na ndekọ nke 68:35; ndekọ gara aga (69:13) bụ nke ya onwe ya setịpụrụ na afọ 2004 mgbe ọ merikwara ihe omume ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|publisher=IAAF|date=14 September 2004|url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=47730.html|title=Double Kenyan victory, as six go sub-60 in Rotterdam}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na marathon mbụ site na mmeri na 2008 Amsterdam Marathon na oge 2.25.27.&lt;ref&gt;Track and Field News, 19 October 2008: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216054747/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/display_article.php?id=26329 2:07:51 For Paul Kirui At Amsterdam Marathon] Retrieved 19 October 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Na afọ 2009 Rotterdam Marathon ọ mechara nke abụọ n'azụ Nailya Yulamanova nke Russia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=6 May 2016|date=5 April 2009|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kibet-edges-kwambai-as-both-clock-20427-rot|title=Kibet edges Kwambai as both clock 2:04:27 – Rotterdam Marathon report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gbara ọsọ na 2011 Dubai Marathon wee nweta ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'azụ Aselefech Mergia na oge ya nke 2:23:01 gosipụtara ọganihu karịa ihe kachasị mma ya karịa nkeji atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=21 January 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/barmasai-and-mergia-fight-headwind-to-take-du-1|title=Barmasai and Mergia fight headwind to take Dubai Marathon wins|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ mebiri ihe ndekọ nke Prague Half Marathon n'ọnwa Eprel na oge mmeri ya nke 1:07:33 gosipụtara ọganihu ọrụ maka anya nke ihe karịrị otu nkeji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=2 April 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/limo-and-cheromei-shatter-course-records-at-p|title=Limo and Cheromei shatter course records at Prague Half Marathon}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa sochirinụ, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ahụ n'ụzọ gara nke ọma, merie Prague Marathon na oge ndekọ nke 2:22:34, ọzọ bụ nke kachasị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Andy|date=8 May 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/cheromei-smashes-womens-prague-marathon-cours|title=Cheromei smashes women's Prague Marathon course record|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba, ọ meriri Marseille-Cassis Classic na ndekọ ndekọ nke 1:08:23 awa, mana ọ bụ naanị nke ise na Delhi Half Marathon n'ọnwa na-esote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vazel|first=Pierre-Jean|date=30 October 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tsegay-and-cheromei-crush-course-records-in-m|title=Tsegay and Cheromei crush course records in Marseille-Cassis Classic|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Krishnan|first=Ram. Murali|date=27 November 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/in-close-races-desisa-and-kabuu-prevail-in-ne|title=In close races, Desisa and Kabuu prevail in New Delhi Half|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkacha mmasị tupu asọmpi na afọ 2012 Dubai Marathon na Jenụwarị, mana ọ gwụchara n'ọnọdụ nke isii. Otú ọ dị, ọ ka na-emeziwanye ihe kachasị mma ya site na ihe karịrị otu nkeji site na ọsọ nke awa 2:21:30 n'ọhịa ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=27 January 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/abshero-stuns-with-20423-debut-mergia-clocks|title=Abshero stuns with 2:04:23 debut, Mergia clocks 2:19:31 in Dubai|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marathon All Time|accessdate=4 February 2012|date=27 January 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=o/age=n/season=0/sex=W/all=y/legal=A/disc=MAR/detail.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224063329/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3Do/age%3Dn/season%3D0/sex%3DW/all%3Dy/legal%3DA/disc%3DMAR/detail.html|archivedate=24 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye ọkacha mmasị iji chebe aha ya na 2012 Prague Half Marathon ma mepụta ihe kachasị mma nke 1:07:26 awa, mana Joyce Chepkirui meriri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Butcher|first=Pat|date=31 March 2012|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/tsegays-5847-shatters-course-record-in-very-w|title=Tsegay's 58:47 shatters course record in 'very windy' Prague|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Prague Marathon, ọ banyere dị ka onye ọkacha mmasị ma nọgide na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ruo 30K, mana o mechara hapụ kilomita ole na ole site na njedebe na-ata ahụhụ site na mmerụ ahụ ụkwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Andy|date=13 May 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kiprop-dashes-cheromeis-hopes-while-chimsa-li|title=Kiprop dashes Cheromei's hopes while Chimsa lives up to expectations in Prague|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke anọ na Lille Half Marathon na 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, nke bụ mpụta mba ụwa mbụ ya n'ime afọ asatọ. Ọ gbara ọsọ nke 2:23:07 iji merie Yokohama Women's Marathon na Nọvemba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=18 November 2012|accessdate=14 February 2013|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/cheromei-breaks-course-record-in-yokohama|title=Cheromei breaks course record in Yokohama}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ banyere na afọ 2013 Prague Marathon na olile anya nke iṅomi mmeri ya afọ abụọ gara aga, mana nsogbu ọkpụkpụ hapụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ nke isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wenig|first=Jörg|date=12 May 2013|accessdate=13 May 2013|publisher=IAAF|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kemboi-and-rotich-claim-good-wins-in-prague-m|title=Kemboi and Rotich claim good wins in Prague Marathon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru ==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;6&quot;|Representing {{KEN}}
|-
|1990
|[[1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|10,000 m
|[[1990 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres|33:20.83]]
|-
|1991
|[[1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|[[Antwerp]], Belgium
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Junior race (4.435&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[1991 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race|13:59]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1992
|[[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|[[Boston]], United States
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Junior race (4.005&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Junior women's race|13:43]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Barcelona]], Spain
|30th (h)
|10,000 m
|[[Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 10,000 metres|33:34.05]]
|-
|[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]
|4th
|10,000m
|[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 10,000 metres|33:01.99]]
|-
|1995
|[[1995 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]]
|[[Monaco]]
|7th
|3000 m
|8:48.46
|-
|1996
|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Atlanta]], United States
|heats
|5000 m
|15:49.85
|-
|rowspan=3|1997
|[[1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|[[Turin]], Italy
|11th
|Long race (6.6&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race|21:34]]
|-
|[[1997 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Athens]], Greece
|5th
|[[1997 World Championships in Athletics - Women's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|15:07.88
|-
|[[1997 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]]
|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], Japan
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|5000 m
|15:15.64
|-
|rowspan=3|2000
|[[2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|[[Vilamoura]], Portugal
|4th
|Long race (8.08&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[2000 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race|26:02]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|Sydney
|6th
|5000 m
|14:47.35 
|-
|[[2000 IAAF Grand Prix Final|IAAF Grand Prix Final]]
|[[Doha]], Qatar
|4th
|3000 m
|8:54.85
|-
|2001
|[[2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|[[Ostend]], Belgium
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Long race (7.7&amp;nbsp;km)
|[[2001 IAAF World Cross Country Championships – Senior women's race|28:07]]
|-
||2004
|[[2004 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]]
|New Delhi, India
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Half marathon
|1:09:00
|-
|2008
|[[Amsterdam Marathon]]
|[[Amsterdam, Netherlands]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Marathon
|2:25:57
|-
|2012
|[[2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships|World Half Marathon Championships]]
|[[Kavarna]], Bulgaria
|4th
|Half marathon
|1:09:13
|}

=== Ihe kacha mma n'onwe ya ===

* 1500 mita Akara 4:13.06 nkeji (2000)
* 3000 mita na 8:29.14 nkeji (2000)
* 5000 mita Na 14:46.72 nkeji (1997)
* 10,000 mita 31:41.09 nkeji (1992)
* 10 kilomita Asia 31:33 nkeji (2004)
* 15 kilomita 47:02 nkeji (2004)
* Ọkara marathon Shia 1:07:26 awa (2012)
* Marathon na 2:21:30 awa (2012)

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị egwuregwu a machibidoro iwu maka mmebi iwu doping

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Lydia Cheromei at World Athletics
* [http://marathoninfo.free.fr/athletes/kenya/cheromei_lydia.htm Profaịlụ Marathoninfo]
{{s-start}}
{{s-sports}}
{{succession box|title=[[Rotterdam Half Marathon|Rotterdam Women's Half Marathon Winner]]|before=Incumbent|after={{flagicon|ETH}} [[Bezunesh Bekele]]|years=2004}}
{{succession box|title=[[Zevenheuvelenloop|Zevenheuvelenloop Women's Winner (15 km)]]|before={{flagicon|ETH}} [[Mestawet Tufa]]|after={{flagicon|ETH}} [[Berhane Adere]]|years=2004}}
{{s-end}}

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>t7xg4qac26i37es2p3ai3amiv6n6gis</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nate Lewis (artist)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741629</id>
      <parentid>194352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:10:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9021" sha1="qn9xaanczjjmp2zmstuiu1ajhik4y1v" xml:space="preserve">
{{databox}}
'''Nate Lewis''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1985) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;state&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://art.state.gov/personnel/nate_lewis/|title=Nate Lewis – U.S. Department of State|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pioneerworks.org/residency/nate-lewis/|title=Nate Lewis|work=Pioneer Works|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://observer.com/2020/02/nate-lewis-paper-sculpture-artwork/|title=Nate Lewis’ Intricate Paper Sculptures Are Informed by What He Learned in Nursing School|date=2020-02-28|work=Observer|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
Lewis gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Virginia Commonwealth na Bachelor of Science na Nursing na 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ihe osise Lewis na-agbaziri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ọzụzụ ahụike ahụ iji nye ọrụ ndị ọ kọwara dị ka ndị &quot;rhythms na ndekọ nkè ndụ ndị mmadụ... adịghị ike, ọmịiko na nlekọta&quot; metụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/arts/design/nate-lewis-art-fridman-gallery.html|title=This Artist Got His Start as an I.C.U. Nurse|date=2020-03-19|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2020-04-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lancasteronline.com/features/entertainment/mosaic-project-artist-nate-lewis-uses-his-experience-as-a/article_ea288888-bf15-11e7-b1dc-3360fbc7ac3a.html|title=Mosaic Project artist Nate Lewis uses his experience as a nurse in his art|author=Reporter|first=JANE HOLAHAN {{!}} Entertainment|work=LancasterOnline|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413022125/https://lancasteronline.com/features/entertainment/mosaic-project-artist-nate-lewis-uses-his-experience-as-a/article_ea288888-bf15-11e7-b1dc-3360fbc7ac3a.html|archive-date=2019-04-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọrụ na ngosipụta nke ónyé na-ese ihe na-akụzi onwé ya na-aga n'ihu, ọ &quot;malitere iji ndị Afrịka-Amerịka na-eche echiche banyéré ọmịiko na ihe ọmịiko n'èzí ụlọ ọgwụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Akwụkwọ ''akụkọ Washington City'' Paper kọwara usoro ya dị ka &quot;... Ọrụ ndị ahụ dị obéré, ọbụnakwa ihe osise ndị dị mfe ma kwụ ọtọ, nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ nwere oghere na oji na ọcha. Lewis wee kpụọ akwụkwọ ahụ site na ịpị, ịkpụ, ma gbanye oghere nke ahụ iji mepụta ihe atọ dị iche iche nke na-apụta na ákwà. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/arts/museums-galleries/article/13047749/biological-tapestries-at-morton-fine-art-reviewed|title=&quot;Biological Tapestries&quot; at Morton Fine Art, Reviewed|author=Carrigan|first=Margaret|date=2016-04-15|work=Washington City Paper|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, ya na ónyé na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá Shepard Fairey na ndị ọzọ, Lewis malitere inyocha ojiji nke bọọdụ mgbasa ozi maka ebumnuche nka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji mepụta ozi na-emegide [[Donald Trump|Onye isi ala Trump]] tupu nleta Ónyé ísí ala na Cleveland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anti-Trump artist billboards greet presidential candidates in Cleveland|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/anti-trump-artist-billboards-greet-presidential-candidates-in-cleveland|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.theartnewspaper.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Nrite ==
Lewis bụ ónyé mmeri mpaghara nke 2014 Bombay Sapphire Artisan Series (Washington DC).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dcist.com/story/16/04/07/from-operating-table-to-canvas-nate/|title=From Operating Table to Canvas, Nate Lewis Finds Intricate Art|work=DCist|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413022124/https://dcist.com/story/16/04/07/from-operating-table-to-canvas-nate/|archivedate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gụnyere ọrụ ya na US Art in Embassies Program, ọ dịkwa na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Mahadum Maryland&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://contemporaryartumd.artinterp.org/omeka/collections/show/6|title=2016-17 CAPP Acquisitions · Contemporary Art Purchasing Program - Stamp Gallery|work=contemporaryartumd.artinterp.org|accessdate=2019-04-13|archivedate=2019-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413025945/http://contemporaryartumd.artinterp.org/omeka/collections/show/6}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Yuko Nii Foundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;state&quot;/&gt; A họpụtara Lewis na 2014 dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe na-eme ihe nkírí màkà Martha's Vineyard Art na mmemme Vine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/US/Tysons-Corner/567051776703705/The-Agora-Culture|title=The Agora Culture|work=The Agora Culture|accessdate=2019-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi onwe onye na mmadụ abụọ ===

* 2016 Biological Tapestries 1st Movement, Morton Fine Art, Washington DC&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
* 2016 Cheryl Derricotte na Nate Lewis: Ụgbọ mmiri Fragile, Mahadum Loyola, Baltimore, MD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loyola.edu/academics/fine-arts/gallery/past|title=Past Exhibitions - Julio Fine Arts Gallery - Department of Fine Arts - Loyola University Maryland|work=www.loyola.edu|accessdate=2019-04-13|archivedate=2019-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327095326/https://www.loyola.edu/academics/fine-arts/gallery/past}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gardarev.org/directions/fellows-in-the-news/|title=Fellows in the News {{!}} The Gardarev Center|work=gardarev.org|accessdate=2019-04-13|archivedate=2019-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202095605/https://gardarev.org/directions/fellows-in-the-news/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 Esemokwu na Tapestries, Morton Fine Art, Washington DC&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastcityart.com/openings-and-events/morton-fine-art-presents-natalie-cheung-increments-time-nate-lewis-tensions-tapestries/|title=Morton Fine Art Presents Natalie Cheung Increments in Time and Nate Lewis Tensions in Tapestries|work=East City Art|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WapoITG&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/in-the-galleries-at-annual-benefit-show-the-world-goes-round/2017/04/19/4531c3a0-23a0-11e7-a1b3-faff0034e2de_story.html|title=In the galleries|author=Jenkins|first=Mark|date=2017-04-20|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2019-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 Mosaic Project, Pennsylvania College of Art &amp; Design, Lancaster, PA&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* 2018 Contemporary African Art Fair, Special Projects, Pioneer Works, Brooklyn, NY&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pioneerworks.org/programs/154-contemporary-african-art-fair-2018/|title=1-54 Contemporary African Art Fair 2018|work=Pioneer Works|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pioneerworks.org/exhibitions/nate-lewis-cloaked-tensions/|title=Nate Lewis: Cloaked Tensions|work=Pioneer Works|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/4-works-of-art-you-need-to-see-at-the-new-york-edition-of-1-54-contemporary-african-fair/|title=4 Works of Art You Need To See at the New York Edition of 1-54 Contemporary African Fair|date=2018-05-01|work=OkayAfrica|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 Nsogbu Na-adịghị ahụkebe na Spring Break Art Show, New York City&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/431287/watering-the-imagination-at-the-spring-break-art-show/|title=Watering the Imagination at the Spring Break Art Show|date=2018-03-08|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-8-highlights-springbreak-art|title=8 Highlights from the Spring/Break Art Show|author=Indrisek|first=Scott|date=2018-03-07|work=Artsy|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 Esemokwu zoro ezo, Morton Fine Art, Washington, DC&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/in-the-galleries-a-visual-rallying-cry-against-gun-violence/2018/03/29/f8bdf282-3140-11e8-94fa-32d48460b955_story.html|title=In the galleries: A visual rallying cry against gun violence|author=Jenkins|first=Mark|date=2018-03-20|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Armory Show, Fridman Gallery, New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/03/06/armory-show-survives-pier-pressure-sees-big-names-and-strong-sales-on-vip-day/|title=Armory Show Survives Pier Pressure, Sees Big Names and Strong Sales on VIP Day|date=2019-03-06|work=ARTnews|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 Solo, Fridman Gallery, New York&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ocula.com/magazine/insights/nate-lewis-irredeemable-narratives/|title=Nate Lewis: Irredeemable Narratives, Irreconcilable Ideas {{!}} Ocula|date=2020-04-29|work=ocula.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>qn9xaanczjjmp2zmstuiu1ajhik4y1v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nadia Lutfi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741625</id>
      <parentid>739927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T01:21:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10275" sha1="pfqd4y2qeh183ep2rrmt78boi15rmmx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
Nadia Lutfi ma  '''Nadia Loutfi''' (a mụrụ Poula Mohamed Mostafa Shafiq (3 Jenụwarị 1937 - 4 Febụwarị 2020) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.layalina.com/نادية-لطفي.html|title=نادية لطفي|work=ليالينا}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọ kachasị elu n'ọrụ ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu n'oge ọlaedo nke ihe nkiri Egypt.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Nadia na Cairo dị ka Poula Mohamed Mostafa Shafiq na nna onye Ijipt, Mohamed Mosta fa, na nne onye Alakụba nke Upper Egypt aha ya bụ ''Fatma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nadia1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=بالفيديو.. &quot;نادية لطفي&quot; تكشف سر تسميتها بـ&quot;بولا&quot;|date=15 March 2018|url=https://www.albawabhnews.com/2993385|quote=وأضافت ناديه لطفى، خلال حوارها مع الإعلامى أسامه كمال ببرنامج &quot; مساء dmc &quot; أنها اشتركت مع الفنانة الراحلة سعاد حسني في مقابلة وفد بولندي مما جعل الصحفى الشهير كمال الملاخ يطلق شائعة أنها من أصل بولندي، مؤكده انها مصريه 100% و اسم والدتها &quot;فاطمه خيرى&quot; ووالدها يدعى &quot;محمد&quot;. وروت الفنانه الكبيره أنها سميت باسم &quot;پولا&quot; نسبة الى الممرضه الراهبه التى كانت تراعى  أمها أثناء ولادتها فحينما علمت أن اسمها &quot;پولا أصرت أن تسمي ابنتها هذا الاسم وأصبح الاسم الحقيقي للفنانة ناديه لطفى .|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104190758/https://www.albawabhnews.com/2993385|access-date=22 October 2026|archive-date=4 November 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.masrawy.com/arts/zoom/details/2020/2/4/1717888/%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A8-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%7D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%8A|title=Nadia Loutfi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arab.news/mkyra|title=Famed Egyptian actress Nadia Lutfi dies at 83|date=February 4, 2020|work=Arab News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ Nadia Lutfi bụ onye Alakụba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfagr.com/3010900|title=نادية لطفى: 'والدتى مصرية واسمها فاطمة وسمتنى'بولا' بسبب راهبة'|work=بوابة الفجر}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Nadia malitere ime ihe nkiri dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, o sonyere n'egwuregwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ma mee nke ọma. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ na-achọ ime ihe nkiri mbụ ya na 1958, [[Omar Sharif]] bụ eze na-achị ihe nkiri Egypt, na nwunye ya, onye Egypt superstar Faten Hamama, eze nwanyị ya. Di na nwunye kpakpando ahụ ka nwere ihe nkiri La Anam na Hamama dị ka &quot;Nadia Lotfy&quot;, onye na-eto eto na-eme ihe n'amaghị ama nke na-ebibi alụmdi na nwunye nna ya. Poula nakweere aha nna na ọdịiche nke aha nna nke onye ahụ dị ka nke ya. 
N'okpuru aha ọhụrụ ya, onye nduzi Ramses Naguib hụrụ nwa agbọghọ na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ. Ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ na ihe nkiri dị ala, ojii na ọcha, ''Soultan'' na 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; Foto ya nke abụọ bụ obere ọrụ n'otu n'ime ihe nkiri nke oge ya, Cairo Station. N'afọ 1963, ọ mere ka nwanyị Frankish bụ onye agha nke oge Crusade, na-eyi uwe agha zuru oke iji gaa agha megide onye ọ hụrụ n'anya bụ Onye Kraịst-Arab, (nke [[Salah Zulfikar]] mere), na ''Naser Salah el Dine'' (nke a na-egosi na telivishọn na United States dị ka ''Saladin na'' Great Crusades) (1963). Na ''Lil-Rigal APC'' aka For Men Only (1964) nke Mahmoud Zulfikar, Lutfi na onye ya na ya so Soad Hosny mere ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-amụ banyere ala bụ ndị, ndị a jụrụ ọrụ, meghachiri site n'ime onwe ha ka ha bụrụ ụmụ nwoke ma gaa ọrụ, ebe ha chọpụtara na ha ga-egbochi ikike ịhụnanya ha iji nọgide na-eme ihe nzuzo ahụ.

N'etiti afọ 1960, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri abụọ nke dabere na akụkọ nke odee ritere nrite Nobel Naguib Mahfouz, naanị afọ ole na ole mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke a machibidoro iwu ''Awlad Haretna পাই حارتنا nke na-anọchi anya Chineke na'' Mozis, Jizọs na Mohammed, ''Ụmụ Gebelawi''. Lutfi mechiri afọ iri na ''Abi Foq Al-Shagara'' aka ''Nna m n'elu osisi'' (1969) dị ka onye na-agba egwú abalị nke na-edina nwoke na-eto eto, wee chọpụta na ọ maara nna ya nke ọma. Tinyere El Momia ''aka'' The Night of Counting the Years (1969). O so Soad Hosny mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere ''Al-Saba' Banat'' aka The Seven Girls .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/540/cu6.htm|title=Soad Hosny filmography, ''Al-Ahram Weekly Online'', 28 June - 4 July 2001, Issue No. 540|accessdate=28 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810185659/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/540/cu6.htm|archivedate=10 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://najatalsaghira.wordpress.com/2015/08/22/soad-hosni &quot;Soad Hosny&quot;], najatalsaghira.wordpress.com; accessed 28 August 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị 1970, ọrụ ya kwụsịrị ka &quot;Golden Age&quot; nke Egypt maka ihe nkiri na-eru nso na njedebe. Ihe nkiri ya a ma ama bụ ''Regal Bila Malameh'' aka Featureless Men opposite Salah Zulfikar (1972), ''El-Okhwa El-A'daa'' aka Enemy Brothers (1974), na ''Badiaa Masabni'' aka ''Badiá Masabny'' (1975) nke Hassan El Imam. Ebe o mere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri ịrị ise n'ime afọ irí na otu mbụ nke ọrụ ya, o mere naanị atọ n'ime iri afọ sochirinụ, ọ naghị arụkwa ọrụ na ihe nkiri kemgbe 1981. N'afọ 2006, ọ laghachiri n'ìhè mgbe vidiyo nke onye na-agụ egwú na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] na-eto eto Nourhanne mepụtara ihe nkiri egwu site na otu n'ime  nkiri ya El Sokkariyya,.

N'afọ 2014, Cairo International Film Festival nyere Nadia Lutfi otuto site na iji foto ya na foto mmemme ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/0/115699/Arts--Culture/0/PHOTOS-Nadia-Lutfi,-an-Egyptian-beauty.aspx|title=PHOTOS: Nadia Lutfi, an Egyptian beauty - Film - Arts &amp; Culture - Ahram Online|work=english.ahram.org.eg|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/0/115699/Arts--Culture/0/PHOTOS-Nadia-Lutfi,-an-Egyptian-beauty.aspx &quot;PHOTOS: Nadia Lutfi, an Egyptian beauty - Film - Arts &amp; Culture - Ahram Online&quot;]. ''english.ahram.org.eg''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2017-11-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Na 4 Febụwarị 2020, mgbe ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ siri ike ruo oge ụfọdụ, Nadia Lutfi nwụrụ n'ụlọ Ọgwụ Maadi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/02/04/egyptian-actress-nadia-lutfi-dies-aged-83/|title=Egyptian Actress Nadia Lutfi Dies Aged 83|work=EgyptianStreets}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Aha Arabic
|-
|1958
|''Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Cairo''
|''Bāb al-Ḥadīd باب الحديد''
|-
|1958
|''Sultan''
|
|-
|1959
|''Gị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi''
|''Hubb lel-Abad حب إلى الأبد''
|-
|1961
|''Anyanwụ agaghị ada''
|''Tutf'e al-Shams لا تطفئ الشمس''
|-
|1961
|''Ihe Ndị Dị Ịtụnanya Na-echeta''
|''Zekraiat Gamila nke afọ 7''
|-
|1961
|''Ụmụ agbọghọ asaa ahụ''
|''Al-Saba' Banat''
|-
|1961
|''Akụkụ Virgin''
|
|-
|1961
|''Nanị Ịhụnanya M''
|''Hoby al-Waheed bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike''
|-
|1961
|''Nnukwu Oké Osimiri''
|
|-
|1962
|''Onyeikpe nke Ịhụnanya''
|
|-
|1962
|''Akwụkwọ Diary nke Nwa Akwụkwọ''
|
|-
|1962
|''Mmehie''
|
|-
|1962
|''Enweghị nhọpụta''
|
|-
|1962
|''Mgbalị nke Ndị dike''
|
|-
|1962
|''Ụbọchị Na-enweghị Ịhụnanya''
|
|-
|1962
|''Bịa Nne''
|
|-
|1963
|''Saladin Onye Mmeri''
|''Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din الناصر صلاح الدين''
|-
|1963
|''Anya Ọchịchịrị''
|
|-
|1963
|''Alụmdi na Nwunye Dị Iche Ndụ''
|
|-
|1963
|''Ndụ Onye Ọzụzụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ''
|
|-
|1964
|''Ịhụnanya A Na-apụghị Ichefu echefu''
|
|-
|1964
|''Afọ Ịhụnanya''
|
|-
|1964
|''Mgbanwe Ụmụ agbọghọ''
|
|-
|1964
|''Ịhụnanya, Obi Ụtọ, na Ntorobịa''
|
|-
|1964
|''Nanị Anya mmiri M''
|
|-
|1964
|''Ihe Ncheta nke Ndụ''
|
|-
|1965
|''Ihe Na-agaghị Atụghị Iche''
|
|-
|1965
|''Enweghị ntụkwasị obi''
|
|-
|1965
|''Onye Nkụzi Onwe Onye''
|
|-
|1965
|''Maka Ụmụ nwoke Nanị''
|''Ọchịchị Ọchịchị''
|-
|1966
|''Onye iro nke ụmụ nwanyị''
|
|-
|1966
|''A chọrọ Nwunye Di ya nwụrụ''
|
|-
|1967
|''Ogologo abalị''
|
|-
|1967
|''Obí nke Ọchịchọ''
|
|-
|1967
|''Abụ Ịhụnanya Nzuzu''
|
|-
|1967
|''Garima fil hay el hady''
|
|-
|1967
|''Endama nouheb''
|
|-
|1967
|''Saman wal karif''
|
|-
|1967
|''Bint shakieh''
|
|-
|1968
|''Akụkọ Atọ''
|
|-
|1968
|''Ụbọchị Ịhụnanya''
|
|-
|1969
|''Abi foq al-Shagara''
|''ابى Fuj''
|
|-
|1969
|''N'abalị Ịgụta Afọ''
|''Al-Mummia المومياء''
|-
|1972
|''Ndị ikom na-enweghị ihe ngosi''
|''Regal Bila Malameh'' Katri na-eme ihe nkiri
|-
|1972
|''Onye Nleta''
|
|-
|1972
|''Nkwupụta nke Nwanyị''
|''__ibo__ Nkọwa nke a na-akpọ Imraʹa''
|-
|1973
|''Okooko osisi ọhịa''
|
|-
|1975
|''Badi'a Masabny''
|
|-
|1977
|''Wa sakatat fe bahr el-asal''
|
|-
|1978
|''Njem N'ime Nwanyị''
|
|-
|1980
|''Ebee ka I Ziri Anyanwụ?''
|''Ayna Tukhabi'un al-Shams?''
|-
|1981
|''Al-Aqmar''
|
|-
|1982
|''El-akdar el-damia''
|
|-
|1986
|''Ụlọ Ezinụlọ Na-egbu Mmanụ''
|
|-
|}

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.mrqe.com/lookup?%5EBab+el+hadid+(1958) Nnyocha ihe nkiri nke ''ọdụ ụgbọ'' okporo ígwè Cairo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312080500/http://www.gd-tv.com/al_main.htm Profaịlụ]</text>
      <sha1>pfqd4y2qeh183ep2rrmt78boi15rmmx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Najjar Abdul-Musawwir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741626</id>
      <parentid>734873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T01:44:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7129" sha1="1mutqg567j7xdfsks2q55w1lbw1nzdg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Najjar Abdul-Musawwir''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí abụọ na isé n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 1958) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe na prọfesọ nke ihe osise na akụkọ ihe méré eme. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere na United States, Europe, Africa, na Eshia. Ọ na-akụzi na Southern Illinois University Carbondale's School of Art and Design.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cola.siu.edu/artanddesign/faculty-staff/faculty-directory/studio/najjar-abdul-musawwir.php|publisher=Southern Indiana University|title=Najjar Abdul-Musawwir|accessdate=2020-07-24|archivedate=2020-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724204948/https://cola.siu.edu/artanddesign/faculty-staff/faculty-directory/studio/najjar-abdul-musawwir.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Najjar Abdul-Musawwir tolitere na mpụga [[Chicago]], [[Ilinoi|Illinois]] na mpaghara Harvey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Green|first=Chanda|title=Seeing the possibilities: Najjar Abdul-Musawwir paints, teaches -- and hopes -- for generations to come|url=https://thesouthern.com/lifestyles/magazine/artists/seeing-the-possibilities-najjar-abdul-musawwir-paints-teaches----and-hopes--/article_7fdbc550-f17f-5cf4-af70-2ee6a61052c9.html|accessdate=2020-07-24|publisher=The Southern Illinoisan|date=2014-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417140041/https://thesouthern.com/lifestyles/magazine/artists/seeing-the-possibilities-najjar-abdul-musawwir-paints-teaches----and-hopes--/article_7fdbc550-f17f-5cf4-af70-2ee6a61052c9.html|archive-date=2021-04-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-echeta na mbụ na-enwe mmasị na nka nka nkè nnà ya na nwá nwanne ya mèrè mgbè ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ asaa ma ọ bụ asatọ. Mana oge ọ hụrụ nka n'anya bụ na klas nke anọ, mgbè ọrụ nka ụlọ akwụkwọ nke gụnyere itinye oji n'elu agba ndị ọzọ na eserese pensụl, wee kpochapụ oji iji kpughee agba n'okpuru. O jiri ógè ahụ tụnyere &quot;ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọpụta penicillin&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackartinamerica.com/index.php/2020/01/15/from-prison-to-professor-the-life-times-of-najjar-abdul-musawwir/|publisher=Black Art in America|title=From Prison to Professor - The Life and Times of Najjar Abdul-Musawwir|accessdate=2020-07-24|archivedate=2020-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724222944/https://www.blackartinamerica.com/index.php/2020/01/15/from-prison-to-professor-the-life-times-of-najjar-abdul-musawwir/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, a kpọgara Abdul-Musawwir n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha, Thornridge High School na Dolton, [[Ilinoi|Illinois]], ebe ọ nọrọ ógè ya na otu egwuregwu mmega ahụ, ebe ọ bụ ónyé nwetara ọla edo, na n'ọbá akwụkwọ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nka. Otú ọ dị, n'akụkụ abụọ a, ọ bụ onye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ lekwasịrị anya. A na-ebibi nka nke ya mgbe ụfọdụ, na-eme ka ndị nkụzi ya kwere na ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ụlọ ya. Ọ nwetakwara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'otu egwuregwu mmega ahụ, ebe ndị otu ya ga-eme nsị n'uwe ya. N'ikpeazụ, ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAA&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ụdị nka bụ isi nke Abdul-Musawwir bụ eserese na eserese, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụdị nka abstract, abstract expressionism, na realism. Ihe osise ya na-egosipụta njirimara ya dị ka ónyé Alakụba na ónyé Africa America yana mmasị ya na akụkọ ihe méré eme nke Islam, Africa, na Africa America. Otu n'ime ndị isi nwere mmetụta bụ ónyé nkụzi WSIU Robert Paulson. Abdul-Musawwir kwuru, sị, &quot;Ọ bụrụ na e nwere onye ọ bụla kụziiri m otú e si ese ihe, na ịhụ, na iji nwee ekele màkà agba, ọ bụ Bob Paulson&quot;. Ónyé nkụzi ọzọ nwere mmetụta bụ Larry Bernstein.

== Ihe ngosi ==
Abdul-Musawwir apụtala na gallery na ngosi na United States, Europe, Africa, na Eshia, gụnyere:

* Ihe ngosi onwé ónyé &quot;State of Triple-Consciousness&quot; na Clemens Fine Arts Center Gallery na West Kentucky Community and Technical College (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=SIU Touch of Nature Environmental Center: ‘Black Migrations’ is the theme for SIU’s Black History Month commemoration|url=https://carbondalereporter.com/stories/511768766-siu-touch-of-nature-environmental-center-black-migrations-is-the-theme-for-siu-s-black-history-month-commemoration|publisher=Carbondale Reporter|date=2019-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Otu akụkụ na ihe ngosi &quot;Visions of Our 44th President,&quot; nke gara gburugburu US wee bụrụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Visions of Our 44th President|url=https://www.44thpresident.us/|accessdate=2020-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ngosi onwe onye na-ewepụta uche onye na-ese ihe: Ihe osise na ihe osise nke Najar na Surplus Gallery (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Abdul-Musawwir to present gallery talk|url=https://thesouthern.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/abdul-musawwir-to-present-gallery-talk/article_75771b50-eadf-11e0-ac2d-001cc4c002e0.html|publisher=The Southern Illinoisan|date=2011-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726224110/https://thesouthern.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/abdul-musawwir-to-present-gallery-talk/article_75771b50-eadf-11e0-ac2d-001cc4c002e0.html|archive-date=2020-07-26|access-date=2022-06-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ngosi onwé ónyé, &quot;Muhammad na-ekwu: Na-echekwa olu America,&quot; na ebe obibi na Tuanku Fauziah Museum and Gallery, Mahadum Sayensị, Malaysia (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Son of the Diaspora Journeying Home|url=http://www.imancentral.org/updates/son-of-the-diaspora-journeying-home-2054/|accessdate=2020-07-26|archivedate=2024-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224172122/http://www.imancentral.org/updates/son-of-the-diaspora-journeying-home-2054/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ngosi onwe onye &quot;From Chains to Change,&quot; na Carbondale Civic Center Corridor Gallery na nkwado nke African American Museum of Southern Illinois (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;CCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=CCA weaves a cultural tapestry throughout the region|url=https://thesouthern.com/entertainment/arts-and-theater/cca-weaves-a-cultural-tapestry-throughout-the-region/article_70c6cae5-e4fb-5f13-822d-bda94da1a200.html|publisher=The Southern Illinoisan|date=2009-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626053125/https://thesouthern.com/entertainment/arts-and-theater/cca-weaves-a-cultural-tapestry-throughout-the-region/article_70c6cae5-e4fb-5f13-822d-bda94da1a200.html|archive-date=2022-06-26|access-date=2022-06-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ngosi onwe onye na Mahadum Bilkent na Ankara, [[Turkéy|Turkey]] (2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abdul-Musawwir takes art, experiences to Turkey|url=https://news.siu.edu/2008/03/031108amh8052.php|publisher=Southern Illinois University|date=2008-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
O nwèrè ụmụ nwanyị anọ ma lụọ Khaleelah.&lt;ref name=&quot;BAA&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>1mutqg567j7xdfsks2q55w1lbw1nzdg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laylah Ali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741591</id>
      <parentid>637821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T12:09:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17419" sha1="tmbfrytt8oouy7nx7dtdqgttkiu3gld" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Laylah Ali''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1968) bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke oge a maara maka ihe osise nke a na-egosipụta mmekọrịta agbụrụ na-edoghị anya na usoro eserese eserese.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|title=ART IN REVIEW; Laylah Ali|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/30/arts/art-in-review-laylah-ali.html|accessdate=17 March 2015|work=The New York Times|date=2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Ali bu n'obi ịbụ onye ọka iwu ma ọ bụ dọkịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2010/laylah-ali-on-greenheads-violence-in-art-and-more/|title=Laylah Ali on Greenheads, Violence in Art, and More|work=BU Today|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali nwetara B.A. (English and Studio Art) na Williams College, Williamstown, MA na 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali|title=Paul Kasmin Gallery - Laylah Ali|work=paulkasmingallery.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-03|archivedate=2018-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055011/http://www.paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyere na [http://whitney.org/Collection/Research/ISP Whitney Independent Study Program] na Whitney Museum of American Art, [[New York City]] na 1992, wee mechaa ebe obibi na Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Skowhegen, ME na 1993. Ali nwetara M.F.A. ya na 1994 na Mahadum Washington na St. Louis, MO. Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Williamstown, Massachusetts, ma bụrụkwa prọfesọ ugbu a na Williams College.&lt;ref name=&quot;cornell&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laylah Ali: The Greenheads Series|url=http://museum.cornell.edu/exhibitions/laylah-ali-the-greenheads-series.html|work=museum.cornell.edu|publisher=Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University|accessdate=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613164404/http://www.museum.cornell.edu/exhibitions/laylah-ali-the-greenheads-series.html|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'ọrụ Ali mbụ, ọ ga-ese ma ọ bụ see ìhè ímé ihe ike. O lekwasịrị anya n'omume karịa ime ìhè ike n'onwe ya. N'ọrụ ya ugbu a, ọ naghị elekwasị anya n'omume ahụ; ọ na-elebara ìhè na-eme tụpụ na mgbe ọ gasịrị anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Art 21: art in the 21st century 3|author=Sollins|first=Susan|year=2005|isbn=081095916X|location=Purchase College|pages=[https://archive.org/details/art21artintwenty0000soll/page/28 28]|url=https://archive.org/details/art21artintwenty0000soll/page/28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ ndị ahụ bụ obere ìhè osise gouache na ihe osise na akwụkwọ. A maara yá ka ọ na-akwadebe ọtụtụ ọnwa, na-eme atụmatụ ihe ọ bụla kà ọ ghara inwe ohere màkà mmejọ. Ọrụ Ali dabeere ná ahụmịhe ndụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ikwu, ọ na-ekwu na ọrụ ya niile nwere ihe ọ pụtara nakwa ná ihe dị n'uche ya karịrị aka ya na akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ART21&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Laylah Ali|url=https://art21.org/artist/laylah-ali/|work=Art21.org|accessdate=18 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806191608/https://art21.org/artist/laylah-ali/|archivedate=6 August 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Banyere ọdịdị arụmọrụ nkè ọrụ ya, Ali na-ekwu, &quot;Ihe osise ahụ nwere ike ịdị ka usoro ma ọ bụ setịpụrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na egwuregwu. Echere m na ha dịka ndị mmadụ na ndị mmadụ. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.juxtapoz.com/news/magazine/laylah-ali-bodies-in-notion/|title=Juxtapoz Magazine - Laylah Ali: Bodies in Notion|work=www.juxtapoz.com|accessdate=2016-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Usoro Greenheads ===
Isiokwu nke ihe osise gouache a ma ama nke Ali bụ ihe odide ''Greenheads'' e mere iji belata ma ọ bụ wepụ ọdịiche dị iche iche nke okike, ogo, afọ, na n'ụzọ ụfọdụ agbụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;Ali, Laylah. &quot;Interview.&quot; ''Laylah Ali. ''By Rebecca Walker. The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ali mepụtara ihe karịrị 80 n'ime ihe osise ndị a n'agbata afọ 1996 na 2005. Ali wepụtara ihe oyiyi na isiokwu sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ, dị ka ihe oyiyi nke ihe ịrịba ama ngagharị iwe ma ọ bụ ndị isi ụwa na-amakụ, mànà ọ gbanwere akụkọ iji mepụta ihe dị ányá na ihe ọhụrụ. Ali mepụtara ihe odide na ihe oyiyi ka ha bụrụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ma bụrụ ndị na-edoghị anya. Ha nwèrè ìhè ọ pụtara site n'aka Ali n'onwe ya mànà onye na-ekiri ya na-eweta ihe odide nkè ha iji kọwaa onyinyo ahụ. Ali mèrè ihe odide ka ha yie mmadụ ma ọ bụghị mmadụ ka e wéé wepụ ha n'ụwa anyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ha nwèrè ihe ọ pụtara na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ha dị n'èzí ụwa anyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Laylah Ali, the Greenheads series: [accompanies the exhibition &quot;Laylah Ali: the Greenheads series&quot; presented at Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, Massachusetts, August 18 - November 25, 2012; Weisman Art Museum, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, March 2 - June 30, 2013; Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, September 7 - December 22, 2013|author=Ali|first=Laylah|date=2012|publisher=s.n.|isbn=9780913697306|location=S.l.|oclc=843494121|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe na-adịghị mma ===
Kemgbe afọ 2015, Ali anọwo na-arụ ọrụ n'usoro ihe osise ọ na-akpọ Acephalous, na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ ọ na-akọwa dị ka onye maara okike, nwere ike inwe mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere àgwà agbụrụ na ụfọdụ n'etiti ha enweghị isi. &quot;Ha nọ na njem na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, nke kpebisiri ike, njem nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ&quot;, ka ọ na-ekwu. &quot;Ọ nwere akụkụ nke ịkwaga n'ike. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

=== Nkwekọrịta ===
Laylah Ali esorowo onye na-agba egwú / onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dean Moss na The Kitchen na 2005 na Figures on a Field na 2014 na ''johnbrown''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bu.edu/today/2010/laylah-ali-on-greenheads-violence-in-art-and-more/|title=Laylah Ali on Greenheads, Violence in Art, and More|date=4 November 2010|publisher=Boston University|author=Cornuelle, Kimberly|accessdate=17 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2002, Museum of Modern Art, New York, nyere Ali ọrụ ịmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na-enweghị okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.believermag.com/issues/200512/?read=interview_ali|title=The Believer - Interview with Laylah Ali|date=2005-12-01|work=The Believer|accessdate=2017-03-11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2020 n'oge ọrịa a, a na-atụ anya na Ali ga-arụcha ọrụ ya na Tamarind Press na [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]]. Usoro nchekwa nke COVID-19 chọrọ ka ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-ese ihe gbanwee mmekọrịta ọrụ ha gaa na nke mebere emepe. Kama ịrụ ọrụ n'onwe ha, ha rụrụ ọrụ iji jiri ozi ahụ zipụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tamarind Institute open to visitors online|url=http://news.unm.edu/news/tamarind-institute-open-to-visitors-online|accessdate=2022-04-03|work=UNM Newsroom|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Nchịkọta ==
A na-etinye ọrụ Alias na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, gụnyere Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY; Museum of Contemporary Art, [[Chicago]] na Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali|title=Paul Kasmin Gallery - Laylah Ali|work=paulkasmingallery.com|accessdate=2016-03-05|archivedate=2016-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135817/http://www.paulkasmingallery.com/artist/laylah-ali}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

=== Ihe ngosi onwe onye na nke otu ===
Laylah Ali gosipụtara na Venice Biennial (2003) na Whitney Biennial (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;ART21&quot;/&gt; Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị a:

* 2017: Laylah Ali: Ihe osise na Ihe osise, Hallwalls Contemporary Arts Center, Buffalo, NY, Nọvemba 10, 2017 Disemba 22, 2017
* 2015-2016: Mahadum nke [[Michigan]] Museum of Art, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Ọktoba 17, 2015 na Jenụwarị 31, 2016
* 2015-2016: ASSISTED, Kavi Gupta Gallery, Chicago, IL, September 12, 2015 na Jenụwarị 16, 2016
* 2015: Blanton Museum of Art, Mahadum [[Texas]] na Austin, Austin, Texas, Febụwarị 17 na Mee 15, 2016
* 2015: ''Bịa dị ka ị bụ'': Art nke afọ 1990, Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, New Jersey, February 8 May 17
* 2015: Telfair Museum of Art, Savannah, GA, June 12 September 20
* 2015: The Acephalous Series, PAUL KASMIN GALLERY, New York
* 2014: ''Akụkọ onwe onye'', Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington, July 5 May 3, 2014 Up Every Evening, Season gallery, Seattle, Вашингтон, oge opupu ihe ubi
* 2013: Laylah Ali: The Greenheads Series. Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art na Mahadum Cornell, NY.
* 2013: Laylah Ali: The Greenheads Series. Weisman Art Museum na Mahadum Minnesota;
* 2013: The Shadows Took Shape, Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, NY (katalog)
* 2013: Akụkọ ihe mere eme na-edoghị anya: Ihe osise ahọpụtara site na Portfolios nke Exit Art, Art, Design, na Architecture Museum, Mahadum Santa Barbara, CA
* 2013: ''Laylah Ali'' &amp; Gerald Cyrus, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] College of Art and Design Gallery, Lancaster, PA Direct Democracy, Monash University Museum of Art, Melbourne, Australia (katalog)
* 2013: Painting Between the Lines, Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA (katalog)
* 2013: ''Mkpughe'': Nyocha Ọchịchị Onye kwuo uche ya, Broad Art Museum, Mahadum Michigan State, East Lansing, MI
* 2012: ''Site'' ugbu a gaa n'ihu, na Forever Free, Haggerty Museum of Art, Mahadum Marquette, Milwaukee, WI
* 2012: N'okpuru mmetụta: The Comics, Lehman College Art Gallery, Bronx, NY
* 2012: The Female Gaze: Women Artists Making Their World, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA (katalog)
* 2011: The Air We Breathe, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA (katalog)
* 2011: Painting Between the Lines, CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, San Francisco, CA (katalog)
* 2011: Akụkọ ndị pụrụ iche: Laylah Ali na Abigail Lazkoz, Sala Parpallo, Valencia, Spain (katalog)
* 2011: Vivid: Nchịkọta Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe, Schroeder Romero &amp; Shredder, New York, NY
* 2010: Ọrụ na akwụkwọ site na nchịkọta MCA. Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago;
* 2010: ''Nchịkọta'': Reflections on the Permanent Collection, The Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, NY
* 2009: Off the Beaten Path: Ime ihe ike, ụmụ nwanyị na nka, Ọrụ nka maka mgbanwe na Stenersenmuseet, Oslo, Norway (2009); Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum, Mahadum California, San Diego, CA (2009-2010); Centro Cultural Tijuana, Mexico (2010); Museo Universitario del Chopo, [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] (2010)); Chicago Cultural Center, Chicago, IL (2010); Global Health Odyssey Museum, Centers for Disease and Prevention Cultural, Atlanta, GA (2011) Paper Trail: A Decade of Acquisitions from Walker Art Center, Fig Careing Park, MA Center, Massachusetts Center, Makers, Mak Mak Mak Makers, Mahad, Mak Mak, Mak Makers: Mak Mak Mak, Mahad Min Min Min Min, Mak Maker, Mak Maktern, Mak Mak: Mak Mak, Nak, Mak Mak
* 2008: Laylah Ali: Ihe edeturu / Ihe osise / Nsogbu Na-enweghị Isi, DeCordova Sculpture Park and Museum: August 30, 2008 - January 4, 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Laylah Ali: note drawings|author=Ali|first=Laylah|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Decordova Museum and Sculpture Park|isbn=9780945506591|location=[Lincoln, MA?]|oclc=286493089|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2008: Beyond Drawing: Constructed Realities, Ohio University Art Gallery, Athens Fantastical Imaginings, Delaware Center for the Contemporary Arts, Wilmington gara Julio Fine Arts Gallery, Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore (2009); Political Circus, Florida Atlantic University, Ritter Art Gallery, Boca Raton; On the Margins, Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (katalog); Disguised, Newwand Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland; Out of Shape, The Frances Lehman Loeb, The York College Poughassar (catalogue)
* 2008: Taking Possession, Mahadum nke Arkansas na Little Rock Perverted site na Theater, Apex Art, New York, NY; Pandora's Box, Dunlop Art Gallery, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada (katalog)
* 2008: U-turn Quadrennial for Contemporary Art, Copenhagen, Denmark (katalog)
* 2008: Ihe odide / Ozi: Akwụkwọ site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe, Walker Art Center, Minneapolis
* 2007: ''isusu ọnụ na ndị agha ndị ọzọ''. Institute of International Visual Arts, London;
* 2006: Alien Nation, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London gara Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester, England; Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, England (katalog) Cult Fiction, Hayward Gallery, London, England (catalog)
* 2006: Ndị ibe ha: Ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na mmetụta ha, Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art, Virginia Beach, VA (katalọ) Running Around the Pool, Florida State University Museum of Fine Arts, Tallahassee. FL (katalog) XXS, Sommer Contemporary Art Gallery, Tel Aviv, Israel American Matrix, Harn Museum of Art, Mahadum Florida, Gainesville, FL Black Alphabet, Zacheta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw, Poland (katalogue) Inwe Anya Ọhụrụ, Aspen Art Museum, Aspen, CO
* 2005: The Body. The Ruin, Ian Potter Museum of Art, Mahadum Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (katalog) Cut, Susanne Vielmetter Los Angeles Projects, Los Angeles, CA Vivi-Section: Dibujo Contemporaneo, Museo de Arte Carillo Gil, Mexico City, Mexico
* 2004: Whitney Biennial 2004, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY (katalọgụ) Ihe akaebe, Museum of Contemporary Art, Cleveland, OH (katalógụgụ) Iwu 10, KW Institute for Contemporary Art (Berlin, Germany)
* 2004: Laylah Ali: Ụdị. Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Oge A St. Louis;
* 2003: Crosscurrents na Century End: Nhọrọ sitere na Neuberger Berman Art Collection, Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, WA Xia gara Norton Museum of Art, West Palm Beach, FL; Tampa Museum of Art.
* 2003: ''Fault Lines'': Contemporary African Art and Shifting Landscapes, Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy (katalog)
* 2003: m &amp; more, Kunstmuseum Luzern, [[Switzerland]] (katalog)
* 2003: ''Splat Boom Pow''! ''Mmetụta nke ihe osise na'' nka nke oge a, Museum of Contemporary Arts, Houston, TXiao gara Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA; Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, OH (katalog)
* 2002: Ọrụ 75: Laylah Ali. Museum of Modern Art, New York;
* 2002: ''Nkwurịta'' okwu maka Ọgbọ Ọhụrụ, Mahadum Carnegie Mellon, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania gara Contemporary Arts Center, New Orleans, LA; Mahadum North Texas Gallery, Denton; Mahaduma Western Washington, Bellingham (katalog) Fantasyland, DāAmelio Terras, New York, NY Onye Mbụ Otu, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, WA Painting na Boston, DeCordova Sculpture Park and Museum, MA Lincoln
* 2001: ''Laylah Ali''. Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston;
* 2001: Against the Wall: Painting Against the Grid, Surface, Frame, Institute of Contemporary Art, University of Pennsylvania, PA Freestyle, The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York, NY (katalog)
* 2001: FRESH: The ''Altoids'' Curiously Strong Collection 1998-2000, New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, NY Guarene Arte 2001, Palazzo Re Rebaudengo, Turin, Italy
* 2001: A Work in Progress: Nhọrọ sitere na New Museum Collection, New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York, NY
* 2000: Art on Paper 2000, Weatherspoon Art Museum, Mahadum nke North Carolina, Greensboro, NC
* 1999: Bizarro World! The Parallel Universes of Comics and Fine Art, Cornell Fine Arts Museum, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL Collectors Collect Contemporary, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA 1999 DeCordova Annual Exhibition, DeCordov Sculpture Park and Museum, Lincoln, MA (katalog)
* 1999: ''Enweghị Ebe Kama Ebe Ebe A'', 303 Gallery, New York, NY
* 1998: Paradise 8, Exit Art, New York, NY Posing, Boston Center for the Arts, Boston, MA Selections Summer 1998, The Drawing Center, New York. NY Telling Tales, Atrium Gallery, Mahadum Connecticut, Storrs, CT

== Onyinye ==
E nyela Ali ọtụtụ onyinye, ebe obibi na onyinye, gụnyere Joan Mitchell Foundation Painters and Sculptors Grant na 2008, Joan Mitchell Foundation Residency na 2018, na United States Artists Residency.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://joanmitchellfoundation.org/artist-programs/artist-grants/painter-sculptors|title=Joan Mitchell Foundation » Artist Programs » Artist Grants|author=Foundation|first=Joan Mitchell|work=joanmitchellfoundation.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/joan-mitchell-foundation-names-artists-for-its-2018-residency-program-74181|title=Joan Mitchell Foundation Names Artists for Its 2018 Residency Program|work=www.artforum.com|accessdate=2018-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturetype.com/2017/01/30/united-states-artists-taps-baltimore-based-deana-haggag-as-president-and-ceo/|title=United States Artists Taps Baltimore-based Deana Haggag as President and CEO {{!}} Culture Type|work=www.culturetype.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>tmbfrytt8oouy7nx7dtdqgttkiu3gld</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niluka Ekanayake</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17711</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741649</id>
      <parentid>722878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T05:31:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3807" sha1="665fn12o8xkn0y3y2cyqybbl6573x3b" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Niluka Ekanayake''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mba Sri Lanka na onye na-agụ gbasara kpakpando. Onye isi ala Maithripala Sirisena họpụtara ya site na 17 Machị 2016 ruo 11 Eprel 2018 dị ka Gọvanọ nke ịrị nke Central Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20061224/issues.htm|title=When the President saw stars|date=24 December 2006|accessdate=17 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608182858/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20061224/issues.htm|archivedate=8 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/34584/niluka-ekanayake-sworn-in-as-cp-governor|title=Niluka Ekanayake sworn in as CP Governor|publisher=[[Ada Derana]]|date=17 March 2016|accessdate=17 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2016/03/newly-appointed-central-province-governor-pays-homage-to-temple-of-the-sacred-tooth-relic/|title=Newly-appointed Central Province Governor pays homage to Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic|work=News First Ltd|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620101517/https://www.newsfirst.lk/2016/03/newly-appointed-central-province-governor-pays-homage-to-temple-of-the-sacred-tooth-relic/|archive-date=20 June 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtakwara ya dị ka Gọvanọ nke itoolu nke Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka site na 12 Eprel 2018 ruo 31 Disemba 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;sundaytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=New Governors take oaths before President Sirisena|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/article/1042054/new-governors-take-oaths-before-president-sirisena|accessdate=12 April 2018|publisher=sundaytimes.lk|date=12 April 2018|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119090921/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/article/1042054/new-governors-take-oaths-before-president-sirisena|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị 2019 a họpụtara ya dị ka Onye isi oche nke State Timber Corporation (STC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Reginald-to-head-Gems-Jewelry-Authority-Niluka-to-head-STC/108-160898|title=Reginald to head Gems &amp; Jewelry Authority, Niluka to head STC|work=Dailymirror.lk|accessdate=2 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news/52586/reginald-cooray-and-niluka-ekanayake-given-new-posts|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2019-07-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802134634/http://www.adaderana.lk/news/52586/reginald-cooray-and-niluka-ekanayake-given-new-posts|archivedate=2019-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsfirst.lk/2019/01/10/niluka-ekanayake-appointed-as-stc-chairman/|title=Niluka Ekanayake appointed as STC Chairman - Sri Lanka Latest News|date=January 10, 2019|work=Newsfirst.lk|accessdate=2 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye LGBT mbụ na nwanyị transgender mbụ nwere ọfịs Gọvanọ na mpaghara Sri Lanka, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye isi transgender mbụ nke gọọmentị n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Maha Sanga Protests Appointment Of First Transgender Governor|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/maha-sanga-protests-appointment-of-first-transgender-governor/|accessdate=12 April 2018|publisher=colombotelegraph.com|date=26 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị isi ọchịchị LGBT n'ihu ọha
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị transgender

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Marshal Perera]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Central Province]]|years=2016–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dhamma Dissanayake]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Surangani Ellawala]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Sabaragamuwa Province]]|years=2018–2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Reginald Cooray]]}}
{{s-end}}</text>
      <sha1>665fn12o8xkn0y3y2cyqybbl6573x3b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Onikan Stadium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741683</id>
      <parentid>452131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T11:57:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2300" sha1="8otmmu2tsf0d8o3fc8orlk4scqt7o5o" xml:space="preserve">'''Mobolaji Johnson Arena'''&lt;ref&gt;https://scontent-ams4-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/82101820_2756388891084912_8106031767904845824_n.jpg?_nc_cat=100&amp;_nc_sid=9e2e56&amp;_nc_ohc=vCouqrPL6D4AX99pQGW&amp;_nc_ht=scontent-ams4-1.xx&amp;oh=b1942a816c74b8d0b1be8805b32d996d&amp;oe=5E989666&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ámá egwuregwu ana egosi  ọtụtụ ebumnuche na [[Lagos]].  Eji ya  ugbu a agba egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] ,ma ọ bụ ámá egwuregwu nke otu Lagos dị iche iche, ọkachasị otu egwuregwu Ikorodu United , otu egwuregwu Stationery Stores,First Bank na otu egwuregwu Julius Berger .  Ámá egwuregwu ahụ nwere ike ibata  mmadụ puku iri ma bụrụ nke kachasị ochie na Naịjirịa. N'ịbụ nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọgbọ mmiri Lagos  dị nso na ọgbakọTafewa Balewa , e wuru ámá egwuregwu mbụ ahụ na afọ 1930 ma mgbe afọ isii gachara, a gụhariri ya aha Eze George V. N'etiti afọ 1963 na 1973, a maara ya dị ka ama egwuregwu Lagos City . A rụzigharịrị ámá egwuregwu Onikan  ugbu a ma meghee ya maka egwuregwu bọọlụ na ihe gbasara omenala n'afọ ndị 1980.
N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2008, Njikọ bọọlụ Naịjirịa machibidoro ámá egwuregwu ahụ iji ya mee ihe n'oge ndị ọzọ n'oge egwuregwu ahụ mgbe mwakpo nke ogige merụrụ ọtụtụ ndị òtù egwuregwu Warri Wolves ahụ mgbe ha na ndị òtù egwuregwu First Bank nwesịrị mmeri na-enweghị akara.
[[Usòrò:Onikan_Stadium.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Onikan_Stadium.jpg/320px-Onikan_Stadium.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Ogige egwuregwu Onikan]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Media related to Onikan Stadium at Wikimedia Commons
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220909210636/http://www.kickoffnigeria.com/static/news/article.php?id=1428 NFL mechiri Onikan Stadium]
* https://web.archive.org/web/20251009181552/https://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Lagos-Sports.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195520/http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/sports/article10/090207 www.guardiannewsngr.com/sports/article10/090207]
* [http://oneyearinnigeria.blogspot.com/2009/02/football-soccer-for-those-far-far-west.html Blog na nkọwa egwuregwu, foto]

{{Coor|6|26|33|N|3|24|8|E|region:NG-EN_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}</text>
      <sha1>8otmmu2tsf0d8o3fc8orlk4scqt7o5o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oba of Lagos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741671</id>
      <parentid>722990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:06:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12000" sha1="qacwc51i49ccr2kw1qy9lsirgein8dr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:Oba_Lagos060602-N-8637R-006.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Oba_Lagos060602-N-8637R-006.jpg/220px-Oba_Lagos060602-N-8637R-006.jpg|thumb|Oba Rilwan Akiolu nke Lagos na 2006.]]
 
'''Oba nke Lagos''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Eleko nke Eko''', bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala (Oba) nke [[Lagos]]. 

Oba bụ onye ọchịchị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] na-eme ememe na-enweghị ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mana ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achọ nkwado ma ọ bụ onye nkwado site n'aka ndị bi na Lagos, obi ego nke [[Naijiria]] na obodo kachasị ukwuu n'Africa. Oba apụtala na mgbasa ozi njem nleta maka obodo ahụ, na-ekwukarị &quot;Ị ga-aga Lagos&quot;, n'etiti ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche.

Onye Oba nke Lagos ugbu a bụ Rilwan Akiolu, onye jị ọkwa ahụ kemgbe afọ 2003.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Ndị Oba niile nke Lagos na-agbaso agbụrụ ha na [[Ashipa]], onye isi agha nke Oba nke Benin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann-45&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mann|first=Kristin|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900|url=https://archive.org/details/slaverybirthafri00mann|publisher=Indiana University Press, 2007|isbn=9780253348845|year=2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMann2007&quot;&gt;Mann, Kristin (2007). &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-limited&quot; title=&quot;Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required&quot;&gt;[[iarchive:slaverybirthafri00mann|''Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900'']]&lt;/span&gt;. Indiana University Press, 2007. p.&amp;nbsp;[[iarchive:slaverybirthafri00mann/page/n59|45]]. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780253348845|&lt;bdi&gt;9780253348845&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A kwụrụ Ashipa ụgwọ site n'inye ya utu aha nke ''Oloriogun''&lt;ref name=&quot;JHK&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Herskovits Kopytoff|first=Jean|title=A Preface to Modern Nigeria: The &quot;Sierra Leoneans&quot; in Yoruba, 1830 - 1890|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-BFX-148|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|pages=64–65}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ma ọ bụ ''onye ndú agha'') ma nata ikike nke Oba nke Benin ịchị Lagos n'aha ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Folami&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folami|first=Takiu|title=A History of Lagos, Nigeria: The Shaping of an African City|publisher=Exposition Press|isbn=9780682497725|pages=22|year=1982}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Benin kwupụtara Ashipa dị ka nwa ma ọ bụ nwa nwa nke Oba nke Benin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Robert|title=The Lagos Consulate, 1851-1861|url=https://archive.org/details/lagosconsulate180000smit|publisher=University of California Press, 1979|isbn=9780520037465|date=1979-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na Ashipa bụ nrụrụ aka Yoruba nke aha Benin ''Aisika-hienbore'' (nke a sụgharịrị &quot;anyị agaghị ahapụ ebe a&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Cole&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cole|first=Patrick|title=Modern and Traditional Elites in the Politics of Lagos|publisher=Cambridge University Press, 1975|isbn=9780521204392|date=1975-04-17|url=https://archive.org/details/moderntraditiona0000cole/page/12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ashipa natara mma agha na ịgbà eze dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ikike ya site n'aka Oba nke Benin na njem ya na Lagos. Tụkwasị na nke a, Oba nke Benin zigara otu ndị ọrụ Benin ebubo ichekwa ọdịmma Benin na Lagos. Ndị isi ndị a, nke [[Eletu Odibo]] duziri, bụ ndị mbụ so na klas ''Akarigbere'' nke Lagos White Cap Chiefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;JHK&quot;/&gt;

Tupu ndị Britain abịarute, Oba nke Benin nwere &quot;ikike a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha iji kpuchie okpueze ma ọ bụ kwado onye ndị Lagos họọrọ ka ọ bụrụ Eze ha&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons|title=Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons|publisher=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 1852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqVbAAAAQAAJ&amp;q=akitoye+benin+undisputed+right&amp;pg=RA1-PA97|accessdate=8 September 2017|year=1852}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmeri ndị agha Britain meriri Oba Kosoko na Disemba 28, 1851, n'ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka Bombardment of Lagos ma ọ bụ Reduction of Lagos, ma ọ bụ nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka Ogun Ahoyaya ma ọ bụ Ogun Agidingbi (mgbe ọ gbasịrị egbe), mere ka Lagos kwụsị ịkwado Oba nke Benin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sociocultural Dimensions of Nigerian Pidgin Usage (Western NigerDelta of Nigeria|author=Oloruntoba, C.I.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1ceAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=protectorate++%22Oba+of+Benin%22|year=1992|publisher=Indiana University|accessdate=26 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya mere, Kosoko bụ Oba ikpeazụ nke Lagos na-eziga ụtụ kwa afọ site n'aka ndị Lagos na Oba nke Benin. Oba Akitoye, onye ndị Britain weghachiri n'ocheeze, &quot;jiri ohere nke mweghachi ya n'okpuru nchebe Britain iji jụ nkwado mbụ ya&quot; na Benin ma jụkwa arịrịọ ụtụ ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka Oba nke Benin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ryder|first=Alan Frederick Charles|title=Benin and the Europeans: 1485-1897|publisher=Front Cover Alan Frederick Charles Ryder Humanities Press, 1969 - Benin|pages=241–242}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Robert|title=The Lagos Consulate, 1851-1861|year=1978|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0333240545|pages=6,27,90,102}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ryder|first=Alan Frederick Charles|title=Benin and the Europeans: 1485-1897|publisher=Humanities Press, 1969 - Benin|pages=241–242}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọchịchị gara aga nke Lagos ejirila utu aha Ologun (nke sitere na Oloriogun), Eleko na, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Oba nke Lagos.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Kingdoms of the Yoruba|author=Robert Sydney Smith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ric6OhxbCS0C&amp;q=ashipa+oloriogun&amp;pg=PA74|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press 1969|accessdate=30 July 2017|isbn=9780299116040|year=1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oche eze ==
Ebe obibi eze, kemgbe 1630, bụ [[Iga Idunganran]], ụlọ elu nke ndị Portugal rụzigharịrị n'ime ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Robert (January 1979). ''The Lagos Consulate, 1851-1861''. University of California Press, 1979. p. 8. ISBN 9780520037465.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ taa ebe ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu.

== Ndepụta nke ndi Oba nke Lagos ==

* [[Ashipa]], onye guzobere usoro ndị eze Lagos mana ekpuchighị ya okpueze dị ka Oba nke Lagos (ihe dị ka 1682-1716)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aimiuwu, O.E.I.|title=Ashipa: the first Oba of Lagos|publisher=Nigeria Magazine, Issues 100-104, Government of Nigeria 1969|pages=624–627|url=http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=183298764|accessdate=3 August 2017|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622103101/http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=183298764|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=MCHSd62Tse8C |page=29 }}|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ado (17161755) Oba mbụ nke Lagos (nwa nke Ashipa/Esikpa)&lt;ref name=&quot;plainsail&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eraffoundation.org/erelukuti.php|title=Erelu Abiola Docemo Foundation|author=Plainsail|work=eraffoundation.org|accessdate=2022-09-22|archivedate=2019-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619230139/http://www.eraffoundation.org/erelukuti.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nigeria/lagos.html|title=LAGOS|work=iinet.net.au|accessdate=2015-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517133236/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/states/nigeria/lagos.html|archivedate=2017-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gabaro]] (17551760)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/kings/view_pastking.php?name=Oba%20of%20lagos|title=Kingdoms of Nigeria, The Nigerian Database of Rulers, Kings, Kingdoms, Political and Traditional Leaders|author=Adewunmi Elegbede|work=kingdomsofnigeria.com|access-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140538/http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/kings/view_pastking.php?name=Oba%20of%20lagos|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akinsemoyin (ihe dị ka 1760-1775)&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=MCHSd62Tse8C |page=46 }}|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* [[Eletu Kekere]] (ihe dị ka 1775 - 1780)
* Ologun Kutere (nke a na-akpọkwa Ologunkutere / Ologunkuture) (1780-c. 1801)&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBDWuJb9VI8C&amp;q=Ajan&amp;pg=PA95|title=Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean: A History of Enslavement and Identity Since the 18th Century|author=Ojo|first=Olatunji|date=2012-09-15|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781780761152|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Interregnum n'etiti Ologun Kutere na Adele (c 1805 - c. 1810/11)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann-45&quot;/&gt; 
* Adele Ajosun (1811-1821)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann-45&quot; /&gt; 
* Ozizi Ajan (Oshinlokun, Eshinlokun) (1821-1829)&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Idewu Ojulari (1829-1832) ma ọ bụ ruo 1835&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br&quot; /&gt; 
* Adele Ajosun (nke abụọ) (1835-1837)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mann-45&quot; /&gt; 
* Oluwole (1837-1841)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=MCHSd62Tse8C |page=46 }}|title=Slavery and the Birth of an African City}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Akitoye (1841-1845)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=CBDWuJb9VI8C |page=95 }}|title=Slavery in Africa and the Caribbean}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kosoko (1845-1851)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br1&quot; /&gt;
* Akitoye (oge nke abụọ) (1851-1853)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Dosunmu (18531885)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com.br3&quot; /&gt;
* [[Oyekan I|Oyekan nke Mbụ]] (1885-1900)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Eshugbayi Eleko (1901-1925)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Ibikunle Akitoye (1925-1928)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Sanusi Olusi (1928-1931)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Eshugbayi Eleko (oge nke abụọ) (1931-1932)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Falolu Dosunmu (1932-1949)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Adeniji Adele (1949-1964)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Adeyinka Oyekan nke Abụọ (1965-2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;
* Rilwan Akiolu (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;adewunmielegbede&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Erelu Kuti
* [[Timeline of Lagos|Usoro nke obodo Lagos]]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

* 10. Yusuf Olatunji  Mpịakọta 17:02

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/oba-of-lagos-launches-olympic-countdown-clock/|title=Oba of Lagos launches Olympic Countdown Clock|date=January 2, 2012|accessdate=January 21, 2012|author=Ajom, Jacob|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/33695-traditional-religious-leaders-flay-fed-govt.html|date=January 18, 2012|accessdate=January 21, 2012|author=Oladesu, Emmanuel|title=Traditional, religious leaders flay Fed Govt|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}
* {{Cite book|publisher=[[University of Rochester Press]]|isbn=978-1-58046-249-5|author=Vaughan|first=Olufemi|title=Nigerian Chiefs: Traditional Power in Modern Politics, 1890s-1990s|year=2006}}
* {{Cite book|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|author=Awa|first=Eme O.|title=Federal government in Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/federalgovernmen0000awae|year=1964}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/kings/view_king.php?name=Oba%20of%20Lagos|title=Oba of Lagos|date=June 11, 2004|accessdate=January 21, 2012|publisher=Kingdoms of Nigeria|author=Dosunmu, G.K.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085838/http://www.kingdomsofnigeria.com/kings/view_king.php?name=Oba%20of%20Lagos|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}
[[Òtù:Ndị Oba nke Lagos]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>qacwc51i49ccr2kw1qy9lsirgein8dr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>O</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741670</id>
      <parentid>194826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:02:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5593" sha1="t7n7wjo1lceugbtivlzym0e9vaz58q5" xml:space="preserve"> 

O, ma ọ bụ '''o''', bụ mkpụrụedemede nke iri na ise na mkpụrụedemede Latin ISO na mkpụrụedemade nke anọ na mkpụrụedemedo Bekee nke oge a. Aha ya na [[asụsụ Bekee]] bụ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwIA&quot;&gt;o&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (nke a na-akpọ /ˈoʊ/), ọtụtụ es.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;O&quot; ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989);[http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=o&amp;title=21st ''Chambers-Happap''], &quot;oes&quot; ''op. cit.'' ''Oes'' is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered ''O''s, O's, ''o''s, o's.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Newes_ABC_Buchlein_MET_DP855603.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Newes_ABC_Buchlein_MET_DP855603.jpg/180px-Newes_ABC_Buchlein_MET_DP855603.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|226x226px|Late Renaissance ma ọ bụ mmalite Baroque nke O, site na 1627]]
Ụdị ihe osise ya anọgidewo na-adịgide adịgide site n'oge ndị Finishia ruo taa. Aha akwụkwọ ozi Phoenician bụ ''ʿeyn'', nke pụtara &quot;anya&quot;, na ezie ọdịdị ya malitere dị ka ihe osise nke anya mmadụ (ma eleghị anya sitere na ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe odide ndị Ijipt kwekọrọ, cf. Ihe odide Proto-Sinaitic).
Ụkpụrụ ụda mbụ ya bụ nke ụdaume, ma eleghị anya, ụda nke mkpụrụedemede Arabic bụ ع &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNg&quot;&gt;ʿayn&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na-anọchite anya ya.

Ojiji nke mkpụrụedemede Ph{{IPA|/o/}}enician a maka ụdaume bụ n'ihi mkpụrụedemede Grik mbụ, nke nabatara mkpụrụedemede dị ka O &quot;omicron&quot; iji nọchite anya ụdaume /o/. A nabatara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na uru a na mkpụrụedemede Old Italic, gụnyere mkpụrụedemede Latin mbụ. Na asụsụ Grik, ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ahụ mechara mee ka ọdịiche dị na ụda a dị ogologo (Omega, nke pụtara &quot;O buru ibu&quot;) site na o dị mkpirikpi (Omicron, nke pụtara 'obere o&quot;). Omicron Grik mere ka e nwee mkpụrụedemede Cyrillic O na mkpụrụedemede Italic mbụ na-acha uhie uhie.

Ọbụna mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ndị na-esoghị na Semitic na-enwekarị ụdị yiri nke ahụ iji gosipụta ụda a; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị mepụtara edemede Afaka na Ol Chiki, nke ọ bụla mepụtara na akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa na narị afọ gara aga, ha abụọ kwuru na ụdaume ha maka 'O' na ọdịdị ọnụ mgbe ha na-eme ụda a. [nnyocha mbụ?&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ojiji na usoro ederede ==

=== Bekee ===
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ bụ mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nke anọ a na-ahụkarị na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Bekee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|title=Frequency Table|work=www.math.cornell.edu|access-date=2022-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422040328/http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html|archive-date=2014-04-22|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka mkpụrụedemede ụdaume ndị ọzọ nke Bekee, ọ jikọtara &quot;ogologo&quot; na &quot;obere&quot;. &quot;Oké&quot; dị ka n'ụgbọ mmiri bụ na ezie diphthong /oʊ/ (nke a na-eme na ụzọ dialectic na ebe ọ bụla site na [o] ruo {{IPA|[əʊ]}}). N'asụsụ Bekee, e nwekwara &quot;obere&quot; dị ka na fox, /ɒ/, nke na-ada ụda dịtụ iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche. Na otụtụ olumba nke British English, ọ bụ ma ọ bụ ụdaume gbara gburugburu [ɔ] ma ọ bụ vowel gbara gburugburu {{IPA|[ɒ]}}; na American English, ọ na-abụkarị azụ na-enweghị gburugburu {{IPA|[ɑ]}} na ụdaume etiti {{IPA|[a]}}.

Nkọwa okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere, nke na-anọchite anya ma ọ bụ /uː/  -ʊ/; nke na-egosipụtakarị diphthong /ɔɪ/, na nke na- nnọchiteanya dịgasị iche iche dabere na ihe gbara ya gburugburu na aha ya.

Na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị na ihu mkpụrụedemede nwere minim, nwere ike ịnọchite anya ụda /ʌ/, dịka na 'nwa' ma ọ bụ 'ịhụnanya'.  Ọ pụkwara ịnọchite anya semivowel /w/ dị ka na ''ukwe'' ma ọ bụ ''quinoa''.

Na asụsụ Bekee, mkpụrụedemede a na-akpọ O [[Kánada|Canada]] ma ọ bụ  Captain! My Captain! ma ọ bụ amaokwu ụfọdụ nke [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22o+lord%22&amp;qs_version=KJV|title=Quick search: &quot;o lord&quot;|accessdate=2013-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_⟨o⟩_in_European_languages.png|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8o%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png/298px-Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8o%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|305x305px|Nkwupụta nke aha mkpụrụedemede ahụ n'asụsụ ndị Europe]]
{{IPA|[ɔ]}}[[Mkpụrụedemede dị n'etiti azụ|l]] {{IPA|[o̞]}}⟨o⟩ na-ejikọkarị ya na ụdaume gbara okirikiri mepere emepe [ɔ], udaume etiti azụ gbara okirikiri [o̞] ma ọ bụ udaume dị nso n'azụ gbara okirikiri [o] n'ọtụtụ asụsụ.  Asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-eji ⟨o⟩ maka ụkpụrụ dị iche iche, na-abụkarị ụdaume azụ nke na-emepe obere akụkụ.  E mepụtala mkpụrụedemede ndị ewepụtara dị ka ⟨ö⟩ na ⟨ø⟩ maka mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ ụfọdụ iji mata ụkpụrụ ndị na-adighi na Latin na Greek, ọkachasị udaume n'ihu okirikiri.

=== Usoro ndị ọzọ ===
Na International Phonetic Alphabet, na-anọchite anya ụdaume dị n'etiti azụ.</text>
      <sha1>t7n7wjo1lceugbtivlzym0e9vaz58q5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miria Matembe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741615</id>
      <parentid>540757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T21:49:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10643" sha1="26awtpe8lnucczxesusxoggrhv7maah" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Miria Rukoza Koburunga Matembe''', LL.D (''honoris causa'') (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1953) bụ onye bụbu onye otu ndị omeiwu Pan-African si [[Uganda]]. Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na Iwu, Ihe Nketa na Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị bụ kọmitii na-adịgide adịgide nke ndị omeiwu.

Na onwa June na afọ 2006, ọ ghọrọ onye Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow na National Endowment for Democracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=NED International Forum for Democratic Studies|title=Ten years of Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellows Program|url=https://www.ned.org/docs/Reagan-FascellDemocracyFellowsProgramTenthAnniversaryTribute.pdf|accessdate=31 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matembe bụ onye isi oche nke Citizen coalition on electoral democracy in Uganda (CCEDU) ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccedu.org.ug/index.php/publications/media-center/news-highligts-events|title=CCEDU statement on political distress in political parties|work=ccedu.org.ug|accessdate=2020-04-17|archivedate=2021-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724104812/https://www.ccedu.org.ug/index.php/publications/media-center/news-highligts-events}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/ccedu-coordinator-crispin-kaheru-welcomes-miria-matembe-then-resigns/|title=CCEDU coordinator Krispin Kaheru welcomes Miria Matembe then resigns|date=2019-10-08|work=The independent|accessdate=2020-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
A mụrụ Matembe na Bwizi Bwera, Kashari, na Mbarara, na Samuel na Eseza Rukooza bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Matembe bụ nwa nke anọ n'ime ụmụnne itoolu, ụmụ nwoke ise na ụmụ nwanyị anọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/matembe-retires-in-two-minds-3226096|title=Matembe Retires In Two Minds|work=[[Daily Monitor]]|date=12 December 2020|author=Agather Atuhaire|accessdate=4 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ya ==
Matembe gara Rutooma uloakwukwo utakara, ebe ọ sonyeere Bweranyangi Girls maka O-Level ya. Ọ gara kọleji Namasagali maka ọkwa A ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO IS WHO Miria Matembe|url=http://whoinafrica.com/person/10|accessdate=2021-04-14|work=whoinafrica.com|archivedate=2024-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621114404/https://whoinafrica.com/person/10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ natara nzere Bachelor of Laws (LLB) na Mahadum Makerere na nzere Master of Laws, LLM na Mahadim Warwick.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miria Matembe|url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/people?userID=2510&amp;eventID=768|date=12 November 2020|work=Salzburg Global Seminar|accessdate=15 January 2021|archivedate=12 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212110225/https://www.salzburgglobal.org/people?userID=2510&amp;eventID=768}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ aka ya ==
Matembe malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọka iwu steeti ụmụ akwụkwọ na Ngalaba nke DPP Ministry of Justice. Mgbe ahụ, ọ kwagara nkuzi na Makerere University Business School(MUBS) nke bụ Uganda College of Commerce n'oge ahụ. Mgbe afọ 5 gasịrị, ọ kwagara na Central Bank of Uganda .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=WHO IS WHO|title=Miria Matembe|url=http://whoinafrica.com/person/10|work=WHO IS WHO|publisher=WHO IS WHO|accessdate=31 May 2021|archivedate=21 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621114404/https://whoinafrica.com/person/10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye omeiwu nke Mbarara District Woman Member site n'afọ 2001 ruo na afọ 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Atuhaire|first=Agather|title=Matembe retires in two minds|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/matembe-retires-in-two-minds-3226096|accessdate=31 May 2021|publisher=Nation Media Group|date=12 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ NRM Peggy Waako meriri ya na ntuli aka ndị okenye nke afọ 2021 ebe ọ na-achọ ịnọchite anya ndị agadi na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke iri na otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Daily Express Uganda|title=Miria Matembe loses to NRM's Waako in Elderly MP elections|url=https://dailyexpress.co.ug/2021/01/22/miria-matembe-loses-to-nrms-waako-in-elderly-mp-elections/|accessdate=31 May 2021|publisher=Daily Express Uganda|date=22 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ==
Miria Matembe abụwo onye nkwado siri ike na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Uganda. Ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ malite na afọ 1989, ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu nke Uganda. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na gọọmentị Uganda dị ka minista maka ụkpụrụ omume na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe site na afọ 1998 ruo na afọ 2003, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye otu ndị omeiwu Pan-African na-anọchite anya Uganda.

N'afọ 1995, ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii Iwu nke mepụtara Iwu Ugandan ma Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkachamara si Uganda na [[Kenya]] nke nyochara ma mee atụmatụ maka Iwu Iwu nke Tanzania ma nye Kọmitii Warioba nchọpụta ha n'afọ 2015, n'okpuru nkwado nke Kituo cha Katiba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanzania Elections Watch|title=Hon. Dr. Miria R.K Matembe|url=https://tanzaniaelectionswatch.org/2020/09/23/hon-dr-miria-matembe/|work=Tanzania Elections Watch|publisher=Tanzania Elections Watch|accessdate=31 May 2021|archivedate=20 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020131706/https://tanzaniaelectionswatch.org/2020/09/23/hon-dr-miria-matembe/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke Action for Development, otu na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na Uganda, otu o guzobere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mugabo|first=Brian|title=Miria Matembe: Speaking out loudly for justice and fairness|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/miria-matembe-speaking-out-loudly-for-justice-and-fairness-1520052|accessdate=31 May 2021|publisher=Nation Media Group|date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020183938/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/miria-matembe-speaking-out-loudly-for-justice-and-fairness-1520052|archive-date=20 October 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1990, ọ bụ osote onye isi nke Pan-African Congress nke e mere na Kampala. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na iwu na Bekee na Chartered Institute of Bankers, kwa na Kampala. Onye ọka iwu site na ọrụ, Matembe bụkwa onye dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na akwụkwọ, ''Miria Matembe'': Gender, Politics, and Constitution Making in Uganda, on women in politics.

N'ọnwa Ọktoba na afọ 2006, Matembe kwuru okwu akpọrọ &quot;Women, War, Peace: Politics in Peacebuilding&quot; na Mahadum San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace &amp; Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Matembe|first=Miria|title=Women, War and Peace: The politics of peacebuilding|date=2006|publisher=JOAN B. KROC INSTITUTE FOR PEACE AND JUSTICE|location=Online|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&amp;context=lecture_series|accessdate=31 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, o kwuru okwu dị mkpa na 11th Sarah Ntiro Lecture and Award nke emere na Grand Imperial Hotel, Kampala -Uganda nye ụmụ nwanyị ndị bụ ndị na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ ndị rụrụ ọrụ iji mee ka agụmakwụkwọ nwa agbọghọ dị mfe na Forum for African Women Educationalists (Fawe) haziri ihe omume na, maka nwa agbọghọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Ihe nrite ndị bụ isi bịara n'ụdị abụọ; ihe nrite &quot;Woman of Distinction&quot; nke na-amata ụmụ nwanyị ọrụ ha na-akwalite agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, na ihe nrite Model of Excellence nke na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na-eme nke ọma bụ ndị setịpụrụ ezigbo ihe nlereanya maka ụmụ agbọghọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Daily Monitor|title=Awarded for helping the girl-child|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/awarded-for-helping-the-girl-child-1489530|accessdate=31 May 2021|publisher=Nation Media Group|date=7 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matembe onye bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-asọpụrụ maka mbọ siri ike ọ na-agba ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị kelere chi mgbe ọ na-anabata onyinye ahụ. O kwuru na amaghị ihe na enweghị ihe onwunwe bụ ụfọdụ n'ime nsogbu ndị na-egbochi ọganihu nke agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka nwanyị.

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* Agha maka Nnwere Onwe na Ọchịchị Onye kwuo uche ya raara nye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Struggle-Freedom-Democracy-Betrayed-Government-ebook/dp/B084F7PWT6|accessdate=2021-04-14|title=The Struggle for Freedom &amp; Democracy Betrayed: Memoirs of Miria Matembe as an Insider in Museveni's Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nwanyị n'anya Chineke : na-azaghachi njirimara furu efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Matembe|first=Miria|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/woman-in-the-eyes-of-god-reclaiming-a-lost-identity/oclc/501315188|title=Woman in the eyes of God: reclaiming a lost identity|date=2009|publisher=New Life Publishers|isbn=978-9970-17-600-7|location=Kampala, Uganda|language=English|oclc=501315188}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Miria Matembe: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na ime iwu na Uganda&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Alim|first=Leena Omar.|title=Miria Matembe: Gender Politics and Constitution Making in Uganda. (Book Reviews)|journal=Ahfad Journal|date=2002|volume=19|issue=2|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA100200393&amp;sid=googleScholar&amp;v=2.1&amp;it=r&amp;linkaccess=abs&amp;issn=02554070&amp;p=AONE&amp;sw=w|accessdate=31 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* Honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D) site na Mahadum Victoria, na afọ 2007

== Ezinụlọ ya ==
Ọ lụrụ Nekemia Matembe ma ha mutara ụmụ nwoke anọ, aha ha bụ Godwin, Gilbert, Gideon, na Grace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Matembe on her love life: I'm not a factory to be managed|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/matembe-on-her-love-life-i-m-not-a-factory-to-be-managed-1724052|accessdate=2021-04-14|work=Daily Monitor|date=6 January 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebesidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061130034439/http://www.ned.org/forum/current.html#Matembe/National Onyinye maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya] Miria Matembe bio
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221016100057/http://www.africanfront.com/AF042.php/ African Unification Front] AUF
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130430214833/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/miria_matembe.php Nkwupụta nkuzi na vidiyo nke okwu Matembe na Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace &amp; Justice na Mahadum San Diego, Ọktoba 2006]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>26awtpe8lnucczxesusxoggrhv7maah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741642</id>
      <parentid>740239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T04:23:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6090" sha1="s7oq8e8ussmxxydv0oqqbyjjxyq97uc" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah''' (amụrụ na 29 Ọktoba, na afọ 1952) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Namibia bụ osote praịm minista nke [[Namibia]] kemgbe Machị 2015. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Minista Na-ahụ Maka Mmekọrịta Mba Nile na Imekọ ihe ọnụ na Namibia kemgbe Disemba, na afọ 2012. Site na Machị, na afọ 2010 ruo Disemba, na afọ 2012, ọ bụ Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na njem nleta.  Nandi-Ndaitwah bụ onye otu SWAPO, otu na-achị Namibia, na onye otu National Assembly ogologo oge. N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara Nandi-Ndaitwah ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Swapo Party na 6th Congress nke pati ahụ. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ jere ozi n'ọkwa ahụ.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ '''Netumbo Nandi''' na 29 Ọktoba, na afọ 1952 na Onamutai na mpaghara Oshana nke Ovamboland, Ndaitwah gụrụ akwụkwọ na St. Mary's Mission na Odibo.&lt;ref name=&quot;KDN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biographies of Namibian Personalities, N|author=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|work=klausdierks.com|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_N.htm|accessdate=11 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nandi-Ndaitwah gara mba ọzọ na 1974 wee sonye na ndị otu SWAPO na [[Zambia]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'isi ụlọ ọrụ SWAPO dị na Lusaka, [[Zambia]] site na afo 1974 ruo na afọ 1975 wee gaa ọmụmụ ihe na Lenin Higher Komsomol School na Soviet Union site na afo 1975 ruo na afọ 1976. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na diplọma na ọrụ na omume nke ndị ntorobịa Kọmunist. N'afọ 1987, ọ nwetara diplọma post-graduate na nchịkwa ọha na eze na njikwa site na Glasgow College of Technology, UK, na n'afọ 1988 ọzọ post-graduated diploma, na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, site na Mahadum Keele, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]]. N'afọ 1989, Nandi-Ndaitwah nwetara nzere masta na ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mba na mba, site na Mahadum Keele.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Nandi-Ndaitwah ghọrọ osote onye nnọchi anya SWAPO na Zambia site na afo 1976 ruo na afọ 1978 na onye isi nnọchi anya na [[Zambia]] site n'afọ 1978 ruo 1980. Site na afo 1980 ruo na afọ 1986, ọ bụ onye isi nnọchi anya SWAPO na East Africa, nke dị na Dar es Salaam. Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii etiti SWAPO site na afọ 1976 ruo na afọ 1986 na onye isi oche nke Namibia National Women's Organisation (NANAWO) site na afo 1991 ruo na afọ 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hopwood|first=Graham|title=Who's Who, entry for Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah|publisher=Namibia Institute for Democracy|url=http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128|accessdate=8 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611174934/http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128|archivedate=11 June 2011|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHopwood&quot;&gt;Hopwood, Graham. . Namibia Institute for Democracy. Archived from [http://www.nid.org.na/view_book_entry.php?book_id=128 the original] on 11 June 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 January&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye otu National Assembly of Namibia kemgbe afọ 1990. Ọ bụ osote Minista na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba ụwa na imekọ ihe ọnụ site na afọ 1990 ruo 1996 ma nweta ọkwa minista na afọ 1996 dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Women Affairs na Ọfịs nke Onye isi ala, ebe ọ jere ozi ruo n'afọ 2000. N'afọ 2000, e buliri ya n'ọkwa ka ọ bụrụ onye ozi, ma nye ya ọfịs Women Affairs and Child Welfare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nandi-Ndaitwah Netumbo|publisher=[[Parliament of Namibia]]|accessdate=11 June 2022|url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/nandi-ndaitwah-netumbo-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah_Namibia's_Deputy_Prime_Minister_(sq_cropped).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah_Namibia%27s_Deputy_Prime_Minister_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Netumbo_Nandi-Ndaitwah_Namibia%27s_Deputy_Prime_Minister_%28sq_cropped%29.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah na 2022]]
Site na afọ 2005 ruo n'afọ 2010, ọ bụ Minista nke Ozi na Mgbasa Ozi na ụlọ ọrụ Namibia. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na njem nleta ruo mgbe a gbanwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na Disemba na afọ 2012, ebe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Minista na na-ahụ Maka ihe gbasara mba ọzọ, ọfịs kemgbe a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụ International Relations and Cooperation.&lt;ref name=&quot;reshuffle&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?archive_id=103168&amp;page_type=archive_story_detail&amp;page=525|title=Transition team picked|author=Shipanga|first=Selma|date=5 December 2012|work=[[The Namibian]]|accessdate=27 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'okpuru Onye isi ala Hage Geingob, a họpụtara Nandi-Ndaitwah dị ka osote praịm minista nke Namibia na Machị, na afọ 2015, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi n'otu oge dị ka Minista nke Mmekọrịta na Imekọ ihe ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Geingob announces Cabinet|work=[[The Namibian]]|date=20 March 2015|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=134889&amp;page=archive-read}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandi-Ndaitwah na-anọdụ na kọmitii etiti SWAPO na politburo. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na ịhazi ma n'ihi ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-ekwuchitere SWAPO.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID&quot;/&gt;

Na Maachị 2023, Onye isi ala Hage Geingob kpọrọ Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah ka ọ bụrụ naanị onye ga-azọ ọkwa maka pati Swapo na-achị achị na ntuli aka nke afọ na-abịa.[https://www.theheritagetimes.com/namibia-president-geingob-names-nandi-ndaitwah-woman-successor/].

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah lụrụ Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah, onye bụbu onye isi ndị agha Namibia.&lt;ref name=&quot;NID&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị minista mba ọzọ ugbu a

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1952]]</text>
      <sha1>s7oq8e8ussmxxydv0oqqbyjjxyq97uc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nombulelo Hermans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741656</id>
      <parentid>187281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:32:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4713" sha1="7we424j5dvx3evzx3tq19rfyam233r5" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Nombulelo Lilian Hermans''' (1 Jenụwarị na afọ 1970 - 18 Jenụwarị na afo 2021) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa nke African National Congress onye jere ozi dị ka onye otu National Assembly of South Africa site na afo 2019 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na afọ 2021.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'afọ 1985, Hermans sonyeere Colesberg Youth Organisation. Mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị, ọ sonyere na nguzobe alaka African National Congress na Colesberg. A họpụtara Hermans ka ọ bụrụ onye isi kọmitii Pixley ka Seme nke ANC na afọ 2002 ma jee ozi na kọmitii ọrụ mpaghara. E mechara họpụta Hermans dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba mpaghara ANC tupu ọ bụrụ osote onyeisi oche mpaghara. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na kọmitii na-ahụ maka mpaghara na kọmiti na-arụ ọrụ nke ANC na Northern Cape.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kwon Hoo|first=Sandi|title=Northern Cape ANC mourns death of MP Nombulelo Hermans|url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/northern-cape-anc-mourns-death-of-mp-nombulelo-hermans-32c18b92-9972-410c-a7e0-5019483b50c3|accessdate=19 January 2021|date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010928/https://www.dfa.co.za/news/northern-cape-anc-mourns-death-of-mp-nombulelo-hermans-32c18b92-9972-410c-a7e0-5019483b50c3|archive-date=28 January 2021|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKwon_Hoo2021&quot;&gt;Kwon Hoo, Sandi (19 January 2021). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010928/https://www.dfa.co.za/news/northern-cape-anc-mourns-death-of-mp-nombulelo-hermans-32c18b92-9972-410c-a7e0-5019483b50c3 &quot;Northern Cape ANC mourns death of MP Nombulelo Hermans&quot;]. Diamond Fields Advertiser&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Hermans bụ onye isi obodo nke Umsobomvu Local Municipality (oche: Colesberg) maka oge abụọ ma bụrụ ọkà okwu nke Pixley ka Seme District Municipality. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke abụọ nke South African Local Government Association.&lt;ref name=&quot;DFA&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ omeiwu ==
E debere Hermans na 111th na ndepụta mba nke pati ahụ maka ntuli aka 8 Mee 2019; nke a ezughi oke maka ya iji merie oche na National Assembly na ntuli aka ka ANC meriri oche 108 site na ndepụta mba, Otú ọ dị, Sylvia Lucas jụrụ oche ya ma ANC họọrọ Hermans dị ka onye nọchiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANC national and provincial lists for 2019 elections|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/anc-national-and-provincial-lists-for-2019-electio|work=Politicsweb|accessdate=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National|url=https://www.elections.org.za/ieconline/Documents/2019%20NPE%20List%20Of%20Reprensentatives/National%20Assembly%20List%20-%20Gazette.pdf|work=www.elections.org.za|accessdate=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=As on 22 October2020|url=https://pmg.org.za/files/201022_NA_MEMBERS_ALPHABETIC.pdf|work=Parliamentary Monitoring Group|accessdate=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ṅụrụ ya iyi na 13 Juun, na afọ 2019, ihe karịrị otu ọnwa mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị.

N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, a kpọrọ Hermans aha na Kọmitii Portfolio na Ọrụ na Ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=announcements, tablings and committee reports - APRAV|url=https://www.aprav.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/List-of-members-of-all-the-Portfolio-Committees-for-the-6th-Parliament-published-27-June-2019.pdf|work=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=19 January 2021|archivedate=5 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705062148/https://www.aprav.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/List-of-members-of-all-the-Portfolio-Committees-for-the-6th-Parliament-published-27-June-2019.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye otu Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence n'ọnwa Ọktoba, na afọ 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Parliament finally has a intelligence watchdog|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/parliament/2204913/parliament-finally-has-a-intelligence-watchdog/|accessdate=19 January 2021|work=The Citizen|date=14 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Hermans nwụrụ site na nsogbu COVID-19 na 18 Jenụwarị, na afọ 2021, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=ANC MP Nombulelo Hermans dies from COVID-19 complications|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/01/19/anc-mp-nombulelo-hermans-dies-from-covid-complications|accessdate=19 January 2021|work=Eyewitness News|date=19 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1970]]
[[Òtù:Ọnwụ afọ 2021]]</text>
      <sha1>7we424j5dvx3evzx3tq19rfyam233r5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nomvuzo Shabalala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741657</id>
      <parentid>740581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6092" sha1="17q6ybjyesemv9vr3vw7ki0wirqfbjf" xml:space="preserve">
Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala (29 Eprel 1960 26 Disemba 2020) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa. Ọ bụ onye otu African National Congress na South African Communist Party. Site na 2011 ruo 2016 ọ bụ osote onye isi obodo nke eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. N'afọ 2018, a ṅụrụ Shabalala iyi dị ka onye otu National Assembly.

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Shabalala na 29 Eprel 1960.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sacp.org.za/content/sacp-mourns-passing-its-central-committee-member-cde-nomvuzo-shabalala SACP mourns the passing of its Central Committee member Cde Nomvuzo Shabalala]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụsịrị naanị klas iri na otu mgbe ọ na-aga akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;/&gt; Ọ gụrụ mmemme na nhazi okwu na Mangosuthu Technikon wee jikwaa ihe mkpofu na Natal Technikon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt; Na Durban Commercial College, ọ gụrụ ndekọ ego na ndekọ ego na nhazi okwu dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt; Shabalala mezuru ọmụmụ idu ndú na Mahadum Pretoria .&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Shabalala jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke mpaghara Durban South nke ANC n'etiti afọ 2001 na 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ms Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/324|work=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=26 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226124852/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/324|archivedate=26 December 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''Parliament of South Africa''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20201226124852/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/324 the original] on 26 December 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 December&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi obodo nke eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality, na-anọchi Logie Naidoo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Ethekwini Mayor Inaugurated|url=http://www.durban.gov.za/Resource_Centre/Press_Releases/Pages/New-Ethekwini-Mayor-Inaugurated.aspx|work=Durban.gov.za|accessdate=26 December 2020|date=6 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ sochirinụ, a họpụtara ya na Kọmitii Nchịkwa nke ANC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt; Shabalala hapụrụ ANC PEC n'afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara Shabalala dị ka osote onye isi oche mpaghara nke South African Communist Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2016, Shabalala kwuru na mmegharị #FeesMustFall bụ &quot;mgbasa ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị agha mba ụwa kwadoro chọrọ igosi otu isi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Manda|first=Sihle|title=#FeesMustFall is a 'political campaign'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/feesmustfall-is-a-political-campaign-1982381|accessdate=26 December 2020|date=10 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, a họpụtara Fawzia Peer ka ọ nọchie ya dị ka osote onye isi obodo nke eThekwini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Fawzia Peer new eThekwini deputy mayor|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/news/news/fawzia-peer-new-ethekwini-deputy-mayor/|accessdate=26 December 2020|work=East Coast Radio|date=23 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Shabalala ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Central Committee nke SACP na nnọkọ mba nke iri na anọ nke pati ahụ na Julaị 2017.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/anc-mp-and-sacp-central-committee-member-nomvuzo-shabalala-has-died-20201226 ANC MP and SACP central committee member Nomvuzo Shabalala has died]&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na asatọ , a ṅụrụ Shabalala iyi dị ka onye omeiwu na National Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/seven-new-anc-mps-sworn-in-16558342 Seven new ANC MPs sworn in]&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ahụ, e mere ya onye ọzọ so na Kọmitii Portfolio na Home Affairs na onye otu Portfolio Committee on Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Experience: Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala|url=https://www.pa.org.za/person/nomvuzo-francisca-shabalala/#experience|work=People's Assembly|accessdate=26 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nomalungelo Gina nọchiri ya dị ka osote onye isi oche mpaghara nke SACP na nnọkọ mpaghara ya n'ikpeazụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mthethwa|first=Bongani|title=I've got no beef with Blade' says SACP KZN head Themba Mthembu|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2018-08-29-ive-got-no-beef-with-blade-says-sacp-kzn-head-themba-mthembu/|accessdate=26 December 2020|date=29 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ntuli aka nke Mee 2019, a họpụtara Shabalala maka oge zuru ezu dị ka onye omeiwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Elections/News/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515|accessdate=26 December 2020|date=15 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kenyere ya na Kọmitii Jikọrọ Aka na Omume na Mmasị Ndị Mmekọrịta na Kọmiti Portfolio na Mmụta Ọdịdị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parl&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Shabalala nwụrụ site na ọrịa metụtara COVID-19 na 26 Disemba 2020, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/anc-mp-nomvuzo-francisca-shabalala-dies-of-covid-19-related-illness-94cc9a37-3cb6-5140-8934-21c491beef66|title=ANC MP Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala dies of Covid-19-related illness}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hlophe|first=Nonkululeko|title=Former eThekwini deputy mayor Shabalala passes away|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/former-ethekwini-deputy-mayor-shabalala-passes-away/|accessdate=26 December 2020|work=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ntuli|first=Nokuthula|title=Death of SA Communist Party KZN MP mourned|url=https://www.news24.com/witness/news/death-of-sa-communist-party-kzn-mp-mourned-20201226|accessdate=26 December 2020|date=26 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebenside ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:1960 births]]</text>
      <sha1>17q6ybjyesemv9vr3vw7ki0wirqfbjf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mmabatho Mokause</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741618</id>
      <parentid>722568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T22:14:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5034" sha1="ks8xwa2jmo09bke75drhus2gc21w935" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Mmabatho Olive Mokause''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya na-adịgide adịgide na National Council of Provinces site na Northern Cape kemgbe Machị na afọ 2020. Ọ bụ onye otu Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). Mokause bụ onye otu Northern Cape Provincial Legislature site na Mee 2014 ruo Eprel, na afọ 2015. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omebe iwu nke South Africa, ụlọ nke dị ala nke ụlọ omebe iwu, n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015 ma jee ozi n'ụlọ ahụ ruo Jenụwarị afọ 2018. Mgbe ntuli aka nke Mee, na afọ 2019 gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na National Assembly, mana ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na Septemba. Na Machị na afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya EFF n'ụlọ elu.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
Mokause bụ onye bi na Kuruman na Northern Cape .&lt;ref name=&quot;dfa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kwon Hoo|first=Sandi|title=Outcry over resignation of EFF MPs|url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/outcry-over-resignation-of-eff-mps-11773487|accessdate=17 June 2020|date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617110748/https://www.dfa.co.za/news/outcry-over-resignation-of-eff-mps-11773487|archive-date=17 June 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mokause bu onye otu ndi Economic Freedom Fighters site mbe amalite ya ma nwe nye ya ọkwa onye ga arụ na inaugural Central Command Team, na ebe dị elu ana eme iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dfa&quot;/&gt; She was elected to the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature in the 2014 general election held on 7 May dika otu n'ime onye na anochite anya na ofis, dika onye Member of the Provincial Legislature (MPL) na 21 Mee, na afọ 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mokoena|first=Michael|title=Legislature’s women debate erupts into chaos|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/legislatures-women-debate-erupts-into-chaos-1741767|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=IOL|date=27 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, a wakporo Mokause mgbe ọ na-aga nzukọ mpaghara EFF na Northern Cape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=EFF conference turns bloody|url=https://www.news24.com/you/archive/eff-conference-turns-bloody-20170728-2|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=You Magazine (News24)|date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=10 police cases opened after EFF conference|url=https://www.georgeherald.com/News/Article/National/10-police-cases-opened-after-eff-conference-20170711|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=George Herald|date=17 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye MPL ka a na-etinye ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu. A ṅụrụ ya iyi dị ka onye otu National Assembly na 21 Eprel na afy2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New EFF MPs sworn in|url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/new-eff-mps-sworn|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=eNCA|date=22 April 2015|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617110717/https://www.enca.com/south-africa/new-eff-mps-sworn|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=EFF replaces rebel MPs in Parliament|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/archives/city-press/EFF-replaces-rebel-MPs-in-Parliament-20150429|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=City Press|date=21 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Ọktoba na afọ 2017, ''onye na-akpọ'' ahịa Diamond Fields kọrọ na ndị isi EFF nyere Mokause iwu ka ọ &quot;gba arụkwaghịm ozugbo&quot; n'ụlọ omebe iwu. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kwon Hoo|first=Sandi|title=Outcry over resignation of EFF MPs|url=https://www.dfa.co.za/news/outcry-over-resignation-of-eff-mps-11773487|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=DFA|date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617110748/https://www.dfa.co.za/news/outcry-over-resignation-of-eff-mps-11773487|archive-date=17 June 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otú ọ dị, Mokause laghachiri na National Assembly mgbe ntuli aka Mee, na afọ 2019 gasịrị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye omeiwu ihe na-erughị ọnwa anọ tupu ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm na 9 Septemba. Na nnọkọ ntuli aka mba nke pati ahụ na Disemba, na afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka onye otu Central Command Team.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cele|first=S’thembile|title=EFF elects 40-member central command team|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/eff-elects-40-member-central-command-team-20191215|accessdate=17 June 2020|work=City Press (News24)|date=15 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ṅụrụ ya iyi dị ka onye otu National Council of Provinces, ụlọ elu, na Machị, na afọ 2020 wee mejupụta oche nke Poppy Koni gbara arụkwaghịm.

== Ebenside ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.pa.org.za/person/mmabatho-olive-mokause/ Mmabatho Olive Mokause Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200617113313/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/2538 Ms Mmabatho Olive Mokause Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke South Africa]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>ks8xwa2jmo09bke75drhus2gc21w935</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oheneba Boachie-Adjei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741678</id>
      <parentid>725231</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T10:15:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2503" sha1="6znwptz9fiqrfkqmsmocrpzfkpdkj4e" xml:space="preserve"> 
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
{{Databox}}'''Oheneba Boachie-Adjei''' (amụrụ na 16 Disemba 1950) bụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ na ala Ghana. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na idozighari ọkpụkpụ azụ na ọgwụgwọ nke kyphosis na scoliosis. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke ịwa ahụ ọkpụkpụ na ulo aru like so Weill Cornell Medical College na ala New York City, na United States, ọ bụkwa dọkịta na-awa ahụ ọkpụkọ na Hospital for Special Surgery, na New York-Presbyterian Hospital na Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, niile na New York York City.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/cwid-ohb2001|title=Oheneba Boachie-Adjei|work=cornell|accessdate=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923145210/http://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/cwid-ohb2001|archive-date=23 September 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hss.edu/physicians_boachie-adjei-oheneba.asp#.VQbQaI5puzE|title=Oheneba Boachie-Adjei, MD|work=HSS|accessdate=16 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 1972 ruo 1976 ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, na United States, ebe ọ gụsịrị nzere BS ''summa cum laude''. Mgbe ahụ ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na Mahadum Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons .&lt;ref name=&quot;spy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spyghana.com/cnn-african-voices-to-feature-oheneba-boachie-adjei|title=CNN African Voices To Feature Oheneba-Boachie-Adjei|date=27 February 2015|work=SpyGnana|accessdate=16 March 2015|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118014143/https://www.spyghana.com/cnn-african-voices-to-feature-oheneba-boachie-adjei/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Boachie-Adjei na 16 Disemba 1950 na Kumasi n'aka Mary Akosua靠oh na Maazị Boakye Dankwa na Ghana West Africa. Mgbe Oheneba dị naanị afọ isii, ọ dara ezigbo ọrịa ma fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ. Ọ gwọrọ site n'aka onye dọkịta a mụrụ n'ógbè ahụ, onye a zụrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ma kwe nkwa na ya onwe ya ga-enyefe ndụ ya iji zọpụta ndị ọzọ. Ọ si Ghana kwaga US na mbido afọ 1970 dị ka onye dị afọ 21 na naanị $ 12 n'akpa uwe ya. N'afọ 1976, Maazị Boachie-Adjei gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Honors (''summa cum laude'') na Brooklyn College na New York. N'afọ 1980, Dr. Boachie-Adjei gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia's College of Physicians and Surgeons na MD ya.

== Odensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>6znwptz9fiqrfkqmsmocrpzfkpdkj4e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mgbanwe ịhụ igwe na Naịjịrịa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741613</id>
      <parentid>184218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T20:32:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29133" sha1="1831qifrirglpnoz4ygeuzp3xxo1qh2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Usòrò:Lake_Chad’s_shrinking_waters_ESA418540.gif|thumb|Foto Satellite nke Ọdọ Mmiri Chad, na-egosi na ọ na-ebelata n'etiti 1984 na 2018.]]
'''Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa''' pụtara ìhè site na mmụba okpomọkụ, mgbanwe mmiri ozuzo (mmụba mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mbelata mmiri ozuzo n'ógbè kọntinent). Ọ na-egosipụtakwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọzara, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, erosion, ide mmiri, égbè eluigwe, ọkụ nke mmanụ ala, ọkụ ọhịa, mbuze ala, na ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=O.A.|first=Olaniyi|date=2019|title=Review of Climate Change and Its effect on Nigeria Ecosystem|url=http://aipublications.com/ijreh/detail/review-of-climate-change-and-its-effect-on-nigeria-ecosystem/|journal=International Journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research|volume=3|issue=3|pages=92–100|doi=10.22161/ijreh.3.3.3}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ihe ndị a niile ga-anọgide na-emetụta ndụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Dada|first=Abdullahi Aliyu|date=2014-12-29|title=Climate Change Education Curriculum for Nigeria Tertiary Education System|url=http://www.sokedureview.org/index.php/SER/article/view/175|journal=Sokoto Educational Review|volume=15|issue=2|pages=119–126|doi=10.35386/ser.v15i2.175|issn=2636-5367}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na dabere na ọnọdụ, mpaghara na-enwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na okpomọkụ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị ebe mmiri ozuzo n'oge mmiri ozuzo na-enyere aka idebe okpomọkụ na ọkwa dị nro.

E nwere akụkọ ole na ole zuru oke nke na-enye ihe akaebe bara uru nke mmetụta dị iche iche nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa taa.  Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-enye ihe akaebe nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ozuzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ataro|first=Ufuoma|date=2021-05-06|title=As climate change hits Nigeria, small scale women farmers count losses|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/agriculture/459780-as-climate-change-hits-nigeria-small-scale-women-farmers-count-losses.html|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan {{!}} Webber Wentzel|url=https://www.webberwentzel.com/News/Pages/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan.aspx?gclid=Cj0KCQiA37KbBhDgARIsAIzce17FLhpKlvLsjyoVFKubkxNKufEfCTCsH27VuQfyBNh-Rw6_P_54TIUaAtaQEALw_wcB|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=www.webberwentzel.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Otú ọ dị, a ga-elekwasị anya na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo karịsịa omume ndị na-eri nri na mpaghara dị iche iche ebe nnukwu ọrụ ugbo na-achịkwa.  Mkparịta ụka ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na usoro ndị ọzọ na-ebelata na mgbanwe n'akwụkwọ nke na-ejikarị ụdị aro, karịa ihe atụ nke ihe emeworị.

Okwu a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mkpa ọ dị itinye n'ọrụ nke mgbochi na mgbanwe iji hụ na Naịjirịa na-emepụta nri ndị ọzọ n'afọ niile iji nye ndị na-eto eto nri. Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ ezie na enwere mkparịta ụka ụfọdụ banyere iwulite ikike dị mkpa n'otu n'otu, otu na obodo iji tinye aka na nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na-enyekwa uche dị elu ma ọ bụ obere nlebara anya na ọkwa dị elu nke iwulite ikike na steeti na mba.

Ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe abụghị otu n'ebe niile dị na mba ahụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi usoro mmiri ozuzo abụọ: nnukwu mmiri ozuzo n'akụkụ [[Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Nijiria)|ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ]] na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na obere mmiri ozuzo na North na-achịkwa nsogbu mba a dị mkpa. Ọchịchị ndị a nwere ike ịkpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọzara na ụkọ mmiri n'ebe ugwu; mbuze na idei mmiri na South na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Akande|first=Adeoluwa|date=2017|title=Geospatial Analysis of Extreme Weather Events in Nigeria (1985–2015) Using Self-Organizing Maps|journal=Advances in Meteorology|language=en|volume=2017|pages=1–11|doi=10.1155/2017/8576150|issn=1687-9309}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onah|first=Nkechi G.|date=2016-11-01|title=Mitigating Climate Change in Nigeria: African Traditional Religious Values in Focus|url=http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/9612|journal=Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences|volume=7|issue=6|doi=10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n6p299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmiri na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ ==
N'afọ 2018, ngụkọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na Naịjirịa bụ 336 nde metric ton nke carbon dioxide (MtCO2e), nke na-erughị 1 pasent nke ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ.: 1 Nke a pụtara na ikuku na-ekpuchi mmadụ kwa afọ erughị tọn 2, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi ụwa nke ihe karịrị tọn 6.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=2050 Long-Term Vision for Nigeria|url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nigeria_LTS1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2020-06-11|title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions|url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2/country/nigeria|journal=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-02-06|title=4 Charts Explain Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Countries and Sectors|url=https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/02/greenhouse-gas-emissions-by-country-sector|accessdate=2020-11-27|language=en|author=Ge|first=Mengpin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gas ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkachasị carbon dioxide na methane na-esikarị na mmepụta mmanụ na gas, mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe, ọhịa, [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] na ikuku na-agba ọsọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|accessdate=2021-04-21|work=Carbon Brief|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na-adabere nke ukwuu na mmepụta mmanụ, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike isi ike iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke net zero emissions site n'afọ 2060.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi ==

=== Okpomọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
 
[[Usòrò:Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg|thumb]]
E nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike na mgbanwe na usoro ihu igwe nke Naịjirịa. N'etiti afọ 2014-2018, a hụla oke okpomọkụ dị elu karịa 40 °C n'akụkụ ụfọdụ dị n'etiti na n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ na [[Maiduguri]] na Nguru na-edekọ 44.5 °C na 44.4 °C n&quot;otu n'otu. A chọpụtara na ebe abụọ a nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụbọchị na okpomọkụ oge ehihie nke karịrị 40 °C (&gt; ụbọchị 70). E nwekwara ihe gbasara oke okpomọkụ na [[Lagos]] kọwara dị ka otu n'ime oke okpompomọkụ kachasị njọ n'afọ 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eric&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Olewuike|first=Eric Ugochukwu|date=2019-01-10|title=Evidence of Climate Change in Nigeria: An Assessment of Recent Extreme Events|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/2019Annual/webprogram/Paper352350.html|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=eribake|first=akintayo|date=2016-05-18|title=Heatwaves: More discomfort, health risks|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/heatwaves-discomfort-health-risks/|accessdate=2022-11-11|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2016-07-31|title=Refugees groan under Middle East heatwaves|url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/refugees-groan-under-middle-east-heatwaves/|accessdate=2022-11-11|work=EnviroNews Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'otu aka ahụ, obodo ole na ole dekọrọ oke okpomọkụ abalị nke hà nhata ma ọ bụ na-erughị 10 °C. E dekọrọ okpomọkụ dị ala (oge abalị) nke 6.9 °C, 7.8 °C, na 8.3 °C na steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke [[Bauchi]], [[Kano]] na [[Jos]] n'otu n'otu. Usi-Ekiti (Ekiti North) na West na [[Jos]] na North dekọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụbọchị na ogologo oge dị ala n'abalị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eric&quot;/&gt;

N'ime otu oge ahụ, e dekọrọ mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu nke otu ụbọchị nke 223.5mm na [[Abakaléké|Abakiliki]] na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke kpatara idei mmiri nke kpọpụrụ ndị bi na 5,000. Ide mmiri na oké ifufe chụpụrụ ihe na-erughị mmadụ 7,290, gbuo mmadụ 67, bibiri ihe karịrị ụlọ 3,900 na ọtụtụ ugbo na steeti ise dị n'ebe ugwu bụ [[Sokoto]], [[Kano]], Kastina, [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]] na [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]]. E bibiri ihe onwunwe ruru ihe karịrị nde Naira 700. Gọọmentị etiti nyere ngụkọta nke ijeri Naira atọ (3) site na ego gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eric&quot;/&gt;

Naịjirịa nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nwere oge abụọ: (mmiri na akọrọ). Mpaghara ndị dị n'ime ala karịsịa ndị dị n&quot;ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-enwe nnukwu mgbanwe na okpomọkụ dị ka tupu mmalite mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ na-arị elu mgbe ụfọdụ ruo 44 °C ma daa ruo 6 °C n'etiti Disemba na Febụwarị. Na [[Maiduguri]], okpomọkụ kachasị elu nwere ike ịrị elu ruo 38 °C n'ọnwa Eprel na Mee ebe n'otu oge ahụ, oyi nwere ike ime n'abalị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-03-26|title=Nigeria Weather|url=http://www.nigeria-weather.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326173036/http://www.nigeria-weather.com/|archivedate=2011-03-26|accessdate=2020-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dịka ọmụmaatụ na [[Lagos]], nkezi elu bụ 31 °C na ala bụ 23 °C na Jenụwarị na 28 °C na 23 °C n'ọnwa Juun. Mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ karịsịa ndị dị gburugburu ụsọ mmiri dị ka Bonny (n'ebe ndịda Port Harcourt), n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ [[Calabar]] na-enweta mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka 4,000 milimita.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria|accessdate=2020-11-28|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mgbanwe ihu igwe ====
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa na-agbanwe mpaghara ihu igwe. A na-eme ka mpaghara steepụ dị n'ebe ugwu gbasaa n'ebe ndịda, na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ na South na-aga n'ebeebe ugwu, na-anọchi oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ọrụ Naịjirịa Meteorological Agency (NIMET) na amụma mmiri ozuzo oge ya nke afọ 2019, buru amụma n'afọ 2019 ga-abụ afọ ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Mgbanwe dị iche iche kwa afọ na usoro mmiri ozuzo na Naịjirịa n'ime afọ iri isii gara aga na-egosi ọtụtụ mgbanwe mgbanwe kwa afọ na ihe kpatara ihe omume ihu igwe dị egwu dịka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
 {{Clear}}

=== Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ===
Afọ ole na ole gara aga, Naịjirịa nwere ọdachi mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mere na mpaghara Northeast nke bụ [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]] ugbu a na [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]] na-ekwu na ókèala dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri Chad kpọrọ nkụ. N'ihi igbutu osisi na ịdabere na nkụ maka isi nri, e wepụrụ akụkụ ka ukwuu nke mpaghara Naịjirịa Guinea Savannah na ahịhịa ya. N'otu aka ahụ, e meela ka ọhịa dị gburugburu [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo]] bụrụ ala ahịhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Oyo State – Oyo State Government|url=https://old.oyostate.gov.ng/about-oyo-state/|accessdate=2022-11-10|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110221438/https://old.oyostate.gov.ng/about-oyo-state/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị osisi na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbanwe okike, ọzara, na ala na-emebi emebi, ide mmiri, na ihe ndị na-eme ka ozone gbasaa na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=deforestation effect on the ecosystem - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&amp;q=deforestation+effect+on+the+ecosystem|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri na-arị elu na ide mmiri ===
Na ngwụcha ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2012, ide mmiri kachasị njọ e nwetụrụla n'ime afọ iri anọ dakwasịrị Naịjirịa. Nke a metụtara nde mmadụ asaa (7) na obodo dị na steeti 33 gụnyere [[Ȯra Kogi|steeti Kogi]]. Ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ n'ime nde mmadụ asaa ahụ metụtara chụpụrụ n'ụlọ ha site na mmiri na-arị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Red Cross braces for flooding in Nigeria - IFRC|url=https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/press-releases/africa/nigeria/red-cross-braces-for-flooding-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-04-25|work=www.ifrc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Urgent needs continue two months after Nigeria's worst flooding in 40 years - IFRC|url=https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/africa/nigeria/urgent-needs-continue-two-months-after-nigerias-worst-flooding-in-40-years-60299/|accessdate=2021-04-25|work=www.ifrc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naịjirịa nwere ide mmiri ọzọ nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mere n'afọ 2013 nke wetara ahụhụ ọzọ nye ndị ka na-agbake site na ide mmiri nke afọ 2012. Ọtụtụ ụlọ brik apịtị dara ma mebie ihe onwunwe ezinụlọ. A na-emetọkwa olulu mmiri ndị e gwuru nke bụ isi iyi nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Steeti Abia, [[Bauchi]], Benue, [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], [[Kano]], [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]] na [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]] nwere mmetụta kachasị site na idei mmiri nke were awa iri anọ na asatọ (48). Ọnọdụ dị na [[Kaduna]] na [[Katsina]] ka njọ site na ọdịda nke ihe mgbochi ala. Dị ka National Emergency Management Agency si kwuo, ihe karịrị mmadụ 47,000 metụtara. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ndị metụtara bụ n'ihi nkuzi nke ide mmiri nke afọ 2012 nke kwadebere mba ahụ maka nzaghachi ka mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lessons of 2012 inform Red Cross response as new floods hit Nigeria - IFRC|url=https://www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/africa/nigeria/lessons-of-2012-inform-red-cross-response-as-new-floods-hit-nigeria-63546/|accessdate=2021-04-25|work=www.ifrc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Naijiria, mpaghara ndị dị gburugburu mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke [[Tashin matakin teku|ịrị elu nke oke osimiri]]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Mba Mmiri|mpaghara Niger Delta]] dị oke egwu maka idei mmiri n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na onye mmetọ mmanụ dị egwu. Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe kpatara idei mmiri ahụ mere na Southern Nigeria n'afọ 2012. Ide mmiri ahụ kpatara ọnwụ nke ụlọ, ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ, ihe onwunwe na ndụ. Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) wepụtara n'afọ 2014, ihe dị ka ụlọ 5,000 na ụlọ 60 metụtara n'oké ifufe nke mere na steeti anọ na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta ndị mmadụ ==
O yikarịrị ka mba ahụ ga-enwe ide mmiri, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, oke okpomọkụ na igbochi mmepụta ugbo n'oge okpomọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Mmetụta akụ na ụba ===

==== Ọrụ ugbo ====
[[Usòrò:Toyosi_Onikosi,_Nigeria_Photo_7.jpg|thumb|Ọrụ ugbo bụ otu n'ime ngalaba ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara na Naịjirịa (onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na [[Lagos]])]]
Ọrụ ugbo ka bụ isi ihe nke akụ na ụba Naijiria n'agbanyeghị mmanụ dị ka ọ na-ewe ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shiru|first=Mohammed|date=2018-03-19|title=Trend Analysis of Droughts during Crop Growing Seasons of Nigeria|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=10|issue=3|pages=871|doi=10.3390/su10030871|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=FAO at a Glance: FAO in Nigeria|url=http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Onwutuebe|first=Chidiebere J.|date=2019|title=Patriarchy and Women Vulnerability to Adverse Climate Change in Nigeria|journal=SAGE Open|volume=9|issue=1|pages=215824401982591|doi=10.1177/2158244019825914|issn=2158-2440}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngalaba ahụ jupụtara na ihe ịma aka ebe mmepụta ugbo ka na-enwekarị mmiri ozuzo ma na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ na-esiri ndị ọrụ ugbo ike ịhazi ọrụ ha n'ihi mmiri ozuzo a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta. Mmụba nke mmiri ozuzo na oke okpomọkụ ga-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Otú ọ dị na steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu dị ka [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]], [[Ȯra Kaduna|Kaduna]], [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]] na [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]] ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịba uru n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị ka millet, melon, okpete nke a na-akụ n'ebe ugwu ga-erite uru site na oke okpomọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ajetomobi|first=Joshua|date=2015|title=The potential impact of climate change on Nigerian agriculture|url=https://www.ifpri.org/publication/potential-impact-climate-change-nigerian-agriculture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814164452/http://www.ifpri.org:80/publication/potential-impact-climate-change-nigerian-agriculture|archivedate=2018-08-14|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikwa usoro ala ochie na-emetụta ngalaba ahụ nke na-egbochi ịnweta ala (1.8 hectare / ezinụlọ ọrụ ugbo), mbelata ikike mmepe ịgba mmiri (ala a na-akụ n'okpuru ịgba mmiri na-erughị pasent 1), ohere dị nta maka ego, obere nkwenye nke teknụzụ, ntinye ugbo dị oke ọnụ, ohere dị nta na fatịlaịza, ebe nchekwa ezughi oke na ohere ahịa dị oke. Ihe ndị a niile jikọtara ọnụ, belatara mmepụta ugbo (nkezi nke 1.2 metric ton nke ọka / hectare) tinyere nnukwu mfu na ihe mkpofu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

==== Ịkụ azụ ====
Ngalaba ịkụ azụ na Naịjirịa na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị atọ (3%) na pasentị iri atọ na anọ (34%) na GDP kwa afọ. Ọ bụkwa isi ihe na-enye aka na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke ndị bi na ya n'ihi na ọ mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasentị 50 nke protein anụmanụ. Ngalaba ahụ na-enyekwa ego na ọrụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke obere ndị ahịa na ndị na-egbu azụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; N'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga, igbu azụ na-ebelata ma n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ikike Naịjirịa nwere na mmiri dị ọcha na azụ mmiri, mmepụta azụ n'ụlọ ka na-erughị ihe niile achọrọ. Nke a emeela ka ịdabere n'ụzọ dị elu na mbubata iji belata ịdabere na mbubata, a na-eme aquaculture ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ọnụ ahịa dị mkpa nke gọọmentị Naijiria lekwasịrị anya maka mmepe. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta njirimara na ọdịdị nke ihe onwunwe mmiri dị ọcha n'ihi ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike. Mmụba nnu na mbelata ọdọ mmiri na osimiri bụkwa ihe iyi egwu maka ịdị irè nke ịkụ azụ n'ime ala.

==== Ọhịa ====
Naịjirịa nwere ihe onwunwe ọhịa nke ụdị dị iche iche. Iji ihe onwunwe ọhịa ndị a eme ihe n'ụzọ gabigara oke bụ ihe na-akpata nchegbu n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu nye akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma ọha na eze nke ndị Naijiria. Ewezuga inye oke osisi na mmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara ya. Ndị a gụnyere anụ ọhịa, ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa ọgwụ, nchedo mmiri, nkwụsi ike nke ọchịchị mmiri na nchedo carbon. Oké ọhịa na-achịkwa ihu igwe ụwa ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi na-ahụ maka mgbanwe carbon na ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Present Status of Forest Sector in Nigeria|url=http://www.fao.org/3/ab592e/ab592e03.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Na Naijiria, oké ọhịa okike belatara nke ukwuu na mmetụta ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abawanye. Erosion na oke ifufe na-ebelata oke ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ọhịa, dị ka osisi na okpete. Oké ọhịa nọ n'okpuru nrụgide dị ukwuu ọ bụghị naanị site na mgbanwe ihu igwe kamakwa site na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na nnukwu ọchịchọ maka ihe onwunwe ọhịa.

=== Mmetụta ahụike ===
NIMET buru amụma na a ga-enwewanye ọrịa [[Iba|ịba]] n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọrịa ndị ọzọ ga-adị elu n'ógbè ndị nwere okpomọkụ dị n'agbata 18 Xi 32 °C na iru mmiri karịrị 60%.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria must lead on climate change|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2019/nigeria-must-lead-on-climate-change.html|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=UNDP|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbelata ==
Iji belata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọ bụghị naanị na Naịjirịa bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata ikuku, na nkwa ihu igwe nke mba ya, gọọmentị Naịjirị kwere nkwa &quot;ịrụ ọrụ iji&quot; kwụsị ọkụ gas site n'afọ 2030. Iji mezuo ebumnuche a, gọọmentị guzobere Gas Flare Commercialisation Programme iji gbaa itinye ego n'omume ndị na-ebelata ọkụ gas. Ọzọkwa, gọọmentị etiti akwadowo iwu ọhụrụ nke National Forest nke ebumnuche ya bụ &quot;ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi&quot; ka ọ na-eme ka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dịkwuo mma. A na-emekwa mgbalị iji kpalie nnabata nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ọgụgụ isi na ịkụ osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 August 2020|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
N'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], e meela ọtụtụ usoro mgbanwe iji belata mmetụta ahụ. Usoro na atụmatụ mgbanwe dị ka:

* ụdị dị iche iche na ịgbasawanye ebe ndị a na-echebe maka nchekwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enwekarị mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri.
* na-edebe usoro na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkwa niile ma na-ebelata nrụgide dị ugbu a na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Regulating services|url=http://www.fao.org/ecosystem-services-biodiversity/background/regulating-services/en/|accessdate=2022-05-31|work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịmegharị evolushọn ha na-eguzogide mgbanwe dị elu.
* itinye nchekwa dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime usoro mgbanwe na ngalaba ndị ọzọ nke akụ na ụba Naijiria.
* Ntọala na mmezi nke ebe echedoro (n'ebe nchekwa), na njikwa siri ike nke ndị bi n'ọhịa n'èzí ebe echediro (nchịkwa ex situ);
* mmepe na mmejuputa mmemme maka mpaghara ndị a machibidoro iwu na mpaghara mgbochi, owuwe ihe ubi na ndabere na-adịgide adịgide, mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi, njikwa na-adịgidere na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.
* nlekota iji nyochaa ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi site na mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/africa/nigeria|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=www.adaptation-undp.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnukwu Mgbidi Na-acha Akwụkwọ ndụ ===
 
Dị ka ụzọ iji gbochie ọzara, Great Green Wall nke Sahara na atụmatụ Sahel bụ ọrụ a na-eme atụmatụ ịkụ mgbidi osisi gafee Africa na nsọtụ ndịda nke ọzara Sahara. A ga-etinye ya na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na steeti iri na otu dị n'ihu nke [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]], [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]], [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], [[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]], [[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]], [[Ȯra Katsina|Katsina]], [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]], [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]] na [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]]. Ọ ga-ekpuchi mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo 43 nke Naịjirịa na steeti ndị dị n'ihu ka a ga-ekpu ya iji dozie 225,000 hectare nke ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beyioku|first=Jumoke|date=2016-09-19|title=Climate change in Nigeria: A brief review of causes, effects and solution|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/climate-change-nigeria-brief-review-causes-effects-solution/|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209070105/https://fmic.gov.ng/climate-change-nigeria-brief-review-causes-effects-solution/|archive-date=2020-12-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-03|title=More than 20 African countries are planting a 8,000-km-long 'Great Green Wall'|url=https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/climate/great-green-wall-04232/|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=ZME Science|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ Mgbanwe Ike Naịjirịa ==
N'afọ 2021 n'oge COP 26, Onye isi ala Naijiria, Onye Ukwu, Onye isi ala [[Muhammadu Buhari]], kpughere [[Nigerian Energy Transition Plan|atụmatụ mgbanwe ike Naijiria]] dị ka akụkụ nke nkwenye mba iji nweta NET Zero site n'afọ 2060. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere usoro iheomume na usoro maka inweta mbelata ikuku na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke mba ahụ dị ka Mmanụ na mmanụ Gas, Nri, ime njem na Ụlọ Ọrụ na Ike. Nke a bụ iji nyere aka belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Energy Transition Plan|url=https://energytransition.gov.ng/|accessdate=2023-01-07|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-08-24|title=Nigeria launches energy transition plan to tackle poverty, climate change|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigeria-launches-energy-transition-plan-to-tackle-poverty-climate-change|accessdate=2023-01-07|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iwu na usoro iwu ==
Naịjirịa kwadoro nkwekọrịta Paris, nkwekọrịta mba ụwa nke e mere iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe, n'afọ 2017 ma kwe nkwa belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ ya site na 20% site n'afọ 2030 na ọnọdụ nke 45% nke nkwado mba ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=Carbon Brief|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E bu ụzọ nye onyinye mba (NDCs) n'afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|accessdate=2021-04-21|work=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; NDCs, nke emere n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Paris na-egosipụta mbọ mba ahụ na-agba iji belata ikuku na-esi na mba na ime mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Na UNGA na Climate Change Summit, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari]] wepụtara atụmatụ maka ịnagide mgbanwe ihu igwe. Atụmatụ nke ga-akwalite ụzọ mmepe akụ na ụba dị ala, nke na-eto eto ma na-ewulite Naịjirịa na-eguzogide ihu igwe. Atụmatụ isi asaa nke onye isi ala na-egosipụta mkpebi na omume maka ebumnuche nkwekọrịta Paris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Njikọ mba ụwa ===
UNDP na-agba mbọ ịkwado Naijiria na mmemme nkwado UNDP-NDC amalitelarị. Otu n'ime ebumnuche ha bụ ịbawanye mmekọrịta ha na gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ onwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ọha na omenala ==
[[Usòrò:Port_Harcourt_City_Climate_March.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Port Harcourt na-esonyere Global Climate March na-eduga na 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference.]]
Nnyocha nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Jos, chọpụtara na 59.7 nke ndị zaghachirinụ nwere ezi ihe ọmụma banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma ghọta njikọ ya na nsogbu ndị dị ka Fossil fuel, Pollution, Deforestation na ime obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Maton|first=S. M.|date=2020-12-02|title=Perception of global warming among undergraduates of the University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jmcs/article/view/201920|journal=Journal of Meteorology and Climate Science|language=en|volume=18|issue=1|pages=41–48|issn=2006-7003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Obodo na obodo ndị na-amaghị nke ọma n'ime ime obodo egosighi ihe ọmụma mgbanwe ihu igwe mgbe niile. Nnyocha nke otu puku mmadụ n'ime ime obodo dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị obodo ime obodo nwere nkwenkwe ụgha banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, nakwa na ndị zaghachirinụ nwere ihe ọmụma dị ala banyere ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Asekun-Olarinmoye|first=Esther O.|date=2014|title=Public perception of climate change and its impact on health and environment in rural southwestern Nigeria|journal=Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine|volume=5|pages=1–10|doi=10.2147/RRTM.S53984|issn=1179-7282|pmid=32669887}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Geography of Nigeria|Ọdịdị ala nke Naịjirịa]]
* Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa
* Ọrụ ugbo na Naịjirịa

== Ebensidee ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230228204219/https://fmic.gov.ng/climate-change-nigeria-brief-review-causes-effects-solution/ Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Naịjirịa] - Federal Ministry of Information and Culture
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>1831qifrirglpnoz4ygeuzp3xxo1qh2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nrụzigharị ala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741663</id>
      <parentid>199720</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8980" sha1="537q117j2mtv9rlxltj1d0yq79khq8r" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Wetland_restoration_in_Australia.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e wuru ala mmiri na Australia, na saịtị a na-eji arụ ọrụ ugbo na mbụ.]]
[[Usòrò:Regenerated_habitat_for_superb_parrot_on_the_abandoned_Boorowa_railway_line.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ebe obibi e mezigharịrị maka oke oke oke n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Boorowa a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ]]
Nweghachi ala dị ka akụkụ nke mmezi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro nke iweghachi ala n'otu mpaghara gaa n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya, mgbe usoro ụfọdụ (ụlọ ọrụ, ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike, wdg) mebisiri ya. Ọtụtụ ọrụ na mmepe ga-eme ka ala mebie, dịka ọmụmaatụ, igwu ala, ọrụ ugbo na ọhịa.

== Nrụzigharị nke ebe ngwuputa mmanụ ala ==
Nweghachi nke ebe ngwuputa mmanụ ala nke oge a na-ezube ibelata ma belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke oghere ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike n'ihe gbasara oghere oghere na-agụnye mmegharị nke nnukwu nkume. Nchịkwa mmezigharị bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu, na-akpatakarị na a na-etinye oghere oghere.

* A na-eme ka ihe mkpofu dị iche iche dị larịị iji mee ka ha dị larị, iji mee ka ọ kwụsie ike megide mbuze.
* Ọ bụrụ na ore nwere sulfides, a na-ekpuchikarị ya na ụrọ iji gbochie mmiri ozuzo na oxygen site na ikuku, nke nwere ike oxidize sulfides iji mepụta sulfuric acid.
* A na-ekpuchi ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'elu ala, a na-akụkwa ahịhịhịa iji nyere aka mee ka ihe ahụ sie ike.
* A na-ejikarị ntụpọ mechie iji gbochie anụ ụlọ ịnapụ ha ahịhịa.
* A na-eji mgbidi gbaa olulu ahụ gburugburu, iji gbochie ịbanye, ọ na-ejikarị mmiri dị n'okpuru ala jupụta.
* A na-ahapụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ka ọ pụọ, mgbe ahụ, e ji nkume mkpofu, ụrọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, na ala, nke a kụrụ iji mee ka ọ kwụsie ike.

Maka ebe ngwuputa mmanụ ala nke dị n'okpuru ala, mmezigharị ya abụghị nnukwu nsogbu ma ọ bụ ọnụahịa mgbe niile. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọkwa dị elu nke ore na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke nkume mkpofu na ọdụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-eji ihe mkpofu eme ihe na-eme ka ihe mkpofu jupụta na steepụ, nke mere na a na-ahapụ obere ihe mkpofu n'elu.

Iwepụ osisi na akụrụngwa abụghị mgbe niile akụkụ nke mmemme mmezigharị, dịka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ochie nwere ihe nketa ọdịbendị na uru [[Culture|ọdịbendị]]. Ọtụtụ mgbe n'ebe a na-egwupụta ọlaedo, a na-emezi ya site na ọrụ scavenger nke na-edozi ala dị n'ime ebe a na-emepụta ọlaedo maka ịwụfu site na iji ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkọta ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ.

O nwekwara ike ịbụ na a na-edebe akụkụ nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'okpuru ala ma jiri ya mee ihe iji nye okpomọkụ, mmiri na / ma ọ bụ methane. Enwere ike iwepụta okpomọkụ site na iji mgbanwe okpomọkụ, nke na-ebufe okpomọkụ n'obodo dị nso (ya mere na-eme ka ejiri ya mee ihe maka ebumnuche okpomọkụ distrikti).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://warmopweg.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lokale-warmte-initiatieven-en-de-rol-van-burgercollectieven-in-de-warmtemarkt.pdf |title=MijnWater BV recovering heat from abandoned mines |accessdate=2023-04-17 |archivedate=2023-04-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417185226/http://warmopweg.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Lokale-warmte-initiatieven-en-de-rol-van-burgercollectieven-in-de-warmtemarkt.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Enwere ike iwepụta mmiri site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala (a na-ejikarị mmiri jupụta ebe a na'ime ala ozugbo emechiela ebe a na na-eguzogide ihe na pọmpụ anaghịzi arụ ọrụ). Methane na-adịkarị n'ime oghere ndị a na-egwupụta, n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta (nke na-adịkarịghị gburugburu 0.1%). A ka nwere ike iweghachite nke a n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere usoro pụrụ iche.&lt;ref&gt;The West Cliff Collier Power Plant has successfully been able to recover methane from ventilation shafts of mines&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/events_all_20101208_mattus.pdf |title=Ventilation Air Methane |access-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309060422/https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/events_all_20101208_mattus.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Blue Economy By Gunter Pauli&lt;/ref&gt; Uru ọzọ nke iweghachite methane n'ikpeazụ bụ na methane anaghị abanye n'ikuku, yabụ ọ naghị enye aka na okpomọkụ ụwa.

== Ahịa na-eme ka ebe ngwuputa ihe àlà dịghachi mma ==
Dabere na mba ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na steeti iji dozie ala ahụ metụtara na iji weghachite ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche gburugburu ebe ndị a na-eguzupụta ihe.

Nweghachi nke ogbunigwe, ọrụ iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'Australia nke a chọrọ ka ha kwụọ ụgwọ, nwere ike ịbụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ọrụ na itinye ego na mpaghara mpaghara, ma ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị dị njikere itinye iwu ndị na-ekpuchi usoro ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2018|title=Mind the Gap: how fixing mine rehabilitation shortfalls could fuel jobs growth in the Hunter Valley|url=https://www.lockthegate.org.au/mind_the_gap_report|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214134137/https://www.lockthegate.org.au/mind_the_gap_report|archivedate=2022-12-14|accessdate=2022-12-14|work=Lock the Gate Alliance|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2018|title=Creating up to 5,000 job is Central Queensland by eliminating the coal mine rehabilitation deficit|url=https://www.lockthegate.org.au/rehabilitation_jobs_in_queensland|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214134136/https://www.lockthegate.org.au/rehabilitation_jobs_in_queensland|archivedate=2022-12-14|accessdate=2022-12-14|work=Lock the Gate Alliance|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2016|title=Mine rehabilitation and closure cost : a hidden business risk|url=https://www.lockthegate.org.au/mine_rehabilitation_and_closure|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214134135/https://www.lockthegate.org.au/mine_rehabilitation_and_closure|archivedate=2022-12-14|accessdate=2022-12-14|work=Lock the Gate Alliance|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2016|title=Abandoned mines In Queensland : toxic time-bomb or employment opportunity?|url=https://www.lockthegate.org.au/abandoned_mines_in_qld|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214134140/https://www.lockthegate.org.au/abandoned_mines_in_qld|archivedate=2022-12-14|accessdate=2022-12-21|work=Lock the Gate Alliance|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tupu ọrụ igwu ala amalite, a ghaghị inye ụgwọ nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.resourcesregulator.nsw.gov.au/environment/rehabilitation|title=Rehabilitation &amp;#124; NSW Resources Regulator}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njikọ mmezigharị nke ebe ngwuputa mmanụ ala nke mba Australia ruru ijeri dọla itoolu na nde dọla narị anọ na ịrị itoolu, na steeti NSW bond ha ruru ijeri dọla abụọ na nde dọla narị isii na ịrị asatọ n'afọ  2019. Onye Auditor General nke NSW ajụla oke nke bonds nchekwa nke igwu ala dị ka nke na-erughị iji kpuchie ego zuru ezu metụtara ọrụ mmezigharị nke igwu mmiri.

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ mmezigharị nke ogbunigwe, nke a na-akpọkarị 'nweghachi na-aga n'ihu', a na-eweghachi ogbunigwe ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ. A na-enweta ego maka iweghachi ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ site na ebe ndị a-egwupụ ihe n'ọrụ yana isi mmalite ọha na eze. A na-eme atụmatụ na ego a na-eme iji weghachite ebe ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na US bụ ijeri dọla itoolu na nde dọla narị isii.

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Iweghachi ala]]
* Iweghachi ọhịa, Iweghachi osisi
* Iweghachi ala ahịhịa
* Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi
* Nchịkwa zuru oke
* Mgbapụta nke ogbunigwe
* Iji ala eme ihe ọzọ
* Nchịkwa nnu nke ala - imezigharị ala nnu
* Nchịkwa mmiri - imezigharị ala mmiri jupụtara
* Nchịkọta ala

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nweghachi nke ala mmiri na nke nnu: [http://www.waterlog.info], nbudata ngwanrọ na isiokwu n'efu na drainage ala.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040213084110/http://www.biorecycleaustralia.com/forest.html Ntinyeghachi nke Bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060711185930/http://www.sydneywater.com.au/EnsuringTheFuture/Biosolids/ Mmiri BioSolids nke Sydney]
* [http://www.eemp.org EEMP] - otu 501 (c) 3 na-enweghị uru nke raara onwe ya nye ịkọrọ nkuzi nke imezigharị na mweghachi site na mgbasa ozi gburugburu ụwa.
* Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmenti etiti nke na-achịkwa ngwuputa mmanụ ala na mba U.S.
* Ngwupụta Mmanụ ala na NSW Australia</text>
      <sha1>537q117j2mtv9rlxltj1d0yq79khq8r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nnyocha Bio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25881</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741655</id>
      <parentid>698174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:21:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10287" sha1="chsizjhissp7axw163q9dglbfpvy51o" xml:space="preserve"> 

Bioassay bụ usoro nyocha iji chọpụta ntinye ma ọ bụ ike nke ihe site na mmetụta ya na anụmanụ ma ọ bụ osisi (na vivo), ma ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ dị ndụ ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ (in vitro).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoskins 437–464&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hoskins|first=W. M.|date=1962-01-01|title=Uses of Bioassay in Entomology|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=437–464|doi=10.1146/annurev.en.07.010162.002253|pmid=14449182|issn=0066-4170}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA 2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guidance for Industry: Potency Tests for Cellular and Gene Therapy Products|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|date=January 2011|url=https://www.fda.gov/media/79856/download}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha nke ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ nke buru ibu ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Laska|first=E M|date=1987-04-01|title=Statistical Methods and Applications of Bioassay|journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology|volume=27|issue=1|pages=385–397|doi=10.1146/annurev.pa.27.040187.002125|pmid=3579242|issn=0362-1642}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụrụ na nzaghachi a tụrụ bụ binary, nnwale ahụ bụ ọnụọgụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, ọ bụ [[mwod:quantal|ọnụọụọgụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Enwere ike iji bioassay chọpụta ihe egwu dị ndụ ma ọ bụ nye nyocha maka ogo ngwakọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Prinsloo|first=Gerhard|title=In vitro bioassays to evaluate beneficial and adverse health effects of botanicals: promises and pitfalls|journal=Drug Discovery Today|volume=22|issue=8|pages=1187–1200|doi=10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.002|year=2017|pmid=28533190}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị nyocha ndụ eme ihe iji nyochaa ogo mmiri yana mmiri na-adịghị mma na mmetụta ya na gburugburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WET-NPDES&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/npdes/permit-limits-whole-effluent-toxicity-wet|title=Permit Limits-Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET)|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2021-10-11|work=National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikwa ya nyochaa mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ. 

== Ụkpụrụ ==
Bioassay bụ nnwale biochemical iji tụọ ike nke ngwakọta ihe atụ.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, enwere ike tụọ ike a naanị na ngwakọta ọkọlọtọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoskins 437–464&quot;/&gt; Nnyocha nke anụ ahụ na-agụnye ''ihe na-akpali akpali'' (dịka ọgwụ) nke a na-etinye na ''isiokwu'' (dịka anụmanụ, anụ ahụ, osisi). ''Nzaghachi'' kwekọrọ (dịka ọnwụ) nke isiokwu ahụ na-akpali ma tụọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Design and Analysis for Bioassays|author=Saha|first=G. M|date=29 November 2002|publisher=Indian Statistical Institute|location=Kolkata|pages=61–76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
KọOjiji mbụ nke bioassay malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mgbe onye dọkịta Germany bụ Paul Ehrlich tọrọ ntọala nke bioassays.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; O webatara echiche nke nhazi site na mmeghachi omume nke ihe dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Van Noordwijk|first=Jacobus|title=Bioassays in whole animals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-pharmaceutical-and-biomedical-analysis_1989_7_2/page/139|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis|volume=7|issue=2|pages=139–145|doi=10.1016/0731-7085(89)80077-9|year=1989|pmid=2488614}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Nnyocha ndụ ya na diphtheria antitoxin bụ nyocha mbụ natara mmata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Analysis of foods and beverages : modern techniques|date=1984|publisher=Academic Press|others=Charalambous, George, 1922-1994.|isbn=0121691608|location=Orlando|oclc=9682930|url=https://archive.org/details/analysisoffoodsb0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ojiji o jiri bioassay mee ka o doo anya na iji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye dose nke diphtheria na anụmanụ kpaliri mmepụta nke antiserum..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bosch|first=Fèlix|date=2008|title=The Contributions of Paul Ehrlich to Pharmacology: A Tribute on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Nobel Prize|journal=Pharmacology|language=en|volume=82|issue=3|pages=171–179|doi=10.1159/000149583|pmid=18679046|issn=0031-7012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu ihe atụ a ma ama nke bioassay bụ nnwale &quot;canary in the coal mine&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ei.cornell.edu/toxicology/bioassays/Uses.html|title=Environmental Inquiry - How Are Bioassays Used in the Real World?|work=ei.cornell.edu|accessdate=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019081305/http://ei.cornell.edu/toxicology/bioassays/Uses.html|archive-date=2019-10-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nye ịdọ aka ná ntị tupu oge eruo maka ọkwa dị ize ndụ nke methane dị n'ikuku, ndị na-egwuputa ihe ga-ebuba canary ndị nwere mmetụta nke methane n'ime ebe a na-egwupụta coal.  Ọ bụrụ na canary ahụ anwụọ n'ihi mmụba nke methane, ndị na-egwuputa ihe ga-ahapụ ebe ahụ ngwa ngwa o kwere mee.

Na nyocha kpọmkwem, mkpali a na-etinye na isiokwu ahụ bụ kpọmkwem na a na-atụle ya, a na-edekwa nzaghachi nke mkpali ahụ.  Mgbanwe nke mmasị bụ mkpali a kapịrị ọnụ achọrọ iji mepụta nzaghachi nke mmasị (dịka ọnwụ nke isiokwu ahụ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Beyer|first=L. A .|date=2011-04-01|title=Historical perspective on the use of animal bioassays to predict carcinogenicity: Evolution in design and recognition of utility|journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology|volume=41|issue=4|pages=321–338|doi=10.3109/10408444.2010.541222|pmid=21438739|issn=1040-8444}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afo nke 1940s ruo 1960s, a na-eji nyocha anụmanụ eme ihe iji nwalee nsị na nchekwa nke ọgwụ, ihe mgbakwunye nri, na ọgwụ ahụhụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Na nyocha kpọmkwem, mkpali a na-etinye na isiokwu ahụ bụ kpọmkwem na a na-atụle ya, a na-edekwa nzaghachi nke mkpali ahụ.  Mgbanwe nke mmasị bụ mkpali a kapịrị ọnụ achọrọ iji mepụta nzaghachi nke mmasị (dịka ọnwụ nke isiokwu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==

=== Nnyocha kpọmkwem ===
N'ime nnwale kpọmkwem, ihe mkpali a na-etinye na isiokwu ahụ bụ kpọmkwem na nke a na-atụle kpọmkwem, a na-edekọkwa nzaghachi nye ihe ahụ. Mgbanwe nke mmasị bụ ihe mkpali a chọrọ iji mepụta nzaghachi nke mmasị (dịka ọnwụ nke isiokwu ahụ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.biostat.umn.edu/~chap/S06-DirectBioassay.pdf|title=Direct Bioassays &amp; Estimation of Ratios|author=Le|first=Chap|accessdate=15 June 2021|archivedate=12 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412025836/http://www.biostat.umn.edu/~chap/S06-DirectBioassay.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na-apụtaghị ìhè ===
N'ime nnwale na-apụtaghị ìhè, a na-edozi ihe mkpali ahụ tupu oge eruo ma tụọ nzaghachi na isiokwu ahụ. Mgbanwe nke mmasị na nnwale ahụ bụ nzaghachi maka ihe na-akpali mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chap&quot;/&gt;

* Nzaghachi ọnụọgụ: Nlele nke '''nzaghachi''' na ihe na-akpali akpali dị na ọkwa na-aga n'ihu (dịka shuga dị n'ọbara).&lt;ref name=&quot;chap&quot;/&gt;
* '''Nzaghachi Quantal''': Nzaghachi ahụ bụ binary; ọ bụ mkpebi ma ihe omume ọ na-eme ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị (dịka ọnwụ nke isiokwu ahụ).&lt;ref name=&quot;chap&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe Nlereanya ==

=== ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ===
[[Usòrò:ELISA_Plate_image.jpg|thumb|Efere ELISA nwere ọkwa cortisol dị iche iche]]
ELISA bụ usoro nyocha nke na-atụle absorbance nke mgbanwe agba site na mmeghachi omume antigen-antibody (dịka. Direct, indirect, sandwich, asọmpi).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Aydin|first=Suleyman|title=A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA|journal=Peptides|volume=72|pages=4–15|doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.012|pmid=25908411|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ELISA atụ ihe dịgasị iche iche n'ime ahụ mmadụ, site na ọkwa cortisol maka nrụgide ruo ọkwa glucose maka ọrịa shuga.

Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụkarị nyocha sara mbara nke nsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review|journal=Chemistry &amp; Biodiversity|volume=20|pages=3–27|date=January 2023|issue=2|pmid=36595710|doi=10.1002/cbdv.202201098}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme nyocha nchọpụta nke nsị iji chọpụta ihe nsị ndị dị mkpa bụ. Ọ bụ ezie na bioassays bara uru n'ịchọpụta ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ihe dị ndụ, ha nwere ike na-ewe oge ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike ịkpata data ndị na-emetụtaghị ndị ọzọ na ụdị ahụ. N'ihi ihe ndị a, a na-ejikarị usoro ndị ọzọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, gụnyere nyocha redio. ''Lee bioindicator.''

Ihe achọrọ maka njikwa mmetọ mmiri na United States chọrọ ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị obodo iji mee bioassays. Usoro ndị a, nke a na-akpọ nyocha nsị zuru oke, gụnyere nyocha nsị siri ike yana usoro nyocha na-adịghị ala ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;WET-NPDES&quot;/&gt; Ụzọ ndị a na-agụnye ikpughe ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ime mmiri na samples nke mmiri na-adịghị mma maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/whole-effluent-toxicity-methods|title=Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=2020-08-01|work=Clean Water Act Analytical Methods|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ bioassay ECOTOX, nke na-eji microalgae ''Euglena gracilis'' iji nwalee nsị nke mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tahedl|first=Harald|title=Fast examination of water quality using the automatic biotest ECOTOX based on the movement behavior of a freshwater flagellate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-research_1999-02_33_2/page/n131|journal=Water Research|date=1999|volume=33|issue=2|pages=426–432|doi=10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00224-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; (''Lee'' Bioindicator#Microalgae dị ka bioindicators na ogo mmiri)

* Nnyocha
* Nnyocha nke Immunoassay
* Umu Chromotest

== Ihe odide ==</text>
      <sha1>chsizjhissp7axw163q9dglbfpvy51o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mmetụta okpomọkụ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26320</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741619</id>
      <parentid>722594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T22:36:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="67252" sha1="pdxv4ddx02a28b2w4119icghd3ht9la" xml:space="preserve"> 
[[Usòrò:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb|Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na enye ohere ka ìhè anyanwụ gafee ikuku, na ekpuchi mbara ala, mana mgbe ahụ na amị ma na emegharị radiation infrared (okpomọkụ) mbara ala ahụ na ewepụta]]
[[Usòrò:Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg|thumb|Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-amịkọrọ ma na-ewepụta radiation radiation, na-ebelata radiative cooling na mbara igwe. Ọnụnọ nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ chọrọ ka mbara ala ahụ dị ọkụ ka mbara ala wee nwee ike ịpụta radieshon okpomọkụ zuru oke na mbara igwe iji kwekọọ na ọnụego nke ike na-abịa site na ìhè anyanwụ. ''Mmetụta'' okpomọkụ bụ ihe atụ nke oke radieshon okpomọkụ nke elu na-ewepụta karịa ka ọ na-eru na mbara igwe.]]
'''Mmetụta''' okpomọkụ na eme mgbe [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|gas]] okpomọkụ dị na ikuku nke mbara ala na ejide ụfọdụ okpomọkụ sitere n'elu mbara ala. A na eme ka mbara ala na ekpo ọkụ site na ịmịkọrọ ìhè site na kpakpando ya ma mee ka ọ jụọ oyi site na ịnye ike n'ime mbara igwe. Elu na ekpo ọkụ nke mbara ala na ewepụta radieshon infrared. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na amịkọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime radieshon ahụ, na ebelata ike na apụ na mbara igwe. Mbelata a na eme ka okpomọkụ dị na mbara ala na ebuli okpomọkụ nke mbara ala. Ịtinye gas na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na eme ka mmetụta okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu.

Nkezi okpomọkụ elu ụwa ga abụ ihe dịka -18  (−0.4 °F) na enweghị mmetụta okpomọkụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi narị afọ nke 20 nke ụwa nke ihe dịka 14 °C (60 ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance|url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/|archivedate=2004-11-04|accessdate=2010-10-15|work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007|publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY|chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|accessdate=25 March 2014|chapterurl=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT)|url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html|work=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]]|accessdate=3 September 2008|archivedate=5 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na gas na ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ nke mmanụ ala emeela ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] na [[:en:Methane|methane]] dịkwuo ukwuu na ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=2009-01-14|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archivedate=21 January 2021|accessdate=2020-12-14|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, [[:en:Global_warming_controversy|okpomọkụ ụwa]] nke ihe dị ka 1.2  (2.2 °F) emeela kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na agba ọsọ ruo 0.18 °C (0.32 ) kwa afọ iri na nso nso a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|accessdate=22 June 2021|work=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archivedate=10 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Rebecca|author=Lindsey|title=Climate Change: Global Temperature|work=NOAA Climate.gov|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth's%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.|accessdate=2023-05-11|archivedate=2024-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724203306/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth's%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gas na ekpo ọkụ na arụ ọrụ site n'ịhụ anya na wavelengths nke radiation nke kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ na ewepụta, mana na amịkọrọ wavelength nke radiation sitere na mbara ala dị ka Ụwa. Ogologo wavelengths dị iche iche n'ihi na ihe na ewepụta ike na wavelength metụtara okpomọkụ ya. Anyanwụ bụ ihe dịka 5,500 °C (9,930 ), yabụ ọ na ewepụta ọtụtụ ike ya dị ka radiation shortwave na nso infrared na wavelengths a na ahụ anya (dị ka ìhè anyanwụ). Okpomọkụ dị n'elu ụwa dị ala karịa, n'ihi ya, ọ na ewepụta radiation infrared radiation (okpomọkụ radiated).&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;/&gt;

Okwu greenhouse ''mmetụta'' sitere na ntụnyere na greenhouses. Ma greenhouses na ''mmetụta'' greenhouse naarụ ọrụ saịtị na ijigide okpomọkụ saịtị na ìhè anyanwụ, mana ụzọ ha si eme ya dị iche. A na ebufe okpomọkụ n'ime na saịtị na ikuku site na radiation, conduction, na convection. Greenhouses na ejigide okpomọkụ saịtị na igbochi convection (mmegharị nke ikuku).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=John|author=Worley|title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation|work=University of Georgia Extension|url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation|accessdate=12 March 2023|archivedate=12 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/|accessdate=24 March 2023|quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth’s greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta okpomọkụ na ejigide okpomọkụ saịtị na igbochi ikuku na agafe na ikuku na mbara igwe.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
 
[[Usòrò:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg|thumb| A kọwara mmetụta okpomọkụ na mmetụta ya na ihu igwe n'ụzọ dị nkenke na isiokwu a nke 1912 Popular ''Mechanics'' maka ịgụ site n'aka ọha na eze.]]
Joseph Fourier chepụtara ịdị adị nke mmetụta okpomọkụ, ọ bụ ezie na aha ya abụghị nke a, na 1824.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fourier|first=J.|date=1824|title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires|language=fr|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=27|pages=136–167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136|accessdate=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet mere ka arụmụka na ihe akaebe ahụ sikwuo ike na 1827 na 1838. N'afọ 1856, Eunice Newton Foote gosipụtara na mmetụta okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ dị ukwuu maka ikuku nwere mmiri karịa maka ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, mmetụta ahụ dịkwa ukwuu na carbon dioxide. O kwubiri na &quot;ikuku nke gas ahụ ga enye ụwa anyị okpomọkụ dị elu...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Foote|first=Eunice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382|title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays|date=November 1856|pages=382–383|accessdate=31 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Amara|author=Huddleston|title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer|work=NOAA Climate.gov|date=17 July 2019|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer|accessdate=8 October 2019|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

John Tyndall bụ onye mbụ na atụle absorption infrared na mmepụta nke gas na uzuoku dị iche iche. Site na 1859 gaa n'ihu, o gosipụtara na mmetụta ahụ bụ n'ihi obere òkè nke ikuku, na gas ndị isi enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla, ọ bụkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ikuku mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na obere pasent nke hydrocarbons na carbon dioxide nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama.&lt;ref&gt;John Tyndall, ''[[iarchive:heatconsideredas00tynduoft|Heat considered as a Mode of Motion]]'' (500 pages; year 1863, 1873)&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius kwuru nke ọma banyere mmetụta ahụ na 1896, onye buru amụma mbụ nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'ihi okpukpu abụọ nke carbon dioxide ikuku. Otú ọ dị, onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ejighị okwu ahụ bụ &quot;greenhouse&quot; mee ihe iji zoo aka na mmetụta a; Nils Gustaf Ekholm ji okwu ahụ mee ihe na 1901.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Easterbrook|first=Steve|title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;?|url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/|work=Serendipity|date=18 August 2015|accessdate=11 November 2015|archivedate=13 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ekholm N|doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702|title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=27|pages=1–62|year=1901}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe na akọwa mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ka ndị a:&lt;blockquote&gt;Mmetụta radiative infrared nke ihe niile na amịkọrọ infrared na ikuku. Greenhouse gas (GHGs), igwe ojii, na ụfọdụ aerosols na amịkọrọ radieshon nke ụwa na ebe ndị ọzọ na ikuku. Ihe ndị a na ewepụta radieshon infrared n'akụkụ niile, mana, ihe niile ọzọ bụ otu, ego a na enye na mbara igwe na adịkarị obere karịa ka a ga ewepụta na enweghị ndị na anabata ihe ndị a n'ihi mbelata nke okpomọkụ na ịdị elu na troposphere na mbelata nke ikuku. Mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ GHGs na abawanye oke nke mmetụta a; a na akpọ ọdịiche ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ mmetụta okpomọkụ dị elu. Mgbanwe na GHG concentration n'ihi ikuku sitere n'aka mmadụ na enye aka na ike radieshon ozugbo. Okpomọkụ dị n'elu ụwa na troposphere na ekpo ọkụ na nzaghachi maka nrụgide a, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ weghachite nguzozi radiative n'elu ikuku.: AVII-28&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-gloss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Annex VII - Glossary|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Annex_VII.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080031/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Annex_VII.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ==
IPCC na akọ na mmetụta okpomọkụ nke ụwa ugbu a bụ G = 159 W / m2, na mmetụta okirikiri okpomọkụ dị ka g̃ = 0.40. A na akọwa ''mmetụta'' na ekpo ọkụ, G, dị ka radieshon na arịgo n'elu ebe a na ewepu longwave na-apụ apụ na mbara igwe. A na akọwa ''mmetụta okpomọkụ'', g̃, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti G na ogologo oge na arịgo n'elu: 968&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Raval|first=A.|title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect|journal=Nature|date=1989|volume=342|pages=758–761|doi=10.1038/342758a0|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Raval|first=A.|title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect|journal=Global Climate Feedbacks: Proceedings of the Brookhaven National Laboratory Workshop|date=1990|pages=5-16|url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6440147-fP92Pd/#page=10|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Longwave radieshon'' bụ radiation nke elu ụwa, ikuku na igwe ojii na ewepụta. A makwaara ya dị ka ''infrared okpomọkụ'' ma ọ bụ radieshon nke ụwa ma a ga ekewapụ ya na radieshon infrared dị nso nke bụ akụkụ nke anyanwụ: 2251&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-gloss&quot;/&gt; 

== Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị na ya ==

=== Radieshon na-abata ===
[[Usòrò:Solar_spectrum_en.svg|thumb|Ọdịdị radiation nke anyanwụ maka ìhè kpọmkwem n'elu ikuku nke ụwa na n'elu oke osimiri]]
Ụwa na enweta ike site na Anyanwụ n'ụdị ultraviolet, visible, na near-infrared  radieshon. Ikuku na igwe ojii na egosipụta ihe dị ka 23% ma na amịkọrọ 23%. Elu ya na egosipụta 7% ma na amịkọrọ 48%.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Earth’s Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows|work=NASA.gov|accessdate=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ozuzu, ụwa na amị ihe dị ka 240 W / m2 site na ìhè anyanwụ.: 934&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; 

=== Nkwado radieshon ===
Okpomọkụ nke mbara ala na adabere na nguzozi n'etiti radiation na abata na radiation na na apụ apụ. Iji radieshon na abata tụnyere radieshon nke na apụ apụ nwere ike ịgwa anyị ma ọ bụrụ na mbara ala na ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na ajụ oyi. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụego nke ike na apụ dị obere karịa ọnụego nke ọ na abata, mbara ala ga ekpo ọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụego nke ike na apụ karịrị ọnụego nke ọ na abata, mbara ala ahụ ga ajụ oyi. Planet ga aga n'ihu na ọnọdụ nke radiative equilibrium, nke ike nke radiation na apụ apụ na aha ka ike nke radieshon na abata.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Earth's Radiation Balance|url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html|work=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin|accessdate=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ụwa n'ozuzu ya, ike nke radieshon na abata na agafe ike nke radieshon na apụ apụ site na ihe dị ka 0.7 W / m2 ka ọ dị na 2015, na egosi okpomọkụ radieshon: 934&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis|date=2021|publisher=IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2023|chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Okpomọkụ dị irè ===
Ike nke radieshon na apụta site na mbara ala nwere ike ịkọwa site na okpomọkụ radieshon dị irè. ''Okpomọkụ dị irè'' bụ okpomọkụ nke ezigbo mbara ala ojii nwere otu okpomọkụ ga achọ iji wepụta otu ike ahụ. 

Maka mbara ala na radiative equilibrium, okpomọkụ dị irè na adabere na oke nke ìhè anyanwụ na abanye na ikuku na oke gosipụtara. Ụwa na egosipụta ihe dị ka 30% nke ìhè anyanwụ na abata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|title=NASA Earth Fact Sheet|publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate=2010-10-15|archivedate=25 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;harvard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html|title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry|first=Daniel J.|author=Jacob|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999|chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect|isbn=978-1400841547|accessdate=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpomọkụ dị irè nke ụwa bụ ihe dịka -18 °C (0 ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/|title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance|publisher=Eesc.columbia.edu|accessdate=2010-10-15|archivedate=17 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120717025320/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpomọkụ elu ụwa nke ihe dịka 14  (57 °F) bụ 33 °C (59 ) na ekpo ọkụ karịa okpomọkụ nke ụwa.

=== radieshon na apụta ===
[[Usòrò:Atmospheric_Transmission.svg|alt=refer to caption and adjacent text|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri ikuku na ịgbasa na ogologo oge dị iche iche nke ebili mmiri electromagnetic. Ogwe kachasị ukwuu nke carbon dioxide adịghị anya site na oke okpomọkụ sitere n'ala, ọ na emechi windo nke nghọta nke mmiri na akọwa mmetụta okpomọkụ nke carbon dioxide.]]
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radieshon na apụta na mbara igwe bụ 239 W / m2. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ego nke elu na ewepụta bụ ihe dị ka 398 W / m2.: 934 Ihe dị iche 159 W / m2 dị n'etiti ọnụọgụ ndị a bụ mmetụta greenhouse, G.: 968&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya mere, iji kọwaa mmetụta nke okpomọkụ, mmadụ ga akọwa ihe mere na a na ewepụta obere radieshon okpomọkụ na mbara igwe karịa ihe na ahapụ elu.

Otu ngwá ọrụ maka ịkọwa nke a bụ ihe nlereanya greenhouse. Otú ọ dị, ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ihe dị mfe. 

N'ezie, ikuku dị nso n'elu ụwa bụ nke na adịghị ahụkebe radieshon okpomọkụ na ọtụtụ okpomọkụ sitere n'elu bụ site na convection. Otú ọ dị, ọnwụ ike radiative na aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa na ikuku, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mbelata nke mmiri mmiri, gas dị mkpa. Kama iche echiche banyere radieshon na ekpo ọkụ na aga na mbara igwe dị ka ọ na abịa site n'elu n'onwe ya, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche echiche banyere ọkụ a na apụ apụ dị ka nke a na ewepụta site na okpokoro dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, nke a na'ụzọ dị irè jikọtara ya na elu site na ọnụego lapse. Ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ebe abụọ a na akọwa ọdịiche dị n'agbata ikuku na ikuku na mbara igwe, ya bụ, ọ na akọwara mmetụta okpomọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198|title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model|publisher=[[Penn State]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences|author=Mann|first=Michael|accessdate=4 November 2022|archivedate=31 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe osise dị mfe na ewere ọnọdụ kwụ chịm, mana n'ime ụwa n'ezie, [[Diurnal cycle|okirikiri ehihie]], yana okirikiri oge na nsogbu ihu igwe, na eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. Okpomọkụ anyanwụ na emetụta naanị n'ehihie. N'abalị, ikuku na ajụ oyi, mana ọ bụghị nke ukwuu n'ihi na okpomọkụ nke usoro ihu igwe na eguzogide mgbanwe ehihie na abalị, yana ogologo oge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php|title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|author=Michon Scott|date=2006-04-24|accessdate=4 December 2022|archivedate=4 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke ehihie na ebelata na ịdị elu na ikuku.

N'ime mpaghara ebe mmetụta radiative dị mkpa, nkọwa nyere site na ezigbo griin haus nlereanya na aghọ ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Ụwa elu radiates ogologo-wavelength, infrared okpomọkụ na nso nke 4–100 μm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|author=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|accessdate=2008-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-15|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ogologo ebili mmiri ndị a, ikuku ikuku griin na apụtakarị ìhè na radieshon anyanwụ na-abata na adọrọ adọrọ karị. Igwe ikuku ọ bụla nwere gas griin haus na amịkọrọ ụfọdụ radieshon thermal infrared nke na agbago elu site na ọkwa dị ala. Ọ na ewepụtakwa radieshon thermal n'akụkụ niile, ma elu na ala; na nha nha (site na nkọwa) otu ego ka o tinyegoro. Nke a na ebute mbelata okpomọkụ na egbuke egbuke yana ọkụ karịa n'okpuru. [[Iba|Ịba]] ụba nke ikuku gas na eme ka ọnụọgụ nke ntanye na mgbapụta dị elu, ma si otú a na eme ka a na edobe okpomọkụ karịa n'elu na n'okpuru ala.

== Ihe ndị dị na ikuku ==
[[Usòrò:Climate_Factor_CO₂_(ZDF,_Terra_X).webm|thumb|Otu CO2 si akpata mmetụta okpomọkụ.]]

=== Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ===
 
Gas na ekpo ọkụ (GHG) bụ gas nwere ike ijide okpomọkụ site na igbochi ikuku infrared na ekpuchi ikuku nke mbara ala. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na enye aka n'ọtụtụ mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa.

Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ gụnyere ọtụtụ gas diatomic nwere atọm abụọ dị iche iche (dị ka carbon monoxide, CO) na gas niile nwere atọm ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta radieshon infrared na ogologo oge ụfọdụ, ebe ọ bụ na ịma jijiji intramolecular ha na emepụta oge dipole.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf|chapter=Annex VII: Glossary|author=Matthews|first=J.B.R.|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|editor=Masson-Delmotte|series=etal|publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]]|date=2021-08-09|pages=2215–2256|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ihe karịrị 99% nke ikuku kpọrọ nkụ bụ IR na apụta ìhè (n'ihi na ndị isi mejupụtara N2, O2, na Ariz enweghị oge dipole ma si otú a ghara inwe ike ịmịkọrọ ma ọ bụ wepụta radieshon infrared n'onwe ha), mgbagwoju anya intermolecular elastic na eme ka ike nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na amị ma wepụta na ekerịta ya na gas ndị ọzọ na abụghị IR.  N'ikpeazụ dị ka mmetụta na adịghị ike, gas niile nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta obere IR broadband site na mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Höpfner|first=M.|date=24 May 2012|title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=39|issue=L10706|doi=10.1029/2012GL051409|issn=1944-8007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike kewaa gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ụdị abụọ, kpọmkwem na nke na apụtaghị ìhè. Gases nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon ọkụ infrared bụ gas na ekpo ọkụ, dịka, mmiri, carbon dioxide na ozone. Mkpụrụ ndụ nke gas ndị a nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon infrared na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke wavelength. Ụfọdụ gas bụ gas na ekpo ọkụ na apụtaghị ìhè, ebe ọ bụ na ha anaghị amịkọrọ radieshon okpomọkụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, mana ha nwere ike ịmepụta gas ndị ọzọ na ekwo ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, methane na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ozone tropospheric na ịmepụta carbon dioxide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hogan|first=Kathleen B.|date=1991|title=Methane on the greenhouse agenda|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/354181a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=354|issue=6350|pages=181–182|doi=10.1038/354181a0|issn=1476-4687|accessdate=14 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; NOx na CO nwekwara ike ịmepụta ozone tropospheric na carbon dioxide site na usoro fotochemical.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Haagen-Smit|first=A. J.|date=1953|title=Ozone formation in photochemical oxidation of organic substances|journal=Industrial &amp; Engineering Chemistry|volume=45|issue=9|pages=2086–2089|doi=10.1021/ie50525a044}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fishman|first=Jack|date=1983|title=Correlative nature of ozone and carbon monoxide in the troposphere: Implications for the tropospheric ozone budget|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC088iC06p03662|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|language=en|volume=88|issue=C6|pages=3662|doi=10.1029/JC088iC06p03662|issn=0148-0227}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png|thumb|Gas ikuku na-amịkọrọ naanị ụfọdụ wavelengths nke ike mana ha na apụta ìhè nye ndị ọzọ. Usoro ịmịkọrọ mmiri (ọnụ ọgụgụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ) na carbon dioxide (ọnụ ọgụgụ pinki) na agbakọta na ụfọdụ wavelengths. Carbon dioxide abụghị gas na ekpo ọkụ dị ike dị ka ikuku mmiri, mana ọ na amịkọrọ ike n'ogologo ebili mmiri (12-15 micrometers) nke ikuku mmiri na adịghị eme, na emechi &quot;windo&quot; nke okpomọkụ sitere n'elu ga esi na ya gbalaga na mbara igwe. (Ihe osise NASA, Robert Rohde)&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA climate forcings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php|title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming|date=January 14, 2009|accessdate=20 April 2014|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Site na pasentị ha nyere aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ n'ụwa, nnukwu gas okpomọkụ anọ bụ:&lt;ref name=&quot;realclimate.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 April 2005|title=Water vapour: feedback or forcing?|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=142|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624015308/http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=142|archivedate=24 June 2007|accessdate=2006-05-01|publisher=RealClimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kiehl|first=J.T.|date=February 1997|title=Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget|url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring04/atmo451b/pdf/RadiationBudget.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=78|issue=2|pages=197–208|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078&lt;0197:EAGMEB&gt;2.0.CO;2|accessdate=2006-05-01|archive-date=2005-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519080336/http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring04/atmo451b/pdf/RadiationBudget.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (H2O), 36~72% (~75% gụnyere igwe ojii);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/|title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect|publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs|date=2010-10-01|author=Gavin Schmidt|accessdate=13 January 2022|archivedate=21 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Carbon dioxide (CO2), 9~26%;
* Methane (CH4), 4~9%;
* Tropospheric ozone (O3), 3~7%.

Ọ baghị uru ịnye pasentị a kapịrị ọnụ na gas ọ bụla n'ihi na absorption na emission bands nke gas na agbakọta (ya mere, ọnụọgụ ndị e nyere n'elu). Mmiri na anọ naanị n'ikuku maka nkezi ụbọchị 8 ruo 10, nke kwekọrọ na nnukwu mgbanwe na onyinye sitere na igwe ojii na iru mmiri n'oge na ebe ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=IPCC AR6 WG1|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

E nwere gas ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta na enye aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ, gụnyere nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbones (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbures (HFCs), na sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).: AVII-60 A na emepụta gas ndị a site na ọrụ mmadụ, ya mere ha arụwo akụkụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Mgbanwe nke gas na ekpo ọkụ site na 1750 ruo 2019 (ppm: akụkụ kwa nde; ppb: akụkụ kwa ijeri):&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity.|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809115800/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Carbon dioxide (CO2), 278.3 ruo 409.9 ppm, elu 47%;
* Methane (CH4), 729.2 ruo 1866.3 ppb, elu 156%;
* Nitrous oxide (N2O), 270.1 ruo 332.1 ppb, elu 23%.

Ikike okpomọkụ ụwa (GWP) nke gas na ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe atụ nke oke mmetụta ihu igwe nke gas nwere mgbe agbakwunyere na ikuku. A na agbakọ GWP site n'ịkọwa oge ndụ na arụmọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ nke gas. Dị ka ọ na adịkarị, nitrous oxide nwere ndụ nke ihe dị ka afọ 121, na ihe karịrị okpukpu 270 nke GWP karịa carbon dioxide maka afọ 20. Sulfur hexafluoride nwere ndụ nke ihe karịrị afọ 3000 na okpukpu 25000 karịa GWP karịa carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Igwe ojii ===
 
Igwe ojii na ekere òkè dị mkpa na nguzozi radiative zuru ụwa ọnụ na igwe ojii cirrus dị nro nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na eme ka okpomọkụ. Ha nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta radieshon infrared ma si otú a metụta ihe ndị radiative nke ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Liou|first=Kuo-Nan|date=1986-06-01|title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/114/6/1520-0493_1986_114_1167_ioccow_2_0_co_2.xml|journal=Monthly Weather Review|language=EN|volume=114|issue=6|pages=1167–1199|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2|issn=1520-0493|accessdate=14 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igwe ojii gụnyere igwe ojii mmiri, igwe ojii ngwakọta na igwe ojii ice. Igwe ojii mmiri bụ igwe ojii dị ala ma nwee nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma. Igwe ojii na agwakọta ọnụ bụ igwe ojii na ebikọ ọnụ na mmiri mmiri na ice siri ike na okpomọkụ na ekpo ọkụ na ihe onwunwe ha na egbuke egbuke (omimi anya ma ọ bụ ọkpụrụkpụ anya) na emetụta nke ukwuu site na mmiri dị n'ime. Igwe ojii ice bụ igwe ojii dị elu na ike radiative ha na adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ice crystal, ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii na mmiri ice.

Ihe onwunwe radiative nke igwe ojii mmiri na adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na ihe onwunwe igwe ojii microphysical, dị ka ihe dị na mmiri mmiri igwe ojii na nkesa nha igwe ojii. Igwe mmiri nwere mmiri dị elu na obere mmiri ga enwe ike radiative siri ike. Mmiri mmiri igwe ojii na ejikarị ya na ikuku na ikuku. N'elu oké osimiri na ekpo ọkụ, ikuku na enwekarị mmiri na ekpuchi mmiri ma ya mere igwe ojii mmiri nwere mmiri dị elu. Mgbe ikuku na ekpo ọkụ na agbakọta n'ígwé ojii ma na emepụta mmiri siri ike, mmiri nwere ike ịdị elu karịa. Aerosols ga emetụta nkesa nha igwe ojii. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na emetọ emetọ nwere ọtụtụ aerosols, mmiri na adọba n'ígwé ojii mmiri na adịkarị obere.

Igwe ojii ndị a na agwakọta ọnụ nwere nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma. Mmanye radieshon nke igwe ojii ngwakọta oge nwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka karịa igwe ojii mmiri. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na microphysics dị mgbagwoju anya karịa n'ihi ịdị n'otu nke mmiri na mmiri siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro Wegeneron-Bergeron-Findeisen nwere ike imebi nnukwu mmiri ma mee ka obere kristal ice buru ibu n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Usoro Hallett-Mossop ga agbaji mmiri mmiri na nnukwu kristal ice na ada ma kpọnwụọ n'ime ọtụtụ obere ice splinters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hallett|first=J.|date=1974|title=Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/249026a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=249|issue=5452|pages=26–28|doi=10.1038/249026a0|issn=1476-4687|accessdate=3 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igwe ojii radieshon nwere ike ịgbanwe n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'oge usoro ndị a n'ihi na obere kristal ice nwere ike igosipụta ọtụtụ ìhè anyanwụ ma mepụta nnukwu ike radieshon, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri mmiri.

Igwe ojii Cirrus nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta okpomọkụ, dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Krämer|first=Martina|date=2020-11-02|title=A microphysics guide to cirrus – Part 2: Climatologies of clouds and humidity from observations|url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/12569/2020/|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|language=English|volume=20|issue=21|pages=12569–12608|doi=10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020|issn=1680-7316|accessdate=20 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na ewere cirrus dị nro dị ka nke nwere ike radieshon na cirrus dị arọ nwere ike radieshon na adịghị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Joos|first=H.|date=2008-09-27|title=Orographic cirrus in the global climate model ECHAM5|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=113|issue=D18|doi=10.1029/2007jd009605|issn=0148-0227}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmiri ice dị na nkesa oke ice na ekpebi ihe onwunwe cirrus radieshon. Mmiri ice ka ukwuu dị, mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ karị cirrus nwere. Mgbe mmiri ice nke igwe ojii bụ otu, cirrus nwere obere ice crystals nwere mmetụta dị jụụ ka ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere cirrus nwere nnukwu ice crystels. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na atụ aro ka a na-etinye ụfọdụ cirrus n'ime igwe ojii cirrus dị nro iji belata ogo nke ice crystals ma si otú a belata mmetụta ha na ekpo ọkụ, mana ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na enwe obi abụọ banyere ịdị irè ya ma chee na ọ ga abaghị uru ịlụ ọgụ na okpomọkụ ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Penner|first=Joyce E.|date=2015-10-28|title=Can cirrus cloud seeding be used for geoengineering?: CIRRUS CLOUD SEEDING|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=42|issue=20|pages=8775–8782|doi=10.1002/2015GL065992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aerosols ===
A na akọwa aerosols ikuku dị ka nkwụsị nke mmiri, siri ike, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke nwere kemịkal na ihe dị iche iche, nke na arụ ọrụ dị ezigbo mkpa n'ịgbanwe mmefu ego ike ụwa nke ga akpatakwu mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Elsevier Enhanced Reader|chapter=AEROSOLS &amp;#124; Observations and Measurements|url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/B0122270908000488?token=62558D67B04A728403D822C2F988445E24B048398E927086E819143734D88362388B825393B9236E275B830FDB73B558&amp;originRegion=us-east-1&amp;originCreation=20220420194443|accessdate=2022-04-20|date=January 2003|pages=20–34|publisher=Academic Press|doi=10.1016/B0-12-227090-8/00048-8|isbn=9780122270901|language=en|author=McMurry|first=P.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere isi ihe abụọ na akpata ikuku aerosols, otu bụ isi ihe okike, nke ọzọ bụ isi ihe sitere n'aka mmadụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, uzuzu ọzara, [[Ńnú|nnu]] oké osimiri, ntụ ọkụ, ihe ndị na agbanwe agbanwe (VOC) site na ahịhịa na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa sitere na aerosols. Maka aerosols ndị sitere na ọrụ mmadụ, dị ka ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, na ọkụ nke ihe mkpofu ugbo, a na ewere ha dị ka aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ amụbaala nke ukwuu kemgbe oge preindustrial, nke a na ewere dị ka nnukwu onyinye maka mmetọ ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ebe ọ bụ na aerosols ndị a nwere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịmepụta [[Mmetụta radiative|mmetụta]] dị iche iche nke radiative na eme ka ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ dị jụụ.

Enwere ike ịhazi mmetụta nke ikuku ikuku na ihu igwe dị ka kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na apụtaghị ìhè n'ihe gbasara nrụgide radiative nke usoro ihu igwe. Aerosols nwere ike ịgbasa ma mịkọrọ ìhè anyanwụ na infrared n'ime ikuku, ya mere ọ nwere ike radiative na-amanye usoro ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Aerosols nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka igwe ojii condensation nuclei (CCN) iji mepụta igwe ojii, na akpata ịgbanwe nhazi na arụmọrụ nke mmiri mmiri, ice na igwe ojii ngwakọta, si otú ahụ na akpatara radiative na apụtaghị ìhè nke metụtara mgbanwe ndị a na njirimara igwe ojii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Huilin|date=May 2019|title=Assessing aerosol indirect effect on clouds and regional climate of East/South Asia and West Africa using NCEP GFS|journal=Climate Dynamics|volume=52|issue=9–10|pages=5759–5774|doi=10.1007/s00382-018-4476-9|issn=0930-7575|pmid=31073262}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Penner|first=J. E.|date=2001|title=Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects|url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_1831230|accessdate=21 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aerosols nke na agbasa radieshon anyanwụ nwere ike igosipụta radieshon nke anyanwụ azụ na mbara igwe, nke ga akpata mmetụta oyi na ihu igwe ụwa. Aerosols niile dị na ikuku nwere ikike dị otú ahụ ịgbasa radieshon anyanwụ na abata. Mana ọ bụ naanị ụdị aerosols ole na ole nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon anyanwụ, dị ka Black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) na uzuzu mineral, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta okpomọkụ na enweghị isi na ikuku ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aerosols and their Relation to Global Climate and Climate Sensitivity {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345/|accessdate=2022-01-11|work=www.nature.com|language=en|archivedate=6 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206065633/http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpụta nke carbon ojii buru ibu n'ezie na mba ndị na emepe emepe, dị ka China na [[Ndia|India]], a ka na atụkwa anya na mmụba a ga aga n'ihu. Enwere ike ibuga carbon ojii n'ebe dị anya, ma gwakọta ya na aerosols ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ.Ịrụ ọrụ nke anyanwụ nwere njikọ dị mma na oke carbon ojii na sulphate, ya mere ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na ikuku carbon ojii na oke ikuku nke carbon na sulphat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramana|first=M. V.|date=August 2010|title=Warming influenced by the ratio of black carbon to sulphate and the black-carbon source|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo918|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=8|pages=542–545|doi=10.1038/ngeo918|issn=1752-0908|accessdate=21 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụghị naanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ngwakọta nwere ike ikpebi arụmọrụ nke BC, kamakwa ọ na emetụta ndụ nke BC. Enwere ike ibelata albedo elu nke snow ma ọ bụ ice kpuchiri n'ihi nkwụsị nke ụdị aerosol na amịkọrọ, nke ga akpatakwa mmetụta okpomọkụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hansen|first=James|date=2004-01-13|title=Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-01-13_101_2/page/423|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=101|issue=2|pages=423–428|doi=10.1073/pnas.2237157100|issn=0027-8424|pmid=14699053}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta okpomọkụ sitere na carbon ojii n'ebe dị elu dị ezigbo mkpa dị ka carbon dioxide na ịgbaze snowpacks na glaciers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramanathan|first=V.|date=April 2008|title=Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo156|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=1|issue=4|pages=221–227|doi=10.1038/ngeo156|issn=1752-0908|accessdate=21 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye na aerosols ndị a na amịkọrọ, a chọpụtara na stratospheric aerosol nwekwara ike ime ka okpomọkụ dị ike site n'ịbawanye radieshon ogologo oge n'elu ma belata radieshon ogologo nke na apụ apụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Elsevier Enhanced Reader|url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0169809513002354?token=1E9181976CD99D0438A46A70374A72C34D7F8D34FE445C88FE4B73ECD60DBAEABF96C735432E7BB5FDE2FB5265477DB1&amp;originRegion=us-east-1&amp;originCreation=20220421225807|accessdate=2022-04-21|journal=Atmospheric Research|date=January 2014|volume=135-136|pages=102–111|doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.009|language=en|author=Zhou|first=Y.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe ==
[[Usòrò:Earth's_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ okpomọkụ nke ụwa (ihe osise) bụ n'ihi ihe ndị gụnyere mmetụta okpomọkụ dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/|title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance|author=Joseph Atkinson|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|date=22 June 2021|accessdate=1 March 2022|archivedate=10 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
A maara ime ka mmetụta okpomọkụ site na ọrụ mmadụ sie ike dị ka mmetụta okpuru okpomọkụ (ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.org.au/nova/016/016glo.htm|title=Enhanced greenhouse effect — Glossary|work=Nova|publisher=Australian Academy of Scihuman impact on the environment|date=2006|accessdate=14 December 2009|archivedate=1 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401065308/http://www.science.org.au/nova/016/016glo.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tinyere na a na ekwu site na nyocha nke ARGO, CERES na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ime narị afọ nke 21,: A hụla mmụba a na [[Mmetụta radiative|radiative forcing]] site na ọrụ mmadụ ozugbo, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara ya bụ mmụba nke ikuku carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface|title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface|publisher=Carbon Brief|date=2015-02-25|author=Robert McSweeney|accessdate=18 April 2021|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html|title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance|publisher=Science X|work=phys.org|date=2021-03-26|accessdate=18 April 2021|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html|title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect|publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk|accessdate=2010-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html|archivedate=2010-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 2014 si n'aka Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe si kwuo, &quot;nchịkọta ikuku nke carbon dioxide, methane na nitrous oxide enweghị atụ na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 800,000 gara aga. A chọpụtala mmetụta ha, tinyere nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka mmadụ, n'usoro ihu igwe niile ma o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara okpomọkụ a hụrụ kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf|title=Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=20 June 2017|archivedate=23 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104020/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Keeling Curve nke ikuku CO2 bara ụba.]]
A na emepụta CO2 site na ọkụ mmanụ ọkụ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mmepụta ciment na igbutu osisi. Ntụle nke CO2 sitere na Mauna Loa Observatory na egosi na mkpokọta abawanyela site na ihe dị ka akụkụ 313 kwa nde (ppm) na 1960, na-agafe 400 ppm milestone na 2013. Ọnụ ego nke CO2 dị ugbu a karịa ihe ndekọ geological maxima (≈300 ppm) site na data nke ice. Mmetụta nke carbon dioxide na emepụta combustion na ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe pụrụ iche nke mmetụta griin haus nke mbụ kọwara na 1896 site n'aka Svante Arrhenius, ka a na akpọkwa mmetụta Callendar.

N'ime afọ 800,000 gara aga, data ice na egosi na carbon dioxide dịgasị iche site na uru dị ala dị ka 180 ppm ruo ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke 270 ppm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm|work=BBC News|title=Deep ice tells long climate story|date=2006-09-04|accessdate=2010-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hileman B|title=Ice Core Record Extended|journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News|volume=83|issue=48|date=2005-11-28|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html|doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007|accessdate=6 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị paleoclimatologists na ewere ọdịiche dị na carbon dioxide dị ka ihe dị mkpa na emetụta ọdịiche ihu igwe n'oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bowen|first=Mark|title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains|publisher=Owl Books|year=2006|isbn=978-1429932707|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC|accessdate=1 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezigbo ụlọ ndị na ere nri ==
[[Usòrò:RHSGlasshouse.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ okpomọkụ nke oge a na RHS Wisley]]
A na akpọ &quot;mmetụta greenhouse&quot; nke ikuku site na ntụnyere na greenhouses nke na ekpo ọkụ n'ìhè anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ okpomọkụ anaghị eme ka ọ dị ọkụ site na &quot;mmetụta ụlọ okpompe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Favorite demonstrations for college science: an NSTA Press journals collection|author=Brian Shmaefsky|publisher=NSTA Press|date=2004|isbn=978-0-87355-242-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4jtv2mX0iQC&amp;pg=PA57|accessdate=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&quot;Mmetụta Greenhouse&quot; bụ n'ezie aha na ezighi ezi ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ a na ahụkarị bụ n'ihi mbelata nke convection, ebe &quot;mmetụta greenhouse&quot; na arụ ọrụ site na igbochi okpomọkụ na amị amị site na ịhapụ mbara ala site na nnyefe radieshon.&lt;ref name=&quot;OortPeixoto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Oort, Abraham H.|title=Physics of climate|publisher=American Institute of Physics|location=New York|date=1992|isbn=978-0-88318-711-1|quote=...the name water vapor-greenhouse effect is actually a misnomer since heating in the usual greenhouse is due to the reduction of convection}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schroeder&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book|author=Schroeder, Daniel V.|title=An introduction to thermal physics|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000schr_k1f1|date=2000|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=978-0-321-27779-4|quote=... this mechanism is called the ''greenhouse effect'', even though most greenhouses depend primarily on a different mechanism (namely, limiting convective cooling).|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000schr_k1f1/page/305 305]–7}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

A na eji ihe ọ bụla na agafe ìhè anyanwụ wuo ụlọ okpomọkụ: ọ na abụkarị iko ma ọ bụ plastik. Anyanwụ na-eme ka ala na ekpo ọkụ ma na etinye ya n'ime ya dịka n'èzí, ndị a na emezi ka ikuku na ekwo ọkụ. N'èzí, ikuku na ekpo ọkụ dị nso n'elu na arị elu ma na agwakọta na ikuku dị jụụ n'elu, na eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala karịa n'ime, ebe ikuku na aga n'ihu na ekwo ọkụ n'ihi na ọ dị n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ. Enwere ike igosi nke a site na imeghe obere windo dị nso n'elu ụlọ okpomọkụ: okpomọkụ ga ada nke ukwuu. E gosipụtara ya site na nnwale (R. W. Wood, 1909) na &quot;greenhouse&quot; (nke na adịghị ekpo ọkụ) nke nwere mkpuchi nnu nkume (nke na'ahụ anya na infrared) na-ekpo ọkụ ogige yiri nke nwere mkpo iko.&lt;ref name=&quot;wood1909&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wood, R.W.|title=Note on the Theory of the Greenhouse|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=17|issue=98|pages=319–320|date=1909|url=http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/wood_rw.1909.html|doi=10.1080/14786440208636602|accessdate=23 January 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, ụlọ okpomọkụ na arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ bụ isi site na igbochi convective jụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schroeder&quot;/&gt;

Greenhouses na ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe ọzọ: ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ihe dị n'ime nke na ekpuchi okpomọkụ, ọ dị mma iji belata oke okpomọkụ na apụta site na radieshon jụrụ. Enwere ike ime nke a site na iji glazing zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://uwm.edu.pl/wnt/technicalsc/tech_17_4/b04.pdf|title=Energy effects during using the glass with different properties in a heated greenhouse|first=Sławomir|author=Kurpaska|journal=Technical Sciences|volume=17|issue=4|date=2014|pages=351–360|accessdate=28 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ ga ekwe omume n'echiche iwu ụlọ okpomọkụ nke na ebelata okpomọkụ ya n'oge ọchịchịrị; ụlọ okpompe dị otú ahụ ga ejide okpomọkụ site na usoro anụ ahụ abụọ dị iche iche, na ejikọta ọtụtụ mmetụta okpomọkụ, otu n'ime ha yiri usoro ikuku, na eme ka arụmụka na ezighị ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Darrin2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Darrin|first=Ann|title=ITHERM 2000. The Seventh Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Cat. No.00CH37069)|chapter=Variable emissivity through MEMS technology|year=2000|pages=264–270|chapterurl=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/866834|doi=10.1109/ITHERM.2000.866834|isbn=0-7803-5912-7|accessdate=7 January 2021|quote=Specialized thermal control coatings, which can passively or actively adjust their emissivity offer an attractive solution to these [spacecraft] design challenges.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ndị metụtara ya ==

=== Mmetụta na adịghị mma nke okpomọkụ ===
Mmetụta okpomọkụ na agụnye gas okpomọkụ nke na-ebelata ọnụego nke radieshon jụrụ na mbara igwe, dabere na ihe ga eme ma ọ bụrụ na gas ndị ahụ adịghị. Nke a na eme n'ihi na gas na ekpo ọkụ na egbochi radieshon okpomọkụ na ala dị ala, mana na ewepụta radieshon na elu ebe ikuku dị jụụ na ọnụego radieshon dị ala.

N'ọnọdụ ebe enwere mgbanwe okpomọkụ siri ike, nke mere na ikuku na ekpo ọkụ karịa elu, ọ ga ekwe omume ka a gbanwee mmetụta a, nke mere ka ọnụnọ nke gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ na eme ka ọnụego nke radiative cooling na mbara igwe dịkwuo elu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radieshon okpomọkụ na apụta na mbara igwe dị ukwuu karịa ọnụego nke radieshan okpomọkụ sitere n'elu. A na akpọ ọnọdụ a &quot;mmetụta na adịghị mma&quot;.

Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo na, mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mpaghara Antartica.&lt;ref name=&quot;sejas&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sejas|first=S.A.|title=Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau|journal=npj Clim Atmos Sci|date=2018|volume=1|issue=17|doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-018-0031-y|accessdate=4 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta na emegide greenhouse ===
 
Mmetụta anti-greenhouse bụ usoro yiri ma kwekọọ na mmetụta greenhouse: na mmetụta greenhouses, ikuku na ahapụ radiation ka ọ ghara ikwe ka radiation okpomọkụ pụọ, si otú a na ekpo ọkụ n'elu ahụ; na mmetụta anti-greinhouse, ikuku na'ime ka radiation pụọ mgbe ọ na ahapụrụ radiation okirikiri, nke na ebelata okpomọkụ elu. A tụwo aro mmetụta dị otú ahụ maka ọnwa Saturn bụ Titan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=1762&amp;mode=thread&amp;order=0&amp;thold=0|title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse|work=Astrobiology Magazine – earth science – evolution distribution Origin of life universe – life beyond :: Astrobiology is study of earth|accessdate=2010-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta na eme ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ===
 
Mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ na eme mgbe gas na ekwo ọkụ na agbakọta na ikuku site na nzaghachi nzaghachi dị mma ruo n'ókè nke na ha na egbochi okpomọkụ radiated ka ọ ghara ịbanye na mbara igwe, si otú a na egide mbara ala ka ọ ghara ịdị jụụ.

Mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ nke na emetụta carbon dioxide na mmiri na ekwo ekwere ogologo oge gara aga na ọ mere na Venus, a ka na anabata echiche a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|pages=1037–9|issue=5250|volume=226|date=June 1970|doi=10.1038/2261037a0|pmid=16057644|journal=Nature|first=I.|title=The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the Venus Atmosphere|url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf|author=Rasool|archive-date=2011-10-21|access-date=2023-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021110413/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Michael Cabbage and Leslie|title=NASA climate modeling suggests Venus may have been habitable|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|archivedate=11 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811030814/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Planet Venus nwere mmetụta na-ekpo ọkụ, nke mere ka ikuku nke bụ 96% carbon dioxide, na nrụgide ikuku dị n'elu ihe dịka 900 m (3,000 ) n'okpuru mmiri n'ụwa. Venus nwere ike ịnwe oké osimiri mmiri, mana ha gaara esi ọkụ ka okpomọkụ dị n'elu elu rịrị elu ruo 735 K (462 °C; 863 ).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hashimoto, G. L.|title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]]|date=2008|volume=113|issue=E9|doi=10.1029/2008JE003134|pages=E00B24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=David Shiga|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html|title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?|work=New Scientist|date=10 October 2007|accessdate=17 July 2019|archivedate=24 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jakosky&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jakosky|first=Bruce M.|chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets|editor=Beatty|title=The New Solar System|edition=4th|date=1999|location=Boston|publisher=Sky Publishing|pages=175–200|isbn=978-0-933346-86-4|oclc=39464951}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke afọ 2012 kwuru na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe akaebe niile na egosi na o yighị ka ọ ga ekwe omume ịkpata ụlọ okpomọkụ zuru oke n'ụwa, naanị site na ịgbakwunye gas okpomọkụ na ikuku.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhilTransactionsRoyalSociety_20120108&quot; /&gt; Otú ọ dị, ndị dere ya dọrọ aka ná ntị na &quot;nghọta anyị banyere ike ike, thermodynamics, radieshọn nyefe na igwe ojii physics nke ikuku na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na esi ísì ụtọ adịghị ike&quot;, nakwa na anyị &quot;enweghị ike iwepu kpamkpam na omume mmadụ nwere ike ịkpam mgbanwe, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị zuru oke, mgbe ahụ ọ dịkarịa ala na ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị ọkụ karịa nke ugbu a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhilTransactionsRoyalSociety_20120108&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goldblatt|first=Colin|title=The Runaway Greenhouse: implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|date=8 January 2012|volume=370|issue=1974|pages=4197–4216|doi=10.1098/rsta.2012.0004|pmid=22869797}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu edemede nke afọ 2013 kwubiri na ụlọ okpomọkụ na agba ọsọ &quot;nwere ike ịkpata site na mmụba nke ụlọ okpomogolo&quot;, mana na &quot;mgbasa nke ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;NatureGeoscience_20130728&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Goldblatt|first=Colin|title=Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates|journal=Nature Geoscience|date=28 July 2013|volume=6|issue=8|pages=661–667|doi=10.1038/ngeo1892|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1892|accessdate=17 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị ọzọ na abụghị Ụwa ==
Ewezuga Ụwa, e nwere mbara ala ndị ọzọ na usoro anyanwụ nke nwekwara mmetụta okpomọkụ. Mmetụta okpomọkụ na Venus buru ibu karịsịa, nke na eweta okpomọkụ elu ya ruo 462 °C (864 ). Nke a bụ n'ihi na ikuku ya jupụtara na carbon dioxide, ihe dịka 97%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.11538492|title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-09-06_253_5024/page/1118|year=1991|author=McKay|first=C.|journal=Science|volume=253|issue=5024|pages=1118–1121|pmid=11538492}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Venus dị ihe dị ka 30% nso na Anyanwụ, ọ na amịkọrọ (ma na-ekpo ọkụ) ìhè anyanwụ dị ala karịa Ụwa, n'ihi na Venus na egosipụta 77% nke ìhè anyanwụ na eme mgbe Ụwa na egosiputa ihe dị ka 30; ya mere, n'adịghị ka ihe mmadụ nwere ike iche, ịdị nso na Aanyanwụ abụghị ihe mere Venus ji ekpo ọkụ karịa Ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Venus Fact Sheet|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html|work=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|accessdate=25 April 2023|archivedate=11 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511140851/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=5 Weird Facts About Venus|url=https://www.britannica.com/list/5-weird-facts-about-venus#:~:text=Even%20though%20Venus%20is%20much,and%20reradiated%20as%20infrared%20radiation.|publisher=Britannica|accessdate=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Venus nwere mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ n'oge gara aga, anyị na atụ anya na ụwa ga eme ihe dị ka ijeri afọ 2 ka ìhè anyanwụ na abawanye&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhilTransactionsRoyalSociety_20120108&quot;/&gt;

Titan bụ ahụ nwere ma mmetụta greenhouse na mmetụta anti-greenhouse. Ọnụnọ nke N2, CH4, na H2 na ikuku na enye aka na mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ, na eme ka okpomọkụ dị n'elu site na 21K karịa okpomọkụ a tụrụ anya ya nke ahụ na enweghị ikuku. Ịdị adị nke anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu, nke na amịkọrọ wavelengths nke radieshon anyanwụ ma na apụta ìhè na infrared, na enye aka na mmetụta mgbochi greenhouse nke ihe dịka 9K. Mmetụta nke ihe abụọ a na arụpụta bụ okpomọkụ nke 21K - 9K = 12K, yabụ Titan dị 12 K karịa ka ọ ga-adị ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ikuku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McKay|first=C. P.|date=1991-09-06|title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1991-09-06_253_5024/page/1118|journal=Science|language=en|volume=253|issue=5024|pages=1118–1121|doi=10.1126/science.11538492|issn=0036-8075|pmid=11538492}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/|title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse|date=2005-11-03|work=Astrobiology Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=27 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927031140/https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Ndị kachasị enye aka na gas na-ekpo ọkụ
* Ọnụ ọgụgụ Lapse
* Nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị elu
* [[Mmetụta radiative]]
* Mgbasawanye ụwa
* Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe
* [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe]]
{{Clear}}

== Ihe odide ==
Radiation anyanwụ na nha ike nke ụwa. The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007. Columbia University. Edebere ya na mbụ na 2004-11-04. eweghachiri na 2010-10-15.

(2007) &quot;Nlebanya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe&quot;, Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2007: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. Ntụnye aka nke otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Cambridge, UK na New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. eweghachiri na 25 Maachị 2014.

The Elusive Absolute Surface Temperature (SAT). Goddard Institute for Space Studies. NOAA. Edebere site na izizi na 5 Septemba 2015. Ewetara na 3 Septemba 2008.

Rebecca (2009-01-14). Ihu igwe na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa : Akụkọ njirimara. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Edebere na nke izizi na 21 Jenụwarị 2021. eweghachiri na 2020-12-14.

Fox. Kabon Dioxide dị n'ikuku Na eru Ọhụrụ n'agbanyeghị Mbelata Mgbapụta Ọrịa Ọrịa (en). Akwụkwọ akụkọ Smithsonian. Edebere na nke izizi na 10 June 2021. Eweghachitere na 22 June 2021.

Lindsey. Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. NOAA Climate.gov.

Worley. Greenhouses: kpo oku, jụrụ na ikuku. Mahadum Georgia Extension. Edebere site na izizi na 12 Maachị 2023. Eweghachitere na 12 Maachị 2023.

Ntụnye nke Otu Ọrụ I na akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke ngalaba gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe, 2007, Isi nke 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na New York, NY, USA.. eweghachitere na 24 Maachị 2023. “Mgbidi ugogbe ahụ. na griin haus belata ikuku ma mee ka okpomọkụ nke ikuku dị n'ime. N'otu aka ahụ, mana site na usoro anụ ahụ dị iche, mmetụta griin haus nke ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu ụwa. &quot;

Fourier (1824). &quot;Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires&quot; (na fr). Annales de Chimie et de Physique 27: 136–167 . eweghachiri na 8 June 2020.

Ụkwụ (Nọvemba 1856). Ọnọdụ ndị na-emetụta Ọkụ nke ụzarị anyanwụ, 382–383. eweghachiri na 31 Jenụwarị 2016.

Huddleston (17 Julaị 2019). Obi ụtọ ụbọchị ọmụmụ 200th Eunice Foote, onye ọsụ ụzọ sayensị ihu igwe zoro ezo. NOAA Climate.gov. Edebere na nke izizi na 30 Septemba 2020. Eweghachitere na 8 Ọktoba 2019.

John Tyndall, Heat a tụlere dị ka Mode of Motion (peeji 500; afọ 1863, 1873)

Easterbrook (18 Ọgọst 2015). Ònye bu ụzọ chepụta okwu ahụ bụ &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;?. Obi iru ala. Edebere na nke mbụ na 13 Nọvemba 2015. Ewetara na 11 Nọvemba 2015.

Ekhlm N (1901). &quot;Na ọdịiche nke ihu igwe nke Geological na akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga na ihe kpatara ya&quot;. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke anọ nke Royal Meteorological Society 27: 1–62. [[Digital object identifier|DOI]]:10.1002/qj.49702711702.

Annex VII - Nkọwa okwu. Edebere ya na mbụ na 2021-08-09.

(2021) &quot;Isi nke asaa: mmefu ego ike ụwa, nzaghachi ihu igwe, na mmetụta ihu igwe&quot;, Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2021: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. IPCC. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023.

Raval (1989). &quot;Mkpebi nyocha nke mmetụta griin haus&quot;. Ọdịdị 342: 758–761 . DOI: 10.1038/342758a0.

Raval (1990). &quot;Mkpebi nyocha nke mmetụta griin haus&quot;. Nzaghachi ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ihe omume nke Brookhaven National Laboratory Workshop: 5-16. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023.

Kedu ihe bụ mmefu ego ike nke ụwa? Ajụjụ ise na otu nwoke maara. NASA.gov. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023.

Ntụle Radiation Ụwa. CIMSS: Mahadum nke Wisconsin. eweghachiri na 25 Eprel 2023.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ NASA Ụwa. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Edebere site na mbụ na 25 Disemba 2015. Ewetara na 2010-10-15.

Jacob (1999). &quot;7. Mmetụta Greenhouse&quot;, Okwu Mmalite nke Chemistry ikuku. Mahadum Princeton Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1400841547&lt;/nowiki&gt;. eweghachiri na 9 Disemba 2009.

Radiation anyanwụ na nha ike nke ụwa. Eesc.columbia.edu. Edebere na mbụ na 17 Julaị 2012. Ewetara na 2010-10-15.

Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mkpesa nyocha nke anọ. Isi nke 1: Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe

&quot;Okpomọkụ ikuku zuru oke,&quot; lee mkparịta ụka GISS

Mann. METEO 469: Site na Meteorology ruo Mbelata - Ịghọta Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ - Ihe ọmụmụ 5 - Nlezigharị nke Sistemụ ihu igwe - Otu-Layer Energy Balance Model. Penn State College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Ngalaba Meteorology na Sayensị ikuku. Edebere na nke izizi na 31 Ọktoba 2022. Eweghachitere na 4 Nọvemba 2022.

Michon Scott (2006-04-24). Akwa Okpomọkụ Ụwa - Akụkọ ọjọọ, Ozi Ọma. NASA Earth Observatory. Edebere site na izizi na 4 Disemba 2022. eweghachiri na 4 Disemba 2022.

Mitchell (1989). Mmetụta &quot;Greenhouse&quot; na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nlebanya nke Geophysics 27 (1): 115–139. DOI: 10.1029/RG027i001p00115. eweghachiri na 2008-03-23.

Matiu (2021-08-09). &quot;Annex VII: Glossary&quot;, na Masson-Delmotte: Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2021: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. Ntụnye nke Otu Na-arụ Ọrụ I na Akụkọ Nlebanya nke isii nke Otu Ọchịchị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Climate, etal. IPCC / Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge, 2215-2256. DOI:10.1017/9781009157896.022.

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Henderson-Sellers|first=Ann|title=A climate modelling primer|publisher=Wiley|date=2005|isbn=978-0-470-85750-2|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hc9Ga8UruEC}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901043314/http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/education/class/yuri/erb.html Mahadum Rutgers]: Earth Radiation Budget E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
{{Global warming|state=expanded|expanded=Causes}}{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>pdxv4ddx02a28b2w4119icghd3ht9la</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Obi Egbuna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741672</id>
      <parentid>577489</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:12:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11491" sha1="7emnbgq890dvaeyzt34b2wg4d7u456i" xml:space="preserve">

{{Infobox person|name=Obi Egbuna|honorific suffix=|image=&lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;|alt=&lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;|caption=|birth_name=Obi Benue Egbuna|birth_date=18 July 1938|birth_place=[[Ozubulu]], [[Anambra State]], Nigeria|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|18 January 2014|18 July 1938}}|death_place=[[Washington, DC]], United States|nationality=Nigerian|other_names=Obi Benue Joseph Egbuna|spouse=|relatives=|occupation=Novelist, playwright and political activist|education=[[University of Iowa]]; [[Howard University]]|years_active=|alma_mater=|known_for=Pioneer of the [[Black power]] movement in Britain|notable_works=}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Obi Benue Egbuna''' (ubọchi nke iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Julaị n'afọ1938 ruo ụbọchi nke iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2014) bụ onye edemede a mụrụ na Naijiria, onye dere egwuregwu ma bụrụkwa [[Naijiria|onye]] ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nke amaara maka iduzi Universal Coloured People's Association (UCPA). Egbuna bipụtara ọtụtụ ederede banyere Marxist Black Power, gụnyere ''Destroy This Temple: The Voice of Black power in Britain'' (1971) na ''ABC nke Black Power Thought'' (1973).

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ ===
A mụrụ Egbuna na Ozubulu, Anambra Steeti, nke Nigeria. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Iowa na Howard, di na Washington, DC, ọ kwagara England n'afọ 1961, ebe o biri ruo afọ 1973. 

=== Mgbalị ndọrọ ọchịchị na Britain ===
Na London, Egbuna bụ onye otu a na-akpọ Kọmitii nke Òtù Africa ndị nwere mgbọrọgwụ n'Òtù Ụmụ akwụkwọ West African, ma hazie njem [[Malcolm X]] gara Britain n'afọ 1965.&lt;ref&gt;Bunce, Robin, and Paul Field, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t_0pBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Egbuna+&amp;pg=PA278 ''Darcus Howe: A Political Biography''], London: Bloomsbury, 2015, p. 30.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Hakim Adi|adi, Hakim]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ5kDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Committee+of+african+organisations%22+malcolm+x+egbuna&amp;pg=PT173 ''Pan-Africanism: A History''], Bloomsbury, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Egbuna sonyere n'ihe omume ndị Caribbean Artists Movement haziri, n'afọ 1966 emere egwuregwu ya bu Wind Versus Polygamy na World Festival of Negro Arts dị na Dakar, Senegal, ebe Ndị na-egwu egwu Pan African na ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ojii (nke Pearl Connor guzobere na London) nọchitera anya United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slater&quot;&gt;Slater, Howard (15 August 2017), [https://web.archive.org/web/20230516232656/https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/homicidal-melancholics-world-unite &quot;Homicidal Melancholics of the World Unite!&quot;], ''Mute''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anne Walmsley|Walmsley, Anne]], ''The Caribbean Artists Movement 1966–1972: A Literary and Cultural History'', London: New Beacon Books, 1992, p. 32.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GPI-NTW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/records/NTW|title=Negro Theatre Workshop, 1962–1967|work=The Geoge Padmore Institute|accessdate=30 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ndi otu ike ojii na Britain,wee guzobe Òtù Ndị Agba Ụwa Nile (UCPA) &quot;[[Universal Coloured People's Association|òtù]] mbụ a kpọsara ndị isi ojii n'ọnwa Ọgọst nke afọ1967, mgbe Stokely Carmichael gachara&quot; ma kwuo okwu na nnukwu nnọkọ agha megide Vietnam n'ọnwa Oktoba afọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/british-black-panther-party-1968-1973/|title=British Black Panther Party (1968-1973)|work=[[BlackPast.org]]|date=2 July 2018|first=Diane|author=Pien|accessdate=19 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walmsley, ''The Caribbean Artists Movement 1966–1972'' (1992), pp. 125–126.&lt;/ref&gt; Egbuna sonyekwara na Anti-University nke London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slater&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jakobsen|first=Jakob|title=Anti-University of London–Antihistory Tabloid|publisher=MayDay Rooms|year=2012|pages=|url=http://maydayrooms.org/collections/anti-u/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke afọ 2020, nwa Egbuna, Obi Egbun Jr. kwuru okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ na Bryan Knight pọdkastị bụ ''gwa otu enyi'' banyere ndọrọ ọchịchị nna ya na ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Britain nke afọ1960s na 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Knight|first=Bryan|date=5 August 2020|title=Obligation To Organise (feat. Obi Eegbuna Jr)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa-RJzShKhw&amp;t=1481s|accessdate=|work=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịbụ onye Marxism nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu, Egbuna kwusiri ike mkpa igba mba ụwa megide ọchịchị akụrụngwa siri ọnwụ, dịka akụkụ nke ọgụ zuru oke na mmegbu agbụrụ. N'okwu sitere na 1967 na Trafalgar Square, London, Egbuna kwuru: &quot;Ike ojii pụtara naanị na ndị isi ojii nke ụwa a chọrọ iwepụ mmegbu capitalist megide ụmụ mmadụ oji n'ebe ọ bụla o dị n'uzọ obula di mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sivanandan&quot;&gt;[[A. Sivanandan|Sivanandan, A.]], ''A Different Hunger – Writings on Black Resistance'', London: Pluto Press (1982), p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ubọchi nke iri nke onwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1967, ọ malitere ''Ngosipụta ike ojii'', nke Òtù Ndị Agwa Ụwa Nile bipụtara. Dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere otu ahụ, o kwuru na ha natara ndị òtù 778 na London n'ime izu asaa gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=[[Rita Marshall|Marshall]]|first=Rita|title=Black Power Men Launch Credo|journal=The Times|date=11 November 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1968, Egbuna bipụtara akwụkwọ nta akpọrọ ''ike ojii mọbu ọnwụ''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230517004832/https://www.international-times.org.uk/ITarchive.htm &quot;Archive 1966 - 1996 | it40 Sep 20 - Oct 3 1968&quot;], ''[[International Times]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Egbuna hụkwara òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ndị Soshialist na Komunizm n'afọ 1960 dị ka nsogbu nye njem ike ojii. Ọ bụ ezie na echiche ya gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ọdịnala ọgụgụ isi Marxist yiri nke ahụ, ọ hụrụ òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ dị ka &quot;ndị Socialism snobs&quot; ndị nyere iwu site na &quot;&quot;nkwupụta na naanị ha gụrụ ma nwee ike ịghọta marx&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Egbuna, Obi, ''The ABC of Black Power Thought – A Nigro Book'' (1973).&lt;/ref&gt; Nkwado ọgụgụ isi a bụ, dị ka Egbuna si kwuo, &quot;na-eme nnukwu mmerụ ahụ na ihe ha kwuru na ha kwadoro&quot; site n'ileghara agbụrụ anya dịka isi ihe kpatara mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ ojii:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ dịghị onye nọ n'uche ya na-arụ ụka banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị ọrụ ọcha bụ anụ oriri nke mmegbu, ya na ndi oru ojii. Mana ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha bụ eziokwu bu na onye ọrụ ọcha bụ orụ naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ onye ọrụ, ọ bụghị n'ihi na ya bu onye ocha, ebe ọdịiche nke ọzọ gasịrị, ndị ọrụ ojii nọkwa mmegbu, ọ bụghị nanị maka na ọbụ onye ọrụ, kamakwa n'ihi na ọ bụkwa Onye ojii.&lt;ref&gt;Egbuna, Obi, ''The ABC of Black Power – A Nigro Book'' (1968), p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;N'ime afọ ndị 1960, ọtụtụ ndi na-akwado Black Power hapụrụ òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ ha nke ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ma mesịa malite otu ike ojii gbadoro anya na Marxist, dị ka Black Socialist Alliance.

N'ihi Iwu Mmekọrịta Agbụrụ nke 1965, ịkpali ime ihe ike agbụrụ aghọwo iwu na-akwadoghị na United Kingdom. A tara ọtụtụ ndị otu UCPA nke Egbuna nra n'okpuru iwu a. A turu Egbuna mkpọrọ ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, maka ebubo na ọ na-eyi egwu igbu ndị uwe ojii na ụfọdụ ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sivanandan&quot;&gt;[[A. Sivanandan|Sivanandan, A.]], ''A Different Hunger – Writings on Black Resistance'', London: Pluto Press (1982), p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afọ ndị sochirinụ ===
E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ Egbuna, The Madness of Didi, n'afọ 1980. Ọ nwụrụ na Washington, DC, n'ubochi nke iri na asatọ nke onwa Jenuwari n'afọ 2014, ọ dị afọ iri asaa na ise, ma e mere nkwanye ùgwù maka ndụ na ọrụ ya na Satudee, ụbochi mbu nke onwa machi n'afọ 2014, na Rankin Memorial Chapel, Mahadum Howard, Washington, DC.

A na-edebe akwụkwọ Egbuna na Ụlọ ọrụ Schomburg maka nyocha na omenala ojii, ihe odide, Ebe nchekwa na Nkewa akwụkwọ dị ụkọ, n'ọbá Akwụkwọ ọha nke New York.&lt;ref&gt;[http://archives.nypl.org/scm/29909 &quot;Obi Egbuna papers 1960–2014&quot;], New York Public Library, Archives &amp; Manuscripts.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ==
'''Ihe nkiri''':
''The Anthill'': Egwuregwu (London: Akwụkwọ okpueze atọ/Oxford University Press, 1965)

'''Akwụkwọ akụkọ''':

''Wind Versus Polygamy'' (London: Faber &amp; Faber, 1964) (nke akwụkwo Fontana bipụtara ya na mpempe akwụkwọ dị ka ''Elina'', 1978)

The minister's daughter (1975; Akwụkwọ Fontana, 1985)

The Madness of Didi (1980)

'''Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi''':

Ụmụ nwanyị nke anyanwụ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ (Akwụkwọ Crown atọ, 1970)

Emperor nke Oké Osimiri na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ (London: Fontana/Collins, 1974)

Ndina n'ike nke Lysistrata (Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980)

Kandụl ojii maka ekeresimesi (Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980)

'''Ndi na-bụghị akụkọ ifo''':

Ike ojii na Britain (London: UCPA, 1967)

Ike ojii ma ọ bụ Ọnwụ (Black Star, 1968)

Igbu ogbugbu nke Naijiria: ebubo (Panaf, 1968)

Kwatuo ụlọ nsọ a: Olu nke ike ojii na Britain (London: MacGibbon &amp; Kee, 1971)

ABC nke Echiche ike ojii - Akwụkwọ Negro (1973)

Akwụkwọ ndekọta nke onye mmefu enweghị ebe obibi (Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1976)

== Hụkwa ==

* Ike Ojii
* Marxism

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Sivanadan, A., Aguu dị iche -ihe edere ede maka Black Resistance, London: Pluto Press,nke afọ 1982)
* &quot;Nkwupụta: Okwu 'Rivers of Blood' nke Enoch Powell&quot;, Daily Telegraph,ubọchị nke isii n'onwa Nọvemba nke afọ 2007.
* Bunce, R. E.R., na Paul Field, &quot;Obi B.Egbuna, C. L. R. James and the Birth of Black Power in Britain:Black Radicalism in Briten afọ1967 ruo 72&quot;, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Briten n'oge nari afọ iri abuọ, n'onwa  Septemba nke afọ 2011, Mpịakọta nke iri abuọ na abuọ, Mbipụta atọ, peeji nke nari atọ,iri iteghete na otu.

== Ebemside ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* John Wyver, &quot;[https://www.illuminationsmedia.co.uk/earl-cameron-and-a-lost-play/ Earl Cameron na egwuregwu furu efu]&quot;, blog Illuminations,n'ubọchi nke isii n'onwa Julai nke afọ 2020.
* John Wyver, &quot;Obi Egbuna na BBC: akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu&quot;, blog Illuminations,n'ubọchi iri n'onwa Julai nke afọ 2020.
{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Ndi aktivist Britain ojii]]
[[Òtù:Ndi nwoke bu ode akwụkwọ nke Nari afo iri abuọ]]
[[Òtù:Mmemme ide nke mba ụwa nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ]]
[[Òtù:Ndị edemede nari afo iri abuọ nke Britain]]
[[Òtù:Mmadu ndi si Anambra]]
[[Òtù:Ndị edemede ojii nke Britain]]
[[Òtù:Ndi ode akwukwo nke nari afo iri abuọ nke Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Ndi ode akwukwo nke Nigeria]]
[[Òtù:Ndi gusiri akwụkwọ na mahadum Howard]]
[[Òtù:Ndi gusiri akwụkwọ na mahadum nke lowa]]
[[Òtù:Ndi nwoke bu ode akwukwo na Naijiria]]
[[Òtù:Onwu nke afọ 2014]]
[[Òtù:Òmùmù nke afọ otu puku nari iteghete iri atọ na asatọ]]
[[Òtù:Edemede ndi nwere họdio mykrofọmats]]</text>
      <sha1>7emnbgq890dvaeyzt34b2wg4d7u456i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>New Mexico dị omimi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26398</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741643</id>
      <parentid>740245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T04:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11142" sha1="g4iaz6ku77l15s11yd1j82kais1ndtl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 

'''''Mysterious New Mexico''''': ọrụ ebube, anwansị, na nnukwu anụ n’ala mgbaasị bụ nchịkọta afọ 2014 nke nyocha iri na atọ nke onye edemede Ben Radford duziri n'ime ikpe metụtara nkwupụta banyere ihe karịrị ike mmadụ a na-eme ma ọ bụ nwere njikọ dị mkpa na [[Nú Mézíkọ|New México]].

== Nchịkọta ==
[[Usòrò:KiMo_technician_Dennis_Potter_shows_investigator_Benjamin_Radford_the_site_of_a_1951_explosion_which_spurred_a_ghost_story.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Onye na-ahụ maka KiMo Dennis Potter gosiri onye nchọpụta Benjamin Radford ebe mgbawa nke 1951 mere ka akụkọ mmụọ pụta]]
Akwụkwọ a na-akọwa ojiji onye edemede ahụ ji usoro sayensị nyochaa ikpe iri na atọ nke ihe ndị paranormal.&lt;ref name=&quot;FastCompany&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anderson|first=Lessley|title=Meet The Actual Ghostbuster|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3037027/most-creative-people/meet-the-actual-ghostbuster|work=Fast Company|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730023707/http://www.fastcompany.com/3037027/most-creative-people/meet-the-actual-ghostbuster|archivedate=30 July 2015|date=16 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Archivist2&quot;&gt;{{cite podcast|url=http://www.projectarchivist.com/?p=1826 |title=Project Archivist Podcast |host=Lobo |date=30 August 2014 |time=34:30 |access-date=18 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gbara ndị mmadụ ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe omume ahụ na ebe dị iche iche metụtara akụkọ ifo gbasara KiMo Theater, El Santuario de Chimayo, okpokoro isi kristal a hụrụ na San Luis Valley, na iyi ọkụ nke Ojo Caliente.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=5–30|chapter=Chapter 1 Phantom Performances at the Haunted KiMo Theater}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=31–54|chapter=Chapter 2 Resurrection and Sacred Soil: Miracles at Chimayo}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=55–78|chapter=Chapter 3 The Mysterious Crystal Skulls}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=185–206|chapter=Chapter 9 Miracles of the Hot Eye: Ojo Caliente's Healing Waters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikpe nke igbu ọchụ West Mesa bụ ihe ndabere maka usoro ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị nchọpụta mmụọ ọjọọ nwere ike inyere aka idozi mpụta dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=247–268|chapter=Chapter 12 Murder on the Mesa: The Bone Collector Serial Killer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikpe ndị ọzọ chọrọ nyocha akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka Aztec UFO Crash, Ụlọ elu Loretto Chapel, kọrọ banyere ịhụ Thunderbirds a ma ama, ọhụụ nke A maara dịka La Llorona, na Santa Fe's La Posada Hotel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=79–98|chapter=Chapter 4 The Great Aztec UFO Crash}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=111–130|chapter=Chapter 6 The Loretto Chapel's Miraculous Staircase}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=131–152|chapter=Chapter 7 Thunderbirds: Mysterious Giants in the Sky}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter11&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=225–246|chapter=Chapter 11 La Llorona: Wailing Witches Haunting Ditches}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=269–293|chapter=Chapter 13 Santa Fe's Haunted La Posada Hotel}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị bụ isi nke akụkọ La Llorona, ihe a na-ejikọkarị ya na ọdịbendị Hispanic, dịka ọmụmaatụ, sitere n'akụkọ ifo German site na afo 1486.A chọrọ nnwale bara uru maka otu nke atọ, gụnyere ịchọpụta mmalite nke The Santa Fe Courthouse Ghost, akụkọ banyere hauntings na Ogwe Cuchillo ochie, yana nyocha gbasara ike labyrinths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|quote=While the classic image of La Llorona was likely taken from an Aztec goddess named Cihuacoatl, the narrative of her legend has other origins. As Bacil Kirtley (1960) wrote in Western Folklore, “During the same decade that La Llorona was first mentioned in Mexico, a story, seemingly already quite old, of ‘Die Weisse Frau’ (‘The White Lady’)—which reproduces many of the features consistently recurring in the more developed versions of ‘La Llorona,’ was recorded in Germany”; references to “Die Weisse Frau” date back as early as 1486. The story of the White Lady follows a virtually identical plot to the classical La Llorona story.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USAToday&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mygatt|first=Matt|title=Mystery of Santa Fe ghost revealed|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-10-31-3541979475_x.htm|work=USA Today|accessdate=19 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010032730/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-10-31-3541979475_x.htm|archivedate=10 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;KRQE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=10/31/07 Noon: Ghost reveled at Santa Fe Courthouse|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPgbSECTncM|work=YouTube|publisher=KRQE|accessdate=19 February 2016|format=Video|date=31 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=99–110|chapter=Chapter 5 The Santa Fe Courthouse Ghost}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=153–184|chapter=Chapter 8 The Haunted Old Cuchillo Bar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMPressAwards&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chapter10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Radford|first=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque, NM|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|pages=207–224|chapter=Chapter 10 Labyrinths: Sacred Symbolds in the Sand}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye edemede ahụ na-etinyekwa akụkọ ndị a n'ihe gbasara ọdịbendị ha ma gosipụta ihe jikọrọ ya site na omenala ochie naakụkọ ifo nke ikike karịrị mmadụ gafee ọdịnala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mercury&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Price|first=V. B.|title=Five Questions for New Mexico Authors – Benjamin Radford|url=http://newmexicomercury.com/blog/comments/five_questions_for_new_mexico_authors_benjamin_radford|work=New Mexico Mercury|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002041844/http://newmexicomercury.com/blog/comments/five_questions_for_new_mexico_authors_benjamin_radford|archivedate=2 October 2016|date=10 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Radford kọwara ọrụ e mere maka akwụkwọ a dị ka &quot;iji ihe ndị ahụ kpọrọ nkụ ma nye nyocha siri ike&quot;.

=== ihe nrite ===

* Onye ikpeazụ maka New Mexico Book Co-op's 2015 New México-Arizona Books Awards na &quot;Nonfiction ː ndị ọzọ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2015 New Mexico-Arizona Book Awards|url=http://nmbookcoop.com/BookAwards/2015-finalists/2015-finalists.html|work=New Mexico Book Co-op|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801051643/http://nmbookcoop.com/BookAwards/2015-finalists/2015-finalists.html|archivedate=1 August 2016|date=25 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Border Regional Library Association's Southwest Book Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BRLA 2015 Southwest Book Awards|url=http://www.brla.info/swba15.shtml|work=Border Regional Library Association|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218191013/http://www.brla.info/swba15.shtml|archivedate=18 February 2016|date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tussing|first=Lauren Consuelo|title=UNM Press books win 2015 Southwest Book Awards|url=http://news.unm.edu/news/unm-press-books-win-2015-southwest-book-awards|work=UNM Newsroom|publisher=University of New Mexico|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127084329/http://news.unm.edu/news/unm-press-books-win-2015-southwest-book-awards|archivedate=27 January 2016|date=26 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Southwest Book Design Award site na New Mexico Books Association.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMPressAwards&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SWBDA Award Winners|url=http://www.nmbookassociation.org/swbda-winners/|work=New Mexico Book Association|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218192147/http://www.nmbookassociation.org/swbda-winners/|archivedate=18 February 2016|date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CorralesCommentAward&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ben Radford Book Award for &quot;Mysterious New Mexico&quot;|url=http://www.corralescomment.com/62-2016-volume-xxxv-issues-1-24/3349-ben-radford-book-award-for-mysterious-new-mexico|work=Corrales Comment|accessdate=19 February 2016|date=8 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Silver Winner nke PubWest Book Design Awards maka Adult Trade Akwụkwọ, Non-Illustrated&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMPressAwards&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mysterious New Mexico: Miracles, Magic, and Monsters in the Land of Enchantment|url=http://www.unmpress.com/books.php?ID=20000000005402|work=University of New Mexico Press|publisher=University of New Mexico|accessdate=18 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210061244/http://www.unmpress.com/books.php?ID=20000000005402|archivedate=10 December 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''University of New Mexico Press''. University of New Mexico. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20151210061244/http://www.unmpress.com/books.php?ID=20000000005402 the original] on 10 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 February&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]]</text>
      <sha1>g4iaz6ku77l15s11yd1j82kais1ndtl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nzukọ nke Òtù Ọrụ South Africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741668</id>
      <parentid>707233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T08:57:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31070" sha1="10zymhepygosowwa523mnymgfg8d7lx" xml:space="preserve">  
{| class=&quot;sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist&quot;
| class=&quot;sidebar-pretitle&quot; |Part of [[:Category:Apartheid|a series]] on
|-
! class=&quot;sidebar-title-with-pretitle&quot; |[[Apartheid]]
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:lavender;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;hlist&quot;&gt;
* [[:Category:Events associated with apartheid|Events]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content&quot; style=&quot;padding-top:3px;padding-bottom:1px;&quot;&gt;
* [[South African general election, 1948|1948 general election]]
* [[Coloured vote constitutional crisis]]
* [[1956 Treason Trial]]
* [[Sharpeville massacre]]
* [[Rivonia Trial]]
* [[Soweto uprising]]
* [[Church Street, Pretoria bombing]]
* [[Vaal uprising]]
* [[Alexander Sinton Secondary School#Trojan Horse Incident|Trojan Horse Incident]]
* [[South African Council of Churches#1988 bombing of Khotso House|Khotso House bombing]]
* [[Cape Town peace march]]
* [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa|CODESA]]
* [[Assassination of Chris Hani]]
* [[Saint James Church massacre]]
* [[Shell House massacre]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:lavender;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[:Category:Organisations associated with apartheid|Organisations]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;
* [[African National Congress|ANC]]
* [[Azanian People's Liberation Army|APLA]]
* [[Inkatha Freedom Party|IFP]]
* [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|AWB]]
* [[Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging|BBB]]
* [[Black Sash]]
* [[Civil Cooperation Bureau|CCB]]
* [[Conservative Party of South Africa|Conservative Party]]
* [[Democratic Party (South Africa)|DP]]
* [[End Conscription Campaign|ECC]]
* [[Federation of South African Trade Unions|FOSATU]]
* [[Progressive Party (South Africa)|PP]]
* [[Reform Party (South Africa)|RP]]
* [[Progressive Federal Party|PFP]]
* [[Herstigte Nasionale Party|HNP]]
* [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|MK]]
* [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania|PAC]]
* [[United Democratic Front (South Africa)|UDF]]
* [[Afrikaner Broederbond|Broederbond]]
* [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]]
* [[Congress of South African Trade Unions|COSATU]]
* [[Security Branch (South Africa)|Security Branch]]
* [[South African Council of Churches|SACC]]
* [[South African Defence Force|SADF]]
* [[South African Indian Congress|SAIC]]
* [[South African Musicians' Alliance|SAMA]]
* [[South African Police|SAP]]
* [[South African Communist Party|SACP]]
* [[State Security Council]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:lavender;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;People&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;
* [[Vernon Berrangé]]
* [[P. W. Botha]]
* [[Steve Biko]]
* [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]]
* [[F. W. de Klerk]]
* [[Ruth First]]
* [[Bram Fischer]]
* [[Arthur Goldreich]]
* [[Chris Hani]]
* [[Bantu Holomisa]]
* [[Joel Joffe, Baron Joffe|Joel Joffe]]
* [[Ahmed Kathrada]]
* [[Albert Luthuli]]
* [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]
* [[Mac Maharaj]]
* [[Daniel François Malan|D. F. Malan]]
* [[Nelson Mandela]]
* [[Govan Mbeki]]
* [[Thabo Mbeki]]
* [[Raymond Mhlaba]]
* [[Benjamin Moloise]]
* [[Albertina Sisulu]]
* [[Walter Sisulu]]
* [[Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom|J. G. Strijdom]]
* [[Joe Slovo]]
* [[Robert Sobukwe]]
* [[Helen Suzman]]
* [[Adelaide Tambo]]
* [[Oliver Tambo]]
* [[Eugène Terre'Blanche]]
* [[Desmond Tutu]]
* [[Hendrik Verwoerd|H. F. Verwoerd]]
* [[B. J. Vorster]]
* [[Jacob Zuma]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:lavender;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Places&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;
* [[Bantustan]]
* [[District Six]]
* [[Maximum Security Prison, Robben Island|Robben Island]]
* [[Sophiatown]]
* [[South-West Africa]]
* &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Soweto]]
* [[Sun City, North West|Sun City]]
* [[Vlakplaas]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background:lavender;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Related topics&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content&quot;&gt;
* [[Afrikaner nationalism]]
* [[Apartheid in popular culture]]
* [[Apartheid legislation]]
* [[Cape Qualified Franchise]]
* [[Disinvestment from South Africa|Disinvestment campaign]]
* [[Freedom Charter]]
* [[Internal resistance to apartheid]]
* [[Kairos Document]]
* [[Music in the movement against apartheid]]
* [[Nostalgia for apartheid]]
* [[Project Coast]]
* [[Sullivan principles|Sullivan Principles]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-below hlist&quot; style=&quot;border:none;&quot; |
* [[File:Symbol_category_class.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px|Category]] [[:Category:Apartheid in South Africa|Category]]
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-navbar&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
[[Usòrò:COSATU_state_capture_protest.jpg|thumb|COSATU haziri ngagharị iwe na Cape Town na-akpọ oku ka e kwụsị ijide steeti na ikpe ndị metụtara ọchịchị nke Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma.]]
nzuko nke South Africa Trade Union (COSATU ma ọ bụ '''Cosatu''') bụ otu ndị ọrụ na South Africa. E hiwere ya na 1985 ma bụrụkwa nke kachasị n'ime ndị isi atọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mba ahụ, nwere ndị ọrụ 21 jikọtara ya.&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;One Union expelled, and seven Unions voluntarily suspended their participation in COSATU&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fin24.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Labour/News/More-unions-quit-Cosatus-exec-body-20141110|title=More unions quit Cosatu's exec body|work=fin24.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Ntọala na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n&quot;afọ 1985, ndị otu ọrụ iri anọ na atọ zutere na Mahadum Natal maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ịmepụta otu ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahistory.org.za&quot;/&gt; Nke a sochiri afọ anọ nke mkparịta ụka ịdị n'otu n&quot;etiti òtù ndị na-asọ mpi na ndị otu na'emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma bụrụ ndị &quot;na-etinye aka na South Africa na ọ bụghị agbamakwụkwọ, na onye na - enweghị mmekọahụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya&quot;. E guzobere COSATU n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1 Disemba 1985.&lt;ref name=&quot;SA History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/congress-south-african-trade-unions-cosatu|title=Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu)|author=South African History Online|work=sahistory.org.za|accessdate=15 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cosatu History&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=925|title=Brief History of Cosatu|author=Cosatu|work=cosatu.org.za|accessdate=15 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230639/http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=925|archivedate=27 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'etiti ndị guzobere òtù ndị ahụ bụ ndị mmekọ nke Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU), obere National Federation nke Ndị Ọrụ, na ụfọdụ òtù onwe ha, ọkachasị National Union of Mineworkers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Future&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Friedman|first=Michelle|title=&quot;The Future is in the Hands of the Workers&quot;: A History of Fosatu|url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/docs/fosatu/fosatu.pdf|accessdate=15 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Mutloatse Heritage Trust|location=Johannesburg|isbn=978-09869833-1-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604153055/http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/docs/fosatu/fosatu.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Directory: South Africa's Independent Unions|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/LaJan86.0377.5429.011.003.Jan1986.16.pdf|work=South African History Online|accessdate=15 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elijah Barayi bụ onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ na Jay Naidoo bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahistory.org.za&quot; /&gt;

E weputara ọtụtụ mkpebi na nzukọ mbụ a nke kọwapụtara ebumnobi gọọmentị etiti na ka otu ọgbakọ si arụ ọrụ, ya bụ. :&lt;ref name=&quot;sahistory.org.za&quot;/&gt;

* Ịtọlite otu njikọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla n'ime ọnwa isii.
* Iji lekwasị anya n'iji ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ eme ihe.
* Ịkpọ oku ka e wepụ ọnọdụ mberede, iwepụ ndị agha n'obodo na ịtọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile.
* Ịga n'ihu na-akpọ oku maka nrụgide mba ụwa, gụnyere iwepụ ego.
* Ịchọrọ ikike ịgba arụkwaghịm na ime ngagharị iwe.
* Iji chọpụta ụgwọ ọrụ kacha nta nke mba.
* Iji gbasaa ọgụ maka ikike ndị otu ọrụ na ala nna ha.

Na 5-6 May 1987, a kwụsịrị iku ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke mgbasa ozi ụgwọ ọrụ ndụ nke COSATU dabara na ntuli aka izugbe nke 1987. ihe karịrị nde ndị ọrụ 2.5 so na ọnụnọ pụọ. Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 7, 1987 N'isi ụtụtụ ụtụtụ bọmbụ abụọ gbawara n'akụkụ ogidi nkwado dị n'okpuru ụlọ nke isi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti, ụlọ COSATU. Ihe mebiri emebi mere ka ekwuputa na ụlọ ahụ adịghị mma

ma.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahistory.org.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/congress-south-african-trade-unions-cosatu|title=Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU)|author=tinashe|date=8 December 2011|work=sahistory.org.za|accessdate=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịlụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ===
Na nnọkọ nke abụọ nke mba ahụ e nwere site na 14 ruo 18 Julaị 1987, gọọmentị etiti nabatara Charter Freedom mgbe National Union of Mineworkers tụpụtara mkpebi ahụ&lt;ref name=&quot;sahistory.org.za&quot;/&gt;

Na nnọkọ nke atọ e mere site na 12 ruo 16 Julaị 1989, a nabatara mkpebi nke kpọrọ ndị otu COSATU ka ha sonye na mkpọsa nke &quot;omume na-aga n'ihu&quot; megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, n&quot;izu na'ime ntuli aka nke South Africa na 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wren|first=Christopher S.|title=South African Labor Federation, Defying Pretoria, Calls for Protests|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/17/world/south-african-labor-federation-defying-pretoria-calls-for-protests.html|accessdate=4 November 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 July 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Julaị n&quot;afọ 1989, COSATU, otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.t na Mass Democratic Movement, kpaliri National Defiance Campaign, ebe a wakporo  ndị e debere maka ndị ọcha, na nzukọ ndị steeti machibidoro iwu kwupụtara onwe ha 'enweghị mmachibido iwu'.&lt;ref name=&quot;sahistory.org.za&quot;/&gt;

=== Ihe omume ndị a na-eme mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị ===
Nzukọ COSATU kpebiri na 2012 ka ha sonye na World Federation of Trade Unions, ka ọ na-anọgide na ndị otu ya n'ime International Trade Union Confederation.

N'oge nnọkọ nke afọ 2016 nke e mere na Durban, a họpụtara Michael Mzwandile Makwayiba, onye isi oche nke COSATU affiliate NEHAWU MichaelMzandileMakwayiva dịka onye nduzi nke World Federation of Trade Unions.

Cosatu nwere nnukwu mbelata n'ime ndị otu mgbe afọ 2012 gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu njikọ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/320011/what-is-behind-cosatu-s-decline-in-membership]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/weekend-argus-sunday-edition/20220911/281715503455741]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị mmekọ ==

=== Ndị mmekọ ugbu a ===
COSATU depụtara òtù ndị a dị ka ndị mmekọ ha:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Organisational Report on the Federation's Activities Consolidated Departmental and Provincial Reports Towards the COSATU 13th National Congress|url=http://mediadon.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Book-3-Organisational-Activity-Report-13th-COSATU-National-Congress-Consolidated-Departmental-and-Provincial-Reports-Final-For-PRINT.docx|work=COSATU|accessdate=7 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Union
!Abbreviation
!Founded
!Membership (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ashman|first=Sam|title=The Social Crisis of Labour and the Crisis of Labour Politics in South Africa|journal=Revue Tiers Monde|date=2015|volume=224|issue=4|doi=10.3917/rtm.224.0047}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Agricultural Food and Allied Democratic Workers Union
|AFADWU
|2016
|''N/A''
|-
|Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union
|CEPPWAWU
|1999
|80,331
|-
|Communication Workers Union
|CWU
|1999
|22,007
|-
|Creative Workers Union of South Africa
|CWUSA
|2014
|''N/A''
|-
|Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa
|DENOSA
|1996
|81,319
|-
|Liberated Metalworkers' Union of South Africa
|LIMUSA
|2015
|''N/A''
|-
|National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union
|NEHAWU
|1987
|277,317
|-
|National Union of Mineworkers
|NUM
|1982
|270,649
|-
|Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union
|POPCRU
|1989
|149,339
|-
|Public and Allied Workers Union of South Africa
|PAWUSA
|1967
|17,146
|-
|South African Commercial, Catering and Allied Workers Union
|SACCAWU
|1975
|120,352
|-
|Southern African Clothing and Textile Workers Union
|SACTWU
|1989
|85,000
|-
|South African Democratic Nurses' Union
|SADNU
|1995
|8,655
|-
|South African Democratic Teachers Union
|SADTU
|1990
|253,039
|-
|South African Emergency Personnel's Union
|SAEPU
|2006
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Medical Association
|SAMA
|1998
|8,166
|-
|South African Municipal Workers' Union
|SAMWU
|1987
|161,490
|-
|SASBO – The Finance Union
|SASBO
|1916
|66,539
|-
|South African Security Forces Union
|SASFU
|1999
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Transport and Allied Workers Union
|SATAWU
|2000
|152,254
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Union
!Abbreviation
!Founded
!Left
!Reason not affiliated
!Membership (1985)&lt;ref name=&quot;baskin&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baskin|first=Jeremy|title=Striking back: A history of COSATU|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P7-ERJ-898|date=1991|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=0860913457}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Membership (1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;catchpowle&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Catchpowle|first=Lesley|title=A Case Study of the South African Municipal Workers' Union (SAMWU) in the Western Cape (1992-1997)|date=2002|publisher=University of Greenwich|location=Greenwich|url=https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/8615/5/Lesley%20Catchpowle%202002%20-%20redacted.pdf|accessdate=18 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Amalgamated Black Workers' Union]]
|ABWU
|1984
|1986
|Merged into TGWU
|1,000
|''N/A''
|-
|Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers' Union of South Africa
|ACTWUSA
|1987
|1989
|Merged into SACTWU
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|Brick, Clay and Allied Workers' Union
|BRICKAWU
|
|1987
|Merged into CAWU
|748
|''N/A''
|-
|Cape Town Municipal Workers' Association
|CTMWA
|1928
|1987
|Merged into SAMWU
|11,097
|''N/A''
|-
|Chemical Workers' Industrial Union
|CWIU
|1974
|1999
|Merged into CEPPWAWU
|20,700
|41,462
|-
|Cleaning Services and Allied Workers' Union
|CSAWU
|
|
|Merged into TGWU
|850
|''N/A''
|-
|Commercial and Distributive Workers' Union
|CDWU
|
|
|
|1,600
|''N/A''
|-
|Construction and Allied Workers' Union
|CAWU
|1987
|2001
|Merged into NUM
|''N/A''
|24,300
|-
|Food and Allied Workers Union
|FAWU
|1986
|2016
|Disaffiliated
|''N/A''
|121,534
|-
|Food and Canning Workers' Union
|FCWU
|1941
|1986
|Merged into FAWU
|26,455
|''N/A''
|-
|General and Allied Workers' Union
|GAWU
|1980
|1987
|Merged into NEHAWU
|19,076
|''N/A''
|-
|General Workers' Union
|GWU
|1977
|1986
|Merged into TGWU
|20,000
|''N/A''
|-
|General Workers' Union of South Africa
|GWUSA
|1981
|1987
|Dissolved
|2,905
|''N/A''
|-
|Health and Allied Workers' Union
|HAWU
|
|1987
|Merged into NEHAWU
|1,111
|''N/A''
|-
|Hotel and Restaurant Workers' Union
|HARWU
|1926
|1990
|Merged into SACCAWU
|
|''N/A''
|-
|Institute of Public Servants
|IPS
|
|
|
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|Metal and Allied Workers' Union
|MAWU
|1973
|1987
|Merged into NUMSA
|38,789
|''N/A''
|-
|Motor Assembly and Component Workers' Union of South Africa
|MACWUSA
|1982
|1987
|Merged into NUMSA
|3,100
|''N/A''
|-
|Municipal Workers' Union of South Africa
|MWUSA
|1982
|1987
|Merged into SAMWU
|9,249
|''N/A''
|-
|Musicians Union of South Africa
|MUSA
|1994
|2014
|Merged into CWUSA
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|National Automobile and Allied Workers' Union
|NAAWU
|1980
|1987
|Merged into NUMSA
|20,338
|''N/A''
|-
|National General Workers' Union of South Africa
|NGWUSA
|1984
|
|
|6,037
|''N/A''
|-
|National Iron, Steel and Metal Workers' Union
|NISMAWU
|1980
|1986
|Merged into MAWU
|976
|''N/A''
|-
|National Post Office and Allied Workers' Union
|NAPAWU
|
|
|
|2,163
|''N/A''
|-
|National Unemployed Workers Co-ordinating Committee
|NUWCC
|1987
|1991
|Dissolved
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa
|NUMSA
|1987
|2014
|Expelled&lt;ref name=&quot;mg.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-11-08-numsa-expelled-from-cosatu|title=Numsa expelled from Cosatu|first=Qaanitah|author=Hunter|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|date=8 November 2014|accessdate=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|100,000
|253,796
|-
|National Union of Printers and Allied Workers
|NUPAWO
|1984
|1987
|Merged into PPWAWU
|
|''N/A''
|-
|National Union of Textile Workers
|NUTW
|1973
|1987
|Merged into ACTWUSA
|23,241
|''N/A''
|-
|Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers' Union
|PPWAWU
|1974
|1999
|Merged into CEPPWAWU
|11,856
|37,951
|-
|Performing Arts Workers' Equity
|PAWE
|
|2014
|Merged into CWUSA
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|Post and Telecommunication Workers' Association
|POTWA
|1986
|1996
|Merged into CWU
|''N/A''
|23,081
|-
|Retail and Allied Workers' Union
|RAWU
|1984
|1986
|Merged into FAWU
|3,830
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union
|SAAPAWU
|1995
|2004
|Merged into FAWU
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Allied Workers' Union
|SAAWU
|1978
|1987
|Merged into NEHAWU
|25,032
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Domestic Workers' Association
|SADWA
|1981
|1986
|Merged into SADWU
|4,500
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Domestic Workers' Union
|SADWU
|1986
|1998
|Dissolved
|''N/A''
|16,172
|-
|South African Football Players Union
|SAFPU
|1997
|2016
|Disaffiliated
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Mineworkers' Union
|SAMWU
|1983
|1987
|Dissolved
|3,029
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Railways and Harbours Union
|SARHWU
|1936
|2000
|Merged into SATAWU
|8,220
|41,081
|-
|South African Scooter Transport and Allied Workers' Union
|SASTAWU
|1981
|1986
|Merged into TGWU
|4,700
|''N/A''
|-
|South African State and Allied Workers' Union
|SASAWU
|2000
|2015
|Disaffiliated
|''N/A''
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Textile and Allied Workers' Union
|SATAWU
|1984
|1988
|Merged into GAWU
|1,900
|''N/A''
|-
|South African Tin Workers' Union
|SATWU
|1937
|
|
|581
|''N/A''
|-
|Sweet, Food and Allied Workers' Union
|SFAWU
|1974
|1986
|Merged into FAWU
|19,596
|''N/A''
|-
|Transport and General Workers' Union
|TGWU
|1973
|2000
|Merged into SATAWU
|11,000
|38,036
|-
|United Mining, Metal and Allied Workers of South Africa
|UMMAWOSA
|1983
|1987
|Merged into NUMSA
|8,335
|''N/A''
|}

== Ịchụpụ National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa ==
na 8 Nọvemba 2014, Irvin Jim, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ndị mmekọ COSATU kasị ukwuu,.&lt;ref name=&quot;citizen.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://citizen.co.za/271622/numsa-will-fight-expulsion-cosatu/|title=Numsa will fight expulsion from Cosatu &amp;#124; the Citizen|accessdate=8 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108100620/http://citizen.co.za/271622/numsa-will-fight-expulsion-cosatu/|archivedate=8 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mg.co.za&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Numsas-expulsion-from-Cosatu-painful-20141108|title=Numsa's expulsion from Cosatu 'painful'|work=news24.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù mba nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè nke South Africa (NUMSA), kwupụtara na a chụpụrụ otu ahụ na COSATU mgbe a kpọkọtara votu na kọmitii ndị Akpọkọtara nke mere na votu 33-24 kwadoro ịchụpụ ahụ. E boro NUMSA ebubo imebi iwu nke COSATU
Òtù mba nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè nke South Africa (NUMSA), kwupụtara na a chụpụrụ otu ahụ na COSATU mgbe a kpọkọtara votu na kọmitii ndị isi pụrụ iche nke mere na
E boro NUMSA ebubo imebi iwu COSATU&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Labour/News/No-fair-hearing-for-Numsa-says-Jim-20141106|title=No fair hearing for Numsa, says Jim|work=fin24.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba n&quot;afọ 2014, ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke South Gauteng yigharịrị akwụkwọ iwu ngwa ngwa nke NUMSA iji gbochie kọmitii ntụziaka pụrụ iche ka a kpọkọta ya, si otú a nye ohere ka nzukọ ahụ mee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Labour/News/Numsa-expulsion-Cosatu-meeting-to-go-ahead-20141106|title=Numsa expulsion: Cosatu meeting to go ahead|work=fin24.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba n&quot;afọ 2014, ndị otu asaa kwupụtara na ha ji aka ha kwụsị itinye aka na ndị na-eme mkpebi nke COSATU nʼihi nchụpụ nke NUMSA ma kpọọ oku ka a kpọta nzukọ mba pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;fin24.com&quot;/&gt;

Irvin Jim kọwara nchụpụ ahụ dị ka &quot;ụbọchị gbara ọchịchịrị maka ndị ọrụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;citizen.co.za&quot;/&gt;

== Gọọmentị ==
COSATU bụ akụkụ nke ''njikọ'' aka ya na ANC na South African Communist Party, nke a na-akpọ Tripartite Alliance. Ọrụ COSATU na njikọ ahụ abụwo isiokwu arụmụka, ebe ọ bụ na nzukọ ahụ akatọwo ụfọdụ n'ime iwu gọọmentị ANC. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị mmekọ arụrịta ụka maka nnwere onwe ka ukwuu site na òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achị, ndị ọzọ arụ ụka na ndokwa ahụ na'enye COSATU mmetụta ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị bara uru nye ndị otu ya.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&amp;click_id=13&amp;art_id=vn20100828072655675C916446 Zuma slammed as strike builds], ''The Star'', 28 August 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
Saụt Afrịka nwere otu n'ime ndị kasị nwee nje HIV / AIDS n&quot;ụwa, na atụmatụ 2005 nke nde mmadụ 5.5-na-arịa nje virus 12.4% nke ndị bi na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic|work=[[UNAIDS]]|url=http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp|accessdate=2006-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712195008/http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV_data/2006GlobalReport/default.asp|archivedate=12 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Country profile - South Africa|work=[[ILO#HIV/AIDS|ILOAIDS]]|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/trav/aids/countryprofile/sa.htm|accessdate=2006-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2020, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 20.6 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Afrịka na-arịa nje HIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pillay|first=Yogan|date=2022-03-30|title=What is the use of anti-HIV injections when those who need it most can't use it?|url=https://bhekisisa.org/article/2022-03-30-what-is-the-use-of-anti-hiv-injections-when-those-who-need-it-most-cant-use-it/|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=Bhekisisa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òtù ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ etinyela aka n'ịlụso ọrịa a ọgụ. COSATU bụ onye mmekọ dị mkpa na Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụ ọrụ iji kụziere ma kwalite nghọta banyere HIV / AIDS, yana igbochi ọrịa ọhụrụ, nakwa ịmanye ka enwere ike ịnweta ọgwụ antiretroviral. N'afọ 1998, COSATU wepụtara mkpebi maka mkpọsa maka ọgwụgwọ. &quot;Ọ doro anya na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ahụ na ha na'ihi na enweghị ike ịzụta ọgwụ&quot;, ka Theodora Steel, onye nhazi mkpọsa na COSATU kwuru. &quot;Anyị hụrụ TAC dị ka onye enyemaka sitere n'okike Anyị mere mkpebi doro anya na nnọkọ anyị iji nyere aka ma wuo TAC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stepping back from the edge|work=UNAIDS|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2004/9291733237.pdf|accessdate=2006-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215184214/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/unaids/2004/9291733237.pdf|archivedate=15 February 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghi njikọ aka nke COSATU na pati ANC na-achị achị, ya na gọọmentị ekwekọrịtaghị, na'ịkpọ oku maka mmụba zuru oke nke ọha na eze maka ọgwụ antiretroviral.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=South African Union Boss Demands Government Supply Anti-AIDS Drugs|work=The Body.com|url=http://www.thebody.com/cdc/news_updates_archive/feb20_02/cosatu_aids.html|accessdate=2006-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abahlali baseMjondolo nyere nkwupụta siri ike nke nkwado maka ọgbaghara nke ndị ọrụ ọha na eze na 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://observers.france24.com/en/content/20100819-south-africa-strikes-unions-block-hospitals Hospitals blocked as South African unions resume massive strikes], Sipho January, Observer, 19 August 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Logo ==
Wheel dị na logo na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba. Agba ọla edo nke wiil ahụ na-anọchite anya akụ na ụba nke mba ahụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwagharị wiil ahụ, nke nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ na nwanyị na'ebu nwa, na - na &quot;ihe ịma aka ndị ọrụ na ya na, mmegbu agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwoke yana mmetọ akụ na ụba. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ ndị ojii ka ha na-anọchite anya ndị isi ojii na'alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu agbụrụ. Ndị mmadụ na-ejide ọkọlọtọ na'acha ọbara ọbara nke na na - nọchitere anya ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cosatu.org.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=925|title=History of COSATU|work=cosatu.org.za|accessdate=9 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627230639/http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=925|archivedate=27 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwu mmeghe dị na akara ngosi ahụ bụ &quot;Mmerụ ahụ nye otu bụ mmerụ aka nye mmadụ niile&quot; na-egosi ọhụụ ndị otu ahụ nwere maka ịdị n'otu nke na'etiti ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cosatu.org.za&quot;/&gt;

== Zimbabwe ==
N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2004 na Febụwarị afọ 2005, COSATU zigara ndị nnọchi anya na Zimbabwe iji kpebie ọnọdụ dị na mba ahụ tupu ntuli aka ndị omeiwu [[Zimbabwe]] n'afọ 2005. A chụpụrụ ha na mba ahụ n'oge abụọ ahụ.

COSATU haziri ngagharị iwe na mgbochi ókèala megide ọchịchị na Harare.

N'afọ 2016, COSATU kwupụtara nkwado maka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe #ThisFlag na Zimbabwe, na'ikwu na &quot;mkpagbu siri ike nke ọchịchị Zanu-PF n'imeso ndị iro yiri nke Operation Restore Order / Murambatsvina na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cosatu breaks ranks with ANC over Zim protests|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/cosatu-breaks-ranks-with-anc-over-zim-protests-20160713|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị Palestine ==
N'afọ 2020, COSATU kwupụtara nkwado ha na ndị Palestine na 15 Mee (Ụbọchị Nakba) ma jikọta ikike ndị Palestina nwere ala na ọgụ COSATA megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=COSATU condemns Israel impunity and annexation of Palestinian territories|url=https://www.polity.org.za/article/cosatu-condemns-israel-impunity-and-annexation-of-palestinian-territories-2020-06-03|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=polity.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lynk|first=Michael|date=25 March 2022|title=Israel's 55-year occupation of Palestinian Territory is apartheid – UN human rights expert|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/03/israels-55-year-occupation-palestinian-territory-apartheid-un-human-rights|accessdate=30 March 2022|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, ndị Palestine mere ngagharị iwe megide mkpebi ikpe Israel nke kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ka a chụpụ ndị bi na Sheik Jarrah n'ụlọ ha na Jerusalem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|url=https://cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-conflict|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=Global Conflict Tracker|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị agha Israel wakporo ụlọ alakụba Al-Aqsa n'oge Ramadan, ọnwa dị nsọ maka ọtụtụ ndị Palestine. COSATU gara n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya US na Sandton, Johannesburg dị ka ngosipụta nke nkwado maka ndị Palestine, na-ekwu na gọọmentị [https://za.usembassy.gov/ US] kwesịrị ịnakwere ọbụbụeze nke Palestine yana nnukwu mmebi ikike mmadụ megide ndị Palestina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Siyanda|date=18 March 2021|title=Cosatu bashes US foreign policy on Palestine, Israeli territories|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2457788/cosatu-bashes-us-foreign-policy-on-palestine-israeli-territories/|accessdate=30 March 2022|work=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị nọ n'ọfịs ugbu a ==
Ndị na-ebu ụlọ ọrụ mba:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=1026|title=National Office Bearers|work=cosatu.org.za|accessdate=9 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810055312/http://www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=1026|archivedate=10 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye isi oche: Zingiswa Losi
* Onye isi oche mbụ: Mike Shingange
* Onye isi oche nke abụọ: Louise Thipe
* Odeakwụkwọ ukwu: Bheki Ntshalintshali
* Onye isi odeakwụkwọ: Solly Phetoe
* Onye na-ahụ maka akụ: Freda Oosthuysen

* Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape: Xolani Malamlela
* Free State: Monyatso Mahlatsi
* Gauteng: Dumisani Dakile
* KwaZulu-Natal: Edwin Mkhize
* Limpopo: Gerald Twala
* Mpumalanga: Thabo Mokoena
* Ebe Ugwu Ọdịda Anyanwụ: Job Dliso
* Northern Cape: Orapeleng Moraladi
* Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Cape: Melvyn de Bryn

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Òtù ndị ọrụ na South Africa
* 2007 Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa mere ngagharị iwe
* Siphiwe Mvuyane
* John Gomomo

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Jeremy Baskin, Striking Back: Akụkọ Cosatu, Routledge (September 1991), akụkọ banyere afọ ndị mbụ COSATU site na 1985 ruo mgbe a tọhapụrụ [[Nelson Mandela]] na 1990

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240303114316/http://www.cosatu.org.za/ Ebe obibi nke gọọmentị]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706160016/http://groups-beta.google.com/group/COSATU-Daily-News Akụkọ COSATU kwa ụbọchị]
* cosatu Twitter @_cosatu
* [https://groups.google.com/group/COSATU-press Nkwupụta mgbasa ozi COSATU]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041013013128/http://www.southafrica.info/doing_business/economy/fiscal_policies/tradeunions.htm South Africa Info: Òtù ndị ọrụ na South America]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>10zymhepygosowwa523mnymgfg8d7lx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741631</id>
      <parentid>739342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:24:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14586" sha1="av4uyjepaoxbvif8cz2axymgwolali3" xml:space="preserve"> 

otu mba nke ndị ọrụ na-egwuputa ihe (NUM) bụ otu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na-egwupụta aku, na South Africa. N'inwe ndị otu 300,000 {{As of|2014|lc=y}} na-erule afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye mmekọ kachasị ukwuu nke Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU).

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E guzobere otu ahụ na 1982 dị ka otu ndị ọrụ ojii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na'ala, na mbido nke Council of Unions of South Africa.  Onye ndú mbụ ya bụ Cyril Ramaphosa, onye ọ toro ngwa ngwa n'okpuru ya, na-enweta nkwenye nkwekọrịta site na Chamber of Mines na 1983.:&lt;ref name=&quot;Pretorius&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of South Africa: From the Distant Past to the Present Day|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsouthaf0000unse_g7y0|publisher=Protea Book House|author=Pretorius, Fransjohan|year=2014|location=Hatsfield, Pretoria|isbn=978-1-86919-908-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; 51

NUM mere mkpọsa nke ọma na 1980s maka njedebe nke usoro ndoputa ọrụ, usoro nke mere ka a mata na ọrụ kacha akwụ ụgwọ bụ nke ekenyela ndị ọcha bụ otu n'ime ntọala ntọala Congress nke ndị otu azụmahịa South Africa na 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sweet Food and Allied Workers Union (SFAWU)|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/sweet-food-and-allied-workers-union-sfawu|work=South African History Online|accessdate=14 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  N'afọ 2001, ọ nabatara ndị Construction and Allied Workers' Union, ebe n'ọnwa 2019 a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-amịkọrọ ndị Liberated Metalworkers 'Union of South Africa n&quot;oge na-adịghị anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Size counts|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2001-01-12-size-counts/|accessdate=14 March 2021|work=Mail &amp; Guardian|date=12 January 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Metalworkers’ union Limusa and miners’ union NUM to merge in bid by Cosatu to strengthen them|url=https://salabournews.co.za/52166-metalworkers-union-limusa-and-miners-union-num-to-merge-in-bid-by-cosatu-to-strengthen-them|accessdate=19 March 2021|work=The Star|date=3 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NUM jikọtara ya na mba ụwa niile na njikọ kemịkalụ, ike, nke m na ndị otu ndị ọrụ izugbe. 

=== Ọgbaghara 2007 ===
Na 4 Disemba 2007, otu ahụ gara abụbọ ọrụ iji mee mkpesa maka ọnọdụ ọrụ na ogbunigwe South Africa. Ọ bụ ịrị elu nke ọnwụ ndị ọrụ site na 2006 ruo 2007 n'agbanyeghị gọọmentị  
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/11AF1913-30B2-42C7-8BFA-406CF0412E81.htm|title=South African miners out on strike|work=English.aljazeera.net|accessdate=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012 Wildcat strikes ===
[[Usòrò:COSATU_rally.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Akwụkwọ mpịakọta NUM na-akpọ maka nzukọ zuru oke na nso Matlosana.]]
N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n&quot;afọ 2012, ọtụtụ puku ndị otu NUM malitere usoro ọgbaghara na Lonmin's Marikana mines jikọtara ya na arịrịọ maka ịbawanye ụgwọ. N'ụbọchị na-esote, ndị isi NUM gbara ndị otu N UM na'ịgba arụkwaghịm égbè, bụ ndị na - na&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all|title=Marikana Prequel - NUM and the murders that started it all|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://links.org.au/node/3002|title=South Africa: Marikana massacre – a turning point?|date=27 August 2012|publisher=Links}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/mining-crisis/num-shot-at-us-witness-1.1394465#.UG_HWWYhz_g|title=NUM shot at us - witness|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Independent Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-lonmin-caused-problem-at-marikana-say-police/|title=NUM: Lethal force ahead of Marikana shootings was justified|first=Kwanele|author=Sosibo|work=Mg.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018|date=22 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekwu na mgbasa ozi na ogbugbu nke ndị na'egwupụta ihe n'ime ala abụọ bụ isi ihe kpatara nkwụsịtụ ntụkwasị obi n&quot;ime ndị ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all|title=Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all - Daily Maverick|first=Jared|author=Sacks|work=Dailymaverick.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/opinion/marikana-20-years-in-the-making-1.1407448#.UIatcRLJX_j|title=Marikana 20 years in the making|date=21 October 2012|publisher=Business Report|accessdate=23 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'inyefe ya na Farlam Commission, NUM kwuru na ike igbu egbu n'ụbọchị a ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-lonmin-caused-problem-at-marikana-say-police|title=NUM: Lethal force ahead of Marikana shootings was justified|first=Kwanele|author=Sosibo|work=Mg.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018|date=22 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/22/marikana-inquiry-updates-22-october-2012|title=TimesLIVE|work=Timeslive.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 12 na 14 Ọgọstụ ihe dị ka mmadụ itoolu (ọ dịkarịa ala ndị na'egwupụta ihe n&quot;ọhịa, ndị uwe ojii abụọ na ndị nche nche abụọ) nwụrụ nʼógbè Marikana - ọ bụ ezie na e nwere akụkọ na - na ọ dị iche iche banyere onye gburu n'&quot;oge ụbọchị ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-10-22-miners-killed-like-possessed-vermin-says-lawyer/|title=Miners killed like possessed vermin|date=23 October 2012|publisher=Mail &amp; Guardian|accessdate=23 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tau&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/cops-killed-as-conflict-spirals-at-lonmin-1.1361862|title=Cops killed as conflict spirals at Lonmin|first=Poloko|author=Tau|work=Iol.co.za|date=14 August 2012|accessdate=19 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19245758|title=South African platinum mine union riots 'kill nine'|publisher=BBC News|date=13 August 2012|accessdate=17 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/23/marikana-inquiry-updates-23-october-2012|title=Marikana inquiry updates|date=23 October 2012|publisher=Times Live|accessdate=23 October 2012|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184508/http://www.timeslive.co.za/local/2012/10/23/marikana-inquiry-updates-23-october-2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ndị uwe ojii gbara otu ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ ndị dị n&quot;ime ala égbè, ha gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri atọ na anọ na Marikana, mmadụ narị asaa na iri asaa merụrụ ahụ ma jide mmadụ abụọ na ise na itoolu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/lonmin-massacre-a-timeline-1.1364646#.UC4vAKArKVI|title=Lonmin massacre: a timeline - IOL News|work=Iol.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-egwupụta akụ̀ ndị dị n'ime ala na ndị na'ebe ahụ bu mma ma jụ arịrịọ maka iwepụ ngwá agha. Dị ka Congress of South African Trade Unions si kwuo, ndị uwe ojii bu ụzọ jiri gas na-agba mmiri, egbe mmiri wee jiri &quot;mgbọ dị ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=270 miners charged in co-workers' deaths|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/30/world/africa/south-africa-mine-violence/index.html?eref=edition|work=Edition.cnn.com|accessdate=30 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ ogbugbu ahụ ogbu mmadụ n'ime mgbasa ozi niile na ndị uwe ojii, Lonmin na NUM n&quot;onwe ya ka a na'ebo ya ebubo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Strike until NUM leaders step down, Malema tells SA's miners|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-11-malema-calls-for-frans-balenis-head/index.html?eref=edition|work=Ng.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018|archivedate=2018-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810173429/http://mg.co.za/article/2012-09-11-malema-calls-for-frans-balenis-head/index.html?eref=edition}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SAPS blames Lonmin for Marikana strikers deaths|url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2012/10/23/saps-blames-lonmin-for-marikana-strikers-deaths|publisher=Business Day|accessdate=2023-05-26|archivedate=2022-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207011249/http://www.bdlive.co.za/national/2012/10/23/saps-blames-lonmin-for-marikana-strikers-deaths}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Finger pointing key at Marikana inquiry|url=http://www.iol.co.za/business/companies/finger-pointing-key-at-marikana-inquiry-1.1409069#.UIlb1hLJX_g|work=Iol.co.za|accessdate=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpughe banyere  ahụ mere malite na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ [citation needed] wee soro akụkọ [[Greg Marinovich]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-30-the-murder-fields-of-marikana-the-cold-murder-fields-of-marikana|title=The murder fields of Marikana. The cold murder fields of Marikana.|date=8 September 2012|publisher=Daily Maverick|accessdate=25 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; gosipụtara na ọtụtụ n'ime igbu ọchụ ndị ahụ weere ọnọdụ na igwefoto ọtụtụ nkeji mgbe edere ụfọdụ igbu egbu na telivishọn.

Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''New York Times'' si kwuo, &quot;Frans Baleni, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Union of Mineworkers, gbachitere ndị uwe ojii n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Kaya FM, ụlọ ọrụ redio&quot; na-ekwu na &quot;Ndị uweojii nwere ndidi, mana ndị a ji ngwá agha dị ize ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/world/africa/south-african-police-fire-on-striking-miners.html?_r=1 Mine Strike Mayhem Stuns South Africa as Police Open Fire], Lydia Polgreen, ''The New York Times'', 16 August 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbatị ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị njọ nke ndị ọchịchị South Africa kemgbe njedebe nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;WashPo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|title=South African police open fire as striking miners charge, killing and wounding workers|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=16 August 2012|accessdate=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817062827/http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/south-african-police-open-fire-on-striking-mine-workers-several-injured/2012/08/16/c9c99e3c-e7ad-11e1-9739-eef99c5fb285_story.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baleni na ndị ọrụ NUM ndị ọzọ ebuboola 'ike nke atọ' na ha na-akwado ọgụ Marikana.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2012-10-12-marikana-prequel-num-and-the-murders-that-started-it-all Marikana prequel: NUM and the murders that started it all], Jared Sacks, ''Daily Maverick'', 12 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-23-activists-decry-talk-of-third-force-at-marikan Activists decry talk of third force at Marikana], ''Mail &amp; Guardian'', 24 August 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== Enweghị nkwado ==
A na-ekwu na e nweela ọpụpụ site na NUM.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150921150440/http://www.miningmx.com/page/opinion/columnists/1598486-Ramaphosa-can-t-stop-exodus-from-the-NUM#.UZTAbKIyZvI Ramaphosa can't stop exodus from the NUM], Jan de Lange, ''Mining MX'', 6 May 2013,&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Justice Malala si kwuo, na-ede na ''The Guardian'', &quot;NUM enwekwaghị ntụkwasị obi niile ma na ndị otu na'ime ya na ya. E nyere odeakwụkwọ ya a na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma, Baleni, mmụba ụgwọ ọrụ nke ihe karịrị 40% n'afọ gara aga na ngụkọta ụgwọ ọnwa ya karịrị R105 000 kwa ọnwa. Ndị isi NUM ajụla ịpụ n'ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii iji gwa ndị ọrụ okwu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/17/marikana-action-strike-poor-state-haves The Marikana action is a strike by the poor against the state and the haves], Justice Malala, ''The Guardian'', 17 August 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ arụrịtakwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu NUM na-arị elu ma, ugbu a, n'ihi ọgbaghara na North West, ndị òtù ya nwere ike ịnọ ihe dị ka 150,000.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-10-24-a-num-sized-headache-and-no-one-else-to-blame A NUM sized headache and no one else to blame], Mandy de Waal, ''The Daily Maverick'', 24 October 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọzọ toro nzukọ ahụ. Otu nchịkọta akụkọ na Business Day kwuru &quot;NUM bụ ihe na-eche echiche, nke a na na'etiti ndị otu ebe a... Ọ na-enwe ekele ma na'anya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị siri ike. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120820231151/http://www.bdlive.co.za/opinion/editorials/2012/08/17/editorial-a-failure-of-our-society-on-many-levels A failure of our society on many levels], Editorial, ''Business Day'', 17 August 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù na-asọ mpi Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) amụbawo n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu kemgbe ịgba égbè Marikana ma ugbu a na'anọchite anya ihe karịrị 40% nke ndị ọrụ na Amplats&lt;ref name=&quot;MiningMX&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Amcu seals place as top dog platinum union|url=http://www.miningmx.com/page/opinion/columnists/1539234-Amcu-seals-place-as-top-dog-platinum-union#.UZFY5EmjqVY|work=Miningmx.xom|accessdate=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511092143/http://www.miningmx.com/page/opinion/columnists/1539234-Amcu-seals-place-as-top-dog-platinum-union#.UZFY5EmjqVY|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 70% na Lonmin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Destiny Man&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Amcu and NUM face off on issues|url=http://www.destinyman.com/article/amcu-and-num-face-off-on-issues-2013-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịdu ==

=== Ndị odeakwụkwọ ukwu ===

: 1982: Cyril Ramaphosa
: 1991: Kgalema Motlanthe
: 1998: [[Gwede Mantashe]]
: 2006: Frans Baleni
: 2015: [[David Sipunzi]]
: 2022: [[William Mabapa]]

=== Ndị isi ala ===

: 1982: James Motlatsi
: 2000: Senzeni Zokwana
: 2014: [[Piet Matosa]]
: 2018: [[Joseph Montisetse]]
: 2022: [[Daniel Balepile]]

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|year=2005|title=Trade Unions of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/tradeunionsofwor0000unse_r8t5|editor=ICTUR|series=etal|edition=6th|publisher=John Harper Publishing|location=London, UK|isbn=0-9543811-5-7}}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ [http://www.num.org.za/ NUM].
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>av4uyjepaoxbvif8cz2axymgwolali3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Njikọ Ụwa Maka Nkà na Ụzụ Dị Ọcha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741652</id>
      <parentid>722902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T06:07:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10051" sha1="r5ndma1g6r2bkhcqjrqhff685jlcijb" xml:space="preserve">
[[Usòrò:Solar_Impulse_SI2_pilote_Bertrand_Piccard_Payerne_November_2014.jpg|thumb|André Borschberg na Bertrand Piccard mepụtara World Alliance for Clean Technologies mgbe ha nwetasịrị ụgbọ elu anyanwụ mbụ gbara ụwa gburugburu na Solar Impulse ''2''.]]
World Alliance for Efficient Solutions bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-akwalite [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike]] na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na teknụzụ na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241005152421/http://info.solarimpulse.com/tadmin/fileadmin/user_upload/Cloud/International_Committee_Of_Clean_Technologies_Launched_From_A_Solar_Airplane_While_Flying_Over_The_Atlantic_Ocean_01.pdf &quot;International Committee for Clean Technologies launched from a solar airplane while flying over the Atlantic Ocean&quot;], press release of [[Solar Impulse]], 26 July 2016 (page visited on 7 August 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

André Borschberg na Bertrand Piccard mara ọkwa nzukọ ahụ na 26 Julaị 2016 mgbe ha mechara njem ha gburugburu ụwa na ụgbọ elu Solar Impulse (nke a na-akpọ International Committee of Clean Technologies).&lt;ref name=&quot;SolarImpulse&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20241005152421/http://info.solarimpulse.com/tadmin/fileadmin/user_upload/Cloud/International_Committee_Of_Clean_Technologies_Launched_From_A_Solar_Airplane_While_Flying_Over_The_Atlantic_Ocean_01.pdf &quot;International Committee for Clean Technologies launched from a solar airplane while flying over the Atlantic Ocean&quot;], press release of Solar Impulse, 26 July 2016 (page visited on 7 August 2016).&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara mmalite ya na Nọvemba 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Wei-Haas, Maya. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/inside-first-solar-powered-flight-around-world-180968000 &quot;Inside the First Solar-Powered Flight Around the World&quot;], ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' magazine, January 31, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'oge ụgbọ elu ikpeazụ nke njem ha gburugburu ụwa, Borschberg na Piccard kwupụtara okike nke World Alliance for Clean Technologies (nke e mechara kpọwa World Alliance for Efficient Solutions). Ebumnuche nke nzukọ a na-abụghị nke gọọmentị bụ ịkwalite [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike]] na teknụzụ na-adịgide adịgide site n'ịchịkọta ụlọ ọrụ maka uru na-emepụta ihe ngwọta na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;SolarImpulse&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei-Haas2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wei-Haas|first=Maya|title=Inside the First Solar-Powered Flight Around the World|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/inside-first-solar-powered-flight-around-world-180968000/|accessdate=19 January 2021|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|date=January 31, 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWei-Haas2018&quot;&gt;Wei-Haas, Maya (January 31, 2018). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/inside-first-solar-powered-flight-around-world-180968000/ &quot;Inside the First Solar-Powered Flight Around the World&quot;]. Smithsonian Magazine&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Piccard2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Piccard|first=Bertrand|title=The World Alliance for Clean Technologies was launched by the Solar Impulse Foundation at COP22!|url=https://bertrandpiccard.com/news/the-world-alliance-for-clean-technologies-was-launched-by-the-solar-impulse-foundation-at-cop22-574|accessdate=19 January 2021|date=November 11, 2016|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128004023/https://bertrandpiccard.com/news/the-world-alliance-for-clean-technologies-was-launched-by-the-solar-impulse-foundation-at-cop22-574|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Page2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Page|first=Tom|title=Bertrand Piccard: The explorer who wants to clean up the skies, and the rest of the planet|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/02/world/bertrand-piccard-modern-explorers-spc-intl/index.html|accessdate=18 January 2021|publisher=CNN|date=October 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E bidoro World Alliance na Nọvemba 2017.&lt;ref&gt;Wei-Haas, Maya. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/inside-first-solar-powered-flight-around-world-180968000 &quot;Inside the First Solar-Powered Flight Around the World&quot;], ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]'' magazine, 31 January 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Piccard kwuru na ya na nzukọ ya, Solar Impulse Foundation, guzobere World Alliance iji nyere aka dọta uche ndị na-etinye ego na azụmaahịa ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=RP|first=Siegel|title=Solar plane pioneer embarks on journey to help low-carbon innovations take flight|url=https://www.greenbiz.com/article/solar-plane-pioneer-embarks-journey-help-low-carbon-innovations-take-flight|accessdate=16 March 2021|publisher=GreenBiz|date=June 27, 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRP2018&quot;&gt;RP, Siegel (June 27, 2018). [https://www.greenbiz.com/article/solar-plane-pioneer-embarks-journey-help-low-carbon-innovations-take-flight &quot;Solar plane pioneer embarks on journey to help low-carbon innovations take flight&quot;]. GreenBiz&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 March&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Piccard anaghị enweta ụgwọ ọrụ maka idu ndú ya nke njikọ ahụ, nke ndị na-enye onyinye gụnyere Air Liquide, Nestle na Solvay na-akwado.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel2018&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2017 na COP23, Piccard nyere World Alliance ọrụ ịchọpụta 1,000 ngwọta teknụzụ nke bara uru ma dị mma maka mbara ala, na ebumnuche nke iwebata ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-emepụta ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei-Haas2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zipp2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zipp|first=Kathie|date=November 15, 2017|title=Solar Impulse Foundation launches alliance for efficient solutions|publisher=Solar Power World|url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2017/11/solar-impulse-foundation-launches-alliance-efficient-solutions/|accessdate=4 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na 2018 ''Smithsonian'' edemede na teknụzụ mepụtara maka ụgbọ elu na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ ọhụrụ, gụnyere ndị na-eme ka elu ụlọ ọhụrụ dabere na injin ụgbọ elu na friji na-eji mkpuchi ụgbọelu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wei-Haas2018&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe ọ na-agwa ndị isi gọọmentị okwu, Piccard kwuru na a gwara ya mgbe niile na ha chọrọ ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi mana ọ dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lebleu2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lebleu|first=Tristan|title=The Solar Impulse Efficient Solutions Label: A New Approach to Protect the Environment|url=https://solarimpulse.com/news/the-solar-impulse-efficient-solution-label-a-new-approach-to-protect-the-environment|accessdate=16 March 2021|publisher=Solar Impulse Foundation|date=May 23, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nye mmesi obi ike, na Mee 2018 Piccard na Solar Impulse Foundation kwupụtara Efficient Solutions Label, asambodo na-agụnye nyocha siri ike nke Ernst na Young site n'aka ndị ọkachamara nwere onwe ha iji nyochaa ogo na ikike nke ngwọta ọ bụla iji nweta uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lebleu2018&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barbiroglio2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Barbiroglio|first=Emanuela|title=A New Record On A Hydrogen Car Shows Consumers Can Save The Planet|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/emanuelabarbiroglio/2019/11/25/a-new-record-on-a-hydrogen-car-shows-consumers-can-save-the-planet/?sh=64ab5878288f|accessdate=16 March 2021|work=Forbes|date=Nov 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Piccard si kwuo, ihe ngwọta ọ bụla a na-akpọ Solar Impulse ga-abụrịrị nke kachasị mma na klas ya: nke kachasị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi yana nke nwere ike ịzụta taa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Balch2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Balch|first=Oliver|title=Seeking take-off with 1,000 clean tech solutions to fuel the globe|url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/seeking-take-1000-clean-tech-solutions-fuel-globe|accessdate=23 February 2021|publisher=Reuters|date=February 21, 2021|archive-date=June 13, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613170807/https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/seeking-take-1000-clean-tech-solutions-fuel-globe|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBalch2021&quot;&gt;Balch, Oliver (February 21, 2021). . Reuters&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021 n'ajụjụ ọnụ ''Reuters'', Piccard kwuru na nzukọ ya chịkọtara ngwọta 910 a nyochara ma kpọọ aha ma na-atụ anya iru 1000 n'etiti ọnwa Eprel 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Balch2021&quot;/&gt; Piccard gwara ''Reuters'' na ọ na-eme atụmatụ iso ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị kwurịta ihe ngwọta, ọkachasị ndị na-akwado ịkwụ ụgwọ maka mgbake akụ na ụba ụwa site na COVID-19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Balch2021&quot; /&gt;

== Nhazi ==
N'oge njem ha gburugburu ụwa, Borschberg na Piccard kpọkọtara ihe dị ka narị anọ na-akwalite [[Ike mmeghari ohuru|ike]] ọhụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;SolarImpulse&quot;/&gt; Ka ọ na-erule June 2017, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche bụ ndị otu Alliance, nke Solvay, onye mmekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Solar Impulse, Air Liquide na Engie.&lt;ref name=&quot;LeMonde20170615&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Engie s’associe au fondateur de Solar Impulse|work=LeMonde.fr|date=15 June 2017|author=Jean-Michel Bezat|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2017/06/15/engie-s-associe-au-fondateur-de-solar-impulse_5145239_3234.html|accessdate=15 June 2017|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Kansụl Mba Nile Maka Njem Dị Ọcha

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230817065134/http://alliance.solarimpulse.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628125244/https://careers.slb.com/newsroom/scientific-innovations-for-a-sustainable-future Ihe ọhụrụ sayensị maka ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide: Solar Impulse Foundation's World Alliance for Efficient Solutions]</text>
      <sha1>r5ndma1g6r2bkhcqjrqhff685jlcijb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nchịkọta IPCC maka ndị na-eme iwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741635</id>
      <parentid>740038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:39:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12965" sha1="lu8krtp1koaskgyc91gu8ytypvbe2d7" xml:space="preserve">
Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu (SPM)&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc2007spm&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|date=2007-06-13|title=IPCC,2007:Summary for Policymakers|publisher=IPCC|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf|accessdate=2010-06-12}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Gọọmentị kwadoro ụdị ahụ n'ahịrị site n'ahịa: &quot;Nkwurịta okwu na-eme n'elu okwu iji hụ na izi ezi, nguzozi, ozi doro anya, na mkpa maka nghọta na iwu. &quot;

== Usoro ==
A na-ekewa IPCC n'ime &quot;Òtù Ọrụ&quot; atọ (WG) na-ekpuchi akụkụ nke isiokwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara:

* Òtù Ọrụ I (WGI): The Physical Science Basis.
* Òtù Ọrụ nke Abụọ (WGII): Mmetụta, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe
* Òtù Ọrụ nke Atọ (WGIII): Mbelata Mgbanwe ihu igwe

N'ihe dị ka afọ ise ọ bụla, otu ọrụ ọ bụla na-akwadebe &quot;akụkọ nyocha&quot; zuru ezu site na ijikọta nsonaazụ nyocha niile dịnụ.

Tupu ngwụcha oge a, nhọrọ nke ihe dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 50 n'ime otu ọrụ ọ bụla na-emepụta edemede mbụ &quot;Summary for policymakers&quot; (SPM) na-akọwapụta ngalaba ya nke akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu. A na-eziga mpempe akwụkwọ SPM mbụ a maka nkwupụta nye gọọmentị na-ekere òkè. A na-eburu nkọwa n'uche na edemede nke abụọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwadebere. Mgbe emechara akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu, a na-enyocha akwụkwọ SPM nke abụọ ọ bụla n'oge nnọkọ ụbọchị anọ nke gụnyere ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị na ndị na-ekiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eduzi Working Group na-educhi oge nyocha ọ bụla, nke otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayentị gbara gburugburu. Ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị na-enwekarị otu onye ruo ndị nnọchi anya isii, na-agụnye n'ozuzu ndị ọkachamara mba (ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ akụkụ nke IPCC) na ndị nnọchianya mba ole na ole ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

Ebumnuche nke nnọkọ nyocha ahụ bụ imeziwanye ụdị SPM, nke ga-anọgide na-ekwesị ntụkwasị obi na ọdịnaya sayensị nke akụkọ nyocha zuru ezu. [citation needed] Usoro a na-ebute ụdị nkwado ụfọdụ site na gọọmentị ndị sonyere.

== Nkwado maka usoro IPCC ==
 
Usoro IPCC enwetala nkwado na otuto zuru oke site n'aka ndị isi sayensị.&lt;ref name=&quot;royalsoc02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 June 2005|title=Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change|publisher=The [[Royal Society]]|author=The national science academies of the G8 nations and [[Brazil]], China and India|url=http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?id=3222|accessdate=2009-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2001, ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị iri na isii mere nkwupụta jikọrọ aka banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. Usoro IPCC kwadoro site na agụmakwụkwọ ndị a:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọrụ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) na-anọchite anya nkwekọrịta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mba ụwa na sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe. Anyị na-amata IPCC dị ka ebe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe na ihe kpatara ya, anyị na-akwado usoro ya iji nweta nkwekọrịta a.&lt;ref name=&quot;royalsoc01&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 May 2001|title=The Science of Climate Change|publisher=The [[Royal Society]]|author=Joint statement of sixteen national academies of science|url=http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=1&amp;id=1433|accessdate=2009-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Ụfọdụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ IPCC egosila nkwado onwe ha maka usoro nke na-emepụta akwụkwọ Summary for Policymakers. John Houghton, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke IPCC Working Group I, kwuru, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na a na-ekwekọrịta nchịkọta nke ndị na-eme iwu IPCC n'otu olu na nzukọ gọọmentị na-emetụta ihe karịrị ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị 200 sitere na mba 100. A na-enweta nkwekọrịta a mgbe ọtụtụ ụbọchị nke arụmụka sayensị gasịrị (naanị arụmụka nke sayensị na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka a na-ekwe ka ọ bụrụ) ebumnuche ya bụ ịma ndị edemede isi sayensị aka gbasara izi ezi, nghọta na mkpa nke nchịkọta na ọkachasị nkwekọrịta ya na isiakwụkwọ ndị dị n'okpuru. Nkwekọrịta na nzukọ dị otú ahụ emeela ka o doo anya na akwụkwọ ahụ, ruo n'ókè o kwere mee, ziri ezi na sayensị, ziri ezi ma ghara inwe ajọ mbunobi onwe onye ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Martin Parry, onye isi oche nke IPCC Working Group II Fourth Assessment Report, kwuru, sị:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7082088.stm|title=The IPCC: As good as it gets|author=Parry|first=Martin|date=November 13, 2007|accessdate=2009-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;A na-ata SPM ruo ụbọchị ole na ole (na mgbe ụfọdụ abalị) site na panel; ọ bụkwa usoro a wetara nkatọ mgbe ụfọdụ site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ole na ole na-ajụ otú itinye aka gọọmentị a si gbanwee ihe nkwubi okwu ndị ọkà mmụta.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Echeghị m na ọ na-eme; Plenary nwere ike ịgbanwe ụfọdụ nuances, mana nkwubi okwu dị mkpa nke nyocha ahụ ka dị.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Onye edemede IPCC bụ Terry Barker kwuru maka usoro IPCC na Summary for Policymakers akwụkwọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;barkert&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 February 2005|title=House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs Minutes of Evidence. Memorandum by Dr Terry Barker, Cambridge University.|publisher=UK Parliament website|author=Barker, T.|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5022202.htm|accessdate=2009-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Mmetụta m banyere usoro IPCC bụ na ọ bụ ụzọ na-emeghe, nke na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na nke na-aga n'ihu iji dozie nsogbu ahụ, ya bụ, nhazi nke ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu sayensị nye gọọmentị nke isiokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị mgbagwoju anya na nke na'oké esemokwu. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Ahụmahụ m na usoro 2001 [IPCC] bụ na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe nke SPM, ebe ọ bụ na gọọmentị agaghị ekwenye na nkwekọrịta sayensị gosipụtara na mbido mbụ nke [Summary for Policymakers] SPM. Ebe ọ bụ na enwere ihe mgbagwoju anya na nchọpụta sayensị, enwere ike ịchọta ihe kpatara ya iji ruo eru ma ọ bụ wepụ nkwubi okwu na-enweghị isi. Ma echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-ewebata nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị dere ya kwuru na Report na ihe na-apụta na SPM bụ ihe gbasara echiche.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Nkwupụta US National Research Council ==
N'afọ 2001, Ọchịchị Bush gwara US National Research Council ka ha mepụta akụkọ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;nrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2001|title=Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions|publisher=National Academies Press|author=Committee on the Science of Climate Change, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council|url=http://www.gcrio.org/NRC/NRCclimatechange.html|accessdate=2009-05-20|archivedate=2009-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909151641/http://www.gcrio.org/NRC/NRCclimatechange.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gwara kọmitii na-ede akụkọ a, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ka ha kwuo okwu banyere IPCC Working Group I Third Assessment Report na nchịkọta ya maka ndị na-eme iwu:&lt;blockquote&gt;Kọmitii ahụ chọpụtara na akụkọ zuru ezu nke IPCC Working Group I (WGI) bụ nchịkọta dị mma nke ọrụ nyocha na sayensị ihu igwe, a chịkọtakwara akụkọ zuru ezu na ''Nchịkọta Nkà na ụzụ''. Akụkọ WGI zuru ezu na ''nchịkọta'' teknụzụ ya anaghị elekwasị anya na iwu. ''Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu'' na-egosipụta obere nkwenye na ịkọwa ihe ndabere maka ejighị n'aka na nkwenye siri ike na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu nchegbu metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara. Mgbanwe a na-ekwusi ike yiri ka ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke usoro nchịkọta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị na-eme iwu na akwụkwọ ahụ. Nzaghachi edere ede sitere n'aka ndị edemede sayensị na-eduzi na kọmitii ahụ na-egosi, Otú ọ dị, na (a) ọ dịghị mgbanwe e mere na-enweghị nkwenye nke ndị edemede na-eduga (ìgwè a na-anọchite anya akụkụ nke ndị edemedo na-enye aka) na (b) ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị mere enweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Arụmụka banyere Working Group I's 2001 summary ==
Ndị edemede IPCC Kevin E. Trenberth na Richard Lindzen akatọwo mbipụta ndị gara aga nke SPM, na-azọrọ na nchịkọta ahụ anaghị anọchite anya akụkọ zuru ezu. Otú ọ dị, nkatọ ha dị nnọọ iche: Trenberth na-arụ ụka na nchịkọta ahụ mebiri akụkọ ahụ, Lindzen na-arụ ọrụ na ọ dị oke egwu.

Kevin E. Trenberth, onye isi edemede nke akụkọ 2001 IPCC Working Group I, dere, sị:&lt;blockquote&gt;Ihe ezi uche dị na ya ebe a bụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekpebi ihe a ga-ekwu, mana gọọmentị na-achọpụta otú a ga-esi kwuo ya nke ọma.  Usoro IPCC na-adabere na ezi uche nke ndị sonyere na ịmepụta nyocha ziri ezi. Otú ọ dị, na Shanghai, o yiri ka e nwere mgbalị iji mee ka ozi ndị dị na akụkọ ahụ ghara ịdị mma, ma eleghị anya, ghara ịdị mma.  N'agbanyeghị ule na mkpagbu ndị a, nsonaazụ ya bụ nchịkọta nkwekọrịta ziri ezi. &lt;/blockquote&gt;Onye edemede IPCC bụ Richard Lindzen akatọla IPCC ọtụtụ ugboro. N'etiti nkatọ ya, Lindzen kwuru na WGI Summary for Policymakers (SPM) anaghị akọwapụta akụkọ WGI zuru ezu.&lt;ref name=&quot;lindzen tar critique&quot;&gt;{{citation|title=Prepared Statement of Dr. Richard S. Lindzen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in: S. Hrg. 107-1027 - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report. US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation|date=1 May 2001|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/search/pagedetails.action;jsessionid=YVs2R8KCJFXP2C3gFJrnBvxVXlFMnqHpQch0hJ0Qv4ZRT6n9GPTj!89600962!536161308?granuleId=CHRG-107shrg88709&amp;packageId=CHRG-107shrg88709|author=Lindzen, R.S.|location=Washington, DC|publisher=US Government Printing Office (GPO)}}, pp.29-31. Available in [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107shrg88709/html/CHRG-107shrg88709.htm text] and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-107shrg88709/pdf/CHRG-107shrg88709.pdf PDF] formats. Also available as a [https://web.archive.org/web/20200602145342/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Testimony/Senate2001.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602145342/http://eaps.mit.edu/faculty/lindzen/Testimony/Senate2001.pdf |date=2020-06-02 }} from Professor Lindzen's website.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Akụkọ a na-amalite site na nchịkọta nke ndị na-eme iwu nke onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Sir John Houghton, onye nduzi nke United Kingdom Meteorological Office dere. Nchịkọta ya na-eleghara ihe ejighị n'aka na akụkọ ahụ anya ma na-anwa igosi atụmanya nke oke okpomọkụ dị ka sayensị siri ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html|title=Global Warming: The Origin and Nature of the Alleged Scientific Consensus|publisher=Cato.org|accessdate=2012-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214092858/http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv15n2/reg15n2g.html|archivedate=2012-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Lindzen ekwuola na SPM na-eme ka ejighị n'aka metụtara ụdị ihu igwe. John Houghton azaghachila nkatọ Lindzen na SPM. Houghton mesiri ike na ndị nnọchiteanya sitere n'ọtụtụ gọọmentị ụwa kwenyere na SPM, nakwa na mgbanwe ọ bụla na SPM ga-akwado ihe akaebe sayensị (lee n'elu).&lt;ref name=&quot;houghton lindzen rebuttal&quot;&gt;{{citation
 | title=The Great Global Warming Swindle. Programme directed by Martin Durkin, on Channel 4 on Thursday 8 March 2007. Critique by John Houghton, President, John Ray Initiative
 | url=http://www.jri.org.uk/news/Critique_Channel4_Global_Warming_Swindle.pdf
 | publisher=John Ray Initiative
 | location=Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, UK
 | access-date=30 April 2013
 | archive-date=5 August 2019
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805200016/http://www.jri.org.uk/news/Critique_Channel4_Global_Warming_Swindle.pdf
 | url-status=dead
 }}, p.4.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Isi Iyi Ike Na-agbanwe agbanwe na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe]]
* Mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}''Nkọwapụta: Harvard citation no brackets references:''

*   (pb:  )

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.grida.no/publications/317 SPM] maka TAR
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206221359/http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/GLOB_CHANGE/ipcc2001.html Nkwupụta banyere usoro ahụ] site n'aka Kevin E. Trenberth
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>lu8krtp1koaskgyc91gu8ytypvbe2d7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nchekwa Okike</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741634</id>
      <parentid>740026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33965" sha1="7v6u9ltrqebtdkcg6gtl4u8mwl8a2jn" xml:space="preserve"> 
[[Usòrò:TNC logo.jpg|thumb|The Nature Conservancy logo]]
The Nature Conservancy ('''TNC''') bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere isi na Arlington, Virginia. {{As of|2021}} 2021, ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na njikọ ma ọ bụ alaka na mba na mpaghara 79, yana gafee steeti ọ bụla na US.

Tọrọ ntọala na 1951, The Nature Conservancy nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị otu n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erule 2021 ma chebe ihe karịrị 119,000,000 acres (48,000,000 hectare) nke ala na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yachnin|first=Jennifer|date=2021-08-27|title=Could 'non-use' rights boost conservation lands?|url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/could-non-use-rights-boost-conservation-lands/|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=E&amp;E News|language=en-US|archivedate=August 15, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815172331/https://www.eenews.net/articles/could-non-use-rights-boost-conservation-lands/}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2014}} n'afọ 2014, ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi site na akụ na ego a na-enweta na Amerịka.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:A_MEETING_AT_THE_ALABAMA_NATURE_CONSERVANCY_TO_ORGANIZE_A_GLASS_RECYCLING_EFFORT_IN_BIRMINGHAM_-_NARA_-_545547.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nzukọ na Alabama Nature Conservancy iji hazie mgbalị iji mee ihe ọzọ na Birmingham, 1972]]
The Nature Conservancy mepụtara site na nzukọ ndị ọkà mmụta a maara na mbụ dị ka Ecological Society of America (ESA).&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Adams|first=Jonathan S.|title=The Future of the Wild|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofwildradi0000adam|publisher=[[Beacon Press]]|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8070-8537-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/futureofwildradi0000adam/page/51 51]–54}}&lt;/ref&gt; E hiwere ESA na 1915, ma mesịa guzobe Kọmitii na-echekwa mpaghara okike maka ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nke Victor Shelford duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;http://www.nature.org/about-us&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/about-us/|title=About Us|work=The Nature Conservancy|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910172533/http://www.nature.org/about-us/|archivedate=September 10, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebumnuche bụ isi nke Shelford bụ ịchọta mpaghara ala ga-aba uru maka nyocha ogologo oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1930, Shelford na ndị ọrụ ibe ya dịka Aldo Leopold nọgidere na-achọ ịkwado nchekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot; /&gt; Nkewa n'echiche gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ nkwado mere ka Society gbasaa kọmitii ahụ na 1946, Shelford na ndị ọrụ ibe ya guzobere Njikọ Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Okike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NC-History&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220202505/http://www.nature.org/about-us/vision-mission/history/ Our History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220202505/http://www.nature.org/about-us/vision-mission/history/ |date=December 20, 2016 }}&quot;. The Nature Conservancy. nature.org. Retrieved December 18, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgwè nke ikpeazụ ahụ mechara were aha &quot;The Nature Conservancy&quot;, na-eṅomi ụlọ ọrụ Britain nke aha ahụ, nke na-achụso ọrụ nke ichekwa oghere na ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa. E debanyere aha Nature Conservancy na United States dị ka nzukọ na-enweghị uru na October 22, 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;NC-History&quot; /&gt;

Ka nzukọ ahụ na-eto, nzukọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịzụta ọtụtụ ala dị ka o kwere mee n'aha nchedo na obere nnyocha sayensị emere n'ala tupu a zụta ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot;/&gt; Patrick Noonan jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala site na 1973 ruo 1980 ma na-ebute ụzọ n'inweta ala, ịnakọta ego na uto nke mmemme steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birchard&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1970, nzukọ ahụ goro onye ọrụ sayensị mbụ ya, Robert E. Jenkins Jr., onye nyeere nzukọ ahụ aka ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya iji chekwaa ọdịiche dị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birchard&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Birchard|first=Bill|title=Nature's Keepers|url=https://archive.org/details/natureskeepersre00birc|date=2005|publisher=Jossey-Bass|location=San Francisco, CA|isbn=0-7879-7158-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot; /&gt; Site na nkwado Noonan, na 1974 Jenkins malitere iso gọọmentị steeti na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mepụta ndepụta steeti site na steeti nke na-achịkọta ma na-echekwa data na &quot;ihe&quot; nke okike (dịka ụdị dị iche iche na obodo okike) na &quot;ihe ndị na-eme&quot; (ebe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ebe ha na-eme), nke mechara ghọọ Natural Heritage Network, netwọk nke mmemme ihe nketa nke steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birchard&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adams50-51&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rossville_Boardwalk_Wolf_River.jpg|thumb|Nature Conservancy nke Tennessee William B. Clark Sr. Nature Preserve na Wolf River na Rossville, Tennessee]]
 
[[Usòrò:Clymer_Meadow_Preserve,_County_Road_1140,_Hunt_County,_Texas,_USA_(24_June_2021).jpg|thumb|A na-ewere Clymer Meadow Preserve nke ndị na-elekọta dị ka otu n'ime ihe atụ ole na ole na ndị kachasị echekwa nke Texas Blackland Prairie (ógbè gburugburu ebe obibi) fọdụrụ.]]
Mgbalị ndị Nature Conservancy gụnyere nchedo na North America, Central America, na [[South Amerika|South America]], [[Afrịka|Africa]], Pacific Rim, Caribbean, na [[Asia|Eshia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/|title=Where We Work &amp;#124; The Nature Conservancy|work=Nature.org|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817194244/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/|archivedate=August 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== North America: ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ===
The Nature Conservancy na onye mmekọ nchedo ya, Pronatura Peninsula Yucatán, iji kwụsị [[Igbukpọ osisi|mgbukpọ]] ọhịa na ala onwe onye na gburugburu 1.8 nde acre (7,300 km2) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, n'akụkụ ókèala Guatemala na Mexico.  Ha kwadoro nchebe nke 370,000 acres (1,500 km2) nke oké ọhịa na Calakmul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adams|first=Lisa|title=Plan would protect swath of Yucatán forest|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041113/news_1n13mexico.html|publisher=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=November 13, 2004|accessdate=June 25, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132413/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041113/news_1n13mexico.html|archivedate=June 26, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mmemme ọzọ, TNC na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ebe obibi anụ ọhịa na Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

N'afọ 2007, Nature Conservancy zụrụ 161,000-acre (650 km2) nke ọhịa New York site na Finch Paper Holdings LLC maka $ 110 nde, nnukwu ịzụta ya na steeti ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;conservationgateway.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.conservationgateway.org/TNC/GlobalSolutions/Pages/default.aspx|title=Global Solutions|work=Conservationgateway.org|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822111923/https://www.conservationgateway.org/TNC/GlobalSolutions/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=August 22, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.landreport.com/2007/08/nature-conservancy-purchases-161000-acre-tract-in-new-york/|title=The Nature Conservancy Purchases 161,000 acres in New York|date=August 2007|publisher=The Land Report|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817010535/http://www.landreport.com/2007/08/nature-conservancy-purchases-161000-acre-tract-in-new-york/|archivedate=August 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Na June 2008, The Nature Conservancy na The Trust for Public Land kwupụtara na ha ruru nkwekọrịta ịzụta ihe dịka 320,000 acres (1,300 km2) nke ọdịda anyanwụ Montana ọhịa site na Plum Creek Timber Company maka $ 510 nde. Azụmaahịa ahụ, nke a maara dị ka Montana Legacy Project, bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị iji mee ka ọhịa ndị a nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na njikwa osisi na-arụpụta ihe ma chebe mmiri dị ọcha na ọtụtụ azụ na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, ka ọ na-akwalite ohere ọha na eze na-aga n'ihu na ala ndị a maka ịkụ azụ, ịga ije, ịchụ nta na ntụrụndụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/pressroom/press/press3580.html|title=Nature Conservancy News Room – The Forestl|publisher=Nature.org|accessdate=February 21, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501115622/http://www.nature.org/pressroom/press/press3580.html|archivedate=May 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tpl.org/magazine/conservationists-go-big-montana-%E2%80%93landpeople|title=Conservationists Go Big in Montana –Land&amp;People &amp;#124; The Trust for Public Land|work=Tpl.org|date=June 12, 2006|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822215053/https://www.tpl.org/magazine/conservationists-go-big-montana-%E2%80%93landpeople|archivedate=August 22, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.northwestconnections.org/the-montana-legacy-project/|title=The Montana Legacy Project — Northwest Connections|work=Northwestconnections.org|date=June 30, 2008|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820104702/http://www.northwestconnections.org/the-montana-legacy-project/|archivedate=August 20, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ihe na-esote, na 2015 The Nature Conservancy mere azụmahịa nde $ 134 iji zụta 165,073 acres - 257 square miles - nke oké ọhịa, osimiri na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa na Cascade Mountain Range nke Washington na Blackfoot River Valley na Montana.
Conservancy nwetakwara ala a site na Plum Creek, gụnyere 47,921 acres na Yakima River Headwaters na Washington na 117,152 acres na Lower Blackfoot River Watershed na Montana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/forests-for-americas-future.xml|title=Forests for America's Future &amp;#124; The Nature Conservancy|work=Nature.org|date=January 15, 2016|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818044748/http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates/forests-for-americas-future.xml|archivedate=August 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gunther|first=Marc|title=Behind one of the Nature Conservancy's largest ever forest purchases &amp;#124; Guardian Sustainable Business|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/jan/30/behind-one-of-the-nature-conservancys-largest-ever-forest-purchases|accessdate=2020-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nature United bụ onye mmekọ Canada nke The Nature Conservancy. E hiwere Nature United dị ka ọrụ ebere nke Canada na 2014, na-ewulite ọtụtụ iri afọ nke nchekwa na Canada. N'ịbụ nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Toronto, nzukọ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ ubi dị na mba ahụ. Nature United na-akwado idu ndú ụmụ amaala, mmepe akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide, na nchekwa buru ibu, karịsịa na Great Bear Rainforest, Clayoquot Sound, Northwest Territories, na ugwu Manitoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://www.natureunited.ca/about-us/who-we-are/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Nature United|language=en-CA|archivedate=May 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517123924/https://www.natureunited.ca/about-us/who-we-are/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afrịka ===
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015, The Nature Conservancy kwupụtara mmezu nke mgbanwe ụgwọ mbụ na Seychelles maka nchekwa oké osimiri. Ebe ọhụrụ a na-echebe na-abawanye mmiri mmiri a na-echekwa na mba ahụ site na ihe na-erughị pasent 1 ruo ihe karịrị pasent 30 gụnyere nkwado maka ịmepụta mpaghara nke abụọ kachasị echekwa mmiri na Western Indian Ocean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reefbuilders.com/2016/03/18/seychelles-to-protect-more-than-400000-square-kilometers-of-ocean/|title=Seychelles to protect more than 400,000 square kilometers of Ocean – Reef Builders &amp;#124; The Reef and Marine Aquarium Blog|publisher=Reef Builders|date=March 18, 2016|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826155137/https://reefbuilders.com/2016/03/18/seychelles-to-protect-more-than-400000-square-kilometers-of-ocean/|archivedate=August 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mere ka nkwekọrịta mgbanwe ụgwọ ahụ nwee ike site na mmekorita ya na Ministry of Finance nke Seychelles, nkwado nke mba ndị ji ụgwọ gụnyere France, na enyemaka sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye nke Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation na-edu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://leonardodicaprio.org/ldf-supports-first-ever-debt-for-nature-swap-in-seychelles/|title=LDF Supports First Ever Debt-for-Nature Swap in Seychelles – Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation : Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation|work=Leonardodicaprio.org|date=March 15, 2016|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917013402/http://leonardodicaprio.org/ldf-supports-first-ever-debt-for-nature-swap-in-seychelles/|archivedate=September 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ndị na-etinye ego na Nature Conservancy nke a na-akpọ NatureVest haziri ego maka mgbalị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturevesttnc.org/business-lines/debt-restructuring/seychelles-debt-restructuring/|title=Seychelles Debt Restructuring &amp;#124; NatureVest|work=Naturevesttnc.org|date=June 20, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815045715/http://www.naturevesttnc.org/business-lines/debt-restructuring/seychelles-debt-restructuring/|archivedate=August 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/nature-conservancy-debt-swap-to-finance-conservation-in-seychelles|title=Nature Conservancy Debt Swap to Finance Conservation in Seychelles &amp;#124; News &amp;#124; PND|work=Philanthropynewsdigest.org|date=February 26, 2015|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921220416/http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/nature-conservancy-debt-swap-to-finance-conservation-in-seychelles|archivedate=September 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mepụtara NatureVest na 2014 site na nkwado nkwado ntọala site na JPMorgan Chase na ebumnuche ekwupụtara nke inweta na itinye ọrụ ọ dịkarịa ala $ 1 ijeri nke itinye ego maka nsonaazụ nchekwa a na-atụle karịa afọ atọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturevesttnc.org/about-us/|title=About Us &amp;#124; NatureVest|work=Naturevesttnc.org|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924112052/http://www.naturevesttnc.org/about-us/|archivedate=September 24, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/04/29/nature-conservancy-and-jpmorgan-chase|title=Why TNC and JPMorgan Chase are investing $1 billion in nature|work=GreenBiz.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820044515/https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/04/29/nature-conservancy-and-jpmorgan-chase|archivedate=August 20, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọrụ ha na nhazi ụgwọ Seychelles, e nyere The Nature Conservancy na JPMorgan Chase FT / ITC Transformational Business Award for Achievement in Transformational Finance. Financial Times na World Bank's International Finance Corporation (IFC) na-enye onyinye ahụ maka ihe ngwọta na-emepe emepe maka nsogbu mmepe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://live.ft.com/Events/2016/FT-IFC-Transformational-Business-Awards|title=FT/IFC Transformational Business Awards organised by FT Live|work=Live.ft.com|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817085113/https://live.ft.com/Events/2016/FT-IFC-Transformational-Business-Awards|archivedate=August 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kụọ ọtụtụ ijeri osisi ==
Mgbalị &quot;Plant a Billion Trees&quot; nke Nature Conservancy bụ mgbalị ịkụ otu ijeri osisi gafee ụwa n'oké ọhịa nwere nnukwu mkpa ma na-arụ ọrụ ruo afọ 15 ịkụ osisi na Brazil, China, Colombia, Guatemala, Kenya, Tanzania, Mexico, na United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=Plant a Billion Trees|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/|publisher=The Nature Conservancy|accessdate=13 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;plantabillion.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plant A Billion Trees – restore, plant, protect – with The Nature Conservancy|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/?tab_q=tab_container_copy-tab_element_270|publisher=Plantabillion.org|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archivedate=November 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195418/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/?tab_q=tab_container_copy-tab_element_270}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa ahụ n'ozuzu ya, The Nature Conservancy kwere nkwa ịkụ osisi nde 25 dị ka akụkụ nke mmalite nke United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) 's Billion Tree Campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Conservation &amp; Green News &amp;#124; The Nature Conservancy|url=http://www.nature.org/pressroom/press/press3443.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205044655/http://www.nature.org/pressroom/press/press3443.html|archivedate=December 5, 2010|accessdate=February 2, 2013|publisher=Nature.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa ozi a na-agba ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na òtù ume ịkụ osisi nke ha gburugburu ụwa ma dekọọ omume a na weebụsaịtị dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Plant a Billion|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/|work=Plant a Billion Trees|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-06-01|archivedate=May 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514045223/https://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/plant-a-billion/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa ozi ya &quot;Plant a Billion Trees&quot; na Brazil na-ezube iweghachi Oké ọhịa Atlantic nke Brazil site n'ịkụ osisi ala na 2.5 nde acres nke e gburu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watson|first=Tom|title=CauseWired: Plugging In, Getting Involved, Changing the World|url=https://archive.org/details/causewiredpluggi0000wats_u7c7|date=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/causewiredpluggi0000wats_u7c7/page/48 48]–49|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=978-0470460108}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Brian_McPeek,_Chief_Operating_Officer,_The_Nature_Conservancy,_signs_over_the_deed_(6726960293).jpg|thumb|N'afọ 2012, onye bụbu onye isi ala Brian McPeek n'ọrụ ya n'oge ahụ dị ka Chief Operating Officer, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ikike nke ala dị hekta 10 maka onyinye mbụ iji guzobe Everglades Headwaters National Wildlife Refuge na [[Flórídạ|Florida]]]]
[[Usòrò:Christie_Boser_(The_Nature_Conservancy)_(26825620610).jpg|alt=Christie Boser in the field|thumb|Christie Boser si na The Nature Conservancy na ihe atụ nke Urocyon littoralis, obere nkịta ọhịa nke dị na Channel Islands nke California]]
The Nature Conservancy nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị otu n'ụwa niile ka ọ na-erule afọ 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Donate to our mission|work=The Nature Conservancy|date=1 January 2021|url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/membership-and-giving/donate-to-our-mission/|accessdate=28 February 2021|archivedate=March 7, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307151647/https://www.nature.org/en-us/membership-and-giving/donate-to-our-mission/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auswho&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who we are|work=The Nature Conservancy Australia|url=https://www.natureaustralia.org.au/about-us/who-we-are/|accessdate=28 February 2021|archivedate=March 2, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302003416/https://www.natureaustralia.org.au/about-us/who-we-are/}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2014}}, ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na gburugburu ebe obibi site na akụ na ego a na-enweta na Amerịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;revenue&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 200 Largest U.S. Charities List: Environment/Animal|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2011/14/200-largest-us-charities-11_rank-environment-animal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215182515/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2011/14/200-largest-us-charities-11_rank-environment-animal.html|archivedate=February 15, 2014|accessdate=February 21, 2014|work=[[Forbes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnukwu mmekọrịta azụmahịa ===
Nature Conservancy nwere njikọ na ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere ndị dị na mmanụ, gas, igwu ala, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkal na ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/about-us/working-with-companies/companies-we-work-with/|title=Working with Companies – Companies We Work With &amp;#124; The Nature Conservancy|work=Nature.org|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818000350/http://www.nature.org/about-us/working-with-companies/companies-we-work-with/|archivedate=August 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2016}} n'afọ 2016, ndị nduzi ya gụnyere onye isi oche lara ezumike nká nke Duke Energy, na ndị isi si Merck, HP, [[Google]] na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/about-us/governance/board-of-directors/board-of-directors-member-profiles.xml#Gleberman|title=Board of Directors Member Profiles &amp;#124; The Nature Conservancy|work=Nature.org|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916075251/http://www.nature.org/about-us/governance/board-of-directors/board-of-directors-member-profiles.xml#Gleberman|archivedate=September 16, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwekwara Kansụl Azụmaahịa nke ọ na-akọwa dị ka nzukọ ndụmọdụ nke gụnyere Bank of America, BP America, Chevron, Coca-Cola, Dow Chemical, Duke Energy, General Mills, Royal Dutch Shell, na Starbucks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/about-us/working-with-companies/businesscouncil/ilc-main-content.xml|title=Business Council &amp;#124; The Nature Conservancy|work=Nature.org|date=July 1, 2016|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923230714/http://www.nature.org/about-us/working-with-companies/businesscouncil/ilc-main-content.xml|archivedate=September 23, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ chere nkatọ ihu na 2010 site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya maka ịjụ ịkwụsị mmekọrịta ya na BP mgbe mmanụ Gulf wụpụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052302164.html|title=Nature Conservancy faces potential backlash from ties with BP|work=Washingtonpost.com|accessdate=September 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604133452/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052302164.html|archivedate=June 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/16274145|title=Reaching for a longer spoon|publisher=The Economist|date=June 3, 2010|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike Naomi Klein akatọwo The Nature Conservancy n'ụzọ siri ike maka inweta ego site na olulu mmanụ n'ala ọ na-achịkwa na Texas na maka mmekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gillis&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Justin|author=Gillis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/04/science/group-earns-oil-income-despite-pledge-on-drilling.html|title=Group Earns Oil Income Despite Pledge on Drilling|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 4, 2014|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Nature Conservancy zaghachiri site n'ikwu na ọ nweghị ihe ọzọ ọ ga-eme n'okpuru usoro nkwekọrịta ọ bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas ọtụtụ afọ gara aga ma mesịa kwaa ụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gillis&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2020, ''Bloomberg'' bipụtara otu isiokwu na-azọrọ na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ (dị ka JPMorgan Chase, Disney, na BlackRock) na-azụta ego carbon site na The Nature Conservancy na-azọpụta ego carbon maka ọhịa ndị na-achọghị nchebe.

N'afọ 2021, The Nature Conservancy jikọrọ aka na Amazon iji kwụọ ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ ụgwọ maka iweghachi na ichebe oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na Para, Brazil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Freedman|first=Andrew|date=2021-09-07|title=Amazon, Nature Conservancy launch initiative to help preserve the Amazonian rainforest|url=https://www.axios.com/2021/09/07/amazon-climate-change-brazil-rainforests|accessdate=2022-08-15|work=Axios|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, otu ìgwè nke 158 nchedo, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi ghere oghe nye onye isi oche nke Conservancy, Jennifer Morris, na-ebo ebubo na The Nature Conservancy kwadoro oke ọdịmma osisi na ojiji nke ngwaahịa osisi dị ka ihe ngwọta ihu igwe. TNC bụ onye otu Forest Climate Working Group n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ngwaahịa osisi dị ka Weyerhaeuser na Enviva, na òtù ndị ọzọ na-echekwa ihe dị ka Trust for Public Land and American Forests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Forest-Climate Working Group Policy Platform for 117th Congress {{!}} Forest Climate Working Group|url=https://forestclimateworkinggroup.org/resource/forest-climate-working-group-policy-platform-for-117th-congress/|accessdate=2023-07-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804161247/https://forestclimateworkinggroup.org/resource/forest-climate-working-group-policy-platform-for-117th-congress/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ketcham|first=Christopher|date=2022-06-29|title=Logging is destroying southern forests — and dividing US environmentalists|url=https://grist.org/energy/logging-biomass-nature-conservancy/|accessdate=2022-10-11|work=Grist|language=en-us|archivedate=August 5, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805124027/https://grist.org/energy/logging-biomass-nature-conservancy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ịza ajụjụ ===
The Charity Navigator nyere The Nature Conservancy akara kpakpando atọ n'ozuzu ya, akara ego kpakpando abụọ na ọkwa ịza ajụjụ na ngosipụta kpakpando anọ, site na kpakpando niile, maka afọ mmefu ego 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=4208|title=Rating for The Nature Conservancy|publisher=Charity Navigator|accessdate=November 2, 2016|archivedate=September 3, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903154032/https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&amp;orgid=4208}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịchụ nta ===
Dị ka ọtụtụ nnukwu òtù gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka Sierra Club na World Wildlife Fund, Conservancy gụnyere ikike maka ịchụ nta na igbu azụ n'ime iwu nchịkwa ya. Nzukọ ahụ anaghị amachibido ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ igbu azụ kpamkpam mana ọ na-agbanwe iwu ịchụ nta na igbu azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blog.nature.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Hunt1.pdf|title=The Nature Conservancy's Position on Hunting and Fishing|date=April 2011|publisher=The Nature Conservancy|accessdate=October 17, 2019|archivedate=September 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906155224/https://blog.nature.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Hunt1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mbipụta ===
Nzukọ ahụ na-ebipụta magazin The Nature Conservancy ( ; mbipụta isii kwa afọ).

=== Ịzụlite ya ===
E nweela ebubo na The Nature Conservancy na-enweta ala ma na-ere ya ọzọ na uru, mgbe ụfọdụ na ndị na-akwado ya na mgbe ụfọdụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ha ohere ịsị na ha ga-akwụ ụtụ isi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stephens|first=Joe|date=2005-06-08|title=Senators Question Conservancy's Practices|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/07/AR2005060701640.html|accessdate=2020-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stephens|first=Joe|date=2003-05-16|title=Charity Hiring Lawyers to Try to Prevent Hill Probe|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/26/AR2007062601287.html|accessdate=2020-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Chronicle of Philanthropy]]''. October 18, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Nature Conservancy na-ekwu na uru sitere na ahịa dị otú ahụ na-enye ohere ka The Nature Conservency mụbaa nchekwa ya nke ihe Nature Conservance na-ekwu bụ ebe ndị dị mkpa karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Staff|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/14/national/14CND-NATU.html?ex=1202792400&amp;en=2768c996817e11fc&amp;ei=5070|title=In Wake of Criticism, Nature Conservancy Changes Policies|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 14, 2003|accessdate=August 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

== Arụmụka ==

=== Arụmụka maka azụmahịa ala ===
N'afọ 2003, Washington Post gbara usoro nyocha gbasara Nchekwa Nature na ebubo nke mmekọ na-ezighi ezi yana ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma nke Nature Conservancy gbara aka. N'otu akụkụ, Post boro ebubo na Conservancy nwere, ugboro ugboro, zụtara traktị ala dị ịrịba ama nke gburugburu ebe obibi, tinye ụfọdụ mmachi mmepe wee resere ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị na-akwado ya n'ọnụ ahịa mbelata nke ukwuu. Ire ahịa ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme na-egbochi mmepe intrusive mana n'ozuzu na-enye ndị na-azụ ahịa ohere iwu ụlọ n'ala ahụ. Ndị na-azụ ahịa ahụ nyeziri ego Conservancy nke dabara na ọnụ ahịa mbelata. Nke ahụ nyere ndị nwe ọhụrụ ohere iwepụta ụtụ isi dị ukwuu maka onyinye afọ ofufo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stephens|first=Joe|date=2003-05-06|title=Nonprofit Sells Scenic Acreage to Allies at a Loss|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/05/06/nonprofit-sells-scenic-acreage-to-allies-at-a-loss/905ef074-56ad-4034-8690-d2d8910d8e4b/|accessdate=2022-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stephens|first=Joe|date=2003-05-10|title=Charity's Land Deals To Be Scrutinized|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/05/10/charitys-land-deals-to-be-scrutinized/285a8e55-eea0-41a7-bcbc-a9885706c23e/|accessdate=2022-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Nature Conservancy kwụsịtụrụ usoro dị iche iche n'oge na-adịghị anya akụkọ ndị ahụ gbasasịrị gụnyere ire ahịa ndị a, na-enye ndị ụlọ ọrụ ikike ikike ya akara ngosi nke ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị isi oche nọ ọdụ na kọmitii na-achị Conservancy na kansụl, osisi ọhụrụ niile na &quot;ọrụ mmịpụta akụrụngwa&quot; ndị ọzọ dị ka mkpọ mmanụ na gas. ọdịdị ya na-echekwa, na mgbazinye ego ọhụrụ niile nye ndị ọrụ. Conservancy weputara nyocha nke onwe ya nke weputara akụkọ ikpeazụ ya na 2004, na-akpọ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe iji mee ka Conservancy bụrụ ihe atụ nke ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ omume maka ndị otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Stephens|first=Joe|date=2004-03-31|title=Overhaul of Nature Conservancy Urged|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/03/31/overhaul-of-nature-conservancy-urged/b3aad95f-6acf-4e27-ba7c-6b15ff3dc0ef/|accessdate=2022-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ ===
Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche The Nature Conservancy otu afọ, Brian McPeek gbara arụkwaghịm na Mee 31, 2019, mgbe akụkọ gbasara nyocha ime nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke Politico kpugheere na ndị isi abụọ ndị ọzọ mechara chụrụ dabere na nchoputa ya. Na June 7, 2019, Mark Tercek, Onye isi ala kemgbe 2008, kwuputara arụkwaghịm ya na arụkwaghịm nke McPeek. Na June 10, Luis Solorzano, onye isi isi nke The Nature Conservancy's Florida nke dabeere na Caribbean, ghọrọ onye isi nke ise hapụrụ nzukọ a. Na June 11, onye isi oche bọọdụ Nature Conservancy Thomas J. Tierney mara ọkwa na onye otu bọọdụ na onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ nke ime ime US Sally Jewell ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nwa oge, na-arụ ọrụ na Septemba 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/11/nature-conservancy-sally-jewell-interim-ceo-1521783|title=Nature Conservancy taps Obama Interior secretary as interim CEO|author=Colman|first=Zack|date=2019-06-11|work=POLITICO|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-12|archivedate=June 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612122436/https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/11/nature-conservancy-sally-jewell-interim-ceo-1521783}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
  

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* Tercek, Mark R.; Adams, Jonathan (2013) &quot;Nature's Fortune: Otu Azụmaahịa na Ọha si Na-eto site na itinye ego na Okike&quot;. New York: Basic Books  .
* Grove, Noel; na foto nke Stephen J. Krasemann (1992). Ichebe Iden: The Nature Conservancy. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8109-3663-1|0-8109-3663-1]].
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ezigbo Ikpo: Nkwupụta nke Onye Nchekwa. Chester, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-87106-444-8|0-87106-444-8]].
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ndị Na-elekọta Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ''. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass (nke Wiley bipụtara).  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-7879-7158-8|0-7879-7158-8]].
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006053206/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A10232-2003May3 Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agbaso omenala na-ajụ ọrụ ha]&quot;. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post''.
* Stephens, Joe; Ottaway, David B. (May 4, 2003). &quot;$420,000 kwa afọ na No-Strings Fund: Conservancy Underreported President's Pay and Perks of Office&quot;. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post''.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
* [https://geospatial.tnc.org/ The Nature Conservancy's Geospatial Conservation Atlas] - Data, dashboards, na nyocha nke nzukọ ahụ.
* Nature United - ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke Canada.
{{Conservation organisations}}{{conservation of species|state=expanded}}{{Authority control}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>7v6u9ltrqebtdkcg6gtl4u8mwl8a2jn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Njikọ Ọhịa Oge Ochie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>29777</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741651</id>
      <parentid>740392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T06:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23527" sha1="ipmrtflngmofmm832vpv8400fuheaah" xml:space="preserve"> 

Ancient Forest Alliance bụ òtù na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na British Columbia, Canada.  E guzobere ya na Jenụwarị 2010, a raara ya nye ichebe oké ọhịa ochie nke British Columbia n'ebe ha dị ụkọ, na ijide n'aka na ọrụ ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara ahụ.

== Ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:San_Juan_Spruce.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|San Juan Spruce, nke bụbu Sitka spruce kachasị ukwuu na Canada, 15km n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Port Renfrew]]
Ebumnuche nke Ancient Forest Alliance, dị ka e kwuru na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha, bụ:&lt;ref name=&quot;AFAmainpage&quot;&gt;[http://www.ancientforestalliance.org Main page for the Ancient Forest Alliance]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;
* Mee atụmatụ uto ochie nke mpaghara nke ga-edepụta ọhịa ochie na BC ma chebe ha ebe ha dị ụkọ (ya bụ. Vancouver Island, ndịda Mainland coast, ndịda Interior, wdg.)
* Gbaa mbọ hụ na a na-egbutu osisi nke oké ọhịa nke abụọ, nke ugbu a mejupụtara ọtụtụ ala oké ọhịa na ndịda BC.
* Kwụsị mbupụ nke osisi BC na-enweghị isi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị mba ọzọ iji hụ na a ga-enye osisi maka ụlọ ọrụ BC na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi bara uru.
* Nyere aka n'ịgbanwe na mmepe nke ebe a na-awa osisi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke BC na ụlọ ọrụ ndị bara uru iji jikwaa osisi ndị na-eto eto nke abụọ.
* Mee atụmatụ ọhụrụ, nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya iji chebe ọhịa ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dabere na atụmatụ ọhụrụ nke mba mbụ, nyocha sayensị dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, na usoro mgbochi ihu igwe site na nchedo ọhịa.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E hiwere Alliance Forest Ancient na Jenụwarị 2010 site n'aka ndị na-akwado kọmitii Wilderness Committee nke Western Canada Ken Wu, TJ Watt na Tara Sawatsky, yana ndị na-akwalite uto ochie Katrina Andres na Brendan Harry si Victoria na Michelle Connolly si Vancouver. A kpaliri ndị malitere ịmalite nzukọ ọhụrụ ahụ mgbe Kọmitii Wilderness nke Western Canada mara ọkwa na njedebe 2009 na ọ na-emechi ụlọ ahịa Victoria ya ma na-ahazi ụlọ ọrụ Victoria ya n'ụzọ ha chere na ọ na-ebelata ihe ọ na-elekwasị anya na oke ọhịa na-eto eto. Ebumnuche nke Alliance Forest Ancient bụ iji mejupụta niche dị iche na kọmitii Wilderness nke Western Canada site n'ilekwasị anya kpọmkwem na oke ọhịa na-eto eto na site n'inwetaghị ọkwa dị ka òtù ọrụ ebere, nke na-enye ya ohere ịkwado ma ọ bụ katọọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dabere na atumatu ọhịa ha. . Ka ọ na-erule Maachị 9, 2010, ihe na-erughị ọnwa abụọ ka e kechara ya, Alliance Forest Ancient etoola ihe karịrị ndị otu Facebook 6,000.

== Nhazi ==
[[Usòrò:Walbran_Valley_Tolkien_Giant.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Tolkien Giant na ndagwurugwu Walbran a na-echebeghị]]
The Ancient Forest Alliance nwere ugbu a kọmitii ndị isi nke gụnyere ndị nchekwa Victoria na ndị na-akwado Kọmitii Wilderness Ken Wu, TJ Watt, Tara Sawatsky na onye na-akwado Vancouver Michelle Connolly. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ahụ bụ ndị otu ndị isi na ndị na-akwado ya wepụtara onwe ha, ma na March, 2010, Ancient Forest Alliance malitere usoro ego iji nweta ego ka ha nwee ike were ndị ọrụ bụ isi wee kwụọ ụgwọ maka mkpọsa.

Ọ bụ ezie na aha Ancient Forest Alliance debanyere aha dị ka ọha na eze anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na British Columbia, ha ekwupụtala na ha agaghị edebanye aha dị ka òtù ọrụ ebere. Enweghị ọkwa ọrụ ebere na-eme ka ị nweta ego siri ike karị, n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ịnye akwụkwọ ụtụ isi maka onyinye. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-enye ha ohere ịjụ ma ọ bụ kwado ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị akọwapụtara, dabere na ọnọdụ ha na oke ọhịa na-eto eto, ebe ndị ọrụ ebere enweghị ike iburu ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị otu Ancient Forest Alliance ekwuola na ha ga-ahazi n'ịnyịnya igwe na-agba ọsọ ka ha nwee ike kacha arụ ọrụ na-emetụta amụma gọọmentị.
[[Usòrò:AerialArtMar27SFUAncientForestCommittee.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe omume nka ikuku nke Kọmitii Ọhịa Ochie haziri na Mahadum Simon Fraser]]
Ancient Forest Alliance kwukwara na ha &quot;ga-enyere aka inye ike, zụọ, na iduzi otu ụmụ amaala ọhụrụ na-aga agha maka oke ọhịa oge ochie&quot;, nke ha chere na ọ ga-enyere ha aka ịme mkpọsa dị irè na obere mmefu ego karịa nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi. òtù. Kemgbe 2007, e hiwere kọmitii ọhịa ochie na mahadum dị iche iche na mpaghara Vancouver Island na Lower Mainland nke British Columbia, gụnyere Mahadum British Columbia, Mahadum Simon Fraser, na Mahadum Victoria. Kọmitii ọhịa ochie a bụ ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha, ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ afọ ofufo bụ ndị nọọrọ onwe ha site na Alliance Forest Ancient, mana na-akwado ebumnuche ya na atụmatụ ya, na imekọ ihe ọnụ na mmemme ụfọdụ dị ka ngagharị iwe, njem nlegharị anya, na nnọkọ ọzụzụ ọzụzụ.

== Mgbasa ozi ==
[[Usòrò:Avatar_Grove_Douglas-fir_and_Redcedar.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye na-ese foto TJ Watt na Avatar Grove]]

; Ihe ndekọ banyere oké ọhịa oge ochie na nnukwu osisi

Ancient Forest Alliance ekwuola na ha ga- &quot;na-enyocha ma dee ọhịa oge ochie ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, osisi ihe nketa buru ibu, na ebe ndị e bibiri site na osisi ochie&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFAmainpage&quot;/&gt;  Onye na-ese foto TJ Watt anọwo na-enyocha ma na-edekọ oké ọhịa ochie na nnukwu osisi maka Ancient Forest Alliance.&lt;ref name=&quot;HaimFeb17&quot;&gt;Haim, Daniel.  2010.  &quot;TJ Watt Exclusive Interview Canadian Landscape Environmental Photographer&quot;.
''Bloginity'', February 17.
&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Red_Creek_Fir.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Red Creek Fir, otu n'ime Douglas-fir kachasị ukwuu a maara n'ụwa, dị kilomita 15 (9.3 mi) site na Port Renfrew, British Columbia]]

; Ichebe osisi Red Creek Douglas Fir

Ihe dị ka Red Creek Fir dị afọ 1000 dị 73.8 m (242 ft) ogologo yana 4.2m (13' 9&quot;) n'obosara, dị nso na Port Renfrew na Vancouver Island ma bụrụ otu n'ime Douglas-fir kacha ukwuu n'ụwa. ( Na 2010, e chere na ọ bụ nke kasị ukwuu n'ụwa.) Na February 2010, Ancient Forest Alliance mara ọkwa na ha achọpụtala ọhụrụ teepu osisi n'ime narị ole na ole mita nke Red Creek Fir, na ha na-atụ egwu na ọ ga-adị anya gbara ya gburugburu. Mịnịstrị nke ọhịa kwuru na a na-echebe mpaghara ozugbo gbara gburugburu Red Creek Fir ka ọ ghara igbu osisi, na ọ nweghị atụmatụ ịbanye mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu n'ọdịnihu. , nke nwere mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, kwadoro nke a, na-ekwupụta na teepu ndekọ apụtaghị na a ga-abanye ya, nakwa na ha anaghị eme atụmatụ ịbanye ebe ahụ n'ime afọ ma ọ bụ abụọ na-esote. Red Creek Fir bụ ihe dị mkpa. ebe nlegharị anya maka obodo Port Renfrew dị nso, dịka Chamber of Commerce si kwuo. TimberWest ekwuola na ha ghọtara uru osisi ahụ bara, ma na-ele anya imeziwanye ohere ịnweta ya maka ndị njem nleta. The Ancient Forest Alliance etinyere akara ọhụrụ na Red Creek Fir, ma na-arịọ gọọmentị British Columbia ka ha guzobe aha Osisi Heritage Provincial nke ga-achọpụta ma chekwaa ụdị 100 kasị ukwuu na nke kacha ochie nke ụdị osisi mpaghara ọ bụla.

Njikọ ahụ nyere aka kpọsara okwu nke ịkpụcha oké ọhịa ochie na Vancouver Island na edemede September 2016 nke Harley Rustad na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha banyere otu osisi Red Creek Fir ahụ, nke a kpọrọ Big Lonely Doug n'oge ahụ ma kwupụta na ọ bụ osisi Douglas-fir nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Canada.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/04/24/big-lonely-doug-second-largest-fir-canada_n_5206970.html, Big Lonely Doug Officially 2nd-Largest Fir In Canada&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka akụkọ Rustad si kwuo, onye na-enyocha ala Dennis Cronin zọpụtara osisi ahụ na 2011 n'ógbè a haziri maka ịkpụcha. (Nọmba mkpọchi 7190, hekta iri na abụọ n'akụkụ ugwu nke Osimiri Gordon.) Nke The Walrus bipụtara na mbụ, ebe isiokwu ahụ meriri ọlaọcha National Magazine Award (2018), akụkọ ahụ nyere aka mee ka mmasị dịghachi na mbipụta ahụ ma dọta mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ancientforestalliance.org/feature-big-lonely-doug/, Feature: Big Lonely Doug&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.harleyrustad.com/portfolio/big-lonely-doug, Big Lonely Doug&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ mbipụta mechara dee isiokwu ndị yiri ya banyere ịkpụcha, na-egosi foto nke osisi Big Lonely Doug n'ógbè na-enweghị osisi ochie fọdụrụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books/article-meet-doug-bcs-biggest-celebri-tree/, Meet Doug: B.C.'s biggest celebri-tree&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cbc.ca/books/big-lonely-doug-1.4759533, Big Lonely Doug&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na mbido Septemba 2019, ''Toronto Star'' bipụtara otu akụkọ banyere nsogbu ahụ, nke akpọrọ &quot;Ọ biri n'oké ọhịa ọtụtụ narị afọ, Ugbu a ọ ga-ebi n'ụzọ doro anya&quot;. Doug aghọwo ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta n'oge ahụ, nke a kara akara na Google Maps.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20190902/281698321423225, He lived in a forest for hundreds of Years, Now he must live in a clear-cut.&lt;/ref&gt;

Alliance anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mbipụta nke mkpocha na Vancouver Island. N'ọnwa Eprel 2019, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu na-agba mbọ igbochi mgbakwunye osisi nke oké ọhịa ochie dị hekta 109 dị n'akụkụ ogige ntụrụndụ Juan de Fuca Provincial Park na mpaghara Port Renfrew, nke a maara dị ka ''Tall Tree'' Capital nke Canada. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, gọọmentị mpaghara yigharịrị atụmatụ igbu osisi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ancientforestalliance.org/plans-to-clear-cut-old-growth-near-port-renfrew-causes-an-environmental-outcry/, Groups call logging a provincial government 'blind spot'&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.prpeak.com/news/b-c-greens-call-for-halt-on-logging-island-old-growth-1.23821593, B.C. Greens call for halt on logging Island old-growth&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Avatar_Grove_Tagged_Giant.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nnukwu osisi cedar na Avatar Grove, nke e sere maka ịkpụ osisi]]

; Ichebe Avatar Grove

Ancient Forest Alliance na-eme mkpọsa iji chebe ebe dị hekta 10 nke Douglas-fir ochie dị mita 80 n'ogologo na western red cedar nke dị nkeji 15 na mpụga Port Renfrew na Vancouver Island, Canada.  Ọ bụ TJ Watt chọpụtara ya ma kpọọ ya Avatar Grove.&lt;ref name=&quot;LavoieFeb19&quot;&gt;Lavoie, Judith. 2010.  &quot;Environmental group: Protect rare forest giants marked for logging near Port Renfrew&quot;.  ''Times Colonist'', February 19.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100225060343/http://www.timescolonist.com/travel/Environmental+group+Protect+rare+forest+giants+marked+logging+near+Port+Renfrew/2585642/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225060343/http://www.timescolonist.com/travel/Environmental+group+Protect+rare+forest+giants+marked+logging+near+Port+Renfrew/2585642/story.html|date=2010-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SullivanMar17&quot;&gt;Sullivan, Paul.  2010.  &quot;Pandora fans feeling blue over the Earth.&quot;  ''Metro Canada'', March 17.{{Cite web|url=http://www.metronews.ca/ottawa/comment/article/479423--pandora-fans-feeling-blue-over-the-earth|title=Metro - Pandora fans feeling blue over the Earth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202902/http://www.metronews.ca/ottawa/comment/article/479423--pandora-fans-feeling-blue-over-the-earth|archivedate=2011-06-04|accessdate=2010-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacleansMar11&quot;&gt;Macleans &quot;Need to Know&quot; column.  2010.  &quot;Threatened B.C. forest dubbed the &quot;Avatar Grove&quot;.&quot;  ''Macleans'', March 11. &lt;/ref&gt;  Ancient Forest Alliance na-azọrọ na nke a bụ otu n'ime osisi ndị kachasị mma na ndị kachasị mfe ịnweta n'ọzara nke dị na ndịda Vancouver Island, nakwa na ọ bụ otu n&quot;ime naanị ihe atụ na mpaghara nke oké ọhịa ochie na-eto eto na ndagwurugwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;LavoieFeb19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacleansMar11&quot; /&gt;  Otu n'ime nnukwu osisi cedar dị na Avatar Grove nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu burls ma kpọọ ya &quot;osisi kachasị njọ na Canada&quot;.  Teal-Jones Group nwere ikike ịkpụcha mpaghara ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Ministry of Forests na-akọ na a machibidoro ịkpụ osisi n'otu akụkụ nke Avatar Grove, Ancient Forest Alliance na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka na-enweghị nchebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;LavoieFeb20&quot;&gt;Lavoie, Judith.  2010.  &quot;Rare stand of old-growth trees near Port Renfrew only partly protected says eco-group: Port Renfrew wants big trees saved, but many marked for cutting&quot;.  ''Times Colonist'', February 20.&lt;/ref&gt;  John Cash, onye isi oche nke Port Renfrew Chamber of Commerce, kwuru na ọ na-akwado nchebe nke Avatar Grove n'ihi ikike ya maka ịbawanye njem nleta na mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;SullivanMar17&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LavoieFeb20&quot; /&gt;  Na Machị 28, 2010, Ancient Forest Alliance haziri njem iji were ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, ndị obodo, na ndị mgbasa ozi iji hụ Avatar Grove.&lt;ref name=&quot;YoumansApril1&quot;&gt;Youmans, Jason.  2010.  The Week - April 1.  ''Monday Magazine'', April 1.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mondaymag.com/articles/entry/the-week-april-1|title=The Week - April 1 &amp;#124; Monday Mag|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507044454/http://www.mondaymag.com/articles/entry/the-week-april-1|archivedate=2010-05-07|accessdate=2010-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Sutton_Creek_Maple.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nnukwu osisi maple na-eto eto na Sutton Creek, nso Lake Cowichan, British Columbia]]

; Usoro ihe omume atọ maka Post-Avatar Blues

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2010, Ancient Forest Alliance kwupụtara usoro ihe omume atọ ha iji gwọọ Post-''Avatar'' Blues, ịda mbà n'obi nke ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri blockbuster Avatar nwere mgbe ha ga-alaghachi na eziokwu dị egwu nke ụwa mgbe ha nwetasịrị ihe ịtụnanya nke ọnwa Pandora.&lt;ref name=&quot;SullivanMar17&quot;/&gt;  Ancient Forest Alliance kwenyesiri ike na oké ọhịa oge ochie nke British Columbia na anụ ọhịa ndị bi na ha dị nnọọ egwu dị ka oké ọhịa nke Pandora, ma tụọ aro usoro ihe omume atọ na-esonụ iji gwọọ ndị na-aga ihe nkiri nke ịda mbà n'obi ha: &quot;Pụta ma nwalee okike, mee ihe iji chebe okike, ma mee ka ndị ọzọ mee otu ihe ahụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReidFeb26&quot;&gt;Reid, Michael D. 2010.  &quot;The Avatar blues: 3-D paradise of blockbuster film spawns a longing for idyllic life&quot;.  ''Times Colonist'', February 26.[http://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/Avatar+blues/2616399/story.html]{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Avatar_Rally_Vancouver-5.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbakọ maka oké ọhịa ochie na-eto eto na Vancouver, British Columbia, na Machị 27, 2010]]

; Mgbakọ a na-akpọ Avatar iji chebe oké ọhịa ochie na-eto eto

Ancient Forest Alliance haziri otu nnọkọ, nke emere na etiti Vancouver na Machị 27, 2010.  Ihe dị ka ndị na-akwado 100 si na Canada Place gaa na Vancouver Art Gallery, na-arịọ gọọmentị BC ka ha chebe oké ọhịa ochie na-eto eto ma kwado igbu osisi nke oké ọhịa nke abụọ na-etolite.  Nzukọ ahụ gbaziri ihe oyiyi site na blockbuster hit Avatar, na ọtụtụ ndị e sere dị ka ihe odide sitere na ihe nkiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;FournierMarch26&quot;&gt;Fournier, Suzanne.  2010.  Protesters to rally for B.C.'s 'gnarliest' tree to protect old-growth forest.  ''Vancouver Province'', March 26.{{Cite web|url=https://theprovince.com/travel/Protesters+rally+gnarliest+tree+protect+growth+forest/2728690/story.html|title=Protesters to rally for B.C.'s 'gnarliest' tree to protect old-growth forest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501182743/http://www.theprovince.com/travel/Protesters%20rally%20gnarliest%20tree%20protect%20growth%20forest/2728690/story.html|archivedate=2010-05-01|accessdate=2010-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;24Hours&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eedition.vancouver.24hrs.ca/epaper/viewer.aspx|title=2010. Earthly Na'vi. ''24 Hours Vancouver'', March 29, pg. 4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523142503/http://eedition.vancouver.24hrs.ca/epaper/viewer.aspx|archivedate=2010-05-23|accessdate=2010-05-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Bugaboo_Giant_Stumps.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ogwe osisi cedar na-acha ọbara ọbara nke na-atụle 15 ft (4.6 ) n'obosara na nso Port Renfrew]]

; Asọmpi Stumps Kasị Ukwuu nke Canada

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010, ndị otu Ancient Forest Alliance chọpụtara ụfọdụ nnukwu ogwe osisi na nso Port Renfrew, British Columbia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForteyMay14&quot;&gt;Fortey, Laura.  2010.  Old-growth forest activists turn to Facebook.  ''Metro Vancouver'', May 14.{{Cite web|url=http://www.metronews.ca/vancouver/local/article/526152--activists-turn-to-facebook|title=Metro - Old-growth forest activists turn to Facebook|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602134632/http://www.metronews.ca/vancouver/local/article/526152--activists-turn-to-facebook|archivedate=2010-06-02|accessdate=2010-05-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ogwe osisi ndị ahụ sitere na osisi cedar na-acha ọbara ọbara na-eto n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma tụọ n'etiti mita 3.7 na 4.6 n'obosara.  Ogwe osisi ndị ahụ dị n'ala okpueze nke ndị otu Teal-Jones nke dị na Surrey na-egbutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;LavoieMay14a&quot;&gt;Lavoie, Judith. 2010. Massive Port Renfrew tree stumps raise logging suspicions.  ''Vancouver Sun'', May 14.[https://vancouversun.com/travel/Massive+Port+Renfrew+tree+stumps+raise+logging+suspicions/3028246/story.html]{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LavoieMay14b&quot;&gt;Lavoie, Judith. 2010. Old-growth forest 'a sea of stumps'.  ''Victoria Times Colonist'', May 14.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100520113005/http://www.timescolonist.com/travel/growth+forest+stumps/3026868/story.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520113005/http://www.timescolonist.com/travel/growth+forest+stumps/3026868/story.html|date=2010-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nchọpụta a kpaliri Ancient Forest Alliance ịmalite &quot;Canada's Biggest Stumps Competition&quot;, ha mepụtara saịtị Facebook ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ike bulite foto ha nke nnukwu ogwe osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ForteyMay14&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Refugee_Tree.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, osisi cedar na-acha ọbara ọbara kachasị ukwuu na Capital Regional District, British Columbia]]

; Ịmepụta ogige ntụrụndụ ọhụrụ na Capital Regional District

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010, ngalaba Parks nke Capital Regional District nke ndịda Vancouver Island kwadoro ọtụtụ nzukọ ọha na eze iji chọpụta, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, ndị na-achọ maka ebe ọhụrụ echedoro na mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyesMay18&quot;&gt;Boyes, Andrea.  2010.  Ancient Forest Alliance applauds CRD Parks for considering public input.  ''CFAX 1070'', May 18.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ancient Forest Alliance toro Capital Regional District maka ịtụle ntinye ọha na eze, ma tụọ aro ọtụtụ mpaghara nke oké ọhịa ochie maka nchebe na ogige ntụrụndụ mpaghara.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoyesMay18&quot; /&gt;  Mpaghara ndị Ancient Forest Alliance chọrọ ka Capital Regional District chebe gụnyere Red Creek Fir (nke kachasị ukwuu Douglas n'ụwa), San Juan Spruce (nke kachasị Sitka spruce na Canada), na Avatar Grove, ha niile dị n'ala ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;KnoxMay20&quot;&gt;Knox, Jack.  2010.  Peace in the forest an elusive goal in B.C.  ''Times Colonist'', May 20.{{Cite web|url=http://www.timescolonist.com/Jack+Knox+Peace+forest+elusive+goal/3050605/story.html|title=Jack Knox: Peace in the forest an elusive goal in B.C.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522044614/http://www.timescolonist.com/Jack%2BKnox%2BPeace%2Bforest%2Belusive%2Bgoal/3050605/story.html|archivedate=2010-05-22|accessdate=2010-05-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Walbran_Castle_Giant.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nnukwu Castle na-eto n'elu ndagwurugwu Walbran a na-echebeghị]]

; Ịhazi ịgba ịnyịnya

N'April 9, 2010, Ancient Forest Alliance duuru ndị nnọchi anya mgbasa ozi hụ Douglas-fir dị afọ 400 na-etolite na mpaghara ntuli aka nke Oak Bay-Gordon Head iji malite mkpọsa ha na ịgba ịnyịnya ahụ.  Ìgwè ahụ kwupụtara na ha ga-elekwasị anya na mkpọsa ha na iri na abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na British Columbia iji manye gọọmentị BC ichebe oké ọhịa ochie na-eto eto, hụ na a na-egbutu osisi nke oké ọhịa nke abụọ, machibido mbupụ osisi, ma nyere aka n'ịgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi ochie maka imepụta osisi bara uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCullochApril10&quot;&gt;Sandra McCulloch, Sandra. 2010. Environmental activist targets Oak Bay-Gordon Head riding to launch tree campaign.  ''Vancouver Sun'', April 10.[https://vancouversun.com/technology/Environmental+activist+targets+Gordon+Head+riding+launch+tree+campaign/2786845/story.html]{{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ancient Forest Alliance abụghị ọrụ ebere, ya mere enwere ike ịkatọ ma ọ bụ kwado ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCullochApril10&quot; /&gt;  Na Mee 14, otu ahụ mere emume inye onyinye na ụlọ ọrụ BC Liberal MLA Ida Chong na Oak Bay.  Ida Chong meriri na ntuli aka ikpeazụ site na pasent 2 .&lt;ref name=&quot;AFAmainpage&quot;/&gt;

; Nchịkọta ego

Na Mee 8, 2010, Ancient Forest Alliance mere nchịkọta ego na Tzvi's Place na Vancouver.  Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ egwú kụrụ egwu na ihe omume ahụ, ego niile gara Ancient Forest Alliance, na iji kwado ndị na-egwu egwu n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;HanleyMay8&quot;&gt;Hanley, Jonathan.  2010.  Celebration of Nature, Music and Dance brings artists together to protect forests.  ''Vancouver Observer'', May 8.&lt;/ref&gt;  The Big Tree Tour bụ ihe ọzọ na-akpata ego maka Ancient Forest Alliance, nke a na-eme atụmatụ ime site na June 3 ruo 6, 2010.  Ndị na-agba ịnyịnya asatọ ga-anabata nkwa site n'aka ndị na-enye onyinye, ma na-ezube ịgba ọsọ 260 kilomita site na ndịda Vancouver Island iji gaa leta ụfọdụ n'ime osisi ndị kachasị ukwuu na mbara ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://bigtreetour.tumblr.com/ |title=Big Tree Tour.  2010.  The Big Tree Tour Blog |accessdate=2023-08-19 |archivedate=2011-07-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112240/http://bigtreetour.tumblr.com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;


=== Katidral Grove ===
N'afọ 2020, Ancient Forest Alliance mere mkpọsa maka gọọmentị British Columbia iji chebe oké ọhịa ochie na Cathedral Grove na MacMillan Provincial Park. Nzukọ ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị zụta ala nke onwe ebe ọhịa dị. Oké ọhịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ osisi Douglas dị afọ 800 nke na-akwado ụdị dị iche iche ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe carbon na-agbanye, mana ndị na-egbutu osisi na-ejikwa ha akpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pawson|first=Chad|date=March 8, 2020|title=Cathedral Grove at risk from old growth logging uphill from popular site, say conservationists|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/mount-horne-logging-cathedral-grove-ancient-forest-alliance-1.5490127|accessdate=|work=CBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ipmrtflngmofmm832vpv8400fuheaah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Murtala Nyako</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>31506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741623</id>
      <parentid>739864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T00:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7940" sha1="nyauy6nht9sk85hqylh4ovqhziuz609" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder|children=February 1976}}{{Databox}}
'''Murtala Hamman-Yero Nyako''', GCON, CFR: rcds, D.Agric. (H.C.) (born 27 August 1942) was elected Executive Governor of Adamawa State, [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], taking office in May 2007.
Prior to then he served in the Navy, at one time being Military-Governor of Niger State, and being appointed [[Chief of Naval Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Naval Staff]] in December 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;aemirate&quot;/&gt;

== Early life ==
A mụrụ Murtala Hamman-Yero Nyako na Mayo-Belwa, Adamawa Steeti na 27 Ọgọst 1943. Mayo-Belwa&lt;ref name=&quot;aemirate&quot;&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://www.adamawaemirate.org/emiratecouncil.html|title=Adamawa Emirate Council: SARKI YAMMA ADAMAWA|publisher=Adamawa Emirate|accessdate=25 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909141130/http://www.adamawaemirate.org/emiratecouncil.html|archivedate=9 September 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. Adamawa Emirate. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20100909141130/http://www.adamawaemirate.org/emiratecouncil.html the original] on 9 September 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
Nna ya, Alhaji Hamman-Yero, bụ onye ahịa a ma ama na onye na-azụ ahịa, onye ọrụ ahịa ya bụ isi maka nguzobe John Holts and Sons Ltd na Mayo-Belwa. Nne ya, Hajiya Maryam Daso, bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ nke nwere mmasị na ọmụmụ Islam na ọgwụ mkpá akwụkwọ.

Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ ya na Mayo-Belwa Elementary School na Jenụwarị 1952, gaa Yola Middle School na Jenị 1955 wee malite agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na Jenụwaị 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;aemirate&quot;/&gt;
A maara ya mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ maka ihe ọmụmụ ya na ike egwuregwu ya.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na impeachment ==
Nyako banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2006. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Gọvanọ nke Adamawa Steeti n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;adamawastatesppu.org&quot;&gt;SPPU Adamawa State Government, &quot;[www.adamawastatesppu.org]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2008, ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke ntuli aka kagburu ntuli aka ya, na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ ntuli aka na-ezighị ezi. Onye isi oche ụlọ James Barka ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye na-anọchite anya Gọvanọ na 26 Febụwarị 2008. James Barka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200802270251.html|title=Aftermath of Tribunal Judgement - Adamawa AG Gov Sworn-in As Tribunal Sacks Nyako|work=Daily Trust|author=Abdullahi Tasiu Abubakar and Andrew Agbese|date=27 February 2008|accessdate=9 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eme ntuli aka ọhụrụ, a họpụtakwara Nyako ọzọ site na mmeri siri ike na-ewere mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo iri abụọ na otu niile, na-amaliteghachi ọrụ na 29 Eprel 2008.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2008/dec/27/politics-27-12-2008-001.htm|title=2008: The big stories • The good, the bad and the ugly|author=HENRY UMAHI|date=27 December 2008|accessdate=9 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214130929/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2008/dec/27/politics-27-12-2008-001.htm|archivedate=14 February 2009}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụlọ ahụ malitere ime ihe iji chụpụ Nyako, mana a kwụsịrị ya mgbe onye isi ala Umaru Yar'Adua batara n'onwe ya. Umaru Yar'Adua
Mmekọrịta ahụ ka mma, na Machị 2010 Ụlọ Nzukọ nke steeti Adamawa mere ntuli aka nke ntụkwasị obi na Gọvanọ Nyako, na-akọwa ya dị ka &quot;mesaya&quot; nye ndị obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.compassnewspaper.com/NG/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=43407:adamawa-pdp-chair-to-aspirants-no-vacancy-in-government-house&amp;catid=36:news&amp;Itemid=702|title=2010: Adamawa PDP chair to aspirants: No vacancy in Government House|author=Clement Ekong|date=15 March 2010|work=Nigerian Compass|accessdate=24 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'afọ 2012 mgbe Gọvanọ mbụ gasịrị, ọ gbara ọsọ maka oge nke abụọ na ntuli aka gọvanọ nke steeti Adamawa n'afọ 2012 ma họpụta ya ọzọ. 2012 Nhọrọ gọvanọ nke steeti Adamawa&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/nyako-wins-adamawa-gov-election/|title=2012: Nyako wins Adamawa Governorship election|author=Ihuoma Chiedozie and Olusola Fabiyi|date=6 February 2012|work=The Punch|accessdate=11 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314080626/http://www.punchng.com/news/nyako-wins-adamawa-gov-election/|archivedate=14 March 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2014, a chụpụrụ gọvanọ ahụ ka ụlọ omebe iwu steeti ahụ tụlere akụkọ nke otu kọmitii nyocha nke nyochara ebubo nke omume ọjọọ ego megide ya. Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na gọvanọ ahụ nwere ikpe maka ebubo iri na isii niile nke ajọ omume nke ụlọ ahụ mere megide ya.

N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2016, ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe gọọmentị etiti kwupụtara na impeachment ahụ enweghị isi ma nye iwu ka a kwụọ ya ikike niile ọ nwetara site na ụbọchị impeachment. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Naịjirịa kwadoro ikpe ahụ na 16 Disemba 2016 mana ọ jụrụ iweghachi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/218194-breaking-ex-governor-nyako-loses-supreme-court.html|title=Ex-Governor Nyako loses at Supreme Court|author=Evelyn Okakwu|date=16 December 2016|work=Premium Times|accessdate=23 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebubo nrụrụ aka na ikpe ==
Malite n'afọ 2015, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mpụ akụ na ụba na ego boro Nyako na nwa ya nwoke, Abdul-Aziz Nyako na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo, ebubo iri atọ na asaa nke nkata mpụ, izu ohi, iji ọrụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, na ịkwụ ụgwọ karịrị nde mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mpụ Akụ na Akụ na Ụgwọ Abdul-Aziz Nyako Ikpe ahụ malitere na 7 Julaị 2015 na EFCC mechiri ikpe ya afọ anọ ka e mesịrị na 3 Nọvemba 2019, ebe ọ kpọrọ ndị akaebe 21; ndị na-agbachitere ya wee tinye akwụkwọ na ọ dịghị ikpe iji zaa ntinye aka. Enweghị ikpe ị ga-azaghachi Ọkàikpe Okon Abang nke Abuja Division nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Federal jụrụ ntinye aka ahụ na July 2021 tupu o nye ndị na-agbachitere ya iwu ka ha gosipụta ikpe ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'otu afọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ejekwonyilo|first=Ameh|title=Alleged N29bn Fraud: Ex-governor Nyako others have case to answer – Court|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/474488-just-in-alleged-n29bn-fraud-ex-governor-nyako-others-have-case-to-answer-court.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=N29 Billion Money Laundering: Nyako, son, begin defence October|url=https://gazettengr.com/n29-billion-money-laundering-nyako-son-begin-defence-october/|work=[[News Agency of Nigeria]]|publisher=Peoples Gazette|accessdate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị a nabatara ==
Nyako abụrụla onye natara nzere Doctorate nke Ọrụ Ugbo site na Mahadum Federal nke Ọrụ Ugwu, Abeokuta; Mahadum Teknụzụ Minna, (2008); Mahaduma nke Teknụzụ, Yola (2009) na National Awards of Commander of Federal Republic (CFR) na 1993, Grand Commander of the Niger (GCON) na 1999 na Commander ọzọ nke Federal Republic (CFR) na 2002. Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo nke Federal, Abeokuta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704110283.html|title=Nyako - A Patriot in Politics|work=ThisDay|author=Sheshi Mohammed|date=10 April 2007|accessdate=25 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria]]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>nyauy6nht9sk85hqylh4ovqhziuz609</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nchịkọta ndị mmadụ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741636</id>
      <parentid>740044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:43:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6353" sha1="pq16esvu3e5q91ppf6oki4243a4j8wa" xml:space="preserve"> 

Mpempe akwukwo bụ ọrụ ndenye aha kwa nkeji iri na ise na-enye uwe ime ụmụ nwoke, sọks, ihe mposi na mkpa ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;newyorktimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/technology/personaltech/10CLOTHES.html|title=The Man, the Mouse and the Wardrobe|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Manjoo|first=Farhad|date=June 9, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị na-azụ ahịa mepụtara ngwugwu ha na ihe ndị a na-enye gụnyere uwe ndị ọkpọ, uwe elu, sọks, ngwaahịa ịkpụ afụ ọnụ, na condoms, a na enyekwa ngwugwu ahụ n'onwe ya kwa ọnwa atọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;huffingtonpost&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/danny-wong/innovations-in-e-commerce_b_652576.html|title=Innovations in E-Commerce: The Subscription Business Model|work=Huffington Post|author=Wong|first=Danny|date=July 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;A kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;manpacks&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://manpacks4.wixsite.com/manpacks|title=Manpacks|date=August 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọala ==
Ken Johnson na Andrew Draper malitere ịrụ ọrụ na echiche maka Manpacks na Disemba 2009 wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Jenụwarị 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;maxim&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.maxim.com/gadgets/manpacks-post-sniff-test-america|title=Manpacks, For a post-sniff test America|work=Maxim|author=Odegard|first=Dave|accessdate=2012-11-14|archive-date=2012-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028041205/http://www.maxim.com/gadgets/manpacks-post-sniff-test-america|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vora, Shivani&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20101001/would-you-buy-underwear-by-subscription.html|title=Would You Buy Underwear By Subscription?|work=Inc.|author=Vora|first=Shivani|date=October 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;mpempe akwukwo malitere dị ka ọrụ nnwale n'akụkụ, mana ọchịchọ mụbara. N'oge na-adịghị anya, njikwa ndị ahịa na nhazi nke iwu ghọrọ ọrụ oge niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;ideamensch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ideamensch.com/ken-johnson/|title=Ken Johnson – Co-founder and CEO of Manpacks.com|publisher=Idea Mensch|author=mario|date=February 3, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;Mgbe a malitere ya, saịtị ahụ nyere naanị uwe ime na sọks.&lt;ref name=&quot;bostonglobe&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/06/netflix_for_undies_and_more_at.html|title=Netflix for undies, and more, at Monday's Web Innovators Group|work=The Boston Globe|author=Kirsner|first=Scott|date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205400/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2010/06/netflix_for_undies_and_more_at.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|access-date=October 26, 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpempe akwukwo bụ ọrụ ecommerce mbụ nke America na-enye ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwoke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-04-18/tech/31356422_1_meituan-china-market-cosmetics|title=Subscribe For A Full Box Of Surprise|work=Business Insider|author=Chiang|first=Ben|date=April 18, 2012|accessdate=November 14, 2012|archive-date=June 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621085255/http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-04-18/tech/31356422_1_meituan-china-market-cosmetics|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.practicalecommerce.com/articles/2955-Innovators-3-Unusual-Ecommerce-Models|title=Innovators: 3 Unusual Ecommerce Models|publisher=PracticalEcommerce.com|date=August 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/04/09/inside-manpacks-the-hot-essentials-subscription-service-for-dudes/|title=InsideManpacks, the hot essentials subscription service for dudes|publisher=The Next Web|author=Wilhelm|first=Alex|date=April 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọtmụtụ saịtị emeela ma ṅomie ụdị azụmahịa Manpacks. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://grattisfaction.com/2012/03/thoughts-on-subcom-subscription-ecommerce/|title=Thoughts on #Subcom (Subscription eCommerce)|publisher=Grattisfaction.com|author=Gratt|first=Matt|date=March 28, 2012|accessdate=October 26, 2023|archivedate=December 1, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201155220/http://grattisfaction.com/2012/03/thoughts-on-subcom-subscription-ecommerce}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://reneewarren.com/life-of-the-subscription-model/|title=Life of the Subscription Model|publisher=ReneeWarren.com|author=Warren|first=Renee|date=March 30, 2012|accessdate=October 26, 2023|archivedate=April 23, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423004418/http://reneewarren.com/life-of-the-subscription-model/}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a malitere ya, a nabatara Manpacks n'ime mmemme ngwa ngwa nke Betaspring. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.betaspring.com/portfolio/manpacks|title=BetaspringProfile: Manpacks|publisher=Betaspring.com|accessdate=2023-10-26|archivedate=2012-10-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028190800/http://www.betaspring.com/portfolio/manpacks}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'otu oge nwere ihe karịrị ndị debanyere aha mmadu 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;tampatribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www2.tbo.com/news/business/2012/apr/08/bznewso1-for-males-who-avoid-malls-ar-389339/|title=For males who avoid malls|work=The Tampa Tribune|author=Mullins|first=Richard|date=April 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Nkwado na-akpaghị aka na-ebuga ndị mmadụ ihe ndị dị mkpa dị ka sọks, uwe ime, agụba, na ihe ndị dị n'ime ụlọ kwa ọnwa atọ ma ọ bụ mgbe achọrọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;mixergy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mixergy.com/manpacks-ken-johnson-interview/|title=HowHacker News Helped Manpacks Take Off – with Ken Johnson|publisher=Mixergy|date=November 1, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọnwa atọ mgbe o nyechara iwu, Mpempe akwukwo ga-eziga ndị ahịa ozi ịntanetị na-echetara ndị ahịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;aboutfaq&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525003750/http://www.manpacks.com/about/faq About FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525003750/http://www.manpacks.com/about/faq |date=2011-05-25 }}. ''Manpacks.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị ahịa Mpempe akwukwo bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa maka ndị ikom nọ na ndụ ha, ndị ikom na adịghị achọ ịzụ ahịa, na ndị umengwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorktimes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maxim&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
      <sha1>pq16esvu3e5q91ppf6oki4243a4j8wa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Ụmụaka nke America na Wheels: StoryBus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741682</id>
      <parentid>208683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T11:49:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andre Engels</username>
        <id>66</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>merge</comment>
      <origin>741682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1799" sha1="4901t1yfgynolnfbke7jpibvm07r994" xml:space="preserve">{{merge|Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ụmụaka nke America na wiil: StoryBus}}
{{Databox}}
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ụmụaka nke America na wiil: StoryBus bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke ụmụaka na-eleta ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmemme obodo na mpaghara Chicago.  N'ịbụ nke dị n'ime Winnebago nke nwere ụkwụ iri atọ na asaa , ụgbọ ala ahụ na-akwalite ịgụ akwụkwọ nye ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ọkwa pre-k.  N'ịbụ ndị jupụtara na nchịkọta ihe ngosi mmekọrịta aka na-atụgharị, StoryBus na-ebuga ụmụaka n'ime ụwa nke akụkọ ụmụaka kachasị amasị, dị ka; Obere ọkụkọ uhie, na Goldilocks ya na agba atọ ahụ.

StoryBus nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche ijere ụmụaka ndị na-enweghị ego na-adakarị azụ na mmepe nke nka ịgụ ihe.  StoryBus na-enyekwa ndị nkuzi usoro mmụta dabere na nka iji mesie ahụmịhe StoryBus na ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ pụrụ iche maka iji usoro ọmụmụ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Amalitere na 2000, StoryBus bụ oru ngo nke  Ntọala agụmakwụkwọ Dolores Kohl.  Ndị otu Ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Kohl McCormick nke ndị nkuzi pụtara ìhè nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị nkuzi na-enye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-ekere òkè, na ịzụlite ihe ọmụmụ.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4901t1yfgynolnfbke7jpibvm07r994</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Ochie nke Oyo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741676</id>
      <parentid>195916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T10:08:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6857" sha1="iah6cogpka28478mwsm4v1f011bo3wo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Old Oyo National Park 2023, #2 top things to do, reviews, best time to visit, photo gallery {{!}} HelloTravel Nigeria|url=https://www.hellotravel.com/nigeria/old-oyo-national-park,%20https://www.hellotravel.com/nigeria/old-oyo-national-park|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=www.hellotravel.com|archivedate=2023-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223429/https://www.hellotravel.com/nigeria/old-oyo-national-park,%20https:/www.hellotravel.com/nigeria/old-oyo-national-park}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ogige Ochie Oyo bụ otu n'ime ntakiri mba Nigeria, nke dị n'ofe ugwu Oyo steeti na ndị Kwara State, Nigeria .  Ogige iro dị 2,512 km 2 nke ala dị n'ebe ugwu Oyo steeti, ndị na-egosipụta Nigeria, na latitude 8° 15' na 9° 00'N na longitude 3° 35' na 4° 42' E. [1] Ebe  ahụ idla ahụ n'ebe a na-ahụ maka ezere.  vantage ọnọdụ nke oke ala yana ụdị anụ dị dị iche iche na ntọala omenala/ihe mere eme.  [2] ime obodo iri na otu nke iri n'ime ha dabara na steeti Oyo na otu dị na Kwara Steeti gbara ya gburugburu.  [3] The Administrative Head Office dị na Oyo, Isokun n' saw okporo ụzọ Oyo-Iseyin, ebe ike ịme ozi mkpa na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  [4] Nhazi ala na ebe a haziri hazi n'ime nnukwu akwụkwọ ahụ emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ bụrụ na-amasị ọha na eze.  Ọ bara aka na akụ osisi na anụmanụ buffaloes, bushbuck na ụdị dị iche iche.  Ogige ọgụ dị mfe site na ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na igwu egwuregwu Nigeria.  [5] Obodo na obodo kacha nso dị n'ụdị Oyo ochie ochie Saki, Iseyin, Igboho, Sepeteri, Tede, Kishi, na Igbeti, bụ ndị nwere ikike ịzụrụ na omenala nke ha maka njem nlegharị anya.

Ogige ahụ na-ahụ aha ya site na Oyo-lle (Old Oyo), isi obodo ndị soja oge ochie nke ukwu Oyo nke ndị Yoruba, ma nwee mkpọmkpọ ebe nke obodo a.  Ogige spy mba ahụ sitere na ebe nchekwa mbụ mbụ, Upper Ogun akara na 1936 na Oyo-lle sere na 1941. [1] A tụụrụ ndị a bụrụ ka ebe nchekwa egwuregwu na 1952, wee ihe ma kwalite ka ọ dị ugbu a.  nke nhọrọ mba

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Park rangers arrest 19 illegal miners at old Oyo National Park|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/park-rangers-arrest-19-illegal-miners-at-old-oyo-national-park/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|accessdate=11 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oguntona|first=Kayode|title=Seven Suspected Poachers Arrested In Oyo|url=https://radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng/2023/03/28/seven-suspected-poachers-arrested-in-oyo/|work=Radio Nigeria Ibadan|accessdate=11 July 2023|archivedate=28 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328211019/https://radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng/2023/03/28/seven-suspected-poachers-arrested-in-oyo/}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, Cel kwuru na n'agbanyeghị njem nlegharị anya mgbe niile yana iwu nchekwa, ihi ahụ nọ n'ihe egwu n'ihi nta igbu na osisi na mgbakwunye na mgbachi ehi.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na nta ego belala site na akwụkwọ 2000s, ie anụ ka bụ nsogbu na òtù Miyetti Allah na- ekwenyere na ike iwu na-akwadoghị bụ ihe dị mkpa na-eche echiche ihu, ma na-azọrọ  na ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ anụ n'anụ ahụ nri kpọmkwem ebe ahụ dị ma ọ bụ mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi.  Na mgbakwunye, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Eme Okang ike na ike ihu igwe kwabakwara ndị na-achị ehi na ndị na n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ.  [2] N'afọ sochirinụ, njide nke ọtụtụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na ndị na-achị ehi na mgbakwunye na ndị na-ahụ anụ mere n'oge a na-eme nchekwa.

== Ebe ==
Ogige ahụ nwere ngụkọta ala dị 2,512km2 ma dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ogige Nigeria, akpan akpan Northern Oyo State na latitude 8o 15' na 9o 00'N na longitude 3o 35' na 4o 42' E. Ebe ahụ etinyelarịrị ebe ahụ. Parking n'ebe dị anya nke oke ala yana ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa na ntọala omenala/akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mpaghara ọchịchị iri na otu (11) nke iri (10) n'ime ha dabara na steeti Oyo na otu (1) na Kwara Steeti gbara ya gburugburu. Isi ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa dị na Oyo, mpaghara Isokun n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Oyo-Iseyin, ebe enwere ike ịme ozi dị mkpa na ntinye akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Old Oyo National Park Nigeria|url=https://wildernessexplorersafrica.com/african-safari-destinations/nigeria-safari-tours-holidays/nigeria-national-parks/old-oyo-national-park-nigeria/|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=Wilderness Explorers Africa|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725195223/https://wildernessexplorersafrica.com/african-safari-destinations/nigeria-safari-tours-holidays/nigeria-national-parks/old-oyo-national-park-nigeria/|archive-date=2023-07-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhazi ala na ebe a haziri ahazi n'ime nnukwu ogige ahụ emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụrụ ihe na-amasị ọha na eze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=steven|date=2023-03-30|title=Old Oyo National Park [TOP INFO]|url=https://africalaunchpad.com/travel/old-oyo-national-park/|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=Africa Launch Pad|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725195223/https://africalaunchpad.com/travel/old-oyo-national-park/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogige ahụ na-ekpuchi 2,512&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, ọtụtụ n'ime ala dị larịị na elu 330&amp;nbsp;m na 508&amp;nbsp;m n'elu oke osimiri. Osimiri Owu, Owe na Ogun na-agbapụta akụkụ ndịda, ebe [[Tessi River|osimiri Tessi]] na-agbapụta mpaghara ugwu. Mpụga nke granite bụ ụdị nke mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ogige ahụ, gụnyere na Oyo-lle, nwere ọgba na ebe nchekwa okwute dị na oke ugwu. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ogige ahụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na African buffalo, kob, bushbuck, roan antelope, western hartebeest, patas enwe, na waterbuck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Old Oyo National Park - Radio Nigeria Ibadan Zonal Station|url=https://radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng/tag/old-oyo-national-park/|accessdate=2023-07-25|work=radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng|archivedate=2023-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925111533/https://radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng/tag/old-oyo-national-park/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogige Ogige Oyo Ochie bụbu ebe obibi maka [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|nkịta ọhịa dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa]] ( ''Lycaon pictus manguensis'' ); Otú ọ dị, a kpochapụrụ ụdị ndị ahụ na ogige ntụrụndụ n'ihi nrụgide ịchụ nta na ụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ. 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|1}}
[[Òtù:Ȯra Kwara]]
[[Òtù:Ȯra Ọyọ]]</text>
      <sha1>iah6cogpka28478mwsm4v1f011bo3wo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lindon Victor</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741595</id>
      <parentid>727971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T13:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16040" sha1="9pfpzy5e5t3lz0hsmxv4i9m9czki3tx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

 
'''Lindon Victor''' (amụrụ na 28 Febụwarị 1993) bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu na Grenada nke na-asọ mpi na decathlon. Ọ bụ onye nwetara ọla nchara n'ụwa n'afọ 2023 Ụwa onye mmeri Commonwealth Games ugboro abụọ (2018-2022).

== Ọrụ ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://grenadasports.gd/lindon-victor-smashes-records-qualifies-rio-olympic-games/|title=Lindon Victor smashes records, qualifies for Rio Olympic Games|work=GrenadaSports|date=13 May 2016|accessdate=5 September 2016|archivedate=14 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514093532/http://grenadasports.gd/lindon-victor-smashes-records-qualifies-rio-olympic-games/}}&lt;/ref&gt;'afọ 2016, o nwetara akara 8446 na itoolu kachasị mma na Southeastern Conference Championship decathlon, na-emebi ma ndekọ SEC na Grenadian National Record, nke ikpeazụ nke nwanne ya nwoke, Kurt Felix, setịpụrụ na 2015 IAAF World Championships.  kpọrọ Victor 2016 SEC Field Athlete of the Year. [1]

Victor ruru eru maka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://spiceislesportsreview.wordpress.com/2016/05/14/another-grenadian-athlete-goes-in-the-record-books/|title=Another Grenadian Athlete goes in the record books.|date=May 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nọchite anya Grenada na 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]], na decathlon. O weputara nke iri na isii na akara nke 7998.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-21-Rio-2016-Closing-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.198809007.1697268270.1470857283|title=Rio closing ceremony flag bearers|publisher=stillmed.olympic.org|date=2016|accessdate=2020-05-05|archivedate=2016-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822094245/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-21-Rio-2016-Closing-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.198809007.1697268270.1470857283}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-eburu ọkọlọtọ maka Grenada maka mmechi egwuregwu ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/aggie-decathlete-ready-to-compete-at-olympics/article_0f82c906-5ac0-11e6-be47-8f1c708b0d69.html|title=Aggie decathlete ready to compete at Olympics|first=RICHARD|author=CROOME|work=The Eagle|access-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103214639/https://theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/aggie-decathlete-ready-to-compete-at-olympics/article_0f82c906-5ac0-11e6-be47-8f1c708b0d69.html|archive-date=2023-11-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;'otu afọ ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye nke abụọ kacha mma na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke decathlon.

Lindon malitere oge 2017 ya na ihe omume ime ụlọ. Ọ meziwanyere arụmọrụ ya kachasị mma na (n'ime) 60 mita sprint, High Jump, Shot Put, Pole Vault na 1000 Meter run. O setịpụkwara ihe kachasị mma n'ime ụlọ Heptathlon na akara zuru ezu nke 5976, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/results/49567_3023707.html|title=TFRRS &amp;#124; NCAA Division I Indoor Track &amp; Field Championships Track &amp; Field Meet Results|work=www.tfrrs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke a bụ ihe ihere 10 nke ndekọ mba nke Kurt Felix. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://12thman.com/news/2017/3/29/track-and-field-lindon-victor-scores-first-day-collegiate-best-4-516-points-in-texas-relays-decathlon.aspx|title=Lindon Victor scores first day collegiate best 4,516 points in Texas Relays decathlon|work=Texas A&amp;M Athletics - Home of the 12th Man}}&lt;/ref&gt;'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, Lindon setịpụrụ akara kachasị elu n'ụbọchị mbụ nke kọleji na decathlon na ngụkọta nke akara 4,516 na Texas Relays decathlon. N'ụbọchị na-esote, Victor ji akara 8472 mechie. Nke &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/03/featured/texas-ams-lindon-victor-breaks-collegiate-decathlon-record|title=Texas A&amp;M’s Lindon Victor Breaks Collegiate Decathlon Record ::: USTFCCCA}}&lt;/ref&gt; abụghị naanị National na OECS Record ọzọ maka Victor kamakwa ọ bụkwa Collegiate Outdoor Decathlon Record ọhụrụ, na-ehichapụ akara ochie nke 8465 nke Trey Hardee setịpụrụ na 2006.Na Mee 11-12 Lindon kwuru maka ịgbachitere aha ya nke SEC Champions Decathlon ma ọ bụghị naanị na ọ gara nke ọma na ịgbachitere kamakwa ọ ka mma National Record na Pole Vault. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Lindon-Victor-breaks-his-collegiate-record-to-defend-SEC-decathlon-title-422151834.html|title=Lindon Victor breaks his collegiate record to defend SEC decathlon title|first=TAMU Sports Information Department/Shawn|author=Price|work=www.kbtx.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/05/featured/he-did-it-again-lindon-victor-betters-collegiate-decathlon-record|title=He Did It Again! Lindon Victor Betters Collegiate Decathlon Record ::: USTFCCCA}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwekwara ike imeziwanye na ndekọ Collegiate ya na akara ọhụrụ nke 8539 . [1] [2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://12thman.com/news/2017/5/31/track-and-field-sec-outdoor-honors-for-lindon-victor-jaevin-reed-and-coach-pat-henry.aspx?path=track|title=SEC Outdoor honors for Lindon Victor, Jaevin Reed and Coach Pat Henry|work=Texas A&amp;M Athletics - Home of the 12th Man}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara kpọọ ya onye na-eme egwuregwu SEC Men's Field nke afọ maka afọ nke abụọ n'usoro.

Na ngwụcha afọ 2017, Lindon so na ndị ikpeazụ atọ a họpụtara maka Bowerman Award nke afọ ahụ nke bụ ihe nrite track na field kwa afọ nke bụ ihe kacha elu e nyere nwa akwụkwọ-onye na-eme egwuregwu kachasị mma n'afọ ahụ na track na field nke kọleji America. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Bowerman-mens-award-goes-to-Tennessees-Christian-Coleman-over-Aggie-pair-464535013.html|title=Bowerman men’s award goes to Tennessee’s Christian Coleman over Aggie pair|work=www.kbtx.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; mechara merie onye American Sprinter Christian Coleman. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/12/featured/christian-coleman-wins-the-bowerman-in-2017|title=Christian Coleman Wins The Bowerman In 2017 ::: The Bowerman: The Nation's Top Award for Collegiate Track &amp; Field Athletes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ustfccca.org/2017/12/featured/the-bowerman-whats-at-stake-in-2017|title=The Bowerman: What’s At Stake In 2017 ::: The Bowerman: The Nation's Top Award for Collegiate Track &amp; Field Athletes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Victor &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sportsmole.co.uk/athletics/grenada/gold-coast-2018-commonwealth-games/result/result-lindon-victor-wins-decathlon-gold_323142.html Result: Grenada's Lindon Victor wins decathlon gold ] Sports Mole news. April 10, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; na-asọmpi na asọmpi mba ụwa nke abụọ ya kemgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Texas A&amp;amp;amp;M, ebe o setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ kọleji oge niile na akara 8,539 ma bụrụ onye mmeri NCAA Division 1 decathlon ugboro abụọ - Victor meriri decathlon iji nweta ihe nrite ọla edo maka Grenada na-enweta akara 8,303. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-04-10/commonwealthgames/Gold-Coast-2018-Lindon-Victor-wins-Damian-Warner-s-title-defense-ends-in-pole-vault-6736187885 Gold Coast 2018: Lindon Victor wins, Damian Warner's title defense ends in pole vault] [[The Malta Independent]] April 10, 2018&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Eprel, n'oge mmemme nke ise nke Texas A&amp;M Athletics' Building Champions Awards nke emere na Hall of Champions na Kyle Field. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebarnaclenews.com/lindon-victor-grenadas-most-recent-golden-boy/|title=Lindon Victor: Grenada’s Most Recent Golden Boy|date=May 4, 2018|accessdate=November 3, 2023|archivedate=November 3, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103214636/https://thebarnaclenews.com/lindon-victor-grenadas-most-recent-golden-boy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/senior-tori-vidales-wins-distinguished-letterman-award-at-building-champions-awards/article_a39c7354-4d07-11e8-a3af-d7ed2ca51390.html|title=Senior Tori Vidales wins Distinguished Letterman Award at Building Champions Awards|first=Eagle Staff|author=Report|work=The Eagle|access-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103214637/https://theeagle.com/sports/college/aggiesports/senior-tori-vidales-wins-distinguished-letterman-award-at-building-champions-awards/article_a39c7354-4d07-11e8-a3af-d7ed2ca51390.html|archive-date=2023-11-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://12thman.com/news/2018/4/30/vidales-takes-home-distinguished-lettermans-award-at-2018-bcas.aspx|title=Vidales Takes Home Distinguished Letterman's Award at 2018 BCAs|work=Texas A&amp;M Athletics - Home of the 12th Man}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyere Lindon onye na-eme egwuregwu nke Afọ nsọpụrụ (nwoke).
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ihe omume
!Nsonaazụ
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Ụbọchị
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |N'èzí
|-
|100 mita
|'''10.56 sekọnd''' (ikuku: +1.1 m/s) &lt;small&gt; (Ifufe: +1.1 m/s) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Götzi]], [[Austria]]
|25 Mee 2019
|-
|Ịwụli elu ogologo
|7.55 m (ikuku: +1.0 m/s) &lt;small&gt; (Ifufe: +1.0 m/s) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]]
|25 Ọgọst 2023
|-
|Ọkụ
|'''16.52 m'''
|[[Austin, Texas]]
|29 Machị 2017
|-
|Ịwụli elu
|'''2.09 m'''
|[[Austin, Texas]]
|29 Machị 2017
|-
|400 mita
|'''48.05 sekọnd'''
|[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]]
|25 Ọgọst 2023
|-
|Ihe mgbochi 110m
|'''14.45 sekọnd''' (ikuku: +1.8 m/s) &lt;small&gt; (Ifufe: +1.8 m/s) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/small&gt;
|[[Columbia, South Carolina]]
|12 Mee 2017
|-
|Ịtụfu diski
|'''55.87 mita'''
|[[Azusa, California]]
|18 Eprel 2019
|-
|Ogwe osisi
|'''4.92 m''' '''NR'''
|[[Chula Vista, California]]
|25 Eprel 2021
|-
|Ịtụba ube
|'''71.56 mita'''
|[[Tokyo, Japan]]
|5 Ọgọst 2021
|-
|1500m
|'''4:39.67 nkeji'''
|[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]]
|26 Ọgọst 2023
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
|Egwuregwu Decathlon
|'''8756 pts''' '''NR'''
|[[Budapest|Budapest, Hungary]]
|26 Ọgọst 2023
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |N'ime ụlọ
|-
|Mita 60
|'''6.94 sekọnd'''
|[[Nashville, TN]]
|24 Febụwarị 2017
|-
|Ịwụli elu ogologo
|'''7.38 mita'''
|[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]]
|17 Febụwarị 2018
|-
|Ọkụ
|'''16.55 m'''
|[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]]
|10 Machị 2017
|-
|Ịwụli elu
|'''2.07 mita'''
|[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]]
|10 Machị 2017
|-
|Ihe mgbochi 60m
|'''8.24 sekọnd'''
|[[Fayetteville, AR]]
|26 Febụwarị 2016
|-
|Ogwe osisi
|'''4.76 m'''
|[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]]
|11 Machị 2017
|-
|Otu puku mita
|'''2:51.14 nkeji'''
|[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]]
|11 Machị 2017
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;&quot;
|Heptathlon
|'''5976 pts'''
|[[Ụlọ Ọrụ Kọleji, TX]]
|11 Machị 2017
|}
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan=6|Representing {{GRN}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
|rowspan=2|[[2009 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]]
|rowspan=2|[[Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia]]
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;|3rd
|Shot put
|13.90&amp;nbsp;m
|-
| style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;|2nd
|Discus throw
|45.27 m
|-
|rowspan=2|2010
|[[2010 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]]
|[[George Town, Cayman Islands]]
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;|3rd
|Heptathlon
|4234&amp;nbsp;pts
|-
|[[2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Summer Youth Olympics]]
|[[Singapore]]
|13th
|Javelin throw
|51.61&amp;nbsp;m
|-
|2011
|[[2011 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]]
|[[Montego Bay, Jamaica|Montego Bay]], [[Jamaica]]
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;|3rd
|Heptathlon
|4544&amp;nbsp;pts
|-
|2012
|[[2012 CARIFTA Games|CARIFTA Games]]
|[[Hamilton, Bermuda]]
| style=&quot;background:gold;&quot;|1st
|Heptathlon
|4572&amp;nbsp;pts
|-
|2014
|[[2014 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics|NACAC Under-23 Championships]] 
|[[British Columbia, Canada]] 
|6th
|Javelin throw
|[[2014 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics – Results#Javelin throw|65.28&amp;nbsp;m]]
|-
|2015
|[[Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] 
|[[Toronto, Canada]] 
|7th
|Decathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2015 Pan American Games – Men's decathlon|7453 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2016
|rowspan=3|[[OECS Track and Field Championships|OECS Track &amp; Field Championships]] 
|rowspan=3|[[Tortola]], [[British Virgin Islands]]
|10th
|Long jump
|6.51&amp;nbsp;m&lt;ref name=OECS /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;|3rd
|Shot put
|14.73&amp;nbsp;m&lt;ref name=OECS&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bvi.milesplit.com/meets/242954/results/457689/raw#.V6ukUvkwjIU|title=OECS Championships – Complete Results|publisher=MileSplit BVI|date=4 July 2016|access-date=5 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;|2nd
|Discus throw
|48.50&amp;nbsp;m&lt;ref name=OECS /&gt;
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]
|16th
|Decathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|7998 pts]]&amp;nbsp;pts
|-
|2017
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| –
|Decathlon
|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's decathlon|DNF]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/iaaf-world-championships-london-2017-5151/results/men/decathlon/1500-metres/points#resultheader 2017 World Championships in Athletics – Men's decathlon results] [[IAAF]]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Birmingham, United Kingdom|Birmingham]], [[United Kingdom]]
|DNF
|Heptathlon
|[[2018 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon|DNF]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]
| style=&quot;background:gold;&quot;| 1st
|Decathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's decathlon|8303 pts]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://grenadabroadcast.com/grenadas-lindon-victor-wins-decathlon-gold-commonwealth-games/ GRENADA’S LINDON VICTOR WINS DECATHLON GOLD AT COMMONWEALTH GAMES] Grenada broadcast. April 10, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=2|2019
|[[2019 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]]
|[[Lima]], [[Peru]]
| style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;| 2nd
|Decathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's decathlon|8240 pts]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.santabarbaratc.com/sbtc-news/victor-earns-silver-medal-at-pan-american-games|title=Victor Earns Silver Medal at Pan American Games|date=7 August 2019|website=www.santabarbaratc.com/|publisher=Saint Barbara Track Club|access-date=4 May 2020|accessdate=3 November 2023|archivedate=23 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923183250/https://www.santabarbaratc.com/sbtc-news/victor-earns-silver-medal-at-pan-american-games}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/pan-am-games-decathlon-damian-warner-1.5239369|title=Warner defends title, LePage grabs bronze in Pan Am decathlon|last=Strong|first=Gregory|date=7 August 2019|website=www.cbc.ca/|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=4 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
| –
|Decathlon
|[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|DNF]]
|-
|2021
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Tokyo, Japan]]
|7th
|Decathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|8414 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Belgrade, Serbia]]
| –
|Heptathlon
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's heptathlon|DNF]]
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene, United States]]
|5th
|Decathlon
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|8474 pts]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]
|[[Birmingham]], [[England]]
| style=&quot;background:gold;&quot;| 1st
|Decathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's decathlon|8233 pts]]
|-
|2023
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
| style=&quot;background:#c96;&quot;|3rd
|Decathlon
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon|8756 pts]]
|}

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>9pfpzy5e5t3lz0hsmxv4i9m9czki3tx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahmoud Abdel-Aty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741603</id>
      <parentid>213729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T15:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5346" sha1="q61um6i5ry3gvnbynn72pwtb0ukkjy9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''[[w: Mahmoud Abdel-Aty|Mahmoud Abdel-Aty]]''' bụ ọkammụta Ijipt nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị nzisa ozi na [[w:|Shag University|Mahadum Sohag]] na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ na [[w:|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]]. Ọ bụ onye òtù a họpụtara ahọpụta na onye bụbu osote onye isi oche maka mpaghara North Africa nke [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]], Onye isi oche Kọmitii Mba Egypt maka [[International Mathematical Union]], na onye isi nke Center for International Relations na Mahadum Sohag.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mahmoud Abdel-Aty |url=https://icei.ku.edu.bh/speaker/prof-mahmoud-abdel-aty-2/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=International Conference for entrepreneurship and Innovation |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2023-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204084958/https://icei.ku.edu.bh/speaker/prof-mahmoud-abdel-aty-2/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahmoud Abdel-Aty |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&amp;alias=mahmoud_abdel-aty |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=[[Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Abdel-Aty M. A Mahmoud {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/abdel-aty-m-mahmoud |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=[[African Academy of Sciences]] |accessdate=2023-12-04 |archivedate=2019-10-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024175137/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/abdel-aty-m-mahmoud }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya ==
A mụrụ Mahmoud Abdel-Aty na 6 Nọvemba 1967.
&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahmoud Abdel-Aty profile |url=https://staffsites.sohag-univ.edu.eg/uploads/469/1535261326%20-%20CV-2018-En-04c.Sohag.pdf |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=[[Sohag University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528041910/https://staffsites.sohag-univ.edu.eg/uploads/469/1535261326%20-%20CV-2018-En-04c.Sohag.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwetara nzere nke mbụ ya (B.Sc. Ọmakasịrị nwere ùgwù) n'afọ 1990 sitere na [[w:Assiut University|Mahadum Assiut]], Egypt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; O nwetara nzere Ph.D. ya na Applied Mathematics na Quantum Information sitere na [[w:|Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics]] n'afọ 1999 wee nata nzere D.Sc. na mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics sitere na [[w:|National University of Uzbekistan]] n'afọ 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ Ya ==
Mahmoud Abdel-Aty malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye inyeaka nkuzi na Mahadum Assiut (1990-1995)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụbu onye nkuzi na [[w:South Valley University|Mahadum South Valley]] site n'afọ 1995 ruo 1997 , mgbe ọ pụrụ ịchụso nzere ọkankuzi ya na [[w:|Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics]], Munich. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  Ọ ghọrọ osote ọkammụta n'afọ 1999 na Mahadum South Valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ nọchara n'ọkwa ọ nọrọ na ya ozugbo omwetachara nzere ọkankuzi ya na [[w:Flensburg University|Mahadum Flensburg]] site na 2001 ruo 2003, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta osote na Mahadum South Valley n'afọ 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye ọkammụta zuru oke na [[w:Sohag University|Mahadum Sohag]] n'afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi oche ntọala nke Ngalaba Applied Mathematics na [[w:Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation|Zewail City of Sayensị na teknụzụ]] (2013-2017).
N'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke nnyocha sayensị na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nweterela nzere B.Sc na [[w:Applied Science University (Bahrain)| Mahadum Applied Science (Bahrain)]]. Site n'afọ 2018 ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ International Relation Center. na Mahadum Sohag&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù ==
N'afọ 2003, Abdel-Aty nwetara ihe nrite nke steeti bụ State Encouragement Award for Mathematics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na 2005, o nwetara ihe nrite [[w:|Third World Academy of Science Award]] na mgbakọ na mwepụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Na 2007 ọ natara [[w:|Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation]] Award for maka ndị nnyocha si mba Arab in na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ nakwa Sayensị Kọmputa  N'afọ 2009, e nyere ya ihe nrite [[w:Faiza Al-Kharafi Award|Ihe nrite Fayza Al-Kharafi]] na Physics site na [[w:|Egyptian Academy of Sciences and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; / &gt; N'afọ 2011, ọ natara akara ngosi steeti maka Ọkachamara na Sayensị ndị praịmarị site na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Academy of Sciences and Technology nke Egypt.{{Citation needed}}

N'afọ 2018, ọ natara  [[w:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award|Ihe Nrite Mohamed bin Rashed]] maka ụzọ kacha mma na amụma asụsụ na atụmatụ nke [[w:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohamed bin Rashed Foundation]] nyere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; ọ bụ nnukwu 5awal

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel-Aty, Mahmoud}}
[[Category:Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Category: Ndị ọkachamara na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke 20th-century si mba Egypt]]
[[Category: Ndị amụrụ na 1967]]
[[Category:Ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum National University of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Ndị ọkachamara na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke 21st-century si mba Egypt]]</text>
      <sha1>q61um6i5ry3gvnbynn72pwtb0ukkjy9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oge elekere São Pedro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741673</id>
      <parentid>540869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:52:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5545" sha1="msx3eee2pflbb1zi6ssxaczeljay6nl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Relógio de São Pedro, Salvador, BA; 2021-07-06.jpg|thumb|Oge elekere São Pedro]]São Pedro Clock bụ ihe ncheta ikuku nke dị na Salvador, isi obodo steeti Bahia nke Brazil.  Ọ dị na Largo de São Pedro, n'akụkụ ihe ncheta nke Baron nke Rio Branco, na ebe Chọọchị São Pedro dịbu, nke e bibiri na 1913 maka owuwu Avenida Sete de Setembro nke onye gọvanọ Bahia J. J. Seabra na-achị n'oge ahụ kwalitere.&lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-07-12|author=Do [[G1 (website)|G1]] BA com informações da [[TV Bahia|TV BA]]|date=2016-11-15|language=pt-br|title=Monumento histórico, Relógio de São Pedro completa 100 anos em Salvador|url=http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2016/11/monumento-historico-relogio-de-sao-pedro-completa-100-anos-em-salvador.html|work=Bahia}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDo_G1_BA_com_informações_da_TV_BA2016&quot;&gt;Do [[G1 (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ)|G1]] BA com informações da [[TV Bahia|TV BA]] (2016-11-15). [http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2016/11/monumento-historico-relogio-de-sao-pedro-completa-100-anos-em-salvador.html &quot;Monumento histórico, Relógio de São Pedro completa 100 anos em Salvador&quot;]. ''Bahia'' (in Brazilian Portuguese)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-07-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[Ụdị: CS1 maint: aha ọnụọgụ: ndepụta ndị dere|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]
[[Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bahiaturismo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-07-12|title=São Pedro - Centro Antigo de Salvador|url=http://www.bahia-turismo.com/salvador/sao-pedro.htm|work=www.bahia-turismo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712211242/http://www.bahia-turismo.com/salvador/sao-pedro.htm|archive-date=2021-07-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240624023321/http://www.bahia-turismo.com/salvador/sao-pedro.htm &quot;São Pedro - Centro Antigo de Salvador&quot;]. ''www.bahia-turismo.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-07-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot; /&gt;'ihi atụmatụ nke Association of Employees in the Commerce of Bahia, emere ya na Nọvemba 15, 1916 (ụbọchị Nkwupụta nke Republic) , n'okpuru ọchịchị steeti nke Antonio Muniz de Aragão.

== Nkọwa ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;fgm2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=12 July 2021|author=Fundação Gregório de Mattos|title=RELÓGIO DE SÃO PEDRO|url=http://www.cultura.salvador.ba.gov.br/images/stories/SitiosHistoricos/esculturas/2011/relogiodesaopedro.pdf|archivedate=17 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617214410/http://www.cultura.salvador.ba.gov.br/images/stories/SitiosHistoricos/esculturas/2011/relogiodesaopedro.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFundação_Gregório_de_Mattos&quot;&gt;Fundação Gregório de Mattos.  &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;12 July&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; nwere ihe a tụrụ atụ nke ọla nchara nke onye na-ese ihe n'[[Italy|Ịtali]] nke bi na Brazil bụ Pasquale de Chirico, rụchara na Paris na 1914, na elekere Henri-Le Pante anọ e mere na Paris. &lt;ref name=&quot;bahiaturismo&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot;/&gt; Emere &lt;ref name=&quot;fgm2&quot; /&gt; na usoro nke ịkpụ ihe na nkume a tụrụ atụ, ihe a tụrụ atụ nke elekere ahụ bụ ígwè a tụrụ atụ na granite na-acha pinki pinki. Ihe ncheta ahụ &lt;ref name=&quot;fgm2&quot; /&gt; ka ogidi ọkụ nwere oriọna a chọrọ mma n'elu elekere, na mmadụ anọ nke Atlas na-akwado ha, na n'ozuzu ya, ọ dị mita 6.50 n'ịdị elu. [1] &lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot;/&gt;'ịbụ nke dị n'ógbè azụmahịa nke Salvador, na mgbakwunye na igosi oge ahụ, ihe ncheta ahụ bụ ihe ịrịba ama akụkọ ihe mere eme. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|accessdate=2021-07-12|date=11 March 2018|title=A charmosa Igreja de São Pedro|url=https://diariodesalvador.com/a-charmosa-igreja-de-sao-pedro/|work=Diário de Salvador|archivedate=2021-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712211242/https://diariodesalvador.com/a-charmosa-igreja-de-sao-pedro/}}&lt;/ref&gt; São Pedro nke &lt;ref name=&quot;bahiaturismo&quot;/&gt; n'ebe ahụ bụ ụlọ ụka nne nke parish nke São Pedro Velho Extramuros, nkewa dị na Salvador nke a na-akpọ aha ya n'èzí mgbidi nke gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu. &lt;ref name=&quot;bahiaturismo&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị na ọ kwụsịrị, São Pedro bụ mpaghara Salvador's Historic Center nke a na-ewerekarị dị ka obere agbata obi.

N'afọ 1999, otu ụgbọala zutere ihe ncheta ahụ ma kpalie mmezi dị ukwuu. &lt;ref name=&quot;fgm2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot;/&gt; ahụ, onye na-arụ ọrụ elekere bụ Wilson Ribeiro. &lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot; /&gt;'N'ihe banyere nrụzigharị nke Avenida Sete nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Salvador, São Pedro Elekere wepụrụ ebe nchara ya, rụzie ọrụ ya, megharịa agba ya, ma dochie anya ugogbe anya ya.[2]  Gregório de Mattos Foundation (FGM), ntọala ọha obodo, bụ maka mweghachi a, nke emechara na Septemba 3, 2015.. &lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Avenida Sete de Setembro
* Tira Chapéu Palace
* Ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Salvador

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>msx3eee2pflbb1zi6ssxaczeljay6nl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Narjiss Nejjar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741627</id>
      <parentid>740203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:03:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3789" sha1="ps3lykx14puj60ppsjkn7f3ik21xi3c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Narjiss Nejjar|image=|birth_name=|native_name=|birth_date=1971|birth_place=[[Tangiers]], [[Morocco]]|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|nationality=[[Moroccan people|Moroccan]]|occupation=Director, screenwriter|years_active=|notable_works=Wake Up Morocco}}

'''Narjiss Nejjar''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1971) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na [[Morocco|Moroccan]]. E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ya ''Les Yeux Secs'' (Cry No More) [lower-alpha 1] na Cannes n'afọ 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;cannes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Narjiss NEJJAR|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/fr/archives/artist/id/319624.html|work=Festival De Cannes|accessdate=23 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ==
Nejjar &lt;ref name=&quot;armes&quot;/&gt; nwa akwụkwọ na ESRA na [[France|Paris]], ebe ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri.

N'afọ 1994, o duziri ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ L'exigence de la Dignite . &lt;ref name=&quot;bladi&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Narjiss Nejjar|url=http://www.bladi.net/narjiss-nejjar.html|accessdate=1 February 2016|publisher=Websil Sarl|date=October 19, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001349/http://www.bladi.net/narjiss-nejjar.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;phone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pallister|first=Janis L.|title=Noteworthy Francophone Women Directors: A Sequel|date=2011|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press ; Rowman &amp; Littlefield|location=Madison, NJ; Lanham, Md.|isbn=9781611474435|pages=100-101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMv0a2cWVgMC&amp;pg=PA101|accessdate=23 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo; ihe nkiri ya a kacha mara amara, Les Yeux Secs malitere dị ka ihe nkiri banyere ụmụ nwanyị Tizi mana ụmụ nwanyị ahụ jụrụ ka e mee ya. E gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na mmemme ihe nkiri Cannes nke afọ 2003 na 4th International Festival of Rabat Film ebe ọ natara nnukwu ihe nrite. &lt;ref name=&quot;bladi&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Cahier d'empreintes; nke e wepụtara na 1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;armes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Armes|first=Roy|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=9780253000422|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&amp;pg=PA223|accessdate=23 January 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFArmes2008&quot;&gt;Armes, Roy (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&amp;pg=PA223 ''Dictionary of African Filmmakers'']. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p.&amp;nbsp;223. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780253000422|&lt;bdi&gt;9780253000422&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 January&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Nejjar bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye edemede [[Noufissa Sbai]]; Sbai bụ onye na-emepụta Les Yeux Secs .

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

* ''Ihe Nkwanye ùgwù chọrọ'' (1994) 
* Khaddouj, Ihe ndekọ nke Targha (1996) 
* Ebe a na-akpọ Salines (1998) 
* ''Eluigwe nke asaa'' (2001) 
* Mirror of the Mad (2002) 
* ''[[Anya kpọrọ nkụ]]'' (Cry No More, 2003) 
* ''Teta Morocco'' (2006) 
* ''[[Ebe ndị mmụọ ozi na-akwụsị]]'' (2010) 
* ''Onye hụrụ rif n'anya'' (2011) 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ihe nkiri nke Morocco
* [[Doha Moustaquim]]

== Ihe edeturu ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|nm1280592}}
* [http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=90844.html Narjiss Nejjar] na Allocine  (French) 

mara amara, Les Yeux Secs malitere dị ka ihe nkiri banyere ụmụ nwanyị Tizi mana ụmụ mara amara, Les Yeux Secs malitere dị ka ihe nkiri banyere ụmụ nwanyị Tizi mana ụmụ{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nejjar, Narjiss}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>ps3lykx14puj60ppsjkn7f3ik21xi3c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miriam Were</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38900</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741616</id>
      <parentid>741322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T21:53:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13188" sha1="41qe9kghlfqlvvw9azyqwka95mo7mp1" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox person|name=|image=DrMiriamKWere,2022-04-09,during a talk at AFSC Corporation meeting on Zoom.jpg|caption=Were in 2022|birthname=Miriam Khamadi Were|birth_date={{birth date and age|1940|4|12|df=y}}|birth_place=Kenya|death_date=|death_place=|occupation=Pblic health advocate, academic and writer|education=|alma_mater=[[William Penn College]]; [[University of Nairobi]]|alias=|parents=|relatives=|credits=}}

'''Miriam Khamadi Were''' (amụrụ 12 Eprel 1940) bụ onye na-akwado ahụike ọha na Kenya, agụmakwụkwọ na onye nnata nke mbụ Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize . Na 2022, a họpụtara ya maka Nrite Nobel Peace maka ọrụ ya na ahụike ọha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor from Liverpool led health project nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=University of Liverpool|archivedate=2023-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122074350/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/research/news/articles/professor-from-liverpool-led-health-project-shortlisted-for-nobel-peace-prize}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prof. Miriam Were nominated for 2022 Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/prof-miriam-were-nominated-2022-nobel-peace-prize|date=4 March 2022|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=University of Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahụmahụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Dị ka onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na William Penn College, na Oskaloosa, Iowa, Were malitere ọrụ na-elekwasị anya n'inyere ndị ọzọ aka. N'iji akara ugo mmụta dị na Natural Sciences na diploma diploma na Education, ọ kụziiri ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị chemistry na bayoloji tupu ọmụmụ ahụike.

Tozuru oke dị ka dọkịta ahụike sitere na Mahadum Nairobi, o wee bilie bụrụ onye isi na ngalaba ngalaba ọgwụ obodo na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ nke Nairobi. 

Ọmụmụ Were na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dugara na 1981 doctorate na Health Health, Health Planning and Management. &lt;ref name=&quot;Noguchi Prize, index&quot;&gt;Japan, Cabinet Office: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/index.html Noguchi Prize, index]&lt;/ref&gt; O tinyela ọzụzụ a na mmụta mmụta n'usoro mmemme lekwasịrị anya na nkwado nke obodo. Ọrụ ya na-achọ inyere ndị ọzọ aka ịkwaga n'imejuputa mmemme okike, dị irè na nke na-akwado onwe ya. Ahụmahụ ya emechaala n'ịgba atumatu sitere na obodo ume. 

== Ahụmahụ nchịkwa ==
Dị ka onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke UZIMA Foundation na n'ọrụ ya na African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Achọkwara itinye ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ ya nke ọma. O lekwasịrị anya na usoro iweta ọrụ ahụike bụ isi na ikike ahụike nye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nọ n'ime ime obodo nke East Africa. 

Were bụ onye isi oche nke National AIDS Control Council (NACC) Kenya ugbu a. Site n'ọkwa nwere njikọ chiri anya na Ọfịs Onye isi ala, NACC na-ahazi nzaghachi HIV/AIDS mba na Kenya. Dr. Were bụkwa onye isi oche nke bọọdụ ahụike na nyocha nke Africa (AMREF). Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-enweta oge iji jee ozi na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC), yana na bọọdụ ndị isi nke [[Medical Assistance Programs|Mmemme Enyemaka Ahụike]] (MAP) International (US). 

Were bụ onye isi otu United Nations Population Fund Country Support Team (UNFPA/CST) maka East na Central Africa na Anglophone West Africa, dabere na [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia. Tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya World Health Organisation (WHO) na onye isi ndị ozi na Etiopia. Tupu WHO, ọ bụ onye isi ahụike na nri na UNICEF, Etiopia.

Were were were na UNICEF site na Department of Community Health na ngalaba ọgwụ, Mahadum Nairobi ebe ọ ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-akụzi ihe na mahadum dị na Nairobi, ọ malitere ọrụ Community-Based Health Care (CBHC) na Kakamega, na Western Kenya. Dr Were bụ onye isi nke CBHC n'ime oge site na 1976 ruo 1982. Ọrụ a nwetara [[Maurice Pate Award|ihe nrite UNICEF Maurice Pate]] nke 1978, nke mbụ ụlọ ọrụ Africa ọ bụla nwetara ihe nrite a. 

A họpụtara ya onye Chancellor na Mahadum Moi, Eldoret, na Tọzdee, Septemba 19, 2013.

Na 2021, ọ malitere ọrụ nke ntinye aka na ntinye aka na obodo na National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) CLEAN-Air(Africa) Global Health Research Group. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu Lancet COVID-19 Commission. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miriam Were|url=https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=Lancet Commission on COVID-19|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205181529/https://covid19commission.org/miriam-were}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ederede okike ==
Were dekwara uri na akụkọ ifo ma bụrụ onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/lifestyle/the-making-of-prof-miriam-were-africa-s-2022-nobel-peace-prize-nominee-3777092|title=The making of Prof Miriam Were, Africa's 2022 Nobel Peace Prize nominee|work=The Nation|first=Hellen|author=Shikanda|date=10 April 2022|accessdate=3 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/kenya/445268-miriam-were-illustrious-profile-kenyan-professor-nominated-nobel-peace-prize/|title=Miriam Were: Illustrious Profile of Kenyan Professor Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|work=Tuko|first=Didacus|author=Malowa|date=3 March 2022|accessdate=3 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Boy In Between'' (1969), ''The High School Gent'' (1969), ''nwunye nke asatọ'' (1972), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/|title=Book Review: The Eighth Wife by Miriam Were|work=Wamathai|first=Nyambura|author=Mutanyi|date=17 August 2012|accessdate=3 August 2023|archivedate=3 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803102304/https://www.wamathai.com/2012/08/17/the-eighth-wife-miriam-were/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''obi gị. Bụ ebe ịchụàjà m'' (1980). &lt;ref&gt;Jones, Wilma L., [https://web.archive.org/web/20200216221602/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f68f/da4a580caa6f62249a2774a9e6c3cf301988.pdf &quot;Twenty Contemporary African Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliography&quot;], 1995. Retrieved 3 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ahọpụtara ==

* 2002 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=SfviTJmRnV8C&amp;dq=Miriam+K.+Were&amp;source=gbs_summary_s&amp;cad=0 &quot;Kakamega, Kenya: Mmalite na-ekwe nkwa emebiela,&quot;] na ''mgbanwe ziri ezi na nke na-adịgide adịgide: Mgbe obodo nwere ọdịnihu ha,'' Daniel Taylor-Ide na Carl E. Taylor, eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8018-6825-4|0-8018-6825-4]]
* 1985 - &quot;Ntinye ezinụlọ gbatịrị agbatị nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọkachamara n'obodo&quot; (ya na Harriette MacAdoo), na [https://books.google.com/books?id=aCkNAAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Women+in+Africa+and+the+African+Diaspora&amp;lr= ''Women in Africa na African Diaspora,''] Rosalyn Terborg-Penn na Andrea Benton Rushing, eds. Washington, DC&quot; Howard University Press . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88258-194-5|0-88258-194-5]]

== Nkwanye ugwu ==

* Okenye nke Order of the Burning Spear (EBS), 2005 – Kenya. 
* Nrite nke Italian Cabinet, 2006 – Italy. &lt;ref name=&quot;UZIMA1&quot;&gt;UZIMA Foundation: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101015161416/http://uzimafoundation.org/main/about/our-leadership/mkwere Were bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015161416/http://uzimafoundation.org/main/about/our-leadership/mkwere |date=15 October 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nrite ọla edo nke Queen Elizabeth II maka onyinye pụtara ìhè na ahụike ọha mba ụwa na ịkwado mkpa ahụike nke ndị ọ na-enweghị nsogbu, 2007 United Kingdom. 
* Légion d'honneur, Chevalier, 2008 - France. &lt;ref&gt;Ogutu, Evelyne. [http://www.eastandard.net/InsidePage.php?id=1144002632&amp;cid=300 &quot;Pearls of the nation,&quot;] ''The Standard'' (Nairobi). 26 December 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.amref.fr/news/le-pr-miriam-were-reçoit-les-insignes-de-chevalier-de-la-légion-dhonneur{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gọọmenti Japan nyere onyinye mbụ Hideyo Noguchi Africa na ngalaba ọrụ ahụike
* Onyinye ọrụ pụrụ iche, 2015 - Mahadum William Penn. Oskaloosa, IA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/|title=William Penn University :: WPU Welcomes Chancellor Were During US Visit|accessdate=23 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175902/http://www.wmpenn.edu/News/News_Releases/2015/WPU_Welcomes_Chancellor_Were_During_US_Visit/|archivedate=23 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nhọpụta Nrite Nobel Peace, 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

[[Usòrò:Miriam_Were_in_2020.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|375x375px| Miriam K. Were]]

=== Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize ===
Gọọmenti Japan hiwere Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize na Julaị 2006 dị ka onyinye nyocha na ọrụ ahụike mba ụwa ọhụrụ. Nkwuputa izizi nke atụmatụ imepụta ihe nrite a bụ oge iji mee akara nleta gọọmentị nke Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi na Africa na Mee 2006. Oge ahụ bụkwa ụbọchị ncheta afọ 80 nke Dr. Noguchi nwụrụ.  Ihe nrite a bu n’obi ịsọpụrụ ndị mmadụ n’otu n’otu nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma n’ịlụso ọrịa dị iche iche na-efe efe n’Africa ma ọ bụ n’ịhazi usoro ọrụ ahụike ọhụrụ. 

Ememe ngosi mmeghe na nkuzi nkuzi izizi dabara na [[Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Tokyo maka Mmepe Africa|ọgbakọ mba ụwa nke anọ nke Tokyo maka mmepe Africa]] (TICAD), nke emere na Yokohama na ngwụcha Eprel 2008. &lt;ref&gt;Japan, Cabinet Office: [http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/english/keii/keii.html Noguchi Prize, chronology]&lt;/ref&gt; Emere ebe ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke afọ a site na Tokyo gaa Yokohama dị ka ụzọ ọzọ e si asọpụrụ nwoke ahụ a kpọrọ aha ihe nrite ahụ. Na 1899, Dr. Noguchi rụrụ ọrụ na Yokohama Port Quarantine Office dị ka osote dọkịta kwarantaini. 

Prime Minista Japan Yasuo Fukuda mere ihe nrite n'ezie, na Emperor na Empress nọ na emume 2008, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị isi obodo Africa. 

A kwanyere ugwu na ngalaba ọrụ ahụike; Isiokwu nkuzi ya tozuru oke bụ &quot;Enwere ike ime nkwalite na ahụike Africa Site na akaebe na nnọgidesi ike na mmụọ nke Dr. Hideyo Noguchi&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Noguchi Prize, index&quot;/&gt;

Ihe nrite mbụ nke ihe nrite mba ụwa a—nke gụnyere ngụkọ, ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu nke 100 nde yen (US$ 843,668) bụ naanị ebumnuche ịbụ nke mbụ na usoro na-aga n'ihu; ma emesia a na-atụ anya na a ga-enye ihe nrite ahụ kwa afọ ise ọ bụla.  Emeela ihe nrite a site na nchikota nke ego gọọmentị na onyinye nke onwe. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/20080330TDY03103.htm &quot;Noguchi Africa Prize short by 70% of fund target,&quot;] ''Yomiuri Shimbun'' (Tokyo). 30 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==
 {{Reflist|30em}}

== Edensibia ==

* [http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?ID=50227 &quot;E jara Prof.&quot;] &lt;/link&gt;&lt; [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link&gt; ''KBC'' (Kenyan Broadcasting Corporation). 21 Mee 2008.
* Jevans Nyabiage, Jevans and Waikwa Maina. [http://allafrica.com/stories/200805211105.html &quot;Kenya: Mba ga-erite uru site na Kitty ijeri Sh6.2,&quot;] ''Daily Nation'' (Nairobi). 21 Mee 2008.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* TV Internetntanetị Gọọmenti Japan: [http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/eng/prg/prg1143.html vidiyo na-ebugharị, &quot;Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize,&quot; 2007/04/26 (nkeji 5)]
* Development Gateway Foundation: [http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/news/showNewsItemDetails.do?activeNewsItem=36810&amp;foo= Noguchi Prize, Were bio] &lt;/link&gt;&lt; [[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]] /link&gt;
* Otu ndị Japan maka nkwalite sayensị: [http://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-noguchiafrica/index.html ebumnuche na nkọwa nke ihe nrite Noguchi]
* Canadian Health Services Foundation (CHSRF/FCRSS): Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20120209174638/http://www.chsrf.ca/pdf/Miriam_Were_e.pdf amụma na omume]  &lt;/link&gt;
* Japan, Ụlọ ọrụ Cabinet: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040921/http://www.cao.go.jp/noguchisho/laureate/werecv.pdf Were, CV]
* Kenya, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: [http://www.mfa.go.ke/mfacms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=198&amp;Itemid=62 Noguchi Prize, akwụkwọ akụkọ]
* Kansụl ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930024558/http://www.globalhealth.org/news/article/9768 AMREF] Archived  &lt;/link&gt;
* Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na nyocha nke Africa (AMREF): [https://web.archive.org/web/20080412230516/http://www.amref.org/index.asp?PageID=35&amp;PressReleaseID=383 Onye otu AMREF]
* MAP International: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080722213017/http://www.map.org/site/PageServer?pagename=news_Queen_Honors_MAP_Board_Member Nrite ọla edo Queen Elizabeth II]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Were, Miriam}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>41qe9kghlfqlvvw9azyqwka95mo7mp1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Meaza Ashenafi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741612</id>
      <parentid>728821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T19:48:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6429" sha1="mdq5auch3s4f3zhci643joux84hde0f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Meaza Ashenafi''' (amụrụ na 25 Julaị 1964) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Meaza-Ashenafi|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|access-date=2024-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320121142/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/meaza-ashenafi|archive-date=2024-03-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye ọka iwu Etiopia. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, ndị omeiwu etiti họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ethiopia ruo mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 17 Jenụwarị afọ 2023. &lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;Paul Schemm (November 1, 2018), [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/womens-rights-activist-named-to-head-ethiopias-supreme-court-in-new-reform/2018/11/01/9ed28fc4-ddbd-11e8-b3f0-62607289efee_story.html Women’s rights activist named to head Ethiopia’s Supreme Court] ''[[Washington Post]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Meaza na Asosa, Etiopia. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Asosa wee sonye na ngalaba iwu nke Mahadum Addis Ababa. Ọ natara nzere Bachelor &lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot; /&gt;of Laws (LL.B.) na Mahadum Addis Ababa na Master of Arts (M.A.) na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Mahadụ Connecticut. Ọ lụrụ Dr. Araya Asfaw, Prọfesọ nke Physics na Mahadum Addis Ababa, ha nwekwara ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.

== Ọrụ ==
Meaza jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ethiopia n'etiti afọ 1989 na 1992. N'afọ 1993, Kọmitii Iwu nke Etiopia họpụtara ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vieceli2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vieceli|first=Alberto|title=1000 Peacewomen Across the Globe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIQnAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Scalo|isbn=978-3-03939-039-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1995,  Meaza guzobere Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) ya na Atsedeweine Tekle na Maria Yusuf, ọ ga-abụ onye isi nchịkwa ya. [2]&lt;ref name=&quot;irinnews.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=ETHIOPIA: Interview with Meaza Ashenafi, head of women lawyers association|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/47120/ethiopia-interview-with-meaza-ashenafi-head-of-women-lawyers-association|accessdate=3 February 2016|publisher=IRIN|date=7 November 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na kọntaktị iwu ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Etiopia; otu ya na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụnwaanyị na Ethiopia nwere ihe dịka ndị ọka iwu 45 gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-arụ maka ya na 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;BareguTrust2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baregu|first=Mwesiga Laurent|title=Peace-building in the Great Lakes Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTMXAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=SAPES Books|isbn=978-1-77905-120-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Meaza anọwo n'ọkwa na United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. O keere òkè na mmepe nke ụlọ akụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na Etiopia, Enat Bank, nke e guzobere na 2011; ka ọ na-erule 2016, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ndị nduzi ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Makers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.makers.com/blog/human-rights-lawyer-meaza-ashenafi-interview|title=Exclusive Q&amp;A With Human Rights Lawyer Meaza Ashenafi|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|date=2016|work=|publisher=Makers|accessdate=February 4, 2016|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2018, HoPR họpụtara Meaza ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, ebe ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nọ na kọmitii nke Praịm Minista Abiy Ahmed. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=First woman chief justice sworn in for Ethiopia {{!}} African Legal Information Institute|url=https://africanlii.org/article/20181101/first-woman-chief-justice-sworn-ethiopia|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=africanlii.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ anọ, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ahụ na osote onye isi ala Solomon Areda na 17 Jenụwarị 2023. Ndị omeiwu Etiopia họpụtara Tewdros Mihret dị ka onye isi ala na Abeba Embiale dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu n'aha Meaza na Solomon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AfricaNews|date=2023-01-17|title=Head of Ethiopia's Supreme Court resigns|url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/17/head-of-ethiopias-supreme-court-resigns/|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=Africanews|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'okwu 2009 Meaza kwuputara n'echiche efu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na obodo Etiopia, na-ekwu banyere ilu Amharic maka otu esi aghọta ụmụ nwanyị, na-akọwakarị ha dị ka ndị siri ike na adịghị ike.Omenala nzikọrịta ozi ka oge na-aga ejirila ilu ndị a kwalite nwoke na iweda ụmụ nwanyị ala.Ụfọdụ echiche ndị ilu ndị a na-enye bụ na ọnọdụ nwanyị bụ naanị n'ọrụ ụlọ nakwa na ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu enweghị ọgụgụ isi na enweghị ọrụ.[10]

== Nkwado ==
N'afọ 2003, Meaza ghọrọ onye nwetara onyinye Hunger Project Award, na-emeri ihe nrite Grassroots Etiopia Women of Substance Africa Prize, afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara ya maka Nrite Nobel Peace. A tụgharịrị ikpe ya ama ama ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri Etiopia 2014 Difret, nke Angelina Jolie kwalitere dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe wee nweta mmeri World Cinematic Dramatic Audience Award. na 2014 Sundance Film Festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;irinnews.org&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Tadias: Ethiopian-American Lifestyle and Business Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9f0qAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Tadias, Incorporated}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ethioscoop.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Meaza Ashenafi Mengistu|first=Nassir|author=Mohammed|url=http://www.ethioscoop.com/biography/3511-meaza-ashenafi-mengistu.html|accessdate=3 February 2016|work=Ethioscoop Review Magazine|date=15 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;/&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụmụ nwanyị n'Etiopia

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* {{Cite book|author=Woldeyes|first=Billene Seyoum|title=Transformative Spaces: Enabling Authentic Female Leadership Through Self Transformation – the Association of Women in Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQSdAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA48|year=2014|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-90502-4}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashenafi, Meaza}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>mdq5auch3s4f3zhci643joux84hde0f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndepụta nke ebe ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na United States</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741637</id>
      <parentid>740065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:55:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9347" sha1="4jhvsalohf03zstxan2nd78hodil668" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Comerio.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|N'afọ 2017, Comerío Zona Urbana dị na Comerío, Puerto Rico nwere ego ezinaụlọ nke etiti kacha ala n'ebe ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,000 na United States.  [note 1]]]
{{Databox}} 
Nke a bụ '''ndepụta nke ebe ndi ego ha kacha di obere na United States''' . Dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbakọ United States si kwuo, ndị na-esonụ bụ ebe ndị dị na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] nwere obere ego na-akpata n'etiti ezinụlọ . Ebe ndị mmadụ nwere site na nyocha 2013-2017 American Community Survey bụ nke a na-enweta site na ego n'ezinaụlọ nke etiti - ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akpata ego n'etiti ezinụlọ sikwa na 2013-2017 American Community Survey.  &quot;Ebe&quot; ndị e ji mee ihe n'isiokwu a bụ ihe Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọgụgụ US na-akọwa dị ka &quot;ebe&quot; (dị ka Ebe Akpọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma ọ bụ CDPs). Na United States (na 2017), ebe nwere obere ego n'etiti ezinụlọ bụ Little River, California (ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 117), ebe ebe nwere obere ego ezinụlọ na-akpata nke nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 bụ Comerío Zona Urbana na Comerío. Puerto Rico (ndị bi na 4,312). &lt;ref name=&quot;census2017&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20190927114936/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_S1901&amp;prodType=table {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927114936/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_5YR_S1901&amp;prodType=table |date=2019-09-27 }} U.S. Census Bureau. American FactFinder. Income in the past 12 months (in 2017 inflation-adjusted dollars). 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. [&quot;Geography&quot; set to &quot;All Places within United States and Puerto Rico&quot;.] Retrieved August 27, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; 

N'ihe gbasara nha obodo, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation na n'akụkụ Rosebud Indian Reservation (Lakota Sioux Reservations, South Dakota) abụwo ogologo oge n'etiti mpaghara ego kacha ala na United States - Wounded Knee, South Dakota, nke dị n'ime ebe nchekwa Pine Ridge., nwere ego ezinaụlọ nke etiti nke asaa kacha ala n'ebe niile na steeti 50/D. C./Puerto Rico (na 2017). 

N'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ, 3 n'ime 5 n'ime ógbè kachasị ukwuu (ndị bi na 1000) bụ ndị kachasị, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ndị ọcha, sitere na 98% ruo 99% ọcha, ebe mpaghara abụọ na-abụkarị ndị oji na 60% na 68% ojii, ebe nke ise bụ 99% Native American.

Ógbè US nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye kasị elu na United States (dị elu karịa ọnụego ịda ogbenye nke ala US), na ọtụtụ n'ime ebe ego kacha nta na United States dị na US Territories Puerto Rico na American Samoa . &lt;ref&gt;http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10240r.pdf ‘’Poverty Determination In U.S. Insular Areas.’’ Retrieved June 29, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ASamoa_Medicaid&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sagapolutele|first=Fili|title=American Samoa Governor Says Small Economies 'Cannot Afford Any Reduction In Medicaid' {{!}} Pacific Islands Report|url=http://www.pireport.org/articles/2017/03/02/american-samoa-governor-says-small-economies-cannot-afford-any-reduction|accessdate=June 29, 2019|work=www.pireport.org|date=March 2, 2017|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224155300/http://www.pireport.org/articles/2017/03/02/american-samoa-governor-says-small-economies-cannot-afford-any-reduction|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, ime obodo Comerío, Puerto Rico nwere ego n'ezinaụlọ nke etiti $12,812 - nke kachasi ala na mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla dabara na United States. 

== Ebe (2013-2017 American Community Survey) ==
Ihe data dị n'okpuru ebe a bụ maka ego ezinụlọ na-akpata kwa afọ na steeti 50, District nke Columbia, na Puerto Rico - data dabeere na 2013-2017 American Community Survey data sitere na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchịkọta Mmadụ na US ; Onu ogugu sikwa na 2013-2017 American Community Survey.  [note 3] E gosiri ebe ndị mmadụ karịrị 1,000 bi na ya '''n'atụghị egwu''' .

Ọtụtụ n'ime ebe kacha nta ego nwere ihe karịrị mmadụ 1,000 dị na Puerto Rico . Ebe ndị dị na Puerto Rico dị ka ''zona urbanas'' na ''comunidads'' bụ Ebe Enyere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Agụnyere ebe dị na mpaghara US (ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Puerto Rico), mana etinyeghị ha n'ọkwa n'ihi na ha nwere data 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;Territories1&quot;&gt;American FactFinder. Income (2010): American Samoa / Guam / Northern Mariana Islands / United States Virgin Islands. Retrieved July 2, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-anakọta data kwa afọ maka steeti 50, District of Columbia na Puerto Rico (na atụmatụ nyocha nke Community Community ), mana anaghị anakọta data kwa afọ na mpaghara US ndị ọzọ.

Maka ntụnyere, n'afọ 2017, ego a na-enweta n'ezinaụlọ nke United States (ewezuga ókèala US) bụ $57,652. 

== Ọnụọgụ 2000 ==
[[Usòrò:Kiryas_Joel.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|245x245px| Kiryas Joel, New York, obodo dị n'ime obodo Monroe dị na Orange County, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] nke [[Jew|ndị Juu]] Hasidic na-asụ Yiddish gụnyere, nwere ego kacha nta n'otu n'otu n'ebe ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị 10,000 bi na US, dị ka ngụkọ 2000. . &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;]]
Obodo kachasị ukwuu na 2000 (nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 13,138) bụ Kiryas Joel, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] nke nwere ego onye ọ bụla na-enweta naanị $4,355. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ahaghị nhata ego ==
US nwere oke ahaghị nhata ego n'etiti ndị ọgbọ ya (mgbe emechara) ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;upi.com&quot;&gt;United Press International (UPI), June 22, 2018, [https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2018/06/22/UN-report-With-40M-in-poverty-US-most-unequal-developed-nation/8671529664548/?spt=su &quot;U.N. Report: With 40M in Poverty, U.S. Most Unequal Developed Nation&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a tụrụ maka ezinụlọ niile, enweghị ahaghị nhata nke US na mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe tupu ụtụ isi na mbufe, mana so na ndị kachasị elu mgbe ụtụ isi na mbufe gachara, nke pụtara na US na-agbanwe obere ego sitere na ezinụlọ ndị na-akpata nnukwu ego gaa na ezinụlọ na-akpata obere ego. Na 2016, nkezi ego ahịa bụ $15,600 maka quntile kacha ala yana $280,300 maka quntile kacha elu. Ọkwa nke ahaghị nhata gbagoro n'ime quintile kacha elu, yana 1% kacha elu na $1.8 nde, ihe dịka ugboro 30 ego $59,300 nke quintile etiti. &lt;ref name=&quot;CBO_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55413|title=The Distribution of Household Income, 2016|date=July 2019|work=www.cbo.gov|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|accessdate=October 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmetụta akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ahaghị nhata nwere ike ịgụnye uto GDP ji nwayọọ nwayọọ, mbelata ego ị na-enweta, ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye dị elu, iji ụgwọ ụlọ na-eme ihe na-eduga n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọgba aghara ego, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị . &lt;ref name=&quot;Krueger2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2012/01/12/chairman-alan-krueger-discusses-rise-and-consequences-inequality-center-american-pro|title=Chairman Alan Krueger Discusses the Rise and Consequences of Inequality at the Center for American Progress|author=Krueger|first=Alan|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|date=January 12, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;SA2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Stewart|first=Alexander J.|date=2020|title=Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=6|issue=50|pages=eabd4201|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abd4201|pmid=33310855}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe na-akpata enweghị ahaghị nhata nwere ike ịgụnye nkwụghachi ụgwọ ndị isi na-abawanye n'ihe gbasara nkezi onye ọrụ, ịkpata ego, itinye uche n'ụlọ ọrụ ka ukwuu, ọnụego otu n'otu dị ala, ọnụego ụtụ isi dị ala na oke ego, na mgbanwe teknụzụ na-akwụghachi ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYTPorter2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/13/business/rethinking-the-income-gap-and-a-college-education.html|title=Rethinking the Rise of Inequality|author=Porter|first=Eduardo|date=November 12, 2013|publisher=NYT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Ndepụta nke mpaghara ndị kacha nwee ego na United States
* Mpaghara ịda ogbenye na-adịgide adịgide
* Ịda ogbenye na United States

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==

* ''Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na data Bureau Census Bureau nke US ; Ngalaba Azụmahịa US, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Nnyocha nke azụmahịa dị ugbu a; na DataQuick Information Systems, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa data ndekọ ọha dị na La Jolla, San Diego, CA.''
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>4jhvsalohf03zstxan2nd78hodil668</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nzọụkwụ Mbụ Alaghachite</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741669</id>
      <parentid>728208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:02:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10924" sha1="kc5ahjt0522lr5cu19hn6bq1z6txbjh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 

'''Nzọụkwụ Mbụ Back Home''' (FSBH) bụ 501(c)(3) nzukọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, kwadoro dị ka okwukwe dabeere na Ndị Kraịst ozi iji nyere ndị ikom na-enweghị ebe obibi aka inweta nnwere onwe ego na afọ ojuju onwe ha, na Ofallon, Missouri . &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBH&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firststepbackhome.net|title=First Step Back Home on Internet|accessdate=2011-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye agha Vietnam na onye ọrụ mmekọrịta Paul W Kruse &lt;ref name=&quot;paulbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/Paul_Kruse_Bio.pdf|accessdate=2011-12-28|title=Paul Kruse Bio|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075323/http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/Paul_Kruse_Bio.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nwunye ya Lana Kruse hiwere ya. O nyerela ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ndị na-enweghị olileanya na St. Charles, Lincoln na Warren Counties nke Missouri aka ịchọta ebe obibi na ọrụ kwụsiri ike. Kemgbe 2005, FSBH enyerela ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,000 na-enweghị ebe obibi aka inwe afọ ojuju. &lt;ref name=&quot;STLToday&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/stcharles/news/first-step-back-home-receives-operation-round-up-grant/article_5db22a9b-2e29-5399-8af3-9291d818b10d.html|title=FSBH receives $3,000 grant from Cuiver River Electric Community Trust|accessdate=2011-12-29|publisher=STLToday.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116094315/https://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/stcharles/news/first-step-back-home-receives-operation-round-up-grant/article_5db22a9b-2e29-5399-8af3-9291d818b10d.html|archive-date=2023-11-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eme mmemme site n'enyemaka nke Community Council of St. Charles Continuum.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
FSBH malitere na Maachị, 2005 site n'aka Paul Kruse, onye agha Vietnam nke jere ozi na US Navy dị ka Airman na Seaman . Paul na nwunye ya malitere Trucker Church Ministry na Foristell, Missouri, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://westplexcc.org/truck_stop_ministry.php|title=About Truck Stop Ministry|publisher=West Plex CC|accessdate=2011-12-28|archive-date=2012-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075258/http://westplexcc.org/truck_stop_ministry.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwere ugbua ihe karịrị ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala 2,500 ndị gara ọrụ ma nụ ka a na-ekwusa ozi ọma kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ 6 na ọkara. Ọ bịara mara na enweghi ihe onwunwe na oghere dị na ọrụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-enye ndị ikom na-enweghị ebe obibi na St. Charles County, ma malite Ozi ya sitere na onyinye $ 1000 sitere na azụmahịa obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBH&quot;/&gt;

FSBH enyerela ihe karịrị 3000 ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na mpaghara ahụ nweta ebe obibi, nri, uwe, ọrụ, chọta ụgbọ njem, na n'ikpeazụ wee bụrụ onye na-akwado onwe ya ọzọ. Nkwado maka FSBH sitere na obodo site na azụmahịa, otu obodo na onyinye onye ọ bụla na ọ nweghị nke sitere na gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ Gọọmenti Mpaghara . &lt;ref name=&quot;paulbio&quot;/&gt;

== Otu ndị isi oche ==
FSBH na-arụ ọrụ site n'aka ndị ọrụ obodo, ndị sitere na nzụlite dị iche iche. Ndị otu bọọdụ na-enyere aka karịa n'ime mkpebi gbasara mmemme mgbasawanye na onyinye onyinye n'ọdịnihu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/miraclenews.pdf|title=FSBH Board of Director|publisher=firststepbackhome.net|accessdate=2011-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075336/http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/miraclenews.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! width=&quot;120&quot; |Ndị otu
! width=&quot;120&quot; | Nhọpụta
! width=&quot;200&quot; | Mgbakwunye nhazi
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Paul W Kruse
| Onye malitere
|&lt;/img&gt; Nzọụkwụ Mbụ Laghachi n'ụlọ
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Lana Kruse
| Onye na-echekwa ego
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Ụlọ ọgwụ St. Joseph na ebe ahụike|Ụlọ ọgwụ St. Joseph West]]
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Chuck Gatschenberger
| Odeakwụkwọ
|&lt;/img&gt; [[Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya Missouri|MO Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya]]
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Chris Bray
| Onye otu
|&lt;/img&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ PolyOne Corporation
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Onye isi obodo Paul Lambi
| Onye otu
|&lt;/img&gt; Onye isi obodo [[Wentzville, Missouri]]
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Dave Bonney
| Onye otu
|&lt;/img&gt; Onye ndụmọdụ Kọmputa
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;98FB98&quot; | Carla Campbell
| Onye otu
|&lt;/img&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ mgbaba
|- style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot;
| bgcolor=98FB98
|
|&lt;/img&gt;
|}

== Ozi ==
Otu a kwenyere na a na-enye ikike nke onwe ya na ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide, yabụ na-achọ ịnye enyemaka n'ụdị enyemaka nsogbu nye ndị ogbenye na igbochi enweghị ebe obibi n'otu ụlọ ahịa . Otu a na-ezubekwa ije ozi dị ka onye akaebe nke Ndị Kraịst site na ozi a, na ịgbasa ya na steeti ndị ọzọ, ndị mba ọzọ na n'ime ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBH&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/Mission,%20Value%20&amp;%20Vision.pdf|accessdate=2011-12-28|title=FSBH Ministry Overeview|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075347/http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/Mission%2C%20Value%20%26%20Vision.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nnabata ==
FSBH na ndị otu ya anatala ihe nrite maka mbọ ha na-agba n'ebe ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ndị ogbenye nọ n'ime obodo, nke ndị obodo, ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị.

* Paul Kruse, onye guzobere FSBH bụ onye natara FOCUS St. Louis &quot;Gịnị dị mma na mpaghara&quot; Award e nyere na May 11, 2006 na ememe na nnabata na Sheldon Concert Hall na St. Louis, MO, maka mbọ ya. mere site na FSBH n'ebe ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/FOCUS_Award_Release.pdf|title=Paul Kruse, Founder of FSBH receives Focus Award in May 2006|accessdate=2011-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075354/http://www.firststepbackhome.net/pdf/FOCUS_Award_Release.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/stcharles/life/article_c26767ee-aee8-57cb-9a36-6f651f482566.html|title=Awards received by Paul Kruse and FSBH|accessdate=2011-12-28|publisher=STLToday.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226110234/http://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/stcharles/life/article_c26767ee-aee8-57cb-9a36-6f651f482566.html|archive-date=2011-12-26|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Paul na Lana Kruse bụ ndị nnata nke Senior Service Award, nke Lieutenant Gọvanọ Peter Kinder nke St. Louis nyere, maka ọrụ ha na nnọchite ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi rụrụ site na FSBH, na July 15, 2011 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ltgov.mo.gov/press/71411seniorservice.htm|title=Paul &amp;amp; Lana Kruse receive Senior Service Award from Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder|accessdate=2011-12-28|publisher=Lt. Governor's Office Press|archive-date=2012-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120221040/http://ltgov.mo.gov/press/71411seniorservice.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsmagazinenetwork.com/201107147581/lake-saint-louis-couple-to-be-honored-by-lt-governor/|title=Lt. Gov. awards Paul and Lana Kruse|publisher=News Magazine Network|accessdate=2011-12-28|archive-date=2012-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423135054/http://www.newsmagazinenetwork.com/201107147581/lake-saint-louis-couple-to-be-honored-by-lt-governor/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.morpn.com/statewide-offices/missouri-lt-governor/lt-governor-peter-kinder-names-paul-and-lana-kruse-as-senior-service-award-winners/6723/|title=Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder awards FSBH|publisher=Missouri Republican News|accessdate=2011-12-28|archive-date=2012-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081119/http://www.morpn.com/statewide-offices/missouri-lt-governor/lt-governor-peter-kinder-names-paul-and-lana-kruse-as-senior-service-award-winners/6723/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.morpn.com/statewide-offices/missouri-lt-governor/lt-governor-peter-kinder-names-paul-and-lana-kruse-as-senior-service-award-winners/6723/|title=Lt. Gov. Peter Kinder awards FSBH|publisher=Missouri Republican News|accessdate=2011-12-28|archive-date=2012-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426081119/http://www.morpn.com/statewide-offices/missouri-lt-governor/lt-governor-peter-kinder-names-paul-and-lana-kruse-as-senior-service-award-winners/6723/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkwalite ego na onyinye ==
FSBH na-ebute ụzọ ego site n'onyinye nke ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe na ndị obodo na-enye.

* FSBH natara ọrụ Round Up Grant nke ''$3,000'' site na Cuivre River Electric Community Trust iji kwado ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na mpaghara na Disemba 2011, yana ''$5,000'' na Mee 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;STLToday&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;STLToday2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/stcharles/news/article_4b039d95-8c6c-5ae2-896b-470fddec680a.html|title=FSBH receives $5,000 grant from Cuiver River Electric Community Trust|accessdate=2011-12-29|publisher=STLToday.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821224943/http://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/stcharles/news/article_4b039d95-8c6c-5ae2-896b-470fddec680a.html|archive-date=2011-08-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Otu ndị ọrụ ịma ọkwa nke ụlọ ọgwụ Lake St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri welitere ''$457'' maka mmemme enweghị ebe obibi FSBH na Ọktoba 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ssmhc.com/internet/home/StJosephWest.nsf/News/F435EB556D463D988625737800702B05?opendocument|title=Mission Awareness Team of lake St. Louis Hospital raise money for FSBH program|publisher=SSM St. Louis Health Center|accessdate=2011-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-ahazi mmemme dị iche iche n'oge pụrụ iche, dịka; Krismas, Afọ Ọhụrụ na Ista iji wepụta ego iji nyere ndị ogbenye aka, gụnyere na webụsaịtị otu ahụ. Ọtụtụ ụka na ụlọ ọrụ enyerela aka n'ịwepụta ego maka FSBH. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.fox2now.com/news/ktvi-homeless-hotel-122309,0,355189.story|title=FSBH's Coverage on FOX2Now.com|publisher=Fox2Now.com|accessdate=2011-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.firststepbackhome.org/ Weebụsaịtị FSBH]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075403/http://westplexcc.org/firststep.php FSBH na West Plex CC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091227024529/http://www.fox2now.com/news/ktvi-homeless-hotel-122309,0,355189.story Mkpuchi akụkọ FOX na FSBH], Jun 25, 2009
* [http://www.facebook.com/FirstStepBackHome FSBH Community] Official FSBH Facebook ibe</text>
      <sha1>kc5ahjt0522lr5cu19hn6bq1z6txbjh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nchebe nri na Mexico</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>39946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741633</id>
      <parentid>697998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13996" sha1="j0uv8ivee904rhuj8s7uizp7ls4lvor" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|thumb| Ọkọlọtọ Mexico]]
Mexico na-ahụwo na nchekwa nri site n'ike ihe mere eme ya.  N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ dị iche iche, Mexico na-aga n'ihu na- ike nri na nri nke mba nke na-echebe ndị mmadụ nchekwa nri.  Dị ka obodo buru ibu nke ihe ụmụaka 100 nde mmadụ, akwụkwọ na imezu atumatu nri bụ ọrụ dị anya.  Ọ bụ ebe na Mexico na-agbasawanye ihe oriri na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke a na-anya ya, ma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, enyela aka na-ahụ na-emepụta nri nri, nchekwa nri, dịka ọ Mike oke ibu na  erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, ka na- amfanin na-abụ nsogbu nsogbu na eze dị mkpa.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị ihe a na-enweta nri, nri nri siri ike na gburu nri na-ebute ihe.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Food Security and Nutrition in Mexico|url=https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20Security%20and%20Nutrition%20in%20Mexico_Mexico_Mexico_7-9-2010.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913104246/https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20Security%20and%20Nutrition%20in%20Mexico_Mexico_Mexico_7-9-2010.pdf|archivedate=13 September 2017|accessdate=27 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;N'agbata afọ 2003 na 2005, nri nri Mexico dị elu ụzọ ebute oke oke iji gboo mkpa nke ndị Mexico, na-eri 3,270 kilocalories kwa ụbọchị, nke dị elu ihe mgbochi mkpa nke 1,850 kilocalories kwa ụbọchị.  atụmatụ, opekata mpe, elele 10 nke ndị bi na steeti Mexico ọ mgbasa na-enweta nri nri oke.  Na steeti, pịa 25–35 bi n'ezina nri nchekwa nri.  Ihe Ntụgharị 10 nke ndị bi na steeti asaa dị na Mexico dabara n'ụdị nri nchekwa nri siri ike

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Urquía-Fernández|first=Nuria|date=2014|title=Food security in Mexico|url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0036-36342014000700014&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso&amp;tlng=en|journal=Salud Pública de México|volume=56|pages=s92–s98|pmid=25649459|accessdate=2017-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okwu nke akara ike nri nri na-ebuwanye ibu site na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ nke na-ahụ ala ala, yana oke ibu na-ama, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, na ebe ahụ.

== Okwu mmalite ==
Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke nchekwa nri gụnyere ngwakọta nke ihe anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e06.htm|title=Chapter 2. Food security: concepts and measurement|work=www.fao.org|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|accessdate=October 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
[[Usòrò:States_of_Mexico.png|thumb|300x300px| Map nke steeti Mexico]]
Na Mexico, ndịiche dị na akụkụ nke mba ahụ bụ ihe ndị dị ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na obodo mepere emepe na ime obodo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries|url=https://archive.org/details/prioritiesinheal0000jami|author=Dean T. Jamison Joel G. Breman Anthony R. Measham George Alleyne Mariam Claeson David B. Evans Prabhat Jha Anne Mills Philip Musgrove|editor=Jamison|date=2006-04-02|publisher=The World Bank|isbn=9780821361795|doi=10.1596/978-0-8213-6179-5|edition=Second}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hernández-Díaz|first=S|date=1999-11-29|title=Association of maternal short stature with stunting in Mexican children: common genes vs common environment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_european-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_1999-12_53_12/page/n39|journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition|language=En|volume=53|issue=12|pages=938–945|doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600876|pmid=10602351|issn=1476-5640}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barquera|first=S|date=2001|title=[Policies and programs of food and nutrition in Mexico]|journal=Salud Publica de Mexico|language=en|volume=43|issue=5|pages=464–77|issn=0036-3634|pmid=11765723|doi=10.1590/S0036-36342001000500011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaghara North bụ nke kacha nwee ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nwere nnukwu ego n'isi obodo yana akụrụngwa, ma nwee ohere zuru oke maka ọrụ ndị bụ isi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0442e/a0442e0h.htm#bm17|title=The double burden of malnutrition Case studies from six developing countries|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2017-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghi na mmepe nke North, Central mpaghara ka nwere nnukwu obodo mepere emepe dị ka Guadalajara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Mpaghara ndịda bụ nke kacha nta mepere emepe, nwere obodo kacha ime obodo na ụmụ amaala bi na Mexico, yana enweghị ohere zuru oke iji nweta ọrụ ndị bụ isi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; Ya mere, nsogbu ahụike dịka ọrịa na-efe efe na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-ewu ewu karịsịa.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Malite na 1980s, akara akụ na dị dị iche iche mpaghara na-ama ihe na Latin America .  akwụkwọ ọrụ ugbo Mexico,,,,abụ mgbe steeti Meksiko, ndị nwere maka ọrịa mbupụ.  Gọọmenti Mexico mere gwara siri ike iji megharia ihe iji tinyekwuo mpaghara ọrụ ugbo n'ahịa zuru ụwa dị ka isonye na General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) na North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Human Organization|volume=61|issue=1|pages=68–79|language=en|author=Preibisch|first=Kerry L.|title=Defending Food Security in a Free-Market Economy: The Gendered Dimensions of Restructuring in Rural Mexico|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-organization_spring-2002_61_1/page/68|year=2002|doi=10.17730/humo.61.1.b0xbdqk1lw37yy1j}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nri dị ==
.Ịnweta ike nri dị na Mexico mkpa ihe, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ ka na-ata site na nri nchekwa nri.  Ọzọkwa, ihe gbasara nke puru omume nke nri nchekwa nri ka akọọrọ na ọ na-adị site na ego na-echeta.  [1] Amartya Sen na-arụ ụka na inwe nri bụ otu n'ime ikike ihe ọrụ mbụ.  Manuel, nri mgbe nri zuru oke, ihe ike inwe nri nri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Poverty and famines: an essay on entitlement and deprivation|url=https://archive.org/details/povertyfamineses0000sena|author=Sen|first=Amartya|publisher=Oxford university press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-19-828426-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 2003 na 2005, ngụkọta nri Mexico zuru oke, nke na-ewe kilocalories 3,270 kwa ụbọchị, dị elu karịa ihe kacha nta chọrọ nke 1,850 kilocalories kwa ụbọchị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20Security%20and%20Nutrition%20in%20Mexico_Mexico_Mexico_7-9-2010.pdf|title=Food Security and Nutrition in Mexico|author=Juárez|first=Benjamín|date=July 9, 2010|publisher=[[Foreign Agricultural Service]]|accessdate=27 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 3 Nnyocha mba nke N'ogbe, nri na ọnọdụ nri na mpaghara ime obodo (ENAAEN) gbakọtara na 2008 maka ime obodo 90 chọpụtara na ihe karịrị 90% nke mpaghara ndị a na-ere nri dịka agwa nkụ, peas chick, mmiri ara ehi na anụ, 86.7 % rere akwụkwọ nri, na 78.9% rere mkpụrụ osisi. Ihe omuma a na-ebute nkwubi okwu na nnweta nri abughi nsogbu; kama, okwu nke ụkọ nri na-akpata site na njikọta nke ihe ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ọzọkwa, ihe ụmụaka 18% nke ndị Mexico na 2008 nọ na ndị ogbenye na Chiapas, Guerrero, na Oaxaca nri bụ nri oke nri ogbenye nri, dịka ihe CONEVAL si kwuo.  [1] Ọdịmma na nhọrọ na ọnụ akara nri dị elu maka obere ego na-belụsọ

Dị ka nkeji na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike Ọha na Meksiko si kwuo, akara ole na ole na-emezu akwụkwọ maka nri zuru oke na ụdị dị iche iche [1] : 9 Maka ụmụ amaala obodo, nsogbu ahụ ka njọ.  naanị 10% nke ndị bi n'ime obodo na- ụmụ ụmụ amaala na 3% nke ndị obodo na-eri anụ ụbọchị atọ ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ kwa izu, na-arụtụ aka na ọrịa anaemia zuru oke na ndị mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; : 

== Ihe na-akpata ụkọ nri ==
Nri na nri zuru oke bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ, ahụike na uto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.16/num5/art34/|title=Desnutrición y obesidad: doble carga en México|author=Nasu|first=Teresa Shamah Levy, Maritza Alejandra Amaya Castellanos, Lucia Cuevas|work=www.revista.unam.mx|accessdate=2017-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Agụụ|Erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ́]] na-eso ebute ọnwụ [[Ọnwụ nne|nke nne]] na ụmụ ọhụrụ na ọrịa na-ebelata mmepe. Enwere ike rụtụ aka na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ nke nwata dịka n'ihi akwụghị ọtọ na nkesa akụrụngwa, ọrụ, akụ na ụba na ohere. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ibu oke ibu ===
Meksiko enwetawo dị egwu nke akụ na mebere n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, na-eweta ihe dị ukwuu na ọnọdụ nsogbu na eze na mpaghara site na ime obodo gaa n'obodo ukwu.  Mgbanwe a ewetala usoro nri ndị na-enye ahụ: ịba ahụ n'inweta ndị nwere oke ume dị ọnụ ala nri nke àgwà omume otu ebe.  N'ihi ya, Mexico na-ahụ ọrịa na-efe efe na-eto ngwa ngwa nke oke ibu na oke ibu mgbaàmà na-adịghị agbasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rtveladze|first=Ketevan|date=January 2014|title=Obesity prevalence in Mexico: impact on health and economic burden|journal=Public Health Nutrition|volume=17|issue=1|pages=233–239|doi=10.1017/S1368980013000086|pmid=23369462|issn=1368-9800}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRtveladzeMarshBarqueraRomero2014&quot;&gt;Rtveladze, Ketevan; Marsh, Tim; Barquera, Simon; Romero, Luz Maria Sanchez; Levy, David; Melendez, Guillermo; Webber, Laura; Kilpi, Fanny; McPherson, Klim (January 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10282205 &quot;Obesity prevalence in Mexico: impact on health and economic burden&quot;]. ''Public Health Nutrition''. '''17''' (1): 233–239. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1017/S1368980013000086|10.1017/S1368980013000086]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:1368-9800|1368-9800]]. [[PMC (ihe nchọpụta)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10282205 10282205]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23369462 23369462].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmụba dị egwu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ oke ibu ebutela ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọrịa ndị metụtara oke ibu dị ka ọrịa shuga, ọbara mgbali elu, na nnukwu myocardial infarction (AMI) yana mmụba nke ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike metụtara ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rivera|first=Juan A.|date=February 2002|title=Epidemiological and nutritional transition in Mexico: rapid increase of non-communicable chronic diseases and obesity|journal=Public Health Nutrition|volume=5|issue=1a|pages=113–122|doi=10.1079/PHN2001282|pmid=12027273|issn=1475-2727}}&lt;/ref&gt; 32% nke ụmụ nwoke na 26% nke ụmụ nwanyị ka ekwuru na ha nwere oke ibu. A na-eme atụmatụ na n'afọ 2050, 12% nke ụmụ nwoke na 9% nke ụmụ nwanyị ga-abụ nke ịdị arọ nkịtị. N'ụzọ akụ na ụba, nke a ga-abụ nnukwu ibu. A na-eme atụmatụ na mbelata 1% na BMI nwere ike ịchekwa nde $ 43 na ụgwọ nlekọta ahụike na 2020 yana nde $ 85 na 2050. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka e mee ihe maka igbochi oke ibu.

== Mgbalị gọọmentị ==
N’afọ 1997, ụgbọ okporo ígwè Mexico ụzọ ihe omume ọhụrụ bụ́ nke e bu n’obi ihe ike ogbenye ná mba ahụ.  [1] Programa de Educación, Salud, y Alimenación ( PROGRESA ) emebere na mbụ maka dara ogbenye n'ime ime obodo, ma n'ihi ihe ịga nke ọma ya, a na n'ime obodo na 2001. [2] Ihe  dị ka akara nde 2.6 aha na 2000, pịa otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe ime obodo niile.  [3] fim ahụ ndị ọrụ ego maka ihe ndị mere ihe iji kwalite nkwalite na nri ezina-eme ha.  [4] ahụ nwera ihe ịga nke ọma: ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ mụbara ụfọdụ 20% maka ụmụ anụmanụ yana 10% maka ụmụ nwoke nọ na ebe PROGRESA &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=UI&amp;version=1.0&amp;verb=Display&amp;handle=dns.gfs/1200428168|title=PROGRESA: An Integrated Approach to Poverty Alleviation in Mexico|author=Gantner|first=Leigh|date=2007|work=cip.cornell.edu|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100039/https://cip.cornell.edu/DPubS?service=UI&amp;version=1.0&amp;verb=Display&amp;handle=dns.gfs/1200428168|archive-date=2017-10-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

National Crusade egwu egwu (CNCH) mgbasa na 2013 ma ọdụ etiti me aha ya site na Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL).  Ebumnobi ya &quot;iwepụ oke ogbenye, erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, na ụkọ nri sitere na nri nri na Mexico.&quot;  Dabere na CONEVAL, CNCH erutela ndị Mexico nde 7.1.  Ọ na-agụnye aka nke mmemme 55 na-emebu na ngalaba nke ọrụ ọrụ na-emebu na ngalaba nke ọrụ na-egosi nri, nri nri na nkesa, na-akpa ego na eze na-amata, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Ndị ụfọdụ nwere nnukwu ikefu ego na 2013 bụ enwe Opportunidades na Ministry of Health.  Mgbasa ozi CNCH mgbasa na obodo 400 nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbasa elu na nchnahụ nke ndị bi n' ayenyere ogbenye na nri nri.  Ya mbụ awụ mkpa bụ boosting nri ọkọnọ na ndokwa omume, na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe nwere ikike nke ego nyefe na nri mmeju, na-amụba ikike nke ndị bi na-enweta nri nri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.coneval.org.mx/Evaluacion/ECNCH/Documents/Balance_Cruzada_2013_2016.pdf|title=Balance de la Cruzada Nacional contra el Hambre|date=2016|publisher=[[National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL)|National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy]]|language=es|accessdate=2024-04-01|archivedate=2023-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320095359/https://www.coneval.org.mx/Evaluacion/ECNCH/Documents/Balance_Cruzada_2013_2016.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Ikike Nri]]</text>
      <sha1>j0uv8ivee904rhuj8s7uizp7ls4lvor</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manu Needhi Ndị Ahịa na Ebe Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741605</id>
      <parentid>737134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T16:45:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6219" sha1="2ynpmaynke0bvykudrdy7pnv9vzcq4s" xml:space="preserve">Qqvbpnl n m Manu q Neehi Consumer na Environmental Protection Center bụ ngwa idebanye aha n'okpuru Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act, 1975 .  Ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu nke Dr. Ambedkar Law College, Chennai, bụ ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akwado nkwado na ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Madras, Chennai.

== Ndị isi oche ==
Enwere ndị isi asaa: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/youthmalar_11052013|title=இளைஞர் மலர் (11-05-2013)|publisher=Daily Thanthi|date=|accessdate=2013-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* A. Muniraja - onyeisi oche
* Akila Arunkumar- osote onye isi ala
* S. Saravanan - odeakwụkwọ ukwu
* P. Saravana Siva - odeakwụkwọ nkwonkwo
* R. Senthil Kumar - onye na-echekwa ego
* M. Manikhandan - onye otu kọmitii
* Sindhuja Seenivasaga Perumal

== Nchedo ndị ahịa ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Encroachment-MRP-violation-rampant-in-Koyambedu-Plea/articleshow/19523254.cms?intenttarget=no#.UXQf-dTNiuw.facebook|title=Encroachment, MRP violation rampant in Koyambedu: Plea - The Times of India|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=|accessdate=2013-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;Manu Needhi na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ndị na-azụ ọrụ mara gbasara ikike ha site na ịme egwuregwu oge.  Ọzọkwa, ha na-enye ndị na-azụ akara iwu [1] ka ha nwetaghachi ha n'ụzọ iwu ihe n'iche ikpe ndịji.  Ha na-agbakwa akwụkwọ gbasara ọrịa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Special Correspondent|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/pil-plea-against-cmbt-shopowners/article4613001.ece|title=PIL plea against CMBT shop-owners|work=The Hindu|date=2013-04-13|accessdate=2013-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbasa mgbasa ozi ==
Ndị ọrụ nọ na etiti ahụ ahaziela mkpọsa mmata n'ihe metụtara ọha na eze, gụnyere mkpọsa n'ime ime obodo yana nzụkọ mmata ndị ntuli aka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.tv/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-129175.html|title=தேர்தலில் வாக்களிப்பதன் அவசியத்தை வலியுறுத்தி பேரணி|publisher=Puthiyathalaimurai TV|date=2014-03-30|accessdate=2014-04-09|archivedate=2014-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413131232/http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.tv/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-129175.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://news.chennaipatrika.com/post/2014/03/31/Voters-Awareness-Rally-at-Marina-Beach-Photos.aspx?filename=Voters-Awareness-Rally-at-Marina-Beach-Photo-05.JPG|title=Voters Awareness Rally at Marina Beach Photos|publisher=Chennai Patrika|date=2014-03-31|accessdate=2014-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130552/http://news.chennaipatrika.com/post/2014/03/31/Voters-Awareness-Rally-at-Marina-Beach-Photos.aspx?filename=Voters-Awareness-Rally-at-Marina-Beach-Photo-05.JPG|archive-date=2014-04-13|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Express news Service|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/City-IAS-Aspirants-Pledge-to-Vote-Ensure-%E2%80%98Clean%E2%80%99-Poll/2014/04/01/article2142066.ece1#.U0UC9vmSxX9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413132357/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/City-IAS-Aspirants-Pledge-to-Vote-Ensure-%E2%80%98Clean%E2%80%99-Poll/2014/04/01/article2142066.ece1#.U0UC9vmSxX9|archivedate=13 April 2014|title=City IAS Aspirants Pledge to Vote, Ensure 'Clean' Poll|publisher=|date=2014-04-01|accessdate=2014-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81/article5852413.ece|title=கள்ள வாக்குகளை தடுக்க நோட்டா பயன்படும்: முன்னாள் தலைமைத் தேர்தல் அதிகாரி நரேஷ் குப்தா பேச்சு|publisher=Dailythanthi|date=2014-03-31|accessdate=2014-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://epaper.dailythanthi.com/showxml.aspx?id=16197191&amp;code=7368|title=Awareness Rally|publisher=|date=2014-03-31|accessdate=2014-04-09|archivedate=2014-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413130258/http://epaper.dailythanthi.com/showxml.aspx?id=16197191&amp;code=7368}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.readwhere.com/read/c/2635147|title=Voters Awareness Rally by Manu Needhi Consumer and Environmental Protection Centre|publisher=|date=2014-03-31|accessdate=2014-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085250/http://www.readwhere.com/read/c/2635147|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ na akwụkwọ ==
Onye isi ala na osote onye isi oche akwụkwọ nke a ka amaara ide edemede [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] ikike ndị nke e akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ India, iná na  .  Tamil Nadu.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{Cite web|title=Snacks outlet told to pay Rs.50,000 to movie-goer who was charged Rs.10 more|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/snacks-outlet-told-to-pay-50000-to-movie-goer-who-was-charged-10-more/article23367873.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2018-03-28|accessdate=2018-06-22}}</text>
      <sha1>2ynpmaynke0bvykudrdy7pnv9vzcq4s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndị na-ese ihe na Pennsylvania Almshouse</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741639</id>
      <parentid>160335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T03:55:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5709" sha1="rbavdts4t2kivkczcqnlldyhygj0z47" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Berks_County_Almhouse.jpg|thumb|325x325px| Isi ụlọ nke Berks County Almshouse (e mebiri na 1957)]]
Pennsylvania Almshouse Painters bụ ndị omenkà awụ atọ onwe ha;  Charles C. Hofmann, Louis Mader na John Rasmussen, bụ ndị nke nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ma ama maka ihe osise nke almshouse na Berks County, Pennsylvania, mere na ụdị nkà ndị mbụ.  A nsogbu ha niile na Jamanị.

== Ụlọ alms ==
&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Berks County Almshouse&quot;, @ Asylum Projects.&lt;/ref&gt;Ndị ọrụ ebere, nke dị na Cumru Township, Shillington, bụ ihe mmetụta Gọvanọ Thomas Miffin na mbụ ma mara dị ka Angelica Farm.  Ewubere ụlọ mbụ, ebe obibi maka ndị ara, na 1824. E hiwere ụlọ dị iche iche maka ndị nwoke na nwanyị nọ na 1832. E gbakwunyere ụlọ ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na 1874, bụ nke e na-eke n'ilekọta ndị ahụ́ na-adịghị.  ike, ndị na-arịa ọrịa, ndị nwere ikike, na ndị na-akpa ike yana ndị ara.  Otu ቀለሞች, nke e debere na 1885, ngwa na ndị na-ahụ mmetụta zuru oke na e bulu ibuga ya n ọgwụ steeti.  Ka ọ na-erule ná nwa atụrụ afọ nke 20, ihe ọnọdụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị ilekọta ndị na-ahụ ike na ndị agadi, ha lekwasịrị anya.  E kwaturu ụlọ ochie ahụ na 1957 ma mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ weghaara nke ala ahụ.

Ezinụlọ alms ahụ jere ozi dị ka ihe maka &quot;Diamond County Home for the Aged&quot; na The Poorhouse Fair ;  akwụkwọ John Updike .

== Ndị na-ese ihe ==
[[Usòrò:Berks_County_Almshouse,_1878_sc000780.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Berks County Almshouse nke Hofmann (1878)]]

=== Charles C. Hofmann ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;&gt;[http://www.askart.com/artist/Charles_C_Hofmann/21377/Charles_C_Hofmann.aspx Biography] @ AskArt,&lt;/ref&gt;Hofmann dị ka ọ mkpọsa ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ a na ndị yiri ya.  Amụrụ ya c.1820, ebe a na-egosi kpọmkwem, wee kwaga United States na 1860. Ka ọ na-erule 1865, ọ bi na Reading, Pennsylvania .  Site na ahụ mgbe ruo 1872, ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe osise n'ịhụnanya Schuylkill

N'afọ ahụ, ọ gbara mbọ na Berks County Almshouse maka oge ezumike na &quot;abụ obi ụtọ&quot;.  Mgbe ọ nọ ahụ ebe ahụ, ọ rụchara mmiri mmiri wee mee ihe ọrụ ọrụ na kwaaji na tin.  N'agbanyeghị na ụlọ ndị dara ogbenye n'oge ahụ bụ ndị ruru unyi na ndị na-emegide anya, ihe osise ya niile dị mma ma dị mma.

&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;&gt;[https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1399.html#biography Biography] @ the National Gallery of Art.&lt;/ref&gt;Enwere ụfọdụ ihe mgbu na a sifa ya dị ka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ .  N'ezie, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-agba gburugburu site na vignettes, bụ nke a na-emekarị na lithographs nke oge a.

Ọ ga-anọrịrị n'ụlọ ọrụ ebere maka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'oge ndụ ya niile. N'etiti, ọ na-ese farmscaps na azụmahịa na ọrụ. Ọtụtụ ihe osise ya na-egosi onye ajị agba nwere karama; kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe osise onwe ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;A&quot;/&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;N'afọ 1882, a nabatara ya n'ibu ọrụ alms na ogwe aka gbajiri agbaji, oyiyi n'ebe ahụ ụnwa na ole ka e gosiri &quot; dropsy &quot;, e wee lie ya n'ubi ọkpụite dị nso.  Atọ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ nke National Gallery of Art nwere.
[[Usòrò:Berks_county_almshouse_1895.png|thumb|250x250px| Berks County Almshouse nke Mader (1895)]]
[[Usòrò:Berks_County_Almshouse_by_John_Rasmussen,_1880.JPG|thumb|250x250px| Berks County Almshouse nke Rasmussen (1880)]]

=== Louis Mader ===
&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1504.html Biography] @ the National Gallery of Art.&lt;/ref&gt;A Manchester Mader na 1842 wee kwa United States na 1867. O buru ụzọ banye Berks County Almshouse na 1892 wee see opekata mpe nke ụlọ alms n'ime afọ atọ sochirinụ.  Ọ Luther ebe ahụ na 1899 ma ọ nweghị ndị ọzọ gbasara ya.  naanị ihe ọrụ na- ụlọ ọrụ ebere e nyere bụ ihe ọrụ n'ime ụlọ dị na Parkesburg, Pennsylvania .

=== John Rasmussen ===
A mụrụ ya na 1828 wee kwaga United States na 1865. Dị ka Hofmann, ọ na-etinye aka na mbụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe maka ịkwa iko na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. Ọ ga-anọ site na 1879 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1895. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ ghọrọ enyi Hofmann ma kpalie ya ime ihe osise ndị yiri ya. Ndị a bụ naanị ọrụ ọ maara, n'agbanyeghị na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha Reading City depụtara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ruo ọtụtụ afọ. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.askart.com/artist/John_Rasmussen/21415/John_Rasmussen.aspx Biography] @ AskArt&lt;/ref&gt;

Hofmann rere na mpaghara.  Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1882, Rasmussen mmetụta ire ọrụ ya nye ndị aha aha mbụ Hofmann.  Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọ nwa nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ama akara ruo 1968, mgbe Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum mere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke ndị na-ese Almshouse atọ.

Enwere ike ịhụ ihe osise ya na ndị dike ihe ngosi nka Ọha na-agụ na American Folk Art Museum .

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Michael David Zellman (ed.), ''Afọ 300 nke Art American'', Wellfleet Press, 1987 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://asylumprojects.org/index.php/Berks_County_Almshouse Akụkọ zuru oke nke Berks County Almshouse] @ Ọrụ mgbapu
* [https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/2435024/berks-county-almshouse-cemetery Ebe ili ozu Alms County nke Berks] @ Chọta-a-ili
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200131235632/http://www.poorhousestory.com/PA_BERKS_Co.htm Ugbo Almshouse] @ Pennsylvania Poorhouse History
[[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>rbavdts4t2kivkczcqnlldyhygj0z47</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lisa McNeill</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741596</id>
      <parentid>213908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T13:27:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4351" sha1="4zw1p9ucaiamrvfs281vmelhniuugvd" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}} 

'''Lisa Sylvia McNeill''' ( née Simpson ; amụrụ 1977) bụ onye mmụta New Zealand, bụrụkwa prọfesọ zuru oke na Mahadum Otago, ọkachamara na omume ndị ahịa, ọkachasị gbasara nkwado, oriri ụkpụrụ na ejiji.

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ McNeill na 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://otago.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/64OTAGO_INST/qef3lj/alma9951245201891|title=Marketing eduation : recommendations for targeting Asian students|work=University of Otago Library|accessdate=23 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Otago, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ nke Arts na 1999 yana nzere bachelọ nke azụmahịa nwere nkwanye ugwu mbụ na njikwa ahịa na 2001. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sits.otago.ac.nz/sitsvision/wrd/siw_ipp_lgn.login?process=siw_ipp_enq&amp;code1=GRADSEARCH|title=Graduate search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=23 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara PhD, nke nwere akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Retail sales promotion na ụlọ ọrụ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa: ntụnyere mba atọ nke New Zealand, Singapore na Malaysia'', na Mahadum Otago na 2003.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Marketing|first=Department of|date=2023-02-02|title=Professor Lisa McNeill|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/marketing/staff/professor-lisa-mcneill|accessdate=2024-03-20|work=www.otago.ac.nz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
McNeill wee sonye na ngalaba nke Mahadum Otago, na-ebili na prọfesọ na 2014 na prọfesọ zuru oke na 2023. '''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gibb|first=John|date=2014-01-02|title=12 staff to become professors|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/12-staff-become-professors|accessdate=2024-03-20|work=Otago Daily Times Online News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=University of Otago|first=Wellington|date=2022-12-16|title=Otago announces 39 new professors|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/news/newsroom/otago-announces-39-new-professors|accessdate=2024-03-20|work=www.otago.ac.nz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' Ọ bụbu onye nyocha Dean Postgraduate Research kemgbe 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; McNeill bụ onye isi nyocha na isiokwu nyocha ihe mkpofu nri na Otago, ebe mmasị ya bụ nkwakọ nri na-adigide, na omume ndị ahịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our People|url=https://foodwaste-otago.org/our-people|accessdate=2024-03-20|work=Food Waste Innovation Otago|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518210958/https://foodwaste-otago.org/our-people|archive-date=2024-05-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke mmekorita mba ụwa na ejiji na-adigide nke ezubere iji mee ka mkparịta ụka ọtụtụ ọzụzụ gbasara ejiji na-adigide. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Community|url=https://sustainablefashionconsumption.org/community-2/|accessdate=2024-03-21|work=Sustainable Fashion Consumption|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-03-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321071718/https://sustainablefashionconsumption.org/community-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka mahadum si kwuo, akwụkwọ 2015 ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Rebecca Moore na-enyocha mmekọrịta ndị mmadụ nwere na ejiji na nkwado bụ &quot;mba ụwa na-ewere dị ka ọrụ seminarị&quot;, ma dee otu n'ime akwụkwọ iri kachasị ebudatara na ''International Journal of Consumer Studies'' na 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

McNeill na-enyocha omume ndị ahịa, ma nwee mmasị na njirimara ndị ahịa, ejiji na-adigide, na ụkpụrụ ejiji. Ọrụ nyocha ya gụnyere echiche nke 'eji nwayọọ nwayọọ', nghọta ndị ahịa banyere akara ejiji, oriri akwa na mkpofu, oriri ọnụ, na omenala ejiji, mkpofu, nrụzi na nhazi uwe na Korea, New Zealand na Canada. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

McNeill bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ mmekọ ma ọ bụ na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere ''International Journal of Consumer Studies'', ''Sustainability'', na ''Ndị na-eto eto na-azụ ahịa'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ahọpụtara ==
 

*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFx3laQ0d1Y Ibu dị arọ nke ịbụ]'', nkuzi nkuzi nkuzi izizi nke McNeill, 5 Ọktoba 2023 site na YouTube
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>4zw1p9ucaiamrvfs281vmelhniuugvd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ogige Hazelnut</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>43013</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741675</id>
      <parentid>723031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T10:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10168" sha1="7u43qf792dz8iporfebmgy0o8k236z7" xml:space="preserve">
Hazelnut Grove bụ obodo na- ike ebe obibi ahaziri ahazi dị na Portland, Oregon .  E hiwere ya na 2015, ma kpara ya, ọ lanarịrị ọtụtụ mbọ iji ma ọ bụ kwaga obodo.  Ndị egwu obodo ma kwado ya

Obodo a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka agbataobi mgbanwe maka ndị na-achọ ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide.

== Ebe ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;zielinski&quot; /&gt;Ndị obodo gba ụzọ na mbụ na-esochi iwe nke Occupy Portland na 2011. Ha kwagara ọtụtụ oge, n'ikpeazụ biri n'otu ibé ala na October 2015

Ndị obodo ahụ dị na ụkwụ nke North Greeley na Interstate avenues.  A na-ahụta ya dị ka nke agbataobi Overlook na North Portland.  Ọ dị na mbụ na matrik nke ala nsogbu na nke onwe.  [1] E mechara mebie ya n'ala nke Portland Bureau of Transportation nwere &lt;ref name=&quot;sparling&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sparling|first=Zane|title=Portland mayor to halt funding for Hazelnut Grove homeless|url=https://www.portlandtribune.com/news/portland-mayor-to-halt-funding-for-hazelnut-grove-homeless/article_0f440b1a-6350-55c5-9d45-29ee7059f886.html|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Portland Tribune|date=17 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308035304/https://www.portlandtribune.com/news/portland-mayor-to-halt-funding-for-hazelnut-grove-homeless/article_0f440b1a-6350-55c5-9d45-29ee7059f886.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogige ahụ dị na ala steepụ steepụ, ụfọdụ ekwupụtala ihe isi ike na ịnweta ihe mberede dịka ihe kacha mkpa maka ịkwaga ebe ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;swindler&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swindler|first=Samantha|title=A village, not a warehouse, to solve homelessness|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2016/07/hazelnut_grove_a_village_not_a.html|work=OregonLive|publisher=The Oregonian|accessdate=8 March 2023|language=en|date=27 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
na-ama ndị ejirila saịtị ahụ agafe awụ tupu e guzobe Hazelnut Grove.  [1] Ogige ahụ ihuenyo na 2015, n'ihi ya, ọ bịara pụta ìhè.  Ngalaba njem njem nke Oregon nyeziri ndị bi ebe ahụ akwụkwọ nchụpụ.  Ndị bi na ya isiokwu ma ike obodo ahụ.  [2] Mkpesa ha gara nke ọma, ma onye isi obodo Charlie Hales inye inye ndị na-ama nwa ala, ọrụ, na ụlọ mposi, dabere na iwu ọzọ a ga-emebi emebi.&lt;ref name=&quot;theen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Theen|first=Andrew|title=A 3rd Portland homeless camp? Welcome to Hazelnut Grove|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2015/10/a_third_portland_homeless_camp.html|work=OregonLive|publisher=The Oregonian|accessdate=8 March 2023|language=en|date=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hutzler&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hutzler|first=Coby|title=A Tale of Two Tent Cities|url=https://www.wweek.com/news/2015/12/09/a-tale-of-two-tent-cities/|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Willamette Week|date=8 December 2015|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe mmalite nke ogige ahụ, ndị otu Overlook Neighborhood Association (OKNA) chọrọ ịkwaga ya. Mkparịta ụka ogbugbu nke obodo duziri n'etiti ndị OKNA na ndị bi na Hazelnut Grove arụpụtaghị ihe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Pitawanich|first=Christine|title=Homeless celebrate upgrades at Hazelnut Grove, but neighbors voice concerns|url=https://www.kgw.com/news/local/homeless/homeless-celebrate-upgrades-at-hazelnut-grove-but-neighbors-voice-concerns/422266351|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=KGW8|date=13 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314064624/http://www.kgw.com/news/local/homeless/homeless-celebrate-upgrades-at-hazelnut-grove-but-neighbors-voice-concerns/422266351|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị OKNA arịọbula ndepụta ọha nke ndị na-ama ụlọikwuu bi n'ime obodo si n'obodo ahụ ka ha mee nyocha ndabere, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vanderhart|first=Dirk|title=Overlook Neighbors Will Demand A Public List of Everyone Camping at Hazelnut Grove|url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/news/2015/12/17/17183737/overlook-neighbors-will-demand-a-public-list-of-everyone-camping-at-hazelnut-grove|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Portland Mercury|date=17 December 2015|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na n'afọ 2016, sonyeere n'ụlọ ikpe megide obodo ahụ gbasara nnabata enweghị ebe obibi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OKNA joins lawsuit against City of Portland over homeless camping – Overlook Neighborhood Association|url=https://overlookneighborhood.org/okna-joins-lawsuit-against-city-of-portland-over-homeless-camping/|work=Overlook Neighborhood Association|accessdate=8 March 2023|date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308035303/https://overlookneighborhood.org/okna-joins-lawsuit-against-city-of-portland-over-homeless-camping/|archive-date=8 March 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị OKNA mechara nwaa igbochi ndị na-ama ụlọikwuu ịga nzukọ ndị agbata obi, mana ha kwụsịrị mgbe obodo ahụ yiri egwu ịkwụsị ịnakwere OKNA dị ka nzukọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vanderhart|first=Dirk|title=City Threatens to Cease Recognizing Neighborhood Association Considering Homeless Discrimination Bylaw|url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/Housing/2017/08/12/19234035/city-threatens-to-disband-neighborhood-association-considering-homeless-discrimination-bylaw|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Portland Mercury|date=12 August 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;zielinski&quot; /&gt;Site na 2016, ndị ọrụ ndị bi na 30. Na mgbakwunye na , e wuru obere ụlọ na pọd ndị na-ehi Ụra.  Emeberekwa ihe eji abụ ndụ aka dịka ụzọ ije, mmiri mmiri na ebe iri nri.  Obodo ahụ rụkwaara ndị obodo ahụ.  Onyinye nyere aka n'ịkwado ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a.  [1] Ihe kpatara obodo ndị ọzọ sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya, dịka ọbá akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, na ebe a na-akwasa ngwá ọrụ ọrụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;sparling&quot; /&gt;Na 2017, Portland Fire &amp; Rescue onu inye ndị bi na ọkụ ọkụ, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ma mee ihe nchekwa.  Ha rụkwara ọrụ iji ihe ndị niile dị n'ime mita 20 nke obodo ahụ, na-Betalị nke ọkụ na saịtị ahụ.

Na 2018, obodo ahụ mere atụmatụ ịkwaga obodo na ebe nchekwa na St. Johns, na-ekwu na ebe dị ugbu a n'etiti ugwu na okporo ụzọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ. N'afọ ahụ, onye nnọchiteanya nke ọfis onyeisi obodo kwuru na obodo ahụ emefuola $52,000 iji nye ogige ahụ ihe ndị dị mma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vespa|first=Maggie|title=Hazelnut Grove homeless village may move to St. Johns neighborhood|url=https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/homeless/hazelnut-grove-homeless-village-may-move-to-st-johns-neighborhood/283-608196402|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=KGW8|date=25 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eweghachitere usoro iheomume maka mbughari na mbubreyo 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harbarger|first=Molly|title=St. Johns church offers an alternative site for relocating homeless camp|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/health/2019/04/st-johns-church-offers-alternative-site-for-relocating-homeless-camp.html|work=OregonLive|publisher=The Oregonian|accessdate=8 March 2023|language=en|date=11 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ pụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu, dị ka ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo ghọtara na enweghị ohere zuru ezu iji kwado ndị bi na ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;zielinski&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zielinski|first=Alex|title=With Hazelnut Grove Set to Close, City Looks to Expand Village-Style Shelter Options|url=https://www.portlandmercury.com/news/2021/01/22/31451040/with-hazelnut-grove-set-to-close-city-looks-to-expand-village-style-shelter-options|accessdate=8 March 2023|work=Portland Mercury|date=22 January 2021|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFZielinski2021&quot;&gt;Zielinski, Alex (22 January 2021). [https://www.portlandmercury.com/news/2021/01/22/31451040/with-hazelnut-grove-set-to-close-city-looks-to-expand-village-style-shelter-options &quot;With Hazelnut Grove Set to Close, City Looks to Expand Village-Style Shelter Options&quot;]. ''Portland Mercury''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 March&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref name=&quot;opb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ellis|first=Rebecca|title=After talk of ‘critical breakthrough’ on Hazelnut Grove, city provides few details|url=https://www.opb.org/article/2021/02/20/hazelnut-grove-self-governed-village-dan-ryan/|work=Oregon Public Broadcast|accessdate=8 March 2023|language=en|date=20 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;N’afọ 2021, e nwere mmadụ iri na isii bi n’oge niile.  E mere ụgwọ na ọrụ na-efu obodo ahụ $1,500 kwa ọnwa.  [1] N'ọnwa January, obodo ahụ kwuputara na ọ ga-ebipụ ọrụ, dị ka ị tụgharịrị na ụlọ mposi, site na obodo.  Ha kwuru na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ime ka ahụ saịtị biri.  Ndị bi ga-akwaga n'ogige ọhụrụ a na St. Johns, nke a na-akpọ St. Johns Village .  [2] Ka ọ na-erule February, obodo ahụ ike ịga n'ihu na-enye Hazelnut Grove ọrụ.  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na ha wepụrụ ego maka ihe ala, nchekwa, na ọrụ ịwụ, obodo ahụ gara n'ihu na-enye ọdụ ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha na nchekwa.  Ọfịs onye isi obodo kwuru na ọrụ ndị ahụ ga-adịgide ma ọ mụrụ na ndị bi na-aga n'ihu na-ama ahụ, n'ebe.

Ụfọdụ ndị bi na Hazelnut Grove ahọrọla ịkwaga St. Johns Village. &lt;ref name=&quot;opb&quot; /&gt; N'agbata 2015 na 2021, ndị na-ama 40 abanyela n'ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide. &lt;ref name=&quot;zielinski&quot; /&gt;

Otu n'ime arịa mbupu abụọ gbanwere nke Portland na-enye nchekwa ụbọchị nchekwa maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi dị na ogige Hazelnut Grove ma na-elekọta ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=City Day Storage Program|url=https://katu.com/news/local/mayor-releases-details-on-plan-to-address-unsanctioned-homeless-camping-across-portland-designated-camp-sites-homelessness-houselessness-affordable-housing-crisis-oregon|work=KATU2|accessdate=8 March 2023|language=en|date=21 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Obodo Nsọpụrụ|Dignity Village]], obodo ọzọ ama ama ama ama ama ama ama na Portland

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Aha]]</text>
      <sha1>7u43qf792dz8iporfebmgy0o8k236z7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lesley Lokko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44357</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741593</id>
      <parentid>725437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T12:36:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19178" sha1="lo56ez8d1eixg5n11gui21hm8f0enhb" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Lesley Naa Norle Lokko''' OBE (amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ [[Ghana|Onye Ghana]]-Scottish architect, agụmakwụkwọ, na onye edemede. Site na 2019 ruo 2020, ọ bụ prọfesọ ma jee ozi dị ka Dean nke Bernard na Anne Spitzer School of Architecture na [[New York City|New York]], na mgbakwunye na ịnwe nkuzi na ọkwa ndị ọzọ na Johannesburg, [[London]], Accra na Edinburgh. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesley Lokko|url=https://ssa.ccny.cuny.edu/blog/people/lesley-lokko/|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=The Bernard and Anne Spitzer School of Architecture|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117102154/https://ssa.ccny.cuny.edu/blog/people/lesley-lokko/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lesleylokko.com/about/ &quot;About Lesley&quot;, Official website]&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Lokko guzobere Graduate School of Architecture (GSA) na Mahadum Johannesburg - ụlọ akwụkwọ Afrịka raara nye agụmakwụkwọ postgraduate architecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About the Graduate School of Architecture|url=http://www.gsa.ac.za/school/|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=Graduate School of Architecture|language=en|archivedate=2022-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522133958/http://www.gsa.ac.za/school/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ laghachiri Accra, Ghana, na 2021 wee guzobe African Futures Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ postgraduate nke ihe owuwu na ihe omume ọha. Na Jenụwarị n'afọ 2024, Royal Institute of British Architecture (RIBA) mara ọkwa Lokko dị ka onye natara Royal Gold Medal, otu n'ime nsọpụrụ kachasị elu n'ụwa maka ihe owuwu. 

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Lesley Lokko bụ onye amụrụ na afọ 1964 na Dundee,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=McLean|first=Pauline|title=Venice Biennale: The woman behind the whirlwind festival|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-65725155|work=BBC News|date=28 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwa onye mba Ghana bu surgeon ma bụrụkwa nne nke Scottish Jewish toro na Ghana na Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wainwright|first=Oliver|date=2024-01-18|title=Sex scenes and feasibility studies: architect and racy novelist Lesley Lokko wins RIBA gold medal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/jan/18/riba-gold-medal-lesley-lokko-venice-biennale-sex-scenes|accessdate=2024-02-06|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kean&quot; /&gt; Dị afo iri na asaa, ogara ụlọakwụkwọ nkeonwe ana ebi-ebi na mba England. O bidoro ịmụ asụsụ Hebrew na [[Arabic]] na Oxford University, ma hapụ mmeme a gawa mba United States. Oguchara Ụlọakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, with a BSc(Arch) in 1992, na onwa Maachị, n'afo 1995, ma ga n'ihu iturugo ọkwa PhD na Eserese ntọala ụlọ site na University of London n'afo 2007.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide Lokko nwere isiokwu gbasara ọdịbendị na agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;kean2008&quot;&gt;Kean, Danuta (18 January 2008). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/lesley-lokko-dont-ask-me-about-black-culture-i-dont-know-what-it-is-770982.html &quot;Lesley Lokko: 'Don't ask me about 'black culture', I don't know what it is'&quot;], ''The Independent''.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akụzi ihe mgbe niile na South Africa, ma kụzie na United Kingdom na United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;kean&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061001031604/http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/interview.aspx?ID=10969 &quot;Lesley Lokko talks to Danuta Kean about how to write a blockbuster&quot;]. Orion Publishing Group.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-edekwa akwụkwọ mgbe niile maka The Architectural Review . &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190328020412/https://www.architectural-review.com/lesley-lokko/1200839.bio Lesley Lokko] at ''The Architectural Review''.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke White Papers, Black Marks: Race, Culture, Architecture (University of Minnesota Press, 2000), na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture'', yana ịnọ na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''ARQ'' (Cambridge), na onye nchịkọta akụkọ usoro nke Design Research in Architecture (UCL Press). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/lesley-lokko-look-back-anger|title=Lesley Lokko: Look Back in Anger|work=Cornell AAP|accessdate=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423092621/https://aap.cornell.edu/news-events/lesley-lokko-look-back-anger|archive-date=23 April 2023|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, Lokko bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Sundowners, a Guardian top 40 bestseller, na-esote akwụkwọ akụkọ 11 ọzọ, gụnyere Saffron Skies (2005), Bitter Chocolate (2008), One Secret Summer (2010), A Private Affair (2011) na Little White Lies (2014). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/weekend/lokko-s-soul-sisters-is-a-tale-of-love-race-power-and-secrets-4085376|title=Lokko's 'Soul Sisters' is a tale of love, race, power and secrets|first=Bamuturaki|author=Musinguzi|date=14 January 2023|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka The Scotsman gosipụtara na 2012, ihe Lokko dere &quot;bụ 'glam lit' na ụmụ nwanyị na-efe elu, ọrụ na-akpali akpali ndị na-agba gburugburu ụwa na-asa ubu na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na ndị ikom na-aghọ aghụghọ sitere n'ọkwá dị elu nke ọha mmadụ na akụkọ gbagọrọ agbagọ, nke nwere ọgụgụ isi&quot;. N'afọ 2020, ọ hapụrụ Orion gaa PanMacmillan na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Soul Sisters . &lt;ref name=&quot;Scotsman&quot;&gt;[https://www.scotsman.com/news/lesley-lokkos-books-are-worth-the-weight-1618409 &quot;Lesley Lokko’s books are worth the weight&quot;], ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 11 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-enye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ New Daughters of Africa nke 2019 (nke Margaret Busby dezigharịrị), na edemede akpọrọ &quot;Ọ bụghị karịa atọ, biko!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://myriadeditions.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Myriad-Editions-New-Daughters-of-Africa-Contributors.pdf &quot;New Daughters of Africa&quot;] at [[Myriad Editions]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://writersmosaic.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Margaret-Busby-Mainstreaming-and-greater-choice-of-books-December-2021-1.pdf|title=What needs to happen to create 'mainstreaming' and greater choice of books?|first=Margaret|author=Busby|work=writersmosaic.org.uk|publisher=Writers Mosaic|accessdate=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe owuwu ===
A họpụtara Lokko ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi Africa na Mahadum Cape Town mgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesley Lokko|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/lesley-lokko-366550|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=The Conversation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye ike gwụrụ &quot;aka Europe&quot;, Lokko, na mmekorita ya na Mahadum nke Johannesburg, guzobere 'Graduate School of Architecture' (GSA) na 2014/2015 wee bụrụ onye nduzi ya. GSA, nke e mere ka ọ dị ka Graduate School of Design na Mahadum Harvard na London's Architectural Association, bụ naanị ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na kọntinent ahụ na-enye ụzọ nkuzi Unit System.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2015, Lokko ghọrọ Onye isi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na osote prọfesọ nke ihe owuwu na Mahadum Johannesburg . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uj.ac.za/newandevents/Pages/UJs-Head-of-the-Graduate-School-of-Architecture-Prof-Lesley-Lokko-provides-mentorship-on-Made-in-SA-TV-Show.aspx &quot;UJ’s Head of the Graduate School of Architecture, Prof Lesley Lokko, provides mentorship on Made in SA TV Show&quot;], University of Johannesburg, 2 August 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spitzer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Russell|first=James S.|date=11 June 2019|title=Lesley Lokko, Global Architect and Novelist, Appointed Architecture Dean at City College of New York|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14135-lesley-lokko-global-architect-and-novelist-appointed-architecture-dean-at-city-college-of-new-york|accessdate=20 July 2020|work=[[Architectural Record]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O guzobere GSA n'oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mba nke South Africa ma hụ nnukwu ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ, na nnupụisi nke na-amata njirimara mba na South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Age of Wildfire|first=Lesley|author=Lokko|url=https://www.e-flux.com/architecture/education/322674/the-age-of-wildfire/|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=e-flux.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na June 2019, a kpọrọ ya aha dị ka dean nke Bernard na Anne Spitzer School of Architecture na City College nke mba New York, na-anọgide n'ọkwa a ruo 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;spitzer&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/10/lesley-lokko-resigns-as-dean-of-spitzer-school-of-architecture-at-city-college-of-new-york/?fbclid=IwAR1YDZgLTkq6P3HqINeP4Ivf1k7ypEQlDxxBxh3MZwzZmi9-rsdeyueKKXU|title=Lesley Lokko resigns as dean of Spitzer School of Architecture at City College of New York|first=Matt|author=Hickman|work=The Architect's Newspaper|date=7 October 2020|accessdate=9 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ghana, n'afọ 2021, o guzobere ma bụrụ onye nduzi nke African Futures Institute (AFI), ụlọ akwụkwọ postgraduate nke ihe owuwu na ihe omume ọha na eze na obodo Accra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.africanfuturesinstitute.com African Futures Institute]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanfuturesinstitute.com/management|title=About Us {{!}} Management &amp; Leadership|work=AFI|publisher=African Futures Institute|accessdate=23 April 2023|archivedate=23 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423092613/https://www.africanfuturesinstitute.com/management}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara Lokko dị ka onye nlekọta nke 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture, nke a ga-emeghe na 2023. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lesley-lokko-venice-architecture-biennale-1234613641/|title=Lesley Lokko Becomes First Black Curator to Organize Venice Architecture Biennale|author=Greenberger|first=Alex|work=[[ARTnews]]|date=15 December 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2023/mar/26/architect-lesley-lokko-venice-biennale-ghana-africa-wakanda-david-adjaye|title=Interview {{!}} Architect Lesley Lokko: 'There is a sense in Africa that it is our time'|work=[[The Observer]]|first=Rowan|author=Moore|authorlink=Rowan Moore|date=26 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi ahụ akpọrọ &quot;The Laboratory of the Future&quot;, ya na isiokwu abụọ nke decolonisation na decarbonisation na-enye &quot;nchọpụta nke omume na ụzọ ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ịnọ n'ụwa&quot;, Lokko kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọ gaghị ekwe omume iwu ụwa ka mma ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ enweghị ike iche n'echiche ya. &quot;The RIBA Journal, na-ekweta na ebumnuche Lokko &quot;mebibibibi&quot; nke na-anọchite anya ma wepụ ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, hụrụ na-eme ka anyị nwee ike imebi dị mgbagwoju anya na 50 dị mgbagha, na-emebi ngwa ngwa maka ndị bi na ndị bi na Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artreview.com/lesley-lokko-reveals-venice-architecture-biennale-title/|title=Lesley Lokko reveals Venice Architecture Biennale title|work=Art Review|date=31 May 2022|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/news/biennale-architettura-2023-laboratory-future-0|title=Biennale Architettura 2023: The Laboratory of the Future|work=La Biennale di Venezia|date=21 February 2023|accessdate=23 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ribaj.com/culture/review-venice-biennale-2023-laboratory-of-the-future-lesley-lokko|title=Venice Biennale resets the post-colonial balance|work=The RIBA Journal|first=Chris|author=Foges|date=13 June 2023|accessdate=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ, onyinye na mmata ==
N'afọ 2020, e nyere Lokko onyinye RIBA Annie Spink Award maka Ịdị Mma na Mmụta Ihe owuwu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/professor-lesley-lokko-wins-2020-riba-annie-spink-award|title=Professor Lesley Lokko announced as winner of 2020 RIBA Annie Spink Award|work=Architecture.com|publisher=The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)|date=4 January 2021|accessdate=19 January 2024|archivedate=2 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302055138/https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/professor-lesley-lokko-wins-2020-riba-annie-spink-award}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2021/01/04/lesley-lokko-wins-2020-riba-annie-spink-award/|title=Lesley Lokko wins 2020 RIBA Annie Spink Award|author=Carlson|first=Cajsa|work=[[Dezeen]]|date=4 January 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Nke a sochiri na 2021 na Ada Louise Huxtable Prize for ntinye aka to Architecture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectural-review.com/awards/w-awards/winners-of-the-2021-jane-drew-and-ada-louise-huxtable-prizes-revealed|title=Winners of the 2021 Jane Drew and Ada Louise Huxtable prizes revealed|work=The Architectural Review|date=21 January 2021|accessdate=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2021/01/22/jane-drew-prize-2021-kate-macintosh/|title=Kate Macintosh awarded 2021 Jane Drew Prize for women in architecture|author=Crook|first=Lizzie|work=Dezeen|date=22 January 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/news/2021/mar/lesley-lokko-awarded-ada-louise-huxtable-prize-contribution-architecture-2021|title=Lesley Lokko Awarded the Ada Louise Huxtable Prize for Contribution to Architecture 2021|work=The Bartlett School of Architecture|publisher=UCL|date=10 March 2021|accessdate=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2023, a họpụtara Lokko ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|Onye isi nke Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na New Year Honours maka ọrụ maka ihe owuwu na agụmakwụkwọ.

Na Jenụwarị 2024, Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) mara ọkwa Lokko dị ka onye natara Royal Gold Medal, otu n'ime nsọpụrụ kachasị elu n'ụwa maka ihe owuwu, nke enyere iji kwado ọrụ ndụ nye ndị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na ọganihu nke ihe owuwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;RIBA-18Jan2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lesley Lokko: Royal Gold Medal 2024 recipient|url=https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/royal-gold-medal|accessdate=18 January 2024|work=RIBA|date=18 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68008253|title='Renaissance figure' Lesley Lokko awarded architecture's Royal Gold Medal|first=Leisha|author=Chi-Santorelli|work=BBC News|date=18 January 2024|accessdate=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka Oliver Wainwright kwuru na ''The Guardian'', ọ bụ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ na naanị onye isi ojii nke abụọ a họpụtara maka onyinye ahụ kemgbe e gosipụtara ya n'afọ 1848.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2024/jan/18/riba-gold-medal-lesley-lokko-venice-biennale-sex-scenes|title=Sex scenes and feasibility studies: architect and racy novelist Lesley Lokko wins RIBA gold medal|first=Oliver|author=Wainwright|work=The Guardian|date=18 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịkọwa ya dị ka &quot;[onye] onye mmeri siri ike nke ikpe ziri ezi na itinye aka n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ&quot;, onye isi oche RIBA Muyiwa Oki kwuru, sị: &quot;Ụzọ na-aga n'ihu nke Leslie Lokko na agụmakwụkwọ na-enye olileanya maka ọdịnihu - ọrụ nke na-anabata ndị si n'akụkụ ndụ niile, na-atụle mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi anyị, ma kweta ọdịbendị na echiche dịgasị iche iche iche nke mgbanwe, Lesley raara ndụ ya nye ịkwado ụkpụrụ ndị a, ọ bụghị naanị site na mgbalị agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ala na ọrụ ọ bụ onye na-enweghị atụmanya.[a]&lt;ref name=&quot;RIBA-18Jan2024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dezeen.com/2024/01/18/lesley-lokko-wins-2024-riba-royal-gold-medal/|title='Revolutionary force' Lesley Lokko wins 2024 RIBA Royal Gold Medal|work=Dezeen|first=Lizzie|author=Crook|date=18 January 2024|accessdate=19 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ e bipụtara ==

* 2000: White Papers, Black Marks: Agbụrụ, Ọdịbendị, Ihe owuwu
* 2004: Ndị na-esote anyanwụ[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;pawa-bio&quot; /&gt;
* 2005: Saffron Skies[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;pawa-bio&quot; /&gt;
* 2008: Chocolate Bitter[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;pawa-bio&quot; /&gt;
* 2009: ''Nwa agbọghọ bara ọgaranya, Nwa agbọghọ dara ogbenye''
* 2010: Otu Oge Ọchịchị Nzuzo &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1409101711 ''One Secret Summer''] at Amazon.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Ihe gbasara onwe onye[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;pawa-bio&quot; /&gt;
* 2012: Ezigbo aghụghọ[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;pawa-bio&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100723213526/http://www.panafricanwritersassociation.org/biodata.php Lesley Naa Norle Lokko] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723213526/http://www.panafricanwritersassociation.org/biodata.php |date=23 July 2010 }}, [[Pan African Writers' Association]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: Little White Lies[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;pawa-bio&quot; /&gt;
* 2016: ''Onye Mbido Ikpeazụ'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lokko|first=Lesley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9bxkQEACAAJ&amp;q=The+Last+Debutante|title=The Last Debutante|date=2017-04-20|publisher=Orion Publishing Group, Limited|isbn=978-1-4091-3766-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Soul Sisters&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lokko|first=Lesley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlqwzgEACAAJ&amp;q=In+2004,+she+published+her+first+novel,+Sundowners,+a+Guardian+top+40+bestseller,+following+up+with+eleven+more+novels|title=Soul Sisters|date=2022-05-12|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-1-5290-6728-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ===

* 2000: White Papers, Black Marks: Architecture, Race, Culture&lt;ref name=&quot;TheConversation&quot;&gt;[https://theconversation.com/profiles/lesley-lokko-366550 Lesley Lokko profile] at ''The Conversation.''&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture'' Vol. 1&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Issuu - Folio&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250101235130/https://issuu.com/foliojournalofafricanarchitecture &quot;FOLIO Journal of Contemporary African Architecture&quot;], Issuu.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020: FOLIO: Journal of Contemporary African Architecture Vol. 2[3]&lt;ref name=&quot;Issuu - Folio&quot; /&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [http://www.lesleylokko.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Lesley Lokko]
* [http://www.architectural-review.com/lesley-lokko/1200839.contributor Peeji Lesley Lokko] na The Architectural Review''Ntụle Ihe owuwu''
* Lisa Allen-Agostini, &quot;Transforming Africa's landscape&quot;, ''Trinidad na Tobago Newsday'', 11 June 2018.
* Eleanor Young, &quot;Lesley Lokko: Culture Revolutionary&quot;, ''RIBA Journal'', 4 Jenụwarị 2021.
* Ellie Stakathi, [https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/lesley-lokko-2024-royal-gold-medal-for-architecture &quot;2024 Royal Gold Medal for Architecture celebrates Lesley Lokko&quot;], Wallpaper, 18 Jenụwarị 2024.
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>lo56ez8d1eixg5n11gui21hm8f0enhb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicholas Walters</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>44731</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741645</id>
      <parentid>740302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T05:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11932" sha1="hs7lchdx17t928nbnwq7q5mexr4tldo" xml:space="preserve">
 

Nicholas &quot;Nwoke Anyụike&quot; Walters (amụrụ na 4 Jenụwarị 1986) bụ onye na-akụ ọkpọ na Jamaica. O nwere ihe nrite WBA arọ nku site na 2012 ruo 2015 ma gbaa aka otu ugboro maka ihe nrite nke WBO obere arọ na 2016.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ ya na Montego Bay, Walters gara Roehampton Praịmarị na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sekondri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gleaner1&quot; /&gt; A na-akpọ Walters &quot;Nwoke anyuike&quot;. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke onye bụbu onye ọkpọ Job Walters.[1] Ọ malitere ịkụ ọkpọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ma nwee ọgụ ọkachamara mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị obere megide Estaban Ramos nke Panama.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleaner1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ Onye na-amu amu ==
Walters nwere ọrụ na-aga nke ọma tupu ọ ghọọ onye ọkachamara, merie nrite ọla edo nke 2005 na 2006 Caribbean Asọmpi na arọ nku, ma daa na 2007 asọmpi ụwa na arọ nku megide Bashir Hassan na 2008 na America's Olympic Qualifier na arọ nku megide Miguel Marriaga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Nicholas_Walters|title=Nicholas Walters – BoxRec}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara merie Marriaga dị ka onye ọkachamara.

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Walters weghaara aha WBA Fedelatin na 2009, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbachitere ya ugboro anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleaner1&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20121201/sports/sports41.html Like Father, Like Son]&quot;, ''[[Jamaica Gleaner]]'', 1 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt; O meriri WBA (Regular) Aha arọ nku ụwa na 8 Disemba 2012, megide Onye Colombia Daulis Prescott n'oge Mmemme ọgwụ ọjọọ KO kwa afọ na Jamaica,  site na nke asaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;WBA&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20121212064946/http://wbanews.com/artman/publish/news/Nicholas_Walters_new_WBA_Featherweight_champion.shtml Nicholas Walters new WBA Featherweight champion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212064946/http://wbanews.com/artman/publish/news/Nicholas_Walters_new_WBA_Featherweight_champion.shtml |date=12 December 2012 }}&quot;, [[World Boxing Association|WBA]], 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Walters vs. Donaire ===
N'ime ihe ọma na amụma ya nke ịkụ aka na agba nke ise ma ọ bụ nke isii,  Walters meriri Nonito Donaire na 18 Ọktoba 2014, site na ịkụ aka na nke isii iji weghara WBA Asọmpi arọ nku ụwa. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mmeri Super Champion n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WBA elevates 126lb/130lb champs to super status|url=http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/wba-elevates-126lb130lb-champs-to-super-status-279808|accessdate=24 February 2015|archivedate=24 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224045229/http://www.fightnews.com/Boxing/wba-elevates-126lb130lb-champs-to-super-status-279808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Walters vs. Marriaga ===
Walters na mbụ dị kilogram 127.4 maka ọgụ ya na Miguel Marriaga, onye dị kilogram 125.2. E nyere Walters awa abụọ ka ọ daa ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala pound otu narị na iri isii, oke kachasị nke ngalaba arọ nku. Walters enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, na-enwe ike ịdaba naanị na kilogram otu narị iri abụọ na asaa. N'ihi ya, a napụrụ ya utu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Rafael|first=Dan|date=12 June 2015|title=Nicholas Walters stripped of world title after failing to make weight|url=https://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/13066678/nicholas-walters-stripped-world-title-failing-make-weight|accessdate=4 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walters meriri Marriaga site na mkpebi otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kim|first=Steve|title=Lomachenko-Walters Showdown is Still Possible|url=https://www.boxingscene.com/lomachenko-walters-showdown-still-possible--92307|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=BoxingScene.com|date=14 June 2015|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Walters vs. Sosa ===
Mgbe ahụ, ọ kwagara na 130lbs, ebe onye mmeri ibe ya, Jason Sosa jidere ya. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ chere na Walters meriri n'ụzọ doro anya, nsonaazụ ya bụ arụmụka. N'agbanyeghị arụmọrụ dị ukwuu nke Walters, otu onye ọka ikpe nwere Sosa merie ọgụ ahụ, 96-94, ebe abụọ ndị ọzọ nwere ya, 95-95. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Donovan|first=Jake|title=Walters Dominates Sosa But Denied By Judges|url=https://www.boxingscene.com/walters-dominates-sosa-denied-by-judges--99602|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=BoxingScene.com|date=19 December 2015|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Walters vs. Lomachenko ===
Walters nọgidere na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ruo otu afọ mgbe ọgụ a gasịrị, tupu ya emegide Vasiliy Lomachenko na Las Vegas. Lomachenko, onye a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị agha kacha mma n'ụwa, meriri ọgụ ahụ tupu Walters ahapụ na agba nke asaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-11-28|title=Nicholas Walters stuns boxing by committing the sport's ultimate sin {{!}} Kevin Mitchell|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2016/nov/28/nicholas-walters-boxings-ultimate-sin-quits-vasyl-lomachenko|accessdate=2022-09-18|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndekọ ịkụ ọkpọ ọkachamara ==
{{BoxingRecordSummary|draws=1|nc=|ko-wins=22|ko-losses=1|dec-wins=7|dec-losses=|dq-wins=|dq-losses=}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Mba.
!Nsonaazụ
!Ihe ndekọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ụdị
!Oge, oge
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|31|{{yes2}}Win
|29–1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Joseph Adorno
|UD
|10
|27 Machị 2024
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |ProBox TV Events Center, Plant City, Florida, US
|
|-
|30|{{yes2}}Win
|28–1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Reynaldo Esquivia
|TKO
|2 (8), 1:36
|22 Nọvemba 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Coliseum nke Pescaito David Ruiz Ureche, Santa Marta, Colombia
|
|-
|29|{{yes2}}Win
|27–1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Luis Diaz Marmol
|UD
|8
|25 Febụwarị 2023
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Coliseum nke Pescaito David Ruiz Ureche, Santa Marta, Colombia
|
|-
|28|{{no2}}Loss
|26–1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Vasiliy Lomachenko
|RTD
|7 (12), 3:00
|26 Nọvemba 2016
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Cosmopolitan nke Las Vegas, Paradise, Nevada, US
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Maka WBO junior lightweight titleIhe nrite nke WBO nke obere arọ
|-
|27|{{draw}}Draw
|26–0–1
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jason Sosa
|MD
|10
|19 Disemba 2015
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Turning Stone Resort Casino, Verona, New York, US
|
|-
|26|{{yes2}}Win
|26–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Miguel Marriaga
|UD
|12
|13 Jun 2015
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ ihe nkiri na Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |WBA (Super) featherweight title na-etinye naanị maka Marriaga, ebe Walters tụfuru ibu
|-
|25|{{yes2}}Win
|25–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nonito Donaire
|TKO
|6 (12), 2:59
|18 Ọktoba 2014
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |StubHub Center, Carson, California, US
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |O meriri WBA (Super) featherweight titleWBA (Super) aha featherweight
|-
|24|{{yes2}}Win
|24–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Vic Darchinyan
|KO
|5 (12), 2:22
|31 Mee 2014
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Cotai Arena, Macau, SAR
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nchịkọta WBA (Regular) featherweight title
|-
|23|{{yes2}}Win
|23–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Alberto Garza
|TKO
|4 (12), 1:57
|9 Nọvemba 2013
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |American Bank Center, Corpus Christi, Texas, US
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nchịkọta WBA (Regular) featherweight title
|-
|22|{{yes2}}Win
|22–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Daulis Prescott
|TKO
|7 (12), 0:35
|8 Disemba 2012
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |National Indoor Sports Complex, Kingston, Jamaica
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Enwetara WBA (Regular) featherweight titleWBA (Okpukpọ) aha featherweight
|-
|21|{{yes2}}Win
|21–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gustavo Sandoval
|TKO
|4 (10), 1:29
|21 Julaị 2012
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Roberto Durán Arena, Panama City, Panama
|
|-
|20|{{yes2}}Win
|20–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Hector Javier Marquez
|UD
|10
|31 Machị 2012
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ oriri Meliá Panama Canal, Colón, Panama
|
|-
|19|{{yes2}}Win
|19–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Berry Irving
|TKO
|6 (11), 1:35
|22 Ọktoba 2011
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Roberto Durán Arena, Panama City, Panama
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nchịkọta WBA Fedelatin featherweight title
|-
|18|{{yes2}}Win
|18–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Algiers Salinas
|TKO
|2 (11), 2:46
|16 Jun 2011
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ Nzukọ Karl Hendrickson, Kingston, Jamaica
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nchịkọta WBA Fedelatin featherweight title
|-
|17|{{yes2}}Win
|17–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gonzalo Munguia
|TKO
|8 (11)
|18 Disemba 2010
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ oriri Meliá Panama Canal, Colón, Panama
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nchịkọta WBA Fedelatin featherweight title
|-
|16|{{yes2}}Win
|16–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Julio Camano
|TKO
|4 (8), 2:02
|16 Ọktoba 2010
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Arena Panama Al Brown, Colón, Panama
|
|-
|15|{{yes2}}Win
|15–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jose Miguel Payares
|RTD
|5 (11)
|31 Julaị 2010
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Arena Panama Al Brown, Colón, Panama
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Nchịkọta WBA Fedelatin featherweight title
|-
|14|{{yes2}}Win
|14–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Alexander Alonso
|TKO
|6 (6), 1:30
|30 Eprel 2010
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ oriri Meliá Panama Canal, Colón, Panama
|
|-
|13|{{yes2}}Win
|13–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Carlos Manuel Reyes
|UD
|11
|18 Disemba 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ebe Mgbakọ Karibe, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Emeri n'efu WBA Fedelatin featherweight title
|-
|12|{{yes2}}Win
|12–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ernesto Vasquez Batioja
|KO
|6 (6), 2:23
|Ọgọst 8, 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gimnasio Yuyin Luzcando, Panama City, Panama
|
|-
|11|{{yes2}}Win
|11–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Leovigildo Siris
|KO
|1 (6), 1:361:36
|28 Mee 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ oriri El Panama, Panama City, Panama
|
|-
|10|{{yes2}}Win
|10–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gilberto Armuelles
|KO
|1 (4), 1:351:35
|28 Machị 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Egwuregwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, David, Panama
|
|-
|9|{{yes2}}Win
|9–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Jose Fonseca
|KO
|4 (8), 1:49
|28 Febụwarị 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ oriri Meliá Panama Canal, Colón, Panama
|
|-
|8|{{yes2}}Win
|8–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Julio Jacobo
|TKO
|3 (4)
|14 Febụwarị 2009
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Egwuregwu Ụlọ Akwụkwọ, Devid, Panama
|
|-
|7|{{yes2}}Win
|7–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Alejandro Corrales
|UD
|6
|13 Disemba 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ oriri Meliá Panama Canal, Colón, Panama
|
|-
|6|{{yes2}}Win
|6–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ovidio Mojica
|TKO
|4 (6), 0:43
|5 Disemba 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Ụlọ Nzukọ La Eskina, Panama City, Panama
|
|-
|5|{{yes2}}Win
|5–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Raul Miranda
|KO
|1 (4), 1:37
|22 Nọvemba 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gimnasio del Club de Leones, Soná District, Panama
|
|-
|4|{{yes2}}Win
|4–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Javier Jimenez
|TKO
|4 (4)
|30 Ọktoba 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Figali Convention Center, Panama City, Panama
|
|-
|3|{{yes2}}Win
|3–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Armando Carpintero
|KO
|1 (4), 1:51
|11 Septemba 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Fantastic Casino, Panama District, Panama
|
|-
|2|{{yes2}}Win
|2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Luis Gonzalez
|TKO
|2 (4), 1:351:35
|19 Ọgọst 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Atlapa Convention Center, Panama City, Panama
|
|-
|1|{{yes2}}Win
|1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Esteban Ramos
|UD
|4
|Ọgọstụ 2 2008
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; |Gimnasio Yuyin Luzcando, Panama City, Panama
|
|}

== Ebe m si dee ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>hs7lchdx17t928nbnwq7q5mexr4tldo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mịlị Faiza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741624</id>
      <parentid>722698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T01:05:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4597" sha1="sqtmepgzl20ib0nkzsz7azek76v0mr7" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Miled Faiza''' ({{lang-ar|ميلاد فايزه|translit=Mīlād Fāyzah}}; born 1974) is a Tunisian-American writer.

 
== Ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Miled Faiza na Monastir, [[Tunisia]] na 1974. O bipụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya n'afọ 2004 ma sụgharịa uri ya n'asụsụ Bekee, French, Spanish na Serbian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tunisiya.org/team/|title=Our Team Tunisian Arabic Corpus|work=tunisiya.org|accessdate=2017-12-15|archivedate=2020-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022060134/http://www.tunisiya.org/team/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Faiza bụkwa onye ntụgharị; e bipụtara nsụgharị ya nke Ali Smith's Autumn dị ka ''al-Kharīf'' ''na 2018'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ahmad|first=Adnan Hussein|date=July 26, 2018|title=رواية «الخريف» لآلي سميث ومثلث الصداقة والحُب والفَناء|language=ar|work=القدس العربي  Al-quds|url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/%ef%bb%bf%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%b3%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%ab-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%af%d8%a7/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bipụta ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke uri America n'asụsụ Arabic. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mosbahi|first=Hassouna|date=March 10, 2020|title=&quot;أصابع النحات&quot;.. قصائد شاعر مهاجر كتبت على نار هادئة {{!}}|url=https://alarab.co.uk/%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6%D8%A9|accessdate=2020-10-30|work=صحيفة العرب – Al Arab|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ide ihe, ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke [[Oxford Arabic Dictionary]] (2014), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881018992|title=Oxford Arabic dictionary : Arabic-English · English-Arabic|others=Arts, Tressy.|isbn=9780199580330|edition=First|location=Oxford|pages=iv|oclc=881018992}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye na-emepụta Tunisian Arabic Corpus. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ kụziri Arabic na United States kemgbe afọ 2006 ma na-akụzi ugbu a na Mahadum Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.brown.edu/new-faculty/humanities/miled-faiza|title=Miled Faiza {{!}} News from Brown|accessdate=2017-12-15|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117001601/https://news.brown.edu/new-faculty/humanities/miled-faiza|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta abụ ==

* (2019) ʾAṣābiʿ al-naḥāt (أصابع النحات ({{Lang|ar|أصابع النحات}} onye na-ese ihe)) 
* (2004'') '' Baqayā al-bayt alladhī dakhalnāhā maratan wāḥida (N'ime ụlọ anyị banyere naanị otu ugboro) 

== Nsụgharị ==

* (2023) ''al-Rabīʿ'' (الربيع), nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Ali Smith Spring&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=الربيع|url=https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/spring.html|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Kalimat Group|language=ar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221211503/https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/spring.html|archive-date=2024-02-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2021) The Italian, nsụgharị (ya na Karen McNeil) nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Shukri Mabkhout ''al-Talyānī'' ({{Lang|ar|الطلياني}}) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Italian - Shukri Mabkhout|url=http://www.europaeditions.com.cricchetto.frequenze.it/book/9781609457013/the-italian|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Europa Editions|language=en|archivedate=2024-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221211500/http://www.europaeditions.com.cricchetto.frequenze.it/book/9781609457013/the-italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* (2019) ''al-Shitāʾ'' (الشتاء), nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Ali Smith Winter&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=الشتاء|url=https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/winter.html|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Kalimat Group|language=ar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221211504/https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/winter.html|archive-date=2024-02-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ali Smith=&quot;mwRA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:PageProp/Category&quot;/&gt;
* (2017) ''al-Kharīf'' (الخريف), nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Ali Smith Autumn&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=الخريف|url=https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/autumn-seasonal.html|accessdate=2024-02-21|work=Kalimat Group|language=ar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221211510/https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/autumn-seasonal.html|archive-date=2024-02-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
 
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>sqtmepgzl20ib0nkzsz7azek76v0mr7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Litema</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741597</id>
      <parentid>195871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T13:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19166" sha1="ho0wvc1cuny296l9xn2i7hznjfey05i" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Litema.png|thumb|Ụdị Tema ọdịnala na ntụgharị na ntụgharị nke ntọala ihe nlereanya]]
Litema, nke a na asụ dị ka Ditema na orthography Sesotho nke South Africa (nke a na akpọ: /ditʼɪːma/; Singular: Tema, Sesotho maka &quot;ihe osise&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;ala a na akọ ugbo&quot;) bụ ụdị nka Sesotho nke nwere ihe ịchọ mma na ihe nnọchianya geometric, nke a jikọtara ya na omenala Sesotho nke a na'oge a na eme na [[Lesotho]] na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke South Africa. Ụmụ nwanyị Basotho na emepụta litema na mgbidi ndị dị n'èzí na n'ime ụlọ site na ihe osise, eserese, ihe osise na / ma ọ bụ mosaic. Dị ka ọ na adịkarị, a na egbutu ma ọ bụ na agbutu ụkpụrụ geometric n'ime mmiri dị n'elu ụrọ na nsị nke mgbidi, ma mesịa jiri ochers nke ala ma ọ bụ, n'oge a, ágbá rụrụ. Atụmatụ na emekarị ka ubi ndị a na akọ ugbo site na ọdịdị dị mma, ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ na ezo aka na ndụ osisi, na mgbe ụfọdụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa okike, dị ka na ezo aha anụmanụ totem. Litema na agafe agafe; ha nwere ike ịcha ma daa ma ọ bụ nnukwu mmiri ozuzo saa ha. Ọ bụ ihe a na ahụkarị maka ụmụ nwanyị si n'obodo dum itinye liturema n'oge pụrụ iche dị ka agbamakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ emume okpukpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;gerdes-the-sotho-lithema-tradition&quot;&gt;Paulus Gerdes: ''On Mathematical Ideas in Cultural Traditions of Central and Southern Africa''. In: Helaine Selin (Hrsg.): ''Mathematics across cultures''. New York 2001, S. 329–332.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okwu mmalite ==
Dị ka Gary van Wyk (1993:84) rụtụrụ aka na nyocha ya banyere usoro ọmụmụ nke aha Sesotho nke na-egosi &quot;Sesotho mural art,&quot; litema na-ezokwa aka n'echiche ndị metụtara &quot;ala ndị a na-akọ ihe&quot;, na omenala ịchọ mma na-ejikọta ya na ihe ọkụkụ. n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. O sitere na ngwaa stem -lema (n'ime njedebe, ho lema &quot;ịzụlite&quot;), nke bụ ntụgharị nke mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Bantu * -dɪ̀m- &quot;ịkọpụta (esp. na nja)&quot;. A na-akpọ orthographic ⟨l⟩ na li- (klas 10 noun class prefix for Sesotho nouns) [d] na Sesotho ebe [d] bụ allophone nke /l/ na-eme n'ihu ụdaume nso, /i/ na /u/. Ọkpụkpụ ⟨e⟩ nwere ike inwe ụkpụrụ atọ nwere ike ịbụ na Sesotho: /ɪ/, /ɛ/, na /e/. Na ⟨litema⟩ ka a na-akpọ /ɪ/, dịka mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Bantu si dị.

== Nhazi ==
A na eji usoro iheomume nke ọtụtụ ọkwa mara. A na ahazi ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu ya na square cells. A na ekewa mgbidi a ga ahazi n'ime grid iji mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ. A na etinye mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla n'otu usoro ahụ, nke a na agbanwekarị ma ọ bụ na egosipụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ gaa na mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ihi ya, nhazi nke usoro ahụ dum na adabere na nhazi dị na usoro ahụ. E nwere atụmatụ nwere naanị otu axis enyo na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke na eme ka echiche zuru oke nke na-aga n'otu ụzọ. Ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ bụ isi nwere ọtụtụ axis nke symmetry ma ọ bụ rotational symmetry, ma nye usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya ihe ịchọ mma dị larịị. A na egbochi nhazi agba, a na ejikarị naanị agba abụọ eme ihe &lt;ref name=&quot;gerdes-the-sotho-lithema-tradition&quot;&gt;Paulus Gerdes: ''On Mathematical Ideas in Cultural Traditions of Central and Southern Africa''. In: Helaine Selin (Hrsg.): ''Mathematics across cultures''. New York 2001, S. 329–332.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Omenala nke ihe osise mural na Southern Africa abụghị nke malitere na nso nso a. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta ndị e gwupụtara n'ebe ndị a na amụ banyere ihe mgbe ochie na Sotho-Tswana kpughere ala ụlọ ndị dị ndụ ruo ihe dị ka afọ 1500, ihe akaebe mbụ nke ihe osise Sotho Twana malitere ihe dị ka narị afọ ise (Grant 1995:45; Van Wyk 1998:88). Ọ dịla anya tupu ọdịnala nke ihe osise Ndebele nke a ma ama n'ụwa niile. Malite na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, omenala nka nke Ndzundza Ndebele a na akpọ ''igwalo'' (nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Ihe osise ụlọ Ndebele), a na ekwu na ọ bụ ngwakọta nke omenala Northern Sotho ''ditema'' na omenala imewe Nguni nke a na eji eme ihe, ite na ịkpa nkata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/role-decoration-ndebele-society|title=The role of decoration in Ndebele society|publisher=www.sahistory.org.za|date=1 January 2015|accessdate=16 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ndekọ nke ndị ọchịchị na achị ===
Otu n'ime akụkọ ndị mbụ e dere banyere ihe osise Basotho bụ nke onye ozi ala ọzọ Rev. John Campbell dere. Na nkọwa ya nke 1813 banyere ihe osise Batlhaping (South [[Tswana language|Tswana]]), Campbell kwuru ihe ndị a: &quot;Mgbe anyị nụrụ banyere ihe osisa ụfọdụ n'ụlọ Salakootoo, anyị gara mgbe anyị nwụsịrị iji kirie ha. Anyị hụrụ ha ihe ngosi siri ike nke kamel-agụny, rhinoceros, enyí, ọdụm, na stein-buck, nke nwunye Salakootoo sere na mgbidi ụrọ, na ágbá ọcha na oji. Otú ọ dị, ha mere nke ọma dị ka anyị tụrụ anya ya, ma nwee ike iduga ihe ka mma&quot; (Grant 1995:43).

Na njem nke abụọ ya na 1820, Campbell, nyere akụkọ na anụ ọkụ n'obi banyere ihe ọ hụrụ n'ụlọ otu onye isi &quot;Sinosee&quot; nke agbụrụ Hurutse nke Sotho-Tswana. Campbell nyere ihe osise abụọ ahụ yana nkọwa okwu nke ụlọ onye isi ahụ: &quot;A na ete mgbidi ahụ ágbá na acha odo odo, ma jiri ihe oyiyi nke ọta, enyí na kamel-agụ owuru, wdg chọọ ya mma. A na achọkwa ya mma na cornice ma ọ bụ ihe osise dị n'ókè nke na acha ọbara ọbara... a na achọ mgbidi ya (nke ụlọ ihi ụra Sinosee) mma na eji ihe ngosi mara mma nke enyí na giraffe... N'ụlọ ụfọdụ, ogidi, wdg, wdg e ji ụrọ siri ike mee ka ha ghara iji ihe osise mee ihe osise 1998 ma mee ka ndị Europe mee ihe osisa dị iche iche iche: Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme George Stow chịkọtara ma bipụta akụkọ Campbell, n'akwụkwọ ya The Native Races of South Africa (1905). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Stow|first=G. W. (George William)|url=http://archive.org/details/cu31924029888587|title=The native races of South Africa; a history of the intrusion of the Hottentots and Bantu into the hunting grounds of the Bushmen, the aborigines of the country ..|date=1905|publisher=London : S. Sonnenschein &amp; Co., limited; New York, The Macmillan Co.|others=Cornell University Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stow bipụtakwara ihe osise mbụ a maara nke litema - ihe osise asatọ nke &quot;Bakuena&quot; (ezinụlọ guzobere mba Basotho) mere, nke o nwere ike ịdọrọ onwe ya, dabere na akwụkwọ ozi Stow na ebipụtaghị na South African Library nke ọ kọrọ na ọ gara n'ụlọ Bakoena kraal mebiri emebi (Van Wyk 1998:89). Ihe osise Stow gosipụtara akụkụ ndị yiri ihe osise litema ka a na eme taa yana ihe osise nke ntụpọ, eriri, triangles, na zigzags na eme na ụcha ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ ya nke 1861, onye ozi ala ọzọ French Eugene Casallis chetara usoro litema ọ hụworo kemgbe ọ biri n'etiti Basotho n'afọ 1830, na akpọ atụmatụ ahụ &quot;mara mma&quot;, nke na-atụ aro atụmatụ ndị dị mgbagwoju anya karịa ihe atụ Bakoena Stow mepụtara (Van Wyk 1998:89). Ihe ndekọ Stow anaghị agụnye atụmatụ ọ bụla na etinye ihe osise osisi dịka ndị a hụrụ na litema nke oge a. Van Wyk (1994) na atụ aro na ihe ndị ọzọ nke oge a na &quot;ihe osise curvilinear dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ụtọ Victorian ma ọ bụ Edwardian nke nwere ike ịbụ na ngwaahịa ndị dị na Europe dị ka usoro linoleum, ihe ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na lace nwere mmetụta.

=== Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke oge a ===
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ kewara ihe osise Stow na ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Lesotho National Teachers Training College mere na 1976 (Van Wyk 1989:89). Benedict Lira Mothibe, onye nkuzi nka na kọleji n'oge ahụ, nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntụziaka ka ha depụtaghachi atụmatụ litema maka ebumnuche nke iji ha na nkuzi geometry nke klas na dị ka mbipụta maka poteto. Nke ka mkpa, ọ bụ mgbalị Mothibe mere iji mee ka mmasị dịghachi n'ihe o weere dị ka omenala Sesotho bara uru. Gary van Wyk jiri ihe osise ndị a mee ihe n'oge ọ na-eme nnyocha dị ukwuu na South Africa na Lesotho site na 1991-1994, na edekọ nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere aha na ihe ha kwuru na ha, ma mesịa bipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara na ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ahịhịa a kapịrị ọnụ (dịka &quot;melons&quot;) nke a kpọrọ aha na 1970s echefuola site na 1990s ma tinye ya n'okpuru ụdị nkọwa nke &quot;blomme&quot;, okwu Afrikaans maka &quot;flowers,&quot; n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, aha a nọgidere na enwe njikọ ihe atụ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ ahịhịhịa, nke jikọtara ya na ọrụ ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na ndị na eri nri. Ọzọkwa, a ka na achọpụta usoro ole na ole nke Mothibe dere ma na emepụta na mbido afọ 1990, dị ka otu nke na ezo aka na bọọdụ marabaraba, egwuregwu a ma ama dị ka checkers (1998:90-91).

N'oge na adịbeghị anya (2003), Mothibe, na onyinye ọzọ maka ihe kpatara nchekwa, chịkọtara ma nye onyinye nke abụọ na atụmatụ litema nke akpọrọ Basotho Litema Patterns (With Modifications) na School of Design Technology and Visual Art nke Central University of Technology, Free State, na enye ndekọ emelitere nke atụmatụ na nkọwa ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://portal.cut.ac.za/litema/historical.html|title=Historical Record|publisher=portal.cut.ac.za/litema|date=16 April 2014|accessdate=16 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081201/http://portal.cut.ac.za/litema/historical.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nnọchianya ==
Nnyocha nke Van Wyk na Mathews mere na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na etiti afọ 1990, nke ruru n'ókè n'akwụkwọ abụọ nwere ihe osise nke akpọrọ African Painted Houses: Basotho Dwellings of Southern Africa (Van Wyk, 1998) na The African Mural (Chanquion &amp; Matthews, 1989), na egosi na enweghị ike ịghọta nka nke litema n'ụzọ mara mma.

=== Nwaanyị, Okike na Litema&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gerdes|first=Paulus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6TBQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=litema&amp;pg=PA11|title=Women, Culture and Geometry in Southern Africa|date=2013|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-304-10560-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===
N'ọtụtụ ọrụ na isiokwu a, Gary Van Wyk (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998) na ekwu na ihe osise Sesotho bụ ụdị nka okpukpe, na arịọ ndị nna nna maka mmiri ozuzo nke na enye ọmụmụ nke na azụ ubi ma si otú ahụ na akwado ìgwè atụrụ na obodo mmadụ. O kwuru na a pụrụ ịhụ ihe osise dị ka ekpere e sere ese. Ọ bụrụ na ndị nna nna afọ ojuju, ha na enye mmiri ozuzo nke na asa mgbidi, na usoro ndụ na amalite ọzọ. Ọ dabara adaba na ụmụ nwanyị na emepụta ihe osise, ndị jikọtara ha na ụlọ ahụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ, nke bụ ihe atụ nke afọ ime na nke okike, yana ala ahịhịa nke ụmụ nwanyị jikọtara ya site na ọrụ ọdịnala ha dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na eri nri, yana site na ọtụtụ akara ahịhịhịa ndị ọzọ. Akụkọ ifo nke okike Basotho, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ekwu na mba ahụ si n'ebe gbara ọchịchịrị dị omimi n'ime ụwa site n'àkwà ahịhịa; n'ihi ya, ọ bụ omenala mgbe a mụrụ nwatakịrị n'ime ụlọ ụrọ, nke e wuru na mbụ n'ụdị igloo, ya mere, itinye ahịhịrị n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ahụ ruo mgbe nwatakịrị ahụ &quot;gafere ahịhịhịa&quot; ka ọ pụta n'ìhè (Van Wyk 1998: 103-107). N'otu aka ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na amalite na eyi ihe nkpuchi ahịhịa, na n'oge ha na amalite, ha na akpa akwa ahịhịhịa.

Njikọ ihe atụ a dị n'etiti ụlọ ahụ dị ka igloo na ahụ ka e mesịrị wegara n'ụlọ rectangular nke oge a nwere elu ụlọ dị larịị, ebe a na achọ gburugburu ọnụ ụzọ na windo mma karịsịa, aha maka ụkpụrụ litema n'akụkụ elu ụlọ ahụ bụ &quot;isi&quot;. &quot;A na eme emume ọmụmụ nke ubi na nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ịmepụta okooko osisi na egbuke egbuke, ahịhịa na-agbasa, tendrils na agba gburugburu...N'ihi na ọrụ ugbo bụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na achọ ụlọ mma ka a na ele ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ndị na ese onyinyo ọrụ a n'ọhịa dị na mgbidi ha. Ihe osise ndị ahụ bụ ala Afrịka, nke nwere ala ha na anọchite anya&quot; (Van Wyk 1994). Nke a na-apụta ìhè na usoro litema nke na agụnye naanị mkpocha na enweghị ụcha n'ime apịtị: ndị a na eṅomi ọdịdị nke ubi a na akọ ugbo. Van Wyk chọpụtara na red ocher, nke a na akpọ ''letsoku'', ma ọ bụ &quot;ọbara nke ụwa&quot;, na anọchi anya ọmụmụ na ọbara nke ịhụ nsọ na ịchụ àjà, na emesi njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti ndị nna nna na ọmụmụ ike ma na akọwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na etinye red ocher n'ime atụmatụ ọ bụla. White na anọchite anya ịdị jụụ, ịdị ọcha na nghọta nke ndị nna nna na akwalite na ọchịchọ, ebe ojii na anọchi anya igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo gbara ọchịchịrị nke ndị nna ochie na enye ma ọ bụrụ na ihe niile dị jụụ ma dị mma, a na ejikọkwa agba abụọ a ugboro ugboro na mpaghara mgbanwe nke ụlọ ahụ, dị ka elu ụlọ na gburugburu ọnụ ụzọ na windo. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe ndị dị ka triangles na zigzags nwekwara ihe nnọchianya nke na eme ka ọ ghara ịdị n'oge na adịbeghị anya. N'ime afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, Van Wyk na ese foto na mgbidi nke gosipụtara nkwupụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na eji agba nke African National Congress a machibidoro iwu n'oge oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ma ọ bụ na etinye ihe osise ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nkwupụta. 

Tom Mathews n'ihe odide ya (nke foto nwa ya nwoke Paul Chanquion sere kwadoro) kwuru na okooko osisi na ntụpọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọmụmụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na ekwu na usoro chevron na anọchite anya mmiri ma ọ bụ ala na adịghị mma ebe triangles bụ akara na egosi nwoke na nwanyị (Changuion &amp; Matthews, 1989:9,19,55).

N'ime nnyocha nke CUT duziri, ọ dịghị onye maara ihe gbasara nka nke litema (Bekker, Thabane na Mothibe) ma ọ bụ ndị na eme ihe nkiri nwere ihe ọmụma ọ bụla gbasara ihe dị omimi karịa nke ịchọ ụlọ mma maka ebumnuche mara mma. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na ese ihe a jụrụ ajụjụ ekerịta echiche ha banyere ohere nke ihe nnọchianya. Dị ka ndị na ese ihe na Free State si kwuo, nne ha (ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Lesotho), nwere ike ịmara ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, mana ha esoghị ha ozi a n'oge nkuzi ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://portal.cut.ac.za/litema/symbolism.html|title=Litema Symbolism|publisher=portal.cut.ac.za/litema|date=16 April 2014|accessdate=16 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070641/http://portal.cut.ac.za/litema/symbolism.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Usoro ide ihe ===
Otu onye na akọwa ihe a ma ama ekwuola na litema na anọchite anya usoro ederede ederede nke Basotho oge ochie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zulumathabo.wordpress.com/2015/09/02/ditema-tsa-basotho-writing-system|title=Ditema Tsa Basotho Writing System|publisher=zulumathabo.wordpress.com|date=1 March 2015|accessdate=16 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ekwuru n'elu, o yikarịrị ka enwere echiche ihe atụ jikọtara ya na litema (ma eleghị anya, nke a ga eji tụnyere ọdịnala nke akara Adinkra na West Africa), mana enwere obere ihe akaebe iji kwado ịdị adị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụdị ihe odide nke egosiri na Ihe odide ndị Ijipt ma ọ bụ Ihe odide ndị China.

Ka o sina dị, e nwere n'ezie [[Usoro ide ihe|usoro ederede]] nke oge a (karịsịa, syllabary featural) jikọtara ya na litema, nke enwere ike iji dee Sesotho (na asụsụ ndị ọzọ niile nke Southern Bantu). A na akpọ ya ''[[Ditema tsa Dinoko]]'' (&quot;Ditema syllabary&quot;) ma mara ya site na aha [[Asụsụ Zulu|Zulu]] ya, ''Isibheqe Sohlamvu'', na aha ndị ọzọ dị iche iche metụtara ya n'asụsụ dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.isibheqe.org|title=IsiBheqe|publisher=isibheqe.org|date=23 August 2015|accessdate=16 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208001738/http://www.isibheqe.org/|archivedate=8 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.org.za/LSSASAALASAALT-ConferenceProgramme2015.pdf|title=Isibheqe Sohlamvu: An Indigenous Writing System for Southern Bantu Languages|publisher=linguistics.org.za|date=22 June 2015|accessdate=16 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075410/http://linguistics.org.za/LSSASAALASAALT-ConferenceProgramme2015.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Gary van Wyk: ''Through the Cosmic Flower: Secret resistance in the mural art of Sotho-Tswana women''. In: Mary H. Nooter: ''Secrecy: African art that conceals and reveals''. Museum for African Art, New York 1993, {{ISBN|3791312308}}.
* Gary van Wyk: ''Patterns of Possession : An Art of African Habitation''. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, MI, 1996.
* Gary van Wyk: ''African painted houses : Basotho dwellings of Southern Africa''. Abrams, New York 1998, {{ISBN|0-8109-1990-7}}.
* Paul Changuion: ''The African mural''. New Holland Publishers, [[London]] 1989, {{ISBN|1-85368-062-1}}.
* Paulus Gerdes: ''On Mathematical Ideas in Cultural Traditions of Central and Southern Africa''. In: Helaine Selin (Hrsg.): ''Mathematics across cultures: the history of non-western mathematics''. Springer, New York 2001, {{ISBN|1402002602}}, S. 313–344.
* Paulus Gerdes: ''Women, Art And Geometry In Southern Africa''. Africa World Press, Trenton (NJ) 1998, {{ISBN|0-86543-601-0}}.
* Sandy and Elinah Grant: ''Decorated homes in Botswana'',  Creda Press, Cape Town 1996, {{ISBN|9991201408}}.
* Benedict Mothibe: ''Litema: Designs by Students at the NTTCL'', Morija Press, Maseru 1976.

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Litema}}

* [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/27/arts/art-in-review-412895.html]'Fields of Vision' 'The Art of Sotho Habitation' nke Gary van Wyk, nyocha nke ngosi na mbipụta.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100627234800/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol20/vol20_iss6/record2006.17.html]'Fecundity of Fields and Women' na-akpali Sotho Mural Arts. 'Nkà nke Ụlọ Sotho. ' (Ihe ngosi na mbipụta nke Gary van Wyk) Columbia University Record - October 14, 1994 - Vol. 20, Nke 6
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220404115059/http://www.cut.ac.za/litema/ LITEMA - Ihe osise nke Basotho], ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Carina Beyer, Ihe Omume Foto, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ maka Nkà na Ụzụ na Ihe Omume nke Central University of Technology, Free State

== Ihe odide ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ho0wvc1cuny296l9xn2i7hznjfey05i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nnukwu ihe oyiyi nke Amenhotep nke Atọ na Tiye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46292</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741654</id>
      <parentid>740515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:17:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9208" sha1="38i0o779vwci85zsjumlhnyeq3pg3n0" xml:space="preserve"> {{Databox}}

'''Ihe oyiyi dị egwu nke Amenhotep III na Tiye''' bụ ihe oyiyi otu monolith nke Fero [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Egypt]] Amenhotep III nke usoro iri na asatọ, nnukwu nwunye eze ya Tiye, na ụmụ ha nwanyị atọ. Ọ bụ dyad kacha mara amara nke a pịrị apị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson&quot;&gt;W. Raymond Johnson: Monuments and Monumental Art under Amenhotep III. In: Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign. (edited by David O'Connor, Eric H. Cline) p.73&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe oyiyi a na mbụ guzo na Medinet Habu, Western Thebes ; taa ọ bụ ebe etiti nke nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ nke [[Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Egypt|Egypt Museum]] na Cairo .

== Nkọwa ==
A na-eji nkume limestone mee ihe oyiyi ahụ, obosara ya bụ 4,4 m, ịdị elu ya bụ 7 m. Anya almọnd na nku anya gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ ụdị n'oge ikpeazụ nke 18th dynasty style. Amenhotep nke atọ na-eyi akwa isi ''nemes'' na uraeus, [[False beard|afụ ọnụ ụgha]] na kilt ; ọ nādakwasi aka-ya abua n'ikperè-ya abua. Queen Tiye nọ ọdụ n'aka ekpe ya, etinyere aka nri ya n'úkwù di ya. Ogologo ya hà nhata nke Fero, nke na-egosi ọkwa ya a ma ama. Ọ na-eyi uwe ogologo nkwonkwo ụkwụ, dabara adaba na wig dị arọ nke nwere isi udele, modius na uraei abụọ.   A na-ekpu ugo na udele, ube aka nri kwesịrị ekwesị na-eyi okpueze ọcha nke Upper Egypt, ebe aka ekpe kwesịrị ekwesị na-eyi okpueze uhie nke Lower Egypt . 

Ihe oyiyi atọ ndị dị nta na-egosi atọ n'ime ụmụ ha nwanyị. Princess Henuttaneb, guzo n'etiti nne na nna ya, a na-egosipụta dị ka nwanyị toro eto, &lt;ref name=&quot;Kozloff&quot;&gt;Arielle Kozloff: Amenhotep III: Egypt's Radiant Pharaoh. Cambridge University Press, Feb 20, 2012. 9781139504997 p.193&lt;/ref&gt; na uwe dị nso na wig zuru ezu na modius na plumes ma na-enweghị uraei (nke a bụ nanị ọdịiche dị n'etiti isi isi nne ya na nke ya).  N'akụkụ Amenhotep ka ihe oyiyi nke otu nwa nwanyị nke obere mebiri emebi, [[Nebetah|Nebeta]], nọkwa n'akụkụ Tiye, ihe oyiyi adaeze ọzọ mebiri emebi, onye aha ya furu efu. Dyad bụ otu n'ime ihe oyiyi abụọ a ma ama na-egosi Henuttaneb, na naanị otu nke Nebeta. 

Ọ ga-abụ na a kpụrụ ihe a kpụrụ akpụ n’akụkụ ememme sed mbụ nke Amenhotep nke Atọ. [[Arielle Kozloff]] na-ede na afọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-egosi na ihe ncheta ahụ, karịsịa nke Henuttaneb, na ụdị nke Queen Tiye's wig, bụ nke &quot;nke kachasị ewu ewu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpuchie ihu ya&quot; na-egosi na e mere ihe oyiyi ahụ n'ime afọ iri nke atọ. nke eze. Ọ ga-ekwe omume na e mere ya site na ezigbo nkume limestone nke e wepụrụ iji mepụta oghere oghere nke TT192 - nnukwu ili nke Queen Tiye's steward [[Kheruef]], ọrụ nke malitere n'oge a. &lt;ref&gt;Kozloff, op.cit., p.155&lt;/ref&gt;

Nwa ada nke di na nwunye eze, Sitamun anọghị n'òtù ihe oyiyi ahụ, eleghị anya n'ihi na e buliri ya n'ọkwá nke nnukwu nwunye eze site n'afọ 30 nke ọchịchị Amenhotep. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kozloff&quot;/&gt; Henuttaneb bụ nwa nwanyị nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ, amụrụ tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe Iset gasịrị, onye ghọrọ eze nwanyị na Afọ 34. Ọ dịghị ebe a na-akpọ Henuttaneb dị ka eze nwanyị, ma na colossus a kọwara ya dị ka &quot;onye enyi Horus, onye dị n'obi ya&quot;. Nke a bụ naanị ihe atụ nke aha eze nwanyị a ka a na-enye adaeze, a na-edekwa aha ya mgbe ụfọdụ na katouche, nke nwere ike igosi na e buliri ya ịbụ eze nwanyị dị ka Sitamun na Iset. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arnold&quot;&gt;[[Dorothea Arnold]], Metropolitan Museum of Art: Royal Women of Amarna, p.9&lt;/ref&gt; Adaeze nke atọ nọ n'elu ihe oyiyi ahụ, onye e bibiri aha ya bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ka a na-amata ya dị ka Iset, mana Amenhotep nwere ike inwe ihe ruru ụmụ nwanyị iri na isii, ọ bụghị ha niile ka anyị maara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sothebys&quot;/&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:Statua_colossale_di_Amenhotep_III_e_tiye_con_henuttaneb_02.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Echiche nke ihe oyiyi si n'ebe dị anya, na ihe ngosi nka]]
Ihe oyiyi a bụ nke ụlọ nsọ Amenhotep nke atọ, bụ nke a na-ebibikarị kemgbe, ma n'oge ya bụ ụlọ nsọ kachasị na Thebes, karịa ọbụna [[Karnak|ụlọ nsọ Karnak]] . Dị ka e wuru ya dị nso na ala idei mmiri ahụ, ihe na-erughị narị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ kwụsịrị na mkpọmkpọ ebe na ọtụtụ n'ime nkume ya bụ ndị Fero mechara jiri rụọ ọrụ ụlọ nke ha. &lt;ref&gt;Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Books. p.224&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe a chọtara ihe oyiyi ahụ yiri ka ọ̀ bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n’ebe ndịda nke ogige ozu ụlọ nsọ ahụ, ebe ọ dị n’ebe dị anya site n’ụlọ nsọ ahụ dị ka Kọlọsi nke Memnon n’ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ na Ramesses nke Atọ weghaara dyad ahụ mgbe ọ na-eji ihe mgbochi sitere na ụlọ nsọ Amenhotep wuo nke ya na Medinet Habu, ọ bụ ezie na ekpochapụghị aha mbụ. A hụrụ ihe oyiyi ahụ na njedebe narị afọ nke 19 na iberibe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1897, Georges Daressy bufere mpekere ndị ahụ gaa n'ihu obere ụlọ nsọ Amun dị na Medinet Habu dị nso; E mesịa, a kpọgara ha Cairo ma gbakọtakwa maka mmeghe nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Egypt na 1902. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sothebys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.46.html/2008/antiquities-n08452|title=An Indurated Limestone Head of Princess Nebetah, reign of Amenhotep III, 1390-1353 B.C.|accessdate=2018-03-01|archivedate=2018-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044701/http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.46.html/2008/antiquities-n08452|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; Archived from [http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/lot.46.html/2008/antiquities-n08452 the original] on 2018-03-02&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-03-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Colossus nwere nọmba katalọgụ M610; Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Princess Henuttaneb nwere nọmba dị iche, JE 33906. &lt;ref&gt;Bryan, op.cit., p.33&lt;/ref&gt;

A 27,6&amp;nbsp;cm isi limestone, nke a chọtara na mkpokọta nzuzo, tụgharịrị bụrụ isi nke Princess Nebeta na akụkụ nke ihe oyiyi a. Nebeta nọ a-yiri afụnfụ-afụnfụn rịn rị e mẹ modisu; A ka nwere ike ịchọpụta akara n'akụkụ mkpọchi ntorobịa . O nwere otu anya yiri almọnd nke nwere nkuanya a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọma na ahịrị ịchọ mma dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ nke otu ahụ. O yikarịrị ka a ga-ama ụma wepụ isi ya na otu ihe oyiyi ahụ, ma eleghị anya n'oge ochie, kpughee ya n'ala ruo ogologo oge - ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị njọ karịa ihe oyiyi ndị ọzọ -, a chọtara ya tupu 1897. mgbe ewepụrụ ihe oyiyi nke fọdụrụ n’ebe ọ nọ. Ọ bụ nke mkpokọta nzuzo nke French na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, egosipụtara dị ka akụkụ nke mkpokọta W. Arnold Meijer na Amsterdam na 2005-2006 wee ree ya maka US$206,500 na 2008. E tinyere kpọmkwem otu isi ya na ihe oyiyi ahụ dị na Cairo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sothebys&quot;/&gt;
[[Usòrò:Amenhotep_III_mortuary_Temple.jpg|thumb| Ebe mbụ ebe ụlọ nsọ Amenhotep III guzoro n'otu oge]]
N'afọ 2011, a chọtara ọtụtụ iberibe ihe oyiyi ahụ n'oge a na-egwupụta ihe mgbapụta tupu etinyere usoro nsị mmiri ọhụrụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Luxor. Enwere ike wughachi ihe ndị a ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ isii na-efu efu nke ihe oyiyi ahụ, gụnyere akụkụ isi isi, igbe na ụkwụ aka nri nke eze, akụkụ wig, ogwe aka ekpe, nkwụ, mkpịsị aka na ụkwụ nke eze nwanyị, na akụkụ nke ntọala ihe oyiyi ahụ, yana onye nubian. N'ihi iberibe iberibe akwụkwọ ndị ahụ enweghị ihe odide n'elu ha, ha siri ike na mbụ, mana Amenhotep nke Atọ bụ nanị usoro eze nke iri na asatọ nke Fero nwere nnukwu ihe oyiyi dị otú a ma a chọtara ha nanị n'ụlọ nsọ ya na Medinet Habu; nke a nyere aka mee ka iberibe ihe ndị ahụ kwekọọ na colossus na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Cairo. Site na akụkụ ndị a chọtara ọhụrụ agbakwunyere ihe oyiyi ahụ bụ 70% zuru ezu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hawass&quot;&gt;[https://www.academia.edu/3621149/THE_DISCOvERY_OF_THE_MISSING_PIECES_OF_THE_STATUE_OF_AMENHOTEP_III_AND_QUEEN_TIYE_AT_THE_EGYPTIAN_MUSEUM_CAIRO Zahi Hawass, Abdel Ghaffar Wagdy, Mohamed Abdel Badea: The Discovery of the Missing Pieces of the Statue of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/9/40/3481/Heritage/Ancient-Egypt/Parts-of-Amenhotep-III%E2%80%99s-double-statue-uncovered-i.aspx|title=Parts of Amenhotep III's double statue uncovered in Luxor|author=Nevine Al Aref|publisher=Ahram Online|date=2011-01-09|accessdate=2018-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
{{Commons category|Colossal statues of Amenhotep III and Tiye in the Cairo Egyptian Museum}}

* Ihe oyiyi granite na-acha uhie uhie nke Amenhotep III

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>38i0o779vwci85zsjumlhnyeq3pg3n0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leila Aboulela</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>46803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741592</id>
      <parentid>657686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T12:15:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31360" sha1="ckxktfw58g4ty7ryn3gfn08kl9odevo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Leila Aboulela (2010).jpg|thumb|Leila Aboulela]]
 

'''Leila Fuad Aboulela''' FRSL (Arabic; amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye edemede akụkọ ifo, onye edemede, na onye na-ede egwuregwu nke sitere na Sudan nke bi na Aberdeen, Scotland . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela - Official website|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/|accessdate=2022-04-25|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ tolitere na Khartoum, Sudan, wee kwaga Scotland na 1990 ebe ọ malitere ọrụ edemede ya. Ruo 2023, Aboulela ebipụtala akwụkwọ akụkọ isii na ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirikpi, nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ iri na ise. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kachasị ewu ewu, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwEA&quot;&gt;Minaret&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2005) na The Translator (1999) gosipụtara akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na UK ma depụta ya maka International Dublin Literary Award na Orange Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chambers|first=Claire|title=An Interview with Leila Aboulela|url=https://academic.oup.com/cww/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cww/vpp003|accessdate=2022-04-25|journal=Contemporary Women's Writing|year=2009|volume=3|pages=86–102|doi=10.1093/cww/vpp003}}&lt;/ref&gt; A gụnyere ọrụ Aboulela na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Harper's Magazine, ''Granta'', The Washington Post na ''The Guardian''. BBC Radio emeela ka ọrụ ya dị mma ma gbasaa ọtụtụ egwuregwu ya, gụnyere The Insider, The Mystic Life na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme The Lion of Chechnya . &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela - Literature|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/leila-aboulela|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=literature.britishcouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E depụtara usoro redio nke akụkụ ise nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1999 The Translator maka Race In the Media Award (RIMA). [3]&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;

A na-eto ọrụ Aboulela nke ukwuu maka ngosipụta ya nke ndị Alakụba na-akwaga n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa na nsogbu ndị ha na-eche ihu.  Ahụmahụ ya dị ka onye mbata na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na-emetụta ọrụ ya nke ukwuu na ihe isi ike ndị ọ nwetara n'oge mgbanwe ahụ.  Ọrụ ya gbadoro ụkwụ n'okwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na isiokwu ndị dị ka njirimara, mmekọrịta ọdịnala dị iche iche, nkewa nke East-West, njem njem, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]].  J.M. Coetzee, Ben Okri na Ali Smith mere emume amụma ya.  Abdulrazak Gurnah toro akwụkwọ akụkọ ya 2023 River Spirit maka &quot;mmịiko na nghọta pụrụ iche&quot;.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ na 1964 na Cairo, ijipt,  nye nne onye Ijipt na nna Sudan, Aboulela kwagara mgbe ọ dị izu isii gaa Khartoum, Sudan, ebe ọ bi na-aga n'ihu ruo 1987. Nna Aboulela sitere na ezinụlọ Sudan a ma ama, ya na nwa nwanne nna ya bụ onye na-ede uri, Hassan Awad Aboulela.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji Victoria na ijipt na Trinity College, Dublin.  Nne ya bụ onye prọfesọ ngụkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na Mahadum Khartoum na onye mbụ na-eme ihe ngosi na Sudan ka ọ nwetasịrị PhD na isiokwu ahụ site na mahadum dị na [[London]]. Nzụlite ya dị iche iche bụ oge ezumike ọkọchị na Cairo bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ime njikọ ya na ezinụlọ nne ya wee nweta omenala ndị Ijipt site na nri, mgbasa ozi na-ewu ewu, na ihe nkiri.Mgbe ọ bụ nwata ọ gara Khartoum American School na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sisters, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Katọlik nkeonwe. Ọ kọwara agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ America dị ka nke nwere &quot;ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan dị ole na ole na enweghị ndị nkuzi Sudan&quot; Aboulela tolitere na-asụ ma Bekee na Arabic;  Otú ọ dị, ọ na-echeta na ọ bụ onye a na-emegbu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na ọ na-eji Arabic Arabic, nke ọ mụtara n'aka nne ya.Aboulela mechara gaa Mahadum Khartoum, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1985 site na nzere na Economics.Na 1991, Aboulela nwetara nzere Master of Science (M.Sc) na nzere Master of Philosophy (MPhil) na Statistics sitere na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ Akụ na ụba London. Akpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'ụdị Stock and flow model maka usoro agụmakwụkwọ Sudan. 

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, Aboulela bi na Aberdeen, Scotland. Di ya, Nadir Mahjoub, onye injinia mmanụ, bụ ọkara Sudanese, ọkara British, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview with Sudanese-Egyptian writer Leila Aboulela: The challenge of identity in a non-monochrome world - Qantara.de|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/interview-with-sudanese-egyptian-writer-leila-aboulela-the-challenge-of-identity-in-a-non|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwanne nwoke nke onye edemede Jamal Mahjoub. &lt;ref name=&quot;NationalArabShowcase&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Deviation from the mean: the move that gave Leila Aboulela something to write home about|first=Malika|author=Browne|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/deviation-from-the-mean-the-move-that-gave-leila-aboulela-something-to-write-home-about-1.1125684|accessdate=6 May 2023|work=The National {{!}} Arab Showcase|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-agụnye otu n'ime mmetụta ndị metụtara ya n'ide akwụkwọ nne ya bụ onye Bekee, Judith Mahjoub nwụrụ anwụ. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:54&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-12-17|first=Arifa|author=Akbar|title=Back to Khartoum: Leila Aboulela returns to the land of her fathers|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/back-to-khartoum-leila-aboulela-returns-to-the-land-of-her-fathers-2162261.html|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1990, Aboulela na di ya na ụmụ ya kwagara Aberdeen, ọpụpụ ọ kwuru na ọ bụ ihe kpaliri akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, The Translator . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela- The Translator Inspiration|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/the-translator/inspiration/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731170315/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/the-translator/inspiration/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboulela malitere ide ihe na 1992 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Aberdeen College ma mesịa bụrụ onye enyemaka nyocha na Mahadum Aberdeen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-12-08|title=Leila Aboulela- Biography|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/about/biography/|accessdate=2022-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144741/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/about/biography/|archivedate=2015-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, ọ laghachiri Khartoum iji lekọta nna ya na-arịa ọrịa nke nwụrụ n'afọ 2008. [3] N'agbata afọ 2000 na 2012, Aboulela biri na Jakarta, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, na Doha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2005-06-05|title=Keep the faith|authorlink=Anita Sethi|first=Anita|author=Sethi|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jun/05/fiction.features2|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=[[The Observer]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboulela bụ onye Alakụba na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, okwukwe ya na-enyekwa ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706025122|title=Dictionary of African biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis, Jr. Gates|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|location=Oxford|oclc=706025122}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ edemede ==
Aboulela malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ, mgbe ọ kwagara Aberdeen, Scotland, ya na ụmụ ya abụọ na-eto eto nke ọrụ di ya na mmanụ kpaliri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview with Leila Aboulela, star of the new generation of British Muslim writers Interviewed by Olatoun Gabi-Williams|url=https://bordersliteratureonline.net/africanpublishing/New-Interview-with-Leila-Aboulela|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=bordersliteratureonline.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboulela malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ debanyere aha na ọmụmụ edemede na Aberdeen Central Library ebe onye edemede bi na ya, Todd McEwen, gbara ya ume ma kwado ya, onye nyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya ọrụ Aboulela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:54&quot;/&gt; Aboulela na-ede n'asụsụ Bekee, mkpebi ọ malitere n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ma kwuo na ọ họọrọ ikwupụta onwe ya n'asụsụ bekee n'ihi na ọ bụ &quot;asụsụ nke atọ, nke na-enweghị ihe na-enye ume ọhụrụ site na enweghị iguzosi ike n'ihe nke ịhọrọ n'etiti nna m na asụsụ nne m&quot; na-ezo aka na mkparịta ụka Arabic nke Ijipt na Sudanese.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-enye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ New Daughters of Africa nke afọ 2019, nke Margaret Busby dezigharịrị nke chịkọtara ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị 200 na-ede akwụkwọ sitere na Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-05|title='New Daughters of Africa' is a must read for aspiring young women writers|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/weekend/-new-daughters-of-africa-is-a-must-read-for-aspiring-young-women-writers-241888|accessdate=2022-04-27|first=Tom|author=Odhiambo|work=Nation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, akwụkwọ ncheta, akwụkwọ ozi, akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, akwụkwọ akụkọ, uri, ihe nkiri, ọchị, akwụkwọ akụkọ na okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Daughters of Africa|url=https://myriadeditions.com/books/new-daughters-of-africa-pbk/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Myriad|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125001517/https://myriadeditions.com/books/new-daughters-of-africa-pbk/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ nke afọ 2023, Aboulela kwupụtara echiche ya banyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka na mkpali ya maka iji akwụkwọ ndị e dere n'asụsụ Afrịka: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aboulela|first=Leila|date=2023-03-07|title=&quot;Mainstream history was written by the coloniser…it's time we wrote ours&quot;|url=https://africanarguments.org/2023/03/river-spirit-mainstream-history-was-written-by-the-coloniser-time-we-wrote-ours/|accessdate=2023-03-15|work=African Arguments|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* The Translator: E bipụtara ya na 1999, The Translator, a Muslim retelling of ''Jane Eyre'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='I still feel the need for resistance in my writing': Sudanese author Leila Aboulela|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/i-still-feel-need-resistance-my-writing-sudanese-author-leila-aboulela/|accessdate=2023-03-05|work=Middle East Eye|first=Ilham|author=Essalih|date=5 November 2018|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Aboulela nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na Scotland nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ''''Onye Nsụgharị'':'' na mmekọrịta ya na onye ọrụ ya na Scotland. &lt;ref name=&quot;:44&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-10|title=Writing as Spiritual Offering: A Conversation with Leila Aboulela, by Keija Parssinen|url=https://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2020/winter/writing-spiritual-offering-conversation-leila-aboulela-keija-parssinen|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=World Literature Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, ''The New York Times'' depụtara The Translator dị ka otu n'ime 100 Akwụkwọ A Ma Ama nke Afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=100 Notable Books of the Year - The New York Times Book Review - New York Times|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/books/review/20061203notable-books.html|date=4 December 2005|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=archive.nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''''Minaret'':'' E bipụtara ya na 2005, Minaret na-elekwasị anya na Najwa, onye a manyere ịgbapụ Sudan ma biri na London mgbe nnupụisi nke kwaturu ọchịchị nna ya, onye Minista, jere ozi n'okpuru ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela- Minaret|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/minaret/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ Najwa bụ otu n'ime ihe egwu ọdịbendị, ịhụnanya, Islamophobia, na mbata. Ọ na-akọwa njem nwa agbọghọ iji dịrị ndụ ma chọta ụlọ n'ebe ọhụrụ, nke a na-amaghị. [4]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Lyrics Alley: Nke mbụ e bipụtara na 2010, Lyrics Alley bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke atọ nke Aboulela na onye mmeri nke Scottish Book of the Year maka akụkọ ifo.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=BookBrowse|title=Summary and reviews of Lyrics Alley by Leila Aboulela|url=https://www.bookbrowse.com/bb_briefs/detail/index.cfm/ezine_preview_number/5936/lyrics-alley|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=BookBrowse.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-11-01|title='Lyrics Alley' by Leila Aboulela|url=https://www.thebottleimp.org.uk/2011/11/lyrics-alley-by-leila-aboulela/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Bottle Imp|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Okwu Alley'' sitere na ndụ nwanne nna ya, onye na-ede uri bụ Hassan Awad Aboulela.&lt;ref name=&quot;:54&quot;/&gt; N'ịbụ nke e mere na Sudan na 1950s, akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-akọ akụkọ banyere mba na-agbanwe site na ndụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya ka ha na-atụfu ndụ ha maara nke ọma ma na-ata ahụhụ ọdachi, nke na-agbanwere ike na ndụ ha ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela- Lyrics Alley|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/lyrics-alley/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* The Kindness of Enemies: E bipụtara ya na 2015, The Kindness nke Enemies na-egosi akụkọ nke ọkara onye Russia, ọkara onye Sudan nke na-amalite njem iji dekọọ ndụ onye Alakụba n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Imam Shamil, onye nwetara aha ọjọọ site na ọrụ ya na mmegide megide Russia nke Agha Caucasus. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-kindness-of-enemies/|title=The Kindness of Enemies {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E debere ya na 2010, akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwukwa banyere isiokwu nke ndụ dị ka onye Alakụba n'oge post-9/11. [9]&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* Bird Summons: E bipụtara ya na 2019, Bird Summons bụ akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba atọ na-aga Scottish Highlands ileta ili Lady Evelyn Cobbold, nwanyị Britain mbụ mechara njem njem Hajji na Mecca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Parsinnen|first=Keija|date=February 25, 2020|title=Leila Aboulela's 'Bird Summons' takes the traditional road trip novel down a new path|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/leila-aboulelas-bird-summons-takes-the-traditional-road-trip-novel-down-a-new-path/2020/02/25/9aa77322-4d99-11ea-bf44-f5043eb3918a_story.html|work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njem ahụ na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime njem na nchọpụta onwe onye maka ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Yelizaveta P.|author=Renfro|title=Bird Summons: A Novel {{!}} Washington Independent Review of Books|url=https://www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com/index.php/bookreview/bird-summons-a-novel|date=6 May 2020|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnwere onwe e nyere ha site n'ebe dị anya site n'ụlọ ha na ala Scottish mara mma na-akpali ha iche echiche banyere ndụ ha na mkpebi ndị mere ka ha nọrọ ebe ha nọ.[11]&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* River Spirit: E bipụtara ya na 2023, akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ewere ọnọdụ na Sudan nke afọ 1880. Isi okwu gụnyere Agha Mahdist megide ọchịchị Anglo-Turkish na ịgba ohu na narị afọ nke 19 na Sudan. Ewezuga ndị akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Mahdi Muhammad Ahmed na Gọvanọ Charles Gordon, Abouleila chepụtara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị iji gbaa akaebe maka ọrụ ha na ọha mmadụ. Otu n'ime ndị isi akụkọ ahụ bụ Akuany, nwa agbọghọ na-enweghị nne na nna si South, onye a na-ere n'ohu, ma bụrụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ nke onye ahịa Yaseen.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Majumdar|first=Megha|date=2023-03-07|title=Amid Conflict and Cruelty, a Love Story That Endures|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/07/books/review/leila-aboulela-river-spirit.html|accessdate=2023-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi ===

* Coloured Lights: E bipụtara ya na 2001, Coloured Light bụ nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi mbụ nke Aboulela. O nwere akụkọ iri na otu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aboulela|first=Leila|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTxaAAAAMAAJ|title=Coloured lights|date=2001|publisher=Polygon|location=Edinburgh|isbn=9780748662982|language=English|oclc=606546929}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchịkọta ahụ gosipụtara akụkọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ Sudan n'ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche, ka ha na-agagharị ndụ ha na-achọ ihe ọ pụtara na ihe ọ bụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela- Coloured Lights|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/books/coloured-lights/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ndị ahụ na-egosi ahụmịhe ndị mbịarambịa na ihe ịma aka nke mgbanwe site na ndụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ gaa na ọdịbendị nke Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke Aboulela The Museum - nke gụnyere na nchịkọta a - nwetara ihe nrite Caine Prize for African Writing na 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2018-08-01|title=The Museum by Leila Aboulela|url=https://projectmyopia.com/the-museum/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Project Myopia|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517013618/https://projectmyopia.com/the-museum/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa akwụkwọ Sudan na Aberdeen na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị mbụ ya na nwa klas ya bụ onye Scotland. Ebe ngosi nka a na-akpọ aha na-ezo aka na nkatọ akụkọ ahụ banyere ihe ngosi nka Africa na ebe ngosi nka Scotland na ihe nketa nke ụlọ ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt;
* Elsewhere, Home: E bipụtara ya na 2018, e nyere akwụkwọ akụkọ a onyinye Saltire Fiction Book of the Year ma nwee akụkọ iri na atọ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-07-09|title=Elsewhere, Home by Leila Aboulela – review|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/09/elsewhere-home-leila-aboulela-review|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Guardian|first=Arifa|author=Akbar|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scotland's National Book Awards 2018: Fiction Shortlist|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Saltire Society|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517073812/https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|archive-date=2022-05-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na-akọwa akụkọ banyere mmekọrịta ọdịbendị dị iche iche, ọbụbụenyi, na mfu, Elsewhere, Home bụ nchịkọta akụkọ ndị na-agbaso ndụ ndị mmadụ ka ha na-agbanwe ma na-emepụta onwe ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=BookBrowse|title=Elsewhere Home by Leila Aboulela: Summary and reviews|url=https://www.bookbrowse.com/reviews/index.cfm/book_number/3922/elsewhere-home|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=BookBrowse.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ndị a na-eme na Abu Dhabi, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, na London.[7] Na Pages of Fruit, otu nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ na-anọ naanị ya na-aga Ememme akwụkwọ nke Edinburgh iji zute onye edemede ọ na-efe ofufe, naanị iji hụ onwe ya na-enweghị nzube na mmechuihu mgbe nzukọ ha na-adịghị mma gasịrị.[5] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, na Something Old, Something New, onye Alakụba Scottish na-eleta Khartoum iji hụ onye Sudan ya na-achọ ịlụ ma malite inwe obi abụọ banyere mmekọrịta ha mgbe ọ na-eche mmetụta ya nke inyo enyo na egwu nke ndị mba ọzọ nọ n'ala dị anya ihu.[5]&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

=== Egwuregwu ===
Aboulela edeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri redio, ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị ebipụta n'ụdị mbipụta. Egwuregwu ya bụ The Insider, The Mystic Life, The Lion of Chechnya, na The Sea Warrior ka a na-agbasa na mmemme Redio BBC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Mystic Life bụ akụkọ sitere na nchịkọta akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi, Coloured Lights, ebe The Lion of Chechnya na-akọ akụkọ Imam Shamil (1797-1871), onye ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Alakụba na isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, The Kindness of Enemies . &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; E mekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Translator na akụkọ mkpirikpi ya The Museum ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri redio, ebe emere ihe nkiri ya Friends and Neighbours na Aberdeen na 1998. [2]&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

== Mmetụta edemede ==
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide Aboulela sitere na ndụ ya ozugbo.  Ọ na-ekwupụta ịkwaga ya site na Sudan gaa Scotland na 1990 dị ka onye na-akpalite ọrụ agụmagụ ya wee kwupụta ọchịchọ ya ide banyere Sudan na Islam—isiokwu ndị ọ hụtụrụla na ọ naghị anọchi anya ya—maka ịbụ ndị na-akpali ya mbido. Aboulela ekwupụtala mmasị ya n'ịkwụsị ihe ngosi nke ndị Alakụba, Sudan, na ndị kwabatara site n'edemede ya ma gbasie mbọ ike igosipụta ndị ọ zutere na ebe ndị o biri na akụkọ ya.Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Lyrics Alley gbadoro ụkwụ n'ezi akụkọ banyere ndụ nwanne nna ya, onye na-ede uri Hassan Awad Aboulela, na ihe ọghọm ya dị egwu na mmalite 1940s nke mere ka ọ gwụ ya. Ya na nna ya jikọrọ aka dee akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma mụtakwuo banyere ndụ nwa nwanne nna ya, bụ onye jere ozi dị ka ihe mkpali n'azụ onye isi agwa, Nur.

Aboulela na-akpọ onye Ijipt Nobel Prize laureate Naguib Mahfouz na onye edemede Sudan a ma ama Tayeb Salih dị ka mmetụta edemede site na nwata na oge ya na Sudan.  Nkwagharị ya na Scotland mere ka ọ mata Jean Rhys na Anita Desai, ndị odee o kwuru na ha nwere &quot;mmetụta dị egwu n'ọrụ ya&quot;.Aboulela egosila mmasị ya n'ebe ndị odee dị ka Abdulrazak Gurnah, Doris Lessing, Buchi Emecheta, na Ahdaf Soueif kwagara Britain mgbe ọ dị obere ma si otú ahụ nwee ahụmahụ ndị yiri ya na nke ya.  Ọ na-ekwetakwa mmetụta nke ndị edemede Scotland, dị ka Alan Spence na Robin Jenkins.

== Nnabata Dị oke egwu ==
Ọrụ Aboulela enwetawo nnabata dị mma nke ukwuu, ndị dị ka Ben Okri, onye mmeri Nobel Prize J.M Coetzee, na Ali Smith na-eme emume ya maka ikike ya nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, yana maka okwu ya pụrụ iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;/&gt; Onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede bụ John Freeman kpọrọ ya &quot;otu n'ime ndị edemede akụkọ mkpirikpi kachasị mma dị ndụ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Khakpour|first=Porochista|date=2019-03-11|title=Stories of the Muslim Immigrant Experience, From a Sudanese Writer Now Living in Scotland|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/11/books/review/leila-aboulela-elsewere-home.html|accessdate=2022-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ya masịrị Kim Hedges nke San Francisco Chronicle onye dere, &quot;Akụkọ Aboulela dị ịtụnanya. Ọ na-ejikwa mmetụta siri ike n'ụzọ dị ike ma dị ike, na-enye ha okwu ihu na ihu, ma jiri nkà jide mmetụta dị iche iche nke na-agwakọta iji mepụta ọnọdụ. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leila Aboulela|url=https://groveatlantic.com/author/leila-aboulela/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Grove Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A maara ya maka ihe ngosi ya dị nro nke ndị Alakụba kwabatara, mgbagwoju anya nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti omenala, Islam na ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-emebi atụmanya ọha mmadụ.[1].  Onye nta akụkọ Boyd Tonkin toro ya maka ịbụ &quot;Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Muslim ole na ole na-ede akwụkwọ na Britain gosipụtara okwukwe ha dị ka ike dị ndụ kama ịhapụ akụkọ ihe mere eme&quot;.

N'etiti ọrụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ ''Minaret'' (2005) dọtara uche ndị nkatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;/&gt; Ọrụ a gosipụtara ọbịbịa Aboulela dị ka onye nwere mmetụta nke ndị edemede ọhụrụ nke ndị Alakụba na Britain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sufian|first=Abu|date=2014-06-01|title=Aboulela's Minaret : A New Understanding of Diasporic Muslim Women in the West|url=https://www.academia.edu/7582406|journal=The Criterion}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eto Minaret dị ka &quot;ihe ịga nke ọma dị egwu&quot; na &quot;akwụkwọ akụkọ''Minaret'', obi ike, ihe ịma aka&quot; site n'aka Mike Phillips na-ede maka ''The Guardian''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2005-06-11|title=Review: Faith healing {{!}} Minaret by Leila Aboulela|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/jun/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview12|accessdate=2022-04-27|first=Mike|author=Phillips|authorlink=Mike Phillips (writer)|work=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ewere ya dị ka onye edemede nwanyị Africa, Arab, Scotland, na onye mba ọzọ site n'aka ndị na-ege ya ntị nke ndị nkatọ, bọọdụ ihe nrite akwụkwọ, na ndị nyocha.[1]  Odee James Robinson kọwara Aboulela dị ka “olu pụrụ iche na nke na-enye ume ọhụrụ na akụkọ ifo ndị Scotland nke oge a”.[2]  John A. Stotesbury na Brendan Smyth na-arụ ụka na Aboulela ekwupụtala ọrụ ya  na mpaghara agụmagụ dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ na-agbagha echiche Orientist na ndị Alakụba banyere oke nwoke yana echiche a ma ama nke ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba.  Ọrụ Aboulela abụrụla isiokwu a ma ama maka ihe ọmụmụ PhD na akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta gbara gburugburu ndị Alakụba na ederede ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a .[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;

Na Disemba 2023, New York Times kpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ River Spirit ya otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ akụkọ iri kacha mma nke 2023.[1]  Ọzọkwa, akwụkwọ akụkọ Brittle Paper họpụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ 100 ama ama nke Africa nke 2023.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* 1999: The Translator, Grove Press, Black Cat - nke Elkhatim Adl'an sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Arabic&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-translator/|title=The Translator {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* 2001: Coloured Lights, Polygon, Edinburgh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bjornson|first=Gordon B|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606|title=Twentieth-century economics; an analysis and prediction of the Nation's economy|date=1968|publisher=Exposition Press|location=New York|language=English|oclc=606}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2005: ''Minaret'', Grove Press, Black Cat - nke Badreldin Hashimi sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Arabic &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/lyrics-alley/|title=Lyrics Alley {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Lyrics Alley, Grove Press - nke Badreldin Hashimi sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Arabic &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;&amp;nbsp;
* 2015: The Kindness of Enemies, Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson - nke Badreldin Hashimi sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Arabic [4]&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;
* 2018: Ebe ọzọ, Home, Telegram Books&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.telegraph.co.uk/Product/Leila-Aboulela/Elsewhere-Home/24870860|title=Elsewhere Home|date=2019-12-02|isbn=978-0-8021-4694-6|language=en-gb|author=Aboulela|first=Leila}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: Bird Summons, Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.weidenfeldandnicolson.co.uk/titles/leila-aboulela/bird-summons/9781474600149/|title=Bird Summons|date=2018-09-07|isbn=978-1-4746-0014-9|language=en-US|author=Aboulela|first=Leila}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: River Spirit, Grove Atlantic, Saqi Books  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/river-spirit/|title=River Spirit {{!}} Grove Atlantic|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ihe nrite na onyinye ==

* 2000: Caine Prize for African Writing, maka The Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Previous Winners|url=http://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Caine Prize for African Writing|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403202202/http://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2000: Saltire Society Scottish First Book of the Year Award (obere ndepụta), The Translator&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scotland's National Book Awards 2018: Fiction Shortlist|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Saltire Society|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517073812/https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|archive-date=2022-05-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002: PEN Macmillan Macmillan Silver PEN Award (nchịkọta dị mkpirikpi), Coloured Lights&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-17|title=Sudanese Novelist Leila Aboulela Becomes International Figure Through Religion, Alienation|url=https://fanack.com/faces-en/leila-aboulela~112336/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Fanack.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003: Race and Media Award (nchịkọta dị mkpirikpi - usoro ihe nkiri redio), The Translator [2]&lt;ref name=&quot;:102&quot; /&gt;
* 2011: E depụtara ya maka onyinye ndị edemede Commonwealth- Europe na S. E Asia, Lyrics Alley &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lyrics Alley short-listed for Commonwealth Writers' Prize! {{!}} Leila Aboulela|url=http://www.leila-aboulela.com/important-dates/|accessdate=2022-04-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427070428/http://www.leila-aboulela.com/important-dates/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: Akụkọ ifo Onye mmeri nke Scottish Book Awards, Lyrics Alley &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-01|title=Lyrics Alley|url=https://scottishpen.org/book/lyrics-alley/|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: Saltire Fiction Book of the Year Award, Elsewhere, Home &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Scotland's National Book Awards 2018: Fiction Shortlist|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|accessdate=2022-04-27|work=The Saltire Society|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517073812/https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/scotlands-national-book-awards-2018-fiction-shortlist|archive-date=2022-05-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: A họpụtara ya dịka Fellow nke Royal Society of Literature &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Creamer|first=Ella|date=2023-07-12|title=Royal Society of Literature aims to broaden representation as it announces 62 new fellows|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jul/12/royal-society-of-literature-aims-to-broaden-representation-as-it-announces-62-new-fellows|accessdate=2023-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Akwụkwọ Sudan
* Ndepụta nke ndị edemede Sudan
* Akwụkwọ Arabic nke oge a

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

; Ntụle

* {{Cite journal|author=Sufian|first=Abu|year=2014|title=Aboulela's ''Minaret'' : A New Understanding of Diasporic Muslim Women in the West|journal=The Criterion|volume=5|url=https://www.academia.edu/7582406|accessdate=2015-04-24}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* [http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/aboul.html Egwuregwu redio nke Leila Aboulela]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240604121219/https://www.vqronline.org/fiction/doctor-nile Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke Leila Abouleila Doctor on the Nile, site na akwụkwọ akụkọ VQR, Winter 2010]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>ckxktfw58g4ty7ryn3gfn08kl9odevo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Margarete Bagshaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741606</id>
      <parentid>722393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T17:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12178" sha1="fo6nxk9o1w3kp6qtxnia2u739shfr0s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Margarete Bagshaw|image= |alt=Margarete Bagshaw|caption=|birth_name=Margarete Terrazas|birth_date={{Birth date|1964|11|11}}|birth_place=[[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2015|03|19|1964|11|11}}|death_place=|nationality=American|other_names=Margarete Bagshaw-Tindel|known_for=|occupation=Artist}}

Margarete Bagshaw (November 11, 1964 - Ma ọchịchị 19, 2015) bụ onye omenkà America ama ama maka ire ya na ite.  O sitere na ndị Tewa nke K'apovi ma ọ bụ Kha'p'oo Owinge, Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanhistory.si.edu/old-collections/search?edan_q=*:*&amp;edan_fq&amp;#91;&amp;#93;=set_name:%22K%27apovi+%28Santa+Clara+Pueblo%29%22&amp;edan_fq&amp;#91;&amp;#93;=date:%222000s%22&amp;edan_fq&amp;#91;&amp;#93;=object_type:%22Paintings%22|title=Collections Search Results|work=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|quote=Photographer: Margarete Bagshaw (Margaret Bagshaw/Margarete Bagshaw-Tindel), K'apovi (Santa Clara Pueblo), 1964-2015|accessdate=2024-06-05|archivedate=2020-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122201040/https://americanhistory.si.edu/old-collections/search?edan_q=*:*&amp;edan_fq&amp;#91;&amp;#93;=set_name:%22K%27apovi+%28Santa+Clara+Pueblo%29%22&amp;edan_fq&amp;#91;&amp;#93;=date:%222000s%22&amp;edan_fq&amp;#91;&amp;#93;=object_type:%22Paintings%22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Margarete Bagshaw na Nọvemba 11, 1964, ma bụrụ ada nke onye na-ese ihe Helen Hardin na Pat Terrazas, na nwa nwa Santa Clara Pueblo artist Pablita Velarde. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.elpalacio.org/articles/winter11/bagshaw.pdf|title=The Rule of Three, Margarete Bagshaw|author=Nelson|first=Kate|date=2011|work=El Palcino|accessdate=2018-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002116/http://www.elpalacio.org/articles/winter11/bagshaw.pdf|archivedate=2017-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abqjournal.com/558138/abqnewsseeker/santa-fe-artist-margarete-bagshaw-dies-at-age-50.html|title=Santa Fe artist Margarete Bagshaw dies at age 50|work=abqjournal.com|accessdate=21 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bagshaw tolitere na New Mexico wee bie ndụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndụ ya n'etiti Albuquerque na Santa Fe, Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ya na nne ya bi ruo ọtụtụ afọ na Colombia na Guatemala  &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Margerete-Bagshaw-Tindel/006E48FAAC80D032|title=Margerete Bagshaw-Tindel|date=2002|work=Mutual Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ lụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 19 na Greg Tindel, onye ọka iwu. [1] Ọ maliteghị ịmepụta ihe osise nke ya ruo 1990, mgbe ọ dị afọ 26, mgbe ọ dị ime nwa nke abụọ ya. [2] [3] Ná mmalite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Tindel nwunye ya gbara ya ume ka ya na ndị ọzọ kerịta ihe osise ya. [3] Bagshaw malitere inwekwu obi ike na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, mgbe usoro nzaghachi dị mma sochiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ nka ==
Na 2006, mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm ma dozie ala nne nne ya, ọ kwagara [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]], na di ya nke abụọ Dan McGuinness bi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/features/margarete-bagshaw---woman-from-line-of-iconic-native/article_d638330a-4790-5a39-8153-9f7c9424c97a.html|title=Margarete Bagshaw, 1964-2015: Woman from line of iconic Native artists made own mark with modernism|author=Quintana|first=Chris|date=2015-03-20|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|accessdate=2018-09-10|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503004451/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/features/margarete-bagshaw---woman-from-line-of-iconic-native/article_d638330a-4790-5a39-8153-9f7c9424c97a.html|archive-date=2021-05-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nrụpụta ntọala na onye rụpụtara ISW Studios&amp;nbsp;- ihe ndekọ na multimedia studio. &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/art/distaff-honors-museum-of-indian-arts-and-culture/article_c3be9526-5609-5db2-bbc4-8f04d7c20f60.html|title=Distaff honors: Museum of Indian Arts and Culture|author=Abatemarco|first=Michael|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na Virgin Islands ọ gara n'ihu na-ese ihe ma zighachi ọrụ ya na New Mexico &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Di na nwunye ahụ laghachiri New Mexico na 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/artist-s-children-file-malpractice-suit-in-estate-battle/article_bdc662f0-e30d-5850-aaa9-e2c8708637d1.html|title=Artist's children file malpractice suit in estate battle|author=Oxford|first=Andrew|date=2016-03-23|work=The Santa Fe New Mexican|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-05}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOxford2016&quot;&gt;Oxford, Andrew (2016-03-23). [https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/artist-s-children-file-malpractice-suit-in-estate-battle/article_bdc662f0-e30d-5850-aaa9-e2c8708637d1.html &quot;Artist's children file malpractice suit in estate battle&quot;]. ''The Santa Fe New Mexican''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-11-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2009 ruo 2015, di na nwunye ahụ nwere Golden Dawn Gallery na New Mexico. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Na 2012, Margarete Bagshaw kwadoro ''Pablita Velarde Museum of Indian Women,'' nke raara nye ihe nketa nne nne ya yana ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri America na Santa Fe, agbanyeghị na ọ mechiri na 2015 mgbe Margarete nwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/features/margarete-bagshaw---woman-from-line-of-iconic-native/article_d638330a-4790-5a39-8153-9f7c9424c97a.html|title=Margarete Bagshaw, 1964-2015: Woman from line of iconic Native artists made own mark with modernism|author=Quintana|first=Chris|date=2015-03-20|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|accessdate=2018-09-10|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503004451/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/features/margarete-bagshaw---woman-from-line-of-iconic-native/article_d638330a-4790-5a39-8153-9f7c9424c97a.html|archive-date=2021-05-03|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://santafe.com/blogs/read/the-pablita-velarde-museum-of-indian-women-in-the-arts|title=The Pablita Velarde Museum of Indian Women in the Arts|date=2013|work=Santafe.com|accessdate=2018-09-10|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094916/https://santafe.com/blogs/read/the-pablita-velarde-museum-of-indian-women-in-the-arts|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2012, Bagshaw dere ma bipụta ihe ngosi ya Teaching My Spirit to Fly yana ndị ndụ nne ya A Straight Line Curved by Kate Nelson, na ndị ndụ nne ya Pablita Velarde, N'okwu nke Shelby Tisdale dere.  Ihe odide Bagshaw kọrọ akụkọ ndụ nwata ya na mpaghara nke ndị nka ama ama.  O dekwara gbasara ndụ nka nka na eserese yana nraranye zuru oke site na ezigbo enyi na ngwa.

Na Machị 19, 2015, Margarete Bagshaw nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 50 mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọrịa strok ma mesịa chọpụta na ọ nwere ọrịa kansa ụbụrụ.

== Mbipụta ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tobatucker.com/gallery/view_album.php?set_albumName=puebloartists|title=Tobatucker|accessdate=August 13, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717064605/http://tobatucker.com/gallery/view_album.php?set_albumName=puebloartists|archivedate=July 17, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime oge ọrụ afọ 20 ya niile, a mara ya maka iji agba, nhazi na udidi ya.  E mkpa Bagshaw n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ: Magazin SantaFean, Magazin The Essential Guide, Southwest Art magazine, [1] Native Peoples magazine, [2] [3] New Mexico Magazine na nso nso a ma Albuquerque Journa l [4] na ABQ  Nkà .  [5] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ 2003 - NDN Art: Art American Art, New Mexico Artist Series [6] yana akwụkwọ 1998. - Pueblo Artists Eserese, nke Toba Tucker dere.

== Ihe ngosi ==
Bagshaw so na ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nke abuo, egwu Eiteljorge Museum Of American and Western Art na Indianapolis, Indiana, Wheelwright Museum nke American Indian na Santa Fe, New Mexico, Hamden Museum na Virginia, na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ahụ.  Onye ihe ngosi nka nke Albuquerque, New Mexico .  Dị ka isiokwu nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, Bagshaw kwuru okwu na emume nranye maka onyunyo nke &quot;The White Collection&quot; (nke ọtụtụ ọrụ Bagshaw), na Lakeview Museum na Illinois na September 2008.

Na 2010, Bagshaw ihe ngosi ihe ngosi otu ihe na-egosi ebe ngosi nka Smoki [1] &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/link&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na Prescott, Arizona.  Na 2012, Bagshaw nwere ihe ngosi solo, Margarete Bagshaw: iwu iwu na Museum of Indian Arts and Culture .  [2] [3] Na 2013, Agba nke akwụkwọ: Eserese nke Margarete Bagshaw ịgụ na Ellen Noël Art Museum .  [4] [5] Na 2016, Museum of Arts and Culture Indian sọpụrụ Bagshaw na ihe ngosi, ngosi Josephine Myers-Wapp na Jeri Ah-be-hill. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/art/distaff-honors-museum-of-indian-arts-and-culture/article_c3be9526-5609-5db2-bbc4-8f04d7c20f60.html|title=Distaff honors: Museum of Indian Arts and Culture|author=Abatemarco|first=Michael|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Na 2011 na ogbako kwa afọ nke Folk Art Society na Santa Fe, Bagshaw kwuru dị n'etiti ime omenala ndị obodo na mkpali ya na àjà ọgbara ọhụrụ.   [1] Na 2011, a set Bagshaw ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu maka ịkọrọ ihe mere eme ụmụ na National Museum of American Indian na Smithsonian na Washington, DC.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.railyardsantafe.com/event/pablita-velarde-helen-hardin-margarete-bagshaw-and-helen-k-tindel-a-painting-dynasty-from-the-land-of-enchantment/|title=Pablita Velarde, Helen Hardin, Margarete Bagshaw and Helen K. Tindel: A Painting Dynasty From The Land of Enchantment|date=March 2019|work=The Railyard Santa Fe|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-05|archivedate=2019-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105042124/https://www.railyardsantafe.com/event/pablita-velarde-helen-hardin-margarete-bagshaw-and-helen-k-tindel-a-painting-dynasty-from-the-land-of-enchantment/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkuzi na okwu ==
Na 2011 na ogbako kwa afọ nke Folk Art Society na Santa Fe, Bagshaw kwuru ịhụnanya dị n'etiti ime omenala ndị obodo na mkpali ya na àjà ọgbara ọhụrụ.  [1] Na 2011, a set Bagshaw ka ọ bụrụ ọkà okwu maka ịkọrọ ihe mere eme ụmụ na National Museum of American Indian na Smithsonian na Washington, DC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nmai.si.edu/sites/1/files/pdf/seminars-symposia/3Generations_Flyer.pdf|title=Artist Talk with Margarete Bagshaw: 3 Generations of Pushing Boundaries|date=2011|work=National Museum of the American Indian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ na 1984 na Greg Tindel na ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Forrest Tindel na Helen K. Tindel. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.southwestart.com/articles-interviews/featured-artists/margarete_bagshawtindel|title=Native Arts: Margarete Bagshaw-Tindel|author=Indyke|first=Dottie|date=2005-08-03|work=Southwest Art Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwa ya nwanyị bụ onye na-ese ihe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/art/on-passing-the-torch-a-pueblo-painting-dynasty/article_cc3e54f3-1e99-57c2-a94a-d6d60b677a9f.html|title=On passing the torch: A Pueblo painting dynasty|author=Abatemarco|first=Michael|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di na nwunye ahụ mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 2006.

Alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ ya bụ Dan McGuinness wee nọrọ ọnụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2015.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.mbagshaw.com/ Weebụsaịtị &amp; ncheta nke onye nka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002116/http://www.elpalacio.org/articles/winter11/bagshaw.pdf Profaịlụ Margarete Bagshaw] na ''El Palacio'', Febụwarị 2012. Na-agụnye gallery foto.
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>fo6nxk9o1w3kp6qtxnia2u739shfr0s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noni Olabisi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741658</id>
      <parentid>740590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:36:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7973" sha1="tjmcnl7wldznn80jekq8u6ariu2hm6l" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Noni Olabisi''' (1954 – Maachị 1, 2022) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tafoya|first=Dewey|date=21 March 2022|title=Honoring the Life of Noni Olabisi|url=https://www.selfhelpgraphics.com/blog/honoring-the-life-of-artist-noni-olabisi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603234649/https://www.selfhelpgraphics.com/blog/honoring-the-life-of-artist-noni-olabisi|archivedate=3 June 2023|accessdate=14 December 2023|work=Self Help Graphics &amp; Art|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe. Mpịakọta ya gụnyere ''ichebe na ije ozi'' (1996), nke na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Black Panther Party ma na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị uwe ojii . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=To Protect and Serve - Noni Olabisi - 1996|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/to-protect-and-serve-noni-olabisi/OgGFbv3LHgg-ug|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231215015112/https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/to-protect-and-serve-noni-olabisi/OgGFbv3LHgg-ug|archivedate=15 December 2023|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=[[Google Arts &amp; Culture]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbidi mbụ ya, nke e mere na 1992, bụ ''Freedom agaghị echere'', na-ese mgbe a tọhapụrụ ndị uweojii na-eti Rodney King na ime ihe ike mere n'ofe obodo Los Angeles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Freedom Won't Wait|url=https://www.themcla.org/murals/freedom-wont-wait|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309021710/https://www.themcla.org/murals/freedom-wont-wait|archivedate=9 March 2022|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Amụrụ na St. Louis na 1954, Olabisi biri na Arkansas mgbe ọ bụ nwata tupu ezinụlọ ya akwaga Los Angeles. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Guitérrez|first=Raquel|date=7 March 2022|title=Muralist Noni Olabisi, whose art galvanized South Los Angeles communities, dies at 67|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-03-07/muralist-noni-olabisi-los-angeles-death|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20221013010404/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-03-07/muralist-noni-olabisi-los-angeles-death|archivedate=13 October 2022|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuitérrez2022&quot;&gt;Guitérrez, Raquel (7 March 2022). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240610043607/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-03-07/muralist-noni-olabisi-los-angeles-death &quot;Muralist Noni Olabisi, whose art galvanized South Los Angeles communities, dies at 67&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.  from the original on 13 October 2022&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 March&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere ịme nka mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Horace Mann, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta Associate Arts na Southwest College na Los Angeles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Noni Olabisi {{!}} 2010 Fellowship for Visual Artists|url=https://www.calfund.org/nonprofits/featured-funds/fva/2010-gallery/noni-olabisi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215015710/https://www.calfund.org/nonprofits/featured-funds/fva/2010-gallery/noni-olabisi/|archivedate=15 December 2023|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=[[California Community Foundation]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya, sitere na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọha na Ọha na Ọha, bịara mgbe ọ dejupụtara ajụjụ maka ndị na-ese foto na-apụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ihe osise Olabisi nke 1996 ''iji chekwaba na ije ozi'' gosipụtara nkewa; Iwu obodo na mgbidi nke &quot;dị ize ndụ dị nso na nyocha nyocha&quot; dọpụtara ihe osise ahụ ruo afọ abụọ, na n'ikpeazụ, ọ bụ naanị SPARC kwadoro ya na onyinye ọha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Riccardi|first=Nicholas|date=27 October 1994|title=Black Panther Mural Backers Reject Funding: Politics: Arts group accuses the city of trying to undermine the project, which is to include a depiction of Huey Newton holding a gun. Councilman Holden has been an outspoken critic.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-27-me-55104-story.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231215020855/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-27-me-55104-story.html|archivedate=15 December 2023|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obere oge ka emechara ya, ndị ọrụ ihe nkiri Showtime ''Riot'' kpuchiri ihe onyonyo a n'ihi na Olabisi jụrụ iji ya mee ihe n'azụ ihe nkiri; Olabisi kwuru na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mebiri eserese ahụ n'ime usoro ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Becker|first=Maki|date=1 April 1996|title=Artist, Film Crew Argue Over Mural|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-04-01-me-53602-story.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231215021648/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-04-01-me-53602-story.html|archivedate=15 December 2023|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikwu okwu n'ihe osise ahụ na 1997, Olabisi kwuru, sị: &quot;Ihe osise a na-echeta Black Panther Party na onyinye ya na-agaghị echefu echefu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa America. Na ihe osise a na-arara nye ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile, yana ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-alụ ọgụ maka eziokwu, ikpe ziri ezi. na nnwere onwe, mmụọ nke ụmụnna ndị a apụghị, ọ gaghịkwa anwụ anwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Conservation of 'To Protect and Serve' by Noni Olabisi|url=https://sparcinla.org/conservation-of-to-protect-and-serve-by-noni-olabisi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114110721/https://sparcinla.org/conservation-of-to-protect-and-serve-by-noni-olabisi/|archivedate=14 November 2023|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=[[Social and Public Art Resource Center]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2021 Olabisi so onye omenkà Los Angeles Luis Mateo na ụmụ akwụkwọ obodo 21 rụkọrọ ọrụ imepụta nka maka mgbidi mgbidi gburugburu saịtị Lucas Museum of Narrative Art . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|date=18 September 2021|title=George Lucas' new L.A. museum moves full speed ahead|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/newsletter/2021-09-18/essential-arts-lucas-museum-rises-essential-arts|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210928220436/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/newsletter/2021-09-18/essential-arts-lucas-museum-rises-essential-arts|archivedate=28 September 2021|accessdate=9 March 2022|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Ọktoba 2021 ọ malitere obibi na Blue Roof Artist Studios, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=Fall 2021|title=A Room Of One’s Own - Artist-in-Residence - Noni Olabisi|url=https://www.artsatblueroof.org/air-1/noni-olabisi|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308000744/https://www.artsatblueroof.org/air-1/noni-olabisi|archivedate=8 March 2022|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=Arts at Blue Roof|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ malitere ịtụgharị site na eserese na mgbidi gaa na eserese na kwaaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nketa ==
N'afọ 2023, agbakwunyere ebe eserese Olabisi na akụ omenala nke South Los Angeles, atụmatụ eserese na nchekwa data nke Ngalaba Omenala Obodo Los Angeles mepụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stromberg|first=Matt|date=14 November 2023|title=New Project Seeks to Put South LA Culture on the Map|url=http://hyperallergic.com/856581/cultural-treasures-of-south-los-angeles/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120182850/http://hyperallergic.com/856581/cultural-treasures-of-south-los-angeles/|archivedate=20 November 2023|accessdate=14 November 2023|work=[[Hyperallergic]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MAP – South LA Promise Zone Arts|url=https://southlaculture.org/map/|accessdate=2023-11-14|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tjmcnl7wldznn80jekq8u6ariu2hm6l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Norman Daly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741661</id>
      <parentid>623729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:40:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8155" sha1="9agtkrx4234tns9xunvh8126c26miw4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|birth_date=August 9, 1911|death_date=April 2, 2008|employer=[[Cornell University]]|education=[[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]] (1941-1942)&lt;br/&gt;[[Ohio State University]] &lt;br /&gt; (MA 1940) &lt;br /&gt; Fellowship in Paris&lt;br /&gt;(1937–38)&lt;br /&gt; [[University of Colorado]] &lt;br /&gt;(BFA 1937) &lt;br /&gt;[[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Institute of Technology]] &lt;br /&gt;(1932-34)|known_for=[[Fictive art|Fictive Art]] &lt;br /&gt; Painting &lt;br /&gt; Found Objects &lt;br /&gt;Assemblage &lt;br /&gt; Sculpture|children=David and Nicholas Daly|website=https://normandalyart.org/|notable_works=The Civilization of Llhuros|spouse=Helen Gebbie|birth_place=[[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]|death_place=[[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], [[New York (state)|New York]]|image=Norman Daly in His Studio.jpg}}

Norman D. Daly (August 9, 1911 - ụgbọ 2, 2008), bụ onye omenkà America bụ onye mebere ejikọta ifo nke Llhuros yana ልዩ ihe ọrụ ya, ederede na onyeisi olu ya.  Ọrụ ya naanya nke Llhuros ntọala na etiti 1960 na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye ọsụ ụzọ ụdị nke nka a mara ugbu a dị ka nkà ihe ochie &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Restauri|first=Jennifer Lauren|url=https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2104/8462/jennifer_restauri_masters.pdf?sequence=1|title=Not only creators, but also interpreters|publisher=Baylor University|year=2012|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Evett&quot;/&gt; 

== Ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Daly, ma kọpa na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, gọdụ n'ime ụmụ asaa Rose (Owens) Daly na James A. Daly.  akwụkwọ akwụkwọ elementrị na nke nchekwa ihe ndị na-akpata nke ụwa ( Schenley High School ).  O izizi izizi maka nka wee bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ nka ụlọ akwụkwọ na Carnegie Institute of Technology (1932 – 34) tupu ọ gaa n'ihu na nka na Mahadum Colorado (BFA 1937).  Mgbe afu mkpuchi na Paris (1937–38), ọ natara MA ya na ihe mere eme nka site na Mahadum Ohio State (1940).  Ọkwa izizi ya bụ na Oberlin College (1940–41).  Daly mekwara ọrụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ihe mere eme nka na Institute of Fine Arts, Mahadum New York mgbe ọ na-ahụ na Douglass .&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;/&gt;

Daly lụrụ Helen O. Gebbie na 1942, ha mụtakwara ụmụ nwoke abụọ, David na Nicholas. 

== Ọrụ mmalite: Eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ ==
Na 1942, Daly sonyeere Ngalaba Art na Mahadum Cornell dị na Ithaca, New York, ebe ọ kuziri ịse, ụzọ, ihe na ụzọ, na ihe ndị e ji ihe.  Ọka Prọfesọ nke Art na 1958 wee ruo ezumike ezumike nka amanyere iwu na 1976, mana ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-eguzo dịka prọfesọ emeritus ruo 1999.

Malite n'afọ ndị akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Boulder, Norman Daly mkpali maka ihe ọrụ mbụ ya sitere na American Southwest na Native American art.  Ọ na-egosi ihe osise ndị a na New York City gallery ụwa n'etiti 1940s, na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-aga n'ihu na 1950. Ka ọ na-erule 196 atọ ya luo,  nke egwu ihe ndị a na-akpa, ya na ihe osise marble.  Mmasị ọhụrụ ndị a meghere ụzọ maka ịmụanya nke Llhuros .

Ihe osise modernist nke Daly sitere na etiti ruo na ike 1940 ka a na-anya ya na mkpokọta nke Asheville Art Museum (NC), Rollins Museum of Art (FL), Boca Raton Museum of Art (FL), Mattatuck Museum (CT).  ), Fairfield University Art Museum (CT), Dennos Museum Center (MI) n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

== Mmepeanya nke Llhuros ==
Daly nwere ihe ndị na-egosi nke nkà na nkà ihe ochie na nkà ihe ochie, na ụzọ ọhụrụ a mere ka ọkụanya efu nke Llhuros.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jager&quot; /&gt;   Ọ dị na Llhuros dị n'Eshia Maịnọ n'ebe mmalite nke mmalite Lydia nke Iron Age (nke bụzi n'ebe ahụ iji Turkey).  Mmepe anya nke Llhuros bụ aha maka nchịkọta nke Daly gara n'ihu wepụta dị ka ihe ochie nke Llhuros.  Ọ frescoes, okwu ihe owuwu ụlọ, arịa, ihe mmemme, ọla, egwuregwu, ihe eji eme ihe na egwu na egwu.  Llhuros nwere ihe nke ọrụ nka 150 nke ihe nlere anya, sitere na ngwa mgba nwere igbe egwuregwu ruo na ụlọ ns nke 8' site na 36' na bas-relief.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyons&quot; /&gt;

Daly njikere ọrụ uri Llhuroscian ma soro ndị na-egwu egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri rụkọ ọrụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri nke onye ozi Robert Moog iji dekọọ egwu Llhuroscian.  N'ikpeazụ, Daly chepụtara mbara ụwa sara mbara nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na ndị edemede echiche ha n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nke Llhuros.  Na 1972, Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art na Cornell, n'okpuru nduzi nke Thomas Leavitt, rịgoro ihe ngosi mbụ nke Civilization of Llhuros .  Ihe ngosi yiri katalọgụ nke ihe ngosi ihe ochie, nwere ihe atụ na ozi okpukpe na ihe mere eme zuru ezu.  Nchikota nke nkà ihe ochie echepụtara yana ndị nwere ikike nkà iji mee ka ọrụ ahụ yie ka ọ bụ akara ihe mere eme n'ezie bụ akara ngosi ngosi nke Llhuros dị ka ihe atụ nke nkà mmụta ifo  ).

E sereanya nke Llhuros na United States na-ahụ 1970s.  Ọ natara ihe ngosi ngosi, dị ka nke Projekt '74, na Roman-Germanic Museum na Cologne na 1974. Mgbe 1974 nchebe, Daly gara n'ihu na ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  E gosikwara ndị dị mkpa nke Llhuros ụzo na Herbert F. Johnson Museum na Cornell na 2004. Llhuros ikike nkwalite na 2017 mgbe ihere ihe nlere ihe na ihe ngosi Plurivers na La Panacée na Montpellier, France.  Mgbe nke ahụ ịkpọ, n'afọ 2019 mkpa nrụnye zuru oke nke &quot;mmepeanya nke Llhuros&quot; na Istanbul Biennial .  Ihe ngosi a nọ n'okpuru ntụziaka nke onye France a ma ama na onye nkatọ Nicolas Bourriaud .

Na 2021, Antoinette LaFarge, onye na-eme ihe ifo n'onwe ya, na Sting in the Tale: Art, Hoax and Provocation .  N'ime mkpa ihe a, LaFarge igwe Llhuros dị ka ihe atụ nke ụdị nka nka.&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFarge&quot; /&gt;  Iji mee emume nke afọ 50 nke ike nke Llhuros, Mahadum Tennessee Knoxville School of Art emume 2022 Llhuros Symposium n'okpuru ntụzịaka nke Prọfesọ Beauvais Lyons nke Chancellor.  Ndị omenkà iri na ise na mba ụwa ọrụ n'oge mmemme mebere n' ịntanetị a.  Mahadum Cornell Archives na-ejide akwụkwọ Norman Daly nke gbadoro anya na Llhuros &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Norman Daly papers, 1942-2019|url=https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA04489.html|work=[[Cornell University Library]]|accessdate=March 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217193944/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA04489.html|archive-date=February 17, 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osisi foto ==


&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot;&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornell&quot;&gt;[https://normandaly.com/biography/obituaries/ &quot;Art Professor Norman Daly Dies at 96&quot;]. ''Cornell Chronicle'', May 2, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Lyons&quot;&gt;Daly, Norman, with Beauvais Lyons.[https://normandaly.com/biography/obituaries/ &quot;''The Civilization of Llhuros'': The FirstMultimedia Exhibition in the Genre of Archaeological Fiction.&quot;] Leonardo, vol. 24, no. 3, pp 265-271.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Jager&quot;&gt;Jager, Nita, ed. ''The Civilization of Llhuros: An Exhibition of Artifacts from the Recent Excavations at Vanibo, Houndee, Draikum, and Other Sites''. Ithaca, NY: The Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art, 1972.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Evett&quot;&gt;Evett, Kenneth. [https://civilizationofllhuros.org/resources/journals-and-magazines/kenneth-evett-new-republic-1972-02-12/ &quot;The Civilization of Llhuros.&quot;]''The New Republic'', Feb. 12, 1972.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;LaFarge&quot;&gt;LaFarge, Antoinette. [https://doppelhouse.com/sting-in-the-tale] ''Sting in the Tale: Art, Hoax and Provocation'', Doppel House Press, 2021, pp 278-283&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://normandalyart.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Norman Daly Art]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUrAEgse2FouI42HfCD9vPA Ọwa YouTube Norman Daly Art]
* [https://civilizationofllhuros.org Weebụsaịtị mmepeanya nke Llhuros]
* [https://civilizationofllhuros.org/about-the-artist/catalogs-and-posters/ Katalọgụ na akwụkwọ mmado mmepeanya nke Llhuros]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240217193944/https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA04489.html Ebe nchekwa nke Mahadum Cornell - mkpokọta Norman Daly]</text>
      <sha1>9agtkrx4234tns9xunvh8126c26miw4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nne Juan Aviance</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741653</id>
      <parentid>740500</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T06:58:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12548" sha1="g9yfcdtge7dw5pgjt5lz9f5je3sivwl" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox person|name=Mother Juan Aviance|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date=1963|birth_place=[[Charleston, South Carolina]], US|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|monuments=|nationality=American|alma_mater=|occupation=Secretary, [[vogue (dance)|voguer]], dancer, musician, [[Promoter (entertainment)|nightclub host/promoter]] and record label owner (CEO / [[artists and repertoire|A&amp;R]] at Aviance Records, LLC)|years_active=1980s–present|employer=|known_for=[[House of Aviance]], [[vogue (dance)|vogue]], [[Promoter (entertainment)|nightclub host]], [[Aviance Records, LLC]] (a record label) and [[ball culture]]|notable_works=|style=|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|movement=|opponents=|boards=|spouse=|partner=|children=|parents=|relatives=|awards=|signature=|signature_alt=|signature_size=|module=|module2=|module3=|module4=|module5=|module6=|website=[http://houseofaviance.com/ House of Aviance]&lt;br /&gt;[http://aviancerecords.com/ Aviance Records, LLC]|footnotes=}}

{{Databox}}'''Nne Juan Aviance''' (amụrụ 1963 na Charleston, South Carolina &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://aviancerecords.com/bio/|title=Biography of Mother Juan Aviance in Aviance Records|accessdate=11 July 2017|archivedate=7 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707080901/http://aviancerecords.com/bio/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) bụ ode akwụkwọ America, voguer / onye na-agba egwu, onye na-ese egwu, onye ọbịa / onye nkwalite abalị, onye nwe ndekọ ndekọ, na onye isi / A&amp;amp;amp;R . &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Battle Hymn with Christy Love &amp; The Carry Nation » NYC's dance music source » glitterballnyc|url=https://www.glitterballnyc.com/ai1ec_event/battle-hymn-with-christy-love-the-carry-nation/?instance_id=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021128/https://www.glitterballnyc.com/ai1ec_event/battle-hymn-with-christy-love-the-carry-nation/?instance_id=|archivedate=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;on point&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na &quot;Nne&quot; nke Ụlọ Aviance, otu n'ime ụlọ ndị a ma ama nke sitere na omenala bọọlụ US na 1980, Ụlọ nke ka na-arụ ọrụ taa ma &quot;na-achị ugbu a na ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa na New York City.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wavemusic&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye nchoputa, CEO na A &amp; R nke Aviance Records, LLC, ihe ndekọ ọtụtụ ụdị nke na-akwalite ndị na-ese ihe ọhụrụ na ndị na-abịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;on point&quot; /&gt; A na-ewere ya dị ka &quot;akụkọ akụkọ / akara ngosi&quot; n'ime ebe a na-eme egwuregwu na ọ bụ &quot;Nne Ụlọ&quot; nye ndị mmadụ na- eme ndụ abalị na ndị na-ese ihe ndekọ Kevin Aviance, na Erickatoure Aviance .

Dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye ọbịa / onye nkwalite, Nne Juan na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụ abụ dị elu, ndị na-emepụta egwu, ndị DJ, na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri n'ime afọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere Janet Jackson, Ce Ce Peniston, [[Madonna]], Junior Vasquez, Tony Moran na Wolfgang Busch . &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=MOTHER JUAN AVIANCE {{!}} HOUSE OF AVIANCE|url=https://houseofaviance.net/mother-juan-aviance/|accessdate=2024-03-01|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://houseofaviance.net/mother-juan-aviance/ &quot;MOTHER JUAN AVIANCE | HOUSE OF AVIANCE&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 March&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ Aviance na 1963 na Charleston, South Carolina wee zụlite na Boston . Site n'oge akwụkwọ ya ruo n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ na-ekere òkè n'ịme ihe ngosi nka dị ka ịgba egwu na egwu mana ọ họọrọ ịghara ịchụso ọrụ nka n'ihi na ọ naghị amasị ugboro ugboro ya, karịsịa ịgba egwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt;

Na 1982 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee nwee ọganihu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa iji nweta nkà ụlọ ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt; Nzụlite / akwụkwọ nke nne Juan na azụmahịa na ịgba egwu bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ''ụlọ nke Aviance'' na-aga nke ọma, ụlọ bọlbụ vogue nke ọ ga-aga n'ihu ịmepụta na 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;on point&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-06-21|title=On Point With: Mother Juan Aviance|url=https://thotyssey.com/2017/06/21/on-point-with-mother-juan-aviance/|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=Thotyssey|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://thotyssey.com/2017/06/21/on-point-with-mother-juan-aviance/ &quot;On Point With: Mother Juan Aviance&quot;]. ''Thotyssey''. 21 June 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 March&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Omenala ụlọ ịgba egwu n'èzí ===
Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego, Aviance rụrụ ọrụ maka Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọha na Boston dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ wee gaa n'ihu na &quot;State of Massachusetts Disability&quot; na-arụ otu ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1987, Aviance si na Boston kwaga Washington, DC wee nweta ọrụ ya na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ paralegal na ịmepụta nnọkọ mgbasa ozi na ndị nnọchiteanya na Capitol Hill . &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt;

=== N'ime omenala bọọlụ na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ ===
N'August 1989, Aviance tọrọ ntọala House of Aviance nke bụzi otu n'ime ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ &quot;akụkọ ifo&quot; sitere na omenala bọọlụ LGBT nke Africa-American pụta. &lt;ref name=&quot;wavemusic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kevin Aviance: Wave Music|url=http://wavemusic.com/wave-artist/9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205050546/http://wavemusic.com/wave-artist/9|archivedate=5 December 2010|access-date=17 June 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20101205050546/http://wavemusic.com/wave-artist/9 the original] on 5 December 2010.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;on point&quot;/&gt; The Legendary House of Aviance mara maka voguers, ndị na-agba egwú, ihe ngosi, runways, ejiji, egwu, ndị na-emepụta egwu na DJ, &lt;ref name=&quot;ericka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nichols|first=James Michael|date=2014-08-24|title=After Dark: Erickatoure Aviance, Artist And Nightlife Personality|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/erickatoure-aviance-after_n_5703627|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=HuffPost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nita&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Weinstein|first=Steve|date=2015-11-20|title=We Asked Two Quintessential NYC Queer DJs About the Art of the All-Night Set|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xypy37/we-asked-two-quintessential-nyc-queer-djs-about-the-art-of-the-all-night-set|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=Vice|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na &quot;ugbu a na-achị ebe egwuregwu klọb na New York City.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;wavemusic&quot; /&gt; Dị ka nke 2014, ndị otu ya karịrị 700 n'ụwa nile &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wavemusic&quot; /&gt; na-agụnye ndị na-agba egwú, ndị na-egwu egwú, DJ, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-ede egwú, ndị na-emepụta egwu na ndị injinia. &lt;ref name=&quot;mother juan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kevin Aviance at Pangea|url=https://www.brownpapertickets.com/event/2546627|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=www.brownpapertickets.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ericka&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wavemusic&quot; /&gt; Kemgbe ntọala ya, Aviance abụrụla &quot;Nne Ụlọ&quot;, yana papa Tony Aviance &quot;Nna Ụlọ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wavemusic&quot; /&gt; Dị ka Aviance si kwuo, ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe kpatara ịmalite Ụlọ ahụ bụ n'ihi &quot;ịhụnanya maka nka&quot; na nkà nduzi ya dị ka ekwuru n'okpuru:

N'afọ ndị 1980, Aviance butere ihe omume ndụ abalị kwa izu na Washington, DC nke a na-akpọ ''Kindergarten Parties'' . Ndị otu a ebe New York City's Club Kids na-agakarị dịka Amanda Lepore, James St. James na Kenny Kenny. Ndị nkwado ndị ọzọ gụnyere Kevin Aviance (onye mechara bụrụ onye otu ụlọ) na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ndụ abalị. Ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ndị a kpalitere ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe dị elu n'ime obodo LGBT gụnyere Kevin Aviance na Jean-Philippe Aviance (Ụlọ nke mbụ DJ) bụ ndị na-eji DJ maka mama Juan na mbụ Vault Nightclub na DC ebe nnọkọ izu ụka ndị a. e mere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jean-Phil Avi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rule|first=Doug|date=2004-01-14|title=Music Master|url=https://www.metroweekly.com/2004/01/music-master/|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=Metro Weekly|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt;

Na Jenụwarị 2014, Aviance mere ememe ụbọchị ọmụmụ 50th ya na ọtụtụ House of Aviance DJs na ndị òtù Ụlọ na-abịa. Ọkpara Aviance bụ Kevin Aviance kwadoro mmemme ahụ, ya na ndị ọbịa pụrụ iche gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú, DJ, akara ngosi ejiji na onye bụbu Deee-Lite Vocalist Lady Miss Kier n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-eme ndụ abalị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mother Juan Aviance's 50th Birthday {{!}} EDGE United States|url=https://www.edgemedianetwork.com/story/154048|accessdate=2024-03-01|work=EDGE Media Network|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ahụta Aviance dị ka otu n'ime &quot;akụkọ akụkọ / akara ngosi&quot; dị ndụ n'ime ebe a na-eme egwuregwu bọọlụ nwere otu n'ime ụlọ ịgba bọọlụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu &lt;ref name=&quot;continuously active house or parent&quot;&gt;In ballroom culture, a continuously active house and/or house parent is one where the house has continued as an active house for several years without interruption or where the house parent (the house mother or father) has continued in that role for several years without interruption. Many houses have had some degree of interruption since their inception, and many legendary/iconic house parents have died due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic or through other causes of death. Many have also closed their houses down temporarily (a common theme) and moved on to progress their personal/professional careers before coming back to re-open the house. One example of this is the House of Ninja. Although founded in 1982 by [[Willi Ninja]], the house had to be closed down in the late 1980s so that he could progress with his personal/professional career—some of which included working with [[Malcolm McLaren]] in his [[Deep in Vogue]] video and with fashion designer [[Jean-Paul Gaultier]]. The House of Ninja was re-opened in the early 1990s by &quot;House Mother&quot; Willi Ninja. Another example is the House of Magnifique which was founded in 1987 but had to be closed down and re-opened thereby rendering it from being a continuously active house.&lt;/ref&gt; nke nwetagoro ọtụtụ ihe nrite ego na iko asọmpi kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ''ndị nne na nna na-eje ozi ogologo oge ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụlọ'' &lt;ref name=&quot;continuously active house or parent&quot; /&gt; n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala bọọlụ na-achị Ụlọ ahụ ruo afọ 33 dị ka nke 2022, karịa ndekọ nke ''akara ngosi'' ikpeazụ [[Pepper LaBeija]] bụ onye chịrị Legendary House of LaBeija fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Afọ 32 na-enweghị nkwụsị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;continuously active house or parent&quot; /&gt; Na 23 Maachị 2014, Aviance na onye otu Houselọ David Ohana jikọrọ aka wee guzobe Aviance Records - akara ndekọ ọtụtụ ụdị nke na-akwalite ndị nka ọhụụ na ndị na-abịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Juan&quot; /&gt; Ụfọdụ ndị otu ụlọ nwere ọkwa dị elu na ndị na-abụghị ndị otu ụlọ ewepụtala egwu site na akara ndekọ a gụnyere Erickatoure Aviance na egwu 2017 ''OVAH'' - ya na vidiyo gọọmentị mbụ gosipụtara na Jonny McGovern 's ''Hey Qween!'' Ọwa na 26 June 2017. 

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Omenala LGBT na New York City
* Ndepụta nke ndị LGBT si New York City

== Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://houseofaviance.net Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ụlọ Aviance]
* [http://houseofaviance.blogspot.com Ụlọ nke Aviance na Aviance Record blọọgụ gọọmentị]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/motherjuanaviance Ọwa YouTube gọọmentị nne Juan Aviance na-ewere mmemme na mmemme nke Ụlọ nke Aviance kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ]
* [http://aviancerecords.com/ Aviance Records, LLC ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aviancerecords Aviance Records, LLC onye ọrụ ọwa YouTube]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>g9yfcdtge7dw5pgjt5lz9f5je3sivwl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niger Delta River Basin Development Authority</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741647</id>
      <parentid>687494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T05:12:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5012" sha1="4eeuzt96oyry3lk5ltxmjcit0dote28" xml:space="preserve"> 

'''Niger Delta River Basin Development Authority''', nke a makwaara dị ka Niger Delta Basin Development Agency ('''NDBDA''') bụ otu n'ime ndị isi mmepe osimiri iri na abụọ na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. E guzobere ikike ahụ site na Iwu Nọmba 37 0f 3 Ọgọstụ 1996 ma mee ka nke a nwee ike mgbe e guzobere na ahụ na-erizi mmụta Iwu Nọkwa 25 nke 15 June 1976 nke guzobere ma kweta na ntọala River Basin Development Authorities na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] iji mee ka ikike mmiri Naịjirị nwere maka ọtụtụ ojiji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng/home.html|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng|archivedate=2022-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527064752/https://nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng/home.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; NDBDA na-eduzi site nzọụkwụ ụtọ agbamakwụkwọ nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na onye isi nchịkwa nke na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka Chief Executive na Financial Officer nke Authority. Ndị isi nchịkwa ndị ọzọ na-akwado onye isi nchịkwa azụmahịa na ahụ ahụ na-ahụ maka mpaghara dị iche iche nke Authority, gụnyere atụmatụ na imewe, nchịkwa na ego, injinia na ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Senate queries Niger Delta Basin Development Authority over N220m contracts|url=https://punchng.com/senate-queries-niger-delta-basin-development-authority-over-n220m-contracts/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Niger Delta Basin Development Authority, nke dị n'okpuru nlekọta na ejegharị n'aha nke ọkpara na nke Federal Ministry of Water Resources, nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Port Harcourt, isi obodo Rivers State. Mpaghara nke NDBDA gụnyere Rivers State, Bayelsa State na 18 Local Government Areas nke Delta State. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NorthWindProject.com|date=2021-08-12|title=RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES (RBDAS)|url=https://www.bpe.gov.ng/river-basin-development-authorities-rbdas/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=Bureau of Public Enterprises - BPE|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525002756/https://www.bpe.gov.ng/river-basin-development-authorities-rbdas/|archive-date=2022-05-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-13|title=NIGER DELTA BASIN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY-INVITATION TO TENDER AND EXPRESSION OF INTEREST FOR EXECUTION OF PROJECTS {{!}} Public Procurement NG|url=https://www.publicprocurement.ng/niger-delta-basin-development-authority-invitation-to-tender-and-expression-of-interest-for-execution-of-projects/|accessdate=2022-05-27|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614120640/https://www.publicprocurement.ng/niger-delta-basin-development-authority-invitation-to-tender-and-expression-of-interest-for-execution-of-projects/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Niger Delta – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group|url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/the-niger-delta/|accessdate=2022-05-27|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Niger Delta Basin Development Authority malitere ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ewepụtara Iwu Nọmba 37 nke 3 Ọgọstụ 1976. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Development Institutions and the Niger Delta.|url=https://1library.net/article/development-institutions-and-the-niger-delta.zg3364vq|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=1library.net|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, e mere mgbanwe banyere ókèala nke Authority site na mmekọrịta nke oru ngo na ọma karị niile na Iwu 35 nke 1987 nke mere ka ókèala nke ikike ahụ dịkwuo elu iji tinye mpaghara iri na asatọ (18) na Delta State. N'afọ 1988, [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa]], site na Iwu Nọmba 25 nke 1988, zụrụ ahịa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma belata ọrụ nke ikike ahụ iji tinye mmepe nke ikike Mmiri nke ebe ọ na-enweta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-02-18|title=Niger Delta Basin Authority gets new office complex|url=https://guardian.ng/property/niger-delta-basin-authority-gets-new-office-complex/|accessdate=2022-05-27|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe Ndị Ebumnuche Ya ==
Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ikike ahụ dị ka akọwapụtara na ngalaba ochichi okpuru 4 nke Iwu 35 nke 1987 gụnyere:

* Mmepe nke mmiri dị n'elu na n'okpuru ala.
* Nkwado nke akụrụngwa ịgba mmiri. Nchịkwa nke idei mmiri.
* Mmepe nke atụmatụ mmiri zuru oke.
* Nchịkọta data gbasara mmiri (ọkwa), mmiri ozuzo na ifufe (nchịkọta data hydro-meteorological.
* Gbaa mbọ hụ na njikwa mmiri dị mma (nlekota na nyocha mmetọ) 
* Ime ka ụzọ mmiri dị obosara, ọwa mmiri dị n'ime (Canalization) na imeziwanye ụzọ mmiri.
* Igbochi mkpofu / mfu nke ala ugbo site na idei mmiri, ifufe na mmiri oké osimiri (Erosion).

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240711222504/http://nigerdeltabasin.gov.ng/home.html Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NDBDA]

== Nrutuaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4eeuzt96oyry3lk5ltxmjcit0dote28</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mkpụrụ osisi ojii(Blackberry)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49710</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741617</id>
      <parentid>706702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T22:09:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35877" sha1="h7ypjkrunvtbo0btm2rksd7etjiexvs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi ojii]]'''Blackberry''' bụ mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri nke ọtụtụ ụdị ''Rubus'' n'ụkpụrụ Rosaceae, ngwakọta  ụdị ndị a n'ime subgenus ''Rubus'', na ngwakọta n&quot;etiti subgenera ''Rubus'' na ''Idaeobatus''. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-agbagwoju anya taxonomy nke blackberries n'ihi ngwakọta na apomixis, nke mere na a na-ejikọkarị ụdị dị iche iche ọnụ ma kpọọ ụdị dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ subgenus ''Rubus'' dum Rubus aggregate, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewere ụdị ''R. fruticosus'' dị ka otu ihe na ''R. plicatus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jarvis&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jarvis, C.E.|year=1992|title=Seventy-Two Proposals for the Conservation of Types of Selected Linnaean Generic Names, the Report of Subcommittee 3C on the Lectotypification of Linnaean Generic Names|url=https://archive.org/details/taxon_1992-08_41_3/page/552|journal=Taxon|volume=41|issue=3|pages=552–583|doi=10.2307/1222833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry jupụtara na 20,000 pound (9,100 kg) kwa 1 acre (0.40 hectare) nwere ike, na-eme ka osisi a bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;/&gt;

''Rubus armeniacus'' (&quot;Himalayan&quot; blackberry) a na-ewere dị ka ahịhịa na-egbu egbu na ụdị na-awakpo n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke Pacific Northwest nke Canada na United States, ebe ọ na-eto n'enweghị nchịkwa na ogige ntụrụndụ na ọhịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry|url=https://bcinvasives.ca/invasives/himalayan-blackberry/|publisher=Invasive Species Council of BC|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Himalayan blackberry: identification and control|url=https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/noxious-weeds/weed-identification/blackberry.aspx|publisher=King County, Washington: Noxious Weed Control Program|accessdate=13 August 2021|date=16 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkọwa ==
Ihe na-eme ka blackberry dị iche na ndị ikwu ya bụ ma torus (ihe nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi) &quot;na-eji&quot; (ya bụ, nnọkọlata ọ nụ ) mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Mgbe ị na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, torus na-anọnyere mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. Na raspberry, torus na-anọgide na osisi ahụ, na-ahapụ oghere n'ime mkpụrụ osisi raspberry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gina Fernandez|title=Fruit development|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/southeast-regional-caneberry-production-guide/fruit-development|publisher=North Carolina State University, Cooperative Extension|accessdate=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Okwu ''bramble'', okwu na-arụtụta aka n'ọhịa ogwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịbanye, ejirila okirikiri ya tinye blackberry kpọmkwem  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary|edition=6th|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0199206872}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na mba United Steeti ọ na-emetụta ndị niile so na ngalaba ''Rubus''. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ mba US, a na-eji okwu ''caneberry'' eme ihe iji zoo aka na blackberries na raspberries dị ka otu karịa okwu bramble. A pụrụ iji ''Briar'' ma ọ bụ ''brier'' mee ihe ịrụtụ aka na osisi vaịn ndị siri ike nke osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji aha a eme ihe maka osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ogwu (dị ka ''Smilax'') n'otu aka áhù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Les|title=Wicked weeds: A tangled tale of thorny smilax|url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2016/12/29/wicked-weeds-tangled-tale-thorny-smilax/95874480/|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=Tallahassee Democrat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

mkpụrụ osisi na-eji oji anaghị abụkarị mkpụrụ osisi n'echiche botanical, dịka a na-akpọ ya botanical dị ka mkpụrụ osisi, nke nwere obere Drupelets. Ọ bụ otu ìgwè a ma ama nke ihe karịrị 375 ụdị, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na apomictic microspecies nke dị na mba Europe, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ mba Afrịka, n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Eshia na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda anyanwu mba Amerika.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;/&gt;

=== Osisi ===
[[Usòrò:PRubus_primocanes_and_floricanes.jpg|thumb|Afọ nke abụọ na-agbasa okooko osisi, na-amị mkpụrụPrimcans n'aka ekpe. Afọ nke mbụ na-enweghị okooko osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'aka nri.]]
Blackberries bụ ''osisi'' na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ogwe osisi abụọ (nke a na-akpọ canes) site na mgbọrọgwụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ nke mbụ ya, ogwe osisi ọhụrụ, primocane, na-eru ihe dị ka mita atọ rue isii (9.8-19.7 ụkwụ) na-agbadata n'ala ma na-enwe nnukwu akwụkwọ palmate nwere akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ise rue asaa; ọ naghị amị okooko osisi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;/&gt; N'afọ nke abụọ ya, okpete bụ ''floricane'' nwere ogwe osisi na-adịghị eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ na-emeghe iji mepụta okooko osisi n'akụkụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; Mkpụrụ osisi nke afọ mbụ na nke abụọ na-amịpụta ogwu dị nkenke, dị nkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt; E mepụtara ụdị na-enweghị ogwu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu .&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=Thornless processing blackberry cultivars|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621154117/https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/corvallis-or/horticultural-crops-research/hcru/small-fruit-breeding/thornless-processing-blackberry-cultivars/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ogwe osisi na alaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;/&gt; nke enwere ike ịchịkwa n'ogige ma ọ bụ ugbo site na iji trellises. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ugaextension.com/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|author=Krewer, Gerard|year=2004|title=Home Garden:Raspberries, Blackberries|publisher=Cooperative Extension Service/The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126233205/http://www.caes.uga.edu/extension/cobb/anr/Documents/BlackberriesandRaspberriesUGA.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osisi Blackberry nwere ike ịnagide ala na-adịghị mma, na-agbasa ngwa ngwa n'ala tọgbọrọ n'efu, ọwara, na n'akụkụ ụzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;blamey&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blamey|first=Marjorie|title=The illustrated flora of Britain and northern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedflora0000blam|publisher=Hodder &amp; Stoughton|year=1989|isbn=978-0-340-40170-5|oclc=41355268}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] na-ama ifuru na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite oge okpomọkụ n'elu alaka osisi.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Huxley|first=Anthony|year=1992|title=Dictionary of gardening|publisher=Macmillan Press Stockton Press|location=London New York|isbn=978-0-333-47494-5|oclc=25202760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot;/&gt; Okooko osisi ọ bụla dị ihe dị ka -ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;2-3 sentimita (- sentimita) n'obosara, nwere okooko osisi ise na-acha ọcha na-acha pinki pinki.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uga&quot; /&gt;  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-etolite naanị gburugburu àkwá nke nwoke na-eme site na mkpụrụ ntụ ọka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara àkwá ndị na-etolitebeghị bụ nleta ezughi oke nke pollinator.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blackberry Pollination Images|work=The Pollination Home Page|url=http://www.pollinator.com/blackberry.htm|author=Green, David L.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepe drupelet na-ezughị ezu nwere ike igosi ọrịa na nje raspberry bushy dwarf virus. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 
[[Usòrò:2020_year._Herbarium._Blackberries._img-011.jpg|thumb|194x194px|Akwụkwọ: akụkụ ''adaxial'']]
E depụtara ebe ndị na-achịkwa mkpụrụ osisi primocane na F Loci, na LG7, ebe e depụtara ogwu / ogwu na-enweghị ogwu na LG4. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=P.|date=16 July 2013|title=Genetic map of the primocane-fruiting and thornless traits of tetraploid blackberry|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=126|issue=10|pages=2521–2532|doi=10.1007/s00122-013-2152-3|pmid=23856741}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nghọta ka mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bara uru maka nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ndụ nke cross-breds, na maka ebumnuche injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe Nketa.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Usòrò:Bee_pollinating_Blackberry.jpg|thumb|Osisi bumblebee '' (Bombus hypnorum) '' na-eme ntụ ọka blackberry]]
Akwụkwọ Blackberry bụ nri maka ụfọdụ igurube; ụfọdụ anụ na-ata nri, ọkachasị mgbada, na-enwekwa mmasị na akwụkwọ a. A chọtawo caterpillars nke ụgbala na-ekpuchi ala ''Alabonia geoffrella'' na-eri nri n'ime osisi blackberry nwụrụ anwụ. Mgbe ha tozuru, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-eri mkpụrụ ha, dị ka red fox, American black bear na Eurasian badger, yana obere nnụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fedriani|first=José M.|title=Functional diversity in fruit-frugivore interactions: a field experiment with Mediterranean mammals|journal=Ecography|volume=32|issue=6|year=2009|pages=983–992|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05925.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Basket_of_wild_blackberries.JPG|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi blackberry ọhịa ]]
Blackberries na-eto n'ọhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe na Europe. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ mba, na owuwe ihe ubi mkpụrụ osisi bụ ihe ntụrụndụ a na-ahụkarị. Otú ọ dị, uto ha siri ike na ọchịchọ ha itolite n'enweghị mgbochi ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma pụtara na a na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị ka ahịhịa, na-eziga mgbọrọgwụ site na alaka ndị na-emetụ n'ala, ma na-ezipụ ndị na-amị mkpụrụ site na mgbọrọgwụ. N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, dị ka Australia, Chile, New Zealand, na Pacific Northwest nke North America, ụfọdụ ụdị blackberry, ọkachasị ''Rubus armeniacus'' (Himalayan blackberry) na ''Rubus laciniatus'' (evergreen blackberry), bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị ma were ha dị ka ụdị na-awakpo na ahịhịa na-emerụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;iscbc&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;king&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhs&quot;/&gt;

Mkpụrụ osisi Blackberry na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ha na-etozubeghị, na-eduga n'okwu ochie na &quot;blackberry na-agba ọbara mgbe ha bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Palmatier|first=Robert Allen|date=30 August 2000|title=Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]]|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|url=https://archive.org/details/fooddictionaryof00palm|accessdate=17 March 2018|isbn=9780313314360}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marrone|first=Teresa|title=Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio wild berries &amp; fruits|publisher=Teresa Marrone|year=2011|pages=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịkọ ugbo ==
N'ụwa niile, mba Ndị na-emepụta blackberry, ebe a na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ niile maka mbupụ n'ahịa ndị dị ọhụrụ na ọdịda anyanwụ mba Amerika na mba Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Perry, Mark J.|date=7 October 2017|title=Mexico's berry bounty fuels trade dispute – U.S. consumers dismiss U.S. berry farmers' complaints as 'sour berries'|url=http://www.aei.org/publication/mexicos-berry-bounty-fuels-trade-dispute-u-s-consumers-dismiss-u-s-berry-farmers-complaints-as-sour-berries/|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo n'afọ 2018, ahịa Mexico fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dabere kpamkpam na 'Tupy' (nke a na-akpọuta 'Tupi', mana mmemme EMBRAPA na mba Brazil nke a tọhapụrụ ya na-ahọrọ 'Tupy', mana Tupy enweghị mmasị na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-eto eto na mba Mexico.&lt;ref name=&quot;tupy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 May 2018|title=Tupy blackberry, at risk due to lack of interest in its production|url=https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621162401/https://www.freshplaza.com/article/2194285/tupy-blackberry-at-risk-due-to-lack-of-interest-in-its-production/|archivedate=21 June 2019|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=FreshPlaza}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mba US, [[Oregon]] bụ onye na-emepụta blackberry, na-emepụta kilogram Nde iri na iteghete na  puku narị atọ (pounds Nde iri anọ na abụọ n'akụkụ narị isii) na hekta puku abụọ na narị ise( acres puku isii na nári atọ) na afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Release June 27, 2018|url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002859/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Oregon/Publications/Fruits_Nuts_and_Berries/2018/FR06_01.pdf|archivedate=20 February 2019|accessdate=19 February 2019|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northwest Regional Field Office}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2019|title=Blackberries|url=https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/fruits/blackberries|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Agriculture Marketing Resource Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họrọla ọtụtụ ụdị maka ịzụ ahịa na ịzụlite ndị netolite etolite na mba Europe na mba United Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carroll B|title=Commercial Blackberry Production|url=https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/commercial-blackberry-production.html|publisher=Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University|accessdate=10 April 2024|date=February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Evergreen blackberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004042656/http://www.oregon-berries.com/blackberry.cfm|archivedate=4 October 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị na-emepụta ngwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nwere ihe karịrị otu ụdị na oge nna nna ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Ngwakọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na mmepe cultivar mere ọkachasị na US. N'afọ 1880, otu onye ọka ikpe America na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, James Harvey Logan malitere ịmepụta blackberry-raspberry ngwakọ aha ya bụ loganberry na Santa Cruz, California . E mepụtara otu n'ime ụdị ndị mbụ na-enweghị ogwu na 1921, ma mkpụrụ osisi ndị ahụ tụfuru ọtụtụ ụtọ ha. Ugbo ndị na-enweghị ogwu na-etokarị site na 1990 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke 21 site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States mere ka igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewe ihe ubi, mkpụrụ dị elu, mkpụrụ buru ibu na nke siri ike, na ekpomeekpo dị mma, gụnyere ''Triple Crown'', &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harding, Deborah|title=The History of the Blackberry Fruit|url=https://www.gardenguides.com/123417-history-blackberry-fruit.html|accessdate=20 June 2019|work=gardenguides.com|publisher=Garden Guides, Leaf Group Ltd.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 February 1998|title='Triple Crown' thornless blackberry|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=89162|accessdate=21 June 2019|publisher=US Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Black Diamond'' . ''Pearl ojii'', na ''n'abalị'', a marionberry . &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot; /&gt;

=== Mgbakọ ===
[[Usòrò:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg|thumb|Blackberry Butte Oji]]
'Marion' (nke a na-ere dị ka &quot;marionberry&quot;) bụ mkpụrụ osisi dị mkpa nke a họọrọ site na mkpụrụ osisi site na ngwakọta dị n'etiti 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' (nke A na-akpọkarị &quot;Olallieberry&quot;). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marionberry, Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|url=http://oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919230407/http://www.oregon-berries.com/marionberry.cfm|archivedate=19 September 2008|accessdate=13 June 2017|work=Oregon-Berries.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Olallie' n'aka nke ya bụ ngwakọta dị n'etiti loganberry na youngberry. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' na 'Olallie' bụ naanị atọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị blackberry na-esote nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke mba United Steeti (USDA-ARS) mepụtara usoro ịzụlite blackberry na Mahadum Oregon Steeti na Corvallis, Oregon. &lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;/&gt;

Ugbo kacha ọhụrụ ewepụtara na mmemme a bụ ahịhịa na-enweghị ogwu 'Black Diamond', 'Black Pearl', na 'Nightfall' yana 'Obsidian' na 'Metolius' na-eto n'oge. 'Black diamond' bụ ugbu a na-eduga cultivar a na-akụ na Pacific Northwest. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ sitere na mmemme a bụ 'Newberry', 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'Black Butte', 'Kotata', 'Pacific', na 'Cascade'.[7]


.&lt;ref name=&quot;usda18&quot;/&gt;

A na-akụ ụdị dị iche iche nwere ezigbo njirimara azụmahịa mepụtara na [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndi ọhụrụ na [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot;/&gt; Ụdị mkpụrụ osisi blackberry dị mfe itolite, ma nwee ike ịmị mkpụrụ ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt; Ụdị ndị a nwere ụtọ dịgasị iche iche site na ihe na-atọ ụtọ ruo tart.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịga n'ihu ===
Blackberry ndị na-esote na-adị ike ma na-emepụta okpueze, na-achọ trellis maka nkwado, ma na-adịchaghị ike zuru okè karịa blackberry kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ nke n' esote nke kwụ ọtọ. Na mgbakwunye na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ pacific ụdị ndị a na-eme nke ọma na ihu igwe yiri ya, dị ka mba United Kingdom, mba New Zealand, mba Chile, na mba Mediterenian.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Enweghị ogwu ===
Ebu ụzọ mepụta blackberries nke nwere ọkara kwụ ọtọ, nke enweghị prickle na John Innes Center dị na Norwich, UK, yana USDA-ARS na Beltsville, Maryland mechaa. Ndị a na-akpụ okpueze ma na-agbasi ike ma chọọ trellis maka nkwado. Cultivars gụnyere 'Black Satin', 'Chester Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', 'Hull Thornless', 'Loch Maree', 'Loch Ness', 'Loch Tay', 'Merton Thornless', 'Smoothstem' na 'Triple Crown '. 'Loch Ness' na 'Loch Tay' enwetala RHS's Award of Garden Merit. Azụlitela ahịhịa 'Cacanska Bestrna' (nke a na-akpọkwa 'Cacak Thornless') na Serbia ma kụọ ya n'ọtụtụ puku hectare ebe ahụ.

=== Ịkwụ ọtọ ===
Mahadum nke Arkansas emeela ụdị osisi blackberry. Ụdị ndị a adịghị ike karịa ụdị ndị kwụ ọtọ ma na-emepụta osisi ọhụrụ site na mbido mgbọrọgwụ (ya mere ha na-agbasa n'okpuru ala dị ka raspberries). E nwere ụdị na-enweghị ntụpọ site na mmemme a, gụnyere 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'Cherokee', 'Apache', 'Arapaho', na 'Kiowa'. &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Folta|first=Kevin M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buzRBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA71|title=Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Berries|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1578087075|authorlink=Kevin Folta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandez|first=Gina|title=Growing blackberries in North Carolina|url=http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108073141/http://content.ces.ncsu.edu/growing-blackberries-in-north-carolina|archivedate=8 January 2016|accessdate=9 October 2015|publisher=North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi blackberry na-amị mkpụrụ dịka 'Prime-Jan' na 'Prime' . &lt;ref name=&quot;ge71&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ===
Na raspberries, a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a bụ mkpụrụ osisi primocane, na-amị mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ na-amị mkpụrụ mgbe niile. 

Mahadum Arkansas tọhapụrụ 'Prime-Jim' na 'Prime-Jan' n'afọ 2004 ma bụrụkwa mkpụrụ osisi mbụ nke blackberry fruiting primocane. Ha na-eto nke ukwuu dị ka ndị ọzọ cultivars kwụ ọtọ akọwara n'elu; Otú ọ dị, okpete ndị na-apụta n'oge opupu ihe ubi ga-ama ifuru n'etiti oge okpomọkụ na mkpụrụ n'oge okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ọdịda. Ihe ubi ọdịda nwere àgwà ya kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-eto na ihu igwe dị jụụ dị ka California ma ọ bụ Pacific Northwest.


&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=J.R.|date=2012|title=Progress and challenges in primocane-fruiting blackberry breeding and cultural management|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=926|issue=926|pages=387–392|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.926.54}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Illini Hardy', nke mahadum nke Illinois webatara, bụ ahịhịa siri ike na mpaghara  ise, ebe mmepụta blackberry na-enwekarị nsogbu, ebe ọ bụ na okpete anaghị adị ndụ n'oge oyi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mexico na Chile ===
Mmepụta blackberry na Mexico gbasara nke ukwuu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu.&lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;perry&quot; /&gt;N'afọ 2017, Mexico nwere pacenti iri iteghete na asaa nke ahịa maka blackberry ọhụrụ ebubata na United States, ebe Chile nwere pacenti iri isii na atọ nke òkè ahịa maka mbubata Amerika nke blackberries oyi kpọnwụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;amrc&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na otu oge dabere na cultivar 'Brazos', otu osisi blackberry cultivar ochie mepere emepe na Texas na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ Mexico na-achị ugbu a bụ 'Tupy' nke Brazil wepụtara na 1990. 'Tupy' nwere blackberry 'Comanche' nke kwụ ọtọ, yana &quot; blackberry Uruguayan ọhịa&quot; dịka nne na nna. &lt;ref name=&quot;antunes&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antunes, L.E.C.|year=2004|title=Aspectos Técnicos da Cultura da Amora-Preta|journal=Pelotas: Embrapa Clima Temperado|language=pt|issn=1516-8840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị mkpụrụ osisi ojii na Uruguay, ihe a na-enyo enyo bụ na ' Boysenberry ' toro ebe niile bụ nne na nna nwoke. Iji mepụta blackberries ndị a na mpaghara Mexico ebe enweghị oyi oyi na-atụ iji kpalite mmepe ifuru ifuru, a na-eji kemịkalụ defoliation na ngwa nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto na-eme ka osisi na-eto eto. &lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ọrịa na pests ===
[[Usòrò:Blackberry_flower_(2).jpg|thumb| Blackberry na-acha odo odo na-acha odo odo]]
N'ihi na blackberry bụ otu ụdị mkpụrụ osisi raspberries, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=Fern Marshall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GcWQQKJX1xEC&amp;q=Blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA51|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control: A Complete Guide to Maintaining a Healthy Garden and Yard the Earth-Friendly Way|publisher=[[Rodale, Inc.]]|year=2010|isbn=978-1605296777|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ha na-ekerịta otu ọrịa, gụnyere anthracnose, nke nwere ike ime ka beri nwee ntozu na-enweghị isi. Enwere ike belata eruba sap. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Growing Raspberries &amp; Blackberries|url=http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/edcomm/pdf/BUL/BUL0812.pdf|accessdate=2012-11-13|publisher=cals.uidaho.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTuJryWEY64C&amp;q=dwarfing+raspberry+blackberry&amp;pg=PA5|title=Controlling diseases of raspberries and blackberries|publisher=United States. Science and Education Administration|year=1980|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha na-ekekwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, gụnyere ngwakọta Bordeaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Waite|first=Merton Benway|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT87201664|title=Fungicides and their use in preventing diseases of fruits|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture|year=1906|quote=blackberry disease.|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngwakọta nke wayo, mmiri na ọla kọpa (II) sulfate . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=June 2010|title=Bordeaux Mixture|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html|accessdate=13 November 2012|publisher=ucdavis.edu|archivedate=9 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609084627/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7481.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahịrị dị n'etiti osisi blackberry ga-abụ nke enweghị ahịhịa, ndị na-aṅụ blackberry na ahịhịa, nke nwere ike ibute pests ma ọ bụ ọrịa. &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ensminger|first=Audrey H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3UD2iL4sAAC&amp;q=blackberry+disease&amp;pg=PA215|title=Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia: A-H|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|isbn=9780849389818|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na-ahọrọ mgbe ha na-akụ osisi blackberry n'ihi na blackberry ọhịa nwere ike ibute ọrịa, &lt;ref name=&quot;a-ensminger&quot; /&gt; na ndị na-elekọta ubi ka akwadoro ịzụta naanị osisi ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shrock|first=Denny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVHanXD-5-IC&amp;q=Purchase+only+blackberries+Gardeners&amp;pg=PA352|title=Home Gardener's Problem Solver: Symptoms and Solutions for More Than 1,500 Garden Pests and Plant Ailments|publisher=Meredith Books|year=2004|isbn=978-0897215046|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Drosophila na-ahụ anya-nku, ''Drosophila suzukii'', bụ ajọ ahụhụ nke blackberries. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Walsh, Doug|title=Spotted Wing Drosophila Could Pose Threat For Washington Fruit Growers|url=http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161628/http://sanjuan.wsu.edu/Documents/SWD11.09.pdf|archivedate=6 August 2010|accessdate=12 November 2012|publisher=sanjuan.WSU.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka ndị ikwu ya mmanya mmanya, bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na-ere ere ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi fermented, ''D. suzukii'' na-awakpo mkpụrụ ọhụrụ, mfri eke site n'itinye akwa n'okpuru akpụkpọ anụ dị nro. Larvae na-apụta ma na-eto n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, na-ebibi uru azụmahịa nke mkpụrụ osisi ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dwalsh-wsu&quot; /&gt;

Ọrịa ọzọ bụ ''Amphorophora rubi'', nke a maara dị ka blackberry aphid, nke na-eri ọ bụghị naanị blackberries kamakwa raspberries. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Hill|first=Dennis S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-w8AAAAIAAJ&amp;q=Blackberry+pests&amp;pg=PA228|title=Agricultural Insect Pests of Temperate Regions and Their Control|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1987|isbn=978-0521240130|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puO2UjrlUkAC&amp;q=Amphorophora+rubi+blackberry&amp;pg=PA539|title=The Review of Applied Entomology: Agricultural, Volume 18|publisher=[[CAB International]]|year=1931|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

''Byturus tomentosus'' ( ebe raspberry ), ''Lampronia corticella'' (nla rasberi) na ''Anthonomus rubi'' (strawberry blossom weevil) ka amarakwa na ha na-ebute blackberries. 
 

== Na-eji ==

=== Ihe oriri ===
Blackberry agwaghi àkà pacenti iri asatọ na asatọ carbohydrates pacenti iri, protein 1% na abụba 0.5% (tebụl). Na grams Otu narị (atọ mara ise oz) ego ntụaka, blackberries a kụrụ nke ọma na-enye calorie iri anọ na atọ na ọdịnaya bara ụba (pacenti iri abụo na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke uru kwa ụbọchị (DV) nke eriri nri, manganese (pacenti iri atọ DV), vitamin C (pacenti iri abụo na ise DV), na vitamin K (pacenti iri na iteghete DV) (tebụl).

==== Ngwakọta mkpụrụ ====
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ nnukwu mkpụrụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa anaghị amasị mgbe niile. Mkpụrụ ahụ nwere mmanụ bara ụba na omega-3 ( alpha-linolenic acid ) na omega-6 ( linoleic acid ) abụba yana protein, eriri nri, carotenoids, ellagitannins, na ellagic acid . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Chemical composition of caneberry (Rubus spp.) seeds and oils and their antioxidant potential|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=52|issue=26|pages=7982–7|date=December 2004|pmid=15612785|doi=10.1021/jf049149a}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ojiji nri ===
A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi chara acha na ọzara, jams, jelii, wine and liqueurs . Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na tomato na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ maka pies na crumbles . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Dowling|first=Tim|date=2023-08-28|title=Berry good! 17 wonderful ways with blackberries – from crumbles and cakes to mousses and muffins|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2023/aug/28/berry-good-17-wonderful-ways-with-blackberries-from-crumbles-and-cakes-to-mousses-and-muffins|accessdate=2024-05-26|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha phytochemical ===
Blackberry nwere ọtụtụ phytochemicals gụnyere polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, salicylic acid, ellagic acid, na eriri . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nutritiondata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1848/2|year=2012|work=Nutritiondata.com|title=Nutrition facts for raw blackberries|publisher=Conde Nast}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf011097r|author=Sellappan|first=S.|title=Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Georgia-grown blueberries and blackberries|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=50|issue=8|pages=2432–2438|year=2002|pmid=11929309}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anthocyanins na blackberries na-ahụ maka agba ọchịchịrị ha bara ụba. Otu akụkọ debere blackberry n'elu ihe karịrị 1,000 nri bara ụba polyphenol a na-eri na United Steeti,  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Content of redox-active compounds (ie, antioxidants) in foods consumed in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-clinical-nutrition_2006-07_84_1/page/95|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=84|issue=1|pages=95–135|date=July 2006|pmid=16825686|doi=10.1093/ajcn/84.1.95}}&lt;/ref&gt; mana echiche a nke uru ahụike sitere na iri nri ndị gbara ọchịchịrị dị ka blackberry ka enyochabeghị nke sayensị na anabataghị ya maka nkwupụta ahụike na nri. aha. 

=== Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme ===
Otu n'ime oge izizi nke oriri blackberry sitere na foduru nke Nwanyị Haraldskær, ozu ozu nke nwanyị Danish nke malitere n'ihe dịka afọ puku abụọ na narị ise gara aga. Ihe akaebe gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ hụrụ blackberries n'ime afọ ya, n'etiti nri ndị ọzọ. Edere iji blackberry eme mmanya na cordials na London Pharmacopoeia na 1696. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Na ụwa nri nri, blackberry nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme eji ya na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ na-eme pies, jellies na jams. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

Ndị Gris, ndị Europe ndị ọzọ na ndị Amerika bụ ndị ji osisi blackberry emee ọgwụ ọdịnala . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;Akwụkwọ nke afọ 1771 kọwara n'ịme akwụkwọ blackberry, azu okokoosisi, na ogbugbo maka ọnya afọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

A na-eji mkpụrụ osisi blackberry, akwụkwọ ya na ịhịa aka na-esiji ákwà na ntutu isi. Ọbụna a mara ụmụ amaala America ka ha na-eji osisi eme ụdọ. A na-ejikwa osisi ndị ahụ mee ihe mgbochi gburugburu ụlọ, ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ. Osisi ọhịa nwere prickles dị nkọ, nke na-enye nchebe ụfọdụ megide ndị iro na anụmanụ buru ibu. &lt;ref name=&quot;gg&quot; /&gt;

== Na omenala ==
Folklore na United Kingdom na Ireland na-agwa na a gaghị ewere blackberry mgbe Old Michaelmas Day mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri na otu nke ọnwa Ọctoba dị ka ekwensu (ma ọ bụ Púca ) mere ka ha ghara ịdị mma iri nri site n'itinye ụkwụ, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mebie ha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|title=Michaelmas Traditions|date=7 October 2010|work=BlackCountryBugle.co.uk|accessdate=13 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072655/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Michaelmas-Traditions.htm|archivedate=30 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere uru ụfọdụ n'akụkọ akụkọ a n'ihi na mmiri oyi na oyi na-atụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-emekarị ka mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bute ọrịa site na ụdị dị iche iche dị ka ''Botryotinia'' nke na-enye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ ọdịdị na-adịghị mma ma nwee ike na-egbu egbu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Michaelmas.htm|title=Michaelmas, 29th September, and the customs and traditions associated with Michaelmas Day|work=www.Historic-UK.com|accessdate=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ụfọdụ omenala si kwuo, agba odo odo nke blackberry na-anọchi anya ọbara Jizọs na okpueze nke ogwu bụ nke e ji ogwu mee, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Watts|first=D.C.|title=Dictionary of Plant Lore|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofplan0000watt|date=2007|publisher=Academic|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-12-374086-1|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Courtney|title=Berries As Symbols and in Folklore|url=http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|work=Cornell Fruit|accessdate=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924015715/http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/berry/production/pdfs/berryfolklore.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka ''Crataegus'' (hawthorn) na ''Euphorbia milii'' (okpueze nke ogwu)., a tụrụ aro dị ka ihe maka okpueze. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrXNAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=encyclopedia+britannica+hawthorn+crown+thorns&amp;pg=PA536|title=Hawthorn|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 11; R.S. Peale|year=1891}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/crown_of_thorns.htm|title=Crown of thorns|author=Ombrello T|publisher=Union County College, Department of Biology, Cranford, NJ|date=2015|accessdate=18 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917022506/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/crown_of_thorns.htm|archivedate=17 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Rubus plicatus, ụdị blackberry a na-ahụkarị na Europe
* Elmleaf blackberry, ụdị blackberry ọzọ na Europe
* Blackberry Pacific, ụdị blackberry nke North America
* Rubus fruticosus, aha na-enweghị isi nke Carl Linnaeus ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị.
* Mulberry, ọdịdị mkpụrụ osisi yiri ya, mana osisi karịa osisi ogwu
* Redberry mite, ahụhụ a na-ahụkarị nke ihe ọkụkụ blackberry North America

== Edensibia ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>h7ypjkrunvtbo0btm2rksd7etjiexvs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niels Fuglsang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741646</id>
      <parentid>740332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T05:09:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4496" sha1="i4s35c4tkbwa7szqn5t4sxtju1abxy4" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox officeholder|image=[[File:1718705180333 20240617 FUGLSANG Niels DK 004.jpg|thumb|Niels Fuglsang]]|office=[[Member of the European Parliament]]|constituency=[[Denmark (European Parliament constituency)|Denmark]]|termstart=2 July 2019|termend=|parliament=European|party=[[Social Democrats (Denmark)|Social Democrats]]}}

'''Niels Fuglsang''' (amụrụ 29 June 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Danish nke a họpụtara dị ka onye otu European Parliament (MEP) na 2019 na ọzọ na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Key dates ahead|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/elections-press-kit/0/key-dates-ahead|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=28 May 2019|language=en|date=20 May 2019|archivedate=25 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003255/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/elections-press-kit/0/key-dates-ahead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye so na Social Democrats (S), ọ na-anọdụ na Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (S&amp;D) na European Parliament . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Valgresultat 2019 {{!}} Se mandatfordeling &amp; personlige stemmer|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/resultater/ep-valg|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613095559/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/resultater/ep-valg|archivedate=13 June 2021|accessdate=2020-05-16|work=DR|language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-05-27|title=Alle stemmer er talt: Niels Fuglsang får S mandat|url=https://www.tvmidtvest.dk/midt-og-vestjylland/alle-stemmer-er-talt-niels-fuglsang-far-s-mandat|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129124632/https://www.tvmidtvest.dk/midt-og-vestjylland/alle-stemmer-er-talt-niels-fuglsang-far-s-mandat|archivedate=29 January 2020|accessdate=2020-05-16|work=TV MIDTVEST|language=da}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Fuglsang na-ejide cand.scient.pol. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae for Niels Fuglsang|url=https://www.cbs.dk/files/cbs.dk/cv_niels_fuglsang_danish.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411105817/https://www.cbs.dk/files/cbs.dk/cv_niels_fuglsang_danish.pdf|archivedate=2019-04-11|access-date=2024-08-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20190411105817/https://www.cbs.dk/files/cbs.dk/cv_niels_fuglsang_danish.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on 11 April 2019.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019 ọ na-ede ph.d. tesis. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fra Jylland over Obama og EU til Socialdemokratiets principprogram|url=https://www.nielsfuglsang.dk/moed-niels/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527170901/https://www.nielsfuglsang.dk/moed-niels/|archivedate=27 May 2019|accessdate=2020-05-16|work=Socialdemokratiet|language=da-DK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Mgbe ịbanye na nzuko omeiwu Europe na July 2019 dị ka akụkụ nke Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats otu, Fuglsang ghọrọ onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na kọmitii na ụlọ ọrụ, nyocha na ike . Ọ hapụrụ kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Septemba 2019.

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ kọmitii ya, Fuglsang bụ akụkụ nke ndị nnọchi anya nzuko omeiwu Europe maka mmekọrịta ya na Korea Peninsula ruo Septemba 2019. Ọ so na ndị nnọchi anya nzuko omeiwu Europe maka mmekọrịta ya na [[China]] kemgbe ọ malitere ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Niels FUGLSANG|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/101585/NIELS_FUGLSANG/home|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207221444/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/101585/NIELS_FUGLSANG/home|archivedate=2020-02-07|work=[[European Parliament]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'April 2023, o sonyeere ndị nnọchi anya maka mmekọrịta ya na Arab Peninsula, nke ọ bụbu osote onye isi oche kemgbe Mee 2023. Ọ bụkwa onye otu European Parliament Intergroup on Welfare and Conservation of Animals. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members|url=https://www.animalwelfareintergroup.eu/members|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831215301/http://www.animalwelfareintergroup.eu/about-us/members/|archivedate=2019-08-31|accessdate=2022-04-12|work=Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* (in Danish) [https://www.nielsfuglsang.dk/ Official website] 
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>i4s35c4tkbwa7szqn5t4sxtju1abxy4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>50825</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741638</id>
      <parentid>740146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T03:50:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4829" sha1="g6s184fixei7u2xyeo56svrao7e12wc" xml:space="preserve"> 

Press Gang Publishing bụ otu ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, n'etiti mmalite afọ 1970 na 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pike213&quot;&gt;Pike, Lois. &quot;A Survey of Feminist Publishers and Periodicals in Canada&quot; in ''Women and Words/Les Femmes et le Mots: Conference Proceedings'', Longspoon Press, p. 213.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ mmalite ==
Nzukọ ahụ malitere dị ka otu ndị inyom na ndị ikom isii na-ebi akwụkwọ na-emegide ọdịbendị, mana &quot;esogbu bilitere&quot; n'etiti ndị otu ahụ banyere ebumnuche nke ndị nta akụkọ &lt;ref name=&quot;Pike213&quot;/&gt; na 1974 e guzobeghachiri ya dị ka otu ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-emegidesi ndị isi obodo ike. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;E debanyere aha ndị nta akụkọ na Vancouver, British Columbia, n'okpuru BC Companies Act dị ka Press Gang Publishers Ltd. Ndị otu ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ (offset lithography, bindery) nke na-ejere ọtụtụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọdịbendị, nkwado, na enyemaka onwe onye ozi, yana azụmaahịa na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Vancouver. N'afọ 1975, Press Gang bipụtara aha mbụ ya: Women Look at Psychiatry, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Dorothy E. Smith na Sara David dezigharịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pike213&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1974, nzukọ ahụ dị na 821 East Hastings Street. Ndị nta akụkọ kwagara na 1978 na 603 Powell Street na mpaghara Downtown Eastside nke Vancouver. Ndị otu Press Gang zụrụ onwe ha n'iji ngwá obibi akwụkwọ na imepụta ihe osise. Ha sonyekwara na mkpọsa na mmegharị obodo maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: ndị inyom, ndị na-emegide ndị isi obodo, na ndị na-egbochi ndị eze ukwu.

== Iwu ==
Press Gang nwere iwu nke ịjụ ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ maka mbipụta. Maka ndị ahịa, ọ na-esite n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'aka ndị inyom, ndị na-eme ihe ike, ndị na'eme ihe ike na ndị otu obodo. Nzukọ ahụ were ohere ego, ma na-ebipụta ihe ndị ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-agaghị. Dị ka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Press Gang bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị isi, mana ọ bụghị naanị, site n'aka ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe na Canada. Aha ha na-abụghị akụkọ ifo kwuru okwu gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gụnyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọrụ ọrụ, njirimara ụmụ nwanyị, homophobia, censorship, na ụmụ nwanyị na-emegide ahụike uche na usoro ikpe ziri ezi mpụ.

== Nkewa nke obibi akwụkwọ ==
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1982, Press Gang kwụrụ ụgwọ ọnwa isii oge niile. Akụkụ obibi akwụkwọ nke ọrụ ahụ nyere aka kwado ọrụ nke ngalaba mbipụta. &lt;ref&gt;Pike, Lois. &quot;Feminist Presses&quot; from ''In the Feminine: Women and Words Conference Proceedings'', Warland et al., 1983, Longspoon Press, p. 214.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1989, nzukọ ahụ kewara n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ọma n'ime ìgwè abụọ, Press Gang Printers Ltd. (otu ìgwè) na Press Gang Publishers Feminist Cooperative . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2009-09-14|title=Press Gang - Celebrating Women's Achievements / Women in Canadian Legislatures|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-285-e.html|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914053134/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-285-e.html|archivedate=2009-09-14|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. 14 September 2009. Archived from [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-285-e.html the original] on 14 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 February&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Njedebe nke ndị nta akụkọ ==
n'afọ ndị 1980, na-eche mgbanwe ihu na teknụzụ, ọbịbịa nke Nkwekọrịta Free Trade n'etiti Canada na United States, na asọmpi na-arịwanye elu site na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ buru ibu mepụtara nsogbu ego a na-apụghị imeri emeri maka mkpokọta mbipụta, na 1993 Press Gang Printers manyere ịkwụsị ọrụ. 

Press Gang Publishers gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ, ma a na-agbanyekwa ha site na mgbanwe nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta Canada na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba siri ike na-arịwanye elu maka ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Canada na 1990s mgbe e mesịrị. Na 2000, Press Gang Publishers guzobere njikọ aka na Polestar Publishers of Victoria, British Columbia. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke a gasịrị, Raincoast Books zụtara Polestar. Na 2002 Press Gang Publishers kpaliri ikwupụta ụlọ akụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime aha ha ka na-enweghị ike ịnweta. 

== Ndị edemede a họọrọ ==
 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
      <sha1>g6s184fixei7u2xyeo56svrao7e12wc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nasarawa, Kano Steeti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741628</id>
      <parentid>739987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3172" sha1="8faejzq6bfq8l43j78ppga1twqgkh6s" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kofar Nasarawa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|Nasarawa, Kano Steeti]]
Nassarawa bụ ọdịiche ime obodo na Kano State, Nigeria .  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na mpaghara Bompai, n'ime obodo Kano . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Ọ mpaghara 34 km 2 na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 678,669 na ngụkọ 2006

Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ 700. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Geography ==
mgbaàmà Gọọmenti Nasarawa nwere nkezi okpomoku dị ogo Celsius 30 yana mpaghara dị square kilomita 5,704.   ami ahụ nwere nkezi iru mmiri nke 32% ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ugwu Ava.   Oge dị iche iche dị n'okpuru Nasarawa bụ mmiri ozuzo na oge ọkọchị.   Nkezi ọsọ ikuku na mpaghara akụkụ bụ 10 km / h. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ihu igwe ==
N'ime mpaghara Gọọmenti Nasarawa, ụmụ na-adị n'afọ na oge ọkọchị nke nwere obere urukpuru dị iche na oge mmiri na-adịghị mma.  Nkezi afọ na- agbanwe n'etiti 23°F na 28°F;  ọ na- akara ala ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ 105°F. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|archivedate=2009-10-07|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. NIPOST. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007011423/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx the original] on 2009-10-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2009-10-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụ na ụba ==
mgbaàmà Gọọmenti Nasarawa nwere ọtụtụ atụgharị, pantalite, cassiterite, ụrọ na columbite.  Akụ na mụrụ Gọọmenti Loal nke Nasarawa daberekwa nke ukwuu n'ịkọ ugbo, ebe mpaghara ahụ na-amịpụta oke ji, millet, tomato na salad.  akara Gọọmenti Nasarawa bụ ebe a na-azụta, nwere ọtụtụ akara ebe a na-azụta ma na-ere ihe dị iche iche iche.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nasarawa Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/437/nasarawa#google_vignette|accessdate=2024-08-17|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/437/nasarawa#google_vignette &quot;Nasarawa Local Government Area&quot;]. ''www.manpower.com.ng''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-08-17&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe ==
A maara Nasarawa nke ọma maka ọnụ ụzọ ámá kofar Nasarawa na akwa mmiri ama ama nke Gadan Nasarawa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ana ce-ce-ku-ce kan batun rusa gadar Kofar Nasarawa a Kano|language=ha|work=BBC News Hausa|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-56014689|accessdate=2021-07-24}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-56014689 &quot;Ana ce-ce-ku-ce kan batun rusa gadar Kofar Nasarawa a Kano&quot;]. ''BBC News Hausa'' (in Hausa)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-07-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Hausa-language sources (ha)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>8faejzq6bfq8l43j78ppga1twqgkh6s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marco Borriello</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741598</id>
      <parentid>728010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T14:04:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yusuf Danmarna</username>
        <id>67094</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Edoziri m mperi ndebiri, mkpụrụedemede Igbo, akara edemede, njikọ ntụaka na ederede ndị e depụtara okpukpu abụọ, n’ememeghị ihe ọ pụtara ma ọ bụ eziokwu ọ bụla.</comment>
      <origin>741598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7102" sha1="75s3dglz9ootxkaj65uchvqc1xh7bpp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Marco Borriello''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmarko borˈrjɛllo}}; amụrụ 18 Jun 1982) bụ [[Footbọl|onye ọkachamara n'egwuregwu]] ndị Ịtali nke na-egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ.

N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Borriello na-egwuri egwu maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa Ịtali, gụnyere Treviso, Triestina, Milan, Empoli, Reggina, Sampdoria, Genoa, Roma, Juventus, Carpi, Atalanta, Cagliari na SPAL, yana English n'akụkụ West Ham United na Spanish n'akụkụ Ibiza. Na ọkwa mba ụwa, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu mba Ịtali wee soro na UEFA Euro 2008.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Borriello gbagoro n'ọkwá nke Milan mana e zigara ya na Treviso na mbinye ego tupu o nwee ohere igosi onwe ya na ndị otu mbụ. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ maka nchekwa Treviso na oge 2000–01.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/dicembre/10/Roma_prende_derby_vetta_Primi_ga_0_00121011398.shtml|title=La Roma si prende derby e vetta Primi sussulti di Juventus e Milan|date=10 December 2000|accessdate=27 January 2014|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe njem ọzọ n'ihe dị ka Jenụwarị 2001, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya maka Triestina na 2000–01 Serie C2 (nkewa nke anọ), wee laghachi na Treviso na Jun 2001, site na Milan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/giugno/26/Triestina_Berti_vuole_chiarezza_ga_0_0106265262.shtml|title=Triestina: Berti vuole chiarezza|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=26 June 2001|accessdate=15 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 ya na egwuregwu 27 Serie C1 na Treviso mere ka Milan cheta ya na Jun 2002.

=== Milan ===
Borriello mere Serie A mbụ ya maka Milan na 21 Septemba 2002 megide Perugia, mana o guzobeghị onwe ya wee nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ ole na ole sochirinụ na mbinye ego na klọb Serie A ndị ọzọ.

Mgbe naanị egwuregwu atọ gasịrị maka Milan, a gbaziri ya na Empoli maka oge ndị ọzọ nke 2002–03 Serie A. Ọ laghachiri Milan maka oge 2003–04 dum, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị n'egwuregwu otu anọ. Na oge 2004–05, ọ nọ na mbinye ego na Reggina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11863/2304690/|title=Reggina loan Borriello|publisher=Sky Sports|date=9 July 2005|accessdate=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na oge 2005–06, ezigara ya ọzọ na mbinye ego, oge a na Sampdoria, yana ndị otu Milan Samuele Dalla Bona na Ignazio Abate. Borriello hapụrụ Sampdoria na Jenụwarị 2006 maka oge mbinye ego ọnwa isii na Treviso, ebe o meriri ọrụ ya kacha mma n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ Serie A ise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11868/2365968/|title=Treviso loan Borriello|publisher=Sky Sports|date=3 February 2006|accessdate=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, a chụpụrụ Treviso na Serie B n'oge ahụ.

A na-echeta Borriello na ndị otu mbụ nke Milan n'oge okpomọkụ nke 2006, mgbe e rere Andriy Shevchenko na Chelsea na Márcio Amoroso kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya. Otú ọ dị, ọzọ, ọ ghọrọ naanị onye ọkpụkpọ nke anọ, oge a n'azụ Filippo Inzaghi, Alberto Gilardino na Ricardo Oliveira. Ọzọkwa, etinyere ọrụ ya obere oge n'ihe egwu mgbe na 21 Disemba 2006 gosipụtara na ọ nwalere ihe dị mma maka prednisolone na prednisone mgbe egwuregwu nke 11 nke 2006–07 Serie A megide AS Roma gbara na 11 Nọvemba 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Sport/Soccer/Milan-striker-fails-drug-test-20061221|title=Milan striker fails drug test}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe nkwenye nke nsonaazụ ule na Jenụwarị 2007, a kwụsịrị ya ruo 21 Maachị 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/news/kind=1/newsid=493049.html|title=Borriello suspended after drug test|publisher=UEFA.com|date=22 December 2006|accessdate=15 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nkwusioru ya, ewepụrụ ya na ndepụta ndị otu egwuregwu Champions League, yabụ enweghị ike isonye na egwuregwu ọ bụla na-eduga na mmeri Milan meriri Liverpool n'ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230530093833/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2006/e/e_300099_pk.pdf (Page 13)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Genoa ===
Na 21 Jun 2007, e rere Borriello na Genoa na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nke Milan, maka €1.8&amp;nbsp;nde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tuttonapoli.net/?action=read&amp;idnotizia=20782|title=Precious announces: &quot;Borriello is a player of Genoa&quot;|publisher=Tutto Napoli|language=it|date=22 June 2007|accessdate=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Borriello nyeere Genoa ọhụrụ kwalitere aka inweta mmeri mbụ ha n'oge ahụ, na-ebute ụzọ okpu mbụ ya na-efu Udinese. Egwuregwu ahụ kwụsịrị 3–2, onye gbara bọọlụ gbara na penariti na nkeji iri asaa na isii. Na mberede, na nlọghachi azụ na 24 Febụwarị 2008 na Udine, Borriello meriri okpu ọzọ na mmeri 5–3, na-erute ihe mgbaru ọsọ 15 n'ime usoro ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị oge na 19, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ kachasị elu, na otu egwuregwu Juventus Alessandro Del Piero na David Trezeguet.

=== Lọghachi na Milan ===
[[File:Marco_Borriello,_Kieran_Gibbs_&amp;_Ignazio_Abate_(4867545034).jpg|left|thumb|185x185px|Borriello (uwe elu 22) na Kieran Gibbs nke Arsenal gbara mgba.]]
Na-esote ire nke onye ọkpọ Alberto Gilardino na Fiorentina, a kwadoro na 29 Mee 2008 na Borriello ga-alaghachi Milan dị ka onye nnọchiteanya ya. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ịkwaga Davide Di Gennaro na Genoa n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta maka €2.5&amp;nbsp;nde,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Calciomercato/Primo_Piano/2008/05_Maggio/29/movimilan_2905.shtml|title=Il Milan tiene Abbiati e riscatta Borriello|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=29 May 2008|accessdate=12 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mgbakwunye na €7.5&amp;nbsp;nde ego. (Otú ọ dị, e wedara Di Gennaro ka ọ bụrụ €1.25&amp;nbsp;nde mgbe ọ laghachiri Milan otu afọ ka e mesịrị, nke mere nloghachi nke Borriello riri Milan €8.75&amp;nbsp;nde).

=== Mba ụwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mpụta na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke otu mba na afọ&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/marco-borriello/3998/|title=M. Boriello|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=21 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Otu mba
! Afọ
! Ngwa
! Ebumnuche
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ịtali
| 2008
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 1
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mkpokọta
! 7
! 0
|}

== Nkwanye ugwu ==
'''Milan'''&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;/&gt;

* Serie A: 2003–04
* UEFA Champions League: 2006–07

'''Juventus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;

* Serie A: 2011–12

'''Onye'''

* Onye kacha enye goolu Coppa Italia: 2016–17&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italcuptops.html|title=Italy - Coppa Italia Top Scorers|author=Roberto Di Maggio|date=4 June 2015|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
* Marco Borriello at Soccerbase
* Marco Borriello at TuttoCalciatori.net (in Italian)

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndị dị ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>75s3dglz9ootxkaj65uchvqc1xh7bpp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>741599</id>
      <parentid>741598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T14:20:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kethen346</username>
        <id>67098</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Edoziri m mperi ndebiri, mkpụrụedemede Igbo, akara edemede, njikọ ntụaka na ederede ndị e depụtara okpukpu abụọ, n’ememeghị ihe ọ pụtara ma ọ bụ eziokwu ọ bụla.</comment>
      <origin>741599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7349" sha1="kpkw49aesmuk7w6b6373l8eawnub492" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Marco Borriello''' ({{IPA|it|ˈmarko borˈrjɛllo}}; amụrụ na 18 Jun 1982) bụ [[Footbọl|onye ọkachamara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ]] onye Ịtali nke na-egwu dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ n'ihu.

N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Borriello gwuru egwu maka ọtụtụ klọb Ịtali, gụnyere Treviso, Triestina, Milan, Empoli, Reggina, Sampdoria, Genoa, Roma, Juventus, Carpi, Atalanta, Cagliari na SPAL, yana klọb Bekee West Ham United na klọb Spen Ibiza. Na ọkwa mba ụwa, ọ nọchitere anya otu mba Ịtali wee sonyere na UEFA Euro 2008.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Borriello gbagoro n'ọkwa nke Milan mana e zigara ya na Treviso na mbinye ego tupu o nwee ohere igosi onwe ya na ndị otu mbụ. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ maka nchekwa Treviso na oge 2000–01.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2000/dicembre/10/Roma_prende_derby_vetta_Primi_ga_0_00121011398.shtml|title=La Roma si prende derby e vetta Primi sussulti di Juventus e Milan|date=10 December 2000|accessdate=27 January 2014|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe mbinye ego ọzọ n'ihe dị ka Jenụwarị 2001, o mere mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya maka Triestina na 2000–01 Serie C2 (nkewa nke anọ), wee laghachi na Treviso na Jun 2001, site na Milan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2001/giugno/26/Triestina_Berti_vuole_chiarezza_ga_0_0106265262.shtml|title=Triestina: Berti vuole chiarezza|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=26 June 2001|accessdate=15 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 ya na egwuregwu 27 Serie C1 na Treviso mere ka Milan cheta ya na Jun 2002.

=== Milan ===
Borriello mere Serie A mbụ ya maka Milan na 21 Septemba 2002 megide Perugia, mana o guzobeghị onwe ya wee nọrọ afọ ole na ole sochirinụ na mbinye ego na klọb Serie A ndị ọzọ.

Mgbe naanị egwuregwu atọ gasịrị maka Milan, a gbaziri ya na Empoli maka oge fọdụrụ nke 2002–03 Serie A. Ọ laghachiri Milan maka oge 2003–04 dum, mana ọ gwuru egwu naanị n'egwuregwu anọ. Na oge 2004–05, ọ nọ na mbinye ego na Reggina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11863/2304690/|title=Reggina loan Borriello|publisher=Sky Sports|date=9 July 2005|accessdate=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na oge 2005–06, ezigara ya ọzọ na mbinye ego, oge a na Sampdoria, yana ndị otu ya na Milan bụ Samuele Dalla Bona na Ignazio Abate. Borriello hapụrụ Sampdoria na Jenụwarị 2006 maka oge mbinye ego ọnwa isii na Treviso, ebe o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ Serie A ise, nke kacha n'ọrụ ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11868/2365968/|title=Treviso loan Borriello|publisher=Sky Sports|date=3 February 2006|accessdate=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, a wedara Treviso ala gaa na Serie B n'oge ahụ.

A kpọghachiri Borriello na ndị otu mbụ nke Milan n'oge okpomọkụ nke 2006, mgbe e rere Andriy Shevchenko na Chelsea na Márcio Amoroso kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya. Otú ọ dị, ọzọ ọ ghọrọ naanị onye ọkpụkpọ nke anọ, oge a n'azụ Filippo Inzaghi, Alberto Gilardino na Ricardo Oliveira. Ọzọkwa, etinyere ọrụ ya n'ihe egwu obere oge, mgbe e gosipụtara na 21 Disemba 2006 na ọ nwalere ihe dị mma maka prednisolone na prednisone mgbe egwuregwu nke 11 nke 2006–07 Serie A, nke a gbara megide AS Roma na 11 Nọvemba 2006, gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/xArchive/Sport/Soccer/Milan-striker-fails-drug-test-20061221|title=Milan striker fails drug test}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe e kwenyesiri ike nsonaazụ ule ahụ na Jenụwarị 2007, a kwụsịrị ya ruo 21 Maachị 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/news/kind=1/newsid=493049.html|title=Borriello suspended after drug test|publisher=UEFA.com|date=22 December 2006|accessdate=15 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi nkwụsị ya, ewepụrụ ya na ndepụta ndị otu egwuregwu Champions League, ya mere ọ gaghị enwe ike isonye na egwuregwu ọ bụla nke mere ka Milan merie Liverpool n'ikpeazụ.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20230530093833/http://www.uefa.com/printoutfiles/competitions/ucl/2006/e/e_300099_pk.pdf (Page 13)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Genoa ===
Na 21 Jun 2007, e rere Borriello na Genoa na nkwekọrịta ịnwe ọnụ nke Milan, maka €1.8&amp;nbsp;nde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tuttonapoli.net/?action=read&amp;idnotizia=20782|title=Precious announces: &quot;Borriello is a player of Genoa&quot;|publisher=Tutto Napoli|language=it|date=22 June 2007|accessdate=3 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Borriello nyeere Genoa ọhụrụ a kwalitere aka inweta mmeri mbụ ha n'oge ahụ, na-ebute ụzọ okpu mbụ ya megide Udinese. Egwuregwu ahụ kwụsịrị 3–2, ya gbara bọọlụ na penariti na nkeji nke iri asaa na isii. Na mberede, n'egwuregwu nlọghachi na 24 Febụwarị 2008 na Udine, Borriello meriri okpu ọzọ na mmeri 5–3, na-erute ihe mgbaru ọsọ 15 n'ime liigi ahụ. Ọ kwụsịrị oge ahụ na ihe mgbaru ọsọ 19, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mgbaru ọsọ nke atọ kachasị elu, yana ndị otu Juventus bụ Alessandro Del Piero na David Trezeguet.

=== Lọghachi na Milan ===
[[File:Marco_Borriello,_Kieran_Gibbs_&amp;_Ignazio_Abate_(4867545034).jpg|left|thumb|185x185px|Borriello (uwe elu nọmba 22) na Kieran Gibbs nke Arsenal na-alụ ọgụ maka bọọlụ.]]
Na-esote ire nke onye ọkpọ Alberto Gilardino na Fiorentina, a kwadoro na 29 Mee 2008 na Borriello ga-alaghachi Milan dị ka onye nnọchiteanya ya. Nkwekọrịta ahụ gụnyere ịkwaga Davide Di Gennaro na Genoa n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta maka €2.5&amp;nbsp;nde,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Calciomercato/Primo_Piano/2008/05_Maggio/29/movimilan_2905.shtml|title=Il Milan tiene Abbiati e riscatta Borriello|work=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it|date=29 May 2008|accessdate=12 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mgbakwunye na €7.5&amp;nbsp;nde ego.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://casinosfest.com/casino-bonus/ruby-slots/|title=Ruby Slots casino bonus|website=Casinosfest|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Otú ọ dị, e wedara Di Gennaro ka ọ bụrụ €1.25&amp;nbsp;nde mgbe ọ laghachiri Milan otu afọ ka e mesịrị, nke mere nloghachi nke Borriello riri Milan €8.75&amp;nbsp;nde).

=== Mba ụwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Mpụta na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke otu mba na afọ&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/marco-borriello/3998/|title=M. Boriello|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=21 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Otu mba
! Afọ
! Mpụta
! Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ịtali
| 2008
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2010
| 3
| 0
|-
| 2011
| 1
| 0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mkpokọta
! 7
! 0
|}

== Nkwanye ugwu ==
'''Milan'''&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot;/&gt;

* Serie A: 2003–04
* UEFA Champions League: 2006–07

'''Juventus'''&lt;ref name=&quot;SW&quot; /&gt;

* Serie A: 2011–12

'''Onye nke onwe'''

* Onye kacha gbaa goolu na Coppa Italia: 2016–17&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/italcuptops.html|title=Italy - Coppa Italia Top Scorers|author=Roberto Di Maggio|date=4 June 2015|work=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=15 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
* Marco Borriello na Soccerbase
* Marco Borriello na TuttoCalciatori.net (n'asụsụ Ịtali)

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndị dị ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>kpkw49aesmuk7w6b6373l8eawnub492</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ndị otu ụmụ agbọghọ robot nke Afghanistan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>53450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741640</id>
      <parentid>722818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T04:00:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21540" sha1="82achimnqxyhdp7tft3l8wkrtfkpezw" xml:space="preserve">
[[Usòrò:MC0_5133_(35877111292).jpg|thumb|Ndị otu ụmụ agbọghọ nke Afghanistan na ndị omeiwu United States Jeanne Shaheen na Margaret Wood Hassan na July 2017.]]
Ndị otu Robotics ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan, nke a makwaara dị ka ndị Dreamers Afghan, [1] [2] bụ otu ụmụ nwanyị robotics sitere na Herat, Afghanistan, hibere site na Digital Citizen Fund (DCF) na 2017 site n'aka Roya Mahboob na Alireza Mehraban. Ọ bụ ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'agbata afọ 12 na 18 na ndị ndụmọdụ ha. Ọtụtụ ndị otu a kwagara Qatar na Mexico mgbe ọdịda Kabul gasịrị n'August 2021. Ihe nkiri nkiri gosipụtara ndị otu otu ahụ akpọrọ Afghan Dreamers, MTV Documentary Films wepụtara na 2023.

== Mmalite ya ==
Roya Mahboob bụ onye nchịkwa ha, onye ndụmọdụ na onye nkwado, na onye nchoputa Digital Citizen Fund (DCF), [1] bụ nzukọ nne na nna maka otu ahụ na 2017. [3] Dean Kamen nọ na-eme atụmatụ asọmpi 2017 na United States wee were Mahboob guzobe otu si Afghanistan.[4] N'ime ụmụ agbọghọ 150, a họpụtara 12 maka otu nke mbụ.[4] Tupu Kamen ezipụ akụkụ, ha zụrụ azụ n'ime okpuru ulo nke nne na nna Mahboob, jiri ígwè na-enweghị ihe nchekwa na-enweghị ihe nchekwa n'okpuru nduzi nke onye nchịkwa ha, nwanne Mahboob Alireza Mehraban, onye bụkwa onye nhazi otu ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Harman|first=Danna|title='In Afghanistan, We Laugh Differently'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/30/world/asia/afghan-girls-robotics-team-fatemah-qaderyan.html|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=The New York Times|date=March 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2017 na 2018 ==
[[Usòrò:Deputy_Secretary_Sullivan_Meets_With_A_Robotics_Team_From_Afghanistan_(35167754184).jpg|thumb|Ndị otu ụmụ agbọghọ nke Afghanistan na-ezute osote odeakwụkwọ nke steeti US John Sullivan na asọmpi 2017 FIRST Global Challenge Robotics.]]
N'afọ 2017, mmadụ isii so n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Afghanistan Robotics Team gara United States iji sonye na asọmpi robotics nke mba ụwa FIRST Global Challenge. &lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cochrane|first=Emily|title=Afghan Girls' Robotics Team Wins Limelight at Competition|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/world/asia/afghanistan-girls-robotics-visas-trump.html|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=The New York Times|date=July 18, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haup2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hauptman|first=Max|title=Afghanistan's robotics team broke barriers. Now it's desperate to escape the Taliban.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/08/19/afghanistan-girls-robotics-team-fleeing-to-canada/|accessdate=27 August 2021|work=Washington Post|date=19 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A jụrụ visa ha ugboro abụọ mgbe ha mere njem abụọ site na Herat gaa Kabul site na mpaghara ndị Taliban na-achịkwa, tupu ndị ọrụ gọọmentị United States etinye aka iji kwe ka ha banye na United States.   &lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hassan|first=Sharif|title=For Afghan girls team, a trip to Washington was about more than the robotics|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/for-afghan-girls-team-a-trip-to-washington-was-about-more-than-the-robotics/2017/07/21/1670ac3c-6e25-11e7-9c15-177740635e83_story.html|accessdate=28 August 2021|work=The Washington Post|date=July 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Afghan girls robotics team competes after visa obstacles|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/afghan-girls-robotics-team-competes-after-visa-obstacles/|accessdate=28 August 2021|work=CBS News|date=July 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chokshi 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chokshi|first=Niraj|title=After Visa Denials, Afghan Girls Can Attend Robotics Contest in U.S.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/13/world/asia/visa-denials-afghan-girls-robotics-us.html|accessdate=28 August 2021|work=The New York Times|date=July 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọrụ mbubata na mbubata jidekwara ihe eji arụ ọrụ robot ha, nke hapụrụ ha izu abụọ iji wuo robot ha, n'adịghị ka ụfọdụ ndị nwere oge ka ukwuu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane 2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS 2017&quot; /&gt; E nyere ha ihe nrite ọlaọcha maka ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane 2017&quot; /&gt; Otu izu mgbe ha si n'asọmpi ahụ lọta n'ụlọ, nna onye isi otu Fatemah Qaderyan, Mohammad Asif Qaderyan nwụrụ na bọmbụ gburu onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mashal 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mashal|first=Mujib|title=Father of Afghan Robotics Team Captain Is Killed in Suicide Bombing|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/03/world/asia/afghan-robotics-girl-father-killed-suicide-bombing.html|accessdate=28 August 2021|work=New York Times|date=August 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Qazi 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Qazi|first=Shereena|title=Father of robotics team member killed in Herat attack|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/8/3/father-of-robotics-team-member-killed-in-herat-attack|accessdate=28 August 2021|work=Al Jazeera|date=August 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe visa ha na United States gwụsịrị, ndị otu ahụ sonyere na asọmpi na Estonia na Istanbul.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot;/&gt; Atọ n'ime ndị otu iri na abụọ sonyere na 2017 Entrepreneurial Challenge na emume Robotex na Estonia, wee merie asọmpi maka robot ha na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe iji nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hauser|first=Christine|title=Afghan Girls' Robotics Team Overcomes Setbacks to Win Contest in Europe|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/29/world/afghanistan-girls-robotics.html|accessdate=29 August 2021|work=The New York Times|date=November 29, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=UNESCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENozEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=roya+mahboob&amp;pg=PA584|title=UNESCO Science Report: The race against time for smarter development|date=2021|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-100450-6|location=Paris|pages=584|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2018, ndị otu ahụ zụrụ na Canada, gaa n'ihu na-eme njem na United States ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa ma sonye na asọmpi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot; /&gt;

== 2019 ==
Ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị nke Afghanistan Robotics nwere ọchịchọ ịzụlite ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị na teknụzụ maka ụmụ agbọghọ na Afghanistan. Roya Mahboob jikọtara ya na School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), School of Architecture, na Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies Yale University iji mepụta akụrụngwa maka ihe ha kpọrọ The Dreamer Institute . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Beaver|first=Kathy Yanchus Oakville|date=2018-03-08|title=All-girls Afghan robotics team joins Oakville school in FIRST Robotics Canada competitions|url=https://www.insidehalton.com/news/all-girls-afghan-robotics-team-joins-oakville-school-in-first-robotics-canada-competitions/article_95e7cbd3-ff67-5a06-aad4-e8b088490471.html|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Inside Halton|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923170221/https://www.insidehalton.com/news/all-girls-afghan-robotics-team-joins-oakville-school-in-first-robotics-canada-competitions/article_95e7cbd3-ff67-5a06-aad4-e8b088490471.html|archive-date=2024-09-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=anonymous|title=A Tech School for Dreamers in Afghanistan|url=https://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/tech-school-dreamers-afghanistan|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Yale School of Engineering &amp; Applied Science|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2020 ==
Na Machị 2020, gọvanọ Herat n'oge ahụ, na nzaghachi maka ọrịa COVID-19 na Afghanistan na ụkọ ventilators, chọrọ enyemaka na imepụta ventilators dị ọnụ ala, &lt;ref name=&quot;Hadid 2020 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hadid|first=Diaa|title=All-Girl Robotics Team In Afghanistan Works On Low-Cost Ventilator … With Car Parts|url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/2020/may/21/all-girl-robotics-team-in-afghanistan-works-on/|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=KPBS|date=May 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị Afghan Girls Robotics Team bụ otu n'ime ìgwè isii gọọmentị kpọtụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billing 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Billing|first=Lynzy|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/3/15/the-female-afghan-tech-entrepreneurs-inspiring-each-other|title=The female Afghan tech entrepreneurs inspiring each other|date=March 15, 2021|work=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'iji atụmatụ sitere na Massachusetts Institute of Technology &lt;ref name=&quot;Hadid 2020 2&quot; /&gt; na nduzi sitere n'aka ndị injinia MIT na Douglas Chin, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na California, ndị otu ahụ mepụtara prototype nwere akụkụ Toyota Corolla &lt;ref name=&quot;Akhgar 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Akhgar|first=Tameem|title=Ventilator from old car parts? Afghan girls pursue prototype|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ventilator-car-parts-afghan-girls-pursue-prototype-70228875|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=ABC News|date=April 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hadid 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hadid|first=Diaa|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/19/858499085/unique-robotic-team-in-afghanistan-creates-affordable-ventilator-prototype?t=1619892471349|title=Unique Robotic Team In Afghanistan Creates Affordable Ventilator Prototype|date=2020-05-19|work=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Haup2021&quot;/&gt; na eriri na-akwọ ụgbọala site na ọgba tum tum Honda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=United Nations Children’s Fund, ITU|title=Towards an equal future: Reimagining girls' education through STEM|date=2020|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-92-806-5178-2|url=http://saruna.mnu.edu.mv/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8097/1/Towards%20an%20equal%20future%20%20reimagining%20girls%E2%80%99%20education%20through%20STEM.pdf|accessdate=28 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haidare 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Haidare|first=Sodaba|title=Coronavirus: Afghan girls make ventilators out of car parts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52738668|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=BBC News|date=May 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNICEF kwadokwara ndị otu ahụ site n'inweta akụkụ ndị dị mkpa n'ime ọnwa atọ ha ji rụọ prototype  nke a rụchara na July 2020.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ghafary 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ghafary|first=Narges|title=From Dream to Reality|url=https://www.unicef.org/rosa/stories/dream-reality|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=UNICEF|date=August 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=The school girls saving Afghanistan from COVID|url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idOVCNRDB2Z|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=Reuters|date=July 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamb 2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lamb|first=Christina|title=Teenage girls breathe hope into Afghanistan with Covid ventilator made of old car parts|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/teenage-girls-breathe-hope-into-afghanistan-with-covid-ventilator-made-of-old-car-parts-t3sq33v23|accessdate=11 May 2021|work=The Sunday Times|date=July 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhazi ha na-efu ihe dị ka $ 500 ma e jiri ya tụnyere $ 50,000 maka ventilator.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hadid 2020 2&quot; /&gt;

N'ọnwa Disemba 2020, Minista na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa Nizar Ahmad Ghoryani nyere ego ma nweta ala maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe iji mepụta ventilators. &lt;ref name=&quot;Billing 2021&quot;/&gt; N'okpuru nduzi nke onye nkuzi ha Roya Mahboob, ndị Afghan Dreamers mepụtara robot UVC maka ịdị ọcha, na robot Spray maka disinfection, nke Ministri nke Ahụike kwadoro maka mmepụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Billing 2021&quot; /&gt;

== 2021 ==
Na mbido Ọgọstụ 2021, Somaya Faruqi, onye bụbu onyeisi ndị otu ahụ, ka Public Radio International hotara banyere ọdịnihu nke Afghanistan, na-ekwu, &quot;Anyị anaghị akwado otu ọ bụla karịa nke ọzọ mana maka anyị ihe dị mkpa bụ na anyị nwere ike ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ anyị. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'Afghanistan enweela ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga ma a ga-akwanyere ọganihu a ùgwù. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jaafari|first=Shirin|title=Afghans in a city under siege by the Taliban: 'The insecurity has upended our lives'|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-08-09/afghans-city-under-siege-taliban-insecurity-has-upended-our-lives|accessdate=17 August 2021|work=[[Public Radio International]]|date=August 9, 2021|quote=Updated: August 13, 2021|archive-date=August 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816155650/https://www.pri.org/stories/2021-08-09/afghans-city-under-siege-taliban-insecurity-has-upended-our-lives|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, a kọrọ na ndị otu egwuregwu Robotics nke Afghanistan na ndị nkuzi ha na-anwa ịpụ, mana ha enweghị ike inweta ụgbọ elu si Afghanistan, &lt;ref name=&quot;Motley 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Motley|first=Kimberley|title=Opinion: The all-girls Afghan robotics team inspired the world. Now they're trapped, waiting to be rescued.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/16/afghan-girls-robotics-team-kabul-airport-trapped-rescue/|accessdate=17 August 2021|work=The Washington Post|date=August 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Katz 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Katz|first=Leslie|title=Afghanistan's all-girls robotics team frantically trying to flee Taliban|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/afghanistans-all-girls-robotics-team-frantically-trying-to-flee-taliban/|accessdate=17 August 2021|work=CNET|date=August 16, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye ọka iwu rịọrọ Canada maka enyemaka gbasara mwepụ nke ndị otu ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sharma|first=Shweta|title=Afghanistan's all-girls robotics team 'begging' Canada to help escape Taliban|url=https://news.yahoo.com/afghanistan-girls-robotics-team-begging-133906476.html|accessdate=17 August 2021|work=The Independent|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=August 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'August 19, 2021, mmadụ itoolu n'ime ndị otu ahụ na ndị nkuzi ha agbapụla Qatar. Onye guzobere otu ahụ, Roya Mahboob, na onye otu DCF, Elizabeth Schaeffer Brown, na gọọmentị Qatari na-akpọtụrụ aka n'oge gara aga iji nyere ndị otu ahụ aka ịpụ na Afghanistan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bengali 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bengali|first=Shashank|title=Some members of Afghanistan's all-girls robotics team flee the country.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/19/world/asia/afghanistan-girls-robotics-team.html|accessdate=19 August 2021|work=The New York Times|date=August 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Myre 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Myre|first=Greg|title=The Future Of The Afghan Girls Robotics Team Is Precarious|url=https://knpr.org/npr/2021-08/future-afghan-girls-robotics-team-precarious|accessdate=19 August 2021|work=Nevada Public Radio|publisher=NPR|date=August 19, 2021|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819162229/https://knpr.org/npr/2021-08/future-afghan-girls-robotics-team-precarious|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nine Afghan girl robotics team members safe in Qatar|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-58286398|accessdate=28 August 2021|work=BBC News|date=August 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sly2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sly|first=Eleanor|title=Members of female Afghan robotics team have escaped to Qatar|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/female-robotics-afghanistan-qatar-refugee-b1905400.html|accessdate=27 August 2021|work=The Independent|date=19 August 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule August 25, 2021, ụfọdụ ndị òtù rutere Mexico.[1] Saghar, onye otu otu onye gbapụrụ na Mexico, kwuru, sị, &quot;Anyị chọrọ ịga n'ihu n'ụzọ anyị malitere ịga n'ihu na-aga maka ihe ndị anyị rụzuru na ịga maka inwe nrọ anyị site n'eziokwu. Ya mere, ọ bụ ya mere anyị ji kpebie ịhapụ Afghanistan ma gaa maka ya. ebe nchekwa&quot; na N'ajụjụ ọnụ Associated Press.[2] Ndị otu ahụ hapụrụ Afganistan sonyeere n'asọmpi robotik n'ịntanetị na Septemba wee na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ha..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-10-15|title=Afghan girls' robotic team competes from Qatar|url=https://thefrontierpost.com/afghan-girls-robotic-team-competes-from-qatar/|accessdate=2021-11-06|work=The Frontier Post|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cornwell 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cornwell|first=Alexander|title=Don't abandon Afghanistan, pleads member of Afghan all-female robotics team|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/dont-abandon-afghanistan-pleads-member-afghan-all-female-robotics-team-2021-08-26/|accessdate=29 August 2021|work=Reuters|date=August 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri akpọrọ Afghan Dreamers, nke Beth Murphy mepụtara ma David Greenwald duziri, nọ na mmepụta mgbe ndị otu ahụ malitere ịpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Variety 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title='Afghan Dreamers' Film, on Female Robotics Team, Underway as Producer Describes 'White-Knuckle Panic' Around Evacuation (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/afghan-dreamers-documentary-evacuation-taliban-1235044090/|accessdate=29 August 2021|work=Variety|date=August 25, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2022 ==
Ndị Afghan Dreamers sonyere na mmemme ọzụzụ na Mahadum Texas A&amp;M na STEM Hub nke Qatar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Katbeh|first=Tala|date=2023|title=Promoting STEM Education through the Preparation of Multicultural National Robotics Teams in Qatar (Evaluation)|url=https://peer.asee.org/43987|journal=2023 ASEE Annual Conference &amp; Exposition|doi=10.18260/1-2--43987}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2023 ==
[[Usòrò:Afsana_Ahmadi_with_her_fellow_teammates_Afghan_Dreamers.jpg|thumb|Ndị otu ụmụ agbọghọ nke Afghanistan na Nzukọ nke ise nke UN na mba ndị na-emepebeghị emepe na 2023]]
Ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'Afghanistan nwere ụlọ ntu na Nzukọ nke 5 nke UN na mba ndị na-emepebeghị emepe, ebe ha gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ndị robot ndị otu ahụ rụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-03-08|title=LDC5 spotlights contributions of women and girls in tech, despite tough odds and nagging barriers {{!}} UN News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134337|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=news.un.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009230429/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/03/1134337}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omuma ndi Afghan Dreamers ==
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Afghan Dreamers sitere na MTV Documentary Films ewepụtara na Mee 2023 na Paramount +.[1] David Greenwald duziri ihe nkiri a wee bụrụ David Cowan na Beth Murphy mepụtara ya.[1] Na nyocha maka Screen Daily, Wendy Ide dere, sị, &quot;Ihe nkiri a, nke nwere mmasị na nkedo nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ozi dị mma, kwesịrị ịnụ ụtọ oriri na-ekpo ọkụ na sekit ememme ahụ, ọ ga-enwekwa mmasị karịsịa na ihe omume na-achọ igosi akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị site na. gburugburu ụwa Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka akụkọ ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge - ihe ọmụmụ gbasara otu esi egbochi ngwa ngwa ikike na ohere ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihi ọchịchọ nke ndị ikom nọ n'ọchịchị. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ide|first=Wendy|title='Afghan Dreamers': Galway Review|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/afghan-dreamers-galway-review/5172194.article|accessdate=19 September 2023|work=[[Screen_International#Screen_Daily_(website)|Screen Daily]]|date=July 7, 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ na onyinye ==

* 2017 Ihe nrite ọlaọcha maka Obi ike Achievement na FIRST Global Challenge, sayensị na teknụzụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Harman 2019&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cochrane 2017&quot;/&gt;
* 2017 Benefiting Humanity in AI Award na World Summit AI
* 2017 Onye mmeri, Ihe ịma aka nke ọchụnta ego na Robotex na Estonia &lt;ref name=&quot;Hauser 2017&quot;/&gt;
* 2018 Ikike maka Nrọ, Raw Film Festival &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Afghan Girl Robotics Team Wins CSIC award|url=https://en.didpress.com/afghan-girl-robotics-team-wins-csic-award/|accessdate=2024-06-26|work=DID PRESS AGENCY|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 Conrad Innovation Challenge, Raw Film Festival
* 2018 Rookie All Start - Mmeri Mpaghara, Canada
* 2018 Asia Game Changer Award Honoree &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2018 Asia Game Changer Awards - Awardees|url=https://asiasociety.org/asia-game-changer-awards/2018-asia-game-changer-awards|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Asia Society|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Inspiring in Engineering Award - FIRST Detroit World Championship
* 2019 Asia Game Changer Award nke California
* 2019 Safety Award - FIRST Global, Dubai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ahmad Salehi|first=Nasir|date=2021-11-01|title=Afghan All-Girl Robotics Team Wins First Global’s Judges Award|url=https://tolonews.com/science-technology-175259|accessdate=2024-06-26|work=Tolo News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kang|first=John|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkang/2021/04/19/get-to-know-the-youngest-members-of-forbes-30-under-30-asia-2021/|title=Get To Know The Youngest Members Of Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2021|date=2021-04-19|work=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia 2021|url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30/2021/asia/|accessdate=2023-10-11|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 World Championships, Genoa, Switzerland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-23|title=Afghan girls’ robotics team win at world championships in Switzerland {{!}} Ariana News|url=https://www.ariananews.af/afghan-girls-robotics-team-win-at-world-championships-in-switzerland/|accessdate=2024-06-26|work=www.ariananews.af|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>82achimnqxyhdp7tft3l8wkrtfkpezw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>NikNaks (nri South Africa)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55506</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741648</id>
      <parentid>740353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T05:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7865" sha1="45dosg7vqpwts1u53wfana1dzh66if9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:NiknaksZA.jpg|thumb|NikNaks]]
NikNaks, nke a makwaara dị ka &quot;amaNikNaks,&quot;[1] bụ aha aha maka akara [2] a ma ama nke South Africa Chips puffs nke ụlọ ọrụ Simba Chips rụpụtara kemgbe 1972.[3]  Na mbụ na-abata naanị &quot;Cheese&quot; ụtọ.  A na-erekarị ya na gram 55 na gram 135, a na-esikwa na ọka, mmanụ ihe oriri, nnu na cheese mee ya.

Ọ bụ ebe na ọ dị na South Africa ma na-eri ya na mpaghara Ndịda Afrịka, a na-eri NikNaks na mba ụwa n'ihi diaspora nke South Africa..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://homecomingrevolution.com/african-expats-miss-home/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010833/http://homecomingrevolution.com/african-expats-miss-home/|archivedate=2018-12-11|title=What African expats miss most about home - Homecoming Revolution|date=2015-01-20|language=en-GB|accessdate=2016-07-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mkpụrụ ego ==

Akara ahụ mmetụta ihe egwu ugwu, Nik the Nak, na ndị na-acha odo odo nke nwere diamond dị iche iche na-acha gburugburu dabere na mmasị.  Green maka chutney osisi, brown maka anụ ehi na-esi mmasị, na pink maka cheese.  N'afọ 2000, a akara nke ihe nkedo ahụ n'ihi ihe ndị gosiri na-egosi nke mbụ nke mbụ Kaapse Klopse minstrel.[1]  A na-ewebata ihe nkedo ahụ na dị ka onye na-eme ihe nke dị n'agbata afọ iri na ụma agbanweela n'ime nwoke na-eto eto, na-ele anya ihe ndị dị na omenala ndị eze.. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A rụzuru akara ọhụrụ na nke ikpeazụ (dị ka nke 2020) na 2010 mgbe a họọrọ atụmatụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Graffiti site na Mzwandile Buthelezi mgbe ndị otu ọha na eze họpụtara ya kacha mma n'ime nhọrọ ọhụrụ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2014, e nyere Ndị Britain na-ebubata Niknaks nke South Africa akwụkwọ ozi iwu na-agwa ha ka ha gara ibubata ihe oriri na mba ahụ ka mebiri aha nke ndị okenye, nke 1981 na Britain Nik Naks nke KP Snacks  nha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/to-niknak-or-not-to-niknak/|title=Trademark dispute could halt import of Simba Niknaks into UK|author=Sanderson|first=Sertan|date=27 May 2014|accessdate=2016-07-28|archivedate=2016-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920050119/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/to-niknak-or-not-to-niknak/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nri na-esi ísì ụtọ ==
NikNaks na-abịa ugbu a n'ụdị asatọ dị iche iche: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NikNaks Flavours|url=https://simba.co.za/flavours?brand=NikNaks|work=Simba|accessdate=3 May 2022|archivedate=21 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921114125/https://simba.co.za/flavours?brand=NikNaks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Cheese mbụ - ụtọ mbụ nke akara ahụ na ngwugwu odo na pink.
* Nri BBQ - (nke bụbu Spicy Beef) malitere na ncheta afọ iri anọ nke akara ahụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013 na ngwugwu odo na nchara nchara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodstuffsa.co.za/news-stuff/latest-sa-news/3255-niknaks-celebrates-over-40-years-of-snacking-with-new-spicy-beef-flavour-1|title=NikNaks celebrates over 40 years of snacking with new Spicy Beef and also costs R1 flavour|work=www.foodstuffsa.co.za|accessdate=2016-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818101931/http://www.foodstuffsa.co.za/news-stuff/latest-sa-news/3255-niknaks-celebrates-over-40-years-of-snacking-with-new-spicy-beef-flavour-1|archivedate=2016-08-18|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''www.foodstuffsa.co.za''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160818101931/http://www.foodstuffsa.co.za/news-stuff/latest-sa-news/3255-niknaks-celebrates-over-40-years-of-snacking-with-new-spicy-beef-flavour-1 the original] on 2016-08-18&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-07-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mkpụrụ osisi Chutney - na ngwugwu odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.
* Chicken e siri esi - na ngwugwu na-acha odo odo na nke na-acha nchara nchara (nke a malitere na 2020).
* Sweet Chili - na ngwugwu odo na acha anụnụ anụnụ.
* Ama-Collision Cheese &amp; Sweet Chilli - na ngwugwu odo, pink na acha anụnụ anụnụ.
* Ama-Collision Cheese &amp; BBQ - na ngwugwu odo, pink na nchara nchara.
* Flamin' Hot - Black na Red ngwugwu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Thukwana|first=Ntando|title='Flaming Hot' NikNaks are hot enough, rules ad watchdog – even if some just taste tomato|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/advertising-regulator-rules-nik-naks-flaming-hot-snacks-have-enough-heat-2022-4|work=Business Insider SA|accessdate=3 May 2022|archivedate=26 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426114446/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/advertising-regulator-rules-nik-naks-flaming-hot-snacks-have-enough-heat-2022-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kwụsịrị ụtọ ndị a:

* Chilli Cheese - na ngwugwu odo na ọbara ọbara nke e wepụtara na Nọvemba 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fastmoving.co.za/activities/niknaks-introduces-a-spicy-new-flavour-6631|title=NikNaks introduces a spicy new flavour|work=Fastmoving.co.za|accessdate=2016-07-28|archivedate=2016-08-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808143329/http://www.fastmoving.co.za/activities/niknaks-introduces-a-spicy-new-flavour-6631}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tomato Spicy - na ngwugwu odo na ọbara ọbara nke e wepụtara na 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/31377/niknaks-launches-a-new-pack-and-a-spicy-new-flavour|title=NIKNAKS launches a new pack and a spicy new flavour|date=22 October 2010|accessdate=2016-07-28|archivedate=2016-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211532/http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/31377/niknaks-launches-a-new-pack-and-a-spicy-new-flavour}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/31377/niknaks-launches-a-new-pack-and-a-spicy-new-flavour &quot;NIKNAKS launches a new pack and a spicy new flavour&quot;]. 22 October 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160827211532/http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/marketing/31377/niknaks-launches-a-new-pack-and-a-spicy-new-flavour Archived] from the original on 2016-08-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2016-07-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
Simba Chip, ndị na-emepụta NikNaks, bụ ndị South Africa Advertising Regulatory Body nyochara maka ebubo mgbasa ozi ụgha mgbe mkpesa ọha na eze mere na ụtọ Flamin 'Hot adịghị ụtọ. Kọmitii ahụ kpebiri na ihu ọma Simba, na-ekwu na ihe na-atọ ụtọ bụ ihe onye ọ bụla na-azụ ahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Thukwana|first=Ntando|title='Flaming Hot' NikNaks are hot enough, rules ad watchdog – even if some just taste tomato|url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/advertising-regulator-rules-nik-naks-flaming-hot-snacks-have-enough-heat-2022-4|work=Business Insider|accessdate=3 May 2022|archivedate=26 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426114446/https://www.businessinsider.co.za/advertising-regulator-rules-nik-naks-flaming-hot-snacks-have-enough-heat-2022-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ọmụma gbasara nri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Nri Chiiz'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Anụ ehi na-esi ísì ụtọ'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Mkpụrụ osisi Chutney Flavour'''
|-
!Nkezi Ọnụ Ọdị
!Kwa 100g
!Nkwado Nkwado
!Kwa 100g
!Nkwado Nkwado
!Kwa 100g
!Nkwado Nkwado
|-
|Ike (kJ) 
|2335
|1284
|2375
|1284
|2335
|1284
|-
|Ike (kCal) 
|564
|307
|564
|307
|559
|307
|-
|Protein
|6.2g
|2.5g
|6.2g
|2.5g
|6.2g
|2.5g
|-
|Carbohydrate
|53g
|29g
|53g
|29g
|53g
|29g
|-
|''nke ndị dị na ya''
|1.3g
|0.7g
|1.3g
|0.7g
|1.3g
|0.7g
|-
|Ọrịa abụba
|36g
|17.9g
|36g
|17.9g
|36g
|17.9g
|-
|Sodium
|0.839g
|0.461g
|0.8g
|0.461g
|0.992g
|0.461g
|}
== Edensibịa ==

{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>45dosg7vqpwts1u53wfana1dzh66if9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mona Zulficar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741621</id>
      <parentid>689702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T23:40:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6775" sha1="3ezvf0vr3cegru09q07jnyi5ktzxro1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Mona Zulficar.png|thumb|Mona Zulficar]]
Mona Salah El-Din Zulficar bụ onye ọka iwu Egypt na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ. Agụnyere ya na ndepụta Forbes 2023 nke &quot;ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego 100 kachasị ike na mpaghara Arab&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mughal|first=Waqar|title=Mona Zulficar - Top 100 Most Powerful Businesswomen 2023|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/top-100-most-powerful-businesswomen-2023/mona-zulficar/|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=Forbes Lists|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shabbir|first=Ahsan|title=Mona Zulficar|url=https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/lists/the-middle-east-power-businesswomen-2021/mona-zulficar/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Forbes Lists|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=13 Egyptian women on Forbes Middle East 100 Most Powerful businesswomen 2023 - Society - Egypt|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/488161/Egypt/-Egyptian-women-on-Forbes-Middle-East--Most-Powerf.aspx|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=Ahram Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-ekere òkè n'ịdepụta iwu ọhụrụ na ịzụlite iwu ndị dị ugbu a metụtara iwu akụ na ụba; Zulficar bụ onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na ụmụ nwanyị, ma na mpaghara ma na mba ụwa, ma na-eme mkpọsa maka iwu ezinụlọ ọhụrụ, iji melite gburugburu iwu na [[Egypt|Ijipt]], iji soro mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, na inye ọhụụ, nke nnwere onwe maka ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zulficar &amp; Partners Law Firm &gt; Cairo &gt; Egypt {{!}} The Legal 500 law firm profiles|url=https://www.legal500.com/firms/14705-zulficar-partners-law-firm/19363-cairo-egypt/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=www.legal500.com|archivedate=2021-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815211917/https://www.legal500.com/firms/14705-zulficar-partners-law-firm/19363-cairo-egypt/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 Egyptians make it to Forbes Middle East 100 Power Businesswomen list|url=https://enterprise.press/stories/2020/02/05/nine-egyptians-make-it-to-forbes-middle-east-100-power-businesswomen-list-11209/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Enterprise|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-16|title=Meet The 10 Egyptian Women Who Made it to Forbes Power Businesswomen in The Middle East 2020|url=https://scoopempire.com/meet-the-10-egyptian-women-who-made-it-to-forbes-power-businesswomen-in-the-middle-east-2020/|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=Scoop Empire|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Salah El Din Zulficar {{!}} Egypt {{!}} Decypha - Don't miss any updates from Decypha. Get your account today to stay up-to-date with your interest!|url=https://www.decypha.com/en/people-list/Mona-Zulficar-74565|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=www.decypha.com|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Mona Salah El-Din Zulficar na mpaghara Abbassia nke Cairo site na ezinụlọ Zulfikar nwere ezi obi. Nna ya Salah Zulfikar (1926-1993) bụ onye uwe ojii n'oge ahụ, ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ama ama, nne ya bụ Nafisa Bahgat bụ onye na-elekọta mmadụ. O nwere otu nwanne, Ahmed Zulfikar (1952-2010) bụ onye injinia na onye ọchụnta ego.

== Ọnọdụ ndị e nwere ==

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Zulficar lụrụ di ma nwee otu nwa nwanyị, Dr. Ingy Badawy; onye ọka iwu.

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* : Nsọpụrụ sitere n'aka Onye isi ala [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah El-Sisi]] nke [[Egypt|Ijipt]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-23|title=منى ذو الفقار عن تكريمها: سعيدة به للغاية وكلام الرئيس السيسى له أثر كبير على|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/3/23/منى-ذو-الفقار-عن-تكريمها-سعيدة-به-للغاية-وكلام-الرئيس/5703046|accessdate=2022-04-13|work=اليوم السابع|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=President El-Sisi and First Lady Celebrate Egyptian Women’s Day and Mother of the Year 2022|url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/165012?lang=en-us|accessdate=2024-11-29|archivedate=2024-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202110826/https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/165012%3Flang%3Den-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* : Knight nke Legion d'honneur site na [[Government of France|Gọọmentị France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Zulficar|url=https://whoswholegal.com/mona-zulficar|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=whoswholegal|language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Nkwado na onyinye ==

* Onye Ijipt mbụ na nwanyị mbụ meriri ihe nrite oge ndụ nke International Financial Law Review (IFLR). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Zulficar sets first for Egypt, women at IFLR MENA awards 2018; Sharkawy &amp; Sarhan named Egypt firm of the year|url=https://enterprise.press/stories/2018/10/22/mona-zulficar-sets-first-for-egypt-women-at-iflr-mena-awards-2018-sharkawy-sarhan-named-egypt-firm-of-the-year/|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=Enterprise|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lawyer Mona Zulficar Becomes First Woman to Win Prestigious ILFR Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://cairoscene.com:443/Buzz/mona-zulficar-lifetime-achievement|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=Cairo Scene|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130234044/https://cairoscene.com/Buzz/mona-zulficar-lifetime-achievement|archive-date=2022-01-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A họpụtara ya na Disemba 1994 site na Magazin Time dị ka otu n'ime 100 Young Leaders of the Twentieth Century n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-01-15|title=Mona Zulficar|url=https://whoisshe.wmf.org.eg/expert-profile/mona-zulficar|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=The Women and Memory Forum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-akpọ ya dị ka onye ọrụ ama ama na Banking na Finance site na Chambers and Partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zulficar &amp; Partners, Global {{!}} Chambers Profiles|url=https://chambers.com/law-firm/zulficar-partners-global-2:210805|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=chambers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CEWLA Award maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na Passing the Khula Law, 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Ms. Mona Zulficar (Nominated by the Government of Egypt)|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/AdvisoryCom/CVMembers/MonaZulficar.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye Mmepe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mba Nile, Cairo, 1995.
* Ịsọpụrụ Gọvanọ nke Cairo maka Nchebe nke Ikike Ụmụ nwanyị, 2000.
* Nchịkọta n'elu 20 n'etiti 100 ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego kachasị ike na mpaghara Arab, dị ka nhazi Forbes si kwuo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mona Zulficar|url=https://whoswholegal.com/mona-zulficar|accessdate=2021-08-15|work=whoswholegal|language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Ijipt
* Ndepụta nke ndị Ijipt

== Ihe odide ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>3ezvf0vr3cegru09q07jnyi5ktzxro1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lucinda Evans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741600</id>
      <parentid>515407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T14:32:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8746" sha1="frpndz09ufw9wnvo0nf12cb3kvt6b99" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lucinda Evans (drawing).jpg|thumb|Lucinda Evans]]
Lucinda Collette Evans (amụrụ 24 Ọgọst 1972) bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị South Africa na nwanyị.[1] A maara ya maka idugharị ngagharịiwe mba niile wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị kwuru okwu na ngagharị iwe #AmINext na mpụga ụlọ omeiwu South Africa na-akpọ oku ka gọọmentị mee ihe megide ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị na igbu mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-18-you-will-not-moer-us-today-lucinda-evans-to-police-at-the-aminext-parliament-protest/|title=IN THEIR OWN WORDS: #AMINEXT ACTIVISTS: 'You will not moer us today': Lucinda Evans to police at the #AmINext Parliament protest|author=Payne|first=Suné|work=Daily Maverick|date=17 September 2019|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/watch-heres-what-being-a-bbc-top-100-woman-means-to-lucinda-evans-35544116|title=WATCH: Here's what being a BBC top 100 woman means to Lucinda Evans {{!}} IOL News|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.colouredsa.co.za/ck/lucinda-evans-is-one-of-bbcs-100-most-influential-women-in-the-world|title=Lucinda Evans is one of BBC's 100 Most Influential Women in the World|author=admin|date=2019-10-23|work=Coloured South Africa|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2019-10-27|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027171620/https://www.colouredsa.co.za/ck/lucinda-evans-is-one-of-bbcs-100-most-influential-women-in-the-world}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyvoice.co.za/news/lucinda-evans-makes-bbcs-top-100-women-list-35184197|title=Lucinda Evans makes BBC's top 100 women list|work=www.dailyvoice.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Afọ ndị mbụ ==
A mụrụ Evans na District nke isii, Cape Town, ma ebuga ya na Lavender Hill n'ihi iwu mpaghara mpaghara mgbe ọ dị afọ ise. Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, o kpebiri ịrụ ọrụ na mmepe obodo, ma malite ọrụ afọ ofufo maka ụlọ ọgwụ Red Cross na mmalite nke ndụ ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cape Town College of Education na 1996, ọ rụrụ ọrụ obodo na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị na mgbochi HIV na KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape na Beaufort West, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepe ọrụ ụgbọ ala mbụ...&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://live.fundza.mobi/home/library/non-fiction-articles-profiles/lucinda-evans-healing-her-hood/|title=Lucinda Evans – Healing her Hood {{!}} FunDza|author=Ust|first=Homeabout|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
N'afọ 2008, ka ọ hụkwara otu nwoke na-emegbu nwunye ya n'okporo ámá, o mesịrị kpebie ịmalite nzukọ nke ya na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ bụ Philisa Abafazi Bethu; &quot;Philisa Abafazi Bethu&quot; bu isiXhosa ma putara &quot;Gwaputa umunwanyi anyi&quot;. N'ime nzukọ ya, Lucinda Evans na-akwado ndị a na-eme ihe ike n'ime ụlọ, ndina n'ike, na mmegbu n'ụdị ọ bụla. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe mbụ o lekwasịrị anya bụ ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, Philisa Abafazi Bethu na-arụkwa ọrụ ugbu a na ndị nwoke, ndị na-abụghị ọnụọgụ abụọ, na ezinụlọ dum.

Evans malitere nzukọ ya na 2008 n'ime ụlọ obibi ya na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na Lavender Hill; na mbido naanị otu nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme maka ụmụaka mgbe ha gachara akwụkwọ. Kemgbe a tọrọ ntọala ya, Philisa Abafazi Bethu etoola ngwa ngwa iji nye ọ bụghị naanị otu nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara maka ụmụaka, kamakwa o nwere otu maka ndị agadi a na-emegbu, otu ndị ntorobịa, onye na-echekwa ụmụaka, ụlọ ọgwụ iwu, ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị, na ụlọ dị nchebe maka ndị otu LGBTQIA + bụ ndị a na-ime ihe ike mmekọahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.philisaabafazi.org/|title=Home|work=philisaabafazi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ abụọ ahụ dị nchebe bụ ugbu a naanị ebe mgbaba mberede na mpaghara ahụ nke na-anabata ndị mmadụ n'agbanyeghị ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọnọdụ ahụike zuru oke ma ọ bụ ihe riri ahụ.

N'afọ 2017, Lucinda Evans na ndị otu ya nyeere ezinụlọ Rene Roman, onye dị afọ iri na atọ, aka, site n'inye ha nkwado mmetụta uche ma nyere ha aka ịchọ nwa ha nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.capetownetc.com/news/lavender-hill-woman-among-worlds-most-influential/|title=Lavender Hill woman among world's most influential|work=www.capetownetc.com|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, o guzobere otu ọchụchọ maka onye dị afọ iri na atọ nke na-apụ mgbe ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị na-efu efu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/search-group-formed-after-murder-20170327|title=Search group formed after teen's murder}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi ime ihe ike na-aga n'ihu megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na ọrụ na-arịwanye elu maka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, Evans na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụkọ ọrụ na-enye ndị si Lavender Hill na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu ndụmọdụ kwa ụbọchị. Kemgbe 2020, ọrụ Philisa Abafazi Bethu - ma e wezụga ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị - niile nọ n'okpuru nchebe nke Philisa Abafemisa Bethu Family Center na Steenberg. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/402863/this-will-become-a-sacred-space-philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre|title='This will become a sacred space' - Philisa Abafazi Bethu opens family centre}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.peninsulabeverage.co.za/news-events/philisa-abafazi-bethu-family-centre-launches-in-retreat-to-support-victims-of-gender-based-violence-1/|title=Philisa Abafazi Bethu Family Centre launches in Retreat to support victims of gender-based violence - Peninsula Beverage Co. (Pty) Ltd|accessdate=2024-12-03|archivedate=2024-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316013135/https://www.peninsulabeverage.co.za/news-events/philisa-abafazi-bethu-family-centre-launches-in-retreat-to-support-victims-of-gender-based-violence-1/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-14-a-space-of-healing-and-hope-philisa-abafazi-bethus-new-family-centre-in-retreat/|title=THE INTERVIEW: A space of healing and hope: Philisa Abafazi Bethu's new family centre in Retreat|date=14 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.southernmail.co.za/news/philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre-172d3aaa-6060-4d4b-b194-1b10e8dd5ef6|title=Philisa Abafazi Bethu opens family centre|date=25 November 2020|access-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126184828/https://www.southernmail.co.za/news/philisa-abafazi-bethu-opens-family-centre-172d3aaa-6060-4d4b-b194-1b10e8dd5ef6|archive-date=26 November 2024|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lucinda Evans anọwo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị megide ime ihe ike na igbu onwe ya n'oge ndụ ya niile wee malite ma sonye n'ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe na South Africa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ onye mmalite na onye nhazi nke &quot;One Bill Rising South Africa&quot;[1] ma nyere aka n'ịmalite mmemme mkpesa &quot;Am I Next? / #amInext?&quot;[2] nke ndị mmadụ si n'akụkụ nile nke mba ahụ mere mkpesa. megide ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na-abawanye na South Africa.

== Onyinye na mmata ==

* N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a họpụtara Evans maka ọkwa onye isi ụmụaka na Western Cape.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vocfm.co.za/local-activist-makes-bbc-100-women-2019-list/|title=Local activist makes BBC 100 Women 2019 list|date=2019-10-21|work=Voice of the Cape|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-10-27|archivedate=2019-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027173649/https://www.vocfm.co.za/local-activist-makes-bbc-100-women-2019-list/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2016, e nyere ya Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur site n'aka onye nnọchi anya [[France]] na South Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
* N'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke BBC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279|title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list?|date=2019-10-16|accessdate=2019-10-27|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/sa-bbc-100-women/|title=This is the only South African to be chosen as one of the BBC top 100 Women of 2019!|author=Vivier|first=Tyler|date=2019-10-16|work=Good Things Guy|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>frpndz09ufw9wnvo0nf12cb3kvt6b99</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mohammad Toaha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741620</id>
      <parentid>722622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T23:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4683" sha1="mtnsk1tmbrfx9rwsv2ok27tdiqq91bn" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox person|name=Mohammad Toaha|native_name=মোহাম্মদ তোয়াহা|native_name_lang=bn|birth_date={{birth date|1922|1|2|df=y}}|birth_place=Hajirhat village, [[Ramgati Upazila]], [[Lakshmipur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]|nationality=Bangladeshi|alma_mater=[[Calcutta University]]|death_date={{death date and age|1987|11|29|1922|1|2|df=y}}}}

Mohammad Toaha (2 Jenụwarị 1922 - 29 Nọvemba 1987) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke 1952 na onye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ a ma ama si Bangladesh.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mohammad Toaha remembered|url=http://newagebd.net/71558/mohammad-toaha-remembered/|work=New Age|date=29 November 2014|accessdate=12 July 2016|archive-date=30 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130125139/http://newagebd.net/71558/mohammad-toaha-remembered/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hossain|first=Abu Md. Delwar|title=Toaha, Mohammad|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Toaha,_Mohammad|work=[[Banglapedia]]|publisher=Bangladesh Asiatic Society|accessdate=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808203442/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Toaha,_Mohammad|archive-date=8 August 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Akwụkwọ Toaha na 2 Jenụwarị 1922 n'obodo Hajirhat na Ramgati nke Lakshmipur District.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Calcutta na 1939. O mechara megharịa MA ya na-eji ụkwụ ike na 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Toaha dị ka onye na-eme ọnụ iwe na Sylhet Referendum n'okpuru Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani na 1946. N'afọ 1947, ọ akwụkwọ East Pakistan Students Federation, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na-arụ ọrụ n'aka ekpe n'Ebe Ọwụwa ozugbo Bengal.  Aha ya na nnapụta nke Awami Muslim League na 1949.

=== Òtù Asụsụ Bengali ===
Toaha bụ onye mbụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge ọrụ nke aha Bengali.  N'iji iri na otu n'anyị Machị n'afọ 1948, mgbe otu ndị otu Toaha duziri gara Secretariat iji nye Khawaja Nazimuddin ihe ebe, ndị uwe ojii jidere ya.  Mgbe e hụ, ha tara ya ndu ma otu izu n'iche ọgwụ maka mgbake.  Dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi nke Kọmitii Rashtrabhasha Shangram (Komiti Ọrụ Asụsụ Steeti), a na-eji Toaha ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ niile ya na ọrụ.  Ọ bụkwa onye akụkụ anya Fazlul Haque Hall nke Mahadum Dhaka.  Mgbe Muhammad Ali Jinnah gara ebe ahụ, Toaha njem ya ihe ihe kpatara ntanye ha.  Ọ na-ekwukwa okwu na egwu na-eme ide Bengali na edemede Arabic.  Ọ bụ onye anya Jubo League na Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrabhasha Kormoporishod (All-party Central Language Committee of Action).  Ka e hụ n'afọ 1952, e jidere ya maka njikọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ.

=== 1954–1970 ===
Mgbe a tụhapụrụ ya na 1954, o ngwaọrụ na mbụ aka nke United Front meri.[1]  N'ebe ahụ, a mgbaàmà ya dị ka onye otu Provincial Assembly.  N'afọ 1956, o adi otu ndị ọrụ a na-akpọ Purba Pakistan Majdur Federation ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi oche ya.  N'afọ 1957, e mgba Toaha na National Awami Party nke Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani ma akara họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ ibu ibu ukwu ya.  Site na iwu agha nke Ayub Khan na 1958, Tokaaha la nchekwa na-enyere ndị na-eso ụzọ.  N'afọ 1969, ọ tọ otu n'ime ndị na-hazi òtù ndị na-anya Ayub. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Bangladesh ===
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Alim|first=Syed Fattahul|date=1 February 2012|title=Has Left Politics any Future?|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2012/february/left.htm|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|accessdate=12 July 2016|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723184148/https://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2012/february/left.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toaha mgbasa ndị Kọmunist Sukhendu Dastider na Abdul Haq nke East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) akwụkwọ isonye n'agha akwụkwọ onwe maka Bangladesh.

=== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị ===
Mgbe akwụkwọ onwe nke Bangladesh nchebe, e nyere ya akwụkwọ ikike ma ọ gara zoo.  Mgbe ọnwụchara akwụkwọ ikike na 1976 ọ la ike na ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ.  A ahụmahụ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Jatiya Sangsad na 1979. N'afọ 1986, Toaha ngwaọrụ na mbụ aka Jatiya Sangsad dị ka onye a na site na njikọ 8-Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Toaha nwụrụ na 29 Nọvemba 1987 n'obodo ya bụ Hajirhat, Lakshmipur District . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mtnsk1tmbrfx9rwsv2ok27tdiqq91bn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marica Bodrožić</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>56494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741608</id>
      <parentid>580215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T17:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6725" sha1="edy66s2qxaai1qvhcgeug11dqfuyi98" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faịlụ:Marica_Bodrožić.JPG|thumb|Marica Bodrožić (2015) ]]
Marica Bodrožić (amụrụ 1973) bụ onye odee German sitere na agbụrụ Croatian.  A mụrụ ya na  na Cista Provo, Croatia na bụbu Yugoslavia.  Ọ kwagara Germany mgbe ọ bụ nwata ma bi ugbu a na Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marica Bodrožić|work=Penguin Random House Verlagsgruppe|date=29 November 2022|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.de/Autor/Marica-Bodroic/p372306.rhd|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bodrožić na-ede akwụkwọ n'Asụsụ German.[1]  Ọ na-ekwu okwu nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ụdị, edemede, akwụkwọ, uri, na-eme.[2]  Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi nke edemede okike.[3]  Otu n'ime ọrụ ya ma ama bụ akwụkwọ Kirschholz und alte Gefühle (A Cherrywood Table) nke natara EU Prize for Literature .  [4] Stefano Zangrando akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ Italian maka Mimesis (2017). &lt;ref name=&quot;Stefano Zangrando&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Writes @ Berlin|work=Stefano Zangrando|url=https://www.literaturport.de/wab/person/stefano-zangrando/|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, Marica Bodrožić bịanyere aka na iwu maka ndị Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia Ndị Montenegro. &lt;ref name=&quot;Google Drive&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku (одговори)|work=Google Drive|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1XVGV5Z306SeDFzpdpUHhfeK-voAFdaakS48LqXfGozA/pubhtml|language=hr|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Tito ist tot : Erzählungen|publisher=Suhrkamp|date=2002|isbn=3-518-41308-2|oclc=50476835|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Der Spieler der inneren Stunde : Roman|publisher=Suhrkamp|date=2005|isbn=3-518-41665-0|oclc=58422044|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Sterne erben, Sterne färben : meine Ankunft in Wörtern|publisher=Suhrkamp|date=2007|isbn=978-3-518-12506-9|oclc=122260148|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Ein Kolibri kam unverwandelt : Gedichte|publisher=Otto Müller|date=2007|isbn=978-3-7013-1126-2|oclc=84611665|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Der Windsammler : Erzählungen|publisher=Suhrkamp|date=2007|isbn=978-3-518-41914-4|oclc=173842772|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Lichtorgeln : Gedichte|publisher=Otto Müller|date=2008|isbn=978-3-7013-1155-2|oclc=237882516|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Das Gedächtnis der Libellen Roman|date=2010|isbn=978-3-630-87334-3|oclc=695926645|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Quittenstunden : Gedichte|publisher=O. Müller|date=2011|isbn=978-3-7013-1181-1|oclc=709663370|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Kirschholz und alte Gefühle Roman|date=2014|isbn=978-3-442-74752-8|oclc=865140744|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Mein weisser Frieden|date=2014|isbn=978-3-630-87394-7|oclc=892336710|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Das Auge hinter dem Auge : Betrachtungen|date=2015|isbn=978-3-7013-1235-1|oclc=920452142|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Das Wasser unserer Träume : Roman|date=2016|isbn=978-3-630-87396-1|oclc=959226508|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Die Wahrheit kann niemand verbrennen : über die Blickrichtung der Liebe bei Mechthild von Magdeburg|date=2018|isbn=978-3-88423-581-2|oclc=1031435343|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|publisher=MSB Matthes &amp; Seitz Berlin Verlagsgesellschaft|title=Poetische Vernunft im Zeitalter gusseiserner Begriffe Essays|date=2019|isbn=978-3-95757-727-6|oclc=1076505985|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Pantherzeit : vom Innenmass der Dinge|date=2021|isbn=978-3-7013-1287-0|oclc=1241661572|language=de}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Die Arbeit der Vögel : Seelenstenogramme|date=2022|isbn=978-3-630-87594-1|oclc=1321951076|language=de}}&lt;ref name=&quot;berliner-ensemble&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Die Arbeit der Vögel|work=berliner-ensemble|url=https://www.berliner-ensemble.de/inszenierung/die-arbeit-der-voegel|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nsụgharị Italian ===

* {{Cite book|author=Bodrožić|first=Marica|title=Il tavolo di ciliegio : romanzo|publisher=Mimesis|date=2017|isbn=978-88-575-3986-7|oclc=1080494323|language=it}}

== Onyinye ==
Ihe nrite Bodrožić gụnyere:

* 2013 Kranichsteiner Literaturpreis&lt;ref name=&quot;DIE WELT 2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kranichsteiner Literaturpreis für Marica Bodrožić|work=[[Die Welt]]|date=29 September 2015|url=https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/boulevard_nt/article118558865/Kranichsteiner-Literaturpreis-fuer-Marica-Bodrozic.html|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 European Union Prize for Literature &lt;ref name=&quot;Stiftung Kunst und Natur&quot; /&gt;
* 2015 Literaturpreis der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung&lt;ref name=&quot;Stiftung Kunst und Natur&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bodrožić, Marica|work=Stiftung Kunst und Natur|url=https://kunst-und-natur.de/stiftung/veranstaltungen/referent-innen/speaker/bodrozhi-marica|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129214413/https://kunst-und-natur.de/stiftung/veranstaltungen/referent-innen/speaker/bodrozhi-marica|archive-date=29 November 2022|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021 Walter-Hasenclever-Literaturpreis [de]&lt;ref name=&quot;BuchMarkt 2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Der Manès Sperber-Preis für Literatur 2021 geht an Marica Bodrožić|work=BuchMarkt|date=11 May 2021|url=https://buchmarkt.de/meldungen/der-manes-sperber-preis-fuer-literatur-2021-geht-an-marica-bodrozic/|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2022 Chamisso-Poetikdozentur [de], Dresden&lt;ref name=&quot;MDR.DE 2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dresden: Marica Bodrožić ist Dozentin der Chamisso-Poetikdozentur 2022|work=MDR.DE|date=8 November 2022|url=https://www.mdr.de/kultur/literatur/dresden-chamisso-poetikdozentur-marica-bodrozic-100.html|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị otu ===

* PEN Center Germany&lt;ref name=&quot;BuchMarkt 2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite web|first=Martin|author=Grzimek|title=Die Entdeckung der deutschen Sprache|work=[[Deutschlandfunk]]|date=27 June 2007|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/die-entdeckung-der-deutschen-sprache-100.html|language=de|accessdate=29 November 2022}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Authority control}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>edy66s2qxaai1qvhcgeug11dqfuyi98</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>National Archives nke Naịjirịa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57287</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741630</id>
      <parentid>697878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:14:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6096" sha1="7vf5q0r5gu38l602digwx5sxc7f9b78" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abioye|first=Abiola|date=2007-02-27|title=Fifty years of archives administration in Nigeria: lessons for the future|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_records-management-journal_2007_17_1/page/52|journal=Records Management Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=52–62|doi=10.1108/09565690710730697|issn=0956-5698}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;{{Databox}}

National Archives of Nigeria nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Nigeria, nwere alaka na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], [[Ibadan]], na [[Kaduna]].National Archives Kaduna dị na 6 Yakubu Gowon Way, Kaduna . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|title=National Archives of Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Information and Communication: Contact Us|date=2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405145718/http://www.nigerianarchives.gov.ng/contactus.htm|archivedate=April 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2024, onye nduzi nke Archives ugbu a bụ Oriakụ Evelyn Odigbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Archives of Nigeria|url=https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Federal Ministry of Information and Culture|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520133804/https://fmic.gov.ng/departments/national-archives/|archive-date=2021-05-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/GBS/37GC/pdf/Liste_des_participants_COMPLETE.pdf|title=Etats membres: Member States|work=UNESCO|accessdate=April 9, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ibadan ==
Ọkammụta Kenneth Onwuka Dike mere nyocha gbasara ihe ndekọ ọha na eze Naijiria site na 1951 ruo 1953. Dabere na ihe a chọtara, o nyere ndụmọdụ ka e nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha ọha.[1] Nke a butere na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke Naijiria na Eprel 1, 1954.[1][2] N'afọ 1957, e wepụtara Iwu Ọha nke 43 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na November 14, 1957. Ọ gbanwere aha ebe nchekwa ahụ wee ghọọ National Archives of Nigeria.. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

E debere ihe ndekọ ahụ na Mahadum nke Ibadan ruo n'afọ 1958. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Adelberger|first=Jörg|date=1992|title=National Archives: Kaduna (NAK), Nigeria|journal=History in Africa|volume=19|pages=435–439|doi=10.2307/3172011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị etiti nyere £ 51,000 iji mepụta ụlọ mbụ na-adịgide adịgide na Ibadan na mmemme akụ na ụba mbụ, 1955-60. Ụlọ a meghere na Jenụwarị 9, 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gwam|first=Lloyd|date=1963|title=The First Permanent Building of the Nigerian National Archives|url=https://archive.org/details/american-archivist_1963-01_26_1/page/67|journal=The American Archivist|language=en-US|volume=26|issue=1|pages=67–74|doi=10.17723/aarc.26.1.l5412hr043222776|issn=0360-9081}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye ndu gara aga ==

* A họpụtara [[Kenneth Dike]] dị ka onye nlekọta gọọmentị nke ndekọ ọha na eze ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi nke Archives site na 1954 ruo 1963. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; A na-ewerekwa ya dị ka nna nke Nigerian Archives . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Lloyd C. Gwam sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Eprel 1, 1964, ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Archives ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 2, 1965. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* S.O. Sowoolu nọchiri Maazị Gwam ma bụrụ onye a na-eto maka ịmalite mgbasawanye nke ihe ndekọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
National Archives of Nigeria nwere ọfịs iri na ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ebe atọ a na-edebe ihe ochie bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara. Ebe ọ bụla na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke nchịkwa ọchịchị metụtara mpaghara ya, yana akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọfịs mpaghara ===

* [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] (east, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1994|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Enugu: An Introduction for Users and Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=21|pages=435–440|doi=10.2307/3171900|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ibadan]] (west, est. 1958)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Heap|first=Simon|date=1991|title=The Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan: An Introduction for Users and a Summary of Holdings|journal=History in Africa|language=en|volume=18|pages=159–172|doi=10.2307/3172061|issn=0361-5413}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Kaduna]] (north, est. 1957)

[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_Ibadan_2.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ nke National Archives Ibadan.]]
[[Faịlụ:National_Archives_of_Nigeria,_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|National Archives of Nigeria, Ibadan]]

=== Ọfịs alaka ===

* [[Abeokuta]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1989) 
* [[Abuja]] (isi ụlọ ọrụ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* [[Akure]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Obodo Benin|Benin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Calabar]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Ilorin]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1985) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Jos]] (bụ n'afọ 1989) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Lagos|Ọdọ Mmiri]]
* [[Maiduguri]] (ọ bụ 2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Port Harcourt (ọ bụ n'afọ 1986) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* [[Sokoto]] (ọ bụ n'afọ 1982) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndị otu ọkachamara ==

=== Mba ===

* Òtù Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Òtù Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi / Omenala nke Naịjirịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Society of Nigerian Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Ógbè ===

* Society of African Archivists&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* West African Regional Branch nke International Council on Archives (WARBICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===

* Njikọ nke Ndị Na-edebe Ihe Ochie na Ndị Nlekọta Ihe ndekọ nke Commonwealth &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* International Council on Archives (ICA) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Kansụl Nchịkwa Ihe ndekọ Mba Nile &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[National Library of Nigeria|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba Naịjirịa]]
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndekọ mba

== Edemsibia ==</text>
      <sha1>7vf5q0r5gu38l602digwx5sxc7f9b78</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Martha Chizuma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>59169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741610</id>
      <parentid>654557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T18:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4279" sha1="c3svy3l6lt06kmse3v49dtyndq6hky1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Martha Chizumat US embassy (sq cropped).jpg|thumb|Martha Chizuma]]
Martha Chizuma bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbochi nrụrụ aka nke [[Malawi]]. A họpụtara ya na 29 Eprel 2021 ka ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya nwanyị mbụ Malawi kemgbe 2015.[1] Emegharịrị nkwekọrịta ya ka ọ kwụsịrị na 31 Maachị 2024.[2] Tupu mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu Senior Resident Magistrate n'ụlọikpe Malawi.

== Ndụ ==
Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ iri na otu a mụrụ na [[Nkula Falls]] n'ihe dị ka afọ 1989. Nne na nna ya si Nkhotakota.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/martha-chizuma|accessdate=2025-01-19|work=African Women in Law|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114163024/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/martha-chizuma|archive-date=2025-01-14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Chizuma gụrụ akwụkwọ na Chancellor College dị na Zomba wee nwee ntozu iwu.[1] O nwere Masters of Laws in International Economic Law si Mahadum East London na Bachelor of Laws with Honors (LLB) sitere na Mahadum Malawi, Chancellor College.

Mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi obodo, ọ bụ nwanyị kachasị nta na naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọrụ ahụ na mpaghara ugwu Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu n'ụzọ ahụ, n'afọ 2015 ọ bụ onye ombudsman kacha nta n'Africa mgbe ọ dị afọ 36.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ oku ekwentị n'etiti Chizuma na nwoke a na-amaghị aha ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Martha Chizuma exposes herself|url=https://malawi24.com/2022/01/23/martha-chizuma-exposes-herself/|accessdate=2022-08-08|work=Malawi 24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịkpọ oku ekwentị, o kwuru na ndị ọka ikpe na ndị majie so n'òtù nrụrụ aka. E boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye na-amaghị nke a na-ekwu maka mkparịta ụka ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-04-28|title=MLS says Chizuma broke oath of office when she talked to Orama Namalomba in leaked audio|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/mls-says-chizuma-broke-oath-of-office-when-she-talked-to-orama-namalomba-in-leaked-audio/|accessdate=2022-08-08|work=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2022, ndị otu ndị nnọchi anya mba Malawi katọrọ Martha Chizuma maka iwebata ụlọ ọrụ [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] ka ha mee nchọpụta maka ụlọ ọrụ na-emegide nrụrụ aka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-10|title=Chizuma faulted over UK agency 'capture'|url=https://malawi24.com/2022/01/10/chizuma-faulted-over-uk-agency-capture/|accessdate=2022-08-07|work=Malawi 24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, e jidere Chizuma n'ihe gbasara ihe nkiri a na-eme na ya na onye ọzọ kwurịtara okwu banyere ọgụ megide nrụrụ aka na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-12-06|title=Malawi Anti-Corruption director Chizuma arrested|url=https://malawi24.com/2022/12/06/malawi-anti-corruption-director-chizuma-arrested/|work=Malawi24|accessdate=2022-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tọhapụrụ ya na mgbapụta n'otu ụbọchị e jidere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Malawian anti-corruption head detained as graft scandal escalates|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c87a9f9-b8d6-42cb-9673-9fe387786fb5|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Malawi24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ịgbaso nrụgide sitere n'aka onye isi, Chizuma's nkwekọrịta dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ mgbochi nrụrụ aka nke Malawi emezigharịghị. Onye osote onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Hillary Chilomba bụ onye na-eme ihe nchịkwa site na 5 June 2024.[1] Ekwesịrị ịmalitegharị usoro ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ mgbe Grace Malera na Office of the Ombudsman chọpụtara ya na mmadụ abụọ nọ na ndepụta ACB (gụnyere Chiloma) emezughị ihe achọrọ maka ọkwa ahụ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pembamoyo|first=Steven|date=2025-01-25|title=Chilomba, Taulo fail on ACB boss race|url=https://mwnation.com/chilomba-taulo-fail-on-acb-boss-race/|accessdate=2025-01-25|work=Nation Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>c3svy3l6lt06kmse3v49dtyndq6hky1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morénike Giwa Onaiwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>64536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741622</id>
      <parentid>739841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T23:53:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11784" sha1="hahobe8az5ldz2tshmra5qak0uqs120" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|image=|alt=|caption=|nationality=American|alma_mater=[[United States International University]] (BA); [[University of Texas of the Permian Basin]] (MA)|occupation=Educator, activist, author|website=https://morenikego.com/}}

'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' bụ onye nkuzi  si mba Amerịka, onye odee, na onye na-akwado nyocha orịa autism Nje HIV . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891|title=Check out Morénike Giwa Onaiwu's #WEGOHealthAwards Nomination|work=WEGO Health Awards|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-03|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193133/https://awards.wegohealth.com/nominees/8891}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/03/15/listen-black-female-and-autistic-hiding-in-plain-sight/|title=LISTEN: Black, female and autistic — hiding in plain sight|date=2017-03-15|work=Salon|first=Matthew|author=Rozsa|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ E. Ashkenazy na Lydia Brown, Onaiwu bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke All the Weight of Our Dreams, akwụkwọ nka na ederede kpamkpam site n'aka ndị autistic nke agba bipụtara site na ótù Autism Women's Network na ọnwa Juun afo 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.autismandrace.com/|title=All the weight of our dreams – On living racialized autism|work=Autism and Race|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
=== Ndụ onwe onye ===
A mụrụ Giwa Onaiwu na obodo [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] n'aka ndị nne na nna si obodo Naịjịrịa na obodo [[Cape Verde]], ebe ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ya ka bi. Ọ na-ekwu na a na-akọwahie ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke autism dị ka àgwà nke &quot;onye ojii [...] na-agbalị ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi ọcha&quot;, karịsịa na mgbaàmà anụ ahụ na-akọwahie dị ka &quot;stereotype nke ndị na-eme ihe ike ma ọ bụ n'elu mmetụta uche ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ụlọ mgbasa ọzi ''Quartz'', o kwuru, sị: &quot;Ọtụtụ àgwà m nwere nke doro anya na ọ bụ agbụrụ m ma ọ bụ okike. N'ihi ya, ọ bụghị nanị na a napụrụ m nkwado ndị gaara enye aka, a ghọtahiere m, nakwa, mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-emegbu m. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|author=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu gara Mahadum Mba Nile nke United States na San Diego, steetị [[California]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọrụ ụlọ na dịka onye ndụmọdụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Citizen Autistic 2|url=https://rampyourvoice.tumblr.com/post/139117648029/citizen-autistic-2|accessdate=2021-05-27|work=Ramp Your Voice!|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri BA na International Relations, Giwa Onaiwu rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ọtụtụ ndị na-enweghị ikike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://autismwomensnetwork.org/directory/morenike-giwa-onaiwu/|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu - Autism Women's Network|work=Autism Women's Network|accessdate=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nkuchi na ụmụ ọmụmụ, nke abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/07/25/what-it-feels-like-to-be-an-autistic-person-of-color-in-the-eyes-of-the-police|title=What It Feels Like To Be An Autistic Person of Color in the Eyes of the Police|author=Garcia|first=Eric|date=2016-07-25|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Giwa Onaiwu na-eji nnọchiaha &quot;ya&quot; na &quot;ha&quot;.

Giwa Onaiwu gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere Masters na Special Education na Mahadum [[Texas]] nke Permian Basin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

=== Mgbalị ===
Giwa Onaiwu ewepụtala ma duru ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ikike mmadụ, gbadoro anya na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha na orịa Autism.  N'afọ 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/|title=LinkedIn|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|work=LinkedIn|accessdate=2018-08-01}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGiwa_Onaiwu&quot;&gt;Giwa Onaiwu, Morénike. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/mor%C3%A9nikegiwaonaiwu/ &quot;LinkedIn&quot;]. ''LinkedIn''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2018-08-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ọ malitere dị ka onye nsonye kwusiri ike na nyocha na nkwado orịa obirinajọcha, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu|title=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|author=Siedle-Khan|first=Bob|date=2016-05-19|work=anchorstudy.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09|archivedate=2018-08-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162727/https://anchorstudy.org/baylor/team/mor%C3%A9nike-giwa-onaiwu}}&lt;/ref&gt; o guzoberu otu Positive Playdates iji baara ezinụlọ ndị nwere orịa obirinajọcha metụtara uru. A ga-ejikọta nzukọ a n' ime otu Advocacy Without Borders, nzukọ o guzobere na 2014 iji kwado ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.advocacywithoutborders.org/|title=Advocacy Without Borders|work=advocacywithoutborders.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu bụ onye isi oche otu ndị ọrụ nyocha HIV nke ụmụ nwanyị na kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Obodo ACTG họpụtara onye nnọchi anya otu cross-network Community Partners Working Group.  Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii Autism na Race for the Autistic Women's Network site na 2014 ruo 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi na onye bụbu onye isi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ije ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN) Board of Directors site na afo 2016 ruo afo 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://autisticadvocacy.org/about-asan/leadership/|title=Leadership|work=Autistic Self Advocacy Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2021, Giwa Onaiwu bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwupụta na Autistic Self Advocacy Network na-agbachi ndị pere mpe na ndị autistic nwere nkwarụ ọgụgụ isi.Ebubo gụnyere na ASAN kparịrị ọrụ onye ndọrọndọrọ onye America, na ọtụtụ ndị otu bọọdụ bụ obere agbụrụ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi ịkpa oke agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;openletter&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hear Our Cry: Call for Solidarity with Autistic BIPoC and Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities: Demands presented to the Autistic Self-Advocacy Network (ASAN) for their June 20th Board Meeting|url=https://morenikego.com/memo-to-asan-2021/|work=Morénike Giwa Onaiwu|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=20 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara kwuwapụta na ọ na-ahapụ mmegharị ahụ #actuallyautistic n'ihi okwu ndị dị ka microaggressions.&lt;ref name=&quot;matrix&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Giwa Onaiwu|first=Morénike|title=Leaving the Matrix|url=https://morenikego.com/leaving-the-matrix-aka-the-autistic-community/|work=Just Being Me...Who Needs 'Normalcy' Anyway?|accessdate=24 May 2022|date=26 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'èzí ụlọ ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike.  N'afọ 2015, ọ malitere akwụkwọ mkpesa ka ọ chụpụ ebubo mwakpo ọjọọ megide nwa akwụkwọ etiti autistic ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-akwado autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|title=Petition asks for charges to be dropped against Linkhorne Middle School student with autism|author=Dix|first=Katrina|date=2015-08-30|work=Richmond Times-Dispatch|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616113436/https://richmond.com/news/petition-asks-for-charges-to-be-dropped-against-linkhorne-middle/article_f5b4a9b2-b55a-5379-994b-42ced62982ce.html|archive-date=2023-06-16|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ọnwa Maachị 2018, e gosipụtara Giwa Onaiwu  na otu Simons Foundation's Spectrum gunyere kwa ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-ekwu maka ahụmịhe ha dị iche iche dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọrịa autism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/multimedia/spectrum-presents-flying-university-women-autism-spectrum/|title=Spectrum presents 'Flying University: Women on the autism spectrum'|date=2018-07-12|work=Spectrum {{!}} Autism Research News|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Giwa Onaiwu na-ekwu okwu na mmemme iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mara ma kwalite ike nke obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, gụnyere ndị lanarịrị mmegbu, ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ndị nwere nkwarụ gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị na-arịa ọrịa autistic na ndị na'acha ọbara ọbara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/756/0756460.html|title=Special Event Marks World Autism Awareness Day|author=Felipe|first=Loey|date=2018-04-05|work=United Nations Photo|accessdate=2018-07-09|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ndị na - aria oria obirinajọcha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/autismday/assets/pdf/2018-programme.pdf|title=Empowering Women and Girls with Autism|work=United Nations Department of Public Information and Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwn-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2018-program-for-web.pdf|title=Positive Women's Network USA|work=2018 Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na edemede ===
Giwa Onaiwu enweela ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu na netwọk nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nyocha ahụike maka oria obirinajocha, autism, na okike. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nchịkọta edepụtara, isi, isiokwu ndị ọgbọ nyochara, na op eds. Akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Sincerely, Your Autistic Child: What People on the Autism Spectrum Wish Their Parents Knew About Growing Up, Acceptance, and Identity, bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Beacon Press bipụtara ma soro ndị ụlọ ọrụ Autistic Women na Nonbinary Network dezie. Ọ ga-ewepụta ''Neurodiversity En Noir: A Collection of Black Neurodiverse Voices'', na Jessica Kingsley Publishing na ngwụcha afo 2021.

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|title=All the Weight of Our Dreams: On Living Racialized Autism|publisher=Autism Women's Network|year=2017|isbn=9780997504507|editor=Brown}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* All the Weight of Our Dreams, onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/670589/sincerely-your-autistic-child-by-autistic-women-and-nonbinary-network/ Eziokwu, Nwa Gị Na-arịa Onwe Gị], onye nchịkọta akụkọ
* [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-13-8437-0 Autistic Community na Neurodiversity Movement], onye edemede
* Ịmara Ihe kpatara ya, onye edemede
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Real_Experts.html?id=IUYCjwEACAAJ Ezigbo Ndị Ọkachamara: Ihe Ndị Nne na Nna nke Ụmụaka Autistic], onye edemede
* [http://whoneedsnormalcy.com/ Blog, &quot;Onye chọrọ ịdị mma&quot;]

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>hahobe8az5ldz2tshmra5qak0uqs120</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nelly Mugo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741641</id>
      <parentid>740209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T04:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7972" sha1="tb9me5tnm09mapgnikze52oqi8p8iju" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Nelly Mugo''' bụ dọkịta umụ nwanyị, ọkachamara n'ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị na ọkà mmụta sayensị na-etinye aka na nyocha HIV na mgbochi ọrịa cancer cervical si Kenya. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Associate Research, Global Health na Mahadum Washington na Center for Clinical Research, Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ahụike Kenya .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu Academy of Sciences nke Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2021, Mugo ghọrọ onye nnabata nke Gita Ramjee Prize.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=Nelly Mugo Honored for Research in HIV Prevention|url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/news/2021/01/28/nelly-mugo-honored-research-hiv-prevention|accessdate=2022-04-16|work=globalhealth.washington.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Mugo bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asatọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Ọ malitere ọzụzụ ahụike ya na Mahadum Nairobi na afọ 1981,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery na Master of Medicine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nelly Mugo Research Associate Professor, Global Health|url=https://globalhealth.washington.edu/faculty/nelly-mugo|publisher=[[University of Washington]]|accessdate=19 September 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalhealth.washington.edu/faculty/nelly-mugo &quot;Nelly Mugo Research Associate Professor, Global Health&quot;]. [[University of Washington]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 19,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na afọ 2000, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Master of Public Health na Mahadum Washington. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nelly Mugo|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/nelly-mugo-317505|accessdate=2022-06-02|work=The Conversation|date=November 21, 2016|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
A zụrụ Mugo ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara n'ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị na ọrịa na-efe efe  .&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọgwụ ime obodo, na mgbe e mesịrị, ụlọ ọgwụ Pumwani Maternity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kirby|first=Tony|date=2017-04-29|title=Nelly Mugo—rolling out PrEP in Kenya|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673617310681|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=389|issue=10080|pages=1689|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31068-1|pmid=28463131|id={{ProQuest|&lt;!-- insert ProQuest data here --&gt;}}}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKirby2017&quot;&gt;Kirby, Tony (April 29, 2017). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673617310681 &quot;Nelly Mugo—rolling out PrEP in Kenya&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''389''' (10080): 1689. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31068-1|10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31068-1]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28463131 28463131]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13315559 13315559].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye dọkịta na onye isi ngalaba maka nyocha na mmemme na ụlọ ọgwụ Kenyatta National Hospital, ma nyekwaara ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike ọzụzụ  na nkuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/nelly-mugo|title=Nelly Mugo|publisher=[[African Academy of Sciences]]|accessdate=19 September 2021|archivedate=9 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109152318/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/nelly-mugo|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. [[African Academy of Sciences]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109152318/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/nelly-mugo the original] on January 9, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;September 19,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mugo bụ onye nyocha maka Ọmụmụ PrEP Partners,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; nke bu n'obi iji ọgwụ gbochie nje HIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Partners PrEP Study {{!}} International Clinical Research Center|url=http://depts.washington.edu/uwicrc/?q=research/current/partners-prep-study|accessdate=2022-06-02|work=depts.washington.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugo enyela aka na atụmatụ dị iche iche nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na fora, ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; ma bụrụ akụkụ nke kọmitii degharịrị ụkpụrụ PrEP maka mmemme nchịkwa AIDS na STI nke Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya dị ka onye nyocha, Mugo bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ahụike ịmụ nwa. Ọ na-eduga ugbu a saịtị nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ na Thika, Kenya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nelly Mugo, MbCHB, MMED (Ob,Gyn) MPH {{!}} AME|url=https://academicmedicaleducation.com/nelly-mugo-mbchb-mmed-obgyn-mph|accessdate=2022-04-16|work=academicmedicaleducation.com|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://academicmedicaleducation.com/nelly-mugo-mbchb-mmed-obgyn-mph &quot;Nelly Mugo, MbCHB, MMED (Ob,Gyn) MPH | AME&quot;]. ''academicmedicaleducation.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 16,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụkwa onye so na kọmitii mmụta nke International Papillomavirus Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mugo, Nelly|url=https://ipvsoc.org/member/nelly-mugo/|accessdate=2022-06-02|work=IPVS|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ipvsoc.org/member/nelly-mugo/ &quot;Mugo, Nelly&quot;]. ''IPVS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, Mugo ghọrọ onye nnata mbụ nke Gita Ramjee Prize maka ndị isi ndị sayensị nwanyị na ngalaba mgbochi HIV.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nosipho|title=Dr Nelly Mugo becomes 1st recipient of Gita Ramjee Prize at HIVR4P //Virtual 2021|url=https://www.auruminstitute.org/component/content/article/28-blog/aurum-news/366-dr-nelly-mugo-becomes-1st-recipient-of-gita-ramjee-prize-at-hivr4p-virtual-2021|accessdate=2022-06-02|work=www.auruminstitute.org|date=January 29, 2021|language=en-gb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNosipho2021&quot;&gt;Nosipho (January 29, 2021). [https://www.auruminstitute.org/component/content/article/28-blog/aurum-news/366-dr-nelly-mugo-becomes-1st-recipient-of-gita-ramjee-prize-at-hivr4p-virtual-2021 &quot;Dr Nelly Mugo becomes 1st recipient of Gita Ramjee Prize at HIVR4P //Virtual 2021&quot;]. ''www.auruminstitute.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-visible-error citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;External link in &lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&amp;#x7C;title=&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/code&gt; ([[Help:CS1 errors#param has ext link|help]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 errors: external links]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nyocha ==
Mugo bụ ọkachamara n'ahụ ike ịmụ nwa mara maka nyocha ya gbasara STIs, ọkachasị na mgbochi nje HIV na ọrịa kansa cervical. O meela ihe ọmụmụ HPV n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, ma tinye aka na nnwale ọgwụ mgbochi HPV .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Mugo tinyere aka na nkuzi prophylaxis tupu ikpughe dị ka akụkụ nke ọmụmụ PrEP Partner ,&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; nke zubere imeziwanye mgbochi HIV n'etiti di na nwunye serodiscordant. O mechara tinye aka na mmemme iji mejuputa na nyocha mmemme PrEP,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; yana nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụzọ nyocha onwe onye HIV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Mugo bụkwa onye so na kọmitii njikwa maka ihe akaebe maka nhọrọ mgbochi afọ na nsonaazụ HIV (ECHO), nke tụlere ihe ize ndụ nke ịnweta nje HIV mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>tb9me5tnm09mapgnikze52oqi8p8iju</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Olasubomi Iginla Aina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741680</id>
      <parentid>709379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T11:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25127" sha1="e5u1qfvsgjh10xtklq5yohs25269uje" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Olasubomi Iginla Aina&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Olasubomi_Aina.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A mụrụ ya
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Olasubomi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;bday&quot;&gt;1978-01-17&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; Jenụwarị 17, 1978 (afọ 47) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Lagos, Naịjirịa&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mmụta
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |B.Sc Architecture Obafemi Awolowo University&lt;br /&gt;
LLM Brighton University
Ọmụmụ idu ndú na [[Oxford University|Mahadum Oxford]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ọrụ (s) 
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; |Onye Ọchụnta ego, Onye Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, &amp; Onye Na-ese Ihe
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |A maara ya maka&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Nkwado Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ntorobịa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nwunye
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Dr Olufemi Adebola Aina
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |https://web.archive.org/web/20251212072122/https://olasubomiiginla.com/
|}
'''Olasubomi Iginla Aina''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (amụrụ n'afọ 1978) bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]]-British na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na onye na-akwado ikike nke ndị ntorobịa, obodo ndị nwere nsogbu, na ndị nwere ụ̀chá. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=How my passion earned me British honour - Iginla-Aina|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/12/12/how-my-passion-earned-me-british-honour-iginla-aina/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-01-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bartlett|first=Nicola|date=2019-06-07|title=Queen's Birthday Honours list 2019 in full - from famous names to unsung heroes|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/queens-birthday-honours-list-2019-16461834|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=The Mirror|language=en|archivedate=2025-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122011500/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/queens-birthday-honours-list-2019-16461834}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka onye guzobere Lightup Foundation, Olasubomi enwetala mmata maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji dozie ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba na-akpali nkwagharị ndị mmadụ, na-enye ndị mmadụ ike, ma na-akwalite isiokwu ndị dị ka agụmakwụkwọ, inweta nlekọta ahụike, na mmelite ndị ntorobịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sherifat|first=Lawal|date=2021-07-22|title=Nigerian Iginla wins Global election|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/nigerian-iginla-wins-global-election/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lightup Foundation Tasks youths on Self-Development|url=https://www.nigerianngo.com/blog/lightup-foundation-tasks-youths-on-self-development|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Nigerian NGO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=David|date=2019-06-23|title=Here's the full Queen's birthday honours list for 2019|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/queen-birthday-honours-list-2019-full-mbe-obe-cbe-knighthood-damehood-everyone-299772?srsltid=AfmBOooNmJJJnprc08P1KOAtJdVwShRMOY8mfFM4B7FSGwKsJllNl2-h|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=The i Paper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya ==
A mụrụ Olasubomi n'afọ 1978 na Naijiria . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-11-06|title=My emotions led me into wrong relationships before I met my husband - UK-based charity worker Olasubomi Iginla-Aina|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-emotions-led-me-into-wrong-relationships-before-i-met-my-husband-uk-based-charity-worker-olasubomi-iginla-aina/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Yewande Memorial Nursery and Primary School n'afọ ndị mbụ ya tupu ọ gaa Lagos Anglican Girls Grammar School, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-19|title=YMS celebrates Aina as member of the order of the British Empire|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/yms-celebrates-aina-as-member-of-the-order-of-the-british-empire/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Lagos Anglican, o gosipụtara nkà idu ndú, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ụmụ akwụkwọ nke nwanyị. N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ sonyere na ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ dị iche iche nakwa ọrụ ịkwalite ndị ntorobịa, na-enye aka na obodo ma na-enweta nkwado ụlọ akwụkwọ maka mbọ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;vi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ioanes|first=Vita|title=first female SUG president at Obafemi Awolowo University, Olasubomi Iginla-Aina set to create world record|url=https://blog.odogwublog.com/2015/11/first-female-sug-president-at-obafemi.html|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Odogwu Media's Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1996, Olasubomi debanyere aha na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] dị na Ile-Ife, ebe ọ chụrụ akara ugo mmụta na Architecture.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olasubomi Iginla-Aina: Her Tale, Trials and Triumph|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/08/29/olasubomi-iginla-aina-her-tale-trials-and-triumph/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, ọ malitere itinye aka na idu ndú ụmụ akwụkwọ na nkwuchite ọnụ ọha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shiundu|first=Linda|date=2021-07-15|title=African woman makes history after becoming director at UN|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/418888-nigerian-woman-wins-global-election-becomes-a-director-un-shes-only-person-selected-from-her-country.html|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Tuko.co.ke - Kenya news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ (Students' Union) ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche, na 1999-2000, na-anọchite anya ụmụ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ioanes|first=Vita|title=first female SUG president at Obafemi Awolowo University, Olasubomi Iginla-Aina set to create world record|url=https://blog.odogwublog.com/2015/11/first-female-sug-president-at-obafemi.html|accessdate=2025-06-20|work=Odogwu Media's Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; OAU nwere oge nsogbu, mgbe a nọ na-eme ngagharị iwe maka nchụpụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị òtù ndị isi Students' Union. Ngagharị iwe ahụ kara njọ, gọọmentị Naijiria ewee tinye aka, na-eduga n'iwepụ onye isi mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Makanjuola|first=Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Np23NAEACAAJ|title=Water Must Flow Uphill Adventures in University Administration|date=November 2012|publisher=Amv Publishing Services|isbn=978-0-9766941-8-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye isi ụmụ akwụkwọ, Olasubomi keere òkè n'ịhụ na a gafere oge nsogbu ahụ. Ọ haziri ngagharị iwe udo nke e mesịrị kpọtụ aha n'akwụkwọ Prọfesọ Rogers Makanjuola dere bụ Water Must Flow Uphill (peeji 187-188). &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Mgbe o nwetasịrị nzere ya na ngalaba ihe owuwu, Olasubomi gara n'ihu na-amụ gbasara iwu na 2018 na Mahadum Brighton na Generative Leadership na Mahadum Oxford ma nweta ọzụzụ pụrụ iche na Social Enterprise n'afọ 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;Okeke-Korieocha&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okeke-Korieocha|first=Ifeoma|date=2021-07-21|title='Nigerian civil society groups must partner global peers for lasting impact'|url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/nigerian-civil-society-groups-must-partner-global-peers-for-lasting-impact/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbalị ya ==

=== Nkwuchite-ọnụ maka ndị mbịarambịa ===
Ọ malitere ma kwado ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere iwepụ ụmụ enwe nne enwe nna Ukraine pụọ na mpaghara esemokwu n'oge [[Agha Russo-Ukrainian|Agha Russia na Ukraine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=Civil Society Communications Workshop|url=https://www.un.org/en/civil-society/civil-society-communications-workshop|accessdate=2025-06-20|work=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, ọ gara mba Ukraine iji hụ maka nchekwa nke ụmụaka na-adịghị ike. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2024-05-07|title=Assisting refugees of colour through {{sic|Ukra|nian|hide=y}} borders paid off –Iginla-Aina, UN Peace advocate|url=https://thesun.ng/assisting-refugees-of-colour-through-ukranian-borders-paid-off-iginla-aina-un-peace-advocate/|accessdate=2025-07-06|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mekwara njem nleta nke ịdị n'otu / ọrụ ebere na Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Germany, na Romania iji kwado ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-agba ọsọ pụọ na esemokwu Ukraine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ayeni|first=Victor|date=2022-03-22|title=Blacks in Germany refugee camps were bullied to sign documents they didn't understand– Aina, ED, Lightup Foundation|url=https://punchng.com/blacks-in-germany-refugee-camps-were-bullied-to-sign-documents-they-didnt-understand-aina-ed-lightup-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, Olasubomi kwetara ọrụ Helena Maleno, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, site n'inye ya onyinye nke nsọpụrụ na Barcelona iji kwado mbọ Maleno na-agba ịzọpụta ndị mbịarambịa n'oké osimiri site na nzukọ ya, Walking Borders.

N'afọ 2024, na [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Nzukọ UN Nairobi]], ọ haziri ihe omume isii n'akụkụ site na Lightup Foundation, nke mere ka a mara banyere ihe ize ndụ dị na nkwagharị na-ezighị ezi, ọkachasị n'etiti mba Afrịka na Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2022, ọ zaghachiri ndị mbịarambịa nwụrụ n'ụzọ dị mwute n'oge esemokwu dị n'ókè n'etiti Spain na Morocco site n'ịkwado nchebe ka mma maka ndị mbịarambịa na-eto eto.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=EPS10 How Trials &amp; Tribulations Prepare Leaders with Olasubomi Iginla-Aina MBE - Power in Diversity|url=https://omny.fm/shows/power-in-diversity/how-trials-tribulations-prepare-leaders-with-olasu|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=omny.fm|language=en|archivedate=2025-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122011926/https://omny.fm/shows/power-in-diversity/how-trials-tribulations-prepare-leaders-with-olasu}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọkwara ya ka ọ hụ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ dị n'etiti gọọmentị Catalonia na UNICEF iji chebe ndị na-eto eto si mba ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Nkwuchite-ọnụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi enyemaka ===
Olasubomi bụrịsị onye ólú siri ike na-ekwuchite ọnụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Afrịka bi na Northern Cyprus, na-ekwu maka nsogbu ndị dị ka nlekọta ahụike na-adịghị ka ọ kwesịrị yana ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Edema|first=Grace|date=2023-07-14|title=FG must partner embassies to tackle Nigerian foreign students' forex, other problems – Iginla-Aina|url=https://punchng.com/fg-must-partner-embassies-to-tackle-nigerian-foreign-students-forex-other-problems-iginla-aina/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O keekwara òkè n'iwepụ ihe mgbochi ego n'ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ Naijiria nọ, ma tụta aro mgbanwe iwu nke belatara ibu arọ ego ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-08-22|title=JAPA: Nigerian Students Facing Hardship In Northern Cyprus|url=https://vigil360.com.ng/browse-all-sections/religion/japa-nigerian-students-facing-hardship-in-northern-cyprus.html|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Vigil360 News|language=en-gb|archivedate=2025-01-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122011545/https://vigil360.com.ng/browse-all-sections/religion/japa-nigerian-students-facing-hardship-in-northern-cyprus.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịzaghachi iwu mgbochi nzipu ego nke Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), ọ kpọgara okwu ahụ gaa na gọọmentị Naijiria ma tinye aka na nkwuchite-ọnụ site n'ụlọ mgbasa ozi ga, iji kwalite mgbanwe iwu n'afọ 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Esther|author=Onyegbula|date=2023-09-17|title=Iginla-Aina: CBN transfer policy frustrating Nigerian students in Northern Cyprus|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/09/iginla-aina-cbn-transfer-policy-frustrating-nigerian-students-in-northern-cyprus-2/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taa, iwu CBN ahụ adịghịzi, na-ebelata ibu arọ ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ.   &lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Students Lament FG Policy on Money Transfer – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/09/22/nigerian-students-lament-fg-policy-on-money-transfer/|accessdate=2025-06-20|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CBN Issues New Guidelines On International Money Transfer Services In Nigeria|url=https://www.aluko-oyebode.com/insights/cbn-issues-new-guidelines-on-international-money-transfer-services/|accessdate=2025-07-06|work=Aluko &amp; Oyebode|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Olasubomi kwuchitekwaara ụmụ akwụkwọ ọnụ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ n'efu sitere na steeti Zamfara, Nigeria, ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịchụpụ ha na Mahadum Mba Nile nke Saịprọs (CIU)  n'ihi akwụghị ụgwọ nkè gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-07-29|title=Youths Tasked On Self-Discovery, Service, As Parents Urged To Show Examples – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/youths-tasked-on-self-discovery-service-as-parents-urged-to-show-examples/|accessdate=2025-01-20|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na njikọ aka ya na National Association of Nigerian students, mgbalị ya mere ka gọọmentị maliteghachi ịkwụ ụgwọ, na-enye ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ oghere ịgụsị akwụkwọ ha n'afọ 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Hafeestonova|date=2023-08-22|title='Nigerian students facing hardship in Northern Cyprus'|url=https://www.insideojodu.com/nigerian-students-facing-hardship-in-northern-cyprus/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=InsideOjodu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbalị enyemaka ndị mmadụ nke Olasubomi agbasaala karịa Europe na Africa. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya bụ n'afọ 2005, n'oge oké ọkọchị na Niger, ọ haziri nnapụta site n'inye nri nke si n'ego akpa ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na idu ndú ===
N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Olasubomi dị ka Onye nnọchi anya steeti nke African Diaspora (SOAD), mpaghara nke isii nke Africa, ebe o jere ozi afọ atọ n'akwụghị ya ụgwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;soad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SOAD newly appointed Minister of Finance and Minister of Youth|work=State Of African Diaspora|url=https://thestateofafricandiaspora.com/soad-newly-appointed-minister-of-finances-and-minister-of-youth/|accessdate=2025-01-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; SOAD, nke a malitere n'oge Summit of the African Union, lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ịdị n'otu na inye ike n'etiti ndị Afrịka bi na mba ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-06|title=Pan-African Parliament and State of the African Diaspora Unite for a Shared Vision of Global African Empowerment|url=https://pap.au.int/en/news/press-releases/2024-11-16/pan-african-parliament-and-state-african-diaspora-unite-shared-visi|accessdate=2025-06-20|work=Pan-African Parliament|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ndị ntorobịa na mmepe obodo maka SOAD, na-agakwa n'ihu na nkwuchite-ọnụ ya maka mmelite ndị ntorobịa ma na-arụkọ ọrụ yana gọọmentị na òtù dị iche iche dịka UN.&lt;ref name=&quot;soad&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2021, Olasubomi mere ntinye nnyocha na UK Foreign Affairs Select Committee, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara Global Britain na mmekọrịta Naijiria na UK. Ọrụ ya nyere aka mee ka Integrated Review of the Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office mara ihe ndị kacha mkpa maka Naịjirịa. O mekwara ka nzukọ dị n'etiti Kọmitii ahụ na ndị Naijiria bi na UK, na-enye ha ikpo okwu iji kwupụta nchegbu ha. Site na 2019 ruo 2023, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya na ọrụ nke onye nnọchianya ụzọ abụọ; onye nnọchi anya Naịjirịa na mba ndị ọzọ yana onye nnọchi anya ụlọ Nzukọ omebeiwu Naịjirị na United Kingdom n'otu oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nwafor|date=2020-04-06|title=COVID-19: FG should extend relief materials beyond stay at home period - Amb. Aina|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/covid-19-fg-should-extend-relief-materials-beyond-stay-at-home-period-amb-aina/|accessdate=2025-06-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2019-12-12|title=We'll Encourage Nigerian Youth To Realise Their Potential – Gbajabiamila {{!}} » Universal Reporters|url=https://universalreportersng.com/well-encourage-nigerian-youth-to-realise-their-potential-gbajabiamila/|accessdate=2025-06-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Report|first=RegentAfrica Energy|date=2019-12-14|title=NIDCOM Chairman Receives Nigerian MBE Award Philanthropist [PHOTOS]|url=https://regentafricaenergyreports.com/nidcom-chairman-receives-nigerian-mbe-award-philanthropist-photos/|accessdate=2025-06-20|work=RegentAfrica Energy Report|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara Olasubomi dị ka otu n'ime ndị nduzi iri na asatọ nke Global NGO Executive Committee (GNEC) - na-ejikọ NGO zuru ụwa ọnụ yana UNDGC, ọnọdụ ọ nwetara site na ntuli aka zuru ụwa ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okeke-Korieocha|first=Ifeoma|date=2021-07-12|title=Iginla Aina elected director, GNEC, liaison for the NGO Community to the UN|url=https://businessday.ng/companies/article/iginla-aina-elected-director-gnec-liaison-for-the-ngo-community-to-the-un/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-18|title=Olasubomi Iginla Aina Elected As Director Of The Global NGO Executive Committee (GNEC)|url=https://www.positivenaija.com/olasubomi-iginla-aina-elected-as-director-of-the-global-ngo-executive-committee-gnec/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=PositiveNaija|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Omotayo|first=Joseph|date=2021-07-15|title=Joy as Nigerian woman wins global election, becomes a special director to UN|url=https://www.legit.ng/1424982-nigerian-woman-wins-global-election-becomes-a-director-un-shes-only-person-election-from-her-country.html|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii mgbasa ozi nke GNEC na onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke GNEC-NGO Reporter, ọ weghachiri mbipụta ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ani|first=Percy|date=2021-07-10|title=Nigerian elected GNEC Director, liaison for NGO community to UN|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-elected-gnec-director-liaison-for-ngo-community-to-un/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka onye nduzi GNEC n'afọ 2024, na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ ya na nzukọ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Olasubomi na-arụrị ọrụ na United Nations (UN), na-anata akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù ikwu okwu na mmemme dị iche iche.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-07-13|title={{as written|Li|ason &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93;|expecting=Liaison}} for the NGO Community to the UN - Nigerian, Amb. Olasubomi Iginla Aina MBE Elected Director|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2021/7/liason-for-the-ngo-community-to-the-un-nigerian-amb-olasubomi-iginla-aina-mbe-elected-director.html.html|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Linda Ikeji's Blog|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Engaging civil society for enhanced collaboration with the United Nations in 2022|url=https://www.un.org/ht/node/160821|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=United Nations|language=ht}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2024, a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị òtù asatọ nke UN Civil Society Task Force, òtù na-ahụ maka ịhọpụta ndị isi oche abụọ nke nzukọ kpọmkwem nakwa ndị isi oche kọmitii niile dị iche iche maka nzukọ ahụ dum. &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt; N'ịgbaso ọrụ a, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke Outreach (Youth) na 2024 UN Civil Society Nairobi Conference, nzukọ mbụ dị otú ahụ e mere n'Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press release: Civil Society Convenes Global Conference in Nairobi Ahead of the Summit of the Future|url=https://www.un.org/en/nairobi-unis/press-release-civil-society-convenes-global-conference-nairobi-ahead-summit-future#:~:text=Nairobi,%20Kenya,%204%20May%202024%20%E2%80%93%20The%20United,Conference%20will%20be%20held%20in%20the%20global%20South.|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=United Nations {{!}} Peace, dignity and equality on a healthy planet|url=https://www.un.org/en/articles-by-property-local-category/214901/16931?page=1|accessdate=2025-07-06|work=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=2024 UNCSC Planning Sub-Committee Co-Chairs|url=https://www.un.org/en/civil-society/2024-uncsc-planning-sub-committee-co-chairs|accessdate=2025-07-06|work=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ inye ikike na nkwuchite-ọnụ ===
N'afọ 2015, Olasubomi malitere ọrụ Bag of Hope, atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mere ka a mara banyere ikike ụmụaka site na nkwupụta okike.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okeke-Korieocha&quot;/&gt; Ọrụ ahụ, nke gụnyere akpa ákwà Guinness kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na 2015, gara ọtụtụ mba, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke olileanya na ịkwalite Nkwekọrịta UN maka Ikike nke ụmụntakịrị. Ọrụ BOH ahụ eletawo Uganda, Nigeria, Scotland, Ghana, Togo, Benin Republic, France, na England. &lt;ref name=&quot;vi&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2018, Olasubomi guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ Lightup Nursery na Primary School na obodo Ikhare, na-enye ụmụaka si Naijiria, Togo na mpaghara Benin Republica ndị nwere ihe mmụta ole na ole agụmakwụkwọ n'efu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|first=Vera|author=Wisdom-Bassey|date=2020-01-04|title=How I became member of British Empire –Mrs Olasumbomi Iginla-Aina, Founder/CEO, Lightup Foundation|url=https://thesun.ng/how-i-became-member-of-british-empire-mrs-olasumbomi-iginla-aina-founder-ceo-lightup-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ agbanweela ndụ ụmụaka bi n'ime obodo Ikhare kemgbe, na-enyere ha aka ịgbanahụ ụbịam na mmegbu.

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, Olasubomi malitere Creating Awareness and Alternative Mission (CAA Mission) iji mepụta mmata zuru ụwa ọnụ ma nye ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka nkwagharị gafee na mba ndị ọzọ na-ezighị ezi na mba ndị Afrịka ahọpụtara nke ndị ntorobịa ha nwere ike ịkwagharị n'ezighị ezi. Ebumnuche a bụ inye ndị ntorobịa ike site na ọzụzụ ọrụ aka na agụmakwụkwọ, na-elekwasị anya na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ihe ngwọta nye nsogbu ịkwagharị a. N'afọ 2014, Olasubomi malitere Let's Talk Project, nke nyerela ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị oge nkwali na ndụmọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-13|title=Youths urged to face academic pursuit, shun rush for quick wealth|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/youths-urged-to-face-academic-pursuit-shun-rush-for-quick-wealth/#google_vignette|accessdate=2025-01-20|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'iyiri ejiji dịka nwata akwụkwọ, o mepụtara ọnọdụ dị jụụ nke gbara ndị na-eto eto ume ka ha kwurịta ihe ịma aka ha na-eche ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Be focused on your dreams, Iginla tasks youths on self-development|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-guardian-nigeria/20221101/281586654542558?srsltid=AfmBOop6rv2o8FKECVD6Y3uoEb0RZr-3dvHB-mANXgldCno2Uzx_7UzX|date=2021-08-29|accessdate=2025-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwanye Ùgwù ==
Olasubomi enwetala otuto na nkwanye ùgwù maka nkwuchite-ọnụ ya na ọrụ enyemaka. N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) maka ihe ntinye ya na-nkwado ndị na-eto eto nakwa obodo ndị nwere nsogbu, ọkachasị na UK na ''Naịjirịa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; A kpọọkwalaarịị Olasubomi ka ọ kwuo okwu na ihe omume dị iche iche nke United Nations na nzukọ mba ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụkwa otu onye n'ime National Women Peace Group (NAWOPEG) na Naijiria. Onye bụbu onye isi ala Naijiria bụ [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] meghere ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 2003, Olasubomi sonyere n'ịhazi Nzukọ Ndị isi ọchịchị Commonwealth (CHOGM) na Naijiria, ebe ọ haziri ihe omume Pan-Commonwealth nke akpọrọ The Nigerian Dream, nke mere emume ndị nnọchi anya udo na Naijeria.

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị]]</text>
      <sha1>e5u1qfvsgjh10xtklq5yohs25269uje</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Martha Kwataine</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>67983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741611</id>
      <parentid>541233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T18:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5582" sha1="tfqr5vrkqlohzm02w60ku0g7rxs21m6" xml:space="preserve">'''Martha Kwataine''' bụ onye Malawi na-akwado ahụike na ikike mmadụ, na onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Malawi Health Equity Network(MHEN).

N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ afọ 2006, Kwataine guzobere Malawi Health Equity Network (MHEN), wee bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2015/11/martha-kwataine-resigns-from-mehn/|title=MARTHA KWATAINE RESIGNS FROM MEHN - Face Of Malawi|first=Robert|author=Ngwira|date=|work=www.faceofmalawi.com|accessdate=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023058/http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2015/11/martha-kwataine-resigns-from-mehn/|archive-date=9 November 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nyasatimes.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Accounting &amp; Economics Profiles – Profiling Women Malawi|url=https://profilingwomenmw.org/accounting-economics-profiles/|accessdate=2025-10-17|work=profilingwomenmw.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; MHEN bụ &quot;njikọ onwe onye nke otu na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akwalite nha nhata na ịdị mma&quot; na nlekọta ahụike, ma ọ dị na Lilongwe, isi obodo Malawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;afronline.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.afronline.org/?p=8988|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204115329/http://www.afronline.org/?p=8988|archivedate=February 4, 2016|title=Malawi: village chief leads fight for Maternal Health  «  Afronline – The Voice Of Africa|author=|date=|work=afronline.org|accessdate=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, akụkọ MHEN gosipụtara na ngalaba ahụike gọọmentị emefuola 50-60% nke mmefu ego ya na ọrụ na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya, kama na ụlọ ọrụ gafee mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;afronline.org&quot; /&gt; Kwataine kwuru sị, &quot;Nke a bụ ego e ji akwụ ụgwọ ọnwa na ụgbọala ndị nwere wiil anọ na-agba ọsọ n'okporo ámá nke isi obodo ahụ, mana pasentị iri asatọ nke ndị Malawi nọ n'ime ime obodo ebe nsogbu ahụike na-aka njọ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;afronline.org&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2012, Kwataine kwagara [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]] na United States iji gbaa gọọmentị US ume maka enyemaka na nkwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/martha-kwataine-beltway-outsider/|title=Martha Kwataine, Beltway Outsider|author=|date=|work=www.oxfamamerica.org|accessdate=8 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2012, onye bụbu onye isi ala Joyce Banda họpụtara Martha Kwataine ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Malawi Communications Regulatory authority MACRA . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Macra board raises eyebrows: Kwataine replaces Nandolo|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/new-macra-board-raises-eyebrows-kwataine-replaces-nandolo/|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na MACRA, ọ nọgidere na-ese okwu ma na-ajụ gọọmentị ajụjụ dịka onye na-akwado ọchịchị n'otu oge, o megidere Joyce Banda onye gọọmentị ya chọrọ ịweghachi onyeisi oche n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Macra Board Contradicts JB {{!}} The Nation Online {{!}} Malawi Daily Newspaper|url=https://www.mwnation.com/macra-board-contradicts-jb/|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=The Nation Online|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2015, Kwataine gbara arụkwaghịm na mberede dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Malawi Health Equity Network . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nyasatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/kwataine-resigns-as-mehn-boss/|title=Kwataine resigns as MEHN boss - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|author=|date=4 November 2015|work=nyasatimes.com|accessdate=8 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nyasatimes.com/kwataine-resigns-as-mehn-boss/ &quot;Kwataine resigns as MEHN boss - Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi&quot;]. ''nyasatimes.com''. 4 November 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A kọrọ na ọ hapụrụ MEHN iji nweta Ọrụ na ActionAid . &lt;ref name=&quot;nyasatimes.com&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 2016, Martha kwataine hapụrụ enyemaka iji gaa n'ihu bụrụ onye isi Baobab Health Trust (BHT). Na BHT, ya na ụlọ ọgwụ Malawi rụkọtara ọrụ iji hụ na ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ga-enwe ndekọ ahụike eletrọniki ha na-eme nke ọma ruo mgbe nnukwu onye nyere ha wepụrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Baobab Health Trust bemoans shortage of ICT experts in public hospitals|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/baobab-health-trust-bemoans-shortage-of-ict-experts-in-public-hospitals/|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na MHEN, George Jobe, onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke Creative Centre for Community Mobilization (CRECCOM) nọchiri ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Traditional healers’ HIV/AIDS adverts risk a ban|url=https://malawi24.com/2016/04/11/traditional-healers-hivaids-adverts-risk-ban/|accessdate=2023-12-13|work=www.malawi24.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2020, Martha Kwataine hapụrụ BHT ka Rev Dr Lazarus Chakwera họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ onyeisiala na Civil Society Organization, site n'okwu ya, o yiri ka ọ bụ pati na-akwado ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kwataine appointed presidential aide, says Chakwera ready to engage with CSOs|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/kwataine-appointed-presidential-aide-says-chakwera-ready-to-engage-with-csos/|accessdate=2020-12-30|work=www.nyasatimes.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>tfqr5vrkqlohzm02w60ku0g7rxs21m6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shayan TV</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741674</id>
      <parentid>597383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:53:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>87</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:ШаянТВ.jpg|ШаянТВ.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 18 October 2026.</comment>
      <origin>741674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4168" sha1="kae3yv78urnflt1t8f30x1xeky7i2qj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox television channel|name=Shayan TV|logo=|logo_size=|launch_date={{Start date and age|2018|11|12|df=y|br=y}}|closed_date=|picture_format=|former_names=Shayan TV|owner=[[:tt:Татарстан — Яңа Гасыр|Tatarstan State Television Broadcasting Company &quot;New century&quot;]]|timeshift_service=|country=[[Tatarstan]], Russia|headquarters=[[Kazan]], Tatarstan|sister_channels=|website={{URL|https://shayantv.ru/en}}}}'''Shayan TV''' (Tatar: Шаян ТВ, romanized: Şayan TV) bụ ọwa ntụrụndụ ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa mbụ n'asụsụ Tatar nke dị na Rọshịa (site na ịntanetị) yana mgbasa ozi awa iri abụọ na anọ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Onye isi ala nke Tatarstan Republic kwadoro ya, e hiwere ọwa ahụ na Tatarstan Republic na 12 Nọvemba 2018 dị ka ọwa Tatar mbụ maka ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/official/12-11-2019/minnihanov-pozdravil-detskiy-telekanal-shayan-tv-s-godovschinoy-veschaniya-5594122|title=Минниханов поздравил детский телеканал &quot;ШАЯН ТВ&quot; с годовщиной вещания|work=www.tatar-inform.ru|language=ru|accessdate=2020-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tatar-congress.org/yanalyklar/rostem-minnehanov-balalar-ochen-tatar-telende-shayan-tv-telekanalyn-eshletep-zhiberyde-katnashty/|title=Рөстәм Миңнеханов балалар өчен татар телендә &quot;ШАЯН ТВ&quot; телеканалын эшләтеп җибәрүдә катнашты (R. Minnikhanov took part in launching of &quot;Shayan TV&quot;)|author=Nizamiev|first=Bulat|date=13 November 2018|work=World congress of the Tatars (official site)|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omume nke oge a ==
Ọwa ahụ na-enye ihe karịrị mmemme mmụta na mmụta 20, ihe ngosi Egwuregwu na ajụjụ, ihe nkiri animated (sayensị a ma ama, ihe ngosi, ihe nkiri) nke a na-akpọ na Tatar maka ndị na-ege ntị site na afọ 3 ruo 15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nabchelny.ru/news/35225|title=В Татарстане начал работу детский телеканал &quot;ШАЯН ТВ&quot; / Набережные Челны|work=nabchelny.ru|accessdate=2020-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kazan.aif.ru/culture/na_tnv_predstavili_shayan_tv_-_edinstvennyy_telekanal_na_tatarskom_yazyke|title=На ТНВ представили ШАЯН ТВ - детский телеканал на татарском языке|date=2018-11-08|work=kazan.aif.ru|accessdate=2020-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Shayan Channels ==

* Enwere ngwa pụrụ iche iji soro ọwa ahụ na smartphones na Google Play na App Store.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shayantv.ru/en/about/contacts/|title=Contacts of Shayan TV|author=|first=|date=|work=Official site of Shayan TV|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọwa ahụ nwere ọwa [[YouTube]], ebe a na-etinye vidiyo sitere na usoro telivishọn na ihe nkiri.
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke ọwa ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'asụsụ Tatar, Russian na Bekee ma na-enye ikike ịgbaso ọwa ahụ awa 24 n'ụwa niile.

== Onyinye ==

* Shayan TV bụ onye mmeri nke asọmpi &quot;The main heroes - 2019&quot; (nke Carousel International mere) na nhọpụta &quot;The discovery of the year&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shayantv.ru/en/about/|title=About the Channel|author=|first=|date=2019-01-20|work=Official site of Shayan TV|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Shayan TV meriri n'ọnọdụ mbụ na asọmpi ịntanetị nke X-th World &quot;The Knowledge Pearls&quot; (&quot;Belem__hau____hau____hau__&quot;) na nhọpụta &quot;Ọrụ kachasị ewu ewu na nke bara uru na mpaghara ọdịbendị na agụmakwụkwọ&quot; na &quot;Ampị Tatar kachasị ewu ewu ma baa uru&quot;.
* Mgbasa ozi &quot;Kaleb&quot; (Bekee: ) nke Channel ghọrọ onye mmeri nke IX-th All-Russian journalists na mass media contest na nhọpụta &quot;Ihe kachasị mma na isiokwu nke ndụ na ọrụ nke mba Tatar na mass media&quot;.

== Edemsibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* [https://smotret.tv/detskie/shayan-tv Ikiri ihe nkiri TV]
{{Indigenous media}}</text>
      <sha1>kae3yv78urnflt1t8f30x1xeky7i2qj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Malak Hifni Nasif</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73541</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741604</id>
      <parentid>706949</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T16:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17513" sha1="nkf4j2ynwe7siuueshus2f0gzdqelih" xml:space="preserve">&lt;blockquote&gt;
 &lt;/blockquote&gt;{{Databox}}

'''Malak Hifni Nasif''' (25 Disemba 1886 – 17 Ọktoba 1918) bụ onye Ijipt na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke nyere aka nke ukwuu n'okwu ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbasara ọganihu ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
A mụrụ Malak na Cairo n'afọ 1886 n'ezinụlọ ndị nọ n'ọkwa etiti; nne ya bụ Saniyyah Abd al-Karim Jalal, nna ya bụkwa Hifni Bey Nasif, ọkaiwu nke bụ onye na-eso Muhammad Abduh . N'oge gara aga, Nasif bụ nwa akwụkwọ Al-Afghani, ọ bụkwa onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ e ji eme ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Ijipt, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime mmadụ ise bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ Cairo nke afọ 1342. &lt;ref&gt;Brockett, Adrian Alan, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200714092045/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770 Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714092045/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770|date=14 July 2020}}''&lt;/ref&gt;

Nna Malak gbara ya ume ka ọ mụta ma gaa akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ na-etolite, ọ na-agụkarị uri Arabic ma malite ide ihe n'oge ezumike ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Changing&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kader|first=Soha|title=Egyptian women in a changing society, 1899–1987|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianwomeninc0000abde|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|location=Boulder|year=1987|isbn=9780931477478}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 65 A zụlitere Malak site n'inwe njikọ siri ike na omenala ndị Ijipt, ebe nna ya kụziiri ya asụsụ Arabic na omenala Arabic site na nwata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Historical&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ahmed|first=Leila|title=Women and gender in Islam: historical roots of a modern debate|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|year=1992|isbn=9780300055832|url=https://archive.org/details/womengenderinisl00ahme}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 184  

Malak so na klas mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ngalaba Ụmụ Agbọghọ nke 'Abbas Primary School' na 1901. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Saniyyah Teacher Training College, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas mbụ ya na 1903. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yousef&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yousef|first=Reina|title=Malak Hifni Nasif: negotiations of a feminist agenda between the European and the Colonial|journal=[[Journal of Middle East Women's Studies]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=70–89|doi=10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.2011.7.1.70|date=Winter 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 73 Malak laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ 'Abbas' ka ọ kụzie ihe ruo afọ abụọ. A manyere ya ịkwụsị mgbe ọ lụrụ Abd al-Satar al-Basil Pasha na 1907. N'oge ahụ, iwu ndị Ijipt machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị ịkụzi ihe mgbe ha lụrụ di na nwunye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Badran&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Badran|first=Margot|title=Feminists, Islam, and nation: gender and the making of modern Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/feministsislamna0000badr|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|year=1995|isbn=9780691026053}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge a, Malak na al-Basil kwagara al-Fayyum, n'ọzara, wee malite ide ihe n'okpuru aha njirimara Bahithat al-Badiya (&quot; ''Onye Na-achọ n'Ọzara&quot;'' ).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/181138760|title=Arab women writers: a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|date=2008|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|isbn=978-977-416-146-9|editor=ʻĀshūr|location=Cairo ; New York|oclc=181138760}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 65 Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ọ chọpụtara na di ya enweelarị nwunye na nwa. Mmeso o mere site n'aka al-Basil, tinyere ihe ndị o mere n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ, mere ka o dee ihe gbasara ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị n'Ijipt nke ọma ma doo anya.  : 65 O nwere ezigbo mkparịta ụka na ndị edemede na ndị enyi ya ndị ọzọ, dịka May Ziadah, ọ zakwara ndị edemede nwoke a ma ama n'oge ahụ, dịka Qasim Amin . : 66 Malak nọrọ na al-Basil ruo afọ iri na otu ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ site na influenza na 1918, n'oge ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ . : 67 

== Ihe odide ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ==
Malak bi na Ijipt n'oge mkparịta ụka ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto eto gbasara ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo. Oge a gụnyere ndị egwuregwu nwere mmetụta dịka Huda Sha'arawi, Qasim Amin, [[Nabawiyya Musa]], na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị na-eche echiche banyere mba na ọdịnala gara n'ihu na-eche echiche dị iche iche gbasara ọdịnihu nke Middle East. Mkparịta ụka abụọ a jikọtara onwe ha ma nwee nnukwu njikọ. Malak banyere na mkparịta ụka a wee gosipụta &quot;mgbalị ya maka mgbanwe&quot; maka ọdịnihu Ijipt. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Golson|first=Emily|title=Toward, Around, and Away from Tahrir: Tracking Emerging Expressions of Egyptian Identity|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=978-1443859165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JoxBwAAQBAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malak malitere ibipụta akwụkwọ na ''Al Jarida'', akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ isi nke pati Umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|volume=15|author=Margot Badran|title=The Feminist Vision in the Writings of Three Turn-of-the-Century Egyptian Women|date=1988|journal=Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies)|issue=1–2|pages=13–14|doi=10.1080/13530198808705469|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530198808705469}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malak na-ekwukwa okwu ọtụtụ mgbe na mahadum na isi ụlọ ọrụ pati Umma. Na 1909, o bipụtara Al-Nisa'iyyat, nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ okwu na edemede ya. Site na ụzọ ndị a, o welitere olu ya maka ọganihu ụmụ nwanyị.

Echiche ndị na-achịkarị n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ na-ejikọta ọganihu ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe nke ndị Western na mmegharị gaa n'ọha mmadụ yiri nke Europe. Ụmụ nwanyị dịka Huda Sha'raw kwadoro ihe omume dịka ikpughe ihe, ebe ọ bụ na ihe omume a bụ &quot;ọganihu&quot; iji ruo ụwa ndị Europe, nke nwere onwe ha karịa maka ụmụ nwanyị.  174 Malak kwenyere n'otu ọkwa na ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ, mana a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye mepụtara echiche mbụ ya gbasara okwu ndị dị otu a. Echiche ya na-adịkarị iche na njikọta Westernization-feminism nke bụ isi; ọ jikọtara Westernization na Islam na omenala ọdịnala, na-ekwu na naanị njikọta nke abụọ ga-akpali ụmụ nwanyị ịga n'ụzọ ziri ezi.  O gosipụtara echiche ndị a site n'ide ihe gbasara ọtụtụ okwu dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpughe ihe, alụmdi na nwunye, na agụmakwụkwọ.

=== Ikpughe ===
Na mbido afọ 1900, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama malitere iji ikpughe ihe mkpuchi ihu ha, ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe mkpuchi ihu ha n'ihu ọha, dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị edemede dịka Qasim Amin kwadoro ikpughe ihe dị ka atụmatụ maka ụmụ nwanyị iji gosipụta ike na nnwere onwe ha. :N'aka nke ọzọ, Malak megidere ikpughe ihe, o kweghịkwa na e kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị otu a. O kwenyere na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya ndị kpughere ihe na-eme ya n'ihi na ha hụrụ ejiji ndị Yuropu n'anya, ọ bụghị n'ihi ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ha chere na ákwà mkpuchi ahụ na-egbochi ha ime ihe. O kwukwara na ákwà mgbochi ahụ abụrụla akụkụ nke omenala ahụ ruo ogologo oge, nakwa na igbochi ya ga-abụ mgbanwe mberede nye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-akpachapụ anya maka akụkọ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị ọchịchị nke e zoro ezo n'arụmụka maka ikpughe.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Baron|first=Beth|date=1989|title=Unveiling in early twentieth century Egypt: practical and symbolic considerations|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263208908700787|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=25|issue=3|pages=370–386|doi=10.1080/00263208908700787|issn=0026-3206}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malak kpọrọ oku ka ụmụ nwanyị kpachara anya maka ụmụ nwoke ndị, na mbụ, nyere ụmụ nwanyị iwu ka ha yikwasị ákwà mkpuchi, wee nye ha iwu na mberede ka ha ghara ime otú ahụ maka 'ntọhapụ' ha.  : 73 Echiche ya gbasara ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị iche na nke ndị edemede nwanyị Ijipt bụ́ ndị ọrụ ha na-ewu ewu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, dị ka Qasim Amin na Huda Sha'rawi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yousef|first=Hoda|date=2011|title=Malak Hifni Nasif: Negotiations of a Feminist Agenda between the European and the Colonial|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.2011.7.1.70|journal=Journal of Middle East Women's Studies|volume=7|issue=1|pages=70–89|doi=10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.2011.7.1.70|issn=1552-5864|accessdate=29 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya bụ́ Al-Nisa'iyyat, o depụtara arụmụka ya kpọmkwem megide ikpughe ihe: &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=ناصف|first=ملك حفني|title=النسائيات|publisher=Hindawi|year=1909}}&lt;/ref&gt;  o kwuru na ụmụ nwanyị maara ikpuchi ihe, ya mere ọ bụrụ na ha ekpughe ihe ngwa ngwa, ụmụ nwanyị agaghị ama otú e si akpa àgwà. Ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị na ụmụ nwoke ndị kwadoro ikpughe ihe anaghị aghọta ma ọ bụ biri ndụ nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị, ya mere echiche ha adabereghị n'eziokwu: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha echeghị na ọ bụrụ na e kpughee ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke ga-akpagbu ha n'okporo ámá. Site na nyocha ya banyere ọha mmadụ Ijipt, o kwuru na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị adịghị njikere ka ụmụ nwanyị kpughee ihe, n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị nzuzu na ụmụ nwoke enweghị omume ọma na nkwanye ùgwù. Kama, ọ kwadoro ka ọha mmadụ rụọ ọrụ otu otu, na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma na-emeziwanye omume ụmụ nwoke. Ọ bụ naanị ozugbo e megharịrị ọha mmadụ ka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ikpebi ma ha ga-ekpuchi ihe mkpuchi ihe ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ekpuchi ihe mkpuchi ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yousef|first=Hoda|date=2011|title=Malak Hifni Nasif: Negotiations of a Feminist Agenda between the European and the Colonial|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.2011.7.1.70|journal=Journal of Middle East Women's Studies|volume=7|issue=1|pages=70–89|doi=10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.2011.7.1.70|issn=1552-5864|accessdate=29 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Alụmdi na nwunye ===
Malak dere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ikike alụmdi na nwunye nke ụmụ nwanyị na Ijipt. Okwu a bụ otu n'ime okwu ndị metụtara ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke o nwere ahụmịhe onwe ya dị ukwuu. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na di ya nwere nwunye abụọ mere ka ọ jụ ịlụ ọtụtụ nwanyị . N'isiokwu nke akpọrọ &quot;Ma ọ bụ nwunye ndị mmekọ&quot;, o lere polyandry anya dị ka &quot;onye iro ụmụ nwanyị.&quot;  O chere na a ga-eme mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara alụmdi na nwunye; alụmdi na nwunye aghaghị ịkwụsị, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwerịrị ike ịgba alụkwaghịm, afọ ụmụ nwanyị ga-alụrịrị ga-amụba ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala iri na isii. O kwuru na mgbanwe ndị a niile sitere n'otu echiche dị mkpa: ịhụnanya ga-abụ ntọala maka alụmdi na nwunye niile. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baron&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baron|first=Beth|title=Women in Middle Eastern history shifting boundaries in sex and gender|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Connecticut|year=1991|isbn=9780300056976}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Malak kpọrọ echiche nke alụmdi na nwunye sitere n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba asị, ya bụ, nwoke lụrụ nwanyị naanị maka ego ya. O kwadokwara arụmụka ya megide alụmdi na nwunye n'oge site n'ikwu na ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye n'oge na-enwekarị nchekasị.  

=== Agụmakwụkwọ ===
Malak lere mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ anya dị ka otu n'ime ihe ngwọta kachasị mma maka ọtụtụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu. N'akwụkwọ ya, o kwuru na a mesoro nwa agbọghọ ọ bụla na-enweghị ohere ịga akwụkwọ ma gụchaa akwụkwọ mmeso ọjọọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Remaking&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shakry|first=Omnia|chapter=Schooled mothers and structured play: child rearing in turn-of-the-century Egypt 126–170|editor=Abu-Lughod|title=Remaking women: feminism and modernity in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/remakingwomenfem0000unse_d8n8|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|year=1998|isbn=9780691057927}}&lt;/ref&gt; :O kesara echiche a na ndị ọzọ na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ. Mana, o kweghị na agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụla ga-ezuru. O megidere mmejuputa ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ozi ala ọzọ na Ijipt, na-arụ ụka na &quot;ndị kacha amaghị ụmụ agbọghọ bụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ozi ala ọzọ.&quot; : 84 Malak kpọrọ oku ka e nwee ike ịchịkwa usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze nke Ijipt iji mepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ usoro mmụta zuru oke, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke omenala ndị Ijipt.  84 

Malak kewapụrụ onwe ya n'ebe ndị ọzọ nọ mgbe o kwusiri okwu ya ike ma kwuo na agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị naanị agaghị edozi nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị . O kwenyere na ọtụtụ ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị dị n'ụlọ, na tarbiya, ma ọ bụ usoro ịzụ nwa, bụ ihe kpatara ọdịnihu nwanyị.  O mesiri ike ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị nne Yuropu na ndị nne Ijipt n'ilekọta ụmụ ha; ndị nne Ijipt elekọtaghị ahụike anụ ahụ na mmepe uche nke ụmụ ha nwanyị dịka ndị nne Yuropu si lekọta ha.  O kwuru na ndị nne ga-akụziri ụmụ ha nwanyị inwe ọmịiko n'ebe ndị ọzọ nọ, ilekọta onwe ha, na ilekọta ụmụ ha. Malak tụrụ aro mgbanwe iji kụziere ụmụ agbọghọ okpukpe nke ọma, gbasaa ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị nọọsụ nwanyị, ịbawanye ohere ịnweta nlekọta ahụike maka ụmụ nwanyị, na ịkụzi omume ịdị ọcha. Ịzụ ụmụ bụ otu n'ime ebe Malak chere na ụfọdụ ndị si mba ọdịda anyanwụ ga-abara ndị Ijipt uru, mana o kwenyekwara nke ọma na ọ dị mkpa ịkụziri ụmụaka [[Àlakụ̀ba|okpukpe Islam]] . N'ozuzu, o kwenyere na ọtụtụ akụkụ agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ mgbanwe dị ukwuu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Malak mere ihe n'echiche ya site n'ịmalite òtù dị iche iche ma chọọ ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Otu akụkụ nke ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya bụ njikọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị si mba ndị ọzọ. O hiwere Union for the Education of Women, nke jikọtara ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt na ụmụ nwanyị Arab na Europe ndị ọzọ. Malak mechara guzobe ọrụ ahụike mberede nke dabeere na Red Cross na ụlọ akwụkwọ nọọsụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ ya. 

Otu n'ime ihe Malak mere n'ọchịchị bụ ihe o mere iji gosi na o nwere usoro ihe iri maka ime ka ụmụ nwanyị bawanye na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Ijipt na 1911.  O kwuru isi ihe ise gbasara otu esi eme ka agụmakwụkwọ ka mma: o kwesịrị inwe mmasị n'okpukpe; ọ kwesịrị ịdị mkpa ruo ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị; ọ kwesịrị ịgụnye ịdị ọcha, ịzụ ụmụaka, enyemaka mbụ, na akụnụba; ọ kwesịrị ịgụnye ọzụzụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ nọọsụ na nkuzi; ọ kwesịkwara ịbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị niile maka agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. Ọ rịọrọ ka e nye iwu maka ihe ndị a niile. Isi ihe ise ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dịka afọ alụmdi na nwunye na ikpughe ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị omeiwu leghaara mmemme a anya, ọ bụ ihe atụ dị mkpa nke nwanyị na-achịkwa ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ọgbakọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọnwụ na ihe nketa ==
Malak nwụrụ site na influenza mgbe ọ dị afọ 31 na 17 Ọktoba 1918. Ọtụtụ ndị otu feminist na ndị isi gọọmentị gara olili ozu ya.  N'ụbọchị ncheta nke asaa nke ọnwụ Nasif, Huda Sha'rawi mere emume ncheta ọzọ nke gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta feminist a ma ama [[Nabawiyya Musa|bụ Nabawiyya Musa]] na May Ziadah. Ọ bụ ezie na Nasif hapụrụ ihe nketa dị ike ma ndị niile ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ cheta ya, echiche pụrụ iche ya banyere ndị inyom nwụrụ mgbe ọ nọ n'otu oge, Sha'rawi wee bụrụ onye kacha eche echiche banyere ndị inyom n'oge ahụ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ihe ndetu ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>nkf4j2ynwe7siuueshus2f0gzdqelih</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Njikọ Ndị Na-eji Ọgwụ Na-akwadoghị</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>74004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741650</id>
      <parentid>728150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T05:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4959" sha1="efygzh92vmj3qt4ht3e908in8ji5x5t" xml:space="preserve">
Njikọ ndị ọrụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ nke Australia (AIVL) bụ ọgbakọ kachasị elu nke ndị ọgbọ na-eduzi na netwọk mbelata mmerụ ahụ na-akwalite ọdịmma, ahụike na ikike mmadụ nke nde mmadụ na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe (PWUD) na Australia ma na-anọchi anya ndị otu ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ (DUOs) ma na-akwadokwa ikike iwulite ikike nke mmemme netwọọdụ ndị ọgbọ na mbelata mmemme netwọọdụ Asia.  mpaghara.[1][2][3][4]  AIVL gbadoro ụkwụ na Sydney mana enweghị isi n'ụzọ zuru oke, dịka nke 2023, maka nnọchite anya dị iche iche ka mma.[5]  AIVL ọbịa na webụsaịtị ya: Mbelata mmerụ ahụ, nkwado, nyocha na akụrụngwa amụma ọgwụ, usoro ọzụzụ n'ịntanetị maka PWUD, ndị ọrụ ibe na-ebelata mmerụ ahụ na ndị mmekọ ahụike, yana AIVL NSP Directory.

== Ụbọchị Ncheta Ndị Na-eji Ọgwụ Eme Ihe n'Ụwa ==
'''Ụbọchị Ncheta Ndị Na-eji Ọgwụ Eme Ihe n'Ụwa''' niile bụ ụbọchị mmata ahụike nke a na-eme na 21 Julaị kwa afọ. Ọ bụ ụbọchị ebe ndị enyi na ndị ezinụlọ nwere ike izukọta ọnụ iji cheta ma cheta ndị ha hụrụ n'anya nke ndụ ha dị mkpụmkpụ n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na mpụ na ịta ndị mmadụ ahụhụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-05-11|title=International Drug Users Remembrance Day 2021|url=https://inpud.net/international-drug-users-remembrance-day-2021/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=International Drug Users Remembrance Day|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụkwa ụbọchị iji cheta onye ọ bụla rụrụ ọrụ iji kwalite ahụike na ikike mmadụ nke ndị na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nyere ọrụ sitere na nnupụisi obodo dị ka mmemme agịga na agịga yana ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ nke zọpụtara ọtụtụ ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AIVL|date=2022-07-20|title=International Drug Users Remembrance Day – 2022 - Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL)|url=https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-remembrance-day/,%20https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-remembrance-day/|accessdate=2024-07-24|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Memorial: International drug users day of remembrance|url=https://whatson.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/events/memorial-international-drug-users-day-of-remembrance|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=City of Sydney - What’s On|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724064032/https://whatson.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/events/memorial-international-drug-users-day-of-remembrance|archive-date=2024-07-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka ihe ọ pụtara nye ya, dị ka onye na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, Matthew Bonn kwuru, sị: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bonn|first=Matthew|date=2021-07-21|title=What International Drug Users Remembrance Day Means to Me|url=https://filtermag.org/international-drug-users-remembrance-day/|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Filter|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Bonn na-ekwukwa banyere ndị enyi ụfọdụ ọ tụfuru n'ihi iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe ma na-akọ ụfọdụ akụkọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọ dị ka International Overdose Awareness Day (31 August) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Overdose Awareness Day|url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&amp;q=International+Overdose+Awareness+Day&amp;cvid=89439084dc6048779a884839e7cc740e&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhAMgYIAhAAGEAyBggDEAAYQDIGCAQQABhAMgYIBRAAGEAyBggGEEUYPDIGCAcQRRg8MgYICBBFGDzSAQgxMjA1ajBqMagCALACAA&amp;FORM=ANNTA1&amp;PC=U531|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=Bing|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na International Drug Users Day (1 November).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=International Drug Users Day {{!}} Scarlet Alliance|url=https://scarletalliance.org.au/event/international-drug-users-day-2024/#:~:text=Held%20annually,%201%20November%20remembers,as%20hepatitis%20and%20HIV%20amongst|accessdate=2024-07-24|work=scarletalliance.org.au|date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724232331/https://scarletalliance.org.au/event/international-drug-users-day-2024/#:~:text=Held%20annually,%201%20November%20remembers,as%20hepatitis%20and%20HIV%20amongst|archive-date=2024-07-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AIVL|date=2022-11-01|title=International Drug Users Day 2022 - Australian Injecting and Illicit Drug Users League (AIVL)|url=https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-day/,%20https://aivl.org.au/international-drug-users-day/|accessdate=2024-07-24|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

* Kansụl Mba Australia Maka Ọgwụ ọjọọ
* [[Network Against Prohibition|Network Against Mmachibido Iwu]]
* Ebe a na-ahụ maka ọgwụ mgbochi
* Ịdị n'Otu Ebe Nlekọta Ọgwụ

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.aivl.org.au/#p=55 Homepage nke gọọmentị]</text>
      <sha1>efygzh92vmj3qt4ht3e908in8ji5x5t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Naịl na-acha anụnụ anụnụ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741632</id>
      <parentid>673703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T02:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16557" sha1="d20q8tgflrromfwrt1dulvpcesyvkld" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:ET Bahir Dar asv2018-02 img17 Tis Issat.jpg|thumb]]
 

'''Osimiri Blue Nile''' bụ osimiri nke malitere na Lake Tana na Etiopia. Ọ na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 1,450 (mile 900) site na Etiopia na Sudan. Tinyere Osimiri Naịl Ọcha, ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu mmiri abụọ nke Osimiri Naịl ma na-enye ihe dịka 85.6% nke mmiri na Osimiri Naịl n'oge mmiri ozuzo.

== Usoro ọmụmụ ==
A kọwala ogologo osimiri ahụ site na isi iyi ya ruo na njikọ ya dị n'etiti kilomita 1,460 na 1,600 (mile 910 na 990). Ihe a nwere ike ịbụ na osimiri ahụ na-asọfe n'ọtụtụ ndagwurugwu ndị a na-apụghị ịbanye n'ime ha nke a gbubiri n'Ugwu Etiopia ruo omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 1,500 (ụkwụ 4,900). Dịka akwụkwọ ndị Central Statistical Agency, otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Etiopia bipụtara si kwuo, Osimiri Blue Nile nwere ogologo zuru oke nke kilomita 1,450 (mi 900), nke kilomita 800 (mi 500) dị n'ime Etiopia.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 &quot;Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&amp;view=doc&amp;id=184&amp;format=raw&amp;Itemid=466 |date=13 November 2010 }}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na Etiopia ===
Osimiri Blue Nile malitere na Gish Abay dị na Sekela na Etiopia (ebe a na-akpọ ya Osimiri Abay). Osimiri ahụ na-asọgakarị n'ebe ndịda tupu ọ banye n'osimiri dị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (maịlụ 250) n'ogologo, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (maịlụ 19) site na Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, nke bụ nnukwu ihe mgbochi maka njem na nkwukọrịta n'etiti ugwu na ndịda Etiopia. Ndị otu Britain kpọburu ndagwurugwu ahụ &quot;Grand Canyon&quot; na 1968, wee malite ịgbada osimiri ahụ site na Lake Tana ruo na njedebe nke ndagwurugwu ahụ; u rafting osimiri ndị sochirinụ kpọrọ ya &quot;Grand Canyon nke Naịl&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&amp;dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&amp;pg=PA37|title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program|first=Marina|author=Engelking|date=15 April 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-542738-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; TheMmiri Blue Nile (Amharic: Tis Abay, nke pụtara &quot;ọkụ dị mma&quot;), otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta kachasị na Etiopia, dị na mmalite nke ndagwurugwu ahụ

Osimiri ahụ na-agbagharị gafee ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Etiopia tupu ọtụtụ mmiri dị n'etiti ọdọ mmiri Tana na ókèala Etiopia-Sudan na-enye ya nri. Ndị nọ n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya, n'usoro ala, gụnyere Osimiri Wanqa, Osimiri Bashilo, Osimiri Walaqa, Osimiri Wanchet, Osimiri Jamma, Osimiri Muger, Osimiri Guder, Osimiri Agwel, Osimiri Nedi, Osimiri Didessa na Osimiri Dabus. Ndị nọ n'akụkụ aka nri, dịkwa n'usoro ala, gụnyere Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, Muga, Gulla, Temcha, Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter na Beles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huntingford&quot;&gt;These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na Sudan ===
[[Faịlụ:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|alt=|thumb|Foto satịlaịtị nke ebe White na Blue Nile jikọtara ọnụ]]
Osimiri Blue Nile na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Sudan. Ọ na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 650 (mile 400), na-agafe Er Roseires wee nata Osimiri Dinder n'akụkụ aka nri ya na Dinder. Na Khartoum, Osimiri Blue Nile na-esonye na Osimiri White Nile, dịka Osimiri Nile si dị, ọ na-agafe Ijipt ruo Oké Osimiri Mediterenian na Alexandria.

== Mmiri mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Zusammenfluss_der_Nile.JPG|alt=|thumb|Njikọta nke osimiri Naịl Blue na White dị nso Khartoum, isi obodo Sudan]]
Mmiri nke Osimiri Blue Nile na-eru oke kachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo site na June ruo Septemba, mgbe ọ na-enye 80–86% nke mmiri nke Osimiri Nile kwesịrị ekwesị. Osimiri ahụ bụ isi iyi nke idei mmiri nke Naịl n'Ijipt nke nyere aka mee ka Ndagwurugwu Naịl dị mma ma mee ka akụkọ ifo Ijipt oge ochie na nke ndị Ijipt pụta ìhè. Mgbe e mechara mmiri Aswan na 1970, idei mmiri ndị a kwụsịrị ime na ala Ijipt. N'oge ọkọchị, mmiri ozuzo, idei mmiri Blue Nile, na-ebibi nnukwu ala na-eme nri site na Ugwu Etiopia ma na-ebuga ya n'ala dị ka ájá, na-eme ka mmiri ahụ gbaa ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aja aja ma ọ bụ ojii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge|url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm|archivedate=20 August 2015|accessdate=11 October 2015|publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osimiri Naịl dị oke mkpa maka ndụ Ijipt: dịka akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke Naịl, ọ na-enye ihe karịrị 85% nke mmiri Naịl. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa Naịl Ọcha, pasentị iri ise na itoolu nke mmiri ruru Ijipt sitere n'ugwu Etiopia site na Naịl Anụnụ. Osimiri ahụ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka Sudan, ebe Roseires Dam na Sennar Dam na-enye aka na pasentị iri asatọ nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik mba ahụ site na ike mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-enyekwa aka ịgba mmiri n'ime atụmatụ Gezira, nke a ma ama maka oke mma ya dị elu nke owu, yana mmepụta ihe ubi wit na nri anụmanụ n'ógbè ahụ.

Na Nọvemba afọ 2012, Etiopia malitere iwu mgbidi mmiri Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam, nke nwere ike megawatt 6000 n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ. A na-atụ anya na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-eme ka akụnụba Etiopia dịkwuo mma. Ma, mba Sudan na mba Ijipt kwupụtara nchegbu ha gbasara mbelata mmiri dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |url               = http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point
 |title             = Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point
 |year              = 2012
 |publisher         = [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]
 |location = [[Africa]]
 |access-date        = 9 July 2015
 |url-status           = live
 |archive-url        = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point
 |archive-date       = 14 July 2015
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik malitere na Febụwarị 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Completed_new_Sebara_Dildiy_bridge.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Àkwà mmiri nkwụsịtụ nke dị n'elu Osimiri Naịl Blue. Ọ bụ naanị àkwà mmiri eriri ndị na-eje ije na-agafe Osimiri Naịl Blue na Etiopia.]]
[[Faịlụ:Bridges_across_the_Blue_Nile_Gorge.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Naịl Blue dị na Etiopia.]]
Ijipt Egwna-atụ egwu Etiopia nwere ike igbochi Blue Nile bụ isi ihe kpatara mmekọrịta dị ogologo ma dị mgbagwoju anya dị n'etiti Etiopia na Ijipt. WhiỌ bụ ezie na Ijipt tụkwasịrị Etiopia obi maka mmiri ya, Etiopia dabere na Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate nke Alexandria maka ikike nna ochie na nhọpụta nke obodo ukwu yahiNjikọta a emeela ka ihe ndị mere kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na otuorRuo ọtụtụ narị afọ, iyi egwu nke igbochi Osimiri Blue Nile bụ atụmatụ dị irè iji hụ na a họpụtara ndị isi obodo Ijipt. Agbanyeghị, n'ọrụ, a nwaghị ịgbanwe mmiri osimiri ahụ ma ọ bụ iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ buru ibu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C|date=2003|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nsogbu mbụ pụtara n'oge ọchịchị Eze Zagwe Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, onye ndị Ijipt chere na ọ na-agbalị ịtụgharị osimiri ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na alaeze ya eruteghị Osimiri Naịl Anụnụ. Ọ bụ Eze Ukwu Amda Seyon nke Mbụ buru ụzọ biri na mpaghara Blue Nile wee malite ịgbasa Iso Ụzọ Kraịst ebe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C|date=2003|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Eze Ukwu nke usoro ndị eze Solomon, ọkachasị Dawit nke Abụọ, Yeshaq nke Mbụ, na Zara Yaqob, gara n'ihu na-ekwusi ike na ọchịchị Etiopia dị n'osimiri ahụ dịka ngwa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ha mekwara ka echiche a sikwuo ike n'okwu okpukpe, na-akọwapụta Blue Nile na Gihon nke dị na Baịbụl ma na-agbanwe Tammera Maryam ka o wee kwado ikike ha nwere n'elu mmiri. Akụkọ ifo ndị Yuropu oge ochie gbasara Etiopia dị ike nke Ndị Kraịst nke na-enyere aka na mbibi nke Alakụba mere ka mkpa nke Blue Nile dị na mmekọrịta Ethio-Egypt dịkwuo elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Uhlig|first=Siegbert|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C|date=2003|pages=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye mbụ a maara na Yuropu hụrụ Osimiri Naịl Naịl Blue na Etiopia, ebe osimiri ahụ si bịa, bụ Pedro Páez, onye Spen bụ Jesuit nke rutere n'isi iyi osimiri ahụ na 21 Eprel 1618. Agbanyeghị, João Bermudes, onye Portugal, onye kpọrọ onwe ya &quot;Patriarch nke Etiopia&quot;, nyere nkọwa mbụ nke Tis Abay River Falls n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya nke e bipụtara na 1565, na ọtụtụ ndị Yuropu bi na Etiopia na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 15 dịka Pêro da Covilhã gaara ahụ osimiri ahụ ogologo oge tupu Páez, mana ha eruteghị ebe o si bịa. Onye ozi ala ọzọ nke ndị Pọtugal bụ́ Jerónimo Lobo, onye na-eme nchọpụta na Scotland, rutere ebe Osimiri Naịl si apụta n'afọ 1629, na 1770, onye nchọpụta na Scotland bụ́ James Bruce ruru ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nchọpụta Yuropu chere echiche ịchọpụta ụzọ Osimiri Naịl site na njikọ Blue Nile na White Nile ruo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana, Ọwa Mmiri Blue Nile emeghị ka mgbalị niile ghara isi ike kemgbe Frédéric Cailliaud gbalịrị ime ya n'afọ 1821. Onye America bụ́ W.W. Macmillan mere mgbalị mbụ siri ike nke onye na-abụghị onye obodo iji chọpụta ókè osimiri a ruru n'ókèala ya na 1902, onye nchọpụta nke mba Norway bụ́ B.H. Jenssen nyeere aka; Jenssen si Khartoum gbagoo n'elu osimiri ebe Macmillan si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana gbadaa. Agbanyeghị, ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ gbachiri ụgbọ mmiri Jenssen n'ebe dị nso n'ókèala Sudan na Etiopia, ụgbọ mmiri Macmillan gbawara obere oge ka e buliri ha. Macmillan gbara Jenssen ume ka ọ gbalịa ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri site na Khartoum ọzọ na 1905, mana a manyere ya ịkwụsị kilomita 500 (maịlụ 300) site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana.&lt;ref&gt;Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&amp;nbsp;319f&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Cheesman, onye dere ihe ijuanya ya mgbe ọ bịarutere Etiopia mgbe ọ chọpụtara na mmiri dị n'elu nke &quot;otu n'ime osimiri kachasị ama ama n'ụwa, otu onye ndị ochie maara aha ya nke ọma&quot; n'oge ndụ ya &quot;e ji ahịrị ntụpọ mara ya na map ahụ&quot;, nwere ike ịse foto nke elu nke Blue Nile n'etiti 1925 na 1933. O mere nke a ọ bụghị site n'ịso osimiri ahụ n'akụkụ ya na site n'ọwara mmiri ya a na-apụghị ịgafe agafe kama site n'ịgbaso ya site n'ugwu dị n'elu, na-eji ịnyịnya ibu aga ihe dị ka kilomita 8,000 (maịlụ 5,000) n'akụkụ obodo dị nso.&lt;ref&gt;Cheesman, pp.&amp;nbsp;358–374.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1950 na 1960, ọtụtụ ndị na-anya kayak na-agbagharị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndagwurugwu ahụ. Na 1968, dịka Haile Selassie si kwuo, otu ndị agha na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị mmadụ iri isii nke ndị Britain na ndị Etiopia batara n'osimiri ahụ site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana ruo ebe dị nso n'ókèala Sudan nke onye nchọpụta bụ́ John Blashford-Snell duziri.&lt;ref&gt;Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu ahụ jiri ụgbọ mmiri Avon Inflatables nke e wuru n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ma gbanwee ụgbọ mmiri mwakpo ndị e ji aka ha mee iji kwọọ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị egwu. Njem ụgbọ mmiri ndị sochirinụ n'afọ 1970 na 1980 na-ekpuchi naanị akụkụ nke ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ.

Na 1999, onye edemede bụ Virginia Morell &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com|work=bookreporter.com|accessdate=3 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp|archivedate=8 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-ese foto Nevada Wier mere njem ahụ site n'ụgbọ mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Tana gaa Sudan, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara njem ha mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/|title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com|publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/|archivedate=6 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2000, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ American na National Geographic, Kenneth Frantz, hụrụ foto Nevada Wier sere maka National Geographic nke ga-eme ka ọ chọta ụlọ ọrụ ebere ahụ. Foto a gosiri àkwà mmiri gbawara agbawa n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ebe mmadụ iri nọ n'akụkụ abụọ nke ogwe ahụ gbawara agbawa na-adọkpụ ibe ha site na iji eriri. Eze Ukwu Fasilides wuru àkwà mmiri akụkọ ihe mere eme a n'ihe dị ka afọ 1660 site n'iji teknụzụ àkwà mmiri ndị Rom wetara Etiopia site n'aka ndị agha Portugal n'oge agha ha na ndị Alakụba wakporo na 1507.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Baynes|first=Thomas Spencer|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1|year=1838|publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company|edition=Ninth|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ|chapter=Abyssinia}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2001 na 2009, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Bridges to Prosperity si mba Amerịka gaa rụzie àkwà mmiri gbawara agbawa n'ofe Osimiri Blue Nile wee mechaa wuo àkwà mmiri ọhụrụ nke na-anaghị emetụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/|title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists|publisher=Bridges to Prosperity|accessdate=27 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/|archivedate=12 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 28 Eprel 2004, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ala Pasquale Scaturro na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, onye na-eme kayak na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Gordon Brown, ghọrọ ndị mbụ a maara iji mmiri na-agagharị na Blue Nile n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụ ezie na njem ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, Brown na Scaturro bụ naanị ndị fọdụrụ na njem ahụ dum. Ha jiri igwefoto IMAX na kamera vidiyo abụọ ejiri aka dee akụkọ banyere njem ha, na-akọ akụkọ ha na fim ahụ bụ Mystery of the Nile na n'akwụkwọ nwere otu aha ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2005, onye Canada bụ Les Jickling na onye otu ya bụ Mark Tanner, onye New Zealand, mechara njem mbụ nke Blue Nile na Nile zuru oke site n'aka mmadụ na Sudan na Egypt. Njem ha nke karịrị kilomita 5,000 (maịlụ 3,100) were ọnwa ise wee gaa njem site na Etiopia, Sudan, na Ijipt. Ha kọrọ na ha ji ụgbọ mmiri gafee ebe agha obodo, ebe a maara maka ndị ohi, ma hụkwa ọtụtụ ihe egwu na ọsọ ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|title=Department - Alumni Association|work=web.uvic.ca|accessdate=1 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm|archivedate=2 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri Etiopia
* Ndepụta osimiri nke Sudan 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ The Tana Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling the Blue Nile]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>d20q8tgflrromfwrt1dulvpcesyvkld</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741677</id>
      <parentid>740653</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T10:08:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5574" sha1="4pszod70frfwkti56h0mrwbhjrwoq3o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
 

'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa''' (Parc National de Souss-Bassa) bụ ogige mba dị hekta 33,800 n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic nke Morocco nke e kere na 1991. Ọ dị n'etiti Agadir n'ebe ugwu na Sidi Ifni n'ebe ndịda. Osimiri Oued Souss bụ ókè ugwu nke ogige ahụ, Oued Massa dị nso n'etiti, na nsọtụ ndịda bụ obodo Aglou. Ala dị hekta 30,000 dị nso na Aglou, ndịda nke ogige ahụ, dịkwa na saịtị ahụ n'ihi na mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ebe nri site n'ebe ugwu nke ebe obibi ahụ. Ebe obibi ahụ bụ steppe na-ata ahịhịa nke nwere ájá ájá, osimiri na ala mmiri. Ala ahụ bụ ájá nke ukwuu yana ụfọdụ ebe okwute .&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt;

== Anụmanụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Northern_bald_ibis_(Geronticus_eremita).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Northern bald ibis]]
[[Faịlụ:Nature_Trail_Souss_Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08053.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Okporo ụzọ okike n'akụkụ osimiri Massa, Sidi R'bat]]
Isi ihe dị mkpa maka nchekwa nke ogige ahụ bụ na o nwere atọ n'ime mpaghara anọ nke Moroccan nke Northern bald ibis (''Geronticus eremita''). Ya na ebe nke anọ dị na Tamri dị nso, ọ nwere 95% nke nnụnụ ọhịa na-amụ nwa n'ezie n'ụwa nke ụdị a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BirdLife 3791&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=3791&amp;m=0|title=Northern Bald Ibis &amp;mdash; BirdLife Species Factsheet|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=14 November 2008|archivedate=29 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929154207/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=3791&amp;m=0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe obibi ibis na ebe obibi dị n'elu ugwu ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba, a na-ejikwa steppes na ubi ndị dị n&quot;ụsọ oké oké osimiri dị ka ebe iri nri. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụzọ okike na Oued Souss na ebe ndị nleta na Oued Massa.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn park&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6513&amp;m=0|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|accessdate=13 November 2008|archivedate=15 October 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6513&amp;m=0|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere 63,800 hectare Parc National de Souss-Massa na Aglou Important Bird Area (IBA), nke BirdLife International họpụtara n'ihi na ọ na-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-souss-massa-and-aglou-iba-morocco|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oued Massa na-ejide mmiri n'afọ niile ma na-amụ ụmụ Ọbọgwụ marble, ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt; [5] Ọ bụ naanị ebe a maara maka ịzụ ụmụ nnụnụ Morocco maka ibis na-egbuke egbuke. Osimiri abụọ ahụ dị mkpa maka ndị si mba ọzọ kwabata, ọkachasị ndị wader na gull. Spoonbill nke Europe na oge oyi nke Audouin's gull n'ogige ntụrụndụ. Ụdị nnụnụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama bụ nightjar red-necked, thick-billed lark, Tristram's warbler na Moussier's redstart..&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn park&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Souss-Massa na-enwekwa mmemme ịzụlite maka ụmụ anụmanụ anọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na North Africa: scimitar oryx, addax, dama gazelle na dorcas gazelle, nke a na-edebe n'ogige dị iche iche n'ime ogige ahụ. Ntinyeghachi nke Nnụnụ North Africa - nke na-adịghịzi n'ebe ugwu Sahara - na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513|title=Birdlife Data Zone|publisher=|accessdate=8 October 2016|archivedate=14 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414165237/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ebe a na-anọ efe nnụnụ ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120px&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Thekla_lark_(Galerida_theklae_ruficolor).jpg|Thekla lark
Faịlụ:European_serin_(Serinus_serinus)_male_Morocco.jpg|European serin
Faịlụ:Greater_Flamingo_Feeding_Oued_Massa_Oct25_A7CR_08274.jpg|Greater flamingo feeding, Massa river
Faịlụ:Little_Egret_Souss-Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08141.jpg|Little egret, Massa river
Faịlụ:Rear_Grey_Plover_Non-breeding_Souss-Massa_Park_Oct25_A7CR_08186.jpg|Grey plover (non-breeding)
Faịlụ:Sandwich_terns_(Thalasseus_sandvicensis)_in_flight.jpg|Sandwich terns in flight
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Egwu ==
Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-eyi egwu site na nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na iwu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arị elu nke ụlọ ezumike gburugburu Aglou. A kwụsịtụrụ nnukwu ụlọ nkwari akụ nke a haziri maka ụsọ mmiri na Tifnit, mpaghara nke gụnyere ebe nri dị mkpa maka ibis bald.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt;

== Njikọ mba ụwa ==
Banyere imekọ ihe ọnụ na mgbanwe mba ụwa, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Souss-Massa enwetala nkwado teknụzụ site na Ogige Ntụzụ Teide (Tenerife, Spain). 

== Hụkwa ==

* Osimiri Massa
* Northern bald ibis

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4pszod70frfwkti56h0mrwbhjrwoq3o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nur Warsame</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79104</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741666</id>
      <parentid>740617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T08:35:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5770" sha1="goo15txhvk25pal0gw7qfgh58ojygff" xml:space="preserve">
'''Nur Warsame''' (Arabic: نور وارسام;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=فتحى|first=رباب|date=2018-01-11|title=صحيفة بريطانية: إمام مثلى يخطط لفتح أول مسجد صديق للمثليين باستراليا|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/1/11/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/3596136|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510132537/https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/1/11/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/3596136|archivedate=2026-05-10|accessdate=2025-11-12|work=اليوم السابع|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; born c. 1984) is a gay imam from Australia. He is a &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwFA&quot;&gt;hafiz&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, i.e. one who has memorised the Quran; he is the second Victorian imam to earn this title.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lattouf&quot;/&gt;

A mụrụ Warsame na [[Somalia]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Abboud&quot;/&gt; ọ wee biri na Egypt na [[Kánada|Canada]] mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ kwagara Melbourne dị na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] dị ka nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ bụkwa imam kemgbe afọ 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lattouf&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lattouf|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Lattouf|date=28 April 2016|title=The secret mosques opening their doors to gay Muslims|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142|work=ABC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260510133202/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142|archive-date=2026-05-10|access-date=2026-08-12|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLattouf2016&quot;&gt;[[Antoinette Lattouf|Lattouf, Antoinette]] (28 April 2016). . ''ABC News''. Archived from [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-29/secret-mosques-doors-lgbti-muslims/7341142 the original] on 2026-05-10.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge gara aga, ọ lụrụ nwanyị ma nwee otu nwa nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Abboud&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Abboud|first=Patrick|title=Meet Australia's first openly gay Imam|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/meet-australias-first-openly-gay-imam/82bfxu2f4|work=SBS News|date=14 July 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAbboud2016&quot;&gt;Abboud, Patrick (14 July 2016). [https://www.sbs.com.au/news/the-feed/article/meet-australias-first-openly-gay-imam/82bfxu2f4 &quot;Meet Australia's first openly gay Imam&quot;]. ''SBS News''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Warsame pụtara dị ka onye mbụ bụ imam nwere mmasị n'ebe nwoke ibe ya nọ na Australia n'afọ 2010, &lt;ref name=&quot;Polianskaya&quot;/&gt; Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, ọ bụ naanị ya bụ imam kwupụtara n'ihu ọha na ya nwere mmasị nwoke ibe ya na mba ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Glazzard|first=Jonathan|title=Meeting the Mental Health Needs of Learners 11-18 Years|date=22 October 2018|publisher=Critical Publishing|isbn=978-1-912508-15-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZCCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Al-Azhar .  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka imam n'ọtụtụ ụlọ alakụba dị na Australia tupu ọ pụta dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.

Kemgbe afọ 2014, ọ na-achịkwa otu nzuzo na-akwado LGBT nke dị n'okpuru ala ''Marhaba'' (nke pụtara 'nnabata' n'asụsụ [[Arabic]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;Lattouf&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mohummadally|first=Alyena|editor=Pallotta-Chiarolli|title=Living and Loving in Diversity: An anthology of Australian multicultural queer adventures|date=24 September 2018|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=978-1-74305-595-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFfYDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA319|chapter=Queer Muslims in Australia Yahoo! Group: A first in Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma kwuo na ndị Alakụba kewapụrụ ya n'ihi mmasị mmekọahụ ya, ọ nwekwara ebumnobi imeghe ụlọ alakụba mbụ nke Australia nke ga-anabata ndị LGBT. &lt;ref name=&quot;Polianskaya&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Polianskaya|first=Alina|title=A gay Imam hopes to open one of the first LGBT+ friendly mosques|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/gay-imam-muslim-lgbt-friendly-mosque-australia-melbourne-nur-warsame-a8151206.html|work=The Independent|date=10 January 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPolianskaya2018&quot;&gt;Polianskaya, Alina (10 January 2018). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/gay-imam-muslim-lgbt-friendly-mosque-australia-melbourne-nur-warsame-a8151206.html &quot;A gay Imam hopes to open one of the first LGBT+ friendly mosques&quot;]. ''The Independent''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lattouf|first=Antoinette|authorlink=Antoinette Lattouf|title=Gay Imam hopes to open Australia's first LGBTI-friendly mosque|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-09/gay-imam-hopes-to-open-australias-first-lgbti-friendly-mosque/9310952|work=ABC News|date=9 January 2018|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ahụ, o kwuru okwu na Sydney Gay na Lesbian Mardi Gras.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Aslan|first=Alice|title=Muslim activists promote acceptance of queer Muslims|url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/muslim-activists-promote-acceptance-queer-muslims|work=Green Left|date=1 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed
* Muhsin Hendricks
* Mullah Taha
* Daayiee Abdullah

== Edensibịa ==
 
{{Reflist}}

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>goo15txhvk25pal0gw7qfgh58ojygff</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leymah Gbowee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741594</id>
      <parentid>739713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T12:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>11600</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>741594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82769" sha1="3hl16jrltm29eam7jlic4f10vxetae8" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}}
{{Infobox person
| name          = Leymah Gbowee &lt;!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --&gt;
| image         = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg
| alt           =
| caption       = Gbowee na 2013
| birth_name    = Leymah Roberta Gbowee
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}}
| birth_place   = Central [[Liberia]]
| death_date    = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;
| death_place   =
| other_names   =
| known_for     = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]''
| occupation    = [[Peace activist]]
| education     =  [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)&lt;br&gt; [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA)
| awards        = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]])
}}
'''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot; (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 &quot;maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ndụ mbido==
A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=  https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|15–25,50}} &quot;Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi,&quot; ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu &quot;n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego,&quot; laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|69}}

N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|80–82}}

Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|81}}
Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na &quot;ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&amp;awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole &quot;Pudu&quot;, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ==
Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &amp;#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html &quot;African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia&quot;], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story &quot;NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia&quot;]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.&lt;ref&gt;[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and &quot;Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative&quot;] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her &quot;non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work.&quot; }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh &quot;BB&quot; Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere &quot;ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;Lynda Hollinger Janzen, &quot;Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy&quot;, ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ &quot;BB&quot;, Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|88}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, &quot;WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana,&quot; ka Gbowee dere.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye &quot;nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. &quot;Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|109}}

N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|112}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} &quot;Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere &quot;ụka na-akwado udo&quot; sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. &quot;BB&quot; Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.&lt;ref name=autogenerated9&gt;[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ &quot;Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition&quot;]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị===
N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia &quot;Malou&quot; (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: &quot;Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}}&lt;ref name=&quot;podcastFaith&quot;&gt;{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga &quot;n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: &quot; Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!&quot; Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|127}}

Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu &quot;Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace&quot;—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|128,135}}

Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, &quot;Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, &quot;Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|141}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye &quot;nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya&quot; iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|155}}

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee&lt;!-- Both generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha &quot;dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: &quot;Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: &quot;General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a.&quot; Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: &quot;N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na &quot;ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|164}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|163}}

Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a &quot;n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo.&quot;&lt;ref name=autogenerated5 /&gt; N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ime ka udo sikwuo ike===
A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa site n'uwe elu ha na-acha ọcha nke nwere akara WIPNET; ndị Liberia nọ n'okporo ámá weere Gbowee na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe na Liberia dị ka ndị dike mba ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe e binyere aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}} Ka o sila dị, Gbowee dere banyere nchegbu ha na-enwe mgbe niile banyere otú udo ha nyeere aka iweta si dị nro ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'oge ọ bụla:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Agha nke afọ iri na anọ anaghị akwụsị akwụsị. N'oge ahụ anyị nwere obi iru ala ilegharị anya, anyị zutere oke ihe mere na Liberia. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri ise nwụrụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka. Otu n'ime mmadụ atọ gbara ọsọ ndụ, mmadụ 350,000 bi n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo ha, ndị ọzọ bikwa ebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta ebe obibi. Otu nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe nri na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa measles na cholera n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị n'olulu mmiri. Ihe karịrị pasentị 75 nke akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke mba ahụ, okporo ụzọ anyị, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị, emebiela.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|167}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee kwupụtara nchegbu pụrụ iche banyere &quot;mmebi uche&quot; nke ndị Liberia na-ata ahụhụ ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Otu ọgbọ dum nke ụmụ nwoke amaghị onye ha bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị egbe n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọgbọ ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ anwụ, ndị e dinara n'ike, ndị hụrụ ka e dinara ụmụ ha nwanyị na ndị nne ha n'ike, nakwa ndị hụrụ ka ụmụ ha na-egbu mmadụ ma na-egbukwa ha onwe ha. Ndị agbata obi ghọrọ ndị iro ibe ha; ndị ntorobịa tụfuru olileanya, ebe ndị agadi tụfuru ihe niile ha ji nnukwu mgbalị nweta. Mmadụ niile nọ n'ọnọdụ oke nhụjuanya na mmerụ ahụ n'obi.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|168}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere maka International Women's Day, Gbowee kwupụtakwara ihe ndị a:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-akwado udo gosiri ụwa na òtù ndị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị n'ala ala obodo dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado udo; na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ndu bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iweta udo; nakwa mkpa ọ dị inwe òtù na-alụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụzọ dabara na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ahụmahụ Liberia bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nye ụwa na ụmụ nwanyị—karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka—nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akwalite udo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/|title=International Women´s Day: Interview With Leymah Gbowee|access-date=13 December 2016|date=8 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'etiti mbibi na mkpa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, Gbowee tụrụ ụjọ maka mpako, amaghị ihe na enweghị mmasị n'omenala nke ụlọ ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu e zigara iji nyere aka napụta mba ahụ, idobe udo, guzobe usoro maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ịmalite mgbalị iwughachi. &quot;Ndị biri ndụ n'ọgba aghara dị egwu nwere ike ịnwe agụụ na enweghị olileanya, ''mana ha abụghị ndị nzuzu'' (Gbowee na-ekwusi ike). Ha na-enwekarị echiche dị mma gbasara otu udo ga-esi gbasaa, a chọkwara ka a jụọ ha.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|171}} Gbowee kwadoro ka etinye aka n'òtù ndị nkịtị dị na Liberia—karịsịa òtù ụmụ nwanyị—n'ọrụ iweghachi obodo ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Iwe were ya maka otu UN si na-emefu ọtụtụ nde dọla na Liberia, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ahụ na-aga n'ịkwụ ndị ọrụ ha ụgwọ na ihe ndị metụtara ha... A sị na ha nyere ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ego ahụ, ọ gaara eweta ezigbo mgbanwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|173}}

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi nke 2003-04, &quot;ụwa nke idozi esemokwu, iwulite udo na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ&quot; na-akpọ Gbowee ka o dee akwụkwọ, bịa na ogbako ma kọwaa ahụmịhe na echiche nke WIPNET. Thelma Ekiyor gbara Gbowee ume ka o merie enweghị ùgwù onwe onye ya n'etiti &quot;ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị elu bụ ndị nwere nzere masta ma na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị ike&quot; site n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe karịa iji ghọta echiche ndị na-agbasa n'ụwa nke iwulite udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndị a: &quot;The Peace Book&quot; nke Louise Diamond dere—onye a ma ama maka ịkwado usoro mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche (multi-track diplomacy)—yana &quot;The Journey Toward Reconciliation&quot; na &quot;The Little Book of Conflict Transformation&quot;; akwụkwọ abụọ a nke ikpeazụ bụ nke John Paul Lederach dere, onye bụkwa onye isi nchoputa nke Center for Justice and Peacebuilding na Eastern Mennonite University.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|177}} Ọ gara ọgbakọ USAID na New York, njem mbụ ya ịpụ Afrịka,&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–175}} gaa n'ọgbakọ na South Africa, nakwa na Switzerland, ebe ya na onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmemme UN na Liberia nwere mkparịta ụka ọrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|174–176}}

===Nzere masta n'iwulite udo===
Na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2004, ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ ka e binyere aka na Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra, Ghana, Gbowee kpebiri ịga gụọ akwụkwọ na mahadum n'ihe gbasara ngalaba ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na ya: &quot;Anụla m banyere [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (EMU), mahadum dị na Amerịka nke nwere usoro ọmụmụ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara iwulite udo na idozi esemokwu. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke na-akwado mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na inye aka n'obodo; o nwere mmekọrịta dịte aka ya na WANEP, ma nweekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịnabata ndị Afrịka ka ha bịa gụọ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}} Oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na EMU—izu anọ n'ime mmemme kwa afọ a na-akpọ Summer Peacebuilding Institute—bụ &quot;oge wetaara m mgbanwe dị ukwuu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}

Gbowee so Hizkias Assefa mụọ ihe; ọ gụọla ihe ndị Assefa dere afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na St. Peter's Lutheran Church n'ihe gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche. Ọ sokwara Howard Zehr mụọ ihe, onye &quot;kụziiri m echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi na-eweta mweghachi&quot; (restorative justice)—usoro e si agwọ ọnya site na mgbalị nkwonkwo nke ndị e merụrụ ahụ na ndị mere mmerụ ahụ ahụ, iji dozie mmebi ndị ahụ e mepụtara.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178}}  O chere na ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe dị mkpa karịsịa n'Africa: &quot;Ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe bụ... ihe anyị nwere ike ịhụ dị ka nke anyị, ọ bụghị nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ tinyere n'ọrụ aka. Anyị chọkwara ya, anyị chọrọ ịlaghachi n'ọdịnala ahụ. Omenala nke ntaramahụhụ juru ebe niile n'Africa. Ndị mmadụ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, na gọọmentị mere ihe ọjọọ mana a dịghị aza ha ajụjụ. Ihe karịrị ihe anyị chọrọ iji taa ha ahụhụ, anyị kwesịrị idozi mmebi ha mere.... Mgbe m hapụrụ EMU, amaara m na enwere ihe ndị ọzọ ebe a maka m. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, m ga-achọta ụzọ m ga-esi laghachi.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|178–179}}

Gbowee lọtara maka nzukọ mkparịta ụka gburugburu tebụl nke akpọrọ &quot;Atụmatụ maka Ịgwọ Ọnya Mmetụta Uche na Iwulite Ike Iguzogide&quot; n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2005, wee debanye aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ oge niile na-ebi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-achụso nzere masta na ngalaba &quot;mgbanwe esemokwu na iwulite udo&quot; na Center for Justice and Peacebuilding nke EMU n'afọ 2006-07:&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ngụsị akwụkwọ, enwere m ike ịhụ ka uche m na-agbasa, nghọta m na-esikwu ike. Aghọtara m na m nwere ike itinye aha a kpọrọ &quot;iwulite udo dị mkpa,&quot; n'ihe m mere n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa na Liberia.... Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na EMU ebiela ndụ n'oge esemokwu, e nwekwara ahụ efe n'etiti ha.... Na Harrisonburg, obere obodo ochie dị na Ndagwurugwu Shenandoah, nke dị anya na Liberia na mwute ya na ndị na-atụ anya ihe n'aka m, ọ dịghị mkpa ka m sie ike. Mgbe ụfọdụ - dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe m hụrụ nne na ụmụ ya - m na-ebe ákwá. Ọ dịghị onye nọ na EMU chere na nke ahụ bụ ihe ijuanya. Ezutere m otu agadi nwoke nke furu ezinụlọ ya niile na mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, n'oge Gbowee na-amalite oge ọmụmụ zuru oke nke mbụ ya na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, ọ gara obodo New York ịgwa ndị otu UN okwu n'emume ncheta afọ ise nke nnabata Mkpebi 1325 (Resolution 1325). Mkpebi a lekwasịrị anya n'ichekwa ụmụ nwanyị pụọ n'ime ihe ike dabeere na okike, nakwa itinye ha n'ime mbọ udo nke UN na-akwado.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|179}} Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ọ natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Abigail Disney—onye sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Walt Disney, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa onye na-enye onyinye ebere. Disney na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, bụ́ Gini Reticker, chọrọ iso Gbowee kwurịta maka ebumnuche ha ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ (documentary) gbasara otu ụmụ nwanyị Liberia si chịkọta onwe ha iji manye ụmụ nwoke ịkwụsị agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|212}}

===Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN)===
N'agbata afọ 2006 na 2007, Gbowee malitekwara iso Ekiyor na Ecoma Alaga (onye Naijiria, dị ka Ekiyor) kwurịta maka ikewapụ WIPNET na WANEP. O mere nke a n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa ego nzukọ nne ahụ, ọ chọkwara ka ha atọ nwee ikike zuru oke n'ilekọta ihe niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|187}} Onye guzobere WANEP, bụ́ Sam Gbaydee Doe—onye bụkwa ezigbo enyi Gbowee—kwadoro ọchịchọ ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ inwe nnwere onwe n'usoro nhazi ha, mana ọ hapụlarị WANEP iji gaa mba England gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere PhD.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}} Onye na edu WANEP bụ onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MA na mmemme mgbanwe esemokwu na EMU, Emmanuel Bombande bụ onye Ghana,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/emmanuel-bombande/.|title=» Emmanuel Bombande|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye na-ekwetaghị na ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ nwere alaka WIPNET nke WANEP, ya mere o kweghị ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|188–189}} N'ihi ya, Gbowee na ndị ọrụ ibe ya abụọ guzobere otu ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN), nke dịkwa na Accra, Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|189}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/who/founders/ |title=Founders |website=[[WIPSEN-Africa.org]] |access-date=19 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Abigail Disney tinyere aka inyere Gbowee aka ịchịkọta ego n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye ebere na New York maka iwepụta WIPSEN, nke mere ka o nwee ike inweta $50,000 dị ka ego mbido.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|202}}

===Ndụ nkeonwe na ihe ịma aka dị iche iche===
Mgbe Gbowee gụchara ọmụmụ ihe ya na EMU n'ụbọchị 30 nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, ma laghachi n'ebe ụmụ ya nọ na Liberia n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2007—ebe ndị mụrụ ya na-elekọta ha—ọ ghọtara na ọnwa itoolu ọ nọrọ n'ebe dị anya &quot;fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bibie anyị niile.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|194}} Na Virginia, o biri na ọnọdụ &quot;oyi na-adịghị apụ apụ,&quot; ọ nwekwara mmetụta &quot;ụjọ, mwute, na oyi dị ka ọchịchịrị ojii na-agba okirikiri,&quot; ka ọ na-eche ihu &quot;ikpe ndị bụbu enyi ya na WANEP kpọtere ya, n'ihi ọchịchọ anyị inyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|200–201}} Ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọ na-achọ inweta (nke e nyere ya na ngwụcha afọ 2007), aha ya na-ewu ewu karịa, tinyere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ndụ ya, kpatara esemokwu n'ime mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia aha ya bụ Tunde. Nwoke a, onye na-arụrụ òtù mba ụwa ọrụ, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nna nye ụmụ ya ruo afọ iri—malite n'oge mmalite nke mmegharị udo ụmụ nwanyị Liberia, ruo n'oge Gbowee nọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na EMU&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|203–204}} (nke o kwụrụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|198}}). Ha kewapụrụ, ma n'oge mmalite afọ 2008, Gbowee nọ na mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ ozi, onye ọ kpọrọ aha ya bụ James.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|205-205}} Ọ bụ nna nwa ya nke isii, bụ́ nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Jaydyn Thelma Abigail, onye a mụrụ na New York City n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, afọ 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|223}}

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, mgbe ezinụlọ na ndị enyi Gbowee zukọrọ ime emume ncheta ọmụmụ nke nwa ya nwanyị nke mbụ, Amber, o doro anya na Gbowee enweela nnukwu nsogbu mmanya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Gbowee kọwara na ọ malitere ịṅụ mmanya ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri iji merie owu ọmụma nke ikewapụ onwe ya mgbe niile n'ezinụlọ ya, nsogbu ịda ogbenye na mmerụ ahụ agha kpatara, na nrụgide nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'oge ya. N'oge emume ncheta ọmụmụ Amber, ụmụ Gbowee kwuru na ọ ṅụrụ iko mmanya iri na anọ. N'echi ya, ọ tụfuru onwe ya. Mgbe ọ matara onwe ya ọzọ, na-arịa ọnya afọ, ọ rịọrọ James ka ọ kpọga ya dọkịta: &quot;Mgbe ahụ ahụrụ m ụmụaka ahụ ka ha gbakọtara gburugburu anyị, ihu ha na-atụ ụjọ, ndị na-enweghị enyemaka. Mgbe ha furu efu, nke a ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ. Mba. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Ọ nwere ike ịdị ka ihe dị mfe, mana nke ahụ bụ njedebe nye m. Anaghị m ehi ụra nke ọma, m ka na-eteta n'oge, mana anaghị m aṅụ mmanya ọzọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|208–209}}

==Echiche gbasara okpukperechi==
N'oge Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ, Gbowee jiri usoro okpukperechi na nke ime mmụọ dị iche iche mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu ndị agha ahụ kpatara. O kwuru na ya jiri egwu okpukperechi, egwu ọdịnala, yana egwu ndị ọzọ ndị otu ya n'obodo ndị Alakụba dị nso na-abụkwa mee ihe. Mgbe o meriri ihe nrite Nobel na 2011, o nyere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa itinye okpukperechi n'ọrụ, yana mkpebi siri ike o nwere iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi weta udo na Liberia. Na Ọktoba 6, 2016, Gbowee nyere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School, ebe o kwuru okwu nwere isiokwu bụ &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-akpali mmegharị dị iche iche—nke dabeere n'okpukperechi na ime mmụọ, ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile—iji weta udo na-adịgide adịgide.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Can the Women Do Something? {{!}} Harvard Divinity Bulletin |url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/can-the-women-do-something/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women as Catalysts for Peace {{!}} Harvard Divinity School |url=https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206185537/https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee jiri okpukperechi na mmụọ dị ka atụmatụ iji kwalite ụmụ nwanyị maka ịkwụsị agha obodo abụọ nke Liberia. Usoro ndị o ji dịka egwu okpukperechi na ọdịnala nyere aka ịmepụta obodo nke ga-ejikọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, ''Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War; a Memoir,'' Mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta mmetụta nke nkwenkwe okpukperechi ya na atụmatụ maka iweghachi udo na Liberia. Mgbe agha obodo nke abụọ malitere na 1999, na-eme ka nsogbu dịlarị nke ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike na Liberia dịkwuo elu, Gbowee chere na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee oku maka ihe omume n'etiti okpukperechi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/laureate/leymah-gbowee/|website=Nobel Women's Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka nzaghachi nye ebili nke abụọ a nke esemokwu na-egbu egbu, Gbowee guzobere otu njikọ maka iwulite udo nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba; nke a kpalitere mmegharị a ma ama a na-akpọ &quot;Liberia Mass Action for Peace Movement.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Site n'itinye aka n'ọnọdụ ndị a dị oke mkpa, Gbowee nwetara nkà ndu dị ukwuu, nke o jikọtara ya na nzụlite okpukperechi ya. N'oge LMAPM, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe haziri ọtụtụ nzukọ ekpere, na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ụdị ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike. Nzukọ ekpere ndị a kpọrọ oku maka ime udo n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ma chọọ ka e mee ihe doro anya iji kwụsị agha ahụ, n'oge mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche na mpaghara West Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gbowee, ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Thelma Ekiyor]], jikọtara okpukperechi na omenala ọdịnala iji kọwaa usoro ha ji eleba anya n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ esemokwu, iwulite udo, na nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thelma Ekiyor|url=https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|website=Rising Leadership Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232323/https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okwukwe Gbowee nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi na ọrụ ọ na-arụ. Ekpere bụ isiokwu na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya na n'okwu ndị ọ na-ekwu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa oge ndị e nwere mfu, ihe mgbu, iru újú, na nkụda mmụọ—ihe ndị mere ka ọ nwee obi abụọ banyere okwukwe ya—ọ na-egosi na ekpere bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ime njem ya nke iweta udo. O dere sị, &quot;Chineke na-eguzosi ike n'okwu ya mgbe niile, ọ na-ahụkwa n'anya mgbe niile; ọ na-anụ ekpere anyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; O ji ekpere mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nke nchebe, olileanya, na nduzi n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'obodo. Gbowee na-ahụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst dị ka ihe bara uru nke ukwuu, nke dịkwa oke mkpa n'ihe gbasara ndụ mmekọrịta na omenala nke ndị Liberia. Gbowee kwenyere na iji nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ n'ọnọdụ esemokwu—karịsịa ndị o sonyere na ha—ekpere aghaghị ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa. Nke a bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke onye ọ bụ, dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'ụwa niile, ebe ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Isonye n'otu dị iche iche, dị ka 'Christian Women's Peace Initiative' (CWI), nyeere ya aka itinye akụkụ a nke okwukwe ya n'ọrụ iji weta udo, ma kụziere ndị ọzọ gbasara udo n'ime afọ ndị gara aga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Okpukperechi metụtara ụzọ Gbowee si ewulite udo dịka ụdị nne. N'ezie, ọ na-adọta olu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ okorobịa na-anaghị asọpụrụ bụ́ ndị na-ebu ibu agha. Gbowee ejirila okpukperechi mezuo ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'oge njem na nkuzi ya n'ebe ọgwụgwọ. Ọrụ dị mkpa ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ike dịka Ekiyor, jiri okpukperechi mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwado iji zụlite ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ, na-achọ udo n'ime obodo ha, n'ụlọ ha, na mba ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; Ikpe ekpere abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ Gbowee, ọkachasị ná ndụ ịhụnanya ya. Iji ekpere maka ya bụ ngwa ọgwụgwọ nke nyeere ya aka imeri mmekọrịta mmegbu ya ma chebe ụmụ ya. Otu akụkụ nke Gbowee iji okpukperechi na okwukwe dị ka ụdị nne bụ site n'iji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka iji nyere onye ọ bụla ọ na-enyere aka inwe njikọ. O jiri okwukwe na nkwenkwe ya, karịsịa Baịbụl nyere ha aka ịghọta ahụmịhe ha na ihe mwute ha na-enwe. Na Septemba 2016, Gbowee mere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School na &quot;Religion and The Practice of Peace.&quot; O kwuru na Okpukperechi na ime mmụọ bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na Liberian Women's Mass Action for Peace. Nzukọ ime mmụọ ndị a bụ ihe o ji mee ihe n'obodo ya iji kwalite ma nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ime ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha, ma nke onwe, nke ime mmụọ, ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru:

&quot;N'ime otu anyị, ihe mbụ anyị mere bụ inwe nzukọ ndụmọdụ ụbọchị atọ. N'ụbọchị mbụ anyị kpọtara naanị ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst, anyị wee laghachi na Baịbụl ịchọta ihe ndị ahụ dị na Baịbụl nke ụmụ nwanyị mere. Anyị chọrọ igosi ha (ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst) na Chineke nwere ụzọ isi jiri ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe nakwa na e nwere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga-anọ tụgharịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ha. Ya mere, anyị kpọgara ha na Baịbụl, anyị wee jiri ụmụ nwanyị nwere okwukwe mee ihe atụ—Esta, Debora, Rehab, onye akwụna—ndị mere ihe dị ukwuu iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ahụ. Anyị jiri ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women as Catalysts for Peace|url=https://rpp.hds.harvard.edu/news/women-catalysts-peace|website=rpp.hds.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Okpukpe na Baịbụl nyere Gbowee aka ịkọwa ọhụụ ya nye ụmụ nwanyị Liberia nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche. Iji wulite obodo ndị siri ike maka iwulite udo na ịkwalite ngagharị iwe gụnyere ijide otu okpukperechi ndị ọzọ, nke bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, maka Gbowee, iwulite obodo siri ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nke ga-etinye ha n'ihu n'ime nnukwu mmegharị ahụ maka njedebe agha na ịghara igbochi nkwenkwe ya naanị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, bụ usoro o kwadoro. N'ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru, &quot;Ihe nke abụọ anyị mere bụ ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ma gafee otu usoro ahụ, mana na Qur'an... Anyị ga-ekwu okwu ma gụọ ụfọdụ nkọwa ndị na-ekwu maka otu esi emeso ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma bie ndụ na-enweghị ihe ike...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Iji okwukwe mee ihe jikọrọ ụmụ nwanyị niile ọnụ nyeere ha aka iwulite mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ha n'ihe gbasara idu ndú. Gbowee si n'obodo e nwere ngwakọta nke okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ; ebe ndị mụrụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ezigbo ndị enyi ha na ndị agbata obi ha bụ ndị Alakụba. Iji okpukperechi eme ihe iji kpọkọta ndị ntorobịa—karịsịa ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị—ghọrọ ebumnuche Gbowee. O ji nke a kwalite nkà idu ndú na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike site n'ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ, si otú a na-azụlite ndị ndú ọhụrụ maka ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=July 2026 |first=The ReligionStars Team-Modified on: 4 |title=Religion of Leymah Gbowee |url=https://religionstars.com/en/star/leymah-gbowee/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Religion Stars |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-enye enyemaka maka ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche—dị ka 'Trauma Healing Office'—ebe ọ gara n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia iji kụziere ndị mmadụ otu ha ga-esi merie ihe mgbu na mmerụ ahụ uche ha nwere. O chere na nke a bụ ọrụ Chineke kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt; N'ihi oke agha ahụ na mgbalị ọ na-agba iji lekọta ezinụlọ ya, o ji okwukwe siri ike mee ihe iji nye ndị ọ na-enyere aka nkasi obi. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ike gwụrụ na ụmụ okorobịa ndị a manyere isonye n'ihe omume mbibi ahụ aka. Ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia sitere n'ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara n'ezinụlọ nke ya. O nweghị ike ilekọta ụmụ ya n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ, ya mere, ewezuga ụmụ ya, ihe kacha ya mkpa bụ ịghara ịhapụ okwukwe ya. Ndị o nyeere aka ma na Liberia ma na Ghana na-akpọ ya &quot;Big Mama&quot; (Nne Ukwu) ma ọ bụ &quot;Nne nke Udo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;

Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ dị oke mkpa n'ime atụmatụ iweta udo, yana n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ maka mmadụ niile n'ebe ọ bụla ha nọ. O kwenyere na iji merie ajọ omume ndị na-emebi ndụ mmadụ na otu ha si ebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ dị mkpa inwe ndị kwere ekwe n'ezie.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Transforming Conflict through Nonviolent Coalitions|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&amp;context=lecture_series|date=13 March 2013|website=University of San Diego Digital USD}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka onye okpukperechi n'ọnọdụ ndị a, maka Gbowee, ime mmegwara abụghị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ kọwara na ya na-agụ Baịbụl ma na-achọ akụkọ dị iche iche na-akwado udo, kama ịkwado ụkpụrụ nke &quot;anya maka anya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na mkpa ọ bara na-enyere aka ịkụzi ọmịiko na ime omume mgbaghara—ihe ndị nyekwara aka n'ime ka ọrụ nkwado ya nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leymah Gbowee on her faith, resilience, and channeling anger for good|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gspF9FKdq8M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gspF9FKdq8M |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|date=13 October 2015|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ ya na ndị iwe ji, bụ́ ndị gabigara ahụmahụ na-egbu mgbu sitere n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbaghara ghọrọ akụkụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ na agụmakwụkwọ o bu n'obi inye ndị ọ na-elekwasị anya. Maka Gbowee, mgbaghara ejikọtaghị na otu okpukperechi pụrụ iche, kama ọ metụtara ọtụtụ okpukperechi dị iche iche. N'otu nzukọ gbasara udo, o kwuru sị, &quot;N'ime njem ndụ m, ọ bụghị naanị Ndị Kraịst bịakwutere m. Ọ bụghịkwa naanị ndị Alakụba. Kama, ọ bụ ndị si n'okpukperechi dị iche iche.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

N'ihe gbasara onyinye o nyere n'otú e si aghọta ihe gbasara ime ihe ike, Gbowee jikwa okwukwe ya mee ihe iji mesie ike mkpa ọ dị iji ụzọ ndị na-adịghị agụnye ime ihe ike eme ihe. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa n'ọrụ o rụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na otu 'Women in Peace-building Network' (WIPNET).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Peacebuilding Network {{!}} Liberian organization|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Peacebuilding-Network|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O ji ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere okwukwe siri ike, bụ́ ndị nwekwara ahụmahụ siri ike metụtara ime ihe ike—n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị a mere n'ọnọdụ sara mbara karị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị so Gbowee rụọ ọrụ chere ụdị ime ihe ike dị iche iche ihu, gụnyere ime ihe ike metụtara mmekọahụ, ahụ́, mmetụta uche, na uche. E ji egwu na egwu ịgba nke okpukperechi ọdịnala mee ihe n'ime mgbalị ndị na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike, iji weta ọgwụgwọ na udo. A na-eji egwu na egwu ịgba ndị a akọ akụkọ.

Gbowee na-egosipụta nraranye o nwere n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya. O ji okwu ndị a malite ngalaba ebe o ji kwupụta ekele n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya: &quot;Otuto, ebube, na nsọpụrụ niile dịrị Chineke maka ịhụnanya na amara Ya na-adịgide adịgide o gosiri m.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot; /&gt;{{rp|245}} Ọ gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọgbakọ ofufe na EMU n'afọ 2009 sị:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ bụghị site n'ike nke m ka m ji ruo ebe a... ma ọ bụ site n'ihe ọ bụla m mere n'onwe m; kama, ọ bụ site n'amara na ebere Chineke.... O jidere m n'aka. N'oge ndị kacha sie ike, Ọ nọrọnyere m. E nwere otu egwu na-asị, &quot;Duzie nzọụkwụ m n'ụzọ Gị, O Onyenwe anyị,&quot; kwa ụbọchị mgbe m tetara, nke ahụ bụkwa ekpere m. N'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume mmadụ ịga njem a—dị ka onye na-eweta udo, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mgbanwe n'obodo ya—n'enweghị okwukwe.... Ka m na-aga n'ihu n'ime njem ndụ a, ana m echetara onwe m sị: Ihe niile m bụ, na ihe niile m nwere olileanya ịbụ, bụ n'ihi Chineke.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Gbowee gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ EMU na ọ bụbu nne nwere ụmụ anọ, dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, onye iwe juru obi, na-enweghị ego, na-enweghịkwa ebe obibi kwụsiri ike—onye na-amaghịkwa ihe ga-abụ ọdịnihu ya—tupu ọ malite ige ntị n'olu Chineke n'afọ 1997. O kwuru na Chineke gwara ya okwu site n'ọnụ otu nwa nwoke dị afọ ise, nwa ọ kpọrọ aha njirimara bụ &quot;Nuku&quot;. Ihe ndị Nuku kwuru mere ka ọ ghọta na ọ dara mbà n'obi nke ukwuu, na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'onwe ya tinyere mmetụta nke enweghị enyemaka na-ebibi ezinụlọ ya—ezinụlọ nke agha obi ọjọọ na-eme na Liberia na-akpatakwa nnukwu nsogbu. Gbowee kwuru na ya malitere ime obere nzọụkwụ n'otu n'otu, na-arịọkwa Chineke ka o nyere ya aka na nzọụkwụ ọ bụla. O kwukwara na Chineke zitere ya ndị mmụọ ozi n'ụdị ụmụ mmadụ, ndị setịpụụrụ ya aka n'oge kpọmkwem ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ ma na-achọ enyemaka nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;

Dị ka ọdịdị nke gụnyere okpukpe dị iche iche n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-egosi, Gbowee kwuru na ndị ọzọ nwere ike inweta otu nkwado ahụ site n'okpukpe ndị dị iche na nke ya:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Ọ nwere ike ịbụ Jizọs, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Muhammad, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Buddha; mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkpọta mgbanwe n'ime ndụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na e nweghị onye ị nwere ike ịdabere na ya—onye ahụ bụ &quot;onye na-etinye aka site n'ike Chineke&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;onye sitere n'ebe Chineke nọ&quot;—onye ị nwere ike ịkpọku kwa ụbọchị... Chineke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, n'agbanyeghị otu i si mara Ya... Mee nzọụkwụ nke okwukwe, Chineke ga-elekọtakwa ihe ndị fọdụrụ.&lt;ref name=podcastFaith /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Odyssey Networks, Gbowee kwuru na a pụkwara ịkpọ Chineke &quot;Ike Kasị Elu.&quot; O kwusiri ike na ọ bụrụ na Ike Kasị Elu a nọnyeere gị, ị nwere ike &quot;ibili ma mee ihe ga-agbanwe ọnọdụ gị.&quot; O nyere ndụmọdụ sị: &quot;Echela onye dị ka Gandhi, echela onye dị ka King, echela onye dị ka Mandela. 'Gị onwe gị' bụ Mandela nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Gandhi nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Eze nke gị.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|title=Odyssey Networks exclusive interview with 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee - Odyssey Networks&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111144546/http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ==
Gbowee bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ na onye isi ihe nkiri na 2008 ihe nkiri ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell'', nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na vidiyo sitere n'oge agha ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri kacha mma na Ememme Ihe nkiri Tribeca nke 2008 na New York. A na-agbasa ya na United States dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihe nkiri &quot;Ụmụ nwanyị, Agha &amp; Udo&quot;, nke a na-agbasa ihe karịrị ụbọchị ise n'usoro na Tuzdee na mmalite Nọvemba 2011 na ọdụ telivishọn ọha.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Women, War &amp; Peace,&quot; www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/. Retrieved 20 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; E jirila ''Ekpere'' mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado n'ebe ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ ebe a lụchara ọgụ, dị ka Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Kenya, Cambodia, Russia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, na West Bank: &quot;Mmeghachi omume ahụ yiri onwe ha nke ukwuu: n'agbanyeghị otú mba na ọha mmadụ dị iche iche si dị, ụmụ nwanyị ghọtara onwe ha, malitekwa ikwurịta otu ha ga-esi jikọọ aka iji dozie nsogbu nke ha.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ November 2009 MEDIAGLOBAL] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093803/http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ |date=10 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MightyBe&quot;/&gt;{{rp|214}}

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye nwere ike ịchị ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ ná ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe o birila: &quot;Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye na-eme atụmatụ, onye na-adịghị mma, onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-akwalite obi ụtọ. Ọ bụghị ihe ọchị dịka balụn - achịcha-kọfị-kọfị-ndị na-eme ihe ọchị, kama ọ bụ ịdị n'otu na-akpali mmadụ inwe obi ụtọ. Ị na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị, na-eyi uwe mara mma, dị ka nduru, ị na-ahụkwa ọchị n'oge ịnọdụ ala na ngagharị iwe.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Lisa Witter, &quot;The Nobel Peace Prize: A Laughing Matter?&quot; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-witter/the-nobel-peace-prize-laughing_b_1023953.html. Retrieved 24 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu==
[[File:Tawakkul Karman Leymah Gbowee Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Harry Wad.jpg|thumb|350px|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: [[Tawakkul Karman]], Leymah Gbowee, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] na-egosi ihe nrite ha n'oge a na-enye Onyinye Nobel maka Udo, n'ụbọchị 10 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2011.]]

Mkpughe Gbowee na ntọala ọha mmadụ nke New York, nke Disney (onye ghọrọ ezigbo enyi) kwadoro&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated7&quot; /&gt; mepeere ụzọ maka ọtụtụ onyinye. Nke mbụ, nke sitere na [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] dị na [[Harvard]], bịara na mmalite afọ 2006; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha malitere ịbịa n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa: nkwanye ùgwù sitere n'aka [[Women's eNews]], [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]], [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award]], ihe nrite &quot;Living Legends Award&quot; maka ije ozi nye ụmụ mmadụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na Julaị 2011, [[Eastern Mennonite University|EMU]] kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gbowee dị ka &quot;Onye Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Afọ&quot; (Alumna of the Year) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Crossroads Summer 2011 - Alumni Magazine of Eastern Mennonite University |url=https://issuu.com/easternmennoniteuniversity/docs/crossroads_summer_2011 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Issuu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Nwa nwoke mbụ Gbowee, bụ Joshua &quot;Nuku&quot; Mensah, banyere EMU dị ka nwa akwụkwọ afọ mbụ n'afọ 2010; n'oge ahụ, ọ nọrọ otu afọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na nwa nwanyị mbụ Sam Gbaydee Doe, bụ Samfee Doe, onye nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ.)&lt;ref name=autogenerated9 /&gt; Nsọpụrụ kachasị pụta ìhè bịara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, mgbe Kọmitii Nobel nke Norway họpụtara Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ natara Ihe Nrite Nobel maka Udo (Nobel Peace Prize) nke afọ 2011. N'afọ 2022, Gbowee jere ozi dị ka onye otu 'Bartels World Affairs Fellows' na Mahadum Cornell, ebe o nyere nkuzi kwa afọ a na-akpọ 'Bartels World Affairs Lecture'.

===Onyinye===
* 2019 – Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Peter Gabriel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2019 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2019/|quote= Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, addresses Academy delegates and members at a symposium at Four Seasons Hotel during the 53rd annual International Achievement Summit in New York City.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 – [[Community of Christ International Peace Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=International Peace Award |url=https://cofchrist.org/international-peace-award/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Community of Christ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 – Oxfam America Right the Wrong Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Oxfam International|website=www.oxfam.org|language=en|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130330/https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – The [[New York Women's Foundation]] Century Award &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite AV media|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Abigail Disney and Leymah Gbowee at the 2013 Celebrating Women Breakfast}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013 – Barnard College Medal of Distinction &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|title=Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee to Address Barnard Graduates - Barnard College|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310042720/https://www.barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Olympic flag bearer in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zucconi |first=Mike |date=2012-07-31 |title=Gbowee Carries Olympic Flag at Ceremony |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2012/gbowee-carries-olympic-flag-at-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 - [[Interfaith Center of New York|James Parks Morton Interfaith Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ICNY |date=2012-06-25 |title=The 2012 James Parks Morton Interfaith Awards Dinner {{!}} ICNY |url=https://interfaithcenter.org/the-2012-james-parks-morton-interfaith-awards-dinner/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureate]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/gbowee/facts/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]] Greeley Scholar for Peace Studies&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx Greeley Scholar Challenges Listeners to 'Speak Up'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx |date=2011-11-25 }} Julia Gavin, 8 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Villanova Peace Award from [[Villanova University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wildcat Newswire |url=https://newswire.villanova.edu/newswire/wildcatnewswire/graduate/09-09-2011.html |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=newswire.villanova.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011 – Alumna of the Year, [[Eastern Mennonite University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/.|title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize - EMU News|date=7 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Living Legends Award for Service to Humanity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|title=Pray the Devil Back to Hell* - Sandy Audio Visual LLC|date=7 October 2011|work=Sandy Audio Visual LLC|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918112920/http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – John Jay Medal for Justice from the [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |title=John Jay Justice Awards |publisher=Jjay.cuny.edu |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929043545/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010 – Joli Humanitarian Award from [[Riverdale Country School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=9/10 Building |url=https://www.riverdale.edu/footnote-hill_campus-9_10_building/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Riverdale Country School |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2009 Gruber Women's Rights Prize {{!}} Gruber Foundation |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/prize/2009-gruber-womens-rights-prize |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=gruber.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – John F. Kennedy [[Profile in Courage Award]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients.aspx|title=Award Recipients - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library &amp; Museum|website=www.jfklibrary.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009 – &quot;Honor Award for Courageous Commitment for Human Rights of Women&quot; by the Filmfestival Women's Worlds, TERRE DES FEMMES, Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2026}}
* 2008 – [[Women's eNews]] Leaders for the 21st Century Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Seltzer |first=Sarah |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/071224/seven-who-topple-tyrannies |title=2008 – Seven Who Topple Tyrannies |publisher=Womensenews.org |date=24 December 2007 |access-date=7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2007 – Blue Ribbon for Peace from the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Harvard Honors Alumna – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/2008/08/harvard-honors-alumna/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=emu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nzere nsọpụrụ===
* 2024 – Honorary Doctorate, delivery of the [[Oliver Tambo]] lecture, [[Georgetown University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Ceremony &amp; Oliver Tambo Lecture with Leymah Gbowee |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |website=Georgetown University |access-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213221743/https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |archive-date=13 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 – Honorary Doctorate of International Affairs from [[American University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.american.edu/commencement/honorary-degree-recipients.cfm |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=American University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012 – Honorary Doctorate by Rhodes University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/graduationgateway/honorarydoctorates/2012/|title=Honorary Doctorates 2012 |date=12 March 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ihe omume ndị ọzọ==
* [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], Member of the Board of Trustees (kemgbe 2020)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/carnegie-corporation-new-york-welcomes-three-new-trustees/ Carnegie Corporation of New York Welcomes Three New Trustees] [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], press release of 22 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gulbenkian Prize|Calouste Gulbenkian Prize for Human Rights]], Member of the Jury (kemgbe 2018)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164902/https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prizes/the-jury/ Jury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164902/https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prizes/the-jury/ |date=2018-11-18 }} [[Gulbenkian Prize|Calouste Gulbenkian Prize for Human Rights]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ara Pacis Initiative, Member of the Council&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.arapacisinitiative.org/en/il-consiglio/8-membro-del-consiglio/67-leymah-roberta-gbowee |title=Leymah Roberta Gbowee |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190207/http://www.arapacisinitiative.org/en/il-consiglio/8-membro-del-consiglio/67-leymah-roberta-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity|Aurora Prize]], Member of the Selection Committee (kemgbe 2015)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115146/https://auroraprize.com/en/aurora-prize/2018/selection_committee Selection Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115146/https://auroraprize.com/en/aurora-prize/2018/selection_committee |date=2018-09-09 }} [[Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity|Aurora Prize]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* High Level Taskforce for the International Conference on Population and Development, Member&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.icpdtaskforce.org/about/Leymah-Gbowee.html |title=Leymah Gbowee, Founder and President, Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, Liberia - About the High-Level Task Force for ICPD |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319221715/http://www.icpdtaskforce.org/about/Leymah-Gbowee.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nobel Women's Initiative, Member of the Board&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-the-laureates/leymah-gbowee/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711163520/http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-the-laureates/leymah-gbowee/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 11, 2012|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* PeaceJam Foundation, Member of the Board&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.peacejam.org/laureates/Leymah-Gbowee-13.aspx |title=Peacejam &amp;#124; Leymah Gbowee |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028153007/http://peacejam.org/laureates/Leymah-Gbowee-13.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* World Refugee &amp; Migration Council (WRMC), Member of the Council&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://wrmcouncil.org/council-members/|title=Council Members, World Refugee &amp; Migration Council |website=wrmcouncil.org |access-date=8 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọrụ==
* {{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |last=(ya na Carol Mithers) |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}

==Hụkwa==
* Enweghị nha anya n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị na Liberia
* Ndị ojii natara ihe nrite Nobel
* Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị natara ihe nrite Nobel
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado udo
* Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị duziri nnupụisi ma ọ bụ ọgụ megide ọchịchị
* Ọgbagha mmekọahụ
* Lysistrata
* [http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/ Ụbọchị Ụmụ Nwanyị Mba Ụwa: Ajụjụ Ọnụ nke Leymah Gbowee] na * [http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/ Global Education Magazine]

==Edensịbịa==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Wikiquote|Leymah Gbowee}}
* TED speaker
** [https://www.ted.com/talks/leymah_gbowee_unlock_the_intelligence_passion_greatness_of_girls &quot;Unlock the intelligence, passion, greatness of girls&quot; (TED2012)]
* [http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/ WIPSEN-Africa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111009211616/http://www.gnwp.org/members/wipnet WIPNET]
* [http://www.emu.edu/peacebuilding/leymah-gbowee Master's program alumni profile]
* C-SPAN 63480
* Charlie Rose view 7276
* NYTtopic people/g/leymah_gbowee
* [http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/28190/ Ubben Lecture at DePauw University]; 15 February 2012
* [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/tag/leymah-gbowee/ Leymah Gbowee] at ''Women, War &amp; Peace'' at [[PBS]]
* [http://www.thirteen.org/insidethirteen/2011/10/06/leymah-gbowee-discusses-women-war-peace-on-tavis-smiley/ Leymah Gbowee Discusses Women, War &amp; Peace on Tavis Smiley'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912010449/https://www.thirteen.org/insidethirteen/2011/10/06/leymah-gbowee-nobel-peace-prize/ |date=2019-09-12 }}, ''[[WNET]]'', full video of 5 October 2011 interview
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094520/http://www.universitiesnews.com/2012/05/29/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-leymah-gbowee-to-address-international-educators-conference-tomorrow/ Leymah Gbowee to Address International Educators Conference – NAFSA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020459/http://www.sgiquarterly.org/feature2011Jan-4.html Interview with Leymah Gbowee in SGI Quarterly &quot;Unleashing the Power of Women&quot;]
* Nobelprize

{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Liu Xiaobo]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Laureate of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]|with=[[Tawakel Karman]] and [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]|years=2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[European Union]]}}
{{S-end}}


{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gbowee, Leymah}}
[[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]]
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
      <sha1>3hl16jrltm29eam7jlic4f10vxetae8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waltajottor (Diamond Nnochiri)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741607</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T17:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57026-44</username>
        <id>67304</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jiri 'Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri (amuru June 14, 2006), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eduzi ihe nkiri, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na Nollywood nke Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nollywood.com |title=Diamond Nnochiri |url=https://nollywood.com/people/diamond-nnochiri |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Nollywood |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;' kere ihü</comment>
      <origin>741607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="331" sha1="aw38z5ddq7pt9amb6gtx7st9vkeoogs" xml:space="preserve">Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri (amuru June 14, 2006), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eduzi ihe nkiri, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na Nollywood nke Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nollywood.com |title=Diamond Nnochiri |url=https://nollywood.com/people/diamond-nnochiri |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=Nollywood |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aw38z5ddq7pt9amb6gtx7st9vkeoogs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WALTAJOTTOR</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741644</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T04:46:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-57025-06</username>
        <id>67310</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Jiri 'Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri (amuru June 14, 2006), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eduzi ihe nkiri, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na Nollywood nke Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nollywood.com |title=Diamond Nnochiri |url=https://nollywood.com/people/diamond-nnochiri |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Nollywood |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  {{Infobox person|name=Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri|birth_date=Ụbọchị 14 nke ọnwa Juun, afọ 2006|birth_place=Ikwuano, Umuahia, Abia Stee...' kere ihü</comment>
      <origin>741644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="621" sha1="4iym2t4u36rdthz2cn4bvh3fgnslr3w" xml:space="preserve">Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri (amuru June 14, 2006), Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eduzi ihe nkiri, na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na Nollywood nke Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nollywood.com |title=Diamond Nnochiri |url=https://nollywood.com/people/diamond-nnochiri |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Nollywood |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox person|name=Diamond Chinecherem Nnochiri|birth_date=Ụbọchị 14 nke ọnwa Juun, afọ 2006|birth_place=Ikwuano, Umuahia, Abia Steeti Naịjirịa|education=Michael Okpara University of Agriculture|occupation=Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi ihe nkiri}}


== Ntụaka ==</text>
      <sha1>4iym2t4u36rdthz2cn4bvh3fgnslr3w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Event:Let’s Explore Igbo Words: The Wiktionary Experience</title>
    <ns>1728</ns>
    <id>81263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>741662</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T07:49:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created event</comment>
      <origin>741662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1471" sha1="b4b1u5odouef8o7ze9y3zo8dwd7xrkw" xml:space="preserve">{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] 
|}
[[{{{2|File:Voices in our Hands Kids in Sign Spaces Flier.png}}}|center|500px]]
'''Let’s Explore Igbo Words: The Wiktionary Experience''', this project is focused mainly on introducing the Igbo Wiktionary project to new community volunteers here in Delta State. In the process also, we will be expanding the Igbo Wiktionary project with new entries and also update the already existing entries, in order to contribute more substantial content to the project. 
Words to be added as entries varies and includes colors, shapes, illnesses, punctuation marks, vegetables, etc all in Igbo Language.

== Project Timeline ==
*Event Day- ''' Sunday 1st November 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone])

==Expectations== 
At the end of this project the following expectations should be met:
#Participants will own a global Wikimedia user account to assist in contributing to open knowledge.
#New contributors will learn and explore the Wiktionary project. 
#New Igbo words will be created on the Igbo Wiktionary, while existing enteies will be improved accordingly. 

==Outcome==
This project brought about the following positive outcomes;
*

==Photo speaks==
&lt;gallery&gt;

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See also==

[[Òtù:Mmemme]]
[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>b4b1u5odouef8o7ze9y3zo8dwd7xrkw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>741664</id>
      <parentid>741662</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T08:05:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>741664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1486" sha1="4kyc5szemb5myugkxm62qmuqs5uebzy" xml:space="preserve">{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] 
|}
[[{{{2|[[File:Let’s explore Igbo Words The Wiktionary Experience Flier.png}}}|center|500px]]
'''Let’s Explore Igbo Words: The Wiktionary Experience''', this project is focused mainly on introducing the Igbo Wiktionary project to new community volunteers here in Delta State. In the process also, we will be expanding the Igbo Wiktionary project with new entries and also update the already existing entries, in order to contribute more substantial content to the project. 
Words to be added as entries varies and includes colors, shapes, illnesses, punctuation marks, vegetables, etc all in Igbo Language.

== Project Timeline ==
*Event Day- ''' Sunday 1st November 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone])

==Expectations== 
At the end of this project the following expectations should be met:
#Participants will own a global Wikimedia user account to assist in contributing to open knowledge.
#New contributors will learn and explore the Wiktionary project. 
#New Igbo words will be created on the Igbo Wiktionary, while existing enteies will be improved accordingly. 

==Outcome==
This project brought about the following positive outcomes;
*

==Photo speaks==
&lt;gallery&gt;

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See also==

[[Òtù:Mmemme]]
[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>4kyc5szemb5myugkxm62qmuqs5uebzy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>741665</id>
      <parentid>741664</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-26T08:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sayvhior</username>
        <id>13464</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>741665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1484" sha1="sh3gi0q39oh5bkg41kl1z5bq7wyhypd" xml:space="preserve">{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] 
|}
[[{{{2|File:Let’s explore Igbo Words The Wiktionary Experience Flier.png}}}|center|500px]]
'''Let’s Explore Igbo Words: The Wiktionary Experience''', this project is focused mainly on introducing the Igbo Wiktionary project to new community volunteers here in Delta State. In the process also, we will be expanding the Igbo Wiktionary project with new entries and also update the already existing entries, in order to contribute more substantial content to the project. 
Words to be added as entries varies and includes colors, shapes, illnesses, punctuation marks, vegetables, etc all in Igbo Language.

== Project Timeline ==
*Event Day- ''' Sunday 1st November 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone])

==Expectations== 
At the end of this project the following expectations should be met:
#Participants will own a global Wikimedia user account to assist in contributing to open knowledge.
#New contributors will learn and explore the Wiktionary project. 
#New Igbo words will be created on the Igbo Wiktionary, while existing enteies will be improved accordingly. 

==Outcome==
This project brought about the following positive outcomes;
*

==Photo speaks==
&lt;gallery&gt;

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See also==

[[Òtù:Mmemme]]
[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]</text>
      <sha1>sh3gi0q39oh5bkg41kl1z5bq7wyhypd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>