Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8120 741862 724266 2026-10-28T18:26:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Omu Okwei''' ma ọ bụ '''Okwe nke Osomari''' (1872-1943) bụ eze nwanyị Naijiria na-azụ ahịa bụ onye Osomari == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Omu Okwei n'afọ 1872 n'aka nwa eze [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] Osuna Afubeho na otu n'ime ndị nwunye ya, nwa nwa nke eze Abo Obi Ossai. Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, nne ya zigara ya ka ya na otu n'ime ụmụnne nne ya bụ ndị Igala biri. Ọ mụtara usoro azụmaahịa dị mkpa, ma na-ere mkpụrụ osisi, ji na ọkụkọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, ya na nne ya biri na Atani, obodo dị n'Osimiri Niger.<ref name="WiWH">{{Cite book|editor=Commire|chapter=Okwei of Osomari (1872–1943)|title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|date=1999|publisher=Yorkin Publications|location=Waterford, Connecticut|isbn=0-7876-4080-8|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninworldhist01comm}}</ref> N'afọ 1889, ọ lụrụ Joseph Allagoa, onye ahịa si Brass.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Madam Omu Okwei|author=Aka|first=Jubril Olabode|title=Nigerian Women of Distinction, Honour and Exemplary Presidential Qualities|date=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-1554-1|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0I5gsKiDasC&dq=Omu%20Okwei%20of%20Osomari&pg=PA176}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya ekwenyeghị na nhọrọ ya ma enyeghị ya onyinye alum di. Di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ nwa, Joseph, ma gbaa alụkwaghịm n'afọ sochirinụ. Ọ gafere Osimiri Niger, na-ere uwe, ite, da oriọna. Ọ gbanwere ngwaahịa ahụ maka nri nke ọ resịrị ndị Europe. N'afọ 1895, ọ lụrụ Opene nke Abo, onye nne ya bụ Okwenu Ezewene (1896−1904), nwanyị ọzọ bara ọgaranya na-azụ ahịa. Okwei nwere nwa nwoke nke abụọ, Peter.<ref name="WiWH" /> Gọọmentị ndị Britain na-achị mba ahụ kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwoke ka ha na'imebi nke ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị nyere ndị ikom akwụkwọ ikike nke nyere ha ikike ịnọdụ n'ụlọ ikpe ụmụ amaala. Okwei bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole e nyere akwụkwọ ikike ma jee ozi na Ụlọ ikpe amaala nke dị na Onitsha site na 1912 ruo n"afọ 1930.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Chuku|first=Gloria|title=The Igbo Intellectual Tradition: Creative Conflict in African and African Diasporic Thought|date=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-1-137-31129-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WmYAAAAQBAJ&dq=Omu%20Okwei%20of%20Osomari&pg=PA16}}</ref> E nyere ya utu aha nke ''omu'' nke Osomari n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1935. N'ọchịchị ọdịnala nke nwoke na nwanyị, omu bụ onye ndú kachasị elu nke nzukọ nke ndị isi nwanyị.<ref name="WiWH" /> A họpụtara ya dịka Lọọlọ Ahịa, Onye isi oche nke nzukọ ndị Nne ka ọ kpakọchara akụ. Ọ bụ eze nwanyị ikpeazụ na-azụ ahịa tupu ndị Britain dochie ọrụ ọdịnala nke nzukọ ndị Nne na-ahụ maka ịzụ ahịa. <ref name="WiWH" />{ <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Uglow, Jenni S.|title=The International Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldic00uglorich|date=1985|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|isbn=0-8264-0192-9|chapter=Okwei, Omu}}</ref> Ọ bụ nnukwu nnenne nke onye ọbụ abụ Naijiria-Britain Ikstarr. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dan Anazi|title=ikstarr-Without artistic integrity you have no legacy|publisher=The Guardian Newspaper|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/Without-artistic-integrity-you-have-no-legacy/|work=The Guardian Newspaper|accessdate=22 November 2020|date=7 November 2020}}</ref> Okwei nwụrụ na afọ 1943 na [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]], Naịjirịa. <ref name="WiWH" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * MNdiBoahen, A. ''Isiokwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke West Africa''. [[London]]: Longmans, 1966. * Coleman, J.S. Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. Berkeley, CA: University of [[California]] Press, 1971. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Omu Okwei nke Osomari," na Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective. Nke [[Bolanle Awe]] dezigharịrị. Lagos, Nigeria: Sankore Publishers, 1992, peeji nke 89104. * Ọ bụ. "Omu Okwei, Eze Nwanyị Ahịa nke Osomari: A Biographical Sketch," na Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. Izu ohi [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Naịjirịa Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme''. London: Secker & Warburg, 1971. * Okonjo, Kamene "Ntinye aka ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba: Ikike na Nkwụsi ike n'oge mgbanwe," na akwụkwọ ọrụ #221. East Lansing, MI: Women and International Development Program, [[Michigan]] State University, July 1991. [[Òtù:Ndị mmadụ nme ogige Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwaanyị Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Ndị azụmahịa Naịjirịa nke afọ narị iri abụọ]] [[Òtù:Ndị azụmahịa Naịjirịa nke afọ narị ir na itoolu]] [[Òtù:Ndị Eze Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndị mmadụ nke Naịjirịa ndị ọzọ chịrị]] [[Òtù:Ndị azụmahịa igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1943]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1872]] csj1ufgoj9h6hcg74m95112a6s1tqtv 0 10321 741866 130233 2026-10-28T18:31:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Photo of author Helen Oyeyemi, taken in January 2021.jpg|thumb|Photo of author Helen Oyeyemi, taken in January 2021]] '''Helen Olajumoke Oyeyemi''' (a mụrụ n'abalị iri n'ọnwa nke iri na abụọ (Disemba) n'afọ 1984) bụ onye ojii,nke [[British|Briten]] bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na-ede akwụkwọ nkpirikpi. Kemgbe afọ 2014 ụlọ ya dị na Prague . <ref name="Hoggard">{{Cite news|title=Helen Oyeyemi: 'I'm interested in the way women disappoint one another'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/02/helen-oyeyemi-women-disappoint-one-another|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=The Guardian|date=2 March 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Bradshaw">{{Cite web|title=What is Not Yours is Not Yours by Helen Oyeyemi|date=16 March 2016|url=http://www.thelondonmagazine.org/what-is-not-yours-is-not-yours-by-helen-oyeyemi/|work=[[The London Magazine]]|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe Onye == A mụrụ Helen Oyeyemi n'afọ 1984 na Naijiria mana o toro na Lewisham,na Saụt Lọndọn ma nna ya bụ onye nnọchi anya onye nkuzi ma nne na-arụ ọrụ na London Underground. <ref name="NPR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/03/07/282065410/the-professionally-haunted-life-of-helen-oyeyemi|title=The Professionally Haunted Life of Helen Oyeyemi|last=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=7 March 2014|work=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Cambridge. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Helen Oyeyemi - Biography|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helen-oyeyemi|work=British Council Literature}}</ref> Ọ bi na Prague ugbu a. == Ndụ na edemede == Oyeyemi dere akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''The Icarus Girl'', mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ A-level ya <ref name="jordan">{{Cite web|last=Jordan|first=Justine|title=Mr Fox by Helen Oyeyemi – review|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jun/11/mr-fox-helen-oyeyemi-review|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 January 2012|date=11 June 2011}}</ref> na Kadịnal Vaughan Memorial School . Ka ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ sayensị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Oyeyemi hụrụ egwuregwu abụọ ya, ''Juniper's Whitening'' na ''Victimese'', nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya mere iji too ya, na nke Methuen mechara bipụta. N'afọ 2007, Bloomsbury bipụtara akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Oyeyemi, ''[[:en:The_Opposite_House|The Opposite House]]'', nke sitere n’akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Kuba . <ref>{{Cite web|work=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|url=http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-ca-jc-helen-oyeyemi-20140302,0,4626669.story#axzz2vL4tcyvs|first=Stacey|last=D'Erasmo|date=27 February 2014|title=Helen Oyeyemi's 'Boy, Snow, Bird' turns a fairy tale inside out}}</ref> Akwụkwọ nke atọ ya, ''White Is for Witching'', nke akọwapụtara na o nwere "mgbọrọgwụ na Henry James na Edgar Allan Poe ", nke Picador bipụtara n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2009. Akwụkwọ nke anọ, ''Mr Fox'' ("ntụgharị uche nke gbasara odide ihe nke jupụtara na[[:en:Vignette_(literature)|vignettes]] nke n'akowa otu asụsụ si atọhapụ ma ọ bụ amachi", [[:en:Anita_Sethi|Anita Sethi]] bụ onye dere nke a), <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/13/mr-fox-helen-oyeyemi-review "Mr Fox by Helen Oyeyemi – review"], ''The Observer'', 13 May 2012.</ref> bụ Picador bipụtara n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2011, na nke ise, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/22/boy-snow-bird-review-helen-oyeyemi ''Boy, Snow, Bird'', in 2014] . <ref name="NPR"/> Oyeyemi bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ ''What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours'', n'afọ 2016 <ref>{{Cite book|title=What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours|year=2017|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisnotyoursis0000hele|language=English|first=Helen|last=Oyeyemi}}</ref> mana ọrụ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''Gingerbread'', ka e bipụtara n'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Review {{!}} Helen Oyeyemi's 'Gingerbread' recipe: Fairy tales with a dash of surrealism|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/helen-oyeyemis-gingerbread-recipe-fairy-tales-with-a-dash-of-surrealism/2019/02/26/7ec22c84-3930-11e9-a2cd-307b06d0257b_story.html|first=Ron|last=Charles|language=en}}</ref> Otu n’ime ọtụtụ ihe e dere n’edemede Oyeyemi bụ agbụrụ na ị cha ọcha, ọkachasị na 'Boy, Snow, Bird'. Oyeyemi na-ekwu na ọ metụtara ya site n'akwụkwọ ọ gụrụ na nwata ebe a kọwara ndị isi ojii n'ụzọ nleda anya. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Quinn|first=Annalisa|title=The professionally haunted life of Helen Oyeyemi|url=https://www.npr.org/2014/03/07/282065410/the-professionally-haunted-life-of-helen-oyeyemi}}</ref> === Onyinye ọkachamara na mmata === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ ''White Is for Witching'' ruruogo nke ikpeazụ nke [[:en:Shirley_Jackson_Award|Shirley Jackson Award]] nke afọ 2009 ma<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Shirley Jackson Awards " 2009 Shirley Jackson Awards Winners|url=https://www.shirleyjacksonawards.org/award-winners/2009-shirley-jackson-awards-winners/}}</ref> wee nweta akara ugo mmụta Somerset Maugham Award nke afọ 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Helen Oyeyemi - Literature|url=https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helen-oyeyemi}}</ref> N’afọ 2009 ka a mara Oyeyemi dịka otu n’ime ụmụ nwanyị nọ na ndepụta nke “25 under 25” nke Venus Zine . <ref>{{Cite web|title=You'll Want To Get Helen Oyeyemi's New Book 'What is Not Yours is Not Yours' After Reading These Reviews|url=http://woman.ng/2016/03/youll-want-to-get-helen-oyeyemis-new-book-what-is-not-yours-is-not-yours-after-reading-these-reviews/|accessdate=2020-12-04|archivedate=2020-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029192754/http://woman.ng/2016/03/youll-want-to-get-helen-oyeyemis-new-book-what-is-not-yours-is-not-yours-after-reading-these-reviews/}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, e tinyere ya na ndepụta Granta Best of Young British Novelists . ''Boy, Snow, Bird'' ruru agba nke ikpeazụ na Los Angeles Times Book Prize n'afọ 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|title=L.A. Times Book Prize Finalists Announced|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/awards-and-prizes/article/65774-2014-l-a-times-book-prize-finalists-named.html}}</ref> ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/books/review/what-is-not-yours-is-not-yours-by-helen-oyeyemi.html Boy, Snow, Bird]'' nwetara PEN Open Book Award : maka ọrụ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche nke onye edemede nke abụghị onye ọcha e bipụtara n'afọ 2016. <ref>[http://pen.org/2017-pen-literary-awards-winners/ "2017 PEN America Literary Awards Winners"], Pen America, 22 February 2017.</ref> Oyeyemi bụ onye ọka ikpe na Booktrust Independent Foreign Fiction Prize for 2015, <ref name="Irvine">{{Cite news|last=Irvine|first=Lindesay|title=Jenny Erpenbeck Wins Independent Foreign Fiction Prize|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/27/jenny-erpenbeck-wins-independent-foreign-fiction-prize|date=27 May 2015}}</ref> wee rụọ ọrụ ka onye ọka ikpe maka 2015 Scotiabank Giller Nrite . <ref>{{Cite news|first=Mark|last=Medley|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/the-giller-prize-expands-its-jury-to-five-people/article22442102/|title=The Giller Prize expands its jury to five people|date=14 January 2015}}</ref> A họpụtakwara Oyeyemi ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị Royal Society of Literature n'afọ 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Helen Oyeyemi {{!}} The Booker Prizes|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/author/helen-oyeyemi|accessdate=2020-12-04|archivedate=2020-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608231355/https://thebookerprizes.com/author/helen-oyeyemi}}</ref> == Ihe omuma akwukwo == === Akwụkwọ agụmagụ === * ''The Icarus Girl'' (2005) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Downer|first=Lesley|date=2005-07-17|title='The Icarus Girl': The Play Date From Hell|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/17/books/review/the-icarus-girl-the-play-date-from-hell.html}}</ref> * ''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Opposite_House" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="The Opposite House" class="cx-link" data-linkid="72">The Opposite House</a>'' (2007) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Shamsie|first=Kamila|date=2007-05-12|title=Review: The Opposite House by Helen Oyeyemi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/may/12/featuresreviews.guardianreview19}}</ref> * ''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Is_for_Witching" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="White Is for Witching" class="cx-link" data-linkid="74">White Is for Witching</a>'' (2009, ntụgharị Frenchị bụ ''Le Blanc va aux sorcières'', 2011) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ervin|first=Andrew|date=2009-09-08|title=Miri's Hunger|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/13/books/review/Ervin-t.html}}</ref> * ''Mr Fox'' (2011) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Bender|first=Aimee|date=2011-10-28|title=A Writer of Slasher Books Finds More Than a Muse|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/books/review/mr-fox-by-helen-oyeyemi-book-review.html}}</ref> * ''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy,_Snow,_Bird" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Boy, Snow, Bird" class="cx-link" data-linkid="78">Boy, Snow, Bird</a>'' (2014) <ref name="NPR"/> * Gingerbread (2019) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gingerbread by Helen Oyeyemi|url=http://www.panmacmillan.com/%20/authors/helen-oyeyemi/gingerbread/9781447299417}}</ref> === Ejije === * ''Juniper's Whitening'' (2004) <ref>[http://media.bloomsbury.com/rep/files/junipers-whitening-rights.pdf "Juniper's Whitening by Helen Oyeyemi"], Methuen.</ref> * ''Victimese'' (2005) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Helen|date=2005-01-09|title=A writer's life: Helen Oyeyemi|language=en-GB|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3636069/A-writers-life-Helen-Oyeyemi.html}}</ref> === Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi === * ''What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours'' (2016) <ref>{{Cite news|last=Berg|first=Laura Van Den|date=2016-03-18|title='What Is Not Yours Is Not Yours,' by Helen Oyeyemi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/20/books/review/what-is-not-yours-is-not-yours-by-helen-oyeyemi.html}}</ref> == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Nrụtụaka dị na mpụga == * [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/too-talented-to-be-this-young/article1085702/ "Too Talented to be This Young"] from ''[[:en:The_Globe_and_Mail|The Globe and Mail]]''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131213222038/http://cle.ens-lyon.fr/anglais/helen-oyeyemi-on-haunted-house-novels-157115.kjsp?RH=CDL_ANG000000 "Helen Oyeyemi on haunted house novels"], La Clé des Langues, 28 August 2012. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221051218/http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/1139 Author Page] on [[:en:PEN_American_Center|PEN American Center]] website. * [http://www.picador.com/Authors/Helen-Oyeyemi Author Page] on picador.com. * [http://www.newstatesman.com/node/198002 "i live with him, i see his face, i go no more away" (short story], ''[[:en:New_Statesman|New Statesman]]'', 18 December 1996. * [http://aalbc.com/authors/helen-oyeyemi.html Author Page] on [[:en:AALBC.com|AALBC.com]] website. * [https://www.npr.org/2011/10/02/140858519/a-muse-gets-mad-in-oyeyemis-magical-mr-fox "A Muse Gets Mad In Oyeyemi's Magical 'Mr. Fox'"] (interview), NPR Books, 2 October 2011. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme edemede]] 6qj7b7ck217l8imf84t4305cpvu3ngd 0 10716 741886 129588 2026-10-29T04:31:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aminat Yusuf Jamal''' (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 27 n'ọnwa Juun afọ 1997) bụ onye amụrụ na Naịjirịa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/08/01/bahrain-drain-the-exodus-of-nigerian-athletes-to-the-kingdom/|title="BAHRAIN DRAIN" – The Exodus of Nigerian Athletes to the Kingdom!|author=Akani|first=Bambo|date=1 August 2016|publisher=Making of Champions|accessdate=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505234348/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/08/01/bahrain-drain-the-exodus-of-nigerian-athletes-to-the-kingdom/|archive-date=5 May 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> onye na-eme egwuregwu n'aha mba Bahrain bụ ọkachamara na 400 metres hurdles . Ọ nọchitere anya obodo ọ kụchiri na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2017 mana o rughị ọkara ngwụcha. Na mbido afọ ahụ, o ritere ola abụọ na 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games . Mpụtara ya kachasị mma na mmemme ahụ bụ sekọnsọ 56.90 o tinyere na Baku n'afọ 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.all-athletics.com/en-us/athlete/1096355 |title=All-Athletics profile |accessdate=2021-08-08 |archivedate=2017-08-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809000346/http://www.all-athletics.com/en-us/athlete/1096355 }}</ref> == Asọmpi mbaụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{BHR}} |- |2015 |[[2015 Arab Athletics Championships|Arab Championships]] |[[Isa Town]], [[Bahrain]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |400 m |57.27 |- |rowspan=5|2016 |[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]] |[[Doha]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |3:35.07 |- |rowspan=2|[[2016 Arab Junior Athletics Championships|Arab Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Tlemcen, Algeria]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |100 m hurdles |14.53 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |58.25 |- |rowspan=2|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Bydgoszcz, Poland]] |6th |400 m hurdles |[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles|58.23]] |- | – |4 × 400 m relay |[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|DQ]] |- |rowspan=3|2017 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games|Islamic Solidarity Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Baku, Azerbaijan]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |400 m hurdles |[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results#400 meters hurdles|56.90]] |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |[[Athletics at the 2017 Islamic Solidarity Games – Results#4 × 400 meters relay|3:32.96]] |- |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London, United Kingdom]] |32nd (h) |400 m hurdles |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 400 metres hurdles|57.41]] |- |2018 |[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]] |[[Jakarta, Indonesia]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |4 × 400 m relay |[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|3:30.61]] |- |rowspan=5|2019 |rowspan=3|[[2019 Arab Athletics Championships|Arab Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Cairo, Egypt]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |100 m hurdles |14.66 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |400 m hurdles |57.05 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |4 × 400 m relay |3:48.60 |- |[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar]] |bgcolor=silver|2nd |400 m hurdles |[[2019 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles|56.39]] |- |[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar]] |17th (sf) |400 m hurdles |[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's 400 metres hurdles|55.54]] |} == Ebemsidee == # Akani, Bambo (1 August 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210505234348/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/08/01/bahrain-drain-the-exodus-of-nigerian-athletes-to-the-kingdom/ ""BAHRAIN DRAIN" – The Exodus of Nigerian Athletes to the Kingdom!"]. Making of Champions. Retrieved 8 August 2017. # [https://web.archive.org/web/20221024111950/https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/biographies/athcode=308469 Aminat Yusuf Jamal] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics World Athletics] # [https://web.archive.org/web/20170809000346/http://www.all-athletics.com/en-us/athlete/1096355 All-Athletics profile] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221024111950/https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/biographies/athcode=308469 Aminat Yusuf Jamal] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics World Athletics] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s2ecy76u5j6ry15k70tz2feu7wuzwna 0 11044 741881 729916 2026-10-29T02:23:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Alexx Ekubo''' (amuru '''Alex Ekubo-Okwaraeke''' ; 10 Eprel, 1986) bu onye omee ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya nke Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/05/04/bn-saturday-celebrity-interview-i-dont-have-to-prove-anything-rising-actor-alex-ekubo-gives-his-most-intimate-interview-on-the-hilarious-gay-rumours-dishes-on-his-dream-girl-his-passions|title=I don't have anything to prove to anyone|publisher=bellanaija.com|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mbụ gbagoro na asọmpi Mr Nigeria nke afọ 2010. Ọ meriri onye na- ''eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na onyinye nkwado'' na 2013 Best of Nollywood Awards maka ọrụ ya na Weekend Gateway. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinfostride.com/2014/02/nigerian-actor-alex-ekubo-wins-screen-nation-award-in-london|title=Alex Ekubo wins Screen Nation Award|accessdate=25 April 2014|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724004147/https://www.theinfostride.com/2014/02/nigerian-actor-alex-ekubo-wins-screen-nation-award-in-london/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4200896/bio|title=Alex Ekubo profile at|publisher=imdb.com|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.genevieveng.com/chillin-with-alex-ekubo|title=Genevieve Magazine interviews Alex Ekubo|publisher=genevieveng.com|accessdate=25 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234219/http://www.genevieveng.com/chillin-with-alex-ekubo/|archivedate=2014-04-26}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ekubo bu onye [[Arochukwu]], [[Ȯra Abia|Abia State]] . Ọ gara Federal Government College Daura, [[Ȯra Katsina|Katsina State]] . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara iwu na Mahadum Calabar wee nweta diplọma na iwu na Calabar Polytechnic. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/the-fashionista/my-mom-taught-me-all-i-know-about-fashion-alex-ekubo-actor|title=My Mum taught me all I know in Fashion - Alex Ekubo|publisher=punchng.com|accessdate=25 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426115656/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/the-fashionista/my-mom-taught-me-all-i-know-about-fashion-alex-ekubo-actor/|archivedate=2014-04-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/03/yemi-alade-remains-silent-on-relationship-with-alex-ekubo.html|title=Yemi Alade remains Silent on Relationship to Alex Ekubo|publisher=informationng.com|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/8289/4/|title='Why I don't have a Girl girlfriend', Alex Ekubo opens up|accessdate=25 April 2014|archivedate=11 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211064800/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/8289/4/}}</ref> Na 10th nke Mee 2021, Alex Ekubo na onye ọ chọrọ elụ Fancy Acholonu kwupụtara ụbọchị agbamakwụkwọ ha na Instagram. Agbamakwụkwọ ọdịnala ha ga-eme n'ụbọchị Satọde, abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'Imo steeti, ebe agbamakwụkwọ ndị ọcha ga-eme na Satọde na-abịa n'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Nọvemba na Legọs steeti. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vibespro.ng/entertainment/actor-alex-ekubo-and-his-fiancee-fancy-acholonu-announce-their-wedding-dates/|title='Actor Alex Ekubo and his fiancee Fancy Acholonu announce their wedding dates|publisher=Vibespro.ng|accessdate=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510164852/https://vibespro.ng/entertainment/actor-alex-ekubo-and-his-fiancee-fancy-acholonu-announce-their-wedding-dates/|archive-date=10 May 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'August 2021 nwunye Alex kwụsịrị njikọ ha na Fancy Acholonu na-ewepụta nkwupụta na mmekọrịta ha akwụsịla. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okoye|first=Ifeoma|date=2021-08-28|title=Fans Reacts To Alex EKubo's Video Amid Failed Engagement: "He Looks Lost"|url=https://surgezircng.com/entertainment/fans-reacts-to-alex-ekubos-video-amid-failed-engagement-he-looks-lost/|accessdate=2021-08-28|work=SurgeZirc Nigeria|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165527/https://surgezircng.com/entertainment/fans-reacts-to-alex-ekubos-video-amid-failed-engagement-he-looks-lost/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mpụta ihe nkiri Ekubo bụ obere ọrụ na [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]] 's ''Sinners in the House'' (2005); Ọrụ izizi ya bụ na ''Ladies Men'' ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/11/love-smell-good-appealing-alex-ekubo|title=I love to Smell Good|publisher=dailyindependent.com|accessdate=25 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202129/http://dailyindependentnig.com/2013/11/love-smell-good-appealing-alex-ekubo/|archivedate=2014-04-26}}</ref> == Igwe onyonyo == * ''Secrets &Scandal'' * ''Hope Bay'' * ''Happy Family'' * ''[[Tinsel (usoro onyonyo)|Tinsel]]'' * ''AY's Crib'' * ''Married to the Game'' ==Ihe nkiri== *''Aina'' (2011) *''[[Weekend Getaway]] (2012)'' *''True Citizens (2012)'' *''In the Cupboard (2012)'' *''Dream Walker (2013)'' *''Keeping my Man (2013)'' *''[[Lagos Cougars]] (2013)'' *''[[Champagne (2014 film)|Champagne]]'' (2014) *''Single, Married and Complicated'' (2014) *''Ifedolapo'' (2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/tope-osoba-gives-alex-ekubo-first-yoruba-movie-role/|title=Tope Osoba gives Alex Ekubo first Yoruba movie role|date=July 15, 2014|accessdate=August 11, 2015|publisher=The Vanguard}}</ref> *''[[Gold Diggin]]'' (2014) <small>(with [[Yvonne Nelson]] and [[Rukky Sanda]])</small> *''Undercover Lover'' (2015) *''All that Glitters'' (2015) *''The First Lady'' (2015) <small>(with [[Omoni Oboli]])</small> *''[[Gbomo Gbomo Express]]'' (2015) *''Death Toll'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://199news.com/news/death-toll-alexx-ekubo-ik-ogbonna-mike-godson-star-in-new-movie|title='Death Toll': Alexx Ekubo, IK Ogbonna, Mike Godson star in new movie|website=199News|publisher=Ayebusiwa Victor|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525182251/http://199news.com/news/death-toll-alexx-ekubo-ik-ogbonna-mike-godson-star-in-new-movie|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=dead|archivedate=25 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525182251/http://199news.com/news/death-toll-alexx-ekubo-ik-ogbonna-mike-godson-star-in-new-movie}}</ref> *''Entreat'' (2016) *''The Other Side of the Coin'' (2016) *''[[Diary of a Lagos Girl]]'' (2016) *''Wife Material'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibakatv.com/wife-material|title=Wife Material - iBAKATV {{!}} Home for Nollywood Movies|website=ibakatv.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074344/https://ibakatv.com/wife-material|archive-date=2019-02-23|url-status=dead|accessdate=2021-11-10|archivedate=2019-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074344/https://ibakatv.com/wife-material}}</ref> *''[[A Man for the Weekend]]'' (2017) <small>(with [[Syndy Emade]])</small> *''Catcher'' (2017) *''3 is a Crowd'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.irokotv.com/2017/04/28/3-crowd-now-playing-irokotv/|title=3 IS A CROWD now playing on iROKOtv!|date=2017-04-28|website=irokotv blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-23|accessdate=2021-11-10|archivedate=2021-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209101603/http://blog.irokotv.com/2017/04/28/3-crowd-now-playing-irokotv/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.talkafricanmovies.com/3-is-a-crowd/|title=3 IS A CROWD|date=2017-07-31|website=Talk African Movies|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> *''Hot Girl Next Door'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://midevibez.com/hot-girl-next-door-nollywood-movie-2019/|title=Hot Girl Next Door (2018) - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|language=en-GB|work=midevibez.com|accessdate=2019-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130022453/https://midevibez.com/hot-girl-next-door-nollywood-movie-2019/|archive-date=2020-11-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> *''Hot Girl Next Door'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://koko.ng/alexx-ekubo-seen-lost-while-on-trip-with-bff-ik-ogbonna/|title=Alexx Ekubo Seen Lost In Thoughts - Koko {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Actor|website=koko.ng|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-22|accessdate=2022-08-16|archivedate=2021-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827203542/https://koko.ng/alexx-ekubo-seen-lost-while-on-trip-with-bff-ik-ogbonna/}}</ref> *''Switch'' (2018) *''Power of 1'' (2018) *''The American King: As told by an African Priestess'' (2019) *''[[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]]'' (2019) *''Zero Hour '' (2019) *[[Your Excellency (film)|''Your Excellency'']] (2019) *''72 hours'' (2019) *[[Soft Work|''Soft Work'']] (2020) *''[[Son of Mercy (film)|Son of Mercy]]'' (2020) == Ihe nrite == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ihe nkiri ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref |- | 2012 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma | ''In the Cupboard'' | {{won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 | Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards | Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="2" | ''Weekend Gateway'' | {{won}} | |- | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma | {{won}} | |- | 2014 | Screen Nation Awards | Akachasị mmasị nwoke na-apụta ihuenyo nka (African) | Himself | {{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alex Ekubo wins SNA|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/alex-ekubo-wins-big-sna-2014|publisher=dailytimes.com|accessdate=25 April 2014}}</ref> |- | 2017 | Best of Nollywood Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'ọrụ ndu - Bekee | ''Inikpi'' |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-23|title=BON Awards 2017: Kannywood’s Ali Nuhu receives Special Recognition Award|url=https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award|accessdate=2021-10-07|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007214920/https://dailytrust.com/bon-awards-2017-kannywood-s-ali-nuhu-receives-special-recognition-award}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | rowspan="2" | Best of Nollywood Movies Awards | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ nkwado (Bekee) | rowspan="2" | ''[[The Bling Lagosians|Ndi Bling Lagos]]'' |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-07|title=BON Awards: Laura Fidel, Kunle Remi win Best Kiss (Full List of Winners)|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/429916-bon-awards-laura-fidel-kunle-remi-win-best-kiss-full-list-of-winners.html|accessdate=2021-06-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | Kiss kacha mma na ihe nkiri |{{nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web|author=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2020-12-02|title=2020 BON: Here are 5 nominees for ‘Best Kiss’ category|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/429108-2020-bon-here-are-5-nominees-for-best-kiss-category.html|accessdate=2021-10-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | 2021 | Honours Network | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha ewu ewu |{{won}} | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Net Honours - The Class of 2021|url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-class-of-2021/|accessdate=2021-07-21|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |} == Nsidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|4200896}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] il30afgxhdz7n4wicrmj7ttvjhv21av 0 12502 741834 739208 2026-10-28T17:52:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 4 books for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Angela Dorothea Merkel''' ( German: [ˈaŋɡela doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛʁkl̩] ( <nowiki></img></nowiki> ; [lower-alpha 1] née Kasner ; amuru 17 Julaị 1954) bu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye sayensi lara ezumike nka nke jere ozi dị ka onye chancellor nke mba Germany site na 2005 ruo 2021. Onye otu Christian Democratic Union (CDU), ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu nke otú mmegide site na 2002 ruo 2005 yana onye ndu nke CDU site na 2000 ruo 2018. Merkel bụ nwanyị mbụ bu Chancellor nke Germany. <ref>She is known in German as ''Bundeskanzlerin''. ''Bundeskanzlerin'' is a grammatically regular formation of a noun denoting a female chancellor, adding "-in" to the end of ''Bundeskanzler'', though the word was not used officially before Merkel.</ref> N'oge ya dị ka Chancellor, Merkel bu onye a na-akpọkarị ''onye'' isi nke European Union (EU) na nwanyị kachasị ike n'ụwa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/merkel-from-austerity-queen-to-leader-of-free-world/|title=Merkel: From austerity queen to 'leader of free world'|author=AFP|work=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|accessdate=30 December 2018|archivedate=1 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001212659/http://www.timesofisrael.com/merkel-from-austerity-queen-to-leader-of-free-world/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women//|title=The World's Most Powerful Women 2018|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=30 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918064215/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/|archivedate=18 September 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ Merkel na Hamburg dị na West Germany n'oge ahụ, ha kwagara East Germany mgbe ọ ka bu nwa ọhụrụ mgbe nna ya, onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran, natara ibu onye ụkọchukwu na Perleberg . O nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na quantum chemistry na 1986 wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị nyocha ruo 1989. <ref name="covid19-atlantic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/angela-merkel-germany-coronavirus-pandemic/610225/|title=The Secret to Germany's COVID-19 Success: Angela Merkel Is a Scientist|first=Saskia|author=Miller|date=20 April 2020|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=21 April 2020|archivedate=2 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502085127/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/angela-merkel-germany-coronavirus-pandemic/610225/}}</ref> Merkel banyere ndoro-ndoro ochichi n'ihi mgbanwe nke afọ 1989, na-eje ozi nwa oge dị ka osote ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Gọọmenti East Germany nke a họpụtara n'ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke ọ bu Lothar de Maizière na-eduzi ya. Mgbe German jikọrọ ọnụ na 1990, a họpụtara Merkel na Bundestag maka steeti nke Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . Dị ka onye na-amụ ihe n'aka Chancellor Helmut Kohl, a họpụtara Merkel ka ọ bụrụ Minista na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa na 1991, emesịa ghọọ Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Nchekwa ihe ekere eke na Nchekwa ihe agha na 1994. Mgbe e meriri CDU na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti e mere n'afọ 1998, e mere Merkel ode akwukwọ ukwuu tụtụ o wee bụrụ nwanyị mbụ e mere onye isi nke otu mmegide ọchịchị afọ abụọ ka e mechara, mgbe ihe asiri onyinye nke kwaturu Wolfgang Schauble. N'ịgbaso ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2005, a họpụtara Merkel ka ọ bụrụ onye ga-anọchi Gerhard Schröder dị ka Chancellor nke Germany, na-eduga nnukwu njikọ aka nke CDU, nakwa otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Bavarian bụ Christian Social Union (CSU) na Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Merkel bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara dị ka Chancellor, na Chancellor nke mbụ kemgbe ejikọtara ọnụ ka a zụlitere na East Germany. Na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2009, CDU nwetara oke kachasị nke votu ahụ, Merkel wee nwee ike ịmepụta ọchịchị mmekorita na Free Democratic Party (FDP). <ref name="BBCnewterm2">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8329490.stm|title=Germany's Merkel begins new term|accessdate=1 November 2009|date=28 October 2009|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2013, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Merkel, CDU meriri mmeri dị ukwuu nke bu 41.5% nke votu ma guzobe njikọ ukwu nke abụọ na SPD, mgbe FDP tụfuru ihe nnọchiteanya ya niile na Bundestag. <ref name="cwn">{{Cite web|title=German Chancellor Angela Merkel makes a hat-trick win in 2013 Elections|url=http://www.classworld.us/german-chancellor-angela-merkel-makes-a-hat-trick-win-in-2013-elections/|accessdate=23 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926184317/http://www.classworld.us/german-chancellor-angela-merkel-makes-a-hat-trick-win-in-2013-elections/|archivedate=26 September 2013}}</ref> Na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2017, Merkel duuru CDU ka ọ bụrụ otu kachasị ukwuu maka oge nke anọ; Merkel hibere nnukwu njikọta nke atọ ya na SPD e wee mee ya, na njikọta ọnụ nke anọ, dị ka Chancellor na 14 Maachị 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/angela-merkel-sworn-in-for-fourth-term-as-german-chancellor|title=Angela Merkel faces multiple challenges in her fourth term|first=Philip|author=Oltermann|date=14 March 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=14 March 2018|archivedate=14 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314131346/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/14/angela-merkel-sworn-in-for-fourth-term-as-german-chancellor}}</ref> Na amụma mba ọzọ, Merkel kwusiri ike maka mmekorita mba ụwa, ma n'ọnọdụ EU na NATO, na ime ka mmekọrịta akụ na ụba transatlantic sie ike. Na 2008, Merkel jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke European Council ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na mkparịta ụka nke Nkwekọrịta nke Lisbon na Nkwupụta Berlin . Merkel rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa nsogbu ego zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 2007-2008 yana nsogbu ụgwọ nke Europe . Ọ kpalitere atụmatụ mkpali 2008 European Union na- elekwasị anya na mefu akụrụngwa yana itinye ego ọha na eze iji gbochie nnukwu nlaazu ego. N'ime amụma ụlọ, mmemme ''Energiewende'' nke Merkel lekwasịrị anya na mmepe ike n'ọdịnihu, na-achọ iwepụ ike nuklia na Germany, belata nkesa ikuku griin, na ịbawanye isi mmalite ike mmeghari ohuru . Ndozigharị na ''Bundeswehr'' nke kagburu ndenye aha, mmezi ahụike yana nzaghachi gọọmentị ya na nsogbu ndị njem mba Europe nke afọ 2010 na ọrịa COVID-19 na Germany bụ isi okwu n'oge ọchịchị ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/angela-merkel/11984378/Angela-Merkel-faces-outright-rebellion-within-her-own-party-over-refugee-crisis.html|title=Angela Merkel faces outright rebellion within her own party over refugee crisis|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi G7 sitere na 2011 ruo 2012 yana ọzọ site na 2014 ruo 2021. N'afọ 2014, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọchịchị nọ n'ọkwa na EU. N'October 2018, Merkel kwupụtara na ọ ga-aritu dị ka Onye Ndú nke CDU na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na ọ gaghị achọ ichi ọchịchị nke ise dị ka Chancellor na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2021 . <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46020745|title=Angela Merkel to step down in 2021|date=29 October 2018|accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == [[Usòrò:Ludwik_Marian_Kaźmierczak_in_the_uniform_of_Haller's_Army_with_fiancée_Margarethe.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|282x282px| Ndị nne na nna nna Merkel mgbe ha gbara akwụkwọ, Margarethe na onye ọlụlụ, Ludwik Marian Kaźmierczak na uwe ndị agha Polish Blue ya.]] A mụrụ Merkel dika Angela Dorothea Kasner na 1954, na Hamburg, West Germany, ada Horst Kasner (1926-2011; ''né'' Kaźmierczak), <ref>{{Cite book|author=Langguth|first=Gerd|authorlink=Gerd Langguth|title=Angela Merkel|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_w6v7|date=August 2005|language=de|isbn=3-423-24485-2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsecho.de/news/ticker/Sa6pk0PGTGs/merkels_vater_gestorben_termine_abgesagt|title=Merkels Vater gestorben&nbsp;– Termine abgesagt|language=de|publisher=newsecho|date=3 September 2011|accessdate=8 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214105930/http://www.newsecho.de/news/ticker/Sa6pk0PGTGs/merkels_vater_gestorben_termine_abgesagt|archivedate=14 December 2011}}</ref> onye pastọ Lutheran na onye obodo Berlin, na nwunye ya Herlind (1928). –2019; ''née'' Jentzsch), amụrụ na Danzig (nke bu Gdańsk, [[Poland]] ugbu a), onye nkuzi Bekee na Latin . O nwere ụmụnne abụọ ndị ọ tọrọ, Marcus Kasner, ọkà mmụta sayensị, na Irene Kasner, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ọrụ. N'oge ọ bụ nwata na ntorobịa, a maara Merkel n'etiti ndị ọgbọ ya dika "Kasi", nke sitere na aha ikpeazụ ya Kasner. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Qvortrup|first=Matthew|year=2016|title=Angela Merkel: Europe's Most Influential Leader|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkeleuro0000qvor_v9j1|publisher=The Overlook Press|isbn=978-1-4683-1408-3|chapter=In the Shadow of the Berlin Wall}}</ref> Merkel sitere na German na Polish. Nna nna ya, Ludwik Kasner, bụ onye uwe ojii German nke agbụrụ Poland, bụ onye sonyere na mgba Poland nwere maka nnwere onwe na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/2014/06/18/picturing-the-family-media-narrative-memory/|title=Picturing the Family: Media, Narrative, Memory {{pipe}} Research|accessdate=11 February 2017|archivedate=1 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501082559/http://blogs.bbk.ac.uk/research/2014/06/18/picturing-the-family-media-narrative-memory/}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ nne nne Merkel Margarethe, onye German si Berlin, ma kwaga n'obodo ya ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye uwe ojii. N'afọ 1930, ha wepụrụ aha Polish Kaźmierczak ka ọ bụrụ Kasner. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kornelius|first=Stefan|authorlink=Stefan Kornelius|title=Angela Merkel: Die Kanzlerin und ihre Welt|date=March 2013|publisher=Hoffmann und Campe|language=de|isbn=978-3-455-50291-6}}</ref> <ref name="Six things you didn't know about Angela Merkel">{{Cite news|first=Stefan|author=Kornelius|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/german-elections-blog-2013/2013/sep/10/angela-merkel-origins-germany-election|title=Six things you didn't know about Angela Merkel|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 September 2013|accessdate=29 October 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/the-german-chancellors-polish-roots/a-16698783|title=The German chancellor's Polish roots|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]|date=13 March 2013|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/familiegeschichte-der-kanzlerin-merkel-hat-polnische-wurzeln-1.1623363|title=Merkel hat polnische Wurzeln}}</ref> Ndị nne na nna nne Merkel bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Danzig Willi Jentzsch, na Gertrud Alma née Drange, nwa nwanyị nke onye odeakwụkwọ obodo Elbing (ugbu a Elbląg, Poland) Emil Drange. Kemgbe etiti 1990s, Merkel ekwupụtala ihe nketa Polish n'ihu ọha ọtụtụ oge wee kọwaa onwe ya dị ka onye bu ọkara Polish, mana mgbọrọgwụ Polish ya ka a bịara mara nke ọma n'ihi akụkọ ndụ ya n'afọ 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article114407379/Kanzlerin-Angela-Merkel-ist-zu-einem-Viertel-Polin.html|title=Ahnenforschung: Kanzlerin Angela Merkel ist zu einem Viertel Polin|work=Die Welt|language=de|date=13 March 2013|author=Krauel|first=Torsten|accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> Okpukpe rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njem ezinụlọ Kasner mere nke ha si West Germany gaa East Germany. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boyes|first=Roger|date=25 July 2005|title=Angela Merkel: Forged in the Old Communist East, Germany's Chancellor-in-Waiting Is Not like the Others|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-135063118/angela-merkel-forged-in-the-old-communist-east-germany-s|journal=New Statesman|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142525/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-135063118/angela-merkel-forged-in-the-old-communist-east-germany-s|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nna nna Merkel bubu onye Katọlik mana ezinụlọ ahụ dum tụgharịrị na Lutheranism n'oge nna ya bụ nwata, <ref name="Six things you didn't know about Angela Merkel"/> onye mechara mụọ nkà mmụta okpukpe Lutheran na Heidelberg na Hamburg. N’afọ 1954, mgbe Angela dị nanị ọnwa atọ, nna ya nwetara ọrụ ịbụ onye pastọ na chọọchị dị na Quitzow . (otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke Perleberg na Brandenburg), nke dị na East Germany mgbe ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Templin ebe Merkel tolitere n'ime obodo nke di kilomita iri itoolu (mailu iri ise) n'akụkụ ugwu nke East Berlin . <ref name="Ruetter, Werner, Who's Afraid of Merkel">{{Cite journal|author=Werner|first=Reutter|date=1 December 2005|title=Who's Afraid of Angela Merkel?: The Life, Political Career, and Future of the New German Chancellor|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1042718031/who-s-afraid-of-angela-merkel-the-life-political|journal=International Journal|volume=61|accessdate=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428144045/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-1042718031/who-s-afraid-of-angela-merkel-the-life-political|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na 1968, Merkel sonyeere Free German Youth (FDJ), òtù ndị ntorobịa ọchịchị Kọmunist nke ndị otu Marxist-Leninist Socialist Unity Party nke Germany na-akwado. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10278014/Angela-Merkel-the-girl-who-never-wanted-to-stand-out-to-win-big-again.html|title=Angela Merkel, the girl who never wanted to stand out, to win big again|author=Vasagar|first=Jeevan|date=1 September 2013|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=19 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/angela-merkels-unlikely-journey-from-communist-east-germany-to-the-chancellorship-a6738271.html|title=Angela Merkel's journey from Communist East Germany to Chancellor|author=Patterson|first=Tony|date=17 November 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=19 April 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angela-Merkel|title=Angela Merkel – Biography, Political Career & Facts|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=18 January 2018|archivedate=18 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118183113/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angela-Merkel}}</ref> Ịbụ onye otu ahụ bụ nke afọ ofufo, ma ọ na-esiri ndị na-esoghị ike ịbanye na mahadum. Ọ sonyeghị n'ememme ọbịbịa nke afọ Jugendweihe, otu ọ dị, nke a na-ahụkarị na East Germany. Kama, a kwadoro ya . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2017/07/learning-machine-angela-merkel|title=The learning machine: Angela Merkel|work=New Statesman|date=8 July 2017|first=Kristina|author=Spohr|accessdate=11 January 2018|archivedate=12 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112043002/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2017/07/learning-machine-angela-merkel}}</ref> N'oge a, ọ sonyere n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ Akwụkwọ na mmanye na Marxism-Leninism na akara ule ya naanị ka a na-ewere dị ka nke "zuru oke". <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Things to Know About Germany's Angela Merkel|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2017/09/17/world/europe/ap-eu-germany-merkel-five-things.html|year=2017}}</ref> Merkel mechara kwuo na "Ndụ na GDR na-adịkarị mfe mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, n'ihi na enwere ihe ụfọdụ mmadụ na-enweghị ike imetụta." <ref>{{Cite news|title=Life in Communist East Germany was 'almost comfortable' at times, Merkel says|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-berlinwall-merkel/life-in-communist-east-germany-was-almost-comfortable-at-times-merkel-says-idUSKBN1XI287|work=Reuters|date=8 November 2019|accessdate=14 November 2019}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ sayensị == N'ụlọ akwụkwọ Merkel mụtara ịsụ Russian nke ọma, e wee nye ya ihe nrite maka ịma nka na Russian nakwa mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ onye kacha mma na klas ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ nakwa asụsụ Russian, wee gụchaa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na nkezi Abitur kacha mma 1.0. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Angela Merkel|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_w6v7|author=Langguth|first=Gerd|date=August 2005|publisher=DTV|isbn=3-423-24485-2|language=de|authorlink=Gerd Langguth}}</ref> Merkel gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Karl Marx, Leipzig, ebe ọ gụrụ [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|physics]] site na 1973 ruo 1978. <ref name="Ruetter, Werner, Who's Afraid of Merkel"/> Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, o sonyeere na nrụgharị nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Moritzbastei, ihe ụmụ akwụkwọ malitere ịmepụta ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke ha na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Usoro dị otú ahụ bụ nke a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na GDR nke oge ahụ, mahadum guzogidekwara ya na mbụ. Site na nkwado nke ndị isi obodo nke SED ọzọ, e kwere ka ọrụ ahụ gaa n'ihu. <ref>{{Cite news|language=de|work=Der Spiegel|date=27 March 2009|url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/legendaere-clubs-a-949765.html|first=Torsten|author=Reitler|title=Drogenwahn auf der Dauerbaustelle|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> N'ihe na-eru nso n'ọgwụgwụ nke ọmụmụ ya, Merkel chọrọ ịbụ osote prọfesọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ injinia. Dị ka ọnọdụ maka inweta ọrụ ahụ, a gwara Merkel na ọ ga-ekweta ka ọ kọọ akụkọ banyere ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ndị ọrụ nke Ministry for State Security (Stasi) . Merkel jụrụ, na-eji ngọpụ na ya enweghị ike idebe ihe nzuzo nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ onye nledo dị irè. <ref name="Crawford, Alan Czuczka, Tony">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-09-19/angela-merkels-early-years-in-east-germany-shaped-her-crisis-politics|title=Angela Merkel's Years in East Germany Shaped Her Crisis Politics|author=Crawford|first=Alan|date=20 September 2013|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|accessdate=29 April 2017}}</ref> Merkel rụrụ ọrụ ma mụọ akwụkwọ na Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences na Berlin-Adlershof site na 1978 ruo 1990. Na mbụ ya na di ya gbadara ụkwụ na Mitte . <ref>{{Cite news|language=en|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=28 February 2008|url=https://www.dw.com/en/i-was-a-squatter-reveals-german-chancellor-merkel/a-3156628|accessdate=18 May 2021|title=I Was a Squatter, Reveals German Chancellor Merkel}}</ref> Na Academy of Sciences, ọ ghọrọ onye otu nke FDJ ya. Dị ka ndị bubu ndị ọrụ ibe ya si kwuo, ọ gbasapụrụ ozi nke Marxism n'ihu ọha dịka odeakwụkwọ nke "Agitation and Propaganda". Otú ọ dị, Merkel gọnahụrụ nkwupụta a ma kwuo na ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ maka omenala, nke gụnyere ihe omume dị ka ịnweta tiketi ihe nkiri na ịhazi okwu site na nleta ndị edemede Soviet. <ref name="Langguth106">{{Cite book|title=Angela Merkel|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_a8v6|author=Langguth|first=Gerd|publisher=dtv|year=2005|isbn=3-423-24485-2|location=Munich|pages=[https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_a8v6/page/106 106]–107|language=de|quote=Angela Merkel war allerdings kein 'einfaches Mitglied', sondern gehörte zum FDJ-Sekretariat des Instituts. Osten [Hans-Jörg Osten] kann sich nicht an die genaue Funktion seiner damaligen Kollegin erinnern. ... Er kann sich nicht definitiv daran erinnern, aber auch nicht ausschließen, dass Angela Merkel die Funktion eines Sekretärs für Agitation und Propaganda wahrnahm. [Angela Merkel was not just an 'ordinary member', but belonged to the FDJ secretariat of the institute. Osten cannot remember the exact function of his erstwhile colleague. ... He cannot remember definitely whether she performed the function of a secretary for agitation and propaganda, but he cannot exclude that possibility.]}}</ref> O kwuru, sị: "M nwere ike ịdabere naanị na ncheta m, ọ bụrụ na ihe dị iche, enwere m ike ibi ndụ na nke ahụ." <ref name=":4" /> Mgbe o nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta doctorate ( ''Dr. rer. nat.'' ) maka tesis ya na chemistry quantum na 1986, <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Untersuchung des Mechanismus von Zerfallsreaktionen mit einfachem Bindungsbruch und Berechnung ihrer Geschwindigkeitskonstanten auf der Grundlage quantenchemischer und statistischer Methoden (Investigation of the mechanism of decay reactions with single bond breaking and calculation of their rate constants on the basis of quantum chemical and statistical methods)|author=Merkel|first=Angela|publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic]] (dissertation)|year=1986|location=Berlin|language=de}} cited in {{Cite book|title=Angela Merkel|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_w6v7|author=Langguth|first=Gerd|date=August 2005|publisher=DTV|isbn=3-423-24485-2|location=Munich|language=de}} and listed in the Catalogue of the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek under subject code 30 (Chemistry).</ref> ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha wee bipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scopus.com/results/authorNamesList.uri?s=AUTHLASTNAME%28merkel%29+AND+AUTHFIRST%28angela%29&st1=merkel&st2=angela|title=Scopus – Author search results|publisher=scopus.com|accessdate=9 December 2020}}</ref> Na 1986, o nwere ike ịgaghari wee jee West Germany ịga otu ọgbakọ; o sonyekwara n'ihe ọmụmụ asụsụ ọtụtụ izu na [[Donetsk]], nke dị na Rịpọblik Soviet Socialist Republic nke Ukraine mgbe ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/politik/wie-angela-merkel-beinahe-thueringerin-wurde-id220259981.html|title=Wie Angela Merkel beinahe Thüringerin wurde|work=Thüringer Allgemeine|language=de|date=17 July 2014|first=Wolfgang|author=Suckert|accessdate=18 May 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmalite == === Njikọta German, 1989–1991 === [[Usòrò:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-0803-017,_Lothar_de_Maiziere_und_Angela_Merkel.jpg|thumb| Lothar de Maizière na Merkel, 1990]] Ọdịda nke Mgbidi Berlin na Nọvemba 1989 jere ozi dị ka ihe kpalitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Merkel. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ soghi n'ememe ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'abalị ahụ mgbidi ahụ dara, otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị Merkel tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eto eto, na-esonye na otu ọhụrụ ''Demokratischer Aufbruch'' (DA, ma ọ bụ na Bekee " Democratic Beginning "). <ref name="Hugger, Justin, 10 moments that define">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/angela-merkel/11920552/10-moments-that-define-German-chancellor-Angela-Merkel.html|title=10 moments that define German chancellor Angela Merkel|author=Huggler|first=Justin|date=9 October 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=29 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Onye isi otu ahụ, Wolfgang Schnur họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ndị nta akụkọ nke otu ahụ na February 1990. Otú ọ dị, e kpughere Schnur dika onye rụrụ ọrụ maka Stasi nanị izu ole na ole tupu ntuli aka nke mbụ (na naanị) na 1990 ma emesịa chụpụ ya na pati ahụ. DA dara n'ihi ya, naanị ndị otu anọ ka ha họpụtara na Volkskammer . Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na DA bụ onye òtù nke Alliance for Germany, bụ nke meriri nhoputa ndi ochichi na oke ala, e tinyere DA n'òtù gọọmenti. Ya mere a họpụtara Merkel onye osote onye na-ekwuchitere gọọmentị ọhụrụ na nke ikpeazụ n'okpuru Lothar de Maizière . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Angela Merkel|url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_w6v7|author=Langguth|first=Gerd|date=August 2005|publisher=DTV|isbn=3-423-24485-2|location=Munich|pages=[https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_w6v7/page/112 112]–137|language=de|origyear=2005}}</ref> Merkel masịrị de Maiziere otú o si mesoo ndị nta akụkọ na-ajụ ọrụ onye isi otu pati Wolfgang Schnur dị ka " onye ọrụ nchekwa" na ndị ọrụ nchekwa obodo . <ref name="Crawford, Alan Czuczka, Tony"/> <ref name="Hugger, Justin, 10 moments that define"/> N'April 1990, DA jikọtara na East German Christian Democratic Union, nke n'aka nke ya jikọtara ya na ogbo ọdịda anyanwụ ya mgbe njikọta. === Minista nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa, 1991–1994 === Na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti nke mba Germany e mere n'afọ 1990, nke mbụ e mere na-esochi njikọta, Merkel guzoro ma merie na ntuli aka na Bundestag na mpaghara omeiwu nke Stralsund - Nordvorpommern - Rügen na north Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.focus.de/regional/mecklenburg-vorpommern/kommunen-merkel-im-landkreis-vorpommern-ruegen-erwartet_id_6455183.html|title=Merkel wirbt für gute Finanzausstattung der Kommunen|date=6 January 2010|work=Focus Online|accessdate=29 April 2017|language=de|archive-date=9 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109094717/http://www.focus.de/regional/mecklenburg-vorpommern/kommunen-merkel-im-landkreis-vorpommern-ruegen-erwartet_id_6455183.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> O nwetara nkwado dị mkpa nke onye minista CDU na-akpa ike n'oge ahụ na onye isi oche pati steeti Günther Krause . O meriri nhoputa ndi ozo site na mpaghara a (a kpọgharịrị aha ya, nke nwere oke a gbanwetụrụ, Vorpommern-Rügen - Vorpommern-Greifswald I na 2003) na ntuli aka gọọmenti asaa emere kemgbe ahụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo ọ banyere na nzuko omeiwu, Chancellor Helmut Kohl họpụtara Merkel ka ọ bụrụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti . Ozi a bụ nke kacha nta na nke kachasi ike n'ime ministri atọ ndị e si na Ministri maka ahụike, ndị agadi, ezi na ụlọ na ndị ntorobịa emebere. Na Nọvemba 1991, Merkel, na nkwado nke CDU gọọmenti etiti, gbara ọsọ maka nduzi nke CDU agbata obi na Brandenburg. Ọ tụfuru Ulf Finke; Nke a bụ naanị ntuli aka nke Merkel na-emerighi emeri ruo taa. Na June 1993, a họpụtara Merkel onye ndú nke CDU na Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, na-anọchi anya onye bubu onye ndụmọdụ ya Günther Krause . === Onye minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, 1994–1998 === [[Usòrò:KAS-Merkel,_Angela-Bild-14890-2.jpg|thumb| Merkel na akwụkwọ mmado mgbasa ozi CDU, 1995]] Na 1994, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye Minista maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nuklia, bụ nke nyere ya ọhụụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ukwuu na ikpo okwu iji wuo ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke onwe ya. Dị ka otu n'ime ndị nkwado Kohl n'ọrụ Minista nke yaya, Kohl na-akpọkarị ya ''mein Mädchen'' ("nwa m nwanyị"). <ref>{{Cite news|language=de|work=Der Spiegel|date=30 May 2005|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,357997,00.html|title=Kohls unterschätztes Mädchen|accessdate=19 August 2011|author=Weiland|first=Severin}}</ref> === Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke CDU, 1998–2000 === Mgbe e meriri Gọọmenti Kohl na ntuli aka 1998, a họpụtara Merkel onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke CDU, bụ isi ọnọdụ dịka otu ahụ abụghịzi akụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti. Merkel lekọtara ọtụtụ CDU na isii n'ime ntuli aka steeti asaa na 1999, na-emebi ogologo oge SPD-Green na Bundesrat . N'ịgbaso asịrị ego nke otu pati mebie ọtụtụ ndị isi CDU - gụnyere Kohl n'onwe ya na onye nọchiri ya dị ka onye ndu CDU, Wolfgang Schäuble - Merkel katọrọ onye ndụmọdụ mbụ ya n'ihu ọha wee kwado mmalite ọhụrụ maka nnọkọ ahụ na-enweghị ya. <ref name=":0" /> === Onye isi oche nke CDU, 2000-2018 === Emechara họpụta ya ka ọ nọchie Schäuble, bụrụ onye isi nwanyị mbụ nke otu pati German na 10 Eprel 2000. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4QnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT117|title=Angela Merkel: Europe's Most Influential Leader|author=Qvortrup|first=Matthew|date=2016|publisher=The Overlook Press|isbn=978-1-4683-1408-3|language=en}}</ref> Nhọpụta ya tụrụ ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ya n'anya, n'ihi na àgwà ya gosipụtara ihe dị iche na pati a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi; Merkel bụ onye Protestant centrist sitere na ndị Protestant nke ugwu Germany, ebe CDU bụ ndị nwoke na-achị, ndị na-echekwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze nwere ebe siri ike na ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda Germany, na otu Bavaria, CSU, nwere mgbọrọgwụ Katọlik miri emi. [[Usòrò:Angela_Merkel_and_Vladimir_Putin_in_Moscow_2002.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Merkel na onye isi ala Russia Vladimir Putin, 2002]] N'ihe na-esote ntuli aka Merkel dị ka onye ndu CDU, CDU enweghị ike imeri na ntuli aka steeti na-esote. N'ihe dị ka ọnwa Febụwarị 2001 onye ya na Merkel na-adọ ndoro-ndoro ochichi bụ Friedrich Merz mere ka o doo anya na ya bu n'obi ịghọ onye isi mgba aka Chancellor Gerhard Schröder na ntuli aka 2002 . Amụma Merkel n'onwe ya ịghọ Chancellor bụ nke amara nke ọma, mana ọ nweghị nkwado nke ọtụtụ ndị minista-ndị isi oche na ndị isi ndị ọzọ nọ na pati nke ya. Onye isi CSU Edmund Stoiber mesiri ya ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ onye o mechara nye ohere nke ịma Schröder aka. <ref>Barry Turner (ed.) ''The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World'', Springer 2014 p. 516</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu mebie nnukwu ndu na ntuli aka echiche iji tụfuo ntuli aka nke agha Iraq juputara. Ọ bụ ezie na Chancellor Schröder mere ka o doo anya na ọ gaghị esonye na agha na Iraq, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/09/23/germany.0700/|title=Schroeder wins second term|work=[[CNN]]|date=23 September 2002|accessdate=18 May 2021}}</ref> Merkel na CDU-CSU kwadoro mbuso agha nke Iraq. === Onye ndu ndị mmegide, 2002–2005 === ==== Ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma ==== Mgbe emerichara Stoiber na 2002, na mgbakwunye ọrụ ya dị ka onye ndu CDU, Merkel ghọrọ onye ndu nke mmegide na Bundestag ; Friedrich Merz, onye jigoro ọkwa ahụ tupu ntuli aka 2002, mere ka ọ dị mfe imere Merkel ohere. Stoiber họpụtara Merkel. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/opposition-meltdown-the-great-disintegration-act-a-324300.html|title=Opposition meltdown: The great disintegration act|work=Der Spiegel|date=22 October 2004|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> Merkel kwadoro nnukwu mgbanwe maka usoro akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Germany, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye na-aga ahịa karịa otu nke ya (CDU). Ọ kwadoro mgbanwe iwu ndị ọrụ German, na-ewepụ ihe mgbochi nke ịchụpụ ndị ọrụ yana ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike iru n'ime otu izu. Ọ rụrụ ụka na iwu ndị dị adị na-eme ka obodo ahụ ghara ịsọ mpi, n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe mgbe azụmahịa na-eji nwayọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0,1518,249207,00.html|title=Merkel fordert längere Arbeitszeit|language=de|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=18 May 2003|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> Merkel rụrụ ụka na Germany kwesịrị iwepụ ike nuklia ngwa ngwa karịa etụ ọchịchị Schröder zubere. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP_Merkel_Nuclear_phase_out_is_wrong_1006081.html|title=Merkel: Nuclear phase-out is wrong|work=[[World Nuclear News]]|date=10 June 2008|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-nuclear-phaseout-explained/a-39171204|date=15 June 2017|first=Rebecca|author=Staudenmaier|title=Germany's nuclear phase-out explained|work=DW|accessdate=27 July 2019|archivedate=24 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824011914/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-nuclear-phaseout-explained/a-39171204}}</ref> Merkel kwadoro mmekorita transatlantic siri ike na ọbụbụenyi German na America. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2003, na mmegide ọha na eze siri ike, Merkel bịara kwado maka mbuso agha nke Iraq n'afọ 2003, na-akọwa ya dị ka "nke a na-apụghị izere ezere" na ebubo Chancellor Gerhard Schröder nke mgbochi America . Ọ katọrọ nkwado gọọmentị maka ịbanye Turkey na European Union ma kwado " mmekọrịta ihe ùgwù " kama. N'ime nke a, o gosipụtara echiche ọha na eze nke na-emegide mbanye ndị Turkey banyere na European Union. <ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.4324/9780203847060|editor=Casier|title=Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey|year=2010|isbn=978-1-136-93867-2}}</ref> ==== Ntuli aka mba 2005 ==== Na 30 May 2005, Merkel meriri nhọpụta CDU/CSU dị ka onye na-ama aka Chancellor Gerhard Schröder nke SPD na ntuli aka mba 2005 . Ndị otu ya malitere mgbasa ozi ahụ site n'isi isi iri abụọ na otu n'isi SPD na ntuli aka echiche nke mba, n'agbanyeghị na ewu ewu onwe ya kwụsịrị n'azụ nke onye nọ n'ọchịchị. Agbanyeghị, nke a, mkpọsa CDU/CSU tara ahụhụ <ref name="globe-and-mail">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/popular-flat-tax-movement-hits-brick-wall-in-germany/article986606/|title=Popular flat-tax movement hits brick wall in Germany|first=Doug|author=Saunders|work=The Globe and Mail|date=14 September 2005|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> mgbe Merkel mere ka ikike akụ na ụba bụrụ isi na ikpo okwu CDU, nnukwu mgbagwoju anya yana ego net ugboro abụọ n'oge arụmụka telivishọn. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/cdu-panne-brutto-netto-merkel-a-368085.html|title=CDU-Panne: Brutto, netto, Merkel|author=Volkery|first=Carsten|date=3 August 2005|work=Der Spiegel|accessdate=19 May 2017}}</ref> Ọ nwetaghachiri ume mgbe o kwusịrị na ọ ga-ahọpụta Paul Kirchhof, onye bụbu onye ọka ikpe na Ụlọikpe Iwu German na onye isi ọkachamara gbasara amụma gbasara ego, dị ka Minista ego. <ref name="globe-and-mail" /> Merkel na CDU tụfuru ala mgbe Kirchhof tụpụtara iwebata ụtụ isi dị larịị na Germany, na-emebikwa mkpesa sara mbara nke otu ahụ na ihe omume akụ na ụba na ime ka ọtụtụ ndị ntuli aka kwenye na ikpo okwu nke CDU bu naani ihe e mere ka ọ baara naanị ndị ọgaranya uru. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJfLtLnhZkYC&pg=PT59|title=Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis|author=Crawford|first=Alan|date=12 June 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-64109-5|language=en}}</ref> Nke a gbagoro site n'atụmatụ Merkel ịwelite VAT <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jul/12/germany.lukeharding|title=Merkel unveils tax-raising manifesto|author=Harding|first=Luke|date=11 July 2005|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 May 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> iji belata mperi Germany wee mejupụta oghere dị na ụtụ isi n'ụtụ isi. Ndị SPD nwere ike ịbawanye nkwado ha nanị site n'ikwe nkwa na ha agaghị ewebata ụtụ isi dị larịị ma ọ bụ mụbaa VAT. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkwa Merkel gbakere onwe ya mgbe o wepụrụ onwe ya na atụmatụ Kirchhof, ọ nọgidere na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu karịa Schröder, mana ịbụ ụzọ nke CDU gbadara n'abalị nke ntuli aka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257010.stm|title=Germany votes in close election|date=18 September 2005|publisher=BBC|accessdate=3 May 2017|archivedate=10 March 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060310044057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4257010.stm}}</ref> N'uhuruchi nke ntuli aka ahụ, a ka nwere mmasị na Merkel iji nweta mmeri nke pụtara ìhè dabere na echiche ndi ga-eme ntuli aka eche. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4259052.stm|title=German election ends in stalemate|date=19 September 2005|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2017|archivedate=18 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318214116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4259052.stm}}</ref> Na 18 Septemba 2005, Merkel's CDU/CSU na Schröder's SPD gara isi na isi na ntuli aka mba, na CDU/CSU meriri 35.2% (CDU 27.8%/CSU 7.5%)  nke votu nke abụọ na 34.2% nke SPD. <ref name=":1" /> Mputara ntuli aka ahụ dị nnọọ nso, nke mere ka Schröder na Merkel kwuo na ha nwere mmeri. <ref name=":1" /> Ma SPD-Green coalition ma ọ bụ CDU/CSU na, ndị Free Democratic Party, enweghị ọtụtụ oche Bundestag. <ref name=":1" /> Nnukwu njikọ dị n'etiti CDU/CSU na SPD chere ihe ịma aka nke mere ka akụkụ abụọ ahụ malite ịchọ oche ọchịchị. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Otú ọ dị, mgbe izu atọ nke mkparịta ụka gasịrị, ndị abụọ ahụ ruru nkwekọrịta na Merkel ga-abụ Chancellor nakwa na SPD ga-ejide oche asatọ n'ime oche iri na isii dị n'ụlọọrụ ahu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4325600.stm|title=Merkel named as German chancellor|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2005|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref> == Chancellor of Germany, 2005–2021 == {| class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; ;" |</img><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal; padding-top:2px;">Eserese gọọmentị ya na ''[[Merkel-Raute]]'', 2010 </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding:0;" | |} === Nnukwu njikọta nke mbu nke otu CDU–SPD, 2005–2009 === Kabinet mbu nke Merkel malitere na 16:00 CET na 22 Nọvemba 2005. Na 31 October 2005, mgbe mmeri nke onye ọ na-akwado maka ọkwa odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke SPD, Franz Müntefering gosiri na ọ ga-agbahapụ dị ka onyeisi oche pati, nke o mere na November. N'ịzaghachi nke a, Edmund Stoiber (CSU), bụ onye ahọpụtara na mbụ dị ka Minista nke Economics na Teknuzu kwupụtara mwepụ ya na 1 November 2005. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụta nke a na mbụ dị ka ihe na-akụda mmụọ nke mbọ Merkel n'ịmepụta njikọ aka kwesịrị ekwesị, ụzọ Stoiber si wepụ onwe ya mere ka a kwaa ya emo ma mebie ọkwá ya dị ka onye na-emegide Merkel. Ọgbakọ dị iche iche nke CDU, CSU, na SPD kwadoro kabinet a tụrụ aro na 14 Nọvemba 2005. Cabinet nke abụọ nke Angela Merkel malitere na 28 October 2009. <ref name="cabinet2009">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4836127,00.html|title=Merkel's new cabinet sworn in|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=30 October 2009|accessdate=1 November 2009|author=Penfold|first=Chuck}}</ref> Na 22 Nọvemba 2005, Merkel weghaara ọfịs nke Chancellor nke Germany na-esote ntuli aka siri ike nke rụpụtara na nnukwu mmekorita ya na SPD . Ndị otu abụọ ahụ kwadoro nkwekọrịta ahụ na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na 14 November 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|date=14 November 2005|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4434812.stm|title=German parties back new coalition}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya họpụtara Merkel ibu onyeisi oche na ọgbakọ ọhụrụ nke Bundestag nke a gbakọtara na 22 Nọvemba 2005, mana ndị otu mmadụ iri ise na otu na-achị achị akwadoghi ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4458430.stm|title=Merkel becomes German chancellor|date=22 November 2005|work=BBC News}}</ref> Akụkọ a kọrọ n'oge ahụ gosiri na nnukwu njikọta ga-agbaso ngwakọta nke atumatu, ụfọdụ n'ime ha dị iche na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Merkel dị ka onye ndú nke ndị mmegide na onye na-akwado Chancellor. Ebumnuche otu a bụ ibelata mmefu ọha na eze ebe a na-abawanye VAT (site na pasent iri na isii ruo pasent iri na itoolu), onyinye mkpuchi ọha na ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nke ụtụ isi ego . <ref>{{Cite news|title=German coalition poised for power|date=11 November 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4429518.stm|work=BBC News}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-ekwupụta nkwekọrịta ahu, Merkel kwuru na isi ebumnuche gọọmentị ya ga-abụ ibelata enweghị ọrụ, na ọ bụ okwu a ka a ga-eji ekpe gọọmentị ya ikpe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Merkel defends German reform plan|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4431262.stm|date=12 November 2005}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Angela-merkel-ebw-01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Merkel na 2007]] === Mmekọrịta CDU–FDP, 2009–2013 === A họpụtara pati ya ọzọ n'afọ 2009 site na ọnụ ọgụgụ oche na-abawanye ụba, ma nwee ike guzobe njikọ ọchịchị na FDP . Nsogbu ụgwọ nke Europe kpuchiri okwu a. A kagburu ndebanye aha na Germany na ndị Bundeswehr ghọrọ ndị agha afọ ofufo . Enweghị ọrụ gbadara n'okpuru akara nke nde mmadụ atọ na-enweghị ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Arbeitsmarkt: Arbeitslosigkeit 2011 meist unter drei Millionen|work=Focus online|url=https://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/arbeitsmarkt-arbeitslosigkeit-2011-meist-unter-drei-millionen_aid_566257.html|date=27 October 2010|language=de|accessdate=18 May 2021|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531112414/https://www.focus.de/finanzen/news/arbeitsmarkt-arbeitslosigkeit-2011-meist-unter-drei-millionen_aid_566257.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Unterzeichnung_des_Koalitionsvertrages_der_18._Wahlperiode_des_Bundestages_(Martin_Rulsch)_079.jpg|thumb| Merkel na mbinye aka nke nkwekọrịta maka oge ntuli aka nke iri na asatọ nke Bundestag, na Disemba 2013]] Na ntuli aka nke September 2013, Merkel meriri otu n'ime mmeri ndị kachasị mma na akụkọ ihe mere eme Germany, na-enweta nsonaazụ kacha mma maka CDU / CSU kemgbe nchikota na-abịa n'ime oche ise nke mbụ zuru oke na Bundestag kemgbe 1957. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/22/angela-merkel-wins-third-term-germany|title=German election: Angela Merkel secures historic third win|author=Connolly|first=Kate|date=23 September 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=26 March 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ndị otu ha kacha amasị, FDP, abanyeghị n'ụlọ omeiwu na nke mbụ kemgbe 1949, n'okpuru opekempe nke pasent ise nke ntuli aka chọrọ ịbanye n'ụlọ omeiwu. <ref name="cwn" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/angela-merkel-reaches-deal-with-spd-to-form-german-grand-coalition-8966125.html|first=Geir|author=Moulson|title=Angela Merkel reaches deal with SPD to form German-Grand-Coalition|work=The Independent|date=27 November 2013|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref> === Nnukwu njikọta nke abụọ nke otu CDU – SPD 2013–2017 === Ndị CDU/CSU tụgharịrị na SPD ka ha guzobe nnukwu njikọta nke atọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme German mgbe agha gasịrị na nke abụọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Merkel. A malitere Cabinet nke atọ nke Angela Merkel na 17 Disemba 2013 N'ime oge nke abụọ ya, nkwenye Merkel dara na Germany, butere nnukwu mfu na ntuli aka steeti maka pati ya. Ntuli aka emere n'August 2011 chọpụtara na mmekorita ya nwere naanị nkwado pasent iri atọ na isii ma e jiri ya tụnyere pasent iri ise na otu nke ndị njikọta ha na ya na-asọ mpi. Otú ọ dị, o mere nke ọma na njikwa ya nke nsogbu euro na nso nso a (mmadụ pasent iri isii na itoolu gosiri na ọrụ ya dị mma karịa etụ ọ dị na mbụ), na nkwado nkwado ya ruru ihe dị elu nke rụrụ pasent iri asaa na asaa na February 2012 nakwa na July 2014. Ogo nkwado Merkel gbadara ruo pasent iri ise na anọ na Ọktoba 2015, n'oge ọgba aghara ndị na-akwaga mba Europe, nke kachasị ala kemgbe 2011. Dị ka ntuli aka emere ka mwakpo ụjọ gasịrị na Germany nkwado a na-akwado Merkel gbadara ruo pasent iri anọ na asaa (August 2016). Ọkara ndị German achọghị ka ọ jee ozi nke anọ n'ọchịchị ma e jiri ya tụnyere pasent iri anọ na abụọ ndi kwadoro. Agbanyeghị, dịka ntuli aka emere na Ọktoba 2016, achọpụtala ọkwa nnabata ya bilitere ọzọ, pasent iri ise na anọ nke ndị German hụrụ afọ ojuju na ọrụ Merkel dị ka Chancellor. Dị ka ntuli aka ọzọ e mere na Nọvemba 2016, pasent iri ise na itoolu kwụrụ na ha kwadoro nhọpụta Chancellor ọhụrụ nke Merkel na 2017. Dị ka ntuli aka rụrụ nanị ụbọchị ole na ole a ihe mberede nke mbuso agha ebusoro gwongworo na Berlin, a jụrụ ndị ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Germany onye ha tụkwasịrị obi idozi nsogbu nke obodo ha; pasent iri ise na isii kpọrọ aha Merkel, pasent iri atọ na itoolu kwunyere Seehofer (CSU), pasent iri atọ na ise tụnyere Gabriel (SPD), pasent iri atọ na abụọ tunyere Schulz (SPD), pasent irí abụọ na ise tunyere Özdemir (Greens), pasent iri abụo tụnyere Wagenknecht (Left Party), pasent iri na ise tụnyere Lindner (FDP), nakwa naanị pasent iri maka Petry (AfD) Na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2017, Merkel duru ndị otu ya nweta mmeri nke ugboro anọ. Ma CDU/CSU na SPD nwetara obere vootu dị ala karịa ka ha mere na 2013, wee nwaa ime njikọ na FDP na Greens. Ọdịda nke mkparịta ụka ndị a butere nhịahụ. Onye isi ala German Frank-Walter Steinmeier mechara rịọ SPD nke ọma ka ọ gbanwee nguzo siri ike ha na ikwenye na nnukwu njikọta nke atọ na CDU/CSU. Nnyocha YouGov nke e bipụtara na ngwụcha Disemba 2017 chọpụtara na naanị pasenti iri atọ na isii nke ndị niile zara ajụjụ chọrọ Merkel ka ọ nọrọ n'isi ruo 2021, ebe ọkara nke ndị ntuli aka nyochara kpọrọ oku maka mgbanwe n'elu tupu njedebe nke ndị omebe iwu. === Nnukwu njikọta nke atọ nke CDU – SPD, 2018–2021 === A malitere Cabinet nke anọ nke Merkel na 14 March 2018. Mkparịta ụka nke dugara na nnukwu nkwekọrịta nke ja na Social Democrats (SPD) mere bụ nke kachasị ogologo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke German mgbe agha gasịrị, na-adịru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa isii. Na October 2018, Merkel kwupụtara na ya ekpebiela ịghara ịzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ntuli aka gọọmenti etiti 2021 . N'August 2019, pasent iri isii na asaa ndị German niile chọrọ ka Merkel nọrọ ruo na njedebe nke oge ya na 2021, ebe naanị pasent iri abụọ na itoolu chọrọ ka ọ gbatuo na mbụ. Na Septemba 2021, ọ ruturu aka na pati ya mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọchịchị, wee sị na "mgbe afọ iri na isii gachara mmadụ anaghị alaghachi na Chansllery, nke ahụ doro onye ọ bụla nọ na CDU na CSU anya", na-akọwa echiche ndị mmadụ maka ntuli aka na-abịa. Okwu ndị a bịara dịka ndị Social Democrats gafere ma mee nke ọma karia ndị nchekwa ya na ntuli aka na nso nso a. Na 26 Septemba 2021, ntuli aka enwere enweghị ezigbo njedebe, n'agbanyeghị na SPD meriri ọtụtụ votu. Nke a mere ka mkparita ụka dị ogologo n'etiti otu dị iche iche iguzobe ọchịchị. Na 23 Nọvemba 2021, ekwuputara mmekorita ọhụrụ, ebe a nọ wee họpụta Olaf Scholz ka ọ gaa nọchie Merkel. Merkel gara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche na onye nlekọta ruo 8 Disemba 2021, mgbe Scholz malitere ọchịchị ya. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị== ===Amụma ụlọ=== ====Mbata na ọpụpụ, ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọpụpụ==== N'October 2010, Merkel gwara nzukọ nke ndị na-eto eto nke otu pati Christian Democratic Union (CDU) na-achọghị mgbanwe na Potsdam na mbọ iji wulite ọha mmadụ dị iche iche na Jamanị "akụ afọ n'ala," na-ekwu na: "Echiche nke anyị bụ ugbu a ibi n'akụkụ ma na-enwe obi ụtọ banyere ya" adịghị arụ ọrụ na "anyị nwere mmasị na echiche Ndị Kraịst nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, nke ahụ bụ ihe na-akọwa anyị. Onye ọ bụla nke na-anabataghị nke ahụ nọ n'ebe na-adịghị mma ebe a." Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na ndị si mba ọzọ kwesịrị ijikọ ma nakwere omenala na ụkpụrụ Germany. Nke a agbakwunyela arụmụka na-eto eto n'ime Germany na ọkwa mbata na ọpụpụ, mmetụta ya na Germany na ogo nke ndị Alakụba kwabatara na-abanye na obodo Germany. Merkel kwadoro "usoro ịdị n'otu nke amanyere amanyere" maka ịkwaga ndị na-achọ mgbaba site na Italy na Gris gaa na mba ndị ọzọ so na EU dịka akụkụ nke ngwọta ogologo oge maka nsogbu ndị njem na Europe. ====Nsogbu nke ndi njem Yuropu n'afọ 2015==== [[File:Pedro Sánchez y Angela Merkel 05.jpg|thumb|Spanish prime minister [[Pedro Sánchez (politician)|Pedro Sánchez]] and Merkel in [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]], 2018]] Ná ngwụsị August 2015, n'oge nke nsogbu ndị na-akwaga mba Europe, ọchịchị Merkel kwụsịtụrụ ndokwanke Yuropu, nke kwuru na ndị na-achọ mgbaba ga-achọ mgbapu na mba EU bu ụzọ rute. Kama Merkel kwuputara na Germany ga-ahazikwa akwụkwọ anamachọihe mgbapu sitere na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Syria ma ọ bụrụ na ha si na mba EU ndị ọzọ bịa na Germany. N'afọ ahụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nde mmadụna-achọ mgbaba ibanye Germany. Obere onye mmekọ, osote onye isi ala Sigmar Gabriel kwuru na Germany nwere ike inabata ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ puku narị ise kwa afọ maka ọtụtụ afọ na-abịa. Mmegide German megide nnabata gọọmentị nnabata nke ndị mbata ọhụrụ siri ike yana ịrị elu nke ngagharị iwe maka mbata na ọpụpụ. Merkel siri ọnwụ na Germany nwere ike akụ na ụba iji nagide nbata nke ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ ma kwuwakwa ọzọ na enweghị oke iwu gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị njem nke Germany nwere ike inabata. Na Septemba 2015, igwe mmadụ nwere ịnụ ọkụ n'obi n'ofe mba ahụ nabatara ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ndị mba ọzọ. Horst Seehofer, onye ndu nke Christian Social Union na Bavaria (CSU) — otu nwanna nwanyị Merkel Christian Democratic Union — nakwa onye buBavarian Minister President mgbe ahụ wakporo atumatu Merkel. Seehofer katọrọ mkpebi Merkel ịhapụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, na-ekwu na "[ha] nọ n'ọnọdụ uche na-enweghị iwu, na-enweghị usoro na enweghị usoro n'ihi mkpebi Germany." Seehofer mere atụmatụ na ihe ruru pasentị iri atọ nke ndị na-achọ mgbaba na-abata na Germany na-azọrọ na ha si Siria sitere na mba ndị ọzọ n'ezie, ma tụọ aro ibelata ego EU maka mba ndị otu jụrụ oke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Yasmin Fahimi, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Social Democratic Party (SPD), onye obere onye mmekọ nke ndị na-achị achị, toro amụma Merkel na-ekwe ka ndị njem na Hungary banye Germany dị ka "ihe mgbaàmà siri ike nke ụmụ mmadụ na-egosi na ụkpụrụ Europe dịkwa irè n'oge ihe isi ike". Na Nọvemba 2015, enwere mkparịta ụka n'ime ndị otu na-achị achị iji kwụsị ịdị n'otu ezinụlọ maka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ ruo afọ abụọ, na iji guzobe " Mpaghara ndị njem" na ókèala yana - maka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ ka ha wee nwee obere ohere ịnweta nkwado mgbapu - ka a nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe a kwadoro ihe ha dere. Okwu ndị a na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'etiti CSU bụ ndị kwadoro usoro ọhụrụ ahụ ma yie egwu ịhapụ njikọ ahụ n'enweghị ha, na SPD na-emegide ha; Merkel kwetara na usoro ndị a. Mwakpo Paris na Nọvemba 2015 kpalitere ntụleghachi nke ọnọdụ ndị ọrụ German na amụma EU gbasara ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. Ọ dị ka enwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị isi, ewezuga Merkel, na ọ dị mkpa nyocha ọkwa dị elu na nyocha ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ gbasara ozi ha na Germany. Agbanyeghị na-amachghi oke nnabata a n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, Merkel kwusiri ike na amụma mgbapu na Germany. [[File:Drehscheibe Köln-Bonn Airport - Ankunft Flüchtlinge 5. Oktober 2015-0308.jpg|thumb|Migrants in Germany, October 2015]] Na October 2016, Merkel gara Mali na Niger . Nleta ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị a mere iji kparịta ka gọọmentị ha nwere ike isi meziwanye ọnọdụ nke mere ka ndị mmadụ si mba ndị ahụ gbapụ na ka e nwere ike isi belata ịkwaga mba ndị a n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Nsogbu ndị mbịarambịa kpalitere mmasị ntuli aka aka nri n'ofe Germany ebe otu Alternative for Germany (AfD) na-enweta pasent iri na abụọ nke votu na ntuli aka gọọmentị Germany nke 2017 . Ihe omume ndị a kpalitere arụmụka maka ihe kpatara mmụba populism aka nri na Germany. Edemede na-arụ ụka na ụbara mmasị aka nri sitere na nsogbu ndị na-akwaga mba Europe bụ nke butere ọtụtụ puku mmadụ, nke ka ukwuu site na mba ndị Alakụba na Germany, ma kpalie echiche n'etiti akụkụ ndị Germany na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ bụ ihe iyi egwu agbụrụ na omenala nye Germany. ====Nsogbu mgbapu ọchịchị, 2018==== Na Maachị 2018, Horst Seehofer nke CSU weghaara ọrụ nke Minista ime obodo.  Ọ kwụrụ na o nwere "atụmatụ ukwu maka usoro mgbapu ngwa ngwa, yana nchụpụ ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe." N'okpuru atụmatụ Seehofer, Germany ga-ajụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ a chụpụrụla ma ọ bụ nwee mmachibido ịbanye ma nye ndị uwe ojii ka ha gbakụta ndị niile na-akwaga mba ọzọ debanyere aha n'ebe ọzọ na EU, n'agbanyeghị ma mba ndị a kwetara iweghachi ha. Merkel tụrụ egwu na iziga ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'otu n'otu na mba ndị agbata obi na-achọghị nkwekọrịta European ọtụtụ akụkụ nwere ike itinye nkwụsi ike nke European Union. Na June 2018, Seehofer kwụsịrị iyi egwu ịgafe ya na esemokwu banyere amụma mbata na ọpụpụ ruo mgbe ọ ga-alọghachi na 1 July site na mbọ iji chọta azịza na ọkwa Europe. Na 1 July 2018, Seehofer jụrụ nkwekọrịta Merkel nwetara na mba EU dị ntakịrị ma kwupụta arụkwaghịm ya n'oge nzukọ nke ndị isi otu ya, mana ha jụrụ ịnakwere ya. N'abalị nke 2 Julaị 2018, Seehofer na Merkel kwupụtara na ha edozila esemokwu ha ma kwenye kama ịnakwere nkwenye nke njikwa oke ókè. N'ihi nkwekọrịta ahụ, Seehofer kwetara ka ọ ghara ịgba arụkwaghịm, na ka ya na mba ndị ahụ n'onwe ya kparịta nkwekọrịta nke mba abụọ. A katọrọ Seehofer maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iweda gọọmentị ala ebe ọnụọgụ ndị kwabatara kwa ọnwa nke amụma ahụ elekwasiri anya ka nọ na otu fịgọ ====Nsogbu COVID-19==== Na 6 Eprel 2020, Merkel kwuru, sị: "N'uche nke m ... European Union na-eche ule kachanụ ihu kemgbe ntọala ya na mba ndị otu ga-egosipụta ịdị n'otu ka ukwuu ka otu ahụ wee pụta n'ihe isi ike na nsogbu akụ na ụba nke ọrịa na-efe efe kpatara." Merkel emeriela ọkwa mba ụwa maka njikwa ọrịa a na Germany. N'oge Germany bu onye isi nke European Council ọ bụghị naanị na Merkel gbanwere obi ya, kama o butere ụzọ na-ekwurịta usoro mwughachi maka oge ọrịa ahụ gasịrị. ===Amụma mba ofesi=== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = George W. Bush and Angela Merkel.jpg | alt1 = photograph of Merkel and Bush | caption1 = Merkel with US president [[George W. Bush]] at his [[Prairie Chapel Ranch]], 2007 | image2 = Angela Merkel Barack Obama 2015-02-09.jpg | alt2 = photograph of Merkel and Obama | caption2 = Merkel with US president [[Barack Obama]] in the [[Oval Office]], 2015 | image3 = Angela Merkel and Donald Trump in the Oval Office, March 2017 (2).jpg | alt3 = photograph of Merkel and Trump | caption3 = Merkel with US President [[Donald Trump]] in the Oval Office, 2017 | image4 = Joe Biden and Angela Merkel in the Oval Office.jpg | alt4 = photograph of Merkel and Biden | caption4 = Merkel with US president [[Joe Biden]] in the Oval Office, 2021 | align = | total_width = }} Amụma Merkel nke mba ofesi lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite nkwado Yuropu na nkwekọrịta azụmahịa mba ụwa. A kọwawo Merkel n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka onye isi nke European Union n'oge niile ọ nọ n'ọchịchị dị ka Chancellor. Na 2015, na enweghị Stephen Harper, Merkel ghọrọ naanị onye ndu ga-aga nzukọ G20 ọ bụla kemgbe e mere nke mbụ na 2008, ebe ọ nọgoro na nchịkọta iri na ise dịka nke 2021 . Ọ kwadoro nzukọ G20 nke iri na abụọ na 2017 nke e mere na Hamburg. ===Mba United Steeti=== Otu n'ime ihe ndị Merkel na-ebute ụzọ bụ ime ka mmekọrịta akụ na ụba transatlantic sie ike. Ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta maka Transatlantic Economic Council na 30 Eprel 2007 na White House. Merkel nwere ezi mmekọrịta ya na ndị isi ala US George W. Bush na Barack Obama. Obama kọwara ya na 2016 dị ka "onye mmekọ mba ụwa kacha nso" n'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị dịka onye isi ala. Ọbịbịa Obama na Berlin n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2016 ka a kọwara ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ngafe nke ọwa ọchịchị liberal zuru ụwa ọnụ nye Merkel ka ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ Merkel dị ka ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-emesapụ aka kemgbe ntuli aka nke Donald Trump dị ka onye isi ala US. Ka arọputachara Donald Trump Merkel kwuru na "Germany na America jikọtara ụkpụrụ nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nnwere onwe na nkwanye ùgwù maka iwu na ùgwù mmadụ, na-adabereghị na mmalite, agba akpụkpọ ahụ, okpukperechi, okike, usoro mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ana m enye onye isi ala United States na-esote, Donald Trump, nkwado chiri anya na ụkpụrụ ndị a." Onye nyocha amụm N'ịgbaso G7 Summit na Ịtali na NATO Summit na Brussels, Merkel kwuru na 28 May 2017 na US abụghịzi onye mmekọ nke Yuropu na Germany a pụrụ ịdabere dika ọ dị n'oge gara aga. N'otu nnọkọ ntuli aka na Munich, o kwuru na "Anyị kwesịrị ịma na anyị ga-alụ ọgụ maka ọdịnihu anyị n'onwe anyị, maka ọdịnihu anyị dị ka ndị Europe", nke a kọwara dị ka mgbanwe a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na mmekọrịta Germany na Amerika. === China === N'ịkwado mkpa China dị na akụ na ụba Germany, site na 2014 Merkel duru ndị nnọchiteanya azụmahịa asaa gaa na China kemgbe ọ malitere ọrụ na 2005. N'otu afọ ahụ, na March, Onye isi ala China Xi Jinping gara Germany. Na 25 Septemba 2007, Merkel zutere Dalai Lama nke iri na anọ maka "okwu nzuzo na nke nkịtị" na Chancellery na Berlin n'etiti mkpesa sitere na China. China mechara kagbuo mkparịta ụka dị iche iche ya na ndị ọrụ German, gụnyere mkparịta ụka ya na Minista nke ikpe Brigitte Zypries . ==Cabinet ya== * [[de Maizière cabinet]] (deputy press spokeswoman, not cabinet member) * [[Fourth Kohl cabinet|Kohl IV]] ([[Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth|Minister for Women and Youth]]) * [[Fifth Kohl cabinet|Kohl V]] ([[Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety|Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety]]) * [[First Merkel cabinet|Merkel I]] ([[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]) * [[Second Merkel cabinet|Merkel II]] (Chancellor) * [[Third Merkel cabinet|Merkel III]] (Chancellor) * [[Fourth Merkel cabinet|Merkel IV]] (Chancellor) ==Ebensidee== {{Reflist}} ==Gụrụ gaa n'ihu== * Clark, Claudia. ''Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel'' (2021) * Crossley-Frolick, Katy A. "Domestic Constraints, German Foreign Policy and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding." ''German Politics and Society'' 31.3 (2013): 43–75. * Czuczka, Tony and Alan Crawford. ''Angela Merkel: A Chancellorship Forged in Crisis'' (2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Angela-Merkel-Chancellorship-Forged-Crisis/dp/1118641108/ excerpt] * Ferree, Myra Marx. "Angela Merkel: What Does It Mean to Run as a Woman?" ''German Politics & Society'' 2006. 24#78: 93–107. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/23742714 online] * Faas, Thorsten. "The German federal election of 2013: Merkel’s triumph, the disappearance of the liberal party, and yet another grand coalition." ''West European Politics'' 38.1 (2015): 238–247. * Kornelius, Stefan. ''Angela Merkel: The Chancellor and Her World: The Authorized Biography'' (Alma Books, 2014). * [[Kati Marton|Marton, Kati.]] ''The Chancellor: The Remarkable Odyssey of Angela Merkel'' (Simon & Schuster, 2021) * Masch, Lena, and Oscar W. Gabriel. "How Emotional Displays of Political Leaders Shape Citizen Attitudes: The Case of German Chancellor Angela Merkel." ''German Politics'' 29.2 (2020): 158–179. * Mills, Cliff. ''Angela Merkel'' (2008), for middle schools [https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000mill_y6v1 online] * Mushaben, Joyce Marie. "The Best of Times, the Worst of Times: Angela Merkel, the Grand Coalition, and 'Majority Rule' in Germany." ''German Politics and Society'' 34.1 (2016): 1-25. * Mushaben, Joyce Marie. ''Becoming Madam Chancellor: Angela Merkel and the Berlin Republic'' (2017) [https://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Madam-Chancellor-Angela-Republic/dp/1108405630/ excerpt] * Mushaben, Joyce Marie. "A Spectre Haunting Europe: Angela Merkel and the Challenges of Far-Right Populism." ''German Politics and Society'' 38.1 (2020): 7-29. * Mushaben, Joyce Marie. "The reluctant feminist: Angela Merkel and the modernization of gender politics in Germany." ''Femina Politica–Zeitschrift für feministische Politikwissenschaft'' 27.2 (2018): 83–95. [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/60425/ssoar-fempol-2018-2-mushaben-The_Reluctant_Feminist_Angela_Merkel.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n online] * Qvortrup, Matthew. ''Angela Merkel: Europe's most influential leader'' (2016) [https://www.amazon.com/Angela-Merkel/dp/0715653997/ excerpt] * Saalfeld, Thomas. "Coalition Governance under Chancellor Merkel's Grand Coalition: A Comparison of the Cabinets Merkel I and Merkel II." ''German Politics and Society'' 28.3 (2010): 82–102. * [[Julia Schramm|Schramm, Julia.]] ''Fifty Shades of Merkel''. (Hoffmann & Campe, 2016), {{ISBN|978-3-455-50410-1}} * Schnee, Christian. "Sticking to her guns or going with the flow: assessing rigidity and flexibility in Angela Merkel’s political decision making." ''German Politics and Society'' 37.1 (2019): 24–46. * Schoen, Harald. "Merely a referendum on Chancellor Merkel? Parties, issues and candidates in the 2009 German federal election." ''German Politics'' 20.1 (2011): 92–106. * Schoen, Harald, and Robert Greszki. "A Third Term for a Popular Chancellor: An Analysis of Voting Behaviour in the 2013 German Federal Election." ''German Politics'' 23.4 (2014): 251–267. * [[Torild Skard|Skard, Torild]] (2014) "Angela Merkel" in ''Women of Power&nbsp;– Half a Century of Female presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide'', Bristol: Policy Press, {{ISBN|978-1-4473-1578-0}} * Van Halsema, Catherine. 2019. “Merkel the Mutti? A Linguistic Analysis of Domestic Language in European News Media Coverage of Angela Merkel.” ''Women & Language''. 42(1): 7-22. * Voigt, Linda. "Get the party started: The social policy of the grand coalition 2013–2017." ''German Politics'' 28.3 (2019): 426–443. * Zehfuss, Maja. "'We Can Do This': Merkel, Migration and the Fantasy of Control." ''International Political Sociology'' 15.2 (2021): 172–189. ===N'asụsụ German=== * Plickert, Philip (Editor) (2017) "Merkel: Eine kritische Bilanz", FinanzBuch Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-95972-065-6}}. * Margaret Heckel: ''So regiert die Kanzlerin. Eine Reportage.'' Piper, München 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-492-05331-0}}. * Volker Resing: ''Angela Merkel. Die Protestantin. Ein Porträt.'' St. Benno-Verlag, Leipzig 2009, {{ISBN|978-3-7462-2648-4}}. * Gertrud Höhler: ''Die Patin. Wie Angela Merkel Deutschland umbaut.'' Orell Füssli, Zürich 2012, {{ISBN|978-3-280-05480-2}}. * Stefan Kornelius: ''Angela Merkel. Die Kanzlerin und ihre Welt.'' Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-455-50291-6}}. * [[Nikolaus Blome]]: ''Angela Merkel – Die Zauderkünstlerin.'' Pantheon, München 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-570-55201-8}}. * Stephan Hebel: ''Mutter Blamage – Warum die Nation Angela Merkel und ihre Politik nicht braucht.'' Westend, Frankfurt am Main 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-86489-021-5}}. * Günther Lachmann, [[Ralf Georg Reuth]]: ''Das erste Leben der Angela M.'' Piper, München 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-492-05581-9}}. * Judy Dempsey: ''Das Phänomen Merkel – Deutschlands Macht und Möglichkeiten.'' Edition Körber-Stiftung, Hamburg 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-89684-097-4}}. * Dirk Kurbjuweit: ''Alternativlos – Merkel, die Deutschen und das Ende der Politik.'' Hanser, München, 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-446-24620-1}}. ==Njikọ Mpuga== {{Sister project links|Angela Merkel|wikt=Merkozy|s=Author:Angela Merkel|display=Angela Merkel}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211203212840/https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/bkin-en Official Website of The Federal Chancellor] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110223044835/http://angela-merkel.de/ Merkel's personal website] {{in lang|de}} * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/711465 Angela Merkel] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [https://www.c-span.org/person/?angelamerkel Appearances] on [[C-SPAN]] * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1361767/ Angela Merkel] on [[IMDb]] * [https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/person/angela-merkel.html Angela Merkel]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} collected news and commentary at [[Al Jazeera English] * [https://www.economist.com/topics/angela-merkel Angela Merkel] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Economist]]'' * [https://www.forbes.com/profile/angela-merkel/ Angela Merkel] collected news and commentary at ''[[Forbes]]'' * [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/angela_merkel/index.html "Angela Merkel collected news and commentary"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106080817/http://topics.time.com/angela-merkel/ Angela Merkel] collected news and commentary at ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' * [[George Packer|Packer, George]] (1 December 2014). [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/01/quiet-german "The Quiet German"]. ''[[The New Yorker]]'': 46–63. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141209073023/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/01/quiet-german Archived] from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014. The article describes Angela Merkel's life and career in [[East Germany]] and her subsequent rise to [[Chancellor of Germany]] following [[German reunification]]. * [https://www.dw.com/en/dw-documentary-angela-merkel-navigating-a-world-in-crisis/a-59189401 Deutsche Welle documentary about Merkel's term in office] by ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' (in English). {{DEFAULTSORT:Merkel, Angela}} chwa3oc8h7hv5n0lxudo0s13wn577p3 0 16355 741896 688256 2026-10-29T07:51:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Asisat Lamina Oshoala''' MON (amụrụ n'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Primera División FC Barcelona Femení ma bụrụkwa [[Footbọl|onye]] isi otu ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/170211/Oshoala_off_to_China|title=Oshoala off to China|date=11 February 2017|publisher=SuperSport|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka kachasị ukwuu n'oge niile na otu n'etiti ndị kachasị mma n'ụwa, ọ bụ onye bọọlụ bọọlụ nwanyị Afrịka kacha mma n'oge ọ bụla, yana onye na-agba bọọlụ n'afọ ugboro anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/france2019/news/best-of-women-s-football-in-africa-celebrated-in-egypt|title=Best of Women's Football in Africa Celebrated in Egypt|date=7 January 2020|publisher=Fifa|accessdate=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2021|title=GOAL50 2021: The best female players in the world revealed after your vote|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/goal50-2021-the-best-female-players-in-the-world-revealed/blt124431e924422144#cs2737f328d21fbfc2|accessdate=17 November 2021|publisher=Goal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117175628/https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/goal50-2021-the-best-female-players-in-the-world-revealed/blt124431e924422144|archivedate=17 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="TheAthletic">{{Cite web|url=https://theathletic.com/2717486/2021/07/19/asisat-oshoala-as-much-as-education-is-important-sport-is-also-important/|title=Asisat Oshoala: As long as Education is Important Sport is Also Important|first=Anita|author=Abayomi|publisher=The Athletic|work=theathletic.com|date=19 July 2021|accessdate=21 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Klosok|first=Aleks|date=5 October 2021|title=Asisat Oshoala: How a grandmother's belief gave birth to an African soccer superstar|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|accessdate=2021-11-06|work=CNN|publisher=[[CNN]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005095429/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/05/football/asisat-oshoala-football-barcelona-nigeria-womens-champions-league-cmd-spt-intl/index.html|archivedate=5 October 2021}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Asisat Oshoala 2019 Champions League.jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ|'''Asisat Lamina Oshoala''']] Oshoala na-egwuri egwu na klọb ndị England Arsenal na Liverpool, klọb China Dailan, na klọbu ndị Naijiria Rivers Angels na FC Robo. O meriri 2015 FA Women's Cup na Arsenal; abụọ league championships na otu iko title na Dalian; na 2019 Copa de la Reina na 201920 Supercopa de España Femenina na Barcelona. Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu Afrịka (na Naijiria) mbụ gbara goolu na UEFA Women's Champions League final ma nyere Barcelona aka iru ọkara ikpeazụ afọ atọ n'usoro, na otu nke ikpeazụ. N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2021, Oshoala ghọrọ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ meriri UEFA Champions League, mgbe Barcelona meriri Chelsea n'asọmpi ikpeazụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=16 May 2021|title=Women’s Champions League: Barcelona’s Oshoala makes history in Chelsea decimation {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/womens-champions-league-barcelonas-oshoala-makes-history-in/o7kshszab8ti196cf4jo4z5kw|accessdate=16 May 2021|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> Oshoala bụ onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup ma kpọọ ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na asọmpi ahụ. A kpọkwara ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na onye nke abụọ kacha gbaa goolu na ndị otu Super Falcons bụ ndị meriri 2014 African Women's Championship. Na Septemba 2014, [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala Naịjirịa]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] mere Oshoala onye otu Order of the Niger. N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ aha ya na Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes30">{{Cite web|author=Williams|first=Tommy|title=Meet 30 Inspirational Women This Women's History Month|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommywilliams1/2021/03/08/meet-30-inspirational-women-this-womens-history-month/?sh=7b3407105208|work=[[Forbes Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Liverpool: 2015-2016 === Na 23 Jenụwarị afo 2015, Oshoala sonyeere Liverpool na England's Women's Super League. Onye njikwa klọb ahụ, Matt Beard, kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma n'ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala: Liverpool Ladies sign Nigerian prospect|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/30948874|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na asịrị jikọtara ya na klọb ndị ọzọ, obi dị ya ụtọ ịbanye na Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kessel|first=Anna|title=Happiness lies with Liverpool for Nigerian superstar Asisat Oshoala|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/mar/21/asisat-oshoala-liverpool-ladies-nigeria-wsl-africa|accessdate=10 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|dat e=21 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu mbụ si mba Afrịka na-asọ mpi na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị kachasị elu n'England.<ref name="bbc_liverpool_bcfc_010415">{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Women 2 Birmingham City Women|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32046106|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ hapụrụ ọnwa abụọ n'afọ 2015 n'ihi mmerụ ahụ n'ikpere, Oshoala gbara goolu atọ n'egwuregwu itoolu ọ gbara dịka ndị na-agbachitere Liverpool mechara n'ọnọdụ nke asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Oshoala ruled out for eight weeks due to knee injury|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/07/25/13869262/oshoala-ruled-out-for-eight-weeks-due-to-knee-injury|publisher=[[Goal.com]]|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Currie|first=Jo|title=Liverpool Ladies: Injuries 'impacted' on season, says Beard|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/34505746|accessdate=19 December 2015|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 October 2015}}</ref> Goolu mbụ ya n'oge ahụ bụ mmeghe egwuregwu nke mmeri 2<nowiki>[[1]]</nowiki> megide Birmingham City na Eprel 1.<ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/players/asisat-oshoala/260424/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> N'oge klọb ahụ meriri Manchester City n'afọ 2, ọ gbara goolu mmeghe egwuregwu na nkeji nke iri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Currie|first=Jo|title=Liverpool Ladies beat Man City Women 2-1 in Super League One|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/32370934|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=26 April 2015}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu nke atọ nke klọb ahụ na mmeri 3 na 1 megide Arsenal na 12 Julaị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fara Williams Sparks Liverpool Triumph with goal at Arsenal|url=https://www.thefa.com/news/2015/jul/12/arsenal-1-3-liverpool-120715|publisher=[[Football Association]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arsenal vs. Liverpool 1 - 3|url=https://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/liverpool-lfc/1999870/|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=12 July 2015|archivedate=22 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190314/https://us.women.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/12/england/wsl/arsenal-lfc/liverpool-lfc/1999870/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2016, Liverpool kọrọ na ntinye aka sitere na Arsenal emeela ka nkwekọrịta ntọhapụ dị na nkwekọrịta Oshoala nakwa na ya na klọb London na-ekwurịta okwu onwe onye.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigerian striker Oshoala to hold talks with Arsenal|url=http://ladies.liverpoolfc.com/news/nigerian_striker_oshoala_to_hold_talks_with_arsenal.html|accessdate=26 January 2016|publisher=[[Liverpool L.F.C.]]|date=26 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Ladies Accept Arsenal's Bid For Asisat Oshoala {{!}} Wolexis Sports Blog|url=http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|work=www.wolexis.com|accessdate=27 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130040359/http://www.wolexis.com/2016/01/latest-liverpool-accept-arsenals-bid.html|archivedate=30 January 2016}}</ref> === Arsenal: 2016 2017 === Na Machị afo 2016, Oshoala bịanyere aka na Arsenal.<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing">{{Cite web|title=Asisat Oshoala: Arsenal Ladies sign Nigeria striker from Liverpool Ladies|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35841988|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Onye njikwa Arsenal, Pedro Losa kwuru banyere mbinye aka ya, "Asisat bụ ezigbo nkà ma ga-abụ nnukwu mgbakwunye na ndị otu anyị. Ọ na-agba ọsọ, nwere ụkwụ magburu onwe ya ma gosipụta na ọ nwere ike ịgba goolu n'ihi ya ọ dị ezigbo mma na o kpebiri isonyere anyị.<ref name="bbc_arsenal_signing" /> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Onye nkuzi Oshoala bụ Edwin Okon na-eje ozi dị ka onye njikwa oge nke otu mba mgbe o nyere ya okpu izizi na mmeri enyi na enyi nke ndị mmeri ụwa Japan na Septemba 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Okon has big plans for Oshoala|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/okon-has-big-plans-for-oshoala/|accessdate=5 December 2020|publisher=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> A kpọrọ Oshoala dị ka onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na afo 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup ma bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu na asọmpi ahụ na goolu asaa. A kpọkwara ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na onye nke abụọ kacha gbaa goolu na ndị otu Super Falcons bụ ndị meriri 2014 African Women's Championship.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria reclaim African women's title|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29739296|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oludare|first=Shina|title=Asisat Oshoala named Africa Women Championship Most Valuable Player|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/7255/2014-african-women-championship/2014/10/25/5488441/asisat-oshoala-named-africa-women-championship-most-valuable|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> O nwetakwara mmeri na BBC Women's Footballer of the Year 2015. Na Septemba 2014, [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onye isi ala Naịjirịa]] [[Goodluck Jonathan]] mere Oshoala onye otu Order of the Niger.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Asisat Oshoala dedicates national award to parents, mates|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigeria/2014/09/29/5143023/asisat-oshoala-dedicates-national-award-to-parents-mates|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=Goal.com|date=29 September 2014}}</ref> == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" |+ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na asọmpi ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi ! scope="col" |Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ! scope="col" |Mbipụta |- ! scope="row" |FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup |7 |('''7''' na 2014) |- !Ngụkọta U-20 !7 |- ! scope="row" |FIFA Women's World Cup |2 |(1 na 2015), (1 na 2019) |- ! scope="row" |Iko Mba nke Ụmụ nwanyị Africa |13 |(4 na 2014), ('''6''' na 2016), (3 na 2018) |- ! scope="row" |Africa Women Cup of Nations iru eru |6 |('''4''' na 2014), (2 na 2018) |- ! scope="row" |CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament |2 |(2 na 2020) |- ! scope="row" |Iko ụmụ nwanyị Saịprọs |2 |(2 na 2019) |- ! scope="row" |Iko ụmụ nwanyị Turkey |4 |('''4''' na 2021) |- !Ngụkọta !29 |} == Nsọpụrụ == ; Osimiri Ndị Mmụọ Ozi * Asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa: 2014<ref name="goal_riversangels_double_2014">{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Rivers Angels' double feat excites Oshoala, Nwabuoku|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2014/12/01/6596921/rivers-angels-double-feat-excites-oshoala-nwabuoku|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref> * Iko ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa: 2013, 2014 ; Arsenal * Iko ụmụ nwanyị nke FA: 201516<ref name="soccerway" /> ; Dalian Quanjian F.C. * Chinese Women's Super League: 2017 2018<ref name="2017 Dalian">{{Cite web|title=金靴+双冠王，大连权健女足外援奥绍拉获非洲足球小姐|url=https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm|publisher=Zhibo8|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=1 May 2018|archivedate=22 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422185927/https://news.zhibo8.cc/zuqiu/2018-01-05/5a4ef319503c3.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|date=28 October 2018|title=Dalian Quanjian’s Asisat Oshoala ends 2018 season in China with a bang|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/dalian-quanjians-asisat-oshoala-ends-2018-season-in-china-with-a-/1v03o6omdojlg1rtstx4rt2wa2|accessdate=6 August 2021|work=Goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> ; FC Barcelona * Nkewa nke Mbụ: 201920, 202021, 202122<ref name="soccerway" /> * UEFA Women's Champions League: 202021;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/match/2030666--chelsea-vs-barcelona/postmatch/report/|title=Chelsea 0-4 Barcelona: Barça surge to first Women's Champions League title|work=UEFA.com|date=16 May 2021|accessdate=16 May 2021}}</ref> * Super Cup nke Spain Ụmụ nwanyị: 201920, 202122 * Iko nke Eze Nwanyị: 201920, 2020 ; Naịjirịa * African Women's Championship: 2014, 2016, 2018<ref name="soccerway" /> * Onye nke abụọ na FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: 2014<ref name="soccerway" /> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke BBC nke Afọ: 2015<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hunter|first=Steve|title=Oshoala wins top BBC accolade|url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/185849-oshoala-wins-top-bbc-accolade|accessdate=5 June 2015|publisher=[[Liverpool F.C.]]|date=26 May 2015}}</ref> * Onyinye Eze Nwanyị nke Pitch: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2015/06/enyeama-oshoala-king-and-queen-at-nigeria-pitch-awards.html|title=Enyeama, Oshoala King and Queen at Nigeria Pitch Awards|first=Omaku|author=Cephas|date=15 June 2015}}</ref> * Onye na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka nke Afọ: 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019<ref name="2014 caf award">{{Cite news|author=Njoku|first=Humphrey|title=Oshoala wins Caf player award|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/nigeria/news/150109/Oshoala_wins_Caf_player_award|publisher=[[SuperSport (TV channel)|SuperSport]]|date=9 January 2015|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/|title=[LIVE] Algerian Riyad Mahrez is 2016 African Player of the Year|author=AfricaNews|date=7 January 2017|work=Africanews|accessdate=7 January 2017|archivedate=8 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108052517/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/05/live-african-football-lovers-await-top-continental-honours-hosted-in-nigeria/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mohamed Salah: Liverpool and Egypt forward named African Player of the Year|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42574221|work=BBC Sport|date=2018}}</ref> * Onye Ntorobịa Ntorobụ Africa nke Afọ: 2014<ref name="2014 caf award" /> * African Women's Championship Golden Ball: 2014<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oshoala, Oparanozie claim individual honours|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=RS73d62EAt%2bYYpKl098jPQ%3d%3d|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football|CAF]]|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> * African Women's Championship Golden Boot: 2016 * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Boot: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards" /> * FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Golden Ball: 2014<ref name="sundiata_2014fifaawards">{{Cite web|title=Oshoala wins Golden Ball as 2014 Fifa U20 Women's Cup|url=https://sundiatapost.com/oshoala-wins-golden-ball-as-2014-fifa-u20-womens-cup/|publisher=Sundiata Post|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=25 August 2014}}</ref> * Nkewa nke Mbụ Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ: 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oshoala y Geyse comparten Pichichi, mientras Lete gana el Zamora|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/futbol-femenino/primera-division/2022/05/15/62792acee2704e399d8b458d.html|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|accessdate=2021-05-15}}</ref> * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na [[Chinese Women's Super League|Super League]] nke ụmụ nwanyị China: 2017<ref name="2017 Dalian" /> * IFFHS CAF Best Woman Player of the Decade 2011 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945|title=IFFHS BEST WOMAN PLAYER - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=4 February 2021|accessdate=20 June 2022|archivedate=6 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106165624/https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/945}}</ref> * IFFHS CAF Women Team nke Afọ Iri 2011 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925|title=IFFHS WOMAN TEAM - CAF - OF THE DECADE 2011-2020|work=IFFHS|date=28 January 2021|accessdate=20 June 2022|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402080022/https://iffhs.com/index.php/posts/925}}</ref> * EaglesTracker Nigeria Women's Most Valuable Player of the Season: 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-12|title=Asisat Oshoala named Women's MVP of the Season|url=https://eaglestracker.com/2021/06/12/oshoala-named-womens-mvp/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=EaglesTracker|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612200433/https://eaglestracker.com/2021/06/12/oshoala-named-womens-mvp/}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Oshoala malitere Asisat Oshoala Foundation na afo 2019 lekwasịrị anya n'inye ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba bọọlụ n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ahmadu|first=Samuel|title=Barcelona star Oshoala rolls out plans to inspire young Nigerian girls|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/barcelona-star-oshoala-rolls-out-plans-to-inspire-young-nigerian-/alinzgmfn4na1o5wc9tj94fzi|publisher=Goal.com|accessdate=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=奥绍拉推出用于女孩教育 足球项目的徽标|url=https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html|publisher=xytest.com|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=21 September 2020|archivedate=22 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190852/https://www.xytest.com/edu/2020092127562.html}}</ref> Ntọala ahụ na-akwado asọmpi Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls kwa afọ na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=8 teams to compete at the 2020 Asisat Oshoala Foundation Football4girls tournament|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|publisher=Pulse.ng|accessdate=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201120705/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/8-teams-to-compete-at-the-2020-asisat-oshoala-foundation-football4girls-tournament/5b2m8c2|archive-date=1 December 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya NIKE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oshoala unveils logo for girl-child education, football project|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/oshoala-unveils-logo-for-girl-child-education-football-project/|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=28 March 2021|date=21 September 2020|archivedate=26 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100327/https://guardian.ng/sport/oshoala-unveils-logo-for-girl-child-education-football-project/}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ aha ya na Forbes 30 Under 30.<ref name="forbes30" /> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, a họpụtara ya n'òtù ndụmọdụ teknụzụ FIFA maka uto na ọganihu nke bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị. Onye isi otu ahụ bụ Jill Ellis ma nwee onye Afrịka ibe ya Doreen Nabwire dịka onye otu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2021|title=Technical Advisory Group to focus on growth and advancement of women’s football|url=https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|accessdate=25 October 2021|work=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018144325/https://www.fifa.com/football-development/the-future-of-football/media-releases/technical-advisory-group-to-focus-on-growth-of-womens-football|archivedate=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=21 October 2021|title='The goal is to take African football to the next level' – Oshoala reveals mission in Fifa technical advisory group|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|accessdate=26 October 2021|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022102215/https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/the-goal-is-to-take-african-football-to-the-next-level-barcelona-/fq67rrauq2dl1n5w61ngzkx26|archivedate=22 October 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Oshoala na-akọ na ndị mụrụ ya enweghị nkwado mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ iji chụsoo ọrụ bọọlụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Taylor|first=Louise|title=Women's World Cup 2015: 10 players to watch|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/05/womens-world-cup-2015-football-10-players-to-watch|accessdate=5 June 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 June 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wejinya|first=Sammy|title=Q & A with Asisat Oshoala|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-women-champs/news/141025/Q_A_with_Asisat_Oshoala|accessdate=15 November 2014|publisher=[[SuperSport (TV channel)|SuperSport]]|date=25 October 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba goolu na FIFA Women's World Cup * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa na-agba bọọlụ mba ụwa * Ndepụta nke Africa Women Cup of Nations hat-tricks * Ndepụta nke nkwado Nike * Ndepụta nke ndị Yoruba  == Ihe odide == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Asisat Oshoala – FIFA competition record (archived) * Profile na FC Barcelona Femení * [https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/asisat-oshoala Profaịlụ] na Arsenal Women * Asisat Oshoala at Soccerway * Asisat Oshoala on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fr3cxt1vf84y9th8d743norql6usqyx 0 17211 741872 133091 2026-10-28T18:38:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kadir Nelson''' (n'ubochí irí na isé n'ọnwa Mée, 1974) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe, ónyé na-eme ihe osise, na ''onye'' édémédé nke Los Angeles nke a maara nke ọma màkà ihe osise ya nke a na-egosipụtakarị na mkpuchi magazin The New Yorker, na mkpuchi album màkà [[Michael Jackson]] na Drake. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị ányà na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Africa America. ''The New York Times'' kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka: "ọrụ dị elu, nke na-emetụta nke ukwuu. Ihe osise Neelson na-ejupụta na gburugburu, na mgbe mgbe ihe nnọchianya doro ányá.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Paul|first=Pamela|title=Black History Greats 'Nelson Mandela,' by Kadir Nelson, and More|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/books/nelson-mandela-by-kadir-nelson-and-more.html?mtrref=www.google.com&auth=login-email|work=NYTimes.com|publisher=NYTimes.com|accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ ónyé na-anata Caldecott nsọpụrụ ugboro abụọ ma merie 2020 Caldecott Medal màkà akwụkwọ ya The Undefeated . == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1996, Nelson malitere ọrụ ya dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe màkà ihe nkírí Steven Spielberg bụ Amistad, na ihe nkiri animated Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron . Nelson emeela ọtụtụ stampụ ncheta maka United States Postal Service gụnyere stampụ ndị gosipụtara Wilt Chamberlain, Joe Dimaggio, na [[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=David|title=Wilt the Stilt Becomes Wilt the Stamp|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/sports/basketball/wilt-chamberlain-the-stilt-postage-stamp-philadelphia-76ers.html|accessdate=28 September 2018|work=The New York Times|date=December 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=New York City|url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/newyorkcitystampart/p4.html|title=Baseball - New York City: A Portrait Through Stamp Art|publisher=Postalmuseum.si.edu|accessdate=2018-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210204609/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/newyorkcitystampart/p4.html|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2009/pr09_037.htm|title=Richard Wright Immortalized on Postage|work=about.usps.com}}</ref> O dekwara ma / ma ọ bụ gosipụta ihe karịrị akwụkwọ foto irí atọ gụnyere, Brothers of the Knight nke ónyé na-eme ihe nkírí Debbie Allen, WE ARE THE SHIP: The Story of Negro League Baseball, nke gosipụtara na mkpuchi nke magazin Sports Illustrated, na Heart and Soul: The Story nke America na African Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-8037-2488-4|title=Children's Book Review: Brothers of the Knight by Debbie Allen, Author, Toby Sherry, Editor, Kadir Nelson, Illustrator Dial Books $16.99 (40p) ISBN 978-0-8037-2488-4}}</ref><ref name="npr.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18518791|title=Illustrated Book Chronicles Negro League Pioneers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/vault/issue/1002358/0|title=March 10, 2008 Issue Viewer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/26/140807940/heart-and-soul-an-african-american-history|title='Heart And Soul': An African-American History}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, e nyèrè Nelson ọrụ ise mkpuchi mbụ ya màkà magazin The New Yorker, onyinyo nke [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cover-story-nelson-mandela-hero|title=Cover Story: Nelson Mandela, Hero|journal=The New Yorker|date=2013-05-07}}</ref> Nelson emeela ọtụtụ mkpuchi a na-agaghị echefu echefu màkà magazin ahụ gụnyere, ''Eustace Negro'', Schomburg Center, Harlem, New York, na A Day at the Beach.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cover-story-nine-ninety|title=Cover Story: Nine for Ninety|journal=The New Yorker|date=2015-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cover-story-2016-02-22|title=Cover Story: "Schomburg Center, Harlem, New York," by Kadir Nelson|journal=The New Yorker|date=2016-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/cover-story-2016-07-11|title=Cover Story: Kadir Nelson's "A Day at the Beach"|journal=The New Yorker|date=2016-07-04}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nelson na Washington D.C., ma too na Atlantic City, New Jersey na San Diego, California, nwá nkè ónyé édémédé Emily Gunter na ónyé nkụzi Lenwood Nelson.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kadirnelson.com/cv|title=CV|work=KadirNelson.com|accessdate=2018-03-16}}</ref><ref>Johnson, Virginia, [http://www.librarypoint.org/kadir_nelson Author of the Month: Kadir Nelson]," Librarypoint, Central Rappahannock Library District. Retrieved 3 July 2016</ref> Ọ natara ọzụzụ mbụ ya na nka site n'aka nwanne nna ya, Michael Morris, onye bụ onye na-ese ihe na ónyé nkụzi nka.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20220623231208/http://www.wearetheship.com/about-the-author.html We are the ship; About the author and artist]." Retrieved 3 July 2016</ref> Ma nwanne nnà ya na ónyé nkụzi nka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya kụziiri ya ụkpụrụ na usoro nka dị mkpa, gụnyere otu esi eji mmanụ ese ihe. Mgbe ọ zụlitere ọfịs dị egwu n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Crawford High na San Diego, Kadir Nelson nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na Pratt Institute dị na Brooklyn, New York. Nelson nwetara BFA ya na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn, New York na 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thegrio.com/black-history/thegrios-100/thegrios-100-kadir-nelson.php|title=TheGrio's 100: Kadir Nelson, drawing from the past to illustrate&nbsp;hope|date=1 February 2010|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1999, e gosipụtara ihe osise Nelson na-egosi ihe nkiri baseball nke Negro league na magazin Sports Illustrated na ''peeji'' mmalite ya Leading Off.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.com/vault/issue/703947/15|title=August 30, 1999 Issue Viewer}}</ref> Ha bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise mbụ n'usoro ọrụ nke dugara Nelson dee ma gosipụta akwụkwọ na-echeta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Negro Baseball Leagues nke akpọrọ, We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro Leagues Baseball, nke Jump at the Sun bipụtara na 2008.<ref name="npr.org" /> E mepụtara Nelson na-eto nke mbụ n'ime afọ asaa ma mee ka Nelson nweta Sibert Medal, Coretta Scott King Author Award na Illustrator Honor.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kadir-nelson/we-are-the-ship/|title=WE ARE THE SHIP by Kadir Nelson , Kadir Nelson - Kirkus Reviews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7868-0832-8|title=Children's Book Review: We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball by Kadir Nelson, Author, Kadir Nelson, Illustrator, Hank Aaron, Foreword by . Hyperion/Jump at the Sun $18.99 (96p) ISBN 978-0-7868-0832-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/11/06/books/20081109ILLUSTRATEDBOOKS_3.html|title=Best Illustrated Children's Books 2008 - The New York Times > Books > Slide Show > Slide 2 of 11|work=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> We Are the Ship bụ nke Brilliance Audio wepụtara dị ka akwụkwọ a na-ege ntị na 2009, nke ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri olu bụ Dion Graham kọrọ. == Nkwado na nsọpụrụ == Nelson enwetala ọtụtụ Gold na Silver Medals site na New York Society of Illustrators. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, e nyere Nelson onyinye Hamilton King màkà ihe osise kachasị mma n'afọ. Nelson bụkwa ónyé natara NAACP Image Awards atọ maka akwụkwọ foto ya, na ''New York Times'' Best Illustrated Book for We Are The Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball. Nelson bụ onye mmeri Caldecott Honor Award ugboro abụọ. N'afọ 2020, Nelson ritere ihe nrite Caldecott na Coretta Scott King Award maka ihe osise ya na The Undefeated .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/books/newbery-new-kid-jerry-craft-caldecott-undefeated-kwame-alexander.html|title=Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time|work=New York Times}}</ref> Ọ natara NAACP Image Award maka akwụkwọ Just the Two of Us. Maka akwụkwọ ya, We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball, ọ natara 2008 CASEY Award maka akwụkwọ baseball kacha mma, 2009 Coretta Scott King Author Award, na 2009 Robert F. Sibert Informational Book Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CASEY Award|publisher=Spitball: The Literary Baseball Magazine|url=http://www.spitballmag.com/Casey-Award|accessdate=2011-10-22|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174436/http://www.spitballmag.com/Casey-Award}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/newspresscenter/news/pressreleases2009/january2009/ymasibert.cfm|title=Kadir Nelson wins 2009 Sibert Medal|publisher=American Library Association|date=January 26, 2009|accessdate=2011-10-22}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya, ''[[Nelson Mandela]]'', bụ akwụkwọ Coretta Scott King Honor na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/rt/emiert/coretta-scott-king-book-awards-all-recipients-1970-present|title=Coretta Scott King Book Awards - All Recipients, 1970-Present|author=JAMUNDSEN|date=5 April 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2014/01/27/living/newbery-caldecott-awards-2014-kate-dicamillo-books/ And the Newbery, Caldecott award winners are...], Ashley Strickland, CNN, January 27, 2014</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Nelson enweela ihe ngosi na gallery na ebe ngosi ihe mgbè ochie na United States na ụwa, gụnyere Muskegon Museum of Art, Chicago Art Institute, na The Studio Museum na Harlem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlive.com/entertainment/muskegon/index.ssf/2011/01/story_of_negro_league_baseball.html|title='We Are the Ship: Story of Negro League Baseball' at Muskegon Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/26/arts/art-review-a-black-world-of-ins-and-outs.html|title=ART REVIEW; A Black World Of Ins and Outs|first=Michael|author=Kimmelman}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery na National Museum of African American History and Culture jikọtara aka nweta ihe osise Kadir Nelson nke Henrietta Lacks. HBO nyèrè iwu ka e see Lacks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/about/news/national-portrait-gallery-presents-portrait-henrietta-lacks-co-acquisition-national|title=National Portrait Gallery Presents a Portrait of Henrietta Lacks}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == '''Ihe osise naanị ọ gwụla ma egosiri ya n'ụzọ ọzọ.''' * Brothers of the Knight nke Debbie Allen. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Big Jabe nke Jerdine Nolen. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://harpercollins.com/books/9780060540616/Big_Jabe/index.aspx|title=Big Jabe - Jerdine Nolen - Paperback|first=Jerdine|author=Nolen|work=HarperCollins US|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=19 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819025021/https://www.harpercollins.com/books/9780060540616/Big_Jabe/index.aspx}}</ref> * Salt in His Shoes: Michael Jordan na Pursuit of a Dream nke Deloris na Roslyn Jordan. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=411354|title=SimonSays's On Demand Pages on Vimeo|work=www.simonsays.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> * Na-agba egwú na nku, Debbie Allen. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780803725010,00.html|title=Dancing in the Wings by Debbie Allen - PenguinRandomHouse.com|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=7 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207163024/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780803725010,00.html}}</ref> * Just the Two of Us nke Will Smith dere. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji](NAACP Image Award)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.scholastic.com/browse/book.jsp?id=2437|title=''Just the Two of Us'', Scholastic website|accessdate=18 August 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708210659/http://content.scholastic.com/browse/book.jsp?id=2437|archivedate=8 July 2012}}</ref> * Biko, Baby, ''Biko'' site na Spike na Tonya Lee. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=516046|title=SimonSays's On Demand Pages on Vimeo|work=www.simonsays.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> * ''N'okpuru osisi Krismas'' nke Nikki Grimes. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Obodo nke'' lara n'iyi nke Ann Grifalconi. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780803726239,00.html|title=''The Village that Vanished'' at Penguin USA website|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=26 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726070120/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780803726239,00.html}}</ref> * ''Thunder Rose'' nke Jerdine Nolen. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Ellington abụghị okporo ámá'' site na Ntozake Shange. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (Ihe nrite onye edemede Coretta Scott King)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=410252|title=SimonSays's On Demand Pages on Vimeo|work=www.simonsays.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> * Ha nwere ụwa dum n'aka ya, nke Kadir Nelson sere, dabere na abụ ọdịnala. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780803728509,00.html|title=He's Got the Whole World in His Hands by Kadir Nelson - PenguinRandomHouse.com|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=7 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207162755/http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9780803728509,00.html}}</ref> * ''Real Slam Dunk'' nke Charisse Richardson. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shop.scholastic.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?productId=58267&langId=-1&storeId=10001&catalogId=10004&sa_campaign=internal_ads/scholastic3_0/search/|title=''The Real Slam Dunk'' at Scholastic website|accessdate=18 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205121929/http://shop.scholastic.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?productId=58267&langId=-1&storeId=10001&catalogId=10004&sa_campaign=internal_ads%2Fscholastic3_0%2Fsearch%2F|archivedate=5 February 2012}}</ref> * ''Hewitt Anderson bụ'' Great Big Life nke Jerdine Nolen dere. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hewittandersonsg00jerd|title=''Hewitt Anderson's Great Big Life'' at Simon & Schuster website|accessdate=18 August 2017|isbn=9780689868665|date=January 2005|author=Nolen|first=Jerdine}}</ref> * Biko, Puppy, ''Biko'' site na Spike na Tonya Lee. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=512062|title=SimonSays's On Demand Pages on Vimeo|work=www.simonsays.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> * Moses: Mgbe Harriet Tubman duuru ndị ya gaa nnwere onwe, nke Carole Boston Weatherford, Hyperion/Jump at the Sun, 2006 (2007 Caldecott Honor book)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyperionbooksforchildren.com/board/displaybook.asp?id=1733|title=Disney Books Official Site - Disney Publishing Worldwide|work=Disney Books - Disney Publishing Worldwide|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> * Henry's Freedom Box: Ezi Akụkọ sitere na Underground Railroad, Ellen Levine. Scholastic, 2007.2008 Caldecott Honor book) * Michael's Golden Rules nke Deloris Jordan, mmeghe nke Michael Jordan. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.simonsays.com/content/book.cfm?tab=1&pid=524349|title=SimonSays's On Demand Pages on Vimeo|work=www.simonsays.com|accessdate=18 August 2017}}</ref> * We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball, nke Kadir Nelson dere ma gosipụta, okwu mbido nke Hank Aaron, Hyperion/Jump at the Sun, 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wearetheship.com/|title=WE ARE THE SHIP: The Story of NEGRO LEAGUE BASEBALL. Words and Paintings by Kadir Nelson|work=www.wearetheship.com|accessdate=18 August 2017|archivedate=14 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124239/http://wearetheship.com/}}</ref> * Abe's Hones Words, nke Doreen Rappaport dere. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Mgbanwe Abịala: Onye na-ese ihe na-eme emume mmụọ anyị nke America, ihe Barack Obama kwuru, ihe osise ojii na ọcha nke Kadir Nelson. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4169-8955-4|978-1-4169-8955-4]] * Testing the Ice: A True Story About Jackie Robinson, nke Sharon Robinson, Scholastic, 2009; * All God's Critters, abụ abụ nke Bill Staines, Simon & Schuster, 2009 * Mama Miti: Wangari Maathai na Osisi nke Kenya, nke Donna Jo Napoli, Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books, 2010, * A Nation's Hope: The Story of Boxing Legend Joe Louis, nke Matt de la Peña, Dial Books, 2011, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/10/books/review/childrens-books-a-nations-hope-and-bird-in-a-box.html?_r=2&ref=books|work=The New York Times|first=David|author=Margolick|title=Children's Books - 'A Nation's Hope' and 'Bird in a Box'|date=April 8, 2011}}</ref> * ''Nelson Mandela'', nke Kadir Nelson dere ma see, 2013, * Baby Bear, nke Kadir Nelson dere ma gosipụta, 2014, * If You Plant a Seed, nke Kadir Nelson dere ma gosipụta, 2015, * {{Cite book|author=Taylor, Mildred D.|others=Introduction by Jacqueline Woodson; illustration by Kadir Nelson|title=Roll of thunder, hear my cry|url=https://archive.org/details/rollofthunderhea0000tayl_x8k9|edition=40th Anniversary Special|location=New York|publisher=Dial Books for Young Readers|year=2016 <!--|isbn=9781101993880-->}} * Blue Sky, White Stars, nke Sarvinder Naberhaus dere ma gosipụta ya site na Kadir Nelson, 2017, * The Undefeated, nke Kwame Alexander dere ma gosipụta ya site na Kadir Nelson, 2019, == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [http://aalbc.com/authors/author.php?author_name=Kadir+Nelson Nelson na AALBC.com] * [http://authors.simonandschuster.com/Kadir-Nelson/1485092 Nelson na onye na-ebipụta Simon na Schuster] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140402052547/http://harpercollins.com/authors/12530/Kadir_Nelson/index.aspx Nelson na onye na-ebipụta HarperCollins] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110124163828/http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/contributor.jsp?id=2437 Nelson na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Scholastic] * We Are the Ship bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ akwụkwọ ụmụaka * [http://www.blackartdepot.com/kadirnelson-bio.htm Akụkọ ndụ Nelson, na njikọ ndị ọzọ, na Black Art Depot] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708144456/http://www.childrensbookradio.com/childrensbookradiopodcast28.mp3 Ajụjụ ọnụ Nelson site na Disemba 3, 2007, na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Children's Book Radio] * {{IMDb name|0625501}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iyUgqSuFfg Ajụjụ ọnụ banyere] Change Has Come na YouTube (Simon & Schuster videos) * [https://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=4698 Nelson na 2009 National Book Festival], Library of Congress [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pub6wima8rfrp0x2dwirwruy21yg1xf 0 17571 741890 182380 2026-10-29T05:41:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angela M. Rivers''' (b. Champaign, Illinois) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe na ónyé nlekọta, bi na [[Chicago]] ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eblackcu.net/mural/angelarivers.html|title=Park Street Mural|work=eblackcu.net|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Angela nwere BFA na Fine and Applied Arts na Mahadum Illinois Urbana-Champaign na 1975. N'afọ 1978, o mepụtara ihe osise na Fifth na Park Streets na ugwu Champaign na otu ụmụ akwụkwọ Africa-America na ndị ọbọdọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philipbrewer.net/2010/05/19/champaign-to-lose-angela-rivers-mural/|title=Champaign to lose Angela Rivers mural|author=Brewer|first=Philip|date=2010-05-19|work=Philip Brewer|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-gazette.com/news/artist-who-oversaw-work-not-in-favor-of-restoration/article_753aaae8-e45d-53c0-a77e-1606e85a1480.html|title=Artist who oversaw work not in favor of restoration|author=Merli|first=Melissa|work=The News-Gazette|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509113710/https://www.news-gazette.com/news/artist-who-oversaw-work-not-in-favor-of-restoration/article_753aaae8-e45d-53c0-a77e-1606e85a1480.html|archive-date=2024-05-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Site na 1978 ruo 1981 ọ mụrụ ọrụ Paul Gauguin na Mahadum Eastern Illinois . Mgbè ahụ ọ kwagara Chicago ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ahụ maka nka. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ màkà DuSable Museum of African-American History, Chicago History Museum, na Art Institute of Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://areachicagoarchive.wordpress.com/2019/02/28/mapping-cultural-migrations-between-champaign-and-chicago/|title=Mapping Cultural Migrations between Champaign and Chicago|date=2019-02-28|work=AREA Chicago Archive|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> N'afọ 2009 ọ bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na Mahadum Illinois, ébé o mèrè ememe ncheta ncheta nke mgbidi ahụ na Champaign.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rivers|first=Angela|title=Revisiting Murals: Animating Neighborhoods|publisher=University of Illinois Printing Services|year=2010}}</ref> Nwanne nná Angela bụ ónyé na-ese ihe nkírí Cecil Dewey Nelson, Jr.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news-gazette.com/opinion/guest-commentary/barbara-suggs-mason-angela-rivers-voices-the-full-story-on/article_eb1cc6b9-1858-5857-a1d7-dd27fc69b262.html|title=Barbara Suggs-Mason, Angela Rivers/Voices: The full story on Uncle Cecil|work=The News-Gazette|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.library.illinois.edu/items/b2282f20-13c4-0134-1d5f-0050569601ca-5|title=1948 University Honors|work=Digital Collections at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library|accessdate=2020-02-14}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5g05de3df96d83ngjwzuth1uyb47s1h 0 17715 741893 737001 2026-10-29T07:09:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Aria Sa'id''' (amụrụ na 1989/1990) bụ onye African-American na-ekwuchitere ndị na-agbanwe ịbụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme atụmatụ na San Francisco.<ref name="dailybeast-18dec2018">{{Cite news|author=Wilson|first=Emily|title=San Francisco Creates World's First Ever Transgender Cultural District|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/san-francisco-creates-worlds-first-ever-transgender-cultural-district|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|accessdate=June 21, 2019|date=December 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="sfweek-21jun2017">{{Cite news|author=Kane|first=Peter Lawrence|title=Green-Light District|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/news/feature/green-light-district/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[SF Weekly]]|date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621141512/http://www.sfweekly.com/news/feature/green-light-district/|archive-date=June 21, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere (ya na Janetta Johnson na Honey Mahogany) na onye isi nchịkwa nke The Transgender District, na onye guzobere na onye nduzi nke Kween Culture Initiative.<ref name="dailybeast-18dec2018" /><ref name="sfexam-5feb2019">{{Cite news|author=Tence|first=Victor|title=New cultural district director hopes to create employment opportunities for transgender residents|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/new-cultural-district-director-hopes-to-create-employment-opportunities-for-transgender-residents/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|date=February 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621194604/https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/new-cultural-district-director-hopes-to-create-employment-opportunities-for-transgender-residents/|archive-date=June 21, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sfweek-6feb2019">{{Cite news|author=Sawyer|first=Nuala|title=The First Transgender District in the Nation Gets a New Director|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/news/the-first-transgender-district-in-the-nation-gets-a-new-director/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[SF Weekly]]|date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621141502/http://www.sfweekly.com/news/the-first-transgender-district-in-the-nation-gets-a-new-director/|archive-date=June 21, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="forbes-26feb2019">{{Cite news|author=Tovar|first=Virgie|title=First Ever Transgender Cultural District Co-Founded By #XLBossLady Aria Sa'id|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/virgietovar/2019/02/26/first-ever-transgender-cultural-district-co-founded-by-xlbosslady-aria-said/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|date=February 26, 2019}}</ref><ref name="out-18feb2019">{{Cite news|author=Raquel Willis|title=Black Trans Women Created the World's First Trans Cultural District|url=https://www.out.com/out-exclusives/2019/2/18/black-trans-women-created-worlds-first-trans-cultural-district|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[Out (magazine)|Out]]|date=February 18, 2019}}</ref><ref name="sfexam-26jun2019">{{Cite news|author=Rodriguez|first=Joe Fitzgerald|title=SF posts new street signs and trans Pride flags across Compton's Transgender Cultural District|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/the-city/sf-posts-new-street-signs-and-trans-pride-flags-across-comptons-transgender-cultural-district/|accessdate=June 26, 2019|work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626174537/https://www.sfexaminer.com/the-city/sf-posts-new-street-signs-and-trans-pride-flags-across-comptons-transgender-cultural-district/|archive-date=June 26, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="forbes-26feb2019" /><ref name="out-18feb2019" /><ref name="kween-web">{{Cite web|title=Kween Culture Initiative|url=https://kweenculture.com/|work=Kween Culture Initiative|accessdate=June 21, 2019|archivedate=June 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621141517/https://kweenculture.com/}}</ref><ref name="sfexam-20jun2018">{{Cite news|author=Kane|first=Peter Lawrence|title=Aria Sa'id a force for change among trans women of color|url=https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/aria-said-a-force-for-change-among-trans-women-of-color/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[San Francisco Examiner]]|date=June 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621193654/https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/aria-said-a-force-for-change-among-trans-women-of-color/|archive-date=June 21, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sfweek-20june2018">{{Cite news|author=Kane|first=Peter Lawrence|title=SF Pride 2018: Aria Sa'id, Winner of the '10 Years of Service' Award|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/culture/sf-pride-2018-aria-said-winner-of-the-10-years-of-service-award/|accessdate=June 21, 2019|work=[[SF Weekly]]|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> Sa'id arụwokwa ọrụ na Trans:Thrive resource center, dị ka onye njikwa mmemme maka St. James Infirmary, na dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu maka San Francisco Human Rights Commission.<ref name="out-18feb2019" /><ref name="lgbtqnation-7oct2018">{{Cite web|author=Madison|first=Alex|title=The nation's first trans cultural district is starting to turn ideas into reality|url=https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/10/nations-first-trans-cultural-district-starting-turn-ideas-reality/|work=LGBTQ Nation|date=October 7, 2018|accessdate=June 22, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, San Francisco Pride nyere ya onyinye 10 Years of Service Award.<ref name="sfweek-20june2018" /> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị LGBT si Portland, Oregon == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190621141517/https://kweenculture.com/ Ihe Omenala Kween] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mxshj14p0iz3q3bv4o5204qpngzo75w 0 17766 741837 208652 2026-10-28T17:54:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annette Jimerson''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1966) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="WhoWho">{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in America 2013.|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinamerica0002unse_h8f5|date=October 2012|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|isbn=978-0-8379-7037-0}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a maara ya màkà ikike ya na-ese ihe, ma nke dị adị ma nke na-enweghị atụ. N'ịbụ onye na-ese ihe na acrylic na mmanụ, ọ na-emekwa ọrụ mmiri, na isiokwu sitere na ndụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọdịdị ala na foto na abstracts.<ref name="WhoWho" /> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na mkpịsị akwụkwọ na ink, pensụl na-acha odo odo na ihe ọkpụkpụ. A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka "nke dị ndụ, nke na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ ma na-adọrọ mmasị" (''Weems Art Gallery''). Jimerson na-edekwa ma na-emepụta ihe osise màkà akwụkwọ ụmụaka, ọrụ nké malitere dị ka "hobby" ma si n'ebe ahụ too.<ref name="comics.drivethrustuff">{{Cite web|title=Mr. Cuphead|url=http://comics.drivethrustuff.com/product/104251/Mr.-Cuphead|publisher=Drive Thru Stuff|accessdate=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="comics.drivethrustuff_a">{{Cite web|title=The Pretty Red Flower with a Single Thorn|url=http://comics.drivethrustuff.com/product/104183/The-Pretty-Red-Flower%2C-with-a-Single-Thorn|publisher=Drive Thru Stuff|accessdate=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="annettejimerson">{{Cite web|author=Jimerson|first=Annette|title=Biography|url=http://annettejimerson.com/Biography.html|accessdate=7 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022112/http://www.annettejimerson.com/Biography.html|archivedate=7 March 2014}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Jimerson chọpụtara ikike nka ya mgbe ọ dị afọ asaá, ọ nọwokwa na-azụlite nkà nka ya kemgbe ahụ, na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi.<ref name="annettejimerson" /><ref name="newspaperarchive">{{Cite journal|title=Artist looks to Iowa for a better life|journal=Cedar Rapids Gazette|year=1992|volume=110|issue=188|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/cedar-rapids-gazette/1992-07-15/page-60/?rtserp=tags/artist-looks-to-iowa-for-better-life?pd=15&py=1992&pm=07|accessdate=7 October 2012|author=Eilzabeth Kutter}}</ref> "Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-ese anya na ntì anya zuru ezu, ányá na agba nke dọtara uche n'ebe ónyé na-eto eto na-ese ihe mara mma nọ. "<ref name="extraimaginary">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Annette Jimerson – Artist in the United States|url=http://extraimaginary.com/2012/08/19/interview-with-annette-jimerson/|publisher=Extra Imaginary|accessdate=7 October 2012|pages=1|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822095157/http://extraimaginary.com/2012/08/19/interview-with-annette-jimerson/|archivedate=22 August 2013}}</ref> Mgbè a hụrụ ọrụ ya na Ngalaba Fine Arts nke Mahadum Memphis, onyeisi oche ahụ kwuru na ha "ahụtụbeghị onye ọ bụla dị otú ahụ na-eto eto nwere ahụmịhe dị otú ahụ".<ref name="AnnetteJimerson2006">{{Cite book|title=Annette Jimerson: A Picture of an Artist|year=2006|publisher=The Perspective|location=Albuquerque, NM|pages=22–33|edition=issue 7, volume 5}}</ref> N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, a nabatara Jimerson n'ọtụtụ gallery gafee United States, ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka na-ere ọtụtụ ihe osise, na-enweta akwụkwọ akụkọ na ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ na ọtụtụ mbipụta mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, gụnyere Channel 7 News, The Perspective na Cedar Rapids Gazette.<ref name="annettejimerson" /><ref name="AnnetteJimerson2006" /> Damon Hitchcock, prọfesọ nka na San Diego City College, ónyé nwéré ahụmahụ nkuzi afọ iri abụọ na anọ, kpọkọtara klas niile nke mmadụ iri atọ na atọ iji kirie ọrụ Jimerson, na-ekwu na ọ bụ "ónyé na-ese ihe kachasị mmá ọ hụtụrụla".<ref name="annettejimerson" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == * 1987-1988 San Diego City/Mesa - College, San Diego, California<ref name="annettejimerson" /><ref name="extraimaginary">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Annette Jimerson – Artist in the United States|url=http://extraimaginary.com/2012/08/19/interview-with-annette-jimerson/|publisher=Extra Imaginary|accessdate=7 October 2012|pages=1|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822095157/http://extraimaginary.com/2012/08/19/interview-with-annette-jimerson/|archivedate=22 August 2013}}</ref> * 1986 Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design, Milwaukeee, Wisconsin.<ref name="annettejimerson" /> * 1975 Mahadum Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee * 1975 Onye na-ese ihe n'oge ọkọchị, Memphis, Tennessee == Ihe ngosi == * 2012 Blick, 75 Artist of all Times (magazine), ihe ngosi. * 2012 Art Price, Art Showcase, Paris, France<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art Showcase|url=http://web.artprice.com/artist/535421/annette-jimerson|publisher=Art Price|accessdate=7 October 2012|year=2012}}</ref> * 2007 Weem's Art Gallery, Albuquerque, New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], USA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Represented|url=http://www.artscrawlabq.org/weems_galleries.html|publisher=Weems Galleries and Framing|accessdate=7 October 2012|pages=1|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119130649/http://artscrawlabq.org/weems_galleries.html|archivedate=19 November 2010}}</ref> * 2007, ABQ Art Review, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA * 2006 The Perspective (akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara) "Annette Jimerson: A Picture of an Artist" (mbipụta 7, Mpịakọta 5, peeji nke 22-33), Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA<ref name="AnnetteJimerson2006" /> * 1993 Contemperena Art Gallery, Jacksonville, [[Flórídạ|Florida]], USA * 1993 Channel 7 News Station (akụkọ), "Annette Jimerson", Jacksonville, Florida, USA<ref>{{Cite news|title=Annette Jimerson}}</ref> * 1993 Berisford Art Gallery, Jacksonville, Florida, USA * 1993 The Wildlife Gallery, Orlando, Florida, USA * 1992 Peppertree Art Gallery, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA * 1992 Cedar Rapids Gazette, akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasaa "Onye na-ese ihe na-ele Iowa anya maka ndụ ka mma" (Mpịakọta 110, NO 188, peeji nke 60), Cedar Rapid, Iowa, USA<ref name="newspaperarchive" /> * 1992 Wildlife Art Gallery, Westdale ngosi Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA * 1991 Ihe ngosi nka: Annette Jimerson, San Diego, [[California]], USA == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130815053038/http://annettejimerson.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Annette Jimerson] * [http://web.artprice.com/artist/535421/annette-jimerson Artprice.com] * {{IMDb name|3995582}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121011164138/http://artwanted.com/artist.cfm?artid=43088 ArtWanted.com] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lyqb2acpxe9o4439h7kjv78rviowzmm 0 17928 741849 724868 2026-10-28T18:08:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Geffrey Davis''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1983) bụ onye Amerịka na-ede uri na prọfesọ. Ọ bụ ''onye'' dere Revising the Storm (2014) na Night Angler (2019). Ọ na-akụzi na The Arkansas Programs in Creative Writing and Translation na Mahadum Arkansas ma biri na Fayetteville, Arkansas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mfa.uark.edu/8286.php |title=The Arkansas Programs in Creative Writing & Translation > Faculty |accessdate=2022-07-03 |archivedate=2015-03-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301153854/http://mfa.uark.edu/8286.php }}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na ngalaba uri na Rainier Writing Workshop, mmemme MFA dị ala na Mahadum Lutheran nke Pacific.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plu.edu/mfa/staff/|title=Faculty {{!}} MFA - Creative Writing {{!}} PLU|work=www.plu.edu|accessdate=2018-12-29}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Davis na [[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]] n'afọ 1983 ma too na Tacoma, Washington. O nwere ụmụnne nwoke abụọ na nwanne nwanyị nke ọ tọrọ. N'oge a mụrụ Davis, nna ya nọ na ndị agha mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na nnukwu mmerụ ahụ n'ikiri ụkwụ mere ka ọ pụọ n'ọrụ ahụike. Ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị: ụlọ elu, ịgbado ọkụ, iwu ụlọ nkwari akụ omenala, wdg. Nna Davis malitere ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ mgbe Davis bụ nwata, na-eme ka ezinụlọ ahụ na-agagharị ugboro ugboro mgbe ọ na-etolite. Ezinụlọ ahụ biri n'obodo 10 dị iche iche na ihe dị ka ụlọ 14 dị iche iche, gụnyere ogige ụgbọala na obere oge ha nọrọ n'ụlọ ezinaụlọ. Otu ebe a na-agaghị echefu echefu ha biri (mgbe Davis dị ihe dị ka afọ 7 ma ọ bụ 8) bụ nnukwu ugbo n'ime obere obodo a na-akpọ Onalaska, WA. Ugbo ahụ nwere ụdị anụ ụlọ niile na nnukwu ubi ahịhịa. Davis hapụrụ ugbo ahụ na ịhụnanya miri emi maka mpụga na ọkachasị ịkụ azụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'etiti klas nke anọ, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tacoma, WA, ebe ha gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ebe ndị a na-apụta n'abụ Davis niile, ọkachasị akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ Revising the Storm (2014). Nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ bụ isi na agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta ụmụaka, na-adabere mgbe mgbe na ọrụ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ego, ruo mgbe nsogbu ụlọ n'afọ 2008 manyere ya ịrụ ọrụ oge niile maka nnukwu ụlọ ahịa. Davis gara Stadium High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị na Tacoma. Davis gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Stadium High School n'afọ 2001 wee malite ide uri n'ụzọ siri ike n'oge ọkọchị ahụ, mgbe ezigbo enyi ya bụ onye edemede kpọrọ ya ka ọ gbalịa ide uri. Davis nwetara B.A. ya na Mahadum steeti Oregon n'afọ 2006, nke mere ka o kwe omume site na njikọta agụmakwụkwọ na enyemaka gọọmentị etiti. N'ime kọleji niile, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị iche iche na-asa efere, pọmpụ, na-ese ụlọ, na-akụzi ihe iji nyere aka kwụọ ụgwọ ya. A na-ekwukarị ahụmahụ ndị a na uri ya. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ, Davis bu ụzọ gụọ akwụkwọ okpukpu abụọ na [[Agụmanụmanụ|zoology]] na foto, na-ezube ịghọ onye nta akụkọ anụ ọhịa ma na-amụ anụ ọhịa wolf. Otú ọ dị, ọ malitere ịlụ ọgụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ọmụmụ achọrọ maka nzere sayensị ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa na kọleji. Ndị nkuzi gbara ya ume ka ọ gbanwee isi ya gaa na Bekee, n'ihi ọchịchọ ya iwere akwụkwọ edemede dị ka nhọrọ. Ọ hụrụ n'anya ozugbo na onye isi ọhụrụ ya na akara ya na ahụmịhe agụmakwụkwọ ya ka mma ozugbo. Dị ka onye isi Bekee na Oregon State, ọ natara nkuzi edemede okike site n'aka ndị na-ede uri Joseph Millar na David Biespiel na onye edemede akụkọ ifo Marjorie Sandor. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Revising the Storm meriri afọ 2013 A. Poulin, Jr. Poetry Prize, nke Dorianne Laux họọrọ, a kpọkwara ya onye ikpeazụ maka afọ 2015 Hurston-Wright Legacy Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boaeditions.org/bookstore/revising-the-storm.html|title=BOA Editions > Book Listing > ''Revising the Storm''|accessdate=2015-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223001200/https://www.boaeditions.org/bookstore/revising-the-storm.html|archivedate=2015-02-23}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hurstonwright.org/hurstonwright-foundation-presents-2015-legacy-awards/ "Hurston-Wright Foundation" > 2015 Legacy Awards]</ref> Davis enwetala Anne Halley Poetry Prize, Dogwood Prize in Poetry, Leonard Steinberg Memorial / Academy of American Poets Prize, Wabash Prize for Poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.massreview.org/node/323 |title=''The Massachusetts Review'' > ″Geffrey Davis Named the 10th Annual Anne Halley Prize Winner″ |accessdate=2022-07-03 |archivedate=2022-07-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703160022/https://www.massreview.org/node/323 }}</ref><ref>[http://dogwoodliterary.com/2013/04/08/dogwood-2013-contest-winners/ ''Dogwood: A Journal of Poetry and Prose'' > ″Dogwood 2013 Contest Winners″]</ref><ref>[http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/geffrey-davis Academy of American Poets > Poets > Geffrey Davis]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sycamorereview.com/2013/01/2012-wabash-poetry-prize-results/ |title=''Sycamore Review'' > ″2012 Wabash Poetry Prize Results!″ |accessdate=2022-07-03 |archivedate=2015-02-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223013547/http://www.sycamorereview.com/2013/01/2012-wabash-poetry-prize-results/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cavecanempoets.org/profiles?page=D|title=Cave Canem Foundation > Fellows|accessdate=2015-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223003112/https://www.cavecanempoets.org/profiles?page=D|archivedate=2015-02-23}}</ref> E bipụtara uri ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, gụnyere ''Crazyhorse'', Haydenz Ferry Review, The [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] Review, Mid-American Review, Mississippi Review, The New York Times Magazine, ''Nimrod International Journal'', na Sycamore Review.<ref>[http://www.pw.org/content/geffrey_davis Poets & Writers > Directory of Writers]</ref> N'afọ 2011, Davis na Jerry Brunoe na Kevin Hockett guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ Toe Good Poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toegoodpoetry.com/staff/ |title=''Toe Good Poetry'' > Mission and History |accessdate=2022-07-03 |archivedate=2015-02-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223045640/http://toegoodpoetry.com/staff/ }}</ref> N'afọ 2018, ọ natara mkpakọrịta site na Nnọkọ Ndị edemede Bread Loaf. Akwụkwọ uri ya nke abụọ, Night Angler (BOA Editions, 2019) meriri 2018 James Laughlin Award, ihe nrite akwụkwọ nke abụọ site na Academy of American Poets. [[Usòrò:Geffrey_Davis_180924.jpg|thumb|Geffrey Davis 180924]] == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|title=Revising the Storm|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901938160287|publisher=[[BOA Editions]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-938160288}} * ''Onye'' na-egbu anụ n'abalị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1942683780|978-1942683780]] == Mgbanwe == * "From 35,000 Feet / Praise Aviophobia" ka Motion Poems, nke [[Chad]] Howitt duziri, mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://buttonpoetry.com/geffrey-davis-35000-feet-praise-aviophobia-motionpoems/|title=Geffrey Davis - "From 35,000 Feet / Praise Aviophobia" (Motionpoems)|date=2018-01-12|work=Button Poetry|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-29}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Geffrey}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2uami3v9lai7dp3eswim3nuyvlvxaii 0 17957 741857 708540 2026-10-28T18:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bessie Harvey''' (ónyé amụrụ '''Bessie Ruth White''', Ọktoba 11, 1929 Ọgọst 12, 1994) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke a maara nke ọma màkà ihe ọkpụkpụ ya nke e ji ihe ndị a chọtara rụọ, ọkachasị iberibe osisi. Ónyé ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, okwukwe Harvey na mmasị ya n'ihe okike bụ isi ihe kpatara ọrụ ya. == Ndụ mmalite na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ ya na Dallas, Georgia, Harvey bụ nwa nke asaá n'ime ụmụ iri na atọ Homer na Rosie Mae White mụrụ. Mgbè ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ lụrụ Charles Harvey ma bírí na Buena Vista, Georgia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American Folk Art|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415929868|author=Wertkin|first=Gerard C|date=2014|isbn=9780203644485|oclc=999123349|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Gumbo Ya Ya|url=https://archive.org/details/gumboyayaantholo0000unse|author=King-Hammond|first=Leslie|publisher=Midmarch Arts Press|year=1995|isbn=1-877675-07-5|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gumboyayaantholo0000unse/page/93 93]}}</ref> Ọ gbara Harvey alụkwaghịm na 1968 wee kwaga Alcoa, Tennessee, ébé ọ na-azụlite ụmụ iri na otu mgbè ọ dị afọ 35.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/40869639.html|title=Contemporary women artists|author=Hillstrom|first=Laurie Collier|date=1999|publisher=St. James Press|location=Detroit|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na-echeta ime "ihe na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla," na-emepụta ihe egwuregwu na ụmụ bebi nke ya.<ref name="bird">{{Cite web|author=Harvey|first=Bessie|title=Bird and Spirit Root by Bessie Harvey|url=http://intuitiveeye.org/Bird-and-Spirit-Root-by-Bessie-Harvey|work=intuitiveeye.org|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na inwe ụmụ iri na otu, Harvey nwèrè ụmụ ụmụ irí abụọ na asatọ na ụmụ ụmụ atọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1977, Harvey malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Blount Memorial Hospital dị ka ónyé na-elekọta ụlọ. Màkà ego ọzọ, n'abalị mgbè ónyé ọ bụla na-ehi ụra Harvey ga-eme ụmụ bebi.<ref name=":3" /> Mgbè o gosipụtara ọrụ nka ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ọrụ ya dọtara uche na nnọchite anya gallery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=American Folk Art: A Regional Reference|url=https://archive.org/details/americanfolkartr0000cong|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|isbn=9780313349362|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanfolkartr0000cong/page/200 200]–202}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị dọkịta na-arụ ọrụ mere ka ọ mata ndị nduzi nke Cavin-Morris Gallery na New York City, nke gárá n'ihu na-ere ọrụ ya naanị ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Ihe osise Harvey na-abụkarị osisi e ji ágbá, beads, shells, ákwà, na ihe ndị ọzọ a chọtara chọọ mma, na-ejikọta "ọrụ (n'usoro nke ihe ngosi nwa bebi) ihe osise, eserese, na nchịkọta".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists|author=Farrington|first=Lisa|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780195167214|pages=[https://archive.org/details/creatingtheirown0000farr/page/247 247–249]|url=https://archive.org/details/creatingtheirown0000farr/page/247}}</ref> Mgbè ógè ahụ gasịrị, ọ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ nka ya ruo Mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1994.<ref name="bird" /> == Ihe ngosi, ihe onwunwe, na mmetụta == A gụnyere ọrụ Harvey n'ihe karịrị ihe ngosi 50, gụnyere itinye ya na 1995 Whitney Biennial. Whitney Museum mechara zụta ọrụ ya Cross Bearers màkà nchịkọta ya na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76|title=Bessie Harvey's Sculpture: The Beast in the Tree Trunk|author=Perry|first=Paul Wardell|date=2000|journal=The Crisis|accessdate=8 March 2015|issue=July–August 2000}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke nnukwu ihe ngosi na 1997 na Tennessee Museum of Art .<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780195335798|pages=465}}</ref> Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Knoxville Museum of Art na American Folk Art Museum, New York.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Awakening the spirits : art by Bessie Harvey : an exhibition organized by the Knoxville Museum of Art, in collaboration with Austin-East High School : Knoxville, Tennessee, April 4-July 27, 1997|author=C.|first=Wicks, Stephen|date=1997|publisher=The Museum|others=Harvey, Bessie, 1929-1994., Stein, Judith E., Cogswell, Robert S., Knoxville Museum of Art., Austin-East High School (Knoxville, Tenn.)|isbn=0963588141|location=Knoxville, Tenn.|oclc=37004186}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sites.si.edu/images/exhibits/ancestry_innovation/slideshow/pages/2004-23-1-Black-Horse_jpg.htm|title=''Ancestry & Innovation: African American Art from the American Folk Art Museum'' Smithsonian Institution, 2001|accessdate=2010-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721060854/http://www.sites.si.edu/images/exhibits/ancestry_innovation/slideshow/pages/2004-23-1-Black-Horse_jpg.htm|archivedate=2010-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collection.folkartmuseum.org/view/people/asitem/H/6?t:state:flow=d3bd52eb-199c-43d2-afd3-e64413bca270|title=Artists: Bessie Harvey|accessdate=8 March 2015|work=American Folk Art Museum|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115449/http://collection.folkartmuseum.org/view/people/asitem/H/6?t:state:flow=d3bd52eb-199c-43d2-afd3-e64413bca270|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> A zụkwara ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ Harvey site na Souls Grown Deep Foundation site na Fine Arts Museums nke San Francisco dị ka akụkụ nke nnweta nke ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe Africa America si Southern United States.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2017-02-02|title=Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Make Historic Acquisition of 62 Works of African American Art from the Souls Grown Deep Foundation|url=https://deyoung.famsf.org/press-room/fine-arts-museums-san-francisco-make-historic-acquisition-62-works-african-american-art|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=de Young|language=en|archivedate=2020-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130053817/https://deyoung.famsf.org/press-room/fine-arts-museums-san-francisco-make-historic-acquisition-62-works-african-american-art}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ a n'ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Revelations: Art from the African American South site na June 3, 2017 ruo April 1, 2018.<ref name=":4" /> A na-aga n'ihu na-egosi ọrụ Harvey na ihe ngosi na ebe ngosi ihe mgbè ochie dị ka Philadelphia Museum of Art na Turner Contemporary na England dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi na ọrụ nka ndị Africa America sitere na South America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Souls Grown Deep: Artists of the African American South {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/exhibition/souls-grown-deep-artists-african-american-south|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=We Will Walk – Art and Resistance in the American South {{!}} Souls Grown Deep|url=https://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/exhibition/we-will-walk-%E2%80%93-art-and-resistance-american-south|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org}}</ref> Alison Saar kwuru na Harvey nwèrè mmetụta, a gụrụkwa okporo ámá dị na Alcoa aha ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance|publisher=JHU Press|year=2006|isbn=9780801883699|pages=208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Alcoa|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2011|isbn=9780738587813|pages=123}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} ocpsstuokae9s0bsehqkz2mfjb0tfvu 0 19638 741835 720744 2026-10-28T17:53:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741835 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |Common sunflower |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |[[File:Sunflower_sky_backdrop.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%" |Horticultural variety of common sunflower |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" ! colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[Conservation status]]</div> |- | colspan="2" |<div style="text-align: center">[[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Least Concern]] <small>&nbsp;([[IUCN Red List|IUCN 3.1]])</small></div> |- ! colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;">[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|link=Template:Taxonomy/Helianthus| edit ]]</span> |- |Kingdom: |[[Osisi|Plantae]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Eudicots]] |- |''Clade'': |[[Asterids]] |- |Order: |[[Asterales]] |- |Family: |[[Asteraceae]] |- |Genus: |''[[Helianthus]]'' |- |Species: |<div class="species" style="display:inline">'''''H.&nbsp;annuus'''''</div> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" |'''<span class="binomial">''Helianthus annuus''</span>'''<br /><br /><br /><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</div> |- style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)" |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="538">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221106032714/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-44475 "''Helianthus annuus''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="539">''The Global Compositae Checklist (GCC)'' &#x2013; via [[The Plant List]].</span></cite></ref> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: left" | <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div><small>Synonymy</small></div></div> * ''Helianthus aridus'' <small>Rydb.</small> * ''Helianthus erythrocarpus'' <small>Bartl.</small> * ''Helianthus indicus'' <small>L.</small> * ''Helianthus jaegeri'' <small>Heiser</small> * ''Helianthus lenticularis'' <small>Douglas</small> * ''Helianthus macrocarpus'' <small>DC.</small> <small>& A.DC.</small> * ''Helianthus multiflorus'' <small>Hook.</small> * ''Helianthus ovatus'' <small>Lehm.</small> * ''Helianthus platycephalus'' <small>Cass.</small> * ''Helianthus tubaeformis'' <small>Nutt.</small> </div> |} [[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]] '''Common sunflower''' ('''''Helianthus annuus''''') bụ nnukwu osisi na-eto kwa afọ nke ụdị ''Helianthus'' nke a na-akụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ maka mmanụ na mkpụrụ ya a na-eri eri. A na-ejikwa ụdị sunflower a dị ka nri nnụnụ ọhịa, dị ka nri anụ ụlọ (dị ka nri ma ọ bụ osisi silage), na ụfọdụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, yana dị ka ihe ịchọ mma n'ogige ụlọ. A malitere ịzụlite osisi ahụ na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]]. Wild ''H''. annuus bụ osisi nwere alaka zuru oke nke nwere ọtụtụ isi okooko osisi. Otú ọ dị, sunflower nke ụlọ na-enwekarị naanị otu nnukwu inflorescence (isi okooko osisi) n'elu ogwe osisi na-enweghị alaka. Aha abụọ nke ''Helianthus annuus'' sitere na Greek Helios 'anyanwụ' na anthos 'flowers', ebe epithet annuus pụtara 'afọ' na Latin. A na-eweta mkpụrụ sunflower na Europe site na Amerịka na senchiri nke iri na isii, ebe, tinyere mmanụ sunflower, ha ghọrọ ihe a na-eji esi nri. == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg/220px-Sunflower_macro_wide.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nkọwa nke okooko osisi diski]] Osisi ahụ nwere ogwe osisi kwụ ọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-eru mita atọ (10 feet). Sunflower kachasị elu ndekọ ruru 9.17 m (30 in).<ref name="Guiness">{{Cite web|title=Tallest Sunflower|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/tallest-sunflower|work=Guinness World Records|accessdate=4 May 2014}}</ref> Akwụkwọ sunflower dị obosara, ezé ha siri ike ma na-agbanwekarị; ndị dị nso na ala bụ ndị kasị ukwuu ma na-adịkarị ka obi.<ref name=":1"/> Osisi ahụ na-agbawa okooko site na Jụn ruo Septemba. Ihe a na-akpọkarị "okooko osisi" nke sunflower bụ n'ezie "isi okooko osisi" (pseudanthium), 7.5 cm (35 in) n'obosara, nke ọtụtụ obere okooko osisi nwere [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] ise ("florets").<ref name=":1" /> A na-akpọ okooko osisi ndị dị n'èzí, nke yiri petals, okooko osisi ray. "Petal" ọ bụla nwere ligule nke nwere petals jikọtara ọnụ nke okooko osisi ray asymmetrical. Ha na-enweghị mmekọahụ ma nwee ike ịbụ odo, ọbara ọbara, oroma, ma ọ bụ ụcha ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ okooko osisi ndị a haziri gburugburu n'etiti isi ahụ okooko osisi diski. Ndị a na-etolite ghọọ mkpụrụ osisi ("mkpụrụ" sunflower). Prairie sunflower (H. petiolaris) yiri ụdịdị nke sunflower nkịtị nke ọhịa; akpịrịkpa dị n'etiti ya nwere ntutu ọcha.<ref name=":1"/> === Genome === Sunflower genome bụ diploid nwere ọnụọgụ chromosome nke ịrị na asaa na atụmatụ ọnụọgụ genome nke 2,871 - 3,189 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Helianthus annuus'' (common sunflower) Genome Project|publisher=NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome?term=txid4232|accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref> Ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ezigbo nha ya bụ ihe dị ka ijeri atọ na ọkara (nke buru ibu karịa nke mmadụ).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunflower Genome Holds the Promise of Sustainable Agriculture|work=ScienceDaily|date=2010-01-14|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100112121930.htm}}</ref> === Heliotropism === [[Usòrò:SunflowerSunset2.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/SunflowerSunset2.jpg/220px-SunflowerSunset2.jpg|thumb|Isi okooko osisi na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ebe anyanwụ na-acha n'ehihie]] Echiche na-ezighi ezi bụ na isi sunflower na-agbaso anyanwụ gafee mbara igwe. Ọ bụ ezie na okooko osisi ndị na-eto eto na-egosipụta omume a, isi okooko osisi tozuru etozu na-egosi n'otu ụzọ (na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ) n'ụbọchị niile.<ref name="Hangarter">"Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|title=Sunflowers in the blooming stage are not heliotropic anymore. The stem has frozen, typically in an eastward orientation.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523191033/http://www.flowers-org.com/helianthus-sunflower.html|archivedate=2013-05-23}}</ref> Echiche na-ezighi ezi ochie a bụ nke onye England na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ John Gerard, onye na-akụ sunflowers n'ogige ahịhịa ya a ma ama, na-arụ ụka na 1597: "[ụfọdụ] kọrọ na ọ ga-agbanye na Anyanwụ, nke m na-enweghị ike ịhụ, ọ bụ ezie na m gbalịrị ịchọpụta eziokwu nke ya. "<ref name="Gerard1597">{{Cite book|author=Gerard|first=John|title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes|publisher=John Norton|location=London|year=1597|pages=612–614|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748|accessdate=2012-08-08|archive-date=2014-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083100/http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nhazi ejiji nke isi sunflower n'ọhịa nwere ike inye ụfọdụ ndị echiche na-ezighị ezi na okooko osisi na-agbaso anyanwụ. Nhazi a sitere na heliotropism na ọkwa mmepe mbụ, ọkwa okooko osisi na-eto eto, tupu ntozu oke nke isi okooko osisi (anthesis).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/sunflower/|title=Sunflower, Developmental stages (life cycle)|work=GeoChemBio website|accessdate=8 August 2012|archivedate=27 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127144105/http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/sunflower/}}</ref> Sunflowers na-etolite etolite na-eche onwe ha n'akụkụ anyanwụ. N'isi ụtụtụ, isi okooko osisi ahụ na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ n'ụbọchị niile. Mgbe sunflower ruru ogo zuru oke, ha anaghịzi eso anyanwụ, ma na-ele anya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Okooko osisi ndị na-eto eto na-agbanwe n'abalị iji chee ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-atụ anya ụtụtụ. Mgbanwe heliotropic ha bụ rhythm circadian, nke anyanwụ na-arụkọ ọrụ, nke na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụrụ na anyanwụ apụọ n'ụbọchị igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ n'ịkwaga osisi n'ìhè mgbe niile.<ref name=":0"/> Ha nwere ike ịchịkwa ụda circadian ha na nzaghachi maka ìhè na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke isi iyi ìhè na-ewepụta.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụgharị osisi sunflower na ọkwa bud 180°, bud ga-esi n'anyanwụ pụọ ruo ụbọchị ole na ole, dịka resynchronization na anyanwụ na-ewe oge.<ref name="HäderLebert2001">{{Cite book|author=Donat-Peter Häder|title=Photomovement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nevsljDiCYC&pg=PA673|accessdate=15 August 2010|year=2001|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-444-50706-8|pages=673–}}</ref> Mgbe uto nke okooko osisi kwụsịrị nakwa mgbe okooko osisi ahụ tozuru etozu, heliotropism na-akwụsịkwa, okooko mmiri ahụ na-eche ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu. Ntụziaka ọwụwa anyanwụ a na-enye ohere okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ụtụtụ na, n'ihi ya, mmụba nke nleta pollinator.<ref name=":0"/> Sunflowers enweghị pulvinus n'okpuru okooko ha. Pulvinus bụ akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ahịhịa akwụkwọ (petiole) nke ụdị osisi ụfọdụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka 'njikọ'. Ọ na-eme ka akwụkwọ na-agagharị n'ihi mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe na nrụgide turgor, nke na-eme n'enweghị uto. Akwụkwọ osisi na-emechi emechi bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke mmegharị akwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe site na pulvinuli. === Nhazi nke okooko osisi === [[Usòrò:SunflowerModel.svg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/SunflowerModel.svg/220px-SunflowerModel.svg.png|thumb|Ihe atụ nke ihe nlereanya Vogel maka n=1 ... 500]] N'ozuzu, a na-eche floret ọ bụla ihu na nke na-esote site na ihe dịka oghere ọla edo, 137.5°, na-emepụta usoro nke njikọ njikọ, ebe ọnụọgụ nke okirikiri aka ekpe na ọnụọgụ okirikiri ziri ezi bụ ọnụọgụ Fibonacci na-esochi. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, e nwere spirals dị ịrị atọ na anọ n'otu akụkụ na ịrị ise na ise n'akụkụ nke ọzọ; Otú ọ dị, n'isi sunflower buru ibu, enwere ike inwe ịrị asatọ na itoolu n'otu ụzọ nakwa otú narị na iri anọ na anọ n'akụkụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2gO2sBp4ipQC&q=large-sunflower+spirals+144+89&pg=RA1-PA217|title=John A. Adam, Mathematics in Nature|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-691-11429-3|year=2003|author=Adam|first=John A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat2.html#demos|title=R. Knott, Interactive demos|publisher=Mcs.surrey.ac.uk|date=2009-02-12|accessdate=2011-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916234127/http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat2.html#demos|archivedate=2009-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html|title=R. Knott, Fibonacci in plants|publisher=Mcs.surrey.ac.uk|date=2010-10-30|accessdate=2011-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907063800/http://www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html|archivedate=2009-09-07}}</ref> Usoro a na-emepụta nkwakọba mkpụrụ kachasị mma n'ime isi okooko osisi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_VMeAToefwC&q=fibonacci+packing+efficiency&pg=PA154|title=Introduction to landscape design - Google Books|date=2000-08-25|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-471-35291-4|author=Motloch|first=John L}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/phyllotaxissyste0000jean|quote=fibonacci packing efficiency.|title=Phyllotaxis|accessdate=2011-01-31|isbn=978-0-521-40482-2|author=Jean|first=Roger V|year=1994}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/lab/5833/cycas.html|title=Parastichy pair(13:21) of CYCAS REVOLUTA (male) florets_WebCite|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003194946/http://www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/lab/5833/cycas.html|archivedate=October 3, 2009}}</ref> H. Vogel chepụtara ihe nlereanya maka ụkpụrụ nke okooko osisi n'isi nke sunflower na 1979.<ref> {{Cite journal|author=Vogel|first=H|title=A better way to construct the sunflower head|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematical-biosciences_1979-06_44_3-4/page/179|journal=Mathematical Biosciences|issue=3–4|pages=179–189|year=1979|doi=10.1016/0025-5564(79)90080-4|volume=44}}</ref> A na-egosipụta nke a na polar coordinates : <math>r=c \sqrt{n},</math> : <math>\theta=n \times 137.5^{\circ},</math> ebe θ bụ akụkụ (angle), ''r'' bụ radius ma ọ bụ ịdị anya site n'etiti, na n bụ nọmba ndepụta nke floret na ''c'' bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụ ụdị nke Fermat's spiral. Ogologo 137.5° nwere njikọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla edo (55/144 nke oghere okirikiri, ebe 55 na 144 bụ nọmba Fibonacci) ma na-enye nkwakọba nke florets. A na-eji ihe nlereanya a eme ihe iji mepụta ihe ngosi kọmputa nke sunflowers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prusinkiewicz|first=Przemyslaw|authorlink=Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz|title=The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1990|pages=[https://archive.org/details/algorithmicbeaut0000prus/page/101 101–107]|url=https://archive.org/details/algorithmicbeaut0000prus/page/101|isbn=978-0-387-97297-8}}</ref> == Nkesa na ebe obibi == A malitere ịzụlite osisi ahụ na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]]. Sunflowers na-eto nke ọma n'ala na-eme nri, nke na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na'ala na'ala dị arọ. Ha na-apụtakarị n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na ala ugwu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Spellenberg|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/378/|title=National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region|publisher=Knopf|year=2001|isbn=978-0-375-40233-3|edition=rev|pages=378–379|origdate=1979}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ihe egwu na ọrịa === Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe egwu ndị sunflowers na-eche ihu taa bụ ''Fusarium'', ọrịa fungus nke a na-ahụkarị n'ala na osisi. Ọ bụ pathogen nke kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ kpatara mmebi na mfu nke ihe ọkụkụ sunflower, ụfọdụ dị ka pasent ịrị asatọ nke ihe ọkpọ mebiri emebi.<ref name="Gontcharov, SV. Antonova 2006">Gontcharov, SV. </ref> Downy mildew bụkwa ọrịa ọzọ nke sunflowers nwere ike ibute. Mmetụta ya na downy mildew dị elu n'ihi ụzọ sunflower si etolite etolite. A na-akụkarị mkpụrụ Sunflower naanị otu sentimita n'ime ala. Mgbe a na-akụ ihe dị otú ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ ala mmiri na-adịghị, ọ na-eme ka ohere nke ọrịa dịka downy mildew dịkwuo elu. Ihe egwu ọzọ nke na-eche ihe ọkụkụ sunflower ịhụ bụ broomrape, nje na-awakpo mgbọrọgwụ sunflower ma na-akpata mmebi dị ukwuu na ihe ọkụkụ Sunflower, ruo pasent otu nari.<ref>Encheva, J. Christov, M and Shindrova, P. Developing Mutant Sunflower Line (Helianthus Annuus L.) By Combined Used Of Classical Method With Induced Mutagenesis and Embryo Culture Method. </ref> == Ịkọ ugbo == N'ịkụ mkpụrụ ahịa, a -akụ mkpụrụ cm (1½) iche na 2.5 cm (1in) n'omimi. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Common sunflower bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ osisi ndị American Indian na-akụ na North America dị ka akụkụ nke Eastern Agricultural Complex. Ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ya na mbụ a zụlitere sunflower n'ụlọ n'ihe bụ ugbu a ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ US, ihe dị ka afọ pụkụ ise gara aga, enwere ihe akaebe na a zụchara ya na Mexico n'ihe dị ka 2600 BCE.<ref>Blackman et al. (2011). </ref><ref>Lentz et al. (2008). </ref> A chọtara ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na Tabasco, Mexico, na ebe a na-egwu San Andres. A chọtara ihe atụ ndị mbụ a maara na US nke sunflower zuru oke na Tennessee, ma malite n'ihe dị ka 2300 BCE.<ref>Rieseberg, Loren H., et al. (2004). </ref> Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ dị nnọọ mmalite sitere na ebe mgbaba nkume dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Kentucky.<ref>Henderson & Pollack (2012). </ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala America jiri sunflower dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke chi anyanwụ ha, gụnyere ndị Aztec na Otomi nke Mexico na ndị Inca na South America. N'afọ 1510, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na mba Spain zutere sunflower na Amerịka wee buru mkpụrụ ya laghachi Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Putt, E.D.|title=Sunflower Technology and Production|publisher=American Society of Agronomy|year=1997|editor=A.A. Schneiter|series=Agronomy Series|location=Madison, Wisconsin|pages=1–19|chapter=Early history of sunflower}}</ref> N'ime osisi anọ a maara na a zụlitere ha n'ụlọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ North America ma ghọọ ihe dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo, sunflower bụ ihe kachasị mkpa ugbu a na akụ na ụba.<ref>Smith (2006). </ref> Nnyocha nke mmekọrịta phylogeographic na usoro ọnụọgụ mmadụ gafee sunflowers egosila na sunflowters a zụlitere n'oge gara aga na-emepụta otu clade site na ndị ọhịa si na Great Plains, nke na-egosi na e nwere otu ihe omume domestication na etiti North America. N'ịgbaso mmalite nke sunflower a na-akụ, ọ nwere ike ịgafe nnukwu nsogbu nke malitere na ~ afọ pụkụ ise gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Park|first=Brian|date=March 2020|title=Phylogeography and the Evolutionary History of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): Wild Diversity and the Dynamics of Domestication|journal=Genes|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=266|doi=10.3390/genes11030266|pmid=32121324}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị na-eme nchọpụta si America weta ụdị ihe ọkụkụ mbụ na Europe.<ref name="Hancock2012">{{Cite book|author=Hancock|first=J.F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHaEWvR1uMC|title=Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species|publisher=CABI Pub.|year=2012|isbn=978-0-85199-874-9|accessdate=2022-04-07}}</ref> A chọtawo mkpụrụ sunflower n'ụlọ na Mexico, nke malitere na 2100 BCE. Ụmụ amaala America na-akụ sunflowers dị ka ihe ọkụkụ site na Mexico ruo Southern Canada.<ref name="Hancock2012" /> E webatara ha na Alaeze Ukwu Russia, ebe ndị na-akọ mkpụrụ mmanụ dị, a na-emepụta okooko osisi ma na-etolite ha n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Alaeze Ukwu Russia weghachiri usoro ịzụlite mmanụ a na North America n'etiti narị afọ nke 20; North America malitere oge azụmahịa ha nke mmepụta na ịzụlite sunflower.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Atamian|first=Hagop S.|date=2016-08-05|title=Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits|journal=Science|language=en|volume=353|issue=6299|pages=587–590|doi=10.1126/science.aaf9793|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27493185|url=https://zenodo.org/record/889822}}</ref> Ụdị ọhụrụ nke ''Helianthus spp''. malitere ịghọ ndị a ma ama na mpaghara ọhụrụ. N'ime narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, iji mmanụ sunflower ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na Russia, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị otu Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia, n'ihi na ọ bụ naanị abụba sitere na osisi ka a na-ekwe ka ọ dị n'oge Lent, dịka omenala ibu ọnụ si dị.<ref>SUNFLOWERS: The Secret History. (2007). </ref> Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye ahịa aha ya bụ Daniil Bokaryov, onye mepụtara teknụzụ dabara adaba maka nnukwu nchọpụta ya, wee gbasaa ngwa ngwa. Akara agha obodo ahụ gụnyere onyinyo nke sunflower kemgbe ahụ. === Mmepụta === {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:14em; text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" |Mmepụta mkpụrụ nke sunflower 2020 |- ! style="background:#ddf; width:75%;" |Mba ! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;" |<small>(Ọtụtụ nde tọn)</small> |- | Russia |13.3 |- | Ukraine |13.1 |- | Argentina |3.2 |- | China |2.4 |- | Romania |2.2 |- | Turkey |2.1 |- | United States |1.4 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''50.2''' |- | colspan="2" |<small>Ebe e si nweta ya</small>: FAOSTAT <small>nke</small> United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Production of sunflower seeds in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|accessdate=13 March 2022|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref> |} N'afọ 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke mkpụrụ sunflower bụ nde tọn ịrị ise, nke Russia na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] duziri na pasent ịrị ise na atọ jikọtara ọnụ nke ngụkọta (tebụl). === Iji fatịlaịza eme ihe === Ndị na-eme nchọpụta enyochaala mmetụta nke fatịlaịza nitrogen dị iche iche na uto nke sunflowers. Achọpụtara na ammonium nitrate na-emepụta nitrogen absorption ka mma karịa urea, nke na-arụ ọrụ ka mma na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spinelli|first=D|year=2017|title=Environmental analysis of sunflower production with different forms of mineral nitrogen fertilizers|url=http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/138249/1/2015AA039.pdf|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|volume=22|issue=4|pages=492–501|doi=10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6|pmid=23974447}}</ref> === Mmepụta na Brazil === Na Brazil, a na-eji usoro mmepụta pụrụ iche a na-akpọ usoro soybean-sunflower: a na-akụ sunflowers mbụ, mgbe ahụ, ihe ọkụkụ soybean na-esote, na-ebelata oge na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma na-abawanye mmepụta na uru zuru ezu nke sunflower. A na-akụkarị okooko osisi na mpaghara ndịda ma ọ bụ ugwu nke mba ahụ. Ugboro ugboro, na mpaghara ndịda, a na-akụ sunflowers na mmalite oge mmiri ozuzo, a pụkwara ịkụ soybeans n'oge ọkọchị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=C.|year=2018|title=Main aspects of sunflower production in Brazil|url=https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2018/01/ocl170047.pdf|journal=Ocl|volume=25|pages=D104|doi=10.1051/ocl/2017056|id={{ProQuest|2036361008}}|archive-date=2022-04-09|access-date=2022-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409100259/https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2018/01/ocl170047.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuola na usoro ịkụ mkpụrụ soybean-sunflower nwere ike imeziwanye site na mgbanwe na ojiji fatịlaịza. E gosipụtara usoro dị ugbu a na ọ nwere mmetụta dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mastuura|first=M. I. S. F.|year=2017|title=Life-cycle assessment of the soybean-sunflower production system in the Brazilian Cerrado|url=http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/138249/1/2015AA039.pdf|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|volume=22|issue=4|pages=492–501|doi=10.1007/s11367-016-1089-6}}</ref> === Hybrids na cultivars === N'ahịa taa, ọtụtụ n'ime mkpụrụ sunflower nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nyere ma ọ bụ zụlite bụ ngwakọta. A na-emepụta ngwakọta ma ọ bụ ngwakọta sunflowers site na ịgwakọta ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a zụlitere sunflowters na ụdị ọhịa. Site n'ime nke a, a na-enweta ngwakọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhụrụ na-eduga na mmepụta nke ụdị ngwakọta ọhụrụ. Ụdị ngwakọta ndị a na-enwekarị ahụike dị elu ma na-ebu ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ njirimara nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọ, dị ka iguzogide pathogens.<ref name="Gontcharov, SV. Antonova 2006">Gontcharov, SV. </ref> Hybrid, ''Helianthus annuus dwarf2'' enweghị hormone gibberellin ma ọ naghị egosi omume heliotropic. Osisi ndị a gwọrọ site na itinye hormone n'èzí na-egosipụta mweghachi nwa oge nke usoro uto ogologo. Usoro uto a belatara site na pasent ịrị atọ na ise ka otu izuuka ma ọ bụ izuuka abụọ mgbe ọgwụgwọ ikpeazụ gasịrị.<ref name=":0"/> Mgbasa nwoke na-amị mkpụrụ na nwoke na-eme nri nke na-egosipụta ọdịiche nwere obere crossover nke nleta aṅụ. Ihe ngosi mmetụta dị ka ísì ntụ ntụ, dayameta nke isi mkpụrụ, na ịdị elu nwere ike imetụta nleta pollinator nke pollinators na-egosipụta usoro omume na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martin|first=Cinthia Susic|date=2016-03-01|title=Honeybee floral constancy and pollination efficiency in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) crops for hybrid seed production|journal=Apidologie|language=en|volume=47|issue=2|pages=161–170|doi=10.1007/s13592-015-0384-8|issn=0044-8435}}</ref> A na-akụ sunflowers dị ka ihe ịchọ mma n'ụlọ. N'ịbụ ndị dị mfe itolite ma na-emepụta ihe dị egwu na ala ọ bụla dị mma, nke na-ekpo ọkụ n'anyanwụ zuru oke, ha bụ ihe kachasị amasị ụmụaka. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke cultivars, nke nha na agba dịgasị iche iche, dị ugbu a iji too site na mkpụrụ. Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụdị nke sunflowers (ndị akara enwetala onyinye Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):-<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 2017|title=AGM Plants - Ornamental|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf|accessdate=3 March 2018|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society}}</ref>  <gallery widths="180px" heights="120px"> Helianthus annuus prado red.jpg|Praado Red Sunflower3-2012.jpg|Mammoth Russian Helianthus annuus (cultivar) 02.jpg|Teddy Bear </gallery> == Ojiji == A na-ere "mkpụrụ osisi zuru ezu" (mkpụrụ osisi) dị ka nri dị mfe, na-esighị esi ma ọ bụ mgbe a gbasịrị ya n'ọkụ, na ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nnu na / ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ. Enwere ike ịhazi sunflowers ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ a na-akpọ peanut butter, sunflower butter. A na-erekwa ya dị ka nri maka nnụnụ ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe ozugbo na nri na salad. Ụmụ amaala America nwere ọtụtụ ojiji maka sunflowers n'oge gara aga, dị ka na achịcha, mmanụ ọgwụ, ihe na-acha odo odo na ihe na-ete ahụ.<ref>Pelczar, Rita. (1993) The Prodigal Sunflower. </ref> A na-eji mmanụ sunflower, nke a na-ewepụta na mkpụrụ, esi nri, dị ka mmanụ na-ebu ibu na iji mepụta margarine na biodiesel, ebe ọ dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ oliv. Ụdị dị iche iche nke sunflower dị na ihe dị iche iche dị na abụba acid; ụfọdụ ụdị "high-oleic" nwere ọkwa dị elu nke abụba monounsaturated na mmanụ ha karịa ọbụna mmanụ oliv. A na-ejikwa mmanụ ahụ mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na ncha.<ref name="Audubon">{{Cite book|author=Niering|first=William A.|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region|url=https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi0000nier|year=1985|origyear=1979|publisher=Knopf|isbn=0-394-50432-1}}</ref> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, n'oge Agha Obodo Russia, ndị mmadụ nọ na Ukraine jiri mmanụ mkpụrụ sunflower mee ihe na oriọna dị ka ihe na-anọchi anya kerosene n'ihi ụkọ. A kọwawo ìhè sitere na oriọna dị otú ahụ dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya" na "ihe na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ".<ref>Neufeld, Dietrich. </ref> A na-eji achịcha fọdụrụ mgbe emechara mkpụrụ maka mmanụ dị ka nri anụ ụlọ.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2016. </ref> A pụkwara inye anụ ụlọ mkpokoro ndị sitere na mkpochapụ nke mkpụrụ tupu ewepụta mmanụ.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. </ref> Ụfọdụ ụdị ndị e mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nwere isi na-ada ada. Ụdị osisi ndị a anaghị adọrọ mmasị ndị na-elekọta ubi na-akụ okooko osisi dị ka osisi ịchọ mma, mana ha na-amasị ndị ọrụ ugbo, n'ihi na ha na-ebelata mmebi nnụnụ na ọnwụ site na ọrịa ụfọdụ osisi. Sunflowers na-emepụta latex, ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke nnwale iji melite iru eru ha dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ maka ịmepụta rọba hypoallergenic. Dị ka omenala si dị, ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị American Indian kụrụ sunflowers n'akụkụ ugwu nke ogige ha dị ka "nwanne nwanyị nke anọ" maka ụmụnne nwanyị atọ a maara nke ọma nke ọka, agwa, na squash. A na-akụkarị ụdị kwa afọ maka ihe onwunwe allelopathic ha. Ndị American Indian jikwa ya mee ihe iji kpuchie ntutu isi.<ref name="Audubon"/> N'etiti ndị Zuni, onye dọkịta na-ata mgbọrọgwụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke kpọrọ nkụ tupu ọ mịnye nsí site na agwọ ma tinye ọgwụ na ọnyá ahụ.<ref>Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye (1980) A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico. </ref> A na-etinye ihe mgbochi a nke mgbọrọgwụ na ọtụtụ ememe iji taa agwọ.<ref>Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915) Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. </ref> Otú ọ dị, maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ewere sunflower ọhịa dị ka ahịhịa. Karịsịa na Midwestern US, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhịa (na-adịgide adịgide) n'ubi ọka na soybean ma nwee ike belata ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa mbelata nke mmepụta na mmepụta nke phenolic compounds nke a na-eji belata asọmpi maka ihe oriri na mpaghara na-adịghị edozi ahụ nke sunflower nkịtị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Irons|first=Stephen M.|date=1982|title=Competitive and Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4043628|journal=Weed Science|volume=30|issue=4|pages=372–377|doi=10.1017/S0043174500040789|issn=0043-1745}}</ref> Enwere ike iji Sunflowers mee ihe na phytoremediation iji wepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu n'ala, dị ka ọdu, arsenic na uranium, ma jiri ya mee ihe na rhizofiltration iji gbochie radionuclides na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbu mgbu na nje bacteria na-emerụ ahụ site na mmiri. E ji ha wepụ caesium-137 na strontium-90 n'ọdọ mmiri dị nso mgbe ọdachi Chernobyl gasịrị, a rụkwara mkpọsa yiri nke ahụ iji meghachi omume na ọdachi nuklia Fukushima Daiichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20110624/wl_asia_afp/japandisasteraccidentnuclearsunflowers|title=Sunflowers to clean radioactive soil in Japan|author=AFP|publisher=Yahoo News|date=June 24, 2011|accessdate=2011-06-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunflowers melt Fukushima's nuclear "snow"|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-disaster-sunflowers-idUSTRE77I0PG20110819|accessdate=22 January 2012|work=Reuters|date=19 August 2011|author=Antoni Slodkowski}}</ref><gallery widths="180px" heights="120px"> Sunflower Seeds Kaldari.jpg|Mkpụrụ e wepụrụ akpụkpọ ahụ (n'aka ekpe) na mkpokoro (n'akụkụ aka nri) SunflowerYield.png|Mmepụta nke sunflower n'ụwa niile Helianthus whorl.jpg|Isi na-egosipụta okooko osisi na-agba gburugburu nke 34 na 55 gburugburu n'èzí Helianthus annuus pollen 1.jpg|Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha odo odo </gallery> == Omenala == [[Usòrò:Anthony van Dyck - Self-portrait with a Sunflower.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Anthonyvandyckselfportrait.jpeg/220px-Anthonyvandyckselfportrait.jpeg|thumb|Anthony van Dyck na sunflower (ihe dị ka )]] [[Usòrò:Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Three_Sunflowers_F453.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Three_Sunflowers_F453.jpg/170px-Vincent_Van_Gogh_-_Three_Sunflowers_F453.jpg|thumb|[[Vincent van Gogh]] "Lausanne" Sunflowers (1888)]] N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ekwere na osisi ndị dị nso nke ụdị ahụ ga-echebe ụlọ pụọ na ịba.<ref name="Audubon"/> Ndị Zuni na-eji okooko osisi eme ememe maka ofufe mmadụ.<ref>Stevenson, p.93</ref> Ndị Inca na-efekwa okooko osisi anyanwụ ofufe n'ihi na ha lere ya anya dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka Anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunflower Symbolism & the Meaning of Sunflowers in the Language of Flowers|url=http://livingartsoriginals.com/flower-sunflower.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218225800/http://www.livingartsoriginals.com/flower-sunflower.htm|archivedate=2014-02-18|accessdate=2014-03-07}}</ref> Sunflower bụ okooko osisi mba nke Ukraine. N'oge mwakpo Russia na Ukraine na 2022, vidiyo a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta gosipụtara otu nwanyị Ukraine na-eche onye agha Russia ihu, na-agwa onye agha Russia ka ọ " were mkpụrụ ndị a tinye ha n'akpa gị ka ọ dịkarịa ala, sunflowers wee too mgbe ị niile dina ebe a".<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2022|title=Ukrainian woman offers seeds to Russian soldiers so 'sunflowers grow when they die' – video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2022/feb/25/ukrainian-woman-sunflower-seeds-russian-soldiers-video|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Sunflower aghọwo ihe nnọchianya zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nguzogide, ịdị n'otu, na olileanya.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 March 2022|title=The sunflower, Ukraine's national flower, is becoming a global symbol of solidarity|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/03/02/ukraine-sunflower-solidarity-russia-war/|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Sunflower bụkwa okooko osisi steeti nke steeti US nke [[Kánzạs|Kansas]], na otu n'ime okooko osisi obodo nke Kitakyūshū, [[Japan]].<ref name=":1"/> Okooko osisi ndị ahụ bụ isiokwu nke usoro [[Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van]] Gogh's <nowiki><i id="mwAds">Sunflowers</i></nowiki> nke ihe osise ndụ nwụrụ anwụ. N'ime ngwụcha senchiri nke irí na itoolu, a na-eji okooko osisi ahụ eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Aesthetic Movement. A na-ejikarị sunflower eme ihe dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke echiche akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Sunflower bụkwa ihe nnọchianya nke Vegan Society. A họọrọ sunflower dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Chọọchị Spiritualist maka ọtụtụ ihe, mana karịsịa n'ihi na ọ na-eche ihu n'anyanwụ ka "Spiritualism na-eche n'ìhè nke eziokwu". Dị ka e kwuru na mbụ n'isiokwu ahụ, nke a bụ n'ezie, ọ bụghị eziokwu. Ndị mmụọ nke oge a na-enwekarị nka ma ọ bụ ọla nwere atụmatụ sunflower.<ref>Awtry-Smith, Marilyn J. The Symbol of Spiritualism: The Sunflower. </ref> Sunflower bụ akara dị n'azụ Sunflower Movement, ngagharị iwe nke afọ 2014 na Taiwan. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a nwetara mkpụrụ dị mma n'ọhịa ebe Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 dara n'otu afọ gara aga ma zụlite ya iji kwanyere ndị Dutch ịrị na ise bi na Hilversum nwụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/17/mh17-dutch-victims-hilversum-sunflowers|title=Dutch town hard hit by MH17 disaster remembers victims with sunflowers|work=The Guardian|date=17 July 2015|accessdate=30 May 2021}}</ref> Na mbido afọ ahụ, onye isi na-ede akwụkwọ na Fairfax bụ Paul McGeough na onye na-ese foto bụ Kate Geraghty anakọtara 1.5 kilogram nke mkpụrụ sunflower site na ebe ahụ kpuru maka ezinụlọ na ndị enyi nke ndị Australia 38 nwụrụ, bụ ndị bu n'obi inye ha akara olileanya na-emetụ n'ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/interactive/2015/planting-hope/|title=Planting hope|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=2015|accessdate=30 May 2021}}</ref> Na Mee 13, 2021, n'oge asọmpi ejiji mba nke asọmpi ịma mma nke Miss Universe 2020, Miss Dominican Republic Kimberly Jiménez yi uwe "Goddess of Sunflowers" nke e ji ọla edo na odo rhinestones kpuchie nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ezigbo sunflowers a dụkọtara n'elu ákwà ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ha dara ma dina n'azụ ya n'elu ikpo okwu n'oge ọ na-eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dominicanrepubliclive.com/culture/kimberly-jimenez-parades-in-the-typical-sunflower-costume-at-the-miss-universe-pre-message-gala/|title=Kimberly Jiménez parades in the typical sunflower costume at the Miss Universe pre-message gala|date=13 May 2021|accessdate=12 September 2022|archivedate=1 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701111035/https://dominicanrepubliclive.com/culture/kimberly-jimenez-parades-in-the-typical-sunflower-costume-at-the-miss-universe-pre-message-gala/}}</ref> Akụkọ nke oge a na-ekwukarị na n'akụkọ ifo ndị Gris, nymph Clytie gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ sunflower mgbe ọ na-achọ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Helios, chi anyanwụ, onye jụrụ ya ma hapụ ya maka onye ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, sunflowers abụghị nke [[Greece|Gris]] ma ọ bụ [[Italy|Ịtali]], kama na North America.<ref>[http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200024005 Flora of North America: Common sunflower], [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=HEAN3 Helianthus annuus L.]</ref> Akụkọ mbụ bụ banyere okooko osisi ọzọ, heliotropium.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ovid|title=[[Metamorphoses]]: Books 1-8|year=1977|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780674990463|pages=Book iv, lines 190–283}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta === * Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R. (18 May 2001). "[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5520/1370 Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica]". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', '''292'''(5520):1370–1373. * Shosteck, Robert (1974) ''Flowers and Plants: An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes''. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. ISBN: 9780812904536. * {{cite web|last=Wood|first=Marcia. |url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun02/rubber0602.htm |title=Sunflower Rubber? Agricultural Research.|publisher=USDA |date=June 2002 |access-date=2011-01-31}} ==Njikọ mpụga== * [http://www.sunflowernsa.com National Sunflower Association] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120820112751/http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/soybeans-oil-crops/sunflowerseed.aspx Sunflowerseed]—USDA Economic Research Service. Summary of sunflower production, trade, and consumption and links to relevant USDA reports. * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sunflower.html Sunflower cultivation]—New Crop Resource Online Program, Purdue University [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 675xcul6e08uofausvznqzylkg5q1ni 0 22281 741844 707917 2026-10-28T18:01:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alma Dolens|image=Teresita Pasini alias Alma Dolens.jpg|alt=|caption=Teresita Pasini alias Alma Dolens|birth_name=Teresita dei Bonfatti|birth_date=February 18, 1869|birth_place=|death_date=May 20, 1948|death_place=Milan|nationality=Italian|other_names=Teresita Pasini|occupation=|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Teresita Pasini,''' (née dei Bonfatti, 1869 ̊-1948), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha nzuzo ya bụ '''Alma Dolens''', bụ onye a ma ama na-ahụ maka udo n'Ịtali, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị, na onye nta akụkọ.{{Cite book|author=Zappi|first=Elda Gentili|title=If Eight Hours Seem Too Few: Mobilization of Women Workers in the Italian Rice Fields|url=https://archive.org/details/ifeighthoursseem0000zapp|date=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|isbn=978-1-4384-2473-6}}</ref> "Alma Dolens" bụ ngwakọta nke Latin alma nke pụtara "[[wiktionary:alma#Italian|''mkpụrụ obi'']]" ma ọ bụ "obi" na Latin participle ''dolens'' nke pụtara "ihe mgbu" ma ọ dị "mwute"; aha ahụ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka "obi mwute" ma ọ bụrụ "obi dị arọ", a na-eche na ọ na-ezo aka na mmetụta ya gbara militarism na agha gburugburu. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Alma Dolens, n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya nke Umbrian n'afọ 1876. A maara ezinụlọ ya nke ọma n'ime òtù Italian unification movement, ebe ha kwadoro Giuseppe Garibaldi. Alma Dolens lụrụ onye ọka iwu si Milan, onye kwadoro ọrụ ya. == Ọrụ == Alma Dolens jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Lombardy maka Nnwere Onwe Ụmụ nwanyị na Ikike Ndị Ọrụ. Ọ kwuru okwu na nzukọ udo mba na 1909 na 1910, na-eme ka ọrụ ya sie ike n'ime òtù udo nke ndị ikom na-achịkwa n'Itali. O kwenyere na ụmụ nwanyị dị mkpa maka ọganihu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nakwa na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro udo nke [[Italy|Ịtali]] na n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ozuzu ya bụ ihe na-emebi ihe. Dolens bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike nke ịmepụta njikọ n'etiti òtù udo nke Ịtali na òtù ọrụ. O mepụtara Società per la pace femminile (Society for Peace nke ụmụ nwanyị), ma gaa n'etiti etiti Ịtali iji mepụta kọmitii mpaghara n'ime ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ígwè iji mepụta Associazione nazionale pro arbitrate e disarmo (Workers' Society for Arbitration and Disarmament) na Milan, nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 700 site na mmalite afọ 1910.{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Sandi E.|title=Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-19-536343-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihwN4gfSbWgC&pg=PT82}}</ref> Agha 191 nke Italo-Turkish kwụsịrị usoro udo, na-emepụta nkewa n'etiti ndị chere na ha kwesịrị ịkwado agha na ndị na-emeghị. Dolens dara na nke ikpeazụ, na-eme mkpọsa n'ihu ọha megide agha ahụ ma na-arịọ ndị otu nọ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na [[Switzerland]] maka nkwado ego iji kwe ka ndị na-eme udo gbanwee. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'afọ 1911 na 1912, mana ndị na-ahụ maka udo n'Ịtali mechara daa kpamkpam, a machibidoro Dolens ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha na Ịtali maka afọ abụọ ahụ.<ref name="cooper">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Sandi E.|title=Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-19-536343-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihwN4gfSbWgC&pg=PT82}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCooper1991">Cooper, Sandi E. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ihwN4gfSbWgC&pg=PT82 ''Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914'']. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-19-536343-2|<bdi>978-0-19-536343-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ tụgharịrị uche ya n'ebe ọzọ, na-ede banyere ọnọdụ ibi ndụ maka ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala n'obodo ndị Ịtali. Na nnọkọ udo na Budapest na 1913, Dolens zutere ma bụrụ enyi Rosika Schwimmer, onye ọzọ na-ahụ maka udo na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ laghachiri ikwu okwu na mmemme mmemme na 1913, mgbe ụfọdụ n'akụkụ Margherita Sarfatti.<ref name="zappi">{{Cite book|author=Zappi|first=Elda Gentili|title=If Eight Hours Seem Too Few: Mobilization of Women Workers in the Italian Rice Fields|url=https://archive.org/details/ifeighthoursseem0000zapp|date=1991|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York|isbn=978-1-4384-2473-6}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZappi1991">Zappi, Elda Gentili (1991). ''If Eight Hours Seem Too Few: Mobilization of Women Workers in the Italian Rice Fields''. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-4384-2473-6|<bdi>978-1-4384-2473-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1914, Dolens gara nzukọ banyere agha na-abịanụ na Europe nke International Peace Bureau na The Hague haziri. Ya na Rosalia Gwiss-Adami bụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị na-eme udo n'Itali na nnọkọ na ụbọchị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị na Brussels, nnọkọ nke jere ozi dị ka otu mgbalị ikpeazụ iji zere agha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Final Efforts of the European Pacifists to Prevent the War|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-20667061|author=Ruyssen|first=Theodore|date=November 1914|work=The Advocate of Peace|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jstor-20667061/page/n1 236]–238}}</ref> N'oge agha ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ enyemaka maka ezinụlọ ndị agha chụpụrụ n'ụlọ ha n'ime Austria-Hungary. Mgbe Agha Italo-Turkish biri, ọ gara [[Belgium]] iji kụzie ihe. Ịhụ mbibi sitere n'agha ahụ kwusiri ike nkwenye ya na pacifism, o kwukwara n'otu n'ime nkuzi ya "onye iro anọghị n'ókè; ọ gbara anyị gburugburu: ọ bụ ịda ogbenye, ụkwara nta, enweghị ọrụ. Ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa ndị a bụ njedebe nke ngwá agha dị egwu ma dị oke ọnụ. "<ref name="cooper">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Sandi E.|title=Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0-19-536343-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihwN4gfSbWgC&pg=PT82}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCooper1991">Cooper, Sandi E. (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ihwN4gfSbWgC&pg=PT82 ''Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914'']. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-19-536343-2|<bdi>978-0-19-536343-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref> O siri ọnwụ na iwu kwesịrị ịchọ ka mba ndị ahụ kpebie n'oge agha. Mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, Dolens gara biri n'ụlọ enyi ya, Gilberto Gilioli na nwunye ya Myrthe Ripamonti, ebe ọ nwụrụ na 1948. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo * Ndepụta nke suffragists na suffragettes == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} 9vmq4lxulyvh1hwvtkyvc6em8idacvd 0 22366 741888 735674 2026-10-29T04:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Amygoodmanphoto.tif|thumb|Amy Goodman|325x325px]] '''Amy Goodman''' (Amụrụ n'April 13, 1957) bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi America, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye na'ime akụkọ nyocha, na onye edemede. Ọrụ odeakụkọ nyocha ya gụnyere mkpuchi banyere mmegharị nnwere onwe nke East Timor, mmeri Morocco na Western Sahara, na ọrụ Chevron Corporation na Naịjirịa. Kemgbe afọ 1996, ọ bụ onye isi na-akwado Democracy Now!, mmemme akụkọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-aga n'ihu na redio, telivishọn na Ịntanetị. Ọ natala onyinye maka ọrụ ya, gụnyere Thomas Merton Award n'afọ 2004, Right Livelihood Award n'afọ 2008, na Izzy Award n'afọ 2009 maka "ihe pụrụ iche ọ rụzuru na mgbasa ozi onwe ya". N'afọ 2012, Goodman natara onyinye udo Gandhi maka "onyinye dị mkpa maka ịkwalite udo mba ụwa na-adịgide adịgide". Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ isii, gụnyere afọ 2012 ''The Silenced Majority''<ref name="silencedmajority">[http://www.haymarketbooks.org/pb/The-Silenced-Majority ''The Silenced Majority: Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope''] at Haymarketbooks.org. Retrieved March 23, 2013.</ref>: Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope, n'afọ 2016 Democracy Now!: Twenty Years Covering the Movements Changing America.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Goodman|first=Amy|title=Democracy Now!: Twenty Years Covering the Movements Changing America|url=https://archive.org/details/democracynowtwen0000good|date=April 12, 2016|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1501123580|pages=384|edition=1st}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, e boro ya ebubo mpụ maka ọgba aghara n'ihe metụtara mkpuchi ya banyere ngagharị iwe nke pipeline Dakota Access.<ref name="bismarckdefenseattorneyquestions">{{Cite news|author=Grueskin|first=Caroline|title=Defense attorney questions prosecutor in Amy Goodman case|url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/defense-attorney-questions-prosecutor-in-amy-goodman-case/article_dc5fb820-4ed4-5a77-b8fb-6a210875e8dc.html|accessdate=October 14, 2016|work=Bismarck Tribune|date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212210758/https://bismarcktribune.com/news/state-and-regional/defense-attorney-questions-prosecutor-in-amy-goodman-case/article_dc5fb820-4ed4-5a77-b8fb-6a210875e8dc.html|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kọmitii Na-echebe Ndị nta akụkọ katọrọ omume a. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe mpaghara North Dakota jụrụ ebubo ahụ n'ụbọchị iri na asaa nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jezebel.com/judge-rejects-proposed-riot-charges-against-democracy-n-1787890425|title=Judge Rejects Proposed Riot Charges Against Democracy Now! Host Amy Goodman|author=Merlan|first=Anna|work=Jezebel|language=en-US|accessdate=October 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826092436/https://jezebel.com/judge-rejects-proposed-riot-charges-against-democracy-n-1787890425|archive-date=August 26, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tqttrf5mfx5geed4mwbq0r0ektsyx7e 0 22499 741878 729141 2026-10-29T00:56:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Akello Judith Franca''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1978) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na Uganda.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ nwanyị nnọchi anya Agago na nke asatọ, nke itoolu na nke iri nke Uganda.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Female MPs on a pregnancy watch as Golola visits Parliament|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/female-mps-on-a-pregnancy-watch-as-golola-visits-parliament-1843882|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=Daily Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke iri na otu, ọ guzoro maka Women MP maka Agago mana o ji vootu 26,840 merie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akello Judith Franca - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls|url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/akello-judith-franca-10106/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=visiblepolls.org|language=en}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Forum for Democratic Change na 10th Parliament.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Franca Judith Akello » Forum for Democratic Change|url=https://fdc.ug/team/hon-franca-akello/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=Forum for Democratic Change|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223025117/http://fdc.ug/team/hon-franca-akello/|archive-date=2020-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kiggundu|first=Edris|title=Besigye in crisis talks with FDC 'rebels'|url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18794:besigye-in-cris-talks-with-fdc-rebels|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016222645/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=18794:besigye-in-cris-talks-with-fdc-rebels}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu National Resistance Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith Franca Akello|url=https://theyworkforyou.github.io/uganda-parliament-watch/mp/2cec2ab5-bce3-4e0d-b496-03f1fac9c826/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=theyworkforyou.github.io}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == N'afọ 1993, ọ nọdụrụ maka ule Primary Leaving na Lacek-Ocot Primary School.<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 1997, e nyere ya asambodo agụmakwụkwọ nke Uganda site na Atanga S.S. ma mesịa sonye na Sacred Heart S.S.- Gulu maka asambodo Uganda Advanced ya ma mechaa ya n'afọ 1999.<ref name=":0" /> O nwere nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Makerere ma nweta ya na 2004. E mechara nye ya nzere masta na Economic Policy Management na 2009 site na Mahadum Makerere .<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ ọrụ tupu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Site na afo 1998 ruo na afọ 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka onye ọrụ na Uganda Red Cross Society. N'agbata afọ 1999 na afọ 2001, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Pajule S.S. Site n'afọ 2017 ruo taa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu na Uganda Parliamentary Forum on Children. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2005 site na Kisugu Secondary School, Muyenga .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Uganda Members of the 10th Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.go.ug/mp_database/profile.php?mid=128|accessdate=29 March 2021|work=Parliament of Uganda|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107101638/http://www.parliament.go.ug:80/mp_database/profile.php?mid=128|archivedate=2016-11-07}}</ref> == Njem ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ omebe iwu nke Uganda dị ka onye omebe iwu site na afo 2006 ruo 2021, Judith rụkwara ọrụ na ụlọ omebe iwu ya nke Uganda n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. N'afọ 2006 ruo n'afọ 2011, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi mmegide na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda. Judith mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na egwuregwu site na 2011 ruo na afọ 2013. Site na afo 2013 ruo na afọ 2016, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu, Uganda Women Parliamentary Association.<ref name=":0"/> N'agbata afọ 2013 na afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Uganda na International Parliamentary Association ma mesịa bụrụ onye nnọchianya Uganda na Commonwealth Parliamentary Association site na afo 2016 ruo taa.<ref name=":0" /> Site na afo 2017 ruo taa, Judith jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na Ego Ọha na Nzukọ Ndị Isi nke Uganda.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Ọ na-eje ozi na Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ego, atụmatụ na mmepe akụ na ụba na Kọmiti na-ahụkarị ego ọha na eze na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda ma e wezụga ịbụ onye otu Nzukọ Ndị Isi.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Judith Franca Akello Archives|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/tag/judith-franca-akello/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Akello Judith Franca|url=https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/hon-akello-judith-franca/|accessdate=2021-03-29|work=MPScan Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018200605/https://www.mpscanug.com/profile/hon-akello-judith-franca/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di.<ref name=":0"/> Ihe ntụrụndụ ya bụ egwuregwu na ịgụ akwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Beatrice Akello Akori * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke iri nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke asatọ nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Ndepụta nke ndị otu nke itoolu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda * Onye omeiwu * Nzukọ omeiwu nke Uganda == Ebenside == <references responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Akello, Judith Franca}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke Uganda] * https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/browser?id=fcaa6fb3-7e14-4599-a96d-ca18d9529ff6%3B1.0 * Akello Judith Franca on Facebook * Akello Judith Franca on Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 331c5vxbnxt5lctl8cub7qq24hjxlum 0 23314 741867 708534 2026-10-28T18:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Joice Runaida Mujuru (née '''Mugari'''; amụrụ na 15 Eprel, na afọ 1955), nke a makwaara site na aha agha ya bụ Teurai Ropa, bụ onye Zimbabwe na-eme mgbanwe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi ala nke Zimbabwe site na afo 2004 ruo na afọ 2014. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka minista gọọmentị. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke ZANUīPF. Ọ lụrụ Solomon Mujuru ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na afọ 2011 ma were ya dị ka onye ga-anọchi onye isi ala Robert Mugabe, mana n'afọ 2014, a katọrọ ya maka ebubo na ọ na-akpa nkata megide Mugabe. N'ihi ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya, Mujuru tụfuru ọkwa ya dị ka osote onye isi ala na ọnọdụ ya na ndị isi otu. A chụpụrụ ya n'òtù ahụ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, o guzobere òtù ọhụrụ Zimbabwe People First. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Runaida Mugari na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Zimbabwe]] nke Ugwu Darwin, onye Shona sitere n'asụsụ Korekore. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ nke Salvation Army, Howard High na Chiweshe na Mashonaland Central Province. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, Mujuru bụ naanị nwanyị zụrụ na Lusaka.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|author=Pennington|first=Reina|title=Amazons to Fighter Pilots: a Biographical Dictionary of Military Women|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/amazonstofighter0000unse|location=Westport|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0313327076}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị afọ abụọ, o kpebiri isonye na Rhodesian Bush War. A na-ekwu na o ji égbè gbuo helikọpta na 17 Febụwarị, na afọ 1974 mgbe ọ jụrụ ịgbapụ. Onye isi oche nke ndị agha agha, Christopher Mutsvangwa agọnahụla ihe mere na helikọpta dara mgbe a chụpụrụ ya n'òtù ahụ; ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ịgba égbè ajụwokwa na enwere ike iji ngwá agha dị mfe dị ka akọwara na akụkọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VP Mujuru stole my picture: War veteran|url=http://www.herald.co.zw/vp-mujuru-stole-my-picture-war-veteran/|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1975, ọ bụ onye nkuzi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụlọ ọrụ agha abụọ na-aga nke ọma. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, Mujuru bụ onye isi ogige na ogige ndị agha na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Chimoio na [[Mozambique]].<ref name="auto" /> Ọ were aha agha Teurai Ropa (Shona maka "ịwụfu ọbara"), wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nwanyị mbụ na ndị agha ZANLA nke Mugabe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The International Dictionary of Women's Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldic00uglorich|year=1985|publisher=Continuum|location=New York|isbn=0-8264-0192-9|chapter=Nhongo (née Mugari), Joyce (1955–)}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, ọ lụrụ Solomon Mujuru, onye a maara n'oge ahụ site na aha agha ya bụ ''Rex Nhongo'', osote onye isi ndị agha nke ZANLA. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye kachasị nta na ZANU Central Committee, onye otu National Executive.<ref name="auto"/> Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ndị uwe ojii Rhodesia lekwasịrị anya, nke gbalịrị ijide ya mana enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name="auto" /> Dị ka akụkụ nke Operation Dingo, ndị agha Rhodesia wakporo ogige ZANLA dị na Chimoio na Nọvemba 23, na afọ 1977. Mujuru jisiri ike zere ijide ya site n'ị zoo n'ime ụlọ mposi ọha na eze a na-eji eme ihe nke ọma.<ref>Cole, Barbara The Elite: The Story of the Rhodesian Special Air Service</ref> N'afọ 1978, mgbe a wakporo ogige ya, Murujuńnọn dị ime ọnwa itoolu n'oge ahụ ka bụ onye agha na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ọ mụrụ nwa naanị ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.<ref name="auto" /> Mgbe o si n'agha lọta, a maghị ihe banyere mmalite nke aha ya na ezigbo aha ya. Nne ya, n'ajụjụ ọnụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Sunday Mail n'ụlọ ya dị n'ime ime obodo Mount Darwin, gwara onye nta akụkọ na onye mgbasa ozi na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Robert Mukondiwa okwu, onye ọ kpughere na Joice bụ aha ọ nabatakwara n'oge ọ nọ n'agha. Aha ya n'ezie, a gwara ya, bụ Runaida, nke bụ aha nwanne nne ya nwụrụ anwụ. Ndị Mujurus bi ugbu a n'ugbo a chọrọ 3,500-acre (14 2), Alamein Farm, 45 miles (72 km) n'ebe ndịda Harare, nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Zimbabwe chọpụtara na e weghaara ya n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'aka onye nwe ugbo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6507993.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Profile: The Mujuru couple|date=24 February 2009|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Mgbe nnwere onwe na afọ 1980, Mujuru ghọrọ onye minista kacha nta na kansụl ahụ, na-ewere ngalaba egwuregwu, ndị ntorobịa na ntụrụndụ. Ọ banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'etiti oge ọrụ ya mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ozi. Dị ka Minista nke Telecommunications, ọ [[Strive Masiyiwa|gbalịrị]] ịkwụsị Strive Masiyiwa ka ọ ghara iguzobe netwọk ekwentị ya Econet.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zim government leaves out cellphone pioneer|date=24 March 1997|work=ZA*NOW (Electronic Mail and Guardian)|url=http://www.chico.mweb.co.za/mg/za1/24mar-news.html#zimcell}}</ref> Ndị kansụl nyere Masiyiwa iwu ka ọ ree ndị na-asọmpi ya ngwá ọrụ ya. N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1997, Mujuru kpebiri ịnye ikikere ekwentị nke abụọ nke Zimbabwe na ụlọ ọrụ Zairois a na-amaghị ama Telecel, na-ebibi Masiyiwa.<ref>[http://www.btimes.co.za/98/1018/world/world03.htm How a man called Strive beat off the corrupt cronies] Business Times</ref> Ndị otu Zairois gụnyere di ya Solomon na nwa nwanne onye isi ala Robert Mugabe bụ Leo. Mgbe ọtụtụ ọgụ iwu gasịrị, Masiyiwa nwetara ikike ya na Disemba na afọ 1997. === Osote Onye isi ala === ZANU-PF Women's League kpebiri na nnọkọ ya kwa afọ nke e mere na Septemba, na afọ 2004 iji wepụta nwanyị na-azọ ọkwa osote onye isi oche nke pati ahụ, ọnọdụ a hapụrụ n'efu mgbe ọnwụ Simon Muzenda gasịrị. Mugabe gbadoro n'okpuru nrụgide sitere n'aka otu ZANU-PF nke di Mujuru, General Solomon Mujuru, duziri, iji nye nwanyị osote onye isi oche nke abụọ na-esote onye isi ụlọ omebe iwu Emmerson Mnangagwa, nke a na-ahụkarị dị ka onye nketa ya. ZANU-PF a gbanwere aha a bụ "abalị nke ogologo mma" site na Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4058369.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Mugabe moves against party rivals|date=1 December 2004|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref> A ṅụrụ Mujuru iyi dị ka osote onye isi ala nke Zimbabwe na 6 Disemba, na afọ 2004.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=52333 "ZIMBABWE: Mujuru sworn in as vice president"], IRIN, 6 December 2004.</ref> A họpụtara Mujuru dị ka onye ZANU-PF na-azọ oche House of Assembly site na Mt. Darwin West na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu nke March 2008.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200802150006.html|title=Zimbabwe: Zanu-PF Names Poll Candidates|work=[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|The Herald]]|date=15 February 2008}}</ref> Dabere na nsonaazụ gọọmentị, ọ meriri oche ahụ site na oke mmeri, na-enweta vootu 13,236 megide 1,792 maka Gora Madzudzo, onye na-azọ ọkwa nke Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) nke Morgan Tsvangirai duziri. Nke a megidere nkwupụta mbụ sitere na MDC na Mujuru efunahụla oche ahụ.<ref>Mutongi Gava, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103254/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/electoral204.17985.html "VP Mujuru not defeated"], newzimbabwe.com, 31 March 2008.</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, Mugabe ṅụrụ iyi ọzọ dị ka osote onye isi ala na 13 Ọktoba, na afọ 2008, ya na Msika.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/6514510.html "Zimbabwe President Mugabe swears in vice presidents"], Xinhua, 14 October 2008.</ref> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ntaramahụhụ onwe onye nke United States nyere.<ref>[http://www.zwnews.com/issuefull.cfm?ArticleID=13267 US Personal Sanctions] ZWNews</ref> A na-etinye Joice Mujuru na afọ 2009 na-anwa ire ihe ruru tọn ọla edo 3.5 site na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na ụlọ ọrụ Europe, na-emegide mmachibido iwu European Union n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7907177.stm|title=Zimbabwe 'illegal gold sale bid'|date=25 February 2009|accessdate=28 February 2009|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ọ bi ugbu a na Alamein Farm, ọrụ na-arụpụta ihe na nke bara uru dị elu nke e ji iwu na-akwadoghị mee ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke mmemme mgbanwe ala site n'aka Guy Watson-Smith na afọ 2001, dị ka ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Zimbabwe na ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa chọpụtara. N'afọ 2001, ezinụlọ Mujuru ghọrọ isiokwu nke ikpe ikpe mbụ megide onye ọ bụla so n'òtù Maazị Mugabe nke metụtara na nnweta ala na akụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Zimbabwe kwuru na mmeri nke Alamein Farm bụ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/1366242/Evicted-farmer-sues-for-return-of-2m-assets.html " Evicted farmer sues for return of £2m assets"], ''The Telegraph'', 24 December 2001.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120914142124/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-541448-britain-must-act-on-zimbabwe.do "Britain must act on Zimbabwe"], ''London Evening Standard'', 25 January 2002.</ref> A na-ewere Mujuru dị ka onye nwere ike ịnọchi Onye isi ala Mugabe, na-asọ mpi megide Emmerson Mnangagwa. Ọ nwetara nkwado n'etiti politburo, kọmitii etiti na presidium, na ndị isi otu mpaghara. O nwetakwara nkwado site n'aka ndị Zimbabwe n'ozuzu ha, nke gosipụtara site na nhọpụta nke ndị na-akwado ya na ndị ntorobịa. Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ anya na a ga-ama onye ga-anọchi ya aka na nnọkọ nke Disemba na afọ 2014, ebe a na-eche na ndị otu politburo na ndị isi kọmitii etiti niile ga-achọ nhọpụta ọzọ. === Ịchụpụ na òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ === Na ngwụcha afọ 2014, e boro Mujuru ebubo na ọ na-akpa nkata megide Mugabe ma ghọọ onye a chụpụrụ na ZANU-PF. Ọ tụfuru ọkwa ya na ndị isi otu na December na afọ 2014 congress, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, na 8 December na afọ 2014, Mugabe chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa ya dị ka osote onye isi ala, tinyere ndị minista ndị a maara na ha bụ ndị otu ya. N'okwu e bipụtara na 9 Disemba, n'otu ụbọchị a mara ọkwa nchụpụ, Mujuru kwuru na nkwupụta na ya gbara izu megide Mugabe bụ "ihe nzuzu".<ref>MacDonald Dzirutwe, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-mujuru-idUSKBN0JN0P420141209 "Zimbabwe's Mugabe fires deputy, seven ministers"], Reuters, 9 December 2014.</ref> N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2014, Mugabe họpụtara onye na-asọ mpi Mujuru ogologo oge n'ọgụ nke onye ga-anọchiteanya, Emmerson Mnangagwa, iji dochie ya dị ka osote onye isi ala.<ref>MacDonald Dzirutwe, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-politics-idUSKBN0JO1GW20141210 "Zimbabwe's Mugabe names 'The Crocodile' Mnangagwa as deputy"], Reuters, 10 December 2014.</ref> A chụpụrụ Mujuru na ZANU-PF na 3 Eprel na afọ 2015 wee gaa n'ihu guzobe Zimbabwe People First party, na-emegide ZANU- PF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32176164|title=Zimbabwe ruling party expels Mugabe rival Joyce Mujuru|date=3 April 2015|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/africa/2015/04/03/mujuru-expelled-from-zanu-pf|title=Mujuru expelled from Zanu PF|author=AFP}}</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/11852311/Robert-Mugabes-new-opponent-his-daughter-Joice-Mujuru.html "Robert Mugabe's new opponent: his 'daughter' Joice Mujuru"], ''The Telegraph''.</ref> N'afọ 2017 mgbe ọ chụpụrụ ndị isi asaa nke Zimbabwe People First party, ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ ''National People's Party'' mgbe ndị a chụpụrụ na-ama ''ndị'' nwe aha Zimbabwe People First aka.<ref>[http://www.herald.co.zw/latest-mujuru-changes-party-name-to-national-peoples-party/ "Mujuru change her faction's party name to National People's Party"], ''The Herald''.</ref> Joice Mujuru bịanyere aka na njikọ aka ya na obere òtù 20 n'oge ọ na-agba ọsọ ruo na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2018. E kwenyere na nke a bụ ihe na-emegide njikọ aka MDC nke Tsvangirai nke ga-enye ya nnukwu ike nkwekọrịta na tebụl njikọ. Ndị People's Democratic Party (PDP) nke Lucia Matibenga na-eduzi, Dumiso Dabengwa's Zapu na NPP kpughere nkwekọrịta njikọ aka iji maa Zanu PF aka na Matabeleland na ntuli aka afọ 2018. Ndị isi Zapu, NPP na PDP kwuru na ha agaghị emegide ibe ha maka oche ndị omeiwu ọ bụla na Matabeleland, tupu ha ekwuo na "ọnụ ụzọ ka na-emeghe" maka njikọ aka sara mbara na ndị ọzọ na-emegide ya, na-eme ka egwu na MDC Alliance, nke a mara ọkwa na nso nso a, nwere ike ịba ọgba aghara.<ref>Nqbani Ndlovu and Sharon Sibindi, [https://web.archive.org/web/20211204202335/https://www.newsday.co.zw/2017/09/mujuru-biti-dabengwa-form-coalition/ "Mujuru, Biti, Dabengwa form own coalition"], ''Newsday'', 23 September 2017.</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala.<ref>https://m.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/mujuru-promises-to-leave-no-stone-unturned-in-finding-missing-mugabe-critic-20180405 | Mujuru promises to leave no stone unturned in finding missing Mugabe critic | News24</ref> == Ọnọdụ ndị e nwere == * Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe obodo na ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị (1980), * Minista nke steeti n'ọfịs praịm minista (1985 Sri8) * Minista na-ahụ maka mmepe obodo, cooperatives na ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị (1988 Dz92) * Minista bi na Gọvanọ nke Mashonaland Central (1992[[96) * Minista nke Ozi, Post na Telecommunication (1996X) * Minista na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe ime obodo na mmepe mmiri (1997X2004) * Onye isi ala mbụ nke Zimbabwe (2004[[14) == Ebenside == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100721223126/http://www.vpmujuruoffice.gov.zw/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ "Mujuru Story" Mujuru.com * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6507993.stm Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ BBC NEWS Profile] BBC [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ afọ 1955]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lrwx6szm9mg5h439k501iqhhtha7a47 0 27295 741864 723689 2026-10-28T18:28:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Shepheards_hotel.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ Shepheard's Hotel, c. 1920s]] [[Usòrò:Johan_Adam_Rennebaum,_Architect_of_Shepheard's_Hotel.jpg|thumb|Johann Adam Rennebaum, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Shepheard's Hotel]] Shepheard's Hotel bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kachasị na Cairo na otu n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kachasị ewu ewu na ụwa site na etiti narị afọ nke 19 ruo mgbe mbibi ya na 1952 n'oge ọkụ Cairo. Afọ ise ka e bibichara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mbụ, e wuru nke ọhụrụ dị nso ma kpọọ ya Shepheard Hotel. [[Usòrò:Ibrahim_Pasha_St,_Cairo,_Egypt,_1920s.png|thumb|Ụlọ nkwari akụ Shepheard, n'afọ ndị 1920]] [[Usòrò:Shepheards_Hotel_Floor_Plan.jpg|thumb|Johann Adam Rennebaum, Shepheard's Hotel, Ground Floor/ Mezzanine, 1891]] Samuel Shepheard hibere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na 1841 n'okpuru aha "Hotel des Anglais" (Bekee Hotel), [1] [2] ma emesịa degharịa aha ya "Shepheard's Hotel".[3] Shepheard, onye Bekee a kọwara n'otu oge dị ka "onye nkuzi achịcha achịcha na-enweghị isi",[4] sitere na Preston Capes, Northamptonshire. Ya na Mr. Hill, onye isi nchịkwa Mohammed Ali Pasha, nwere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ, ma gosi na ọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego na-eme nke ọma na onye ọchụnta ego. N'otu oge, mgbe ndị agha nọ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ kwagara na Crimea na mberede, na-ahapụ ụgwọ ndị a na-akwụghị ụgwọ, Shepheard gara n'onwe ya na Sevastopol iji nweta ụgwọ.<ref name="Hotel Des Anglais and Debt Collection">{{Cite book|author=Denby|first=Elaine|title=Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion|date=March 27, 2002|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861891211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhLyGME7734C&dq=Shepheard&pg=PA186|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Elaine Denby - ''Grand Hotels: Reality & Illusion'' (New York: McGraw-Hill; London: Reaktion Books, 1998)</ref><ref>Michael Bird - ''Samuel Shepheard of Cairo: A Portrait'' (London: Michael Joseph, 1957)</ref>.<ref name="Helnan, guests, history">{{Cite book|author=Wharton|first=Annabel Jane|title=Building the Cold War: Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture|date=July 1, 2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226894195|pages=43, 211–220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKrB7njVSe0C&dq=Nina+Nelson+-+Shepheard%27s+Hotel&pg=PA212|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>.<ref name="Hotel Des Anglais and Debt Collection" /> N'afọ 1845, Hill hapụrụ mmasị ya na họtel ahụ, Shepheard ghọkwara naanị onye nwe ya. Shepheard rere họtel ahụ na 1861 maka £ 10,000 nye onye na-elekọta họtel Bavaria Philip Zech (ma ọ bụ Zeck) wee laa ezumike nká na Eathorpe Hall, Eathorbe, Warwickshire, England.<ref name="History of ownership" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Ibrahim|first=Tarek|title=Shepheard's of Cairo. The Birth of the Oriental Grand Hotel|publisher=Reichert Verlag|year=2019|isbn=9783954903689|location=Wiesbaden|pages=20–21}}</ref> Richard Burton, ezigbo enyi Shepheard, hapụrụ nkọwa zuru ezu banyere àgwà mmesapụ aka ya na ọrụ na-aga nke ọma, na-akọwa ya dị ka "nwoke dị ịrịba ama n'ọtụtụ ihe, na ihe niile ihe nlereanya John Bull".<ref name="History of ownership">{{Cite book|author=Sattin|first=Anthony|title=Lifting the Veil: Two Centuries of Travellers, Traders and Tourists in Egypt|date=30 April 2011|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=9780857719966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt8BAwAAQBAJ&dq=Shepheard%27s+Hotel+guests&pg=PA275|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Richard F. Burton, ''The Gold-Mines of Midian'' (C.Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1878), pp. 43-46</ref> A rụzigharịrị họtel ahụ na 1869 mgbe ọkụ gbara n'akụkụ ndịda nke ụlọ ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, o doro anya na ụlọ mbụ ahụ bụ nke e dere; ka ọ bụrụ nke na-asọmpi, a ga-ewu ihe owuwu ọhụrụ ''ex novo''. Zech were ọrụ nke onye na-eto eto na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Nuremberg, Johann Adam Rennebaum, iji chepụta họtel n'otu ogige ahụ nke ga-akarị ndị bu ya ụzọ n'ibu na okomoko.<ref name=":0"/> Ihe owuwu ikpeazụ a, nke e wuchara na 1891, bụ ihe a ma ama na nke edere nke ọma nke họtel ahụ. N'afọ 1898, a gbakwunyere Arab Hall (nke Rennebaum mekwara) n'ogige etiti nke ụlọ ahụ, na mmụba ndị ọzọ mere na 1904, 1909 na 1927.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aha Rennebaum na akwụkwọ nke họtel ahụ nwere ike imetụta mgbalị ndị ọchịchị Britain na-eme mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị iji kpochapụ ihe ọ bụla metụtara mmetụta Germany na Ijipt.<ref name=":0" /> Onye nwe họtel ahụ gafere n'aka nwa nwanyị Zech na di ya, Maazị na Oriakụ. Kemmerich N'afọ 1896, ndị Kemmerichs rere họtel ahụ na Egyptian Hotels Ltd., ụlọ ọrụ Britain nke mechara nye ya Compagnie Internationaldes Grands Hôtels. Onye isi ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke [[Switzerland]] bụ Karl (Charles) Baehler zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ a.<ref name=":0" /> Shepheard's Hotel bụ nke a ma ama maka ịdị ukwuu ya, maka ndị ọbịa ya, na dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị agha. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọgaranya ya, ya na ugegbe na-acha odo odo, kapet ndị Peshia, ogige, ala, na nnukwu ogidi granite yiri nke ụlọ nsọ ndị [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]]. Ọ bụghị naanị ndị America na ndị isi French na ndị Britain na-agakarị American Bar ya. E nwere ịgba egwú abalị ebe ndị ikom na-eyi uwe agha na ndị inyom na-eyi akwa mgbede. "Okporo ogologo" ahụ na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị kansụl nke gọọmentị Gris na-agba ọsọ, Harold Macmillan dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na 21 Ọgọst 1944 na gọọmentị Greece na-agbapụ kwesịrị ịkwaga [[Italy|Ịtali]] iji gbanahụ "ọnọdụ na-egbu egbu nke aghụghọ nke na-achị na Cairo. Gọọmentị niile gara aga na-agba ọsọ agbaala n'ụlọ mmanya nke Shepheard.<ref>Clogg, Richard "The Greek Government-in-Exile 1941-4" pages 376-398 from ''The International History Review'', Volume 1, No. 3, July 1979 pages 378-379.</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1952, e bibiri họtel ahụ n'oge ọkụ ọkụ nke Cairo, oge ọgba aghara megide ndị Britain na ọgba agha obodo dị egwu nke dugara na Mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 1952.<ref name="WWI">{{Cite book|author=Woodward|first=David R.|title=Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East|date=December 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=9780813171449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uI5Osq9_WKkC&dq=Shepheard%27s+Hotel&pg=PA25|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Nina Nelson - ''Helnan Shepheard Hotel Cairo-Egypt'' (Cairo: Al Ahram, 1992)</ref> Họtel ahụ enweela ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa a ma ama. E gosipụtara ya na ihe nkiri Britain nke 1934 The Camels are Coming .<ref name="Camels are Coming Movie">{{Cite web|title=The Camels Are Coming (1934) Movie on Youtube|work=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDuABIATHrc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723095723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDuABIATHrc|archivedate=2017-07-23|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref> Ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ bụ ebe ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị na ihe nkiri 1996 The English Patient mana ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri ahụ mere na The Grand Hotel des Bains na Venice Lido, Ịtali.<ref name="The English Patient">{{Cite web|title=The English Patient film locations|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/e/engpatient.html#.WDL1pn3zOio|work=Movie Locations|accessdate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318170548/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/e/engpatient.html#.WDL1pn3zOio|archivedate=18 March 2016}}</ref> A na-eji họtel ahụ eme ihe dị ka isi ọrụ na usoro The Race Colonization nke Harry Turtledove, dị ka ebe dị na [[Agatha Christie|Agatha Christie's]] Crooked House, a kpọtụrụ ya aha na Death on the Nile na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Anthony Trollope, An Unprotected Female at the Pyramids (1861).<ref name="preview of Colonization book">{{Cite web|author=Turtledove|first=Harry|title=Down to Earth - Colonization Book 2|url=http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/81027/0/Turtledove_2_Down_to_Earth.html|work=e reading club|accessdate=21 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235840/http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/81027/0/Turtledove_2_Down_to_Earth.html}}</ref><ref name="Crooked House">{{Cite book|author=Christie|first=Agatha|title=Crooked House|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KU-194-976|date=August 19, 2002|publisher=William Morrow Paperbacks|isbn=978-0062073532}}</ref><ref name="Book Unprotected Female">{{Cite book|author=Trollope|first=Anthony|title=An Unprotected Female at the Pyramids|date=1861|url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/trollope/anthony/tales/chapter7.html|accessdate=21 November 2016|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234133/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/trollope/anthony/tales/chapter7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ na-egosipụtakwa mgbe niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ Amelia Peabody nke Elizabeth Peters.<ref name="Peters2011">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Peters|title=Crocodile on the Sandbank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2wcBQAAQBAJ|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-78033-446-2}}</ref><ref name="Peters2009">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Peters|title=Lion in the Valley: An Amelia Peabody Novel of Suspense|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MuZLQNr64MC|date=17 March 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-179837-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Peters|title=Seeing a Large Cat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOeoN6_AvmAC|date=29 November 2009|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-0-446-57119-7}}</ref> == Ụlọ oriri Shepheard nke Oge A == "Shepheard Hotel" nke oge a bụ nke Egyptian Hotels Ltd. wuru na 1957 na Garden City, Cairo, ihe dị ka 0.8 kilomita (0.50 mi) site na saịtị họtel mbụ. Ụlọ nkwari akụ ọhụrụ ahụ, na ala ọ guzo, bụ nke E.G.O.T.H. (Egyptian General Company for Tourism & Hotels). Ọ bụ Helnan International Hotels na-elekọta họtel ahụ ma mara ya dị ka Helnan Shepheard Hotel.<ref name="Helnan, guests, history"/> Na Septemba 29, 2009, a mara ọkwa na Rocco Forte Hotels ga-emezigharị ihe onwunwe ahụ kpamkpam ma meghee ya ọzọ n'okpuru njikwa nke ha na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hospitalitydesign.com/news/main/rocco-forte-signs-the-shepheard-hotel-in-cairo/|title=Rocco Forte Signs the Shepheard Hotel in Cairo}}</ref> Mgbanwe ahụ emeghị, ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ mechikwara n'afọ 2014.<ref name="History">{{Cite web|title=Shepheard Hotel|url=http://www.egoth.com.eg/en/shepheard.htm|work=E.G.O.T.H.|accessdate=21 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165956/http://www.egoth.com.eg/en/shepheard.htm}}</ref> Na Machị 2020, E.G.O.T.H. bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na AlSharif Group Holding nke Saudi Arabia iji kwado mmepe na inye mmezigharị ahụ ruru nde $ 90.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt partners with Saudi AlSharif to develop Shepheard Hotel|url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Egypt_partners_with_Saudi_AlSharif_to_develop_Shepheard_Hotel-SNG_169498569|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=www.zawya.com|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a mara ọkwa na ahọpụtara Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na họtel ahụ a rụzigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=«قطاع الأعمال» تكشف خطة تطوير الفنادق القائمة التابعة واحياء التاريخية|url=https://amwalalghad.com/2021/02/07/قطاع-الأعمال-تكشف-خطة-تطوير-الفنادق/|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=أموال الغد|language=ar}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, e setịpụrụ ụbọchị mmeghe ọzọ maka afọ 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article120077.html|title=Mandarin Oriental Shepheard Cairo Hotel Announced for 2024}}</ref> == Hụkwa zie == *  Hotels portal == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Njiko mpụga == 7ee7uiek7kj46rjmx0b964ykdj9rnv0 0 27595 741868 741792 2026-10-28T18:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Codex_Egberti_fol._90r.jpg|thumb|Ọrụ Ebube]] Ọrụ ebube bụ ihe omume enweghị ike ịkọwa ya site n'iwu okike ma ọ bụ nke sayensị[1] wee bụrụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-akpata ike karịrị nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke ụwa. Okpukpe dị iche iche na-ekwukarị na ihe omume e ji mara dị ka ọrụ ebube bụ omume nke ihe karịrị mmadụ, (karịsịa) chi, onye dibịa afa, onye ọrụ ebube, onye senti, ma ọ bụ onye ndú okpukpe. N'ụzọ na-edoghị anya, ndị na-asụ Bekee na-ejikarị okwu ọrụ ebube kọwaa ihe omume ọ bụla bara uru nke na-agaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụghị megidere iwu okike, dị ka ịlanarị ọdachi na-emere onwe ya, ma ọ bụ naanị ihe omume "dị ebube", n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike. (dịka "''ọrụ ebube'' nke ịmụ nwa"). Enwere ike ile ụfọdụ ihe omume anya dị ka ọrụ ebube.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Halbersam|first=Yitta|title=Small Miracles|url=https://archive.org/details/smallmiraclesext00halb|publisher=Adams Media|year=1890|isbn=1-55850-646-2}}</ref> Ezigbo ọrụ ebube ga-abụ, site na nkọwa, ihe na-abụghị nke okike, na-eduga ọtụtụ ndị edemede ịjụ ọrụ ebube dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume (ya bụ, na-achọ mmebi iwu nke physics n'ime ngalaba ha) ma ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị ike ikwenye site na ọdịdị ha (n'ihi na usoro anụ ahụ niile nwere ike ghara iwepụ). Thomas Jefferson gosipụtara ọnọdụ mbụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ), nke ikpeazụ site na David Hume. Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe na-ekwukarị na, site na nduzi Chineke, [[God|Chineke]] na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site na okike ma, dị ka onye okike, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị, n'elu, ma ọ bụ megide ya.<ref name="Miracles"> [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/ Miracles] on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy </ref> {{Refbegin|2}} ===General references and books=== * Brown, Colin. ''Miracles and the Critical Mind''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984. * {{Cite book|author=Desmond|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Desmond|year=1991|title=Darwin|url=https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm|location=London|publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group|isbn=0-7181-3430-3}} * Chavda, Mahesh. ''Only Love Can Make a Miracle''. Charlotte: Mahesh Chavda Ministries, 1990. * Bontrager, Krista, "It’s a Miracle! Or, is it?", [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207104000/http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/its_a_miracle.shtml?main#_edn8 Reasons.org] * Eisen, Robert (1995). ''Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People''. [[State University of New York Press]]. * Goodman, Lenn E. (1985). ''Rambam: Readings in the Philosophy of Moses Maimonides''. Gee Bee Tee. * Humphreys, Colin J. ''Miracles of Exodus''. Harper, San Francisco, 2003. * Kellner, Menachem (1986). ''Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought''. [[Oxford University Press]]. * [[C. S. Lewis|Lewis, C.S.]] ''Miracles: A Preliminary Study''. New York, Macmillan Co., 1947. * [[C. F. D. Moule|Moule, C. F. D.]] (ed.). ''Miracles: Cambridge Studies in their Philosophy and History''. London, A.R. Mowbray 1966, ©1965 (Survey of Biblical miracles as well). * [[Graham Twelftree|Twelftree, Graham]]. ''Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study''. IVP, 1999. * Woodward, Kenneth L. (2000). ''The Book of Miracles''. New York: [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|0684823934}}. * {{Cite book|author=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts|url=https://archive.org/details/miraclescredibil0002keen|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Baker Academic|date=2011|isbn=978-0801039522|oclc=699760418}} {{Refend}}{{Refbegin|2}} ===General references and books=== * Brown, Colin. ''Miracles and the Critical Mind''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984. * {{Cite book|author=Desmond|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Desmond|year=1991|title=Darwin|url=https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm|location=London|publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group|isbn=0-7181-3430-3}} * Chavda, Mahesh. ''Only Love Can Make a Miracle''. Charlotte: Mahesh Chavda Ministries, 1990. * Bontrager, Krista, "It’s a Miracle! Or, is it?", [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207104000/http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/its_a_miracle.shtml?main#_edn8 Reasons.org] * Eisen, Robert (1995). ''Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People''. [[State University of New York Press]]. * Goodman, Lenn E. (1985). ''Rambam: Readings in the Philosophy of Moses Maimonides''. Gee Bee Tee. * Humphreys, Colin J. ''Miracles of Exodus''. Harper, San Francisco, 2003. * Kellner, Menachem (1986). ''Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought''. [[Oxford University Press]]. * [[C. S. Lewis|Lewis, C.S.]] ''Miracles: A Preliminary Study''. New York, Macmillan Co., 1947. * [[C. F. D. Moule|Moule, C. F. D.]] (ed.). ''Miracles: Cambridge Studies in their Philosophy and History''. London, A.R. Mowbray 1966, ©1965 (Survey of Biblical miracles as well). * [[Graham Twelftree|Twelftree, Graham]]. ''Jesus the Miracle Worker: A Historical and Theological Study''. IVP, 1999. * Woodward, Kenneth L. (2000). ''The Book of Miracles''. New York: [[Simon & Schuster]]. {{ISBN|0684823934}}. * {{Cite book|author=Keener|first=Craig S.|title=Miracles: The Credibility of the New Testament Accounts|url=https://archive.org/details/miraclescredibil0002keen|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Baker Academic|date=2011|isbn=978-0801039522|oclc=699760418}} {{Refend}} * Ton Bersee On the Meaning of 'Miracle' in Christianity. ''Nnyocha nke arụmụka ọrụ ebube dị ugbu a na atụmatụ nke'' usoro Hermeneutical dị mma, Peeters Publishers, 2021 * Stephen Brogan The Royal Touch in Early Modern England: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọgwụ na mmehie, Royal Historical Society, 2015 * H. A. Drake A Century of Miracles: Christians, Pagans, Jews and the Supernatural, 312-410, Oxford University Press, 2017 * Houdini, Harry Miracle Mongers and Their Methods: A Complete Expose Prometheus Books; Reprint edition (1993) nke e bipụtara na 1920 . * Robert Knapp The Dawn of Christianity: People and Gods in a Time of Magic and Miracles, Profile books, Great Britain, 2017 * Marvin Meyer na Richard Smith Ancient Christian Magic: Coptic Texts of Ritual Power Princeton University Press, 1999 * D. Michaelides (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) Medicine and Healing in the Ancient Mediterranean World, Oxbow Books, 2014 * Joe Nickell Na-achọ Ọrụ Ebube: Ihe oyiyi na-ebe ákwá, Ihe Ncheta, Stigmata, Ọhụụ na Ọgwụgwọ, Prometheus Books, 1997 * William A. Nolen Healing: Dọkịta na-achọ ọrụ ebube, Random House, 1975 * Roy Porter The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity, W.W. Norton & Co., 1997 * James Randi The Faith Healers, Prometheus Books, 1987 * Matthew Rowley na Natasha Hodgson (ed), Miracles, Political Authority and Violence in Medieval and Early Modern History. London, Routledge, 2022 * Andrew Dickson White (1896 mbipụta mbụ. A classic work constantly re-printed) A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, Lee isi nke 13, ''akụkụ'' nke 2, Growth of Legends of Healing: the life of ''Saint Francis Xavier'' as a typical example. * [http://www.miraclesormagic.com Ọrụ Ebube] ma ọ bụ Ime Anwansi nke Rory Roybal?. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * {{Cite book|author=Graves|first=Wilfred|authorlink=Wilfred Graves, Jr.|title=Popular and elite understandings of miracles in enlightened England. A dissertation submitted to the Center for Advanced Theological Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy|publisher=Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Theology|year=2007|location=Pasadena, CA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWP3XxGZAw0C|isbn=9780549274575}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Akụkọ [http://www.iep.utm.edu/miracles/ ọrụ ebube] na Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy * Skepdic.com, Skeptic's Dictionary on miracles *   *   * "[http://www.disf.org/en/Voci/86.asp Ọrụ ebube]" na Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230613215341/https://sma.org/southern-medical-journal/article/the-history-of-thinking-about-miracles-in-the-west/ Akụkọ banyere iche echiche banyere ọrụ ebube na West] * Mukto-mona.com, nkọwa nke onye India Skeptic banyere ọrụ ebube: Site na Yuktibaadi, nke Basava Premanand chịkọtara * Andrew Lang, Psychanalyse-paris.com, "Science and 'Miracles'", The Making of Religion Chapter II, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, New York and Bombay, 1900, pp. 14-38. * Almut Hoefert (ed.): Ọrụ ebube, ihe ịtụnanya na anụ ọhịa na Middle Ages. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170320215642/http://documents.routledge-interactive.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A2/Hume/HumeMiracles.pdf Hume na Ọrụ Ebube] {{philosophy of religion|state=collapsed}}{{Miracles of Jesus}}{{Authority control}} nmy0kdvy46469gsiogw7wn5k0aqi0dh 0 28917 741843 728049 2026-10-28T18:01:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 3 books for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Infobox person|name=Michelle Collins|image=Michelle Collins.jpg|caption=Collins in 2006|birth_name=Michelle Danielle Collins|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1962|05|28}}|birth_place=[[Metropolitan Borough of Hackney|Hackney]], London, England|occupation={{Hlist|Actress|model|television presenter}}|years_active=1984–present|television=''[[EastEnders]]'' (1988–1998, 2023–present) <br> ''[[Coronation Street]]'' (2011–2014)|spouse={{marriage|Mike Davidson|August 2022}}|children=Maia-Rose Collins}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Michelle Danielle Collins''' (amụrụ na 28 Mee 1962) bụ onye England naeme ihe nkiri. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka Cindy Beale na BBC soap opera EastEnders, ọ pụtakwara dị ka Stella Price na ITV's Coronation Street. Ọrụ TV ndị ọzọ a ma ama ya gụnyere ihe nkiri BBC Real Women (1998-1999), ''Sunburn'' (1999-2000) na Two Thousand Acres of Sky (2001-2003). == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Collins na 28 Mee 1962 na Hackney South East Hospital na Hackney, nebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[London]], nne Welsh, Mary, na nna nke Bekee na Flemish.<ref name="page9thisisme" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC One – Coming Home, Series 4, Michelle Collins|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00p1ghs|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> Nna nna ya Flemish bụ onye [[Belgium]] si Antwerp ma kwaga UK na 1915 mgbe ọ dị afọ ise.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lambert|first=Victoria|title=Michelle Collins: 'I signed up to be an actress, not a celebrity'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/michelle-collins-i-signed-up-to-be-an-actress-not-a-celebrity/|work=The Telegraph|date=10 October 2016|accessdate=29 May 2019}}</ref> Ya, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye Vicki, bụ ndị nne ha zụlitere na Highbury, London.<ref name="page9thisisme">{{Cite book|author=Collins|first=Michelle|title=This Is Me|url=https://archive.org/details/thisisme0000coll|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|year=2014|isbn=978-1782432326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Life after Cindy|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/television-in-wales/2009/07/17/wm-interview-life-after-cindy-91466-24176847|work=WalesOnline|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> Mgbe Collins dị afọ iri na anọ, nne ya laghachiri na mahadum iji nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu.<ref name="mirror">{{Cite news|title=Exclusive Michelle Collins on Her Looks, The Toyboy, Pole-Dancing, Yoga.. And Why She Stopped Watching X Factor|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/exclusive-michelle-collins-on-her-looks-the-toyboy-1650768|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=9 March 2008|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> Nafọ ndị 1970, Collins bụ onye otu ndị ntorobịa Woodcraft Folk, ma soro otu ahụ gaa [[Romania]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lam|first=Sophie|title=My Life in Travel: Michelle Collins|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/my-life-in-travel-michelle-collins-796139.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=15 March 2008|accessdate=17 September 2018}}</ref> Collins zụrụ na Royal Court Activists na Cockpit Youth Theatre site na afọ 14, na Kingsway Princeton College, ebe ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri na O / A-level.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Charalambous|first=Anthi|title=How We Met: Michelle Collins & Aldo Zilli|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/how-we-met-michelle-collins--aldo-zilli-1098597.html|work=The Independent|date=6 June 1999|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Mgbe ule ya gasịrị, Collins nwetara ọrụ na Mikhail Bulgakov's The Crimson Island, nke Lou Stein duziri, na Gate Theatre. Ọrụ ya gbanwere ntụziaka mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na vidiyo 1978 maka egwu Squeeze "Cool For Cats". Ìgwè ahụ nọrọ ọnwa iri na asatọ naeme njem na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/interview-michelle-collins-on-a-thoroughly-modern-career-1457354|title=Interview: Michelle Collins on a thoroughly modern career &#124; The Scotsman}}</ref> Mgbe òtù ahụ kewara na 1982, ọ laghachiri nime ihe nkiri ma site nenyemaka nke enyi ya, onye naeme ihe nkiri na Britain bụ Tim Roth, ọ nwetara òkè na egwu egwu ya na Gary Hutton na Gary Shail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/lifestyle/winter-in-the-city/15114043.michelle-collins-i-love-acting-but-i-need-more/|title=Michelle Collins: I love acting, but I need more|date=23 February 2017|work=Glasgow Times}}</ref> Oge mbụ Collins pụtara na TV bụ Gary Oldman na ihe nkiri BBC Morgan's Boy . Ihe ngosi TV ndị ọzọ gụnyere: usoro abụọ nke sitcom Running Wild, ebe ọ naeme Ray Brooks nwa nwanyị; akụkụ na ihe nkiri ITV The Bill; mmepụta Screen Two ''Lucky Sunil'', nke Michael Caton Jones duziri na egwuregwu BBC Pressures. O mechara pụta na ihe nkiri atọ: Personal Services, Empire State na Stephen Poliakoff's Hidden City . Collins pụtara notu ihe omume nke BBC's ''Bergerac'' (usoro 4) na 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/tv/eastenders-actress-michelle-collins-life-27180091|title=Michelle Collins' life from forgotten Corrie role to husband 22 years younger|first=Angie|author=Quinn|date=22 June 2023|work=MyLondon}}</ref> === ''Ndị EastEnders'' === Mgbe ọ naese ihe nkiri BBC Pressures na 1988, onye naemepụta EastEnders bụ Julia Smith hụrụ Collins, onye gwara ya ka ọ nyochaa maka ọrụ Cindy Beale, onye gaapụta na ihe omume 11 nke ncha ahụ. Omume aghụghọ, nke naenweghị uche nke àgwà ya bụ ihe naewu ewu n'etiti ndị naekiri ya nihi ya, a gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta ya ma onye ahụ ghọrọ onye isi ọjọọ na usoro ahụ. Cindy bụ nwunye naekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi nke onye EastEnders siri ike Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt), netiti 1988 na 1998. Noge ezumike site na EastEnders, o mere ihe nkiri Real Women maka BBC, ya na Pauline Quirke na Frances Barber. Nabalị iri na anọ nọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, Collins weghachiri ọrụ Cindy maka obere oge maka Children in Need.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2014/nov/07/why-its-time-to-stop-bringing-old-eastenders-characters-back|title=Why it's time to stop bringing old EastEnders characters back|author=Liz Cookman|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 November 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> Na Mee 2023, a mara ọkwa na Collins gaalaghachi na ncha mgbe afọ 25 gasịrị, nakụkụ Woodyatt, si otú a kpọlite onye ahụ nọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EastEnders spoilers: Cindy Beale returns from the dead in massive shocking twist|url=https://metro.co.uk/2023/05/19/eastenders-spoilers-cindy-beale-returns-from-the-dead-with-ian-18815039|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|accessdate=19 May 2023|date=19 May 2023}}</ref> Collins laghachiri nọrụ ahụ kpamkpam na June 2023, ebe a kpughere na Cindy anwụghị noge ọ naamụ nwa, mana ọ banyere na mmemme nchedo ndị akaebe ma were njirimara nke 'Rose Knight', nwunye George Knight (Colin Salmon) na nne Gina (Francesca Henry) na Anna (Molly Rainford).<ref>{{Cite web|title=EastEnders: Michelle Collins returns as Cindy Beale after 25 years|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-65986136.amp|work=[[BBC]]|accessdate=22 June 2023|date=21 June 2023}}</ref> === Mgbe EastEnders gasịrị === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị EastEnders na 1998, ọrụ ya hụrụ usoro ihe nkiri. Ndị a gụnyere: usoro abụọ nke Real Women (BBC One); usoro abụọ nke ''Sunburn'' (BBC One), nke Collins bụrụ abụ isiokwu (nke bụ nke 28 na UK Singles Chart na 1999); Daylight Robbery (ITV); The Sleeper (BBC ''One''): usoro atọ nke Two Thousand Acres of Sky (BBC One).<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{Cite book|first=David|author=Roberts|year=2006|title=British Hit Singles & Albums|edition=19th|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited|location=London, UK|isbn=1-904994-10-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/sky/meetthecast/abby.shtml|title=BBC Drama – Two Thousand Acres of Sky – Michelle Collins|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 February 2013}}</ref> Nafọ 2003, Collins mere Sarah Barton na Single.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/03/broadcasting.ITV|date=3 November 2003|first=Claire|author=Cousens|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=ITV drama hopes dashed|accessdate=15 April 2021}}</ref> Nafọ 2003, Collins mere ihe nkiri BBC Sea of Souls wee gaa nihu naeme ihe nkiri maka Granada / Cha''nne''l 4 nke a naakpọ The Illustrated Mum, nke kọrọ akụkọ banyere ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ naanagide omume a naapụghị ịkọwapụta akọwa nke nne ha dara mbà nobi, onye aṅụrụma. Ihe nkiri ahụ, nke Jacqueline Wilson dere, dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụaka nke otu aha ahụ. E gosipụtara ya na Krismas 2003 wee merie Emmy Award na BAFTA abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_illustrated_mum|title=The Illustrated Mum - Rotten Tomatoes|work=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, ọ pụtara n'otu ihe omume nke ''French na Saunders'' ma soro onye naeme ihe nkiri EastEnders Martin Kemp mee ihe nkiri ITV Can't Buy Me Love .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/cant_buy_me_love_2004|title=Can't Buy Me Love - Rotten Tomatoes|work=www.rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, Collins pụtara na ihe nkiri ITV The Last Detective na ihe nkiri BBC The Family Man, nakụkụ Daniela Denby-Ashe, ''nke'' gosipụtara na Machị 2006. Ọ pụtara na egwu egwu West End Daddy Cool, ma mgbe ọ naarụ ọrụ nabalị, ''ọ gbara'' usoro maka ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Broken nke Vicki Psarias dere ma duzie, nke gara n'ihu merie ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa. O gosiputara na ihe nkiri Don't Stop Dreaming, nke e weputara na 2007. Ọ hapụrụ Daddy Cool na Jenụwarị 2007 iji gbaa Doctor Who "42".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/01/31/40436.shtml|title=Collins cast|accessdate=31 January 2007|work=BBC Doctor Who website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203155745/http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2007/01/31/40436.shtml|archive-date=3 February 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nụbọchị nke abụọ nọnwa Julaị nafọ 2007, a mara ọkwa na a họpụtara Collins ka ọ bụrụ Karina Faith na usoro ihe nkiri ITV ọhụrụ, Rock Rivals, nke Shed Productions mepụtara.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/a63747/michelle-collins-lands-rock-rivals-role.html "Michelle Collins lands 'Rock Rivals' role"], ''Digital Spy''. Retrieved 22 December 2014.</ref> Nafọ 2009, Collins sonyere na mmemme BBC Wales Coming Home banyere akụkọ ezinụlọ ya na Welsh. Nabalị iri abụọ na otu nọnwa Mee afọ 2009, a nụrụ na Collins anwalewo ka ọ bụrụ onye naeme ihe nkiri na US Desperate Housewives, mana ọ sonyeere ndị naeme ya.<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/a165144/eastenders-star-auditions-for-housewives.html "EastEnders" Star Auditions for "Housewives"], ''Digital Spy'', 14 July 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/us-series/desperate-housewives-2009/news/michelle-collins-has-desperate-housewives-audition/6387 "Michelle Collins Has 'Desperate Housewives' Audition"], ''What's on TV'', 14 July 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/a168319/michelle-collins-would-do-soap-again.html Michelle Collins "Would Do Soap Again"], ''Digital Spy'', 30 July 2009.</ref> Nọnwa Juun afọ 2010, a mara ọkwa na Collins gaapụta dị ka nne onye ọrịa na Casualty.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|url=http://www.holby.tv/michelle-collins-to-guest-star|title=Michelle Collins to Guest Star|publisher=Holby.tv|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> Nafọ 2010, ọ mekwara ihe nkiri na ''Romeo'' & Juliet na Octagon Theatre, Bolton, naegwu Nọọsụ. Site na 7 Eprel ruo 7 Mee 2011, Collins gosipụtara dị ka Sheila Grundy, nwunye nke atọ ''nke'' Fred Dibnah, na The Demolition Man na Octagon Theatre, Bolton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/apr/11/the-demolition-man-review|title=The Demolition Man – review|first=Alfred|author=Hickling|date=11 April 2011}}</ref> === ''Okporo ámá Coronation'' === <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ; background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" id="186" style=""> "I am honoured to be joining the cast of ''Coronation Street''. The show has been part of my life since I was a child, so to become a part of it is extremely exciting." </blockquote> </div>Nọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2011, e biputere asịrị na Digital Spy na Collins nọ na mkparịta ụka iji sonye na ncha EastEnders bụ Coronation Street, mgbe a naekwu na ya na onye naemepụta ncha na ezigbo enyi ya bụ Phil Collinson zutere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a299605/michelle-collins-for-coronation-street.html|title=Michelle Collins for 'Coronation Street'?|work=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Colin|author=Daniels|date=23 January 2011|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa atọ gachara, e gosipụtara na Collins sonyeere ndị naeme ihe nkiri dị ka Stella Price, onye nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ nke Rovers Return pub, naeti Lisa Maxwell maka ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13099147|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Michelle Collins joins Coronation Street|date=15 April 2011}}</ref> Ihe omume mbụ ya gosipụtara na 16 June 2011 wee nweta akara nke nde 8.4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a325436/michelle-collinss-coronation-street-debut-nabs-84m.html|title=Michelle Collins's 'Coronation Street' debut nabs 8.4m|work=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Andrew|author=Laughlin|date=17 June 2011|accessdate=22 December 2014}}</ref> A mara ọkwa ya na 22 Ọgọstụ 2013 Collins kpebiri ịhapụ Coronation Street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23792788|title=Michelle Collins to leave Coronation Street|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 August 2013|accessdate=23 January 2020}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2014, Collins kwuru na ọ "naenweghị obi ụtọ" nihi enweghị oge ihuenyo maka ya na àgwà ya. Collins mere ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ya na 19 Febụwarị 2014, wee pụta ikpeazụ ya dị ka Stella na 2 Eprel 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/04/02/bye-bye-stella-michelle-collins-waves-goodbye-to-coronation-street-and-opens-up-on-life-after-the-cobbles-4686660/|title=T'rah Stella! Michelle Collins waves goodbye to Coronation Street and opens up on life after the cobbles|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|author=Michelle Collins|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> === Mgbe Coronation Street gasịrị === Kemgbe ọ hapụrụ Coronation Street, Collins enweela ọrụ ''ndị'' ọbịa dị iche iche na ihe nkiri telivishọn: Casualty dị ka Samantha Kellman (2014), Death in Paradise dị ka Annette Burgess (2015), na Midsomer Murders dị ka Nadine Campbell (2016). N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019 Collins pụtara na Casualty dị ka Lorna Rowle/Hammond .<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Richard Osman's House of Games: Michelle Collins' 22 year age gap with younger boyfriend who she was introduced to by her niece|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/celebs/bbc-richard-osmans-house-games-21890841|work=My London|accessdate=22 June 2023|date=18 October 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, Collins sonyere na usoro ihe omume ITV ''Bear Grylls'': Mission Survive .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a788111/bear-grylls-mission-survive-michelle-collins-left-hanging-terrifying-video/|title=Michelle Collins is left hanging on Mission Survive|date=24 March 2016|work=Digital Spy}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Collins nwere nwa nwanyị site na onye bụbu enyi Fabrizio Tassalini, Maia Rose (amụrụ na 29 Septemba 1996).<ref>{{Cite book|title=This Is Me|url=https://archive.org/details/thisisme0000coll|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|author=Michelle Collins|year=2014|isbn=978-1782432326}}</ref> Nafọ 2014, Collins kpughere na nafọ 1998 - naenwe nchegbu maka njedebe nke mmekọrịta ya na Tassalini na mmetụta nrụgide ọrụ - ọ nwara igbu onwe ya mgbe ọ naese ihe nkiri ''Sunburn'' na Saịprọs. Ọ ṅụrụ ọgwụ ụra gabigara ókè mana o mechara teta ma gwa ya ka ọ kpọga ya nụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/michelle-collins-tells-suicide-bid-3300746|title=Michelle Collins tells of suicide bid: I took pills and decided no one would miss me|date=30 March 2014|author=Doug Wight|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ha kewara, Collins na Tassalini nwere mmekọrịta enyi na enyi, onye bi nso, ha zụlitere nwa ha nwanyị ọnụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2014.<ref name="mirror"/> Nọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, Collins kwupụtara na ya na onye ya na ya nọrọ afọ iri, Mike Davidson, kwere nkwa ọlụlụ. Ha lụrụ nọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/eastenders-michelle-collins-wedding-exclusive-27728091|title=Michelle Collins' wedding pics from rule-breaking reception to barefoot dancing|first=Gemma|author=McCartney|date=15 August 2022|work=OK! Magazine}}</ref> Nọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2014, Collins bụ otu nime mmadụ 200 bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ''The Guardian'' naemegide nnwere onwe Scotland na mbido ntuli aka nke Septemba na okwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/celebrities-open-letter-scotland-independence-full-text|title=Celebrities' open letter to Scotland – full text and list of signatories|work=The Guardian|date=7 August 2014|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref> Collins naetinye aka na ọrụ ebere. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Oxfam ma gaa Brazil, South Africa na Armenia, naakwalite mkpa maka ikike agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/armenia/health/collins.htm|title=Countries we work in &#124; Oxfam GB|publisher=Oxfam.org.uk|accessdate=13 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223142434/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/where_we_work/armenia/health/collins.htm|archivedate=23 February 2007}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Ambitious about Autism na onye nkwado maka Alexandra Wylie Tower Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/page/who_we_are/aaa_people/ambassadors.cfm|title=Ambassadors|publisher=Ambitious about Autism|accessdate=13 February 2013|archivedate=14 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014051043/http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/page/who_we_are/aaa_people/ambassadors.cfm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awtf.org/patrons.html|title=Patrons|work=Alexandra Wylie Tower Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818014456/http://www.awtf.org/patrons.html|archivedate=18 August 2013}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Note(s) |- | rowspan="3" |1987 |''Empire State'' |Emma | |- |''Personal Services'' |June | |- |''Hidden City'' |Applicant at Hairdressing Salon | |- |1993 |''Shattered Family'' |Julie | |- |1996 |''Darkman III: Die Darkman Die'' |Nurse | |- |2000 |''The Sleeper'' |Diana Wakeham | |- |2001 |''Lloyd &amp;amp; Hill'' |DI Judy Hill | |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''The Night We Called It a Day'' |Mrs. Appleby | |- |''The Illustrated Mum'' |Marigold Westward | |- |2004 |''Bubblegum'' |Jenny |Short film |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Don't Stop Dreaming'' |Jessica | |- |''Broken'' |Janet | rowspan="5" |Short film |- | rowspan="2" |2008 |''Play'' |Mother |- |''Getting Out'' |Chelle |- |2013 |''Shades'' |The Actress |- |2017 |''Black Road'' |Maggie Laine |- |2021 |''Rise of the Footsoldier: Origins'' |Mandy Williams | |- |2022 |''The Long Walk'' |Suzanne James |Short film |- |2023 |''My House'' |Sarah | |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Note(s) |- | rowspan="2" |1984 |''Scene'' |Ria |Episode: "Good Neighbours" |- |''Morgan's Boy'' |Carol |Episode: #1.1 |- | rowspan="2" |1985 |''Marjorie and Men'' |Debbie |2 episodes |- |''Bergerac'' |Trace |Episode: "Chrissie" |- | rowspan="2" |1986 |''The Bill'' |Sharon Brand |Episode: "Loan Shark" |- |''Gems'' |Pru Murphy |10 episodes |- |1987–1989 |''Running Wild'' |Stephanie Wild |All 13 episodes |- |1987 |''Full House'' |Abby |Episode: "The First Day of School" |- |1988 |''Screen Two'' |Daisy |Episode: "Lucky Sunil" |- |1988–1990,<br /><br /> 1992–1998,<br /><br /> 2023–present |''EastEnders'' |Cindy Beale |Series regular |- | rowspan="2" |1999–2000 |''Sunburn'' |Nicki Matthews |Main role; 14 episodes |- |''Daylight Robbery'' |Kathy Lawrence |Main role |- |2001–2003 |''Two Thousand Acres of Sky'' |Abby Wallace |Main role |- |2002 |''Ella and the Mothers'' |Gina |Main role |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |''The Illustrated Mum'' |Marigold Westward |Main role |- |''Lloyd &amp;amp; Hill'' |DI Judy Hill |TV film |- | rowspan="2" |2004 |''French and Saunders'' |Regan Lear |Episode #6.4 |- |''Sea of Souls'' |Katie Quinn |2 episodes |- |2005 |''The Last Detective'' |Maureen Fallon |Episode: "Willesden Confidential" |- |2006 |''The Family Man'' |Gillian |TV film |- |2007 |''Doctor Who'' |Kath McDonnell |Episode: "42" |- |2008 |''Rock Rivals'' |Karina Faith |8 episodes |- |2009 |''Hotel Babylon'' |Karen |Episode: #4.8 |- | rowspan="2" |2010 |''Agatha Christie's Marple'' |Treadwell |Episode: “The Secret of Chimneys” |- |''Casualty'' |Camille Lewis |4 episodes |- |2011–2014 |''Coronation Street'' |Stella Price |Series regular; 447 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2014 |''Casualty'' |Samantha Kellman |3 episodes |- |''Children in Need'' |Cindy Beale |''EastEnders'' special |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Death in Paradise'' |Annette Burgess |Episode: “She Was Murdered Twice” |- |''Suntrap'' |Coco |Episode: “Casino” |- |2016 |''Midsomer Murders'' |Nadine Campbell |Episode: “The Incident at Cooper Hill” |- |2018 |''The Dumping Ground'' |Fiona Johnson |4 episodes |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Queens of Mystery'' |Electra Bliss |2 episodes "Death by Vinyl" |- |''Casualty'' |Lorna Rowle |Episode: #34.8 |} === Mpụta ndị ọbịa === * Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes (9 Ọktoba 1999) - Onye naasọmpi, dị ka Chrissie Hynde * The Paul O'Grady Show (1 Disemba 2004, 30 Machị 2006, 25 Nọvemba 2009) - Onye ọbịa * All Star Family Fortunes (13 Septemba 2008) - Onye na-asọ mpi * ''Dị ka a hụrụ ya na TV'' (30 Julaị 2009) - Onye ọbịa * ''Gịnị ka'' Kids Maara? (31 Jenụwarị 2010) - Onye isi ndị otu ndị ọbịa * Ndị inyom nwere onwe ha (2010) - Onye nnọchiteanya * ''Ihe ngosi Alan Titchmarsh'' (26 Ọktoba 2010) - Onye ọbịa * ''Ònye chọrọ ịbụ onye ọgaranya?'' (Ọgọst 2011) - Onye na-asọ mpi na William Roache * ''Ka anyị'' na Gino & Mel laa nri ehihie (30 August 2011, 16 July 2014) - Onye ọbịa * Celebrity Juice (13 Ọktoba 2011) - Onye nnọchiteanya * ''The Chase'': Celebrity Special (5 Nọvemba 2011) - Onye naasọmpi * Paddy's 2011 Show and Telly (29 December 2011) - Onye naasọ mpi na Melanie Sykes * ''12 Ọzọ'' (7 June 2012) - Onye ọbịa * ''Gosipụta m Telly'' (26, 29 Nọvemba 3, 5, 9, 12, 19 Disemba 2013) - Panellist * Catchphrase: Christmas Special (29 December 2013) - Onye naasọmpi * ''Ngwụsị izu'' (26 Eprel 2014) - Onye ọbịa * Saturday Kitchen (3 May 2014) - Onye ọbịa * ''N'ụtụtụ a'' (10 Julaị 2015) - Onye ọbịa * ''Enweghị isi'' (28 Disemba 2019) - Onye naasọmpi * ''Njikọ Kasị Ike'' (30 Disemba 2021) - Onye naasọmpi * Garraway's Good Stuff (19 June 2022) - Onye ọbịa == Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Note(s) |- |1990–1991 |''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' |Snow White |Oxford Apollo |- |1991–1992 |''Aladdin'' |The Princess |Oxford Apollo |- |1994–1995 |''Jack and the Beanstalk'' |Jack |Hackney Empire |- |1996–1997 |''Dick Whittington'' |Alice Fitzwarren |Orchard Theatre, Dartford |- |2004 |''Rattle of a Simple Man'' |Cyreene |Harold Pinter Theatre |- |2004–2005 |''The Play What I Wrote'' |Various |UK Tour |- |2006–2007 |''Daddy Cool'' |Ma Baker |Shaftesbury Theatre |- |2008–2009 |''Cinderella'' |Wicked Stepmother |Bristol Hippodrome |- |2010 |''Calendar Girls'' |Cora |Phoenix Theatre; Various |- |2011 |''Romeo and Juliet'' |Nurse |Octagon Theatre, Bolton |- |2011 |''The Demolition Man'' |Sheila Grundy |Octagon Theatre, Bolton |- |2014 |''The Glass Supper'' |Wendy |Hampstead Theatre, London |- |2016 |''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'' |Baroness Bombhurst |UK Tour |- |2016–2017 |''Aladdin'' |The Genie |Aylesbury Waterside |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''A Dark Night in Dalston'' |Gina |Park Theatre, London |- |''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' |Mrs. Meers |UK Tour |- |2017–2018 |''Cinderella'' |Wicked Stepmother |Orchard Theatre, Dartford |- |2018–2019 |''Jack and the Beanstalk'' |Fairy Nuff |Crewe Lyceum |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''My Dad’s Gap Year'' |Cath |Park Theatre, London |- |''How Love is Spelt'' |Marion |Southwark Playhouse |- |2019–2020 |''Sleeping Beauty'' |Carabosse |Wyvern Theatre, Swindon |- |2020 |''The Birthday Party'' |Meg |UK Tour |- |2021 |''Safe Sex'' |Marion |The Turbine Theatre, London |- |2021–2022 |''Sleeping Beauty'' |Nightshade |Poole Lighthouse Theatre |- |2022 |''Cluedo'' |Miss Scarlett |UK Tour |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|title=This Is Me|url=https://archive.org/details/thisisme0000coll|publisher=Michael O'Mara|author=Michelle Collins|year=2014|isbn=978-1782432326}} * {{IMDb name|name=Michelle Collins}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7m79tutl6zreg1dar1kh95sn0srbyo9 0 30260 741845 722069 2026-10-28T18:02:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Khadijah bint Khuwaylid''' (Arabic: خَدِيجَة بِنْت خُوَيْلِد, : Khadīja bint Khuwayled, c. 555 - November 619 OA) bụ nwunye mbụ na onye na-esọ ụzọ onye amụma Islam [[Muhammad]].<ref name="DOB">{{Cite web|url=http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/|title=The Age of Khadija at the Time of her Marriage with the Prophet: Abstract|first=Waqar Akbar|author=Cheema|date=4 December 2017|accessdate=15 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415013002/http://icraa.org/the-age-of-khadija-at-the-time-of-her-marriage-with-the-prophet/|archivedate=15 April 2019}}</ref> Khadija bụ nwa nwanyị nke Khuwaylid ibn Asad, onye ama ama nke agburu Quraysh na Makkah na onye ahịa na-ga nke ọma. [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] na-akpọkarịKhadija "Nne nke ndị kwere ekwe". Na Islam, ọ bụ nwanyị dị mkpa dị ka otu n'ime 'ndị inyom anọ nke eluigwe', n'akụkụ Asiya, Maryam, na nwa ya nwanyị Fatimah.<ref name="EoQ">Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Leidan: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2001. Print.</ref> [[Muhammad]] lụrụ ya naanị otu nwanyị ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. [[Usòrò:Ancestors_Khadija_(AS).jpg|thumb|Ndị nna nna nke onye amụma Alakụba Muhammad na nwunye ya, Khadija bint Khuwaylid]] Nne Khadija, Fatima bint Za'idah, onye nwụrụ na 575, bụ onye otu Amir ibn Luayy nke Quraysh na nwa nwanne nne nke atọ nke nne Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__9KDwAAQBAJ&q=Fatima+bint+Za%27idah%2C+who+died+around+575&pg=PA452|title=The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History|first=Scott E.|author=Hendrix|isbn=9781440841385|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2018|accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/5.htm|title=Chapter 2: Early Life|work=Al-Islam.org|accessdate=2009-09-09|archivedate=2002-05-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020504161810/http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/5.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=S.M.|author=Haq|title=Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, vol. 1.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Women of Madina|publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers}}</ref> Nna Khadija, Khuwaylid ibn Asad, bụ onye ahịa na onye ndú.<ref name="Benedikt 2014">{{Cite book|author=Benedikt|first=Koehler|title=Early Islam and the Birth of Capitalism|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2014}}</ref> Dị ka ụfọdụ akụkọ si kwuo, ọ nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka na Agha Sacrilegious, mana dị ka ndị ọzọ si kwuo, a ka dị ndụ mgbe Khadija lụrụ Muhammad na 595.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford}}</ref><ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', pp. 148–149. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref> Khuwaylid nwekwara nwanne nwanyị aha ya bụ Ume Habib binte Asad.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', p. 54. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref> == Ọrụ == Khadija bụ onye ahịa na-aga nke ọma. A na-ekwu na mgbe ndị njem azụmahịa nke ndị Quraysh gbakọtara iji malite njem oge okpomọkụ ha gaa Siria ma ọ bụ njem oyi ha gaa Yemen, ndị njem Khadija hà ka ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ niile nke ndị Quraish gbakọtakọrọ.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 10. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> E nyere Khadija ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ, gụnyere 'Onye nsọpụrụ', 'Princess of Quraysh' (''Ameerat-Quraysh''), na 'Khadija the Great' (''Khadija al-Kubra'').<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZbFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|author=van Gorder|first=A Christian|title=Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective|date=2014|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-227-17422-7|accessdate=2017-12-29}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ọ na-enye ndị ogbenye nri ma na-eyi uwe, na-enyere ndị ikwu ya aka n'ụzọ ego, ma na-enye akụkụ alụmdi na nwunye maka mmekọrịta ọjọọ.<ref name=":0" /> A na-ekwu na Khadija ekweghị ma ọ bụ na-efe arụsị, nke na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ọdịbendị ndị Arab tupu Islam.<ref name="Yasin T. al-Jibouri">{{Cite web|author=Yasin T. al-Jibouri|title=Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad|date=20 January 2013|url=https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|publisher=[[Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project]]|accessdate=23 August 2017|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042147/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|archivedate=2 February 2017}} "One particular quality in Khadija was quite interesting, probably more so than any of her other qualities mentioned above: She believed in nor worshipped idols."</ref> Khadija esoghị ndị ahịa ya mee njem; kama nke ahụ, ọ were ndị ọzọ n'ọrụ ka ha zụọ ahịa maka ya maka ọrụ. N'afọ 595 Khadija chọrọ onye ọrụ ibe ya maka azụmahịa na Siria. Ọ were [[Muhammad]] ibn Abdullah, onye dị afọ iri abụọ na ise n'oge ahụ, n'ọrụ maka azụmahịa na Siria, na-eziga ozi na ọ ga-akwụ ụgwọ iji okpukpu abụọ nke ọrụ ya.<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 1. Translated by Haq, S. M. ''Ibn Sa'ad's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir'', p. 145–146. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref> Site na ikike nke Abu Talib ibn Muttalib, nwanne nna ya, e zigara Muhammad na otu n'ime ndị na-ejere Khadija ozi na Siria. Ahụmahụ a mere ka Muhammad nweta nsọpụrụ nke ''al-Sadiq'' (''<nowiki/>'Onye<ref>Martin Lings, ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources'', p. 33–34.</ref>'' Eziokwu') na al-Amin ('Onye A Tụkwasịrị Obi' ma ọ bụ 'Onye Nsọpụrụ'). O zigara otu n'ime ndị na-ejere ya ozi, Maysarah, iji nyere ya aka. Mgbe ọ laghachiri, Maysarah nyere akụkọ banyere ụzọ dị ùgwù nke Muhammad ji mee azụmahịa ya, na-eweta uru okpukpu abụọ karịa ka Khadija tụrụ anya ya.<ref name="Guillaume">{{Cite book|author=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1955|publisher=Oxford}}</ref> == Echiche dị iche iche banyere alụmdi na nwunye gara aga == === Nsụgharị Shia === Ibn Shahrashub hotara site na al-Sayyid al-Murtada na ''al-Shafi'' na al-Tusi na ''al-Talkhis'', na Khadija bụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke mgbe ọ lụrụ Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manaqib Al Abi Talib|author=Ibn Shahrashub|pages=Vol. 1, P. 159}}</ref> N'ịtụle ọnọdụ ọdịbendị na ọgụgụ isi na Hijaz, na ọnọdụ dị elu na ọnọdụ Khadija al-Kubra nwere, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, o yighị ka ọ lụrụ ndị ikom si Banu Tamim ma ọ bụ Banu Makhzum (ebo abụọ 'dị ala').<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|author=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 123}}</ref> Ụfọdụ kwenyere na ụmụ abụọ a na-ekwu na Khadija bụ ụmụ Hala, ụmụnne Khadija. Mgbe di Hala nwụsịrị, Khadija lekọtara Hala na (mgbe Hala nwụsịrị) ụmụ Hala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|author=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 125}}</ref> === Nsụgharị Sunni === Khadija lụrụ di ugboro atọ ma mụọ ụmụ site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya niile. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-arụrịta ụka banyere usoro alụmdi na nwunye ya, a na-ekwere n'ozuzu ya na ọ lụrụ Atiq ibn 'A'idh ibn' Abdullah Al-Makhzumi, Malik ibn Nabash ibn Zargari ibn at-Tamimi sochiri ya.<ref name="al-Tabari 1990">{{Cite book|url=http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_09.pdf|author=al-Tabari (trans. Ismail K Poona Walla)|title=Volume 9: The Last Years of the Prophet|year=1990|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-88706-691-7|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Na Atiq, Khadija mụrụ nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Hindah. Alụmdi na nwunye a hapụrụ Khadija dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ.<ref name="trof"/> Ya na Malik, o nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, ndị aha ha bụ Hala na Hind. Malik hapụkwara Khadija dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, ọ nwụrụ tupu azụmahịa ya agaa nke ọma.<ref name="womanislam"/> Khadija mechara rịọ Muhammad arịrịọ.<ref name="Guillaume"/> == Alụmdi na nwunye na Muhammad == Khadija nyere enyi ya aha ya bụ Nafisa ka ọ bịakwute Muhammad ma jụọ ma ọ ga-atụle ịlụ di.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest iiiiSources|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist|location=New York}}</ref> Mgbe Muhammad nwere obi abụọ n'ihi na o nweghị ego iji kwado nwunye ya, Nafisa jụrụ ma ọ ga-atụle ịlụ nwanyị nwere ihe iji kwado onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadhislifeb0000ling|year=1983|publisher=Inner Traditions Internationalist}}</ref> Muhammad kwetara izute Khadija, mgbe nzukọ a gasịrị, ha gakwuuru ụmụnne nna ha. Ụmụnne nna kwetara na alụmdi na nwunye ahụ, ụmụnne nna Muhammad sonyeere ya ka ha rịọ Khadija arịrịọ.<ref name="Guillaume"/> A na-arụ ụka ma ọ bụ Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib, Abu Talib, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ sonyeere Muhammad na njem a.<ref name="trof"/> Nwanne nna Khadija nabatara arịrịọ ahụ, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ wee mee. N'oge alụmdi na nwunye ahụ, Muhammad dị ihe dị ka afọ 23 ruo 25.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ibn Ishaq|title=Mustadrak Al-Hakim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ibn Sa'd|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|language=ar|quote=أخبرنا هشام بن محمد بن السائب عن أبيه عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس قال:كانت خديجة يوم تزوجها رسول الله – صلى الله عليه وسلم – ابنة ثمان وعشرين سنة}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Abu ‘Abdullah Al-Hakim|title=al-Mustadrak|language=ar|quote=عن محمد بن إسحاق، أن أبا طالب وخديجة بنت خويلد هلكا في عام واحد، وذلك قبل مهاجر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة بثلاث سنين، ودفنت خديجة بالحجون، ونزل في قبرها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وكان لها يوم تزوجها ثمان وعشرون سنة}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Muhammad|first=Ibn Sa’d|title=Tabaqat al-Kubra|pages=Vol.8, 13}}</ref> Khadija dị afọ iri anọ n'oge ahụ dịka ụfọdụ akwụkwọ si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Sahih Min Sirat Al Nabi|author=Amili|pages=Vol. 2, P. 114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Mustadrak Al Hakim|author=Ibn Ishaq|pages=3. p. 182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|author=Ibn Saad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Mustadarak|author=Abo Abdullah Al Hakim}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 28 ma ọ bụ 30 n'oge alụmdi na nwunye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Tabaqat Al Kubra|author=Ibn Saad|pages=Vol.8 page 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=al-Mustadrak|author=Al-Hakim Abu‘Abdullah|pages=Vol.3, 200 No. 4837}}</ref> === Ụmụaka ===   Muhammad na Khadija nwere ike inwe ụmụ isii ma ọ bụ asatọ.<ref name="womanislam"/> (Isi mmalite ekwekọrịtaghị banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka: Al-Tabari aha asatọ; akụkọ ndụ mbụ nke Muhammad site na Ibn Ishaq, aha ụmụaka asaa; ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-akọwa naanị isii).<ref name="al-Tabari 1990"/> Nwa mbụ ha bụ Qasim, onye nwụrụ mgbe ọ gachara ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke atọ (ya mere aha Muhammad bụ Abu Qasim).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gw.geneanet.org/gilenob?lang=en&n=muhammad&oc=0&p=qasim+ibn|author=Barboza|first=Gileno|title=Qasim ibn Muhammad|work=Geneanet|accessdate=18 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Noble%20Life%20of%20The%20Prophet.pdf|author=As-Sallaabee|first=Dr 'Ali Muhammad (trans. Faisal Shafeeq|title=The noble life of the Prophet|date=2001|accessdate=2020-03-18}}</ref> Khadija wee mụọ ụmụ ha nwanyị Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Kulthum na Fatima; na n'ikpeazụ nwa ha nwoke Abd Allah. A maara Abd Allah dị ka ''at-Tayyib'' ('Onye Ọma') na at-Tahir ('Onye Dị Ọcha'). Abd-Allah nwụkwara n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref name="womanislam">{{Cite web|work=Islam's Women|url=http://www.islamswomen.com/articles/khadijah_bint_khuwaylid.php|title=Khadijah bint Khuwaylid|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318150741/http://islamswomen.com/articles/khadijah_bint_khuwaylid.php|archivedate=18 March 2019}}</ref> Ụmụaka abụọ ọzọ bikwa n'ụlọ Khadija: Ali ibn Abi Talib, nwa nwanne nna Muhammad; na Zayd ibn Harithah, nwa nwoke si n'ebo Kalb nke a tọọrọ ma ree ka ọ bụrụ ohu. Zayd bụ ohu n'ụlọ Khadija ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ruo mgbe nna ya bịara Mecca iji kpọrọ ya laa n'ụlọ. Muhammad siri ọnwụ na a ga-enye Zayd nhọrọ banyere ebe ọ bi, Zayd wee kpebie ịnọ ebe ọ nọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị Muhammad nabatara Zayd n'ụzọ iwu dị ka nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="trof">{{Cite web|title=Khadija bint Khuwaylid|url=http://treeoffaith.com/#/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid/4537884462|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407055050/http://treeoffaith.com/#/khadijah-bint-khuwaylid/4537884462|archivedate=2012-04-07|work=Tree of Faith}}</ref> == Ịghọ onye mbụ na-eso Muhammad == [[Usòrò:Khadija_al-Kubra.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|205x205px|Ihe nrite efu nke Khadijah nke a hụrụ na ''Promptuarii iconum insigniorum'' - 1553]] Dị ka akụkọ ọdịnala Sunni si kwuo, mgbe Muhammad kọrọ mkpughe mbụ ya site n'aka [[mmụọ ozi]] Gabriel (Jibril), Khadija bụ onye mbụ nabatara Al-Haqq The Truth i.e. ọ nabatara Islam.<ref name="Guillaume 111">{{Cite book|author=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford}}</ref> Mgbe ahụmahụ ya n'ọgba Hira gasịrị, Muhammad laghachiri n'ụlọ Khadija n'ọnọdụ egwu, na-arịọ ya ka o kpuchie ya na blanket. Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị, ọ kọwaara Khadija ihe ahụ zutere, onye kasiri ya obi na okwu ahụ bụ na Allah ga-echebe ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ ọ bụla, ọ gaghịkwa ekwe ka onye ọ bụla mebie ya dịka ọ bụ nwoke udo na ime udo ma na-agbatị aka ọbụbụenyi nye mmadụ niile mgbe niile.<ref name="womanislam"/> Dị ka ụfọdụ akwụkwọ si kwuo, ọ bụ nwa nwanne Khadija, Waraqah ibn Nawfal, kwadoro amụma Muhammad n'oge na-adịghị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|author=Al-Jibouri|first=Yasin T|title=Khadijah, Daughter of Khuwaylid, Wife of Prophet Muhammad|work=Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project|date=2020|accessdate=18 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424182620/https://www.al-islam.org/articles/khadijah-daughter-khuwaylid-wife-prophet-muhammad-yasin-t-al-jibouri|archivedate=24 April 2019}}</ref> A na-ekwu na Yahya ibn Chaninfeef na-ekwu n'otu oge, n'oge ''Jahiliyyah'' (tupu ọbịbịa nke Islam), na Mecca ka 'Abbas ibn 'Abd al-Muttalib, otu n'ime ụmụnne nna Muhammad a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, nọrọ na ya. 'Mgbe anyanwụ malitere ịpụta,' ka o kwuru, 'Ahụrụ m nwoke si n'ebe na-adịghị anya site na anyị, chee ihu na Kaaba wee malite ikpe ekpere ya. Ọ na-esiri ya ike tupu otu nwata nwoke guzo n'akụkụ aka nri ya esonyere ya, mgbe ahụ otu nwanyị guzo n"azụ ha. Mgbe o gbadatara ala, nwata nwoke ahụ na nwanyị ahụ gbadatara, mgbe o guzoro ọtọ, ha onwe ha mekwara otu ihe ahụ. Mgbe o dinara ala, ha onwe ha dinara ala.' O kwupụtara ijuanya ya na nke ahụ, na-agwa Abbas, sị: 'Nke a bụ ihe ijuanya, O Abbas!' 'Ọ bụ n'ezie?' ka al-Abbas zaghachiri. 'Ị maara onye ọ bụ?' Abbas jụrụ onye ọbịa ya, onye zaghachiri na-adịghị mma. 'Ọ bụ Muhammad ibn Abdullah, nwa nwanne m. Ị maara onye nwata nwoke ahụ bụ?' ọ jụrụ ọzọ. 'Ee e, n'ezie,' zara onye ọbịa ahụ. 'Ọ bụ Ali nwa Abu Talib. Ị maara onye nwanyị ahụ bụ?' Azịza ya bịara ọzọ na-adịghị mma, nke Abbas kwuru, 'Ọ bụ Khadija bint Khuwaylid, nwunye nwa nwanne m.' A gụnyere ihe omume a n'akwụkwọ [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] na [[Tirmizi|Al-Tirmidhi]], onye ọ bụla na-akọwa ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na Ṣaḥīḥ nke ya. Khadija kwadoro ọrụ amụma Muhammad, na-enyere aka mgbe niile n'ọrụ ya, na-akpọsa ozi ya ma na-eleda mmegide ọ bụla megide amụma ya.<ref name="Guillaume 111"/> Ọ bụ agbamume ya nyeere Muhammad aka ikwere na ọrụ ya ma gbasaa Islam.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abbott|first=Nabia|authorlink=Nabia Abbott|title=Women and the State in Early Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1942-01_1_1/page/106|journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies|volume=1|issue=1|year=1942|pages=106–109|doi=10.1086/370632}}</ref> Khadija tinyekwara akụ na ụba ya na ozi ahụ. Mgbe ndị na-efe ọtụtụ chi na ndị isi nke ndị Quraysh na-enye ndị Alakụba nsogbu, o jiri ego ya gbapụta ndị ohu Alakụba ma nye ndị Alakụbụrụ nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/14.htm|title=The Economic and Social Boycott of the Banu Hashim|work=Al-Islam.org|accessdate=2009-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109182031/http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/14.htm|archivedate=2010-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/15.htm|title=The Deaths of Khadija and Abu Talib|work=Al-Islam.org|accessdate=2009-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109182113/http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/15.htm|archivedate=2010-01-09}}</ref> N'afọ 616, ndị Quraysh kwupụtara na ha ga-egbochi azụmahịa megide ezinụlọ Hashim. Ha wakporo, tụọ ndị Alakụba mkpọrọ ma tie ha ihe, ndị na-aga ọtụtụ ụbọchị n'enweghị nri ma ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford}}</ref> Khadija gara n'ihu na-elekọta obodo ahụ ruo mgbe a kwụsịrị mmachibido iwu ahụ na ngwụcha 619 ma ọ bụ mmalite 620.<ref name="trof"/> == Ọnwụ == [[Usòrò:Khadija_tomb.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum nke Khadija na [[Jannatul-Mu'alla]] na Mecca, tupu mbibi ya site n'aka Ibn Saud na 1920s]] Khadija nwụrụ na 'Ramadan nke afọ 10 mgbe Amụma gasịrị', ya bụ, na Nọvemba 619 OA.<ref>{{Cite book|author=[[al-Tabari]]|url=https://archive.org/details/tabarivolume39/page/n191/mode/2up|title=History of Al-Tabari, Vol. 39|date=January 1998|pages=161}}</ref> Muhammad mechara kpọọ afọ nke iri a 'Afọ nke iru uju', ebe nwanne nna ya na onye nchebe ya Abu Talib nwụkwara n'oge a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford}}</ref> A na-ekwu na Khadija dị ihe dị ka afọ 65 n'oge ọnwụ ya.<ref name="The Death">{{Cite web|url=http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/15.htm|title=Chapter 12: The Death|work=Al-Islam.org|accessdate=2009-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610084210/http://www.al-islam.org/khadija/15.htm|archivedate=2011-06-10}}</ref> E liri ya na ili ozu Jannat al-Mu'alla, na Mecca, [[Saudi Arabia]]. Akụkọ ọzọ sitere n'aka Muhammad bin Ishaq na-ekwu na 'Abu Talib na Khadija bint Khuwaylid nwụrụ n'otu afọ ahụ. Nke a bụ afọ atọ tupu onye ozi Allah (Muhammad) agaa Medina. E liri Khadija na al-Hajun. Onye ozi Allah liri ya n'ili ya. Ọ dị afọ iri anọ mgbe onye ozi Allah lụrụ ya.'<ref>{{Cite book|author=Al-Hakim|first=Abu ‘Abdullah|title=al-Mustadrak|pages=Vol.3, 200 No. 4837}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị sochiri ọnwụ Khadija, Muhammad chere mkpagbu ihu site n'aka ndị na-emegide ozi ya nakwa site n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị sochiri ya na mbụ mana ugbu a laghachiri azụ. Agbụrụ ndị na-emegide ya kwara ya emo ma jiri nkume tụgbuo ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Qasimi|first=Ja'Far|title=The Life, Traditions, and Sayings of the Prophet|year=1987|publisher=New York: Crossroad|pages=77–78}}</ref> Muhammad kwagara Yathrib (Medina) mgbe ọnwụ Khadija gasịrị.   == Ụmụaka na ndị ikwu == === Ụmụ nwoke === * Qasim ibn Muhammad, nwụrụ na 601, mgbe ọ gbasịrị ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke atọ. * Abd Allah ibn Muhammad, nwụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na 615 === Ụmụ nwanyị === * Fatimah (605–632), although it is sometimes asserted that she was born during the first year of Muhammad's mission (610–611). She had the by-name 'The mother of her father', as she took over, caring for her father and being a support to her father once her mother died.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima Is Fatima|url=https://archive.org/details/alishariatisfati0000shar|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran}}</ref> She married Ali, who became the fourth caliph in 656. (According to early debate after the death of Muhammad, some would argue that Ali would be the proper succession to Muhammad.)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Madelung|first=Wilferd|title=The Succession to Muhammad|url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/page/52 52]–53}}</ref> Ali and Fatimah moved to a small village in Ghoba after the marriage, but later moved back to Medina to live next door to Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Shariati|first=Ali|title=Ali Shariati's Fatima is Fatima|url=https://archive.org/details/alishariatisfati0000shar|year=1981|publisher=Shariati Foundation|location=Tehran, Iran}}</ref> Muhammad forbade Ali to take additional wives, because 'What caused pain to his daughter grieved him as well.'<ref name="wiebke108">{{Cite book|author=Walther|first=Wiebke|title=Women in Islam|year=1993|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing Princeton & New York}}</ref> Fatima died six months after her father died. All of Muhammad's surviving descendants are by Fatima's children. Muhammad loved her two sons Hassan and Husayn, who would continue his heritage.<ref name="wiebke108" /> * Zaynab (599–629). She married her maternal cousin Abu al-As before al-Hijra.<ref name="womanislam"/> Later lived with Muhammad. Her husband accepted Islam before her death in 629 * Ruqayyah (601–624). She was first married to Utbah ibn Abi Lahab and then to the future third caliph, Uthman.<ref name="womanislam" /> * Umm Kulthum (603–630). She was first married to Utaybah bin Abi Lahab and then, after the death of her sister Ruqayyah, to Uthman. She was childless. ==== Echiche ndị Sunni ==== Onye ọkà mmụta Sunni Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr na-ekwu, sị: "Ụmụ ya a mụrụ na Khadīja bụ ụmụ nwanyị anọ; ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'echiche banyere nke ahụ. "<ref name="Isti'ab_Yusuf">{{Cite book|title=Al-Istī'āb fī Ma'rifat al-Aşĥāb Yusuf ibn Abd al-Barr (The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions)|language=ar}}</ref>   ==== Echiche ndị Shia ==== Dị ka ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ndị Shi'ite si kwuo, Khadija na Muhammad kuchiri ụmụ nwanyị abụọ nke Halah, nwanne nwanyị Khadija. Onye ọkà mmụta Shi'i Abu'l-Qasim al-Kufi dere, sị:   # Hind bint Atiq Ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne nna ya, Sayfi ibn Umayya, ha nwekwara otu nwa nwoke, Muhammad ibn Sayfi.<ref name="Saad, 1995 p. 9">Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'' vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'' p. 9. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref><ref>Tabari, ''Tarik al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk''. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors'' vol. 39 p. 161. New York: SUNY Press.</ref> # Zaynab bint Abi Hala, onye nwere ike ịnwụ na nwata.<ref name="Guillaume 792">{{Cite book|author=Guillaume|title=The Life of Muhammad|publisher=Oxford}}</ref> # Zaynab (599-629) Ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne nne ya Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee tupu al-Hijra.<ref name="womanislam"/> O mechara soro Muhammad biri. Di ya nabatara Islam tupu ọnwụ ya na 629 # Ruqayyah (601-624). O bu ụzọ lụọ Utbah ibn Abu Lahab ma mesịa lụọ onye caliph nke atọ n'ọdịnihu Uthman ibn Affan.<ref name="womanislam" /> # Umm Kulthum (603-630). O bu ụzọ lụọ Utaybah bin Abu Lahab ma mesịa, mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị Ruqayyah nwụsịrị, lụọ Uthman ibn Affan. Ọ amụghị nwa.<ref name="womanislam" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Buhl|title=UmmKulthum|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/umm-kulthum-SIM_7719|accessdate=2012-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529084536/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/umm-kulthum-SIM_7719|archivedate=2014-05-29}}</ref> * Ibn Umm Maktum * Waraqah ibn Nawfal bụ nwa Nawfal b. Asad b. ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā b. Suchaay na Hind bt. Abī Kat̲h̲īr. A gwara Waraqah ka ọ lụọ Khadija bint Khuwaylid, mana alụmdi na nwunye ahụ emeghị. Waraqah bụ ihe a ma ama n'ihi na ọ gbanwere site na ikpere arụsị gaa na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst tupu mkpughe [[Muhammad]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Robinson|first=C. F.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition|date=2012|isbn=9789004161214|url=http://fulla.augustana.edu:2177/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/waraka-b-nawfal-SIM_7863?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Waraka|accessdate=25 April 2017|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311041005/https://proxy.augustana.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Faustincollege.worldcat.org%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fwaraka-b-nawfal-SIM_7863%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3DWaraka|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ibn Ishaq na-ekwu na Waraqah dịkwa mkpa n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ka mkpughe [[Muhammad]] bụrụ ihe ziri ezi. 'Ọ bịakwutere ya,' Waraḳa na-ekwu, 'iwu kasịnụ nke bịakwutere Mozis; o doro anya na ọ bụ onye amụma nke ndị a.'<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ishaq|first=Ibn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi; New York|isbn=0196360331|edition=Reprint}}</ref> == Hụkwa == {{Quraysh tree}} * Eshia * Ndị nwunye Muhammad * Sumayyah bint Khayyat == Ụmụ ya ndị dị mkpa == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}} 0d57dtxfr3nildz2hshfg5dpjtjoqhw 0 32541 741869 707623 2026-10-28T18:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741869 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Elizabeth Lewisohn Eisenstein (October 11, 1923 - January 31, 2016) bụ onye kooto ihe mere eme America nke Mgbanwe French na-ahụ ịhụ afọ nke 19 France.  A mara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe mere eme nke mbụ mbụ, na-ede mgbanwe na mgbasa ozi n'etiti oge nke ' omenala ihe odide ' na nke ' omenala akwụkwọ ', yana ọrụ nke ibu akwụkwọ na-  eme omenala.  na nwaanya Western . . <ref name="baron">{{Cite book|author=Baron|first=Sabina Alcorn|title=Agent of Change|url=https://archive.org/details/agentofchangepri0000unse|date=2007|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst|isbn=978-1-55849-593-7}}</ref>Eisenstein akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Vassar College ebe ọ natara BA ya, wee gaa na Radcliffe College maka MA na Ph.D.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Crane Brinton .  Ọ kọrọ na oge 1950 na ya akara ike akara ọnọdụ na ngalaba ihe mere eme nke mahadum, ndịdị ọrụ nwa oge.  Na 1957, mgbe ọ jụrụ PhD ya, ya na di ya kwagara Washington, DC ebe ọ na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ maka nkuzi, egwu Georgetown, George Washington University, Howard, na Mahadum Maryland.  [2] O mechara nwe ọnọdụ nwa oge na Mahadum America . . <ref>The Library of Congress. "Book and Library History Update (November 2001) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin." https://www.loc.gov/lov/lcib/0111/cfb.html</ref>Ọ kpàri dị ka onye prọfesọ ọzọ [1] na Mahadum America site na 1959 ruo 1974, wee Mahadum Michigan, ebe ọ bụ Alice Freeman Palmer Prọfesọ nke History.  [2] Na 1979 ọ bụ onye nwe onye bi na Center for the Book na Library of Congress Ọ nwere ọnọdụ dị ka onye ọrụ ibe na Humanities Research Center nke Australian National University na Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Palo Alto).  [1] Eisenstein na-eleta prọfesọ na Wolfson College, Oxford, wee bipụta mmụta ya site na oge ahụ dị ka Grub Street Abroad .  Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum Michigan [2] na onye otu nọmba nke St Cross College, Oxford == Ezinụlọ na ndụ onwe onye == Eisenstein bụ ada nke atọ nke Sam A. Lewisohn, nwa Adolph Lewisohn na Margaret Seligman, nwa nwa Joseph Seligman na Babet Steinhardt. Ọ lụrụ Julian Calvert Eisenstein na 1948. Ha nwere ụmụ 4 - otu onye nwụrụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na 1949 na onye ọzọ nwụrụ na mberede site na ọbara ọgbụgba nke ụbụrụ na 1974. Di ya nwụrụ ọnwa atọ ka ọ nwụchara. Ha mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, ụmụ ụmụ atọ na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easthamptonstar.com/archive/julian-eisenstein|title=Julian Eisenstein &#124; the East Hampton Star}}</ref> . <ref name="gleick">{{Cite book|author=James Gleick|authorlink=James Gleick|title=[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]|publisher=Pantheon|year=2011|location=New York|isbn=978-0-375-42372-7}}</ref>Ọrụ Eisenstein kacha mara amara bụ The Printing Press dị ka onye anya ọkpọ, nyọcha nke abụọ, peeji 750 nke ike nke ụdị ụdị mbugharị na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke post-Gutenberg Western Europe.  N'ime ọrụ a ọ na-anya na ọrụ ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ nke mgbasa ozi, nhazi, na nchekwa na ụzọ ndị a si nyere aka na nọmba Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, na Scientific Revolution .  Ọrụ Eisenstein wetara usoro ihe mere eme, ike siri ike, na idoanya na echiche mbụ nke Marshall McLuhan na ndị ọzọ, nlekọta ahụike ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu nke mgbasa ozi dị otú ahụ.  [1] …" <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Needham|first=Paul|date=January 1980|title=Review: Eisenstein, Elizabeth L., The Printing Press as an Agent of Social Change|journal=Fine Print|volume=VI|issue=1|pages=23–35}}</ref>Akwụkwọ Eisenstein enwetawokwa nkatọ dị nkɔ.  Paul Needham, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ugbu a na Ọbá akwụkwọ Scheide nke Mahadum Princeton, ngwaọrụ ya dị ka "ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na-ahụ ekwe omume ozi" na "site na mmejọ zuru oke nke usoro ihe.  mere eme: akara maka usoro oge kpọmkwem; maa akara ihe ihe mere eme; naanị akụkụ na [ sic] ihe odide nke abụọ, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka etinyere nke ọma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ dị mkpa… Akwụkwọ Eisenstein bụ ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'' na-akọwapụta echiche ya na "Unacknowledged Revolution," aha ya maka mgbanwe mgbanwe mere mgbe e nwechara mbipụta. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enye ohere ka ọha na eze nweta akwụkwọ na ihe ọmụma nke na-adịghị adị na mbụ; nke a mere ka e nwee ọganihu nke ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na echiche onye ọ bụla. Ikike nke imepụta echiche n'echiche nke onwe ya ghọrọ eziokwu n'ihi mgbasa nke ígwè obibi akwụkwọ. Bipụtakwa "ihe ọmụma ziri ezi ma chekwaa nke na-adịwanye mma n'oge a na-ekesa ihe odide ọnụ" <ref>{{Cite book|author=Briggs|first=Asa|date=2005|title=A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet|url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryofm0000brig|edition=second|publisher=Polity|location=Cambridge}}</ref> Eisenstein ghọtara na oge a dị oke mkpa na mmepe omenala mmadụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eche na a na-elegharakarị ya anya, ya mere, 'mgbanwe a na-anabataghị'. . <ref>University of Michigan, "U-M to bestow two honorary degrees," https://web.archive.org/web/20070708221516/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Nov22_04/06.shtml</ref>Eisenstein anatala akara ngosi dị iche iche, ndị sitere na John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, National Endowment for Humanities, na Rockefeller Foundation .  Na 2002, ọ natara ihe nrite American Historical Association's Award for Scholarly Distinction, [1] na 2004 Mahadum Michigan nyere ya nzere nzere nke Doctor of Humane Letters . Na 1993, National Coalition of Independent Scholars kere ''Eisenstein Prize'', bụ nke a na-enye kwa afọ nye ndị òtù nzukọ ahụ bụ ndị rụpụtara ọrụ na-elekwasị anya n'onwe ya. <ref>[http://www.ncis.org/ Independent Scholars]</ref> == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ahọpụtara == * {{Cite book|year=2011|title=[[Divine Art, Infernal Machine|Divine Art, Infernal Machine, The Reception of Printing in the West]]|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia PA|isbn=978-0-8122-4280-5}} Based on the Rosenbach lectures, March 2010. * {{Cite book|year=2005|title=The printing revolution in early modern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/printingrevoluti00eise_0|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=0-521-84543-2}} Includes a new afterword by the author. * {{Cite book|year=1992|title=[[Grub Street]] abroad : aspects of the French cosmopolitan press from the age of Louis XIV to the French Revolution|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-812259-4}} Series : Lyell lectures 1990-1991. * {{Cite book|year=1986|title=Print culture and enlightenment thought|publisher=Hanes Foundation, Rare Book Collection/University Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|location=[Chapel Hill]}} Series : The Sixth Hanes lecture. * {{Cite book|year=1983|title=The printing revolution in early modern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/printingrevoluti1993eise|edition=abridged edition of ''The printing press as an agent of change''|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=0-521-25858-8}} * {{Cite book|year=1979|title=The printing press as an agent of change: communications and cultural transformations in early modern Europe|edition=2 vols.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge UK|isbn=0-521-22044-0}} * "Some Conjectures about the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought: A Preliminary Report," ''The Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 40, No. 1, March 1968 * {{Cite book|year=1959|title=The First Professional Revolutionist : [[Philippe Buonarroti|Filippo Michele Buonarroti]]|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-674-30400-0}} 32j0rwadpnfbr1l7nnf3jn5upywldd3 0 33139 741879 181659 2026-10-29T01:11:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal|title=Australian Law Journal|cover=|former_names=|abbreviation=Aust. Law J.|discipline=[[Law]]|peer-reviewed=|language=[[English language|English]]|editor=Justice François Kunc (2016{{spaced ndash}})|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]|country=[[Australia]]|history=1927{{spaced ndash}}present|frequency=Monthly|openaccess=|license=|impact=|impact-year=|ISSN=0004-9611|eISSN=|CODEN=|JSTOR=|LCCN=33024673|OCLC=01518834|website=http://sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/journals/category/the-australian-law-journal/|link1=|link1-name=|link2=|link2-name=|boxwidth=}} The Australian Law Journal bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ iwu nke ndị ọgbọ Australia na-enyocha nke na-ebipụta kemgbe 1927. Nnyocha achọpụtala na ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ iwu Australia a kpọtụrụ aha. {{Databox}} Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2002 chọpụtara na mgbe ha nọ n'Ụlọikpe Federal nke Australia na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Australia, ndị ọkàikpe bipụtara isiokwu agụmakwụkwọ ọtụtụ mgbe na Australian Law Journal n'ime iri afọ abụọ a mụrụ, n'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990. <ref name="2002QUTLJ">Smyth, Russell "Judges and Academic Scholarship: An Empirical Study of the Academic Publication Patterns of Federal Court and High Court Judges" [2002] QUTLawJJl 12; (2002) 2(2) Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal 198</ref> Nnyocha ahụ na-ata ahụhụ site na ntụpọ nke otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị mma nke ụlọ ikpe etiti nke Australia (CA Sweeney J) bụ n'ezie nwa onye ọka ikpe nwere otu aha na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal, CA Sweeney QC. Onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ "kwuru ịmepụta na ALJ, akwụkwọ akụkọ n'etiti nyocha ndị a mụtara na magazin ndị bara uru nke ọrụ iwu Bekee". <ref>[http://www.lawfoundation.net.au/ljf/app/&id=AB9AD8B63860456ACA2571A80020B149 "Presentation of a Portrait of Sir Bernard Sugarman to the Supreme Court of NSW"] Law and Justice Foundation, 24 July 1995 accessed 28 August 2011.</ref> Ndị editọ gara aga gụnyere (1927 - 1946), Rae Else-Mitchell (1946 - 1958), Russell Walter Fox (1958 - 1967), Nigel Bowen (1958 - 1961), [[Philip Jeffrey]] (1968 - 1973), Prọfesọ [[JG Starke]] QC (1974 - 1992), na Peter Young AO ((1992-2016)).<ref>Kevin Edmund Lindgren, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331023740/http://www.fedcourt.gov.au/aboutct/judges_papers/speeches_lindgrenj1.html "Is the Australian Law Journal an Australian law journal?" (speech) The Judges’ Review Conference 2007, 16 March 2007, Sydney.]</ref>             Onye enyemaka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta ego (1977-87) bụ onye isi ikpe nke Tuvalu, Hon Charles Sweeney QC. == Nchịkọta akwụkwọ akụkọ == <ref>Australian Business Deans Council [http://www.abdc.edu.au/3.43.0.0.1.0.htm ABDC Journal Ratings List] accessed 22 August 2011</ref>[[Australian Business Deans Council|Kansụl Ndị Isi Azụmaahịa Australia]] enyewo akwụkwọ akụkọ a ọkwa dị mma nke "A". <[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413142340/http://www.arc.gov.au/era/tiers_ranking.htm ala] class="cx-link" data-linkid="114" href="./Australian_Research_Council" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Australian Research Council">Kansụl Nnyocha Australia etinyela akwụkwọ akụkọ a na "B" [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119133137/http://www.arc.gov.au/xls/ERA2010_journal_title_list.xls ọkwa], ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta iwu Australia agbaghawo usoro na uru nke ọkwa dị otú ahụ <ref>David Hamer, [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/arc-rankings-poor-on-law/story-e6frgcko-1111116734303 "ARC rankings poor on law"], ''The Australian'' 25 June 2008 accessed 22 August 2011.</ref> <ref>Margaret Thornton, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160321035819/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/ire-of-the-beholder/story-e6frgcm6-1111117564294#ixzz1Vksi1pkv "Ire of the beholder"], ''The Australian'' 24 September 2008 accessed 22 August 2011.</ref> na onye minista na-ahụ maka ya egosila na a ga-akwụsị usoro ọkwa a. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} rqziysno7ewyc3uckmuaqey6jvrl3bk 0 33343 741838 723271 2026-10-28T17:56:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peter Ladefoged cropped.jpg|thumb|Peter Ladefoged]]   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Peter Nielsen Ladefoged (//'lædɪfOʊɡọɪd// LAD-if-oh-ghid,<ref>{{Cite book|year=2001|title=Vowels and consonants: an introduction to the sounds of languages}}</ref>  <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/|title=Peter Ladefoged's home page|work=Lnguistics.ucla.edu|accessdate=19 November 2017|archivedate=11 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211191840/http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brink|first=Lars|year=1991|title=Den Store Danske Udtaleordbog|publisher=Munksgaard|location=Copenhagen|isbn=87-16-06649-9}}</ref> 17 Septemba 1925 - 24 Jenụwarị 2006) bụ onye Britain na-asụ asụsụ na onye na-asụgharị ụdaolu.  Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Phonetics na Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA), ebe ọ kụziri site na 1962 ruo 1991. Akwụkwọ ya bụ A Course in Phonetics bụ ederede mmeghe a na-ahụkarị na phonetics, na The Sounds of the World's Languages (nke ya na Ian Maddieson dere) ka a na-ewere n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe atụ phonetics. Ladefoged dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ụdaolu nke asụsụ Afrịka. Tupu UCLA, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na mahadum Edinburgh, Scotland (1953-59, 1960-1) na [[Ibadan]], Nigeria (1959-60). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Obituary-Peter-Ladefoged-UCLA-6795.aspx?RelNum=6795|title=Obituary: Peter Ladefoged|publisher=UCLA Newsroom|accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Peter Ladefoged na 17 Septemba 1925, na Sutton (n'oge ahụ na Surrey, ugbu a na Greater [[London]]), England. Ọ gara Haileybury College site na 1938 ruo 1943, na Gonville na Caius College, Cambridge, Cambridge University site na 1943 ruo 1944. Ọ natara MA (1951) na PhD (1959) na Phonetics site na Mahadum Edinburgh na 1959.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/28/local/me-ladefoged28|title=Peter Ladefoged, 80; Documented Endangered Languages|author=Nelson|first=Valerie J.|date=2006-01-28|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=2019-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ladefoged|first=Peter|date=1959|title=The perception of vowel sounds|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/28389|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ladefoged sonyere na ụlọ nyocha phonetics na UCLA, nke o guzobere na 1962. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Nielsen-Ladefoged|title=Peter Nielsen Ladefoged {{!}} American linguist|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> nwekwara mmasị ige ntị na ịkọwa ụda ọ bụla a na-eji n'asụsụ mmadụ, nke o mere atụmatụ na ụdaume 900 na ụdaume 200. Nnyocha a bụ ihe ndabere nke ọtụtụ n'ime The Sounds of the World's Languages. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/arts/peter-ladefoged-80-linguist-who-was-immersed-in-speech-is-dead.html|title=Peter Ladefoged, 80, Linguist Who Was Immersed in Speech, Is Dead|date=8 February 2006|first=Margalit|author=Fox|work=The New York Times|accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref>'afọ 1966, Ladefoged si na Ngalaba Bekee nke UCLA kwaga na Ngalaba Asụsụ e guzobere ọhụrụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na UCLA, e were Ladefoged n'ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na ihe nkiri My Fair Lady . <ref>Peter Ladefoged, in Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques (Wiley-Blackwell), 2003, p. 28</ref> dere ihe odide ndị a pụrụ ịhụ na akwụkwọ mpịakọta Prọfesọ Higgins, a na-ejikwa olu ya mee ihe n'ihe nkiri ebe Higgins na-akọwa ụdaume. Ladefoged bụkwa onye otu International Phonetic Association ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Association site na 1986 ruo 1991. O tinyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịnọgide na-enwe International Phonetic Alphabet, ọ bụkwa onye isi na-akwalite 1989 International Phonatic Association Kiel Convention. Ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Ladefoged jere ozi na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke Endangered Language Fund kemgbe e bidoro ya. Ladefoged bụ onye guzobere Association for Laboratory Phonology . <ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ladefoged lụrụ Jenny MacDonald na 1953, alụmdi na nwunye nke were ihe karịrị afọ 50. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/|title=Peter Ladefoged's home page|work=linguistics.ucla.edu|accessdate=2019-03-05|archivedate=2022-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621003759/https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artsfaculty.auckland.ac.nz/staff/?UPI=tlad001|title=Professor Thegn Ladefoged – The University of Auckland|work=Artsfaculty.auckland.ac.nz|accessdate=19 November 2017|archivedate=2 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234954/http://artsfaculty.auckland.ac.nz/staff/?UPI=tlad001}}</ref> nwere ụmụ atọ: Lise Friedman, onye na-ere akwụkwọ; Thegn Ladefoged, onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na prọfesọ nke Anthropology na Mahadum nke Auckland; <ref name=":1" /> na Katie Ladefoging, onye ọka iwu na onye na-agbachitere ọha na eze, bi na Nashville, [[Tennessee]]. O nwekwara ụmụ ise Zelda Ladefoged, Ethan Friedman, Amy Friedman, Joseph Weiss, na Catherine Weiss. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mora|first=Carlos|year=2007|title=Latinos in the West: The Student Movement and Academic Labor in Los Angeles|url=https://archive.org/details/latinosinweststu0000mora|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|pages=[https://archive.org/details/latinosinweststu0000mora/page/54 54]–5, 92|isbn=978-0-7425-4784-1}}</ref> Mee 5, 1970, e jidere Ladefoged ma merụọ ya ahụ site n'aka ndị uwe ojii mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ngagharị iwe megide Agha Vietnam na UCLA . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dundjerski|first=Marina|year=2011|title=UCLA: The First Century|url=https://archive.org/details/uclafirstcentury0000dund|publisher=Third Millennium|isbn=978-1-906507-37-4}}</ref> Na mbụ, e boro ya ebubo na ọ gaghị agbasa, mana e mechara gbanwee ebubo ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ịwakpo onye uwe ojii. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Teacher Asks $327,562 for UCLA Arrest|work=Los Angeles Times|date=25 July 1970|page=23|url=https://latimes.newspapers.com/clip/55529595/ucla-arrest/}}</ref> tọhapụrụ ya na ikpe mbụ. == Ọnwụ == Ladefoged nwụrụ <ref name=":0"/> 24 Jenụwarị 2006 mgbe ọ dị afọ 80 n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na London, England mgbe ọ gachara India. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://linguistlist.org/issues/17/17-353.html|title=LINGUIST List 17.353: Obituary: Peter Ladefoged|date=2006-02-01|work=The LINGUIST List|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> nọ n'ụzọ ọ na-ala na Los Angeles, California site na njem nyocha ya. == Usoro iheomume agụmakwụkwọ == * 1953&#x2D;: Onye enyemaka nkuzi na Phonetics, Mahadum nke Edinburgh * 1955&#x2D;: Onye nkuzi na Phonetics, Mahadum nke Edinburgh * 1959&#x2D;: Onye nkuzi na Phonetics, Mahadum Ibadan, Nigeria * 1960&#x2D;: Onye nkuzi na Phonetics, Mahadum nke Edinburgh * 1961&#x2D;: Onye otu egwuregwu, Nnyocha Asụsụ nke West Africa, Nigeria * Oge okpomọkụ 1960: Mahadum nke Michigan * Oge okpomọkụ 1961: Royal Institute of Technology, [Kungliga Tekniska högskolan ma ọ bụ KTH], ([[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]) * 1962&#x2D;: Onye enyemaka Prọfesọ nke Phonetics, Ngalaba Bekee, UCLA * 1962: E guzobere, ma duzie ruo 1991, UCLA Phonetics Laboratory * 1963&#x2D;: Onye nkuzi nke Phonetics, Ngalaba nke Asụsụ], UCLA * 1965&#x2D;: Prọfesọ nke Phonetics, Ngalaba nke Asụsụ, UCLA * 1977&#x2D;: Onye isi oche, Ngalaba Asụsụ, UCLA * 1991: "ala ezumike nká" ka ọ bụrụ UCLA Research Linguist, Distinguished Professor of Phonetics Emeritus * 2005: Leverhulme Prọfesọ, Mahadum nke Edinburgh * 2005-06: Onye nkuzi prọfesọ na Mahadum nke Southern California (USC) == Nsọpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ == * Onye otu Acoustical Society of AmericaÒtù Egwú nke America * Onye otu American Speech and Hearing AssociationÒtù Okwu na Ịnụrụ Okwu nke America * Ihe nrite nkuzi pụrụ iche, UCLA 1972 * Onye isi oche, Linguistic Society of America, 1978 * Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Na-adịgide Adịgide Maka Nzukọ Nzukọ Mba Nile nke Sayensị Phonetic, 1983-1991 * Onye isi oche, International Phonetic Association, 1987-1991 * Onye nkuzi nyocha nke UCLA 1989 * Fellow nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1990 * UCLA College of Letters and Science Faculty Research Lecturer 1991 * Ihe nrite ọla edo, XIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 1991 * Onye nnọchi anya nke British Academy 1992 * Honorary D.Litt., Mahadum nke Edinburgh, 1993 * Onye mba ọzọ, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1993 * Ihe nrite ọlaọcha, Acoustical Society of America 1994 * Onye nnọchi anya, Royal Society of Edinburgh, 2001 * Honorary D.Sc. Mahadum Queen Margaret, Edinburgh, 2002 == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Monograph mgbakwunye na Revista do Laboratório de Fonética Experimental da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra (Journal of Experimental Phonetics Laboratory of the Faculty of Arts, University of Coimbra).{{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=1962|title=The nature of vowel quality}}<br /><br /> * Mbipụta akwụkwọ mpịakọta 1971. Nsụgharị gaa na Japanese, Taishukan Publishing Company, 1976. Mbipụta nke abụọ, nke nwere isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ gbasara ụdaolu 1996.{{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=1962|title=Elements of acoustic phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofacoust00lade|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-46764-3}} * E bipụtaghachiri ya na 1968.{{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=1964|title=A phonetic study of west African languages|url=https://archive.org/details/phoneticstudyofw0000lade|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University|isbn=0-521-06963-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=1967|title=Three areas of experimental phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/threeareasofexpe0000pete|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-437110-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Ladefoged, Peter|year=1969|title=Language in Uganda|location=Nairobi|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-436101-2|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinuganda0000lade}} * {{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=1971|title=Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/preliminariestol0000lade_w2h8|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press}} * Ladefoged (1975). Ọmụmụ ihe na phonetics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace. <nowiki>ISBN 0-15-507319-2</nowiki>. Mbipụta nke abụọ n'afọ 1982, mbipụta nke atọ. 1993, mbipụta nke anọ. 2001, mbipụta nke ise. Boston: [[Thomson/Wadsworth]] 2006, 6th ed. 2011 (onye edemede Keith Johnson) Boston: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Nsụgharị Japanese 2000.{{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=1975|title=[[A course in phonetics]]|location=Orlando|publisher=Harcourt Brace|isbn=0-15-507319-2}} *   * 2001, mbipụta nke abụọ. 2004.{{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=2001|title=Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages|url=https://archive.org/details/vowelsconsonants0000lade_l0c7|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwells|isbn=0-631-21412-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=2003|title=Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to instrumental phonetic fieldwork|url=https://archive.org/details/phoneticdataanal0000lade|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwells.|isbn=0-631-23270-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=2006|title=Interactive CD-ROM for "A Course in Phonetics"|isbn=1-4130-1420-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Ladefoged|year=2006|title=Representing linguistic phonetic structure|url=http://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/phoneticstructure.pdf|publisher=UCLA|location=[http://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge Faculty profile]|archive-date=2023-11-03|access-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103235450/https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/ladefoge/PhoneticStructure.pdf|url-status=dead}} == Ọrụ ndị metụtara ma ọ bụ banyere == * George Cukor (onye nduzi), Alan Jay Lerner (onye na-ede abụ): My Fair Lady. Ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri. (1964). * {{Cite book|author=Fromkin|first=Victoria A.|year=1985|title=Phonetic linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged|url=https://archive.org/details/phoneticlinguist0000unse|location=Orlando|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-268990-9}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} l9gv5pwhc6r3xflro8k22b56sxctmvd 0 34614 741895 720166 2026-10-29T07:46:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Ashraf Mansour|Ashraf Mansour]]''' [[w:African Academy of Sciences|<small>FAAS</small>]] ({{Lang-ar|أشرف منصور}}) bụ ọkàmmụta sayensị si mba [[w:Egyptian| Egypt]] na ọkammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|polymer physics]]. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na Onye isi oche nke Bọọdụ Ezege nke [[w:| Mahadum German dị na Cairo]] (GUC). === Agụmakwụkwọ na Ọrụ Ya === Mansour nwetara nzere ọkankuzi ya n'isi ọmụmụ polymer physics site na [[w:|Mahadum Ulm]] n'afọ 1992.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Prof. Dr. Ashraf Mansour |url=https://www.daad.de/en/alumni/gallery/portrait/prof-dr-ashraf-mansour/ |nweta-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.daad. de |language=en |access-date=2023-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204163328/https://www.daad.de/en/alumni/gallery/portrait/prof-dr-ashraf-mansour/ |archive-date=2022-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 1994, Mansour malitere usoro nke ihiwe Mahadum German n'Ijipt. [[W:|Mahadum German]] dị na Cairo (GUC) bụ mahadum German izizi ehiwere na mpụga Germany na mpụga ókè Europe. E hiwere ya dabere na iwu onye isi ala nyere n'afọ 2002 nke onye bụbu Onye isi ala [[w:|Hosni Mubarak]], Chancellor German [[w:|Gerhard Schroeder]], na ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na ngalaba ọrụ ngò ma agụmakwụkwọ nke Ijipt na German.<ref> {{cite web | aha = Mahadum German dị na Cairo - Akụkọ na Eziokwu | url=https://www.guc.edu.eg/en/about_guc/history.aspx | nweta-date=2022-11-19 | webụsaịtị = www.guc.edu.eg |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2019-10-03 |title=GUC nwere 42% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum Deutsch na mpụga Germany - Daily News Egypt |url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2019/10/03/guc-has-42-of-deutsch-universities-students-outside-germany/ | nweta-date=2022-12-04 |website=daylynewsegypt. com |language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, ehiwere GUC na mpụga oke obodo Cairo. Mansour nwetara iwu mahadum teknụzụ ọhụrụ na New Cairo City, na-nkwado n'ego nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ǹdè euro iri na ise sitere n'aka ndị Egypt nyere onyinye, ma tinye inyeaka nke ngalaba ọmụmụ Stuttgart na Mahadum Ulm iji mee ka echiche ya pụta ìhè. Ha nyere aka n'ịrụ na ịhiwe ụlọ nnyocha n'ụzọ teknụzụ wee weta usoro ọmụmụ German ha. Ebumnuche ahụ nwetara enyemaka ego site n'aka DAAD n'ihe ruru ka narị puku euro isii dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mbupụ nke Usoro Ọmụmụ ihe German gaa na mba ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị ọkà mmụta, na ndị nchọpụta sitere na GUC na-enwetakwa nkwado agụmakwụkwọ n'efu [[w:DAAD scholarship | DAAD]] nakwa [[w:|Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] n'oge ọmụmụ na nnyocha dị iche iche.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Ijipt bụ ọnụ ụzọ Africa, mba Arab: Onye isi mahadum German |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/24287/Egypt- is-gateway-to-Africa-Arab-world-German-University-chief |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Bọọdụ Ezege nke mahadum ahụ. <ref>{{cite web |title=من هو اشرف منصور وزير التعليم العالي ؟سيرة ذاتية ومعلومات ويكيبيديا |url=http://nnewsn.com/2014/02/who- -education-biography-and-information-wikipedia.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=نموذج أشرف منصور - عماد الدين حسين - بوابة الشروق |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/columns/view.aspx?cdate=10092022&id=6b85e3f7-4ea9-4ce9-90f0-2f8a761c3fb9 | nweta-ụbọchị=2026-newssite .com |language=ar-eg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahadum German dị na Cairo - Prọfesọ Dr. Ashraf Mansour Na Jamanị maka emume afọ 20 GUC |url=https://www.guc .edu.eg/en/home/news/news_details.aspx?newsID=1684 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.guc.edu.eg |asụsụ = bekee}}</ref> Mgbe [[w:2011 Egypt revolution|Egyptian Revolution]] nke 2011 gasịrị, ndị [[w:|Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) kwadoro Ashraf ka ọ bụrụ onye isi [[w:Ministry of Higher Education (Egypt)|Ministry of Higher Education]] n'afọ 2014 mana [[w:|Supreme Council of Universities]] Egypt megidere nhọpụta ya.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-02-27 |title=القوى السياسية والحزبية: الحكومة الجديدة عودة لدولة :https: //almalnews.com/القوى-السياسية-والحزبية-الحكومة-الجد/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=جريدة المال |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title | =هل تمرد القضاة على السيسى? |url=https://essahraa.net/archive_2/?q=node/13435 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=الصحراء |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web} | ikpeazụ=القاهرة |first=محمد هجرس- |date=2014-02-28 |title=حراسة عسكرية بالدبابات على سجن طرة |url=https://www.alyaum.com/articles/عحراسة عسكرية بالدبابات-على-سجن-طرة- |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=alyaum |language=Arabic}}</ref> [[Hossam Eisa]] nọgidere n'ọnọdụ ahụ, [[w:|Ashraf El-Shiny]] ewee nọchie ya na Septemba 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Onye isi ala Sherif Ismail nke Egypt nwere ihu ọhụrụ iri na isii nke Onye isi ala Sisi ṅụrụ iyi - Politics - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/%20NewsContent/1/64/141862/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sherif-Ismail-cabinet-na-%E1%BB%8Dh%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5-ihu-sworn.aspx |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Ahram Online |archive-dayte=2020-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223031449/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/141862/Egypt/Politics-/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-12-23 }}</ref> === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya === N'afọ 2008, Mansour nwetara ihe nrite [[w:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany|Federal Cross of Merit]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Prọfesọ Ashraf Mansour mit Bundesverdienstkreuz ausgezeichnet{{!}}Botschafter Erbel: "Gallionsfigur der deutschen Kultur na Ägypten" - Universität Ulm |url=https://www.uni-ulm.de/home/uni-aktuell/article/professor-ashraf-mansour-mit-bundesverdienstkreuz-ausgezeichnet-botschafter-erbel-gallions -der-deutschen-kultur-in-aegypten/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=uni-ulm |language=de}}</ref> ebe ọ bụkwa onye omeiwu nsọpụrụ nke Mahadum Ulm.<ref name=":0" /> A họpụtara Mansour ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù asọpụụrụ nke [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 2018.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Mansour Ashraf {{!} } The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mansour-ashraf |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=www.aasciences.africa | Archive-date=2022-11-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119063230/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mansour-ashraf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Edensibia === <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mansour, Ashraf}} [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ si mba Ijipt]] [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara Physics si mba Ijipt]] [[Category: Ndị òtù asọpụụrụ nke African Academy of Sciences]] [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara sayensị si mba Ijipt]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ulm]] [[Category: Ndị dị ndụ afọ ọmụmụ ha na-efu efu ]] [[Category: Ndị dị ndụ]] 3acez75t78dsi3zvhvev38yu4t08lzw 0 34691 741856 722111 2026-10-28T18:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|thumb|Anyanwu bu otu kpakpando enwere, ọ bu sọ kpakpando nọ na mbara anyanwụ anyị, nke akpọrọ "solar system"]]  <ref>{{Cite book|title=Galileo and 400 Years of Telescopic Astronomy|first=Peter|author=Grego|year=2010|isbn=978-1441955920|publisher=Springer New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsi7R3NTcmEC&pg=PA88}}</ref> Kpakpando bụ plasma ọdika-okirikiri na enwu enwu nke njimike ndọdaala jikọrọ ọnụ.  Kpakpando kacha nso n'ụwa bụ Anyanwu. Ana ejikwa anya nkịtị ahuta kpakpando ndị ọzọ n'abali, òkè ịdị-anya ha site na uwa na eme ka ha dịka ntụpọ n'enwụ ọkụ n'ígwé. E kenyela ọtụtụ kpakpando àmà àmà n'ime nchịkọ-kpakpando ya na asterism, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bu ndị na-enwụ gbaa nwere aha.  Ndị ọkàmbaraígwé achịkọtala katalọgụ ozi nke na enye aka ịkpọpụta kpakpando ndị àmàrà mbụ. Mbaraígwé a na-ahụ anya nwere ngụkọ kpakpando 10²² ruo 10²⁴.  naanị ihe dị ka 4,000 n'ime kpakpando ndịa ka a na-ahụ anya na nkịtị—ha nile nọ na Mbara kpakpando anyị akpọrọ "Milky Way" Ndụ kpakpando na ebido site na mbibi njimike ndọdaala nke nebula ufere nwere mmejupụta ndịa— haidrojìn, helìò ya na obere mmejụihe nke buru ibu. Mbido ya na njedebe ya na adabere na mgbakọ ibu ya dum. Site na mgbe ọkpụpụtara, kpakpando na achawapu n'ihi njikọ ọkụ-ụmịatọm nke haidrojìn ịnye helìò n'ime ụmị ya. Usoro a na ewepụta ume nke na asụpụta site na ụmị kpakpando a, ma chawapu na mbaraígwé. Na ọgwụgwụ ndụ kpakpando, ụmị ya ga aghọ akpụda kpakpando, kpakpando nịụtrọn maọbu oghéré ojii. Mkpụpụta-ụmị kpakpando maọbu ihe ha mefọrọ na emepụta mmejụihe kemịkalu nke ka litio ibu. Nkebi ibu kpakpando maọbu ọgbụgba supanova na ebunye etiti kpakpando ihe agbakwunyere kemịkalu. Mmejụihe ndịa ka aga atụghari ka ọ ghọọ kpakpando ọhụrụ. Ndị ọkàmbaraígwé ga amatanwụ njirimara kpakpando dika ibu, nha-afọ̀ , mmejupụta kemịkalu, nhamgbanwe, ịdị ányá ya na ngahari site na ịnyocha nhaonwunwu kpakpando, enyo ya ma mgbanwe ebe ọ nọ na mbaraígwé kwa oge. Kpakpando na ihe mbaraígwé ndị ọzọ na emepụtakwa nhanhiwe ịgba okirikiri dika mbara-anwu ya na mbara kpakpando nwere kpakpando abụọ maọbu karịa. Kpakpando na esokwa na nhiwe ígwè úkwú dika nchịkọ-kpakpando maọbu mbara kpakpando. ==Nleruanya== N'agbanyeghị na o doro anya na eluigwe adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ndị ọkàmbaraígwé na Chaịna maara na kpakpando ọhụrụ nwere ike ịpụta. N'afọ 185&nbsp;AD, ha bụ ndị mbụ lere anya wee dee banyere supernova, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka SN 185 . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhao|first=Fu-Yuan|date=2006|title=The Guest Star of AD185 must have been a Supernova|journal=Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=6|issue=5|pages=635|doi=10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17}}</ref> Ihe omume kacha na-egbuke egbuke na akụkọ ihe mere eme e dekọrọ bụ SN 1006 supernova, nke a hụrụ na 1006 nke onye ọkàmbaraígwè Ịjịpt bu Ali ibn Ridwan na ọtụtụ ndị China na-enyocha mbara igwe dere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Isbell|first=Douglas|date=5 March 2003|title=Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star|url=http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/pr0304.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030402121341/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/pr0304.html|archivedate=2 April 2003|accessdate=28 February 2022|work=NOIRLab|publisher=National Optical Astronomy Observatory}}</ref> SN 1054 supernova, nke mụrụ Crab Nebula, bụ ndị China na ndị [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na-enyocha mbara igwe hụkwara. <ref name="SN1054">{{Cite web|author=Frommert|first=Hartmut|date=2006-08-30|work=SEDS|publisher=University of Arizona|title=Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula|url=http://messier.seds.org/more/m001_sn.html}}</ref> <ref name="PASP1942">{{Cite journal|author=Duyvendak|first=J. J. L.|title=Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part I. The Ancient Oriental Chronicles|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=54|issue=318|pages=91–94|date=April 1942|doi=10.1086/125409}}<br /><br /> {{Cite journal|author=Mayall|first=N. U.|title=Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|volume=54|issue=318|pages=95–104|date=April 1942|doi=10.1086/125410}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brecher|first=K.|date=1983|title=Ancient records and the Crab Nebula supernova|journal=The Observatory|volume=103|pages=106–113}}</ref> Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe Islam nke oge ochie nyere ọtụtụ kpakpando aha ndị a ka na-eji taa ma ha chepụtara ọtụtụ ngwa mbara igwe nwere ike ịgbakọ ọnọdụ kpakpando. Ha wuru nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke mbụ, ọkachasị maka imepụta katalọgụ kpakpando ''Zij'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kennedy|first=Edward S.|date=1962|title=Review: ''The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory'' by Aydin Sayili|journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]|volume=53|issue=2|pages=237–239|doi=10.1086/349558}}</ref> N'ime ndị a, ''akwụkwọ nke Fixed Stars'' (964) bụ onye Persian na-enyocha mbara igwe Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi dere, bụ onye hụrụ ọtụtụ kpakpando, ụyọkọ kpakpando (gụnyere Omicron Velorum na Brocchi's Clusters ) na [[ụyọkọ kpakpando]] (gụnyere Andromeda Galaxy). ). <ref name="Jones">{{Cite book|title=Messier's nebulae and star clusters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuhLR35I9QUC|first=Kenneth Glyn|author=Jones|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|date=1991|isbn=978-0-521-37079-0}}</ref> Dị ka A. Zahoor si kwuo, na narị afọ nke 11, onye ọkà mmụta polymath nke Peasia Abu Rayhan Biruni kọwara ụyọkọ kpakpando Milky Way dị ka ọtụtụ iberibe iberibe nwere ihe onwunwe nke kpakpando [[Nebula|nebulous]], ma nye [[Latitude|latitudes]] nke kpakpando dị iche iche n'oge [[Ijiji n'ehihie|chi jiri n'ọnwa]] na 1019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zahoor|first=A.|date=1997|url=http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/biruni.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626074150/http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/biruni.html|archivedate=2008-06-26|title=Al-Biruni|publisher=Hasanuddin University|accessdate=2007-10-21}}</ref> Dị ka Josep Puig si kwuo, onye Andalusian na-enyocha mbara igwe Ibn Bajjah tụrụ aro na Milky Way bụ nke nwere ọtụtụ kpakpando ndị fọrọ nke nta ka ha metụ ibe ha aka ma yie ka ọ bụ ihe oyiyi na-aga n'ihu n'ihi mmetụta nke refraction si sublunary ihe, na-ehota ya chọpụtara na njikọ nke njikọ . Jupiter na Mars na 500 AH (1106/1107&nbsp;AD) dị ka ihe akaebe. Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe nke Europe oge ochie dị ka Tycho Brahe chọpụtara kpakpando ọhụrụ na mbara igwe abalị (nke e mesịrị kpọọ ''novae'' ), na-atụ aro na eluigwe adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Na 1584, Giordano Bruno tụrụ aro na kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ, ma nwee ike inwe mbara ala ndị ọzọ, ikekwe ọbụnadị ụwa, na-agba gburugburu ha, <ref name="he history">{{Cite web|author=Drake|first=Stephen A.|date=2006-08-17|url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/headates/heahistory.html|title=A Brief History of High-Energy (X-ray & Gamma-Ray) Astronomy|publisher=NASA HEASARC|accessdate=2006-08-24|archivedate=2001-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010604051922/http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/headates/heahistory.html}}</ref> echiche nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma [[Greece|Gris]] oge ochie, Democritus na Epicurus tụrụ aro na mbụ., <ref>{{Cite web|first=Peter|author=Greskovic|date=2006-07-24|url=http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-228/|title=Exoplanets|publisher=ESO|accessdate=2012-06-15|archivedate=10 October 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010140635/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-228/}}</ref> na ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe Islam nke etiti oge ochie <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The impact of the Qur'anic conception of astronomical phenomena on Islamic civilization|first=I. A.|author=Ahmad|journal=Vistas in Astronomy|volume=39|issue=4|date=1995|pages=395–403 [402]|doi=10.1016/0083-6656(95)00033-X}}</ref> dị ka Fakhr al-Din al-Razi . <ref name="Setia">{{Cite journal|title=Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World: A Preliminary Survey|first=Adi|author=Setia|journal=Islam & Science|volume=2|date=2004|issue=2|url=http://www.cis-ca.org/jol/vol2-no2/adi.pdf|accessdate=26 May 2018|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109010911/http://www.cis-ca.org/jol/vol2-no2/adi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ sochirinụ, echiche nke kpakpando ịdị ka anyanwụ na-erute nkwekọ n'etiti ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe. Iji kọwaa ihe kpatara na kpakpando ndị a na-ejighi ike ndọda ọ bụla na Sistemu Anyanwụ, Isaac Newton tụrụ aro na e kesara kpakpando n'otu aka ahụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla, echiche nke ọkà mmụta okpukpe Richard Bentley kpaliri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoskin|first=Michael|date=1998|url=http://www.stsci.edu/stsci/meetings/lisa3/hoskinm.html|title=The Value of Archives in Writing the History of Astronomy|journal=Library and Information Services in Astronomy III|volume=153|pages=207|accessdate=2006-08-24}}</ref> Joseph von Fraunhofer na Angelo Secchi bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ sayensị nke stellar spectroscopy . Site n'iji ụdị kpakpando dị iche iche dị ka Sirius atụnyere anyanwụ, ha hụrụ ọdịiche dị na ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahịrị mmịpụta ha - ahịrị gbara ọchịchịrị dị na stellar spectra nke ikuku ikuku na-enweta ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1865, Secchi malitere ikewa kpakpando n'ụdị spectral . <ref>{{Cite web|author=MacDonnell|first=Joseph|url=http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/secchi.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210124/http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/secchi.htm|archivedate=2011-07-21|title=Angelo Secchi, S.J. (1818–1878) the Father of Astrophysics|publisher=[[Fairfield University]]|accessdate=2006-10-02}}</ref> Annie J. Cannon mepụtara ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke atụmatụ nhazi ọkwa kpakpando n'oge mmalite 1900s. <ref name="HubenyMihalas2014">{{Cite book|author=Ivan Hubeny|title=Theory of Stellar Atmospheres: An Introduction to Astrophysical Non-equilibrium Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmuYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16329-1|pages=23}}</ref> Nleta izizi izizi nke anya na kpakpando ( 61 Cygni na afọ 11.4 ìhè ) ka Friedrich Bessel mere na 1838 site na iji usoro parallax . Ntụle Parallax gosipụtara oke nkewa nke kpakpando dị na mbara igwe. <ref name="he history"/> Nleba anya nke kpakpando abụọ nwetara mkpa na-abawanye na narị afọ nke 19. N'afọ 1834, Friedrich Bessel hụrụ mgbanwe n'otú kpakpando Sirius si na-eme nke ọma ma kwuo na ọ bụ enyi zoro ezo. Edward Pickering chọtara ọnụọgụ abụọ spectroscopic nke mbụ na 1899 mgbe ọ hụrụ na-ekewa oge nke ahịrị spectral nke kpakpando Mizar n'ime ụbọchị 104. Ndị ọkachamara na-enyocha mbara igwe dị ka Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve na SW Burnham chịkọtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọtụtụ sistemụ kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ, na-enye ohere ka a chọpụta oke kpakpando site na ngụkọ nke ihe ndị na-efe efe . Ngwọta mbụ maka nsogbu nke ịweta orbit nke kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ site na nlele teliskop bụ Felix Savary mere na 1827. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Robert G.|author=Aitken|title=The Binary Stars|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-ADQ-238|publisher=Dover Publications Inc.|location=New York|date=1964|isbn=978-0-486-61102-0}}</ref> ==Atụmatụ Ịgụ-aha== A mara maka nchịkọ kpakpando (constellation) n'oge ndị Babilọn. Ndị n'ele ìgwè chere na kpakpando nwéré ọdịdị ihu, ha chere na ihu ndịa pụtara njirimara okike. Ihu iri na abụọ ndị nọ na mbara eklipsi mere ha ji bụrụ ntọala astrology (Ịgba afa kpakpando). Ọtụtụ kpakpando ndị pụrụ iche bu ndi enyere aha Arabù maọbu Latin. Ọtụtụ kpakpando dika anyanwụ ya na nchịkọ kpakpando nwéré akụkọ okike so ha. Ndị Grik ochie weere ọtụtụ ọdịkauwa/planet (nke ha kpọrọ kpakpando agbanyeghị na kpakpando na ọdịkauwa dị iche) dika chi ha na efe, ebea ka a si weta aha ọdịkauwa Meekurì (mercury), Venus, Masì (Mars), Jupità (Jupiter) na Satùn (Saturn). Ụranus (Uranus) na Neptun (Neptune) bu aha chi ndị Grik mana onweghi onye ma ọdịkauwa ndịa na mgbe ochie maka na ha anaghị amuke ọfuma. Na afọ̀ 1600, aha ana enye kpakpando bu aha nchịkọ kpakpando ọ nọ na ya. Ọkàfiziksi onye Alamanya (Germany) bu Johann Bayer kepụtara ọtụtụ nsèrèsè-map kpakpando ma nye ha abidii grik dika njirimara ya. Emechara weputa atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ site na mwego kpakpando ma tinye ya na katalọgu kpakpando nke John Flamsteed nke ọ dere na akwụkwọ ya "Historian coelestis Britannica" (nke 1712). Atụmatụ a ka akpọrọ atụmatụ Flamsteed maọbu ịgụọnụ nke Flamsteed. Otú mbauwa we ikike ịnye ihe dị na mbaraígwé aha bu International Astronomical Union (IAU) nke ntụgharị ya bu Nzukọ Mbauwa gbasara Mbaraígwé. Ha na achịkwa atụmatụ "Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)" nke ntụgharị ya bu "Nzukọ Ọrụ maka Ịgụ-aha Kpakpando", ọrụ WGSN bu ịdebe ma nye kpakpando aha izugbe. Ọtụtụ ndị bu ndi na-atu mgbere aha kpakpando nke IAU na ndị ọkambaraìgwé na anabataghị. British Library kpọrọ nkea ụlọ ọrụ ịtụ-mgbere n'ezighị ezi, Ngalaba na ahụ maka Nchekwa Ndị n'àzù ahịa na Ndị Ọrụ na New York dara otu ụlọ ọrụ a nha maka ire ahịa wayo. ==Edensibịa== <references /> swybksfvrg3c95tavgnd83eeq8jt794 0 36590 741854 705811 2026-10-28T18:15:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Kalasha''' ({{IPA|kls|kaɭaʂaː|IPA}}{{IPA|kls|kaɭaʂaː|IPA}} [kaʹaʂaː], <small>n'ógbè:</small> {{Lang|kls|Kal'as'amondr}}) bụ Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ndị Kalash na-asụ, na Chitral District nke mpaghara Khyber Pakhtunkhwa nke Pakistan. {{IPA|kls|kaɭaʂaː|IPA}}<ref>1998 Census Report of Pakistan. (2001). Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan.</ref> nwere ihe dịka 4,100 na-asụ Kalasha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heegård Petersen|first=Jan|date=30 September 2015|title=Kalasha texts – With introductory grammar|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049|journal=Acta Linguistica Hafniensia|language=en|volume=47|issue=sup1|pages=1–275|doi=10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049|issn=0374-0463}}</ref> bụ Asụsụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma enwere Mgbanwe asụsụ na-aga n'ihu na Khowar. Kalasha ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na asụsụ Nuristani dị nso Waigali (Kalasha-ala). Dị ka Badshah Munir Bukhari, onye nyocha na Kalash siri kwuo, "Kalasha" bụkwa aha agbụrụ maka ndị Nuristani bi na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu Kalasha, na Waygal na etiti Pech Valleys nke Afghanistan Nuristan Province. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Nuristani/Kalasha/kalasha.html|title=Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: The Kalasha of Kalashüm|accessdate=1 November 2001|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011101195044/http://users.sedona.net/~strand/nuristani/kalasha/kalasha.html|archivedate=1 November 2001}}, http://nuristan.info/Nuristani/Kalasha/kalasha.html</ref> "Kalasha" yiri ka ndị na-asụ Kalasha nke Chitral si na Nuristanis nke Waygal, bụ ndị gbasaa ruo n'ebe ndịda Chitral ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, enweghị njikọ chiri anya n'etiti asụsụ Indo-Aryan Kalasha-mun (Kalasha) na asụsụ Nuristani Kalasha-ala (Waigali), nke sitere na alaka dị iche iche nke Asụsụ Indo-Iranian. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ rụrụ ọrụ na Kalasha gụnyere onye ọwụwa anyanwụ nke narị afọ nke 19 Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ nke narị afọ de 20 Georg Morgenstierne. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Elena Bashir na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ emeela nnyocha. A na-ejikọta mmepe nke ihe ndị bara uru maka ịgụ na ide na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Kalasha Taj Khan Kalash. Southern Kalash ma ọ bụ Urtsun Kalash gbanwere gaa n'asụsụ Khowar nke Kalasha-mun na narị afọ nke 20 a na-akpọ Urtsuniwar. == Nchịkọta == <ref>[[Georg Morgenstierne]]. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. IV: The Kalasha Language & Notes on Kalasha. Oslo 1973, p. 184, details pp. 195-237</ref>'ime asụsụ niile dị na Pakistan, Kalasha nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ kachasị agbaso omenala, tinyere asụsụ Khowar dị nso. N'okwu ole na ole, Kalasha na-enwekwa nchekwa karịa Khowar, dịka ọmụmaatụ. na idowe consonants ndị na-achọsi ike, bụ ndị na-apụ n'anya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Dardic ndị ọzọ. A A na-ahụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndogide ụda na ụyọkọ (na pụtara) n'ime ndepụta ndị a. Agbanyeghị, rịba ama ụfọdụ atụmatụ Indo-Aryan na Dardic ọhụrụ a na-ahụkarị. <ref>[[Gérard Fussman]]: 1972 Atlas linguistique des parlers dardes et kafirs. Publications de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Asụsụ Kalasha bụ phonologically atypical n'ihi na ọ na-emegide ụdaume dị mfe, ogologo, imi na retroflex yana njikọta nke ndị a (Heegård & Mørch 2004). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Petersen|first=Jan H.|title=Kalasha texts – With introductory grammar|publisher=International Journal of Linguistics|year=2015|location=Acta Linguistica Hafniensia,Vol. 47}}</ref> depụtara n'okpuru ebe a bụ ụdaume nke Kalasha: === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- align="center" !N'akụkụ |{{IPA|i ĩ i˞ ĩ˞}} | |{{IPA|u ũ u˞ ũ˞}} |- align="center" !N'etiti |{{IPA|e ẽ e˞ ẽ˞}} | |{{IPA|o õ o˞ õ˞}} |- align="center" !Emeghe | |{{IPA|a ã a˞ ã˞}} | |} === Mkpụrụ okwu === Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Dardic ndị ọzọ, ọnọdụ ụdaume nke usoro a na-eku ume bụ ihe arụmụka. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Dardic and Nuristani Languages|author=Edelman|first=D. I.|year=1983|publisher=(Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR)|location=Moscow|pages=202}}</ref> ụfọdụ ejighị n'aka ma ha bụ phonemic ma ọ bụ allophonic - ya bụ, nkwupụta oge niile nke ụyọkọ ụdaume na /h/ . {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Alveolar !Retroflex !Postalveolar/Palatal<br /> !Velar !Uvular !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |{{IPA|m}} |{{IPA|n}} |{{IPA|(ɳ)}} |{{IPA|(ɲ)}} |{{IPA|(ŋ)}} | | |- ! rowspan="4" |Kwụsị !enweghị olu |{{IPA|p}} |{{IPA|t}} |{{IPA|ʈ}} | |{{IPA|k}} |{{IPA|(q)}} | |- !kwuru okwu |{{IPA|b}} |{{IPA|d}} |{{IPA|ɖ}} | |{{IPA|ɡ}} | | |- !aspirated |{{IPA|pʰ}} |{{IPA|tʰ}} |{{IPA|ʈʰ}} | |{{IPA|kʰ}} | | |- !ume na-eme ka a nụ |{{IPA|bʱ}} |{{IPA|dʱ}} |{{IPA|ɖʱ}} | |{{IPA|ɡʱ}} | | |- ! rowspan="4" |Africate !enweghị olu | |{{IPA|ts}} |{{IPA|tʂ}} |{{IPA|tɕ}} | | | |- !kwuru okwu | |{{IPA|dz}} |{{IPA|dʐ}} |{{IPA|dʑ}} | | | |- !aspirated | |{{IPA|tsʰ}} |{{IPA|tʂʰ}} |{{IPA|tɕʰ}} | | | |- !ume na-eme ka a nụ | | | |{{IPA|dʑʱ}} | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !enweghị olu | |{{IPA|s}} |{{IPA|ʂ}} |{{IPA|ɕ}} |{{IPA|(x)}} | |{{IPA|h}} |- !kwuru okwu | |{{IPA|z}} |{{IPA|ʐ}} |{{IPA|ʑ}} |{{IPA|(ɣ)}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | |Ọdịda Anyanwụ | |{{IPA|j}} |{{IPA|w}} | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |{{IPA|r}} |{{IPA|(ɽ)}} | | | | |} A na-ahụ ụdaume /x ɣ q/ na okwu ndị a gbazitere. === Ntụnyere nke okwu === Tebụl <ref>R.T.Trail and G.R. Cooper, Kalasha Dictionary – with English and Urdu. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad & Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas TX. 1999</ref>-esonụ na-eji okwu Kalash tụnyere okwu ha n'asụsụ Indo-Aryan ndị ọzọ. {| class="wikitable" !Bekee !Kalasha !Sanskrit !asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Indo-Aryan |- |ọkpụkpụ |Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ dị |asthi |Hindi -; Nepali ā̃ṭh 'ikpere' |- |mamịrị |mutra, mútra |mūtra |H. mūt; Assamese mut |- |Obodo nta |grom |ahịhịa |H. gā̃w; A. gãü |- |eriri |rajuk, raĵhú-k |rajju |H. lej, lejur; A. lezu |- |anwụrụ ọkụ |Tum |dhūma |H. dhūā̃, dhuwā̃; A. dhü̃a |- |anụ |na-eme |maṃsa |H. mā̃s, mās, māsā |- |nkịta |shua, śõ.'a |śvan |H. -; Sinhalese suvan |- |ndanda |pililak, pilílak |pipīla, pippīlika |H. pipṛā; A. pipora |- |ụda |put, putr |Ntughari |H. pūt; A. put |- |ogologo oge |driga, dríga |dīrgha |H. dīha; A. digha |- |asatọ |asht, aṣṭ |aṣṭā |H. āṭh; A. ath |- |gbajiri agbaji |China, čhína |chinna |H. chīn-nā 'iji were'; |- |gbuo |nash |nash, naś, naśyati |H. nā̆s 'na-ebibi' |} == Àgwà ndị na-agbaso omenala == Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị na-agbaso omenala na Kalasha na Khowar bụ (ihe odide, NIA = New Indo-Aryan, MIA = Middle Indo-Arjan, OIA = Old Indo-Arayan): * Nchekwa nke intervocalic /m/ (ebelata na /w/ ma ọ bụ /v/ na njedebe MIA n'ebe ọzọ), dịka Kal. ''grom'', Kho. ''gram'' "obodo" < OIA ''grāma'' * Enweghị iwepu intervocalic /t/, echekwara dị ka /l/ ma ọ bụ /w/ na Kalasha, /r/ na Khowar (ehichapụ n'etiti MIA n'ebe ọzọ), dịka Kho. ''brār'' "nwanne" < OIA bhrātṛ; Kal. ʃau < ''*ʃal'', Kho. ʃor "otu narị" < OIA ''śata'' * Nchebe nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe atọ OIA sibilants (dental /s/, palatal /ś/, retroflex /ṣ/); n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, atọ a agbakọtalarị tupu 200 BC (MIA mbido) * Nchekwa nke sibilant + consonant, stop + /r/ clusters (efu site na MIA mbụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ): ** Kal. Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka e si nweta ya. Aghtht" < OIA ''aṣṭā''; Kal. hast, Kho. ''onye ọbịa'' "aka" < OPC ruo; Kal. ''Istam'' "bunch" < OI ''stamba''; Kho. ''istōr'' "akpa ịnyịnya" < OYA ''sthōra''; Kho. isnār "sacha" < OICA ''snāta''; Kal. Kho. ''Iskow'' "peg" < OISA ''*{{Lang|inc|skabha}}'' (< ''skambha''); Kho. ''Iśper'' "acha ọcha" < OIA ''śvēta''; Kal. ''isprɛs'', Kho. ''iśpreṣi'' "nne di" < OIA ''śvaśru''; Kal. ''piṣṭ'' "azụ" < OIA ''pṛṣṭha''; Kho. ''aśrū'' "ịkwa" < OIA ''aśru''. ** Kho. ''Kren-'' "zụta" < OIA ''krīṇ-''; Kal. ''grom'', Kho. ''grom'' "obodo" < OIA ''grāma''; Kal. gŕä "olu" < OIA ''grīva''; Kho. ''griṣp'' "oge okpomọkụ" < OIA ''grīṣma'' * Nchekwa nke /ts/ na Kalasha (nke a kọwapụtara dị ka otu foneme) * Nchekwa kpọmkwem nke ọtụtụ njedebe ikpe OIA dị ka ihe a na-akpọ "ọkwa 1" njedebe ikpe (dị iche na njedebe ikpe ọhụrụ "ọkwa 2" nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ikpe 1 oblique): ** Aha ** [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] -''-afọ'', Kho. -''-afọ'' < OIA ''-ān'' ** Akụkụ: Kal. -''-afọ'' (sg.), -an (pl.); Kho. ''-o'' (sg.), ''-an, -ān'' (pl.) < OIA -''-Asiya'' (sg.), ''āṇām'' (pl.) ** Ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ: Kal. ''-a'', Kho. ''-a'' < OIA dative ''-āya'', n'ebe ọzọ furu efu na njedebe OIA ** Ngwá ọrụ: Kal. -''-afọ'', Kho. ''-en'' < OIA -ēna''-n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-anọ'' ** Nkọwa: Kal. ''-au'', Kho. ''-ār'' < OIA ''-āt'' ** Ebe obibi: Kal. ''-ai'', Kho. ''-i'' < OIA ''-ai'' * Nchebe nke ihe karịrị otu okwu (dịka Kho. ''Mar-īm'' "M na-egbu" vs. ''bri-um'' "M na na-anwụ") * Nchebe nke ọdịiche OIA n'etiti njedebe "nke mbụ" (nke na-abụghị nke gara aga) na nke "nke abụọ" (nke gara aga) yana nke oge gara aga "mbuli" na a-, ha abụọ furu efu kpamkpam n'ebe ọzọ: Kal. ''pim'' "M na-aṅụ", ''apis'' "M na'aṅụ"; ''''akaris'''' "M na na-eme", akāris "M mere" * Nchebe nke okwu tupu oge eruo (lee ihe atụ dị n'elu), na akara aha / ebubo nkịtị na nkwekọrịta okwu nkịtị, n'adịghị ka oge ergative-ụdị gara aga na nkwekọ aha n'ebe ọzọ na NIA (nke dabeere na nhazi passive na mbụ) == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|title=Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An Areal and Typological Perspective|author=Bashir|first=Elena L.|publisher=(Ph.D. dissertation) University of Michigan|date=1988}} * {{Cite book|title=Gates of Peristan: History, Religion, and Society in the Hindu Kush|author=Cacopardo|first=Alberto M.|publisher=Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente|location=Rome|date=2001}} * {{Cite book|title=Languages of Chitral|author=Decker|first=Kendall D.|pages=257|publisher=National Institute of Pakistani Studies|series=Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan|date=1992|isbn=969-8023-15-1}} * Map na-egosi nkesa okwu n'etiti ndị Kafiristan.{{Cite book|title=Atlas Linguistique Des Parles Dardes Et Kafirs|author=Gerard Fussman|authorlink=Gérard Fussman}} * {{Cite book|title=Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Himalayan Linguistics|author=Heegård|first=Jan|chapter=Retroflex vowels and other peculiarities in Kalasha sound system|publisher=Mouton|location=The Hague|editor=Anju Saxena|series=Selected Proceedings of the 7th Himalayan Languages Symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden|date=March 2004}} * {{Cite book|title=Religions of the Hindu Kush|author=Jettmar|first=Karl|date=1985|publisher=Aris & Phillips|isbn=0-85668-163-6}} *   * {{Cite book|title=Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan|author=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|authorlink=Georg Morgenstierne|publisher=[[Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture|Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning]]|location=Oslo|series=Serie C I-2|date=1926|isbn=0-923891-09-9}} * {{Cite book|title=The Kalasha Language & Notes on Kalasha|author=Morgenstierne|first=Georg|authorlink=Georg Morgenstierne|location=Oslo|series=Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages|date=1973|isbn=4871875245}} * {{Cite book|title=The Kafirs of the Hindukush|url=https://archive.org/details/kfirshindukush01robegoog|author=Sir George Scott Robertson|date=1896}} * {{Cite journal|title=Notes on the Nûristânî and Dardic Languages|author=Strand|first=Richard F.|authorlink=Richard Strand|volume=93|pages=297–305|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|date=1973|doi=10.2307/599462}} * {{Cite book|title=Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush|author=Strand|first=Richard F.|authorlink=Richard Strand|chapter=The Tongues of Peristân|publisher=Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente|location=Rome|editor=Alberto M. Cacopardo|pages=251–259|date=2001}} * {{Cite book|author=Strand|first=Richard F.|date=2022|chapter=Phonatory Location in the Far North-Western Indo-Âryan Languages|editor=Baart|title=Languages of Northern Pakistan: Essays in Memory of Carla Radloff|pages=446-495|location=Karachi|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{Cite book|title=Kalasha dictionary—with English and Urdu|author=Trail|first=Ronald L.|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics|location=Islamabad|series=Studies in Languages of Northern Pakistan|date=1999|isbn=4871875237}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062410/http://users.sedona.net/%7Estrand/ Ebe Richard Strand na-edebe ihe nkiri Nuristan] * [http://www.site-shara.net/ Peeji Kalasha nke Reiko na Jun na Japan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190912023522/http://www.lexicool.com/dlink.asp?ID=0FW3HU5663&L1=34&L2=44 Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Nkọwa okwu] * Ụlọ Ọrụ Asụsụ Na-ahụ Maka Ala The Kalasha Dictionary * [http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/english/index.html Ihe nchekwa data Georg Morgenstierne] * Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Frontier Language Institute Kalasha g6x2yj2j3d5t1331yvavbxbwzoe5fgz 0 36969 741897 151465 2026-10-29T08:46:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741897 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Arandic''' bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Aboriginal nke Australia nke nwere ọtụtụ asụsụ ma ọ bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ, gụnyere Arrernte (Upper Arrernte), Lower Arrernte, Lower Arrernde (nke a makwaara dị ka Lower Southern Arrernte) Asụsụ Pertame (nke a maara dị ka Southern Arrernde) na Kaytetye. == Asụsụ == * '''Upper Arrernte''' (ma ọ bụ naanị Arrernte) dialect cluster, nwere ise ma ọ bụ isii isi dialects, na nke kachasị bụ Central ma ọ bụ Eastern Arrernte, nke a na-asụ na gburugburu Alice Springs (Mparntwe) n'onwe ya. * Ndị mmadụ na-asụ '''Lower Arrernte''', nke a makwaara dị ka Alenjerrntarpe na Lower Southern Arrernte. Onye ọkà okwu ikpeazụ [1] Brownie Doolan, onye Gavan Breen jisiri ike dee akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke ihe dị ka 1000 okwu. Dị ka AIATSIS si kwuo, nke a bụ asụsụ doro anya. * [2], nke a makwaara dị ka Southern Arrernte, sitere na mba ndịda Alice Springs, n'akụkụ Osimiri Finke, n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ndị na-asụ Lower Arrernte. [4][3] naanị ndị ọkà okwu 20 fọdụrụ na 2018, [1] Pertame Project na-achọ ijigide ma mee ka asụsụ ahụ dịghachi ndụ, nke Pertame elder Christobel Swan na-edu. [2] Onye omenkà a ma ama Erlikilyika (Jim Kite) bụ ọkà okwu Pertame. Ethnologue klas Pertame dị ka aha dị iche iche maka Lower Southern, mana isi mmalite ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche na nhazi ha na nkọwa nke asụsụ a. * '''Kaytetye''', nke ndị Kaytetye na-asụ na nso Barrow Creek na Tennant Creek, <ref name="Breen2001">{{Cite book|chapter=Chapter 4: The wonders of Arandic phonology|first=Gavan|author=Breen|date=2001|title=Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian languages|editor=Simpson|publisher=ANU. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. (Pacific Linguistics)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43456489|format=pdf|series=Pacific Linguistics 512|isbn=085883524X|pages=45–69}}</ref> nwere naanị ndị ọkà okwu 120 na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2016, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ anọwo na-ebelata. <ref name="ethno">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/gbb|work=Ethnologue|title=Kaytetye|accessdate=10 June 2019}}</ref> == Nchịkọta dị iche iche == E nwere echiche dịgasị iche iche banyere nke bụ olumba na nke dị iche iche asụsụ, n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na n'etiti ụmụ Arrernte n'onwe ha. * Koch (2004) kewara naanị asụsụ abụọ, Upper Arrernte na Katetye. * ''Glottolog'' na-akọwa otu Arandic dị ka nke nwere asụsụ Aranda ise (nke a makwaara dị ka Arrernte) gbakwunyere asụsụ abụọ dị iche iche, Kaytetye (Koch, 2006) na Lower Southern (ma ọ bụ naanị Lower) Aranda, asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị. <ref>{{Cite web|work=Glottolog|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aran1267|title=Arandic|accessdate=11 June 2019}}</ref> * Ethnologue <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/arandic|work=Ethnologue|title=Arandic|accessdate=11 June 2019}}</ref>-akọwa asụsụ Arandic asatọ ma kewaa ha n'ụzọ dịtụ iche. == Asụsụ Mbụ ==   Nrụzigharị Proto-Arandic na Pre-Aranctic site na Koch (2004): === Ngwaa === === Osisi === === Anụmanụ === == Edensibia == echiche dịgasị iche iche banyere nke bụ olumba na nke dị iche iche asụsụ, n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na n'etiti ụmụ Arrernte n'onwe ha. === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{Cite news|first=Simon|author=Kearney|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/another-language-faces-sunset-in-dead-centre/story-e6frg6po-1111114459448|title=Another language faces sunset in dead centre|work=The Australian|date=20 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014052024/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/another-language-faces-sunset-in-dead-centre/story-e6frg6po-1111114459448|archive-date=14 October 2011|access-date=25 February 2024|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|title=Lower Arrernte|work=Mobile Language Team|url=http://www.mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/lower_arrernte|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930012019/http://www.mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/lower_arrernte|archivedate=30 September 2018|accessdate=15 June 2019}} * {{Cite news|title=To save a dying language|publisher=Alice Springs News Online|date=23 May 2018|url=http://www.alicespringsnews.com.au/2018/05/23/to-save-a-dying-language/|accessdate=9 June 2019}} * {{Cite web|title=Pertame Project|work=Call for Australian languages and linguistics|url=https://call.batchelor.edu.au/project/pertame-southern-arrernte/|accessdate=9 June 2019|archivedate=1 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401080640/https://call.batchelor.edu.au/project/pertame-southern-arrernte/}} == Akwụkwọ ==   * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Asụsụ Australia: Ọdịdị na Mmepe ha.'' Cambridge University Press. oqu3o3abcejqwxhh3zaehs2f3ar9wnb 0 37220 741912 708295 2026-10-29T11:34:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:OpenSpeaks-juy-Juray-Dinabandhu Gamango-OG-Social Impact of Aadhaar.webm|thumb|Onye na-ekwu Juray, asụsụ Munda, na-ekwu maka ID biometrics nke India]] '''Asụsụ Munda''' bụ otu asụsụ ndị yiri ibe ha nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ itoolu na-asụ na [[Ndia|India]], Bangladesh na Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Santhali|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sat/|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=21 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=23 January 2016|editor=Hock|title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia|doi=10.1515/9783110423303|isbn=9783110423303}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akpọ ha asụsụ '''Kolarian'''. <ref>Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic</ref> M alaka nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic, nke pụtara na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka asụsụ Mon Ndị Khmer, Ndị Vietnamese, yana asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Thailand na Laos na Asụsụ Mangic nke South China. <ref name="elanguage">{{Cite web|author=Daladier|first=Anne|title=Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic|url=http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645|publisher=Elanguage|accessdate=22 March 2015|archivedate=27 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193916/http://elanguage.net/journals/bls/article/viewFile/752/645}}</ref><ref name="Sealang">{{Cite web|author=Pinnow|first=Heinz-Jurgen|title=A comparative study of the verb in Munda language|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/pinnow1966comparative.pdf|work=Sealang.com|accessdate=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021023350/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/pinnow1966comparative.pdf|archive-date=21 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>Bhumij, Ho, Mundari, na Santali bụ asụsụ Munda ama ama. <ref name="auto">{{Citation |last=Anderson |first=Gregory D. S. |title=Munda Languages |date=29 March 2017 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.37 |isbn=978-0-19-938465-5}}</ref> [2] [[Usòrò:LSI_map_of_Munda_languages.jpg|thumb|Map asụsụ nke Grierson nke India, 1906]] na-ekewa ezinụlọ ahụ n'ozuzu ya n'alaka abụọ: North Munda, nke a na-asụ na Chota Nagpur Plateau nke Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha na West Bengal, yana n'akụkụ Bangladesh na Nepal, na South Munda, a na-ekwu na etiti Odisha na n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Andhra Pradesh na Odisha. <ref name="Bhattacharya">{{Cite journal|author=Bhattacharya|first=S.|title=Munda studies: A new classification of Munda|date=1975|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=17|issue=1|issn=1572-8536|pages=97–101|doi=10.1163/000000075794742852}}</ref> <ref name="Languagesgulper">{{Cite web|url=http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Munda.html|title=Munda languages|work=The Language Gulper|accessdate=14 May 2019}}</ref> North Munda, nke Santali bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị ma bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị na India, nwere okpukpu abụọ karịa ndị na-asụrụ South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọma. Ihe ndị e ji mara asụsụ Munda gụnyere ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, abụọ na ọtụtụ), nwoke na nwanyị abụọ (ndị dị ndụ na ndị na-adịghị ndụ), ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnọchiaha nke onye mbụ na-agụnye na nke pụrụ iche, iji nsonaazụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka iji gosipụta oge, na akụkụ, ngụkọta, na mgbagwoju anya reduplication, yana ịgbanwee. [1] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Donegan|first=Patricia Jane|title=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages|url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/download/1041/825|journal=Berkley Linguistics Society}}</ref> Munda bụkwa polysynthetic na aglutinating. Na usoro ụda nke Munda, usoro ụdaume anaghị adịkarị ma e wezụga n'etiti okwu. == Mmalite == [[Usòrò:Austroasiatic-en.svg|thumb|Nhazi nke asụsụ Austroasiatic ugbu a]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidwell AA studies state of the art 2018.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1O3SkrYNq20ZmUgcK-MFPN7QAvByEMfVA/view?usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=12 May 2023|work=Google Docs}}</ref><ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190503013417/https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref> Rau <ref>Blench, Roger. 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220330133810/http://rogerblench.info/Language/Austroasiatic/Munda%20hypothesis%202019.pdf The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?]</ref> Sidwell (2019), <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rau, Felix|title=The Munda Maritime Hypothesis|date=2019|issn=1836-6821|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS)|volume=12|issue=2}}</ref> tinyere Blench (2019), na-atụ aro na tupu Proto-Munda abịala na Mahanadi River Delta n'ihe dị ka 1,500 BCE site na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia site na ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, kama site na ala. Asụsụ Munda mechara gbasaa na mmiri Mahanadi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355078227|title=The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University)|author=John Peterson|date=October 2021|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> nke 2021 -atụ aro na asụsụ Munda gbasara ruo n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Uttar Pradesh ma metụta Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. [1] [2] == Nchịkọta == Munda nwere alaka ise a na-enweghị esemokwu (Korku dị ka onye nọpụrụ iche, Remo, Savara, Kherwar, na Kharia-Juang). Agbanyeghị, a na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ha. === Diffloth (1974) === A na-ekwukarị nkewa nke Diffloth (1974):   === Diffloth (2005) === Diffloth (2005) jidere Koraput (nke Anderson jụrụ, n'okpuru) mana ọ hapụrụ South Munda ma tinye Kharia-Juang na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu:   === Anderson (1999) === <ref name="Anderson1999">Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.</ref> Gregory Anderson na 1999 bụ nke a:   Otú ọ dị, na 2001, Anderson kewara Juang na Kharia na alaka Juang-Kharia ma wepụkwa Gtaʔ na alaka Gutob-Remo-Gtaʔ mbụ ya. Ya mere, atụmatụ ya nke afọ 2001 gụnyere alaka ise maka South Munda. === Anderson (2001) === Anderson (2001) na-agbaso Diffloth (1974) ma e wezụga ịjụ ịdị irè nke Koraput. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-atụ aro, na ndabere nke ntụnyere ọdịdị, na Proto-South Munda kewara kpọmkwem n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nke Diffloth, Kharia-Juang, Sora-Gorum (Savara), na Gutob-Remo-Gtaʼ (Remo). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D S|title=A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology|series=Indian Linguistics|year=2001|publisher=Linguistic Society of India|location=Poona|pages=21–36}}</ref> Alaka South Munda ya nwere alaka ise na-esonụ, ebe alaka North Munda bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke Diffloth (1974) na Anderson (1999).   * Rịba ama: "[[" = na-ekerịta ụfọdụ isoglosses ọhụrụ (usoro, okwu). Na asụsụ Austronesian na Papua, Malcolm Ross akpọwo nke a "njikọ". === Sidwell (2015) === Paul Sidwell (2015:197) <ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> na-ewere Munda dị ka nke nwere alaka 6 na-ahazi, ọ naghị anabata South Munda dị iche iche.   == Nbudata == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Aha asụsụ !Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu (2011) !Ebe |- |Korwa |28,400 |Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand |- |Birjia |25,000 |Jharkhand, West Bengal |- |Mundari (nke gụnyere Bhumij) |1,600,000 |Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar |- |Asur |7,000 |Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha |- |Ho |1,400,000 |Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal |- |Birhor |2,000 |Jharkhand |- |Santali |7,400,000 |Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Bangladesh, Nepal |- |Turi |2,000 |Jharkhand |- |Korku |727,000 |Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra |- |Kharia |298,000 |Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh |- |Juang |30,400 |Odisha |- |Gtaʼ |4,500 |Odisha |- |Bonda |9,000 |Odisha |- |Gutob |10,000 |Odisha, Andhra Pradesh |- |Gorum |20 |Odisha, Andhra Pradesh |- |Sora |410,000 |Odisha, Andhra Pradesh |- |Juray |25,000 |Odisha |- |Lodhi |25,000 |Odisha, West Bengal |- |Koda |47,300 |West Bengal, Odisha, Bangladesh |- |Kol |1,600 |West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bangladesh |} == Ihe owuwu ==   Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363) wughachiri ụdị prototype ahụ. <ref name="SidwellRau2015">Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). ''The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages''. Leiden: Brill.</ref> Nrụzigharị Proto-Munda kemgbe ahụ Rau dezigharịrị ma melite ya (2019). [1] == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Nihali * Ndị Munda == Ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} === Nkwupụta n'ozuzu === *   * {{Cite book|author=Diffloth|first=Gérard|year=2005|chapter=The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic|editor=Sagart|title=The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplingofeastas0000unse|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peoplingofeastas0000unse/page/79 79]–82}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D S|title=The Munda verb: typological perspectives|series=Trends in linguistics|year=2007|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-018965-0}} * {{Cite book|editor=Anderson|title=Munda Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/mundalanguages0000unse|series=Routledge Language Family Series|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32890-6}} * {{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Gregory D. S.|date=2015|title=Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light.|journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics|volume=2|issue=2|pages=163–183|doi=10.1515/jsall-2015-0009}} * {{Cite book|first=Gregory D. S.|author=Anderson|year=2002|chapter=Switch-Reference in South Munda|editor=Macken|title=Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|location=Tempe, AZ|publisher=Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program|pages=39–54|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/anderson2002switch.pdf}} *   * {{Cite book|author=Donegan|first=Patricia|chapter=South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda|year=2002|publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society|editor=Chew|title=Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics, in honour of Prof. James A. Matisoff|pages=111–129|location=Berkeley, CA}} * {{Cite book|author=Newberry|first=J|title=North Munda hieroglyphics|year=2000|publisher=J Newberry|location=Victoria, BC}} * {{Cite book|author=Śarmā|first=Devīdatta|title=Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages|series=Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7099-860-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Varma|first=Siddheshwar|title=Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis|year=1978|publisher=Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University|location=Hoshiarpur|oclc=25852225}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zide|first=Norman H.|year=1999|title=The Proto-Munda Verb and Some Connections with Mon-Khmer|journal=Working Papers International Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact and Convergence, and Typology|pages=401–421}} * {{Cite book|author=Zide|first=Norman H.|chapter=The Proto-Munda Verb: Some Connections with Mon-Khmer|editor=Subbarao|title=Yearbook of South-Asian Languages and Linguistics|year=2001|location=Delhi|publisher=Sage Publications|pages=517–540|doi=10.1515/9783110245264.517}} * {{Cite book|first=Gregory D. S.|author=Anderson|year=2001|chapter=Recent Advances in the Reconstruction of the Proto-Munda Verb|editor=Brinton|title=Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, 9–13 August 1999|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Benjamins|pages=13–30|doi=10.1075/cilt.215.03and|isbn=978-90-272-3722-4}} ; Ịkwaga n'akụkọ ihe mere eme *   *   * {{Cite journal|author=Rau|first=Felix|year=2019|title=The Maritime Munda Hypothesis|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|volume=12|issue=2|pages=31–53}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://sealang.net/munda/ Ọrụ Asụsụ SEAlang Munda] ** [http://sealang.net/munda/dictionary/ SEAlang Munda Etimological Dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211103032630/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Donegan & Stampe Munda] * [https://livingtongues.org/projects/asia/india/munda-languages/ Asụsụ Munda na Living Tongues] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001210916/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Austroasiatic/Munda/Munda_-_General/munda_-_general.html Akwụkwọ edemede] * [http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/langhotspots/Ho/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ asụsụ Ho nke K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College] * [http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Nchekwa na Ebe Ọrụ maka Ihe Nketa Na-adịghị Ahụ anya nke Austroasiatic)] * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66EE-3@view</nowiki> Asụsụ Munda na RWAAI Digital Archive South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọmSouth Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, [[Asụsụ Korku|Korku]] na [[Asụsụ Sora|Sora]] sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọm{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] imhdki3e06gnqqx1oj5xnwnlbos27qk 0 37887 741831 738185 2026-10-28T17:48:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741831 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ousmane Sembène''' (   [usman sɑ̃ спон]; 1 Jenụwarị 1923 ma ọ bụ 8 Jenụwarụ 1923<ref name="Gadjigo2010">{{Cite book|author=Samba Gadjigo|title=Ousmane Sembène: The Making of a Militant Artist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vOxxoBXTVcC&pg=PA7|date=6 May 2010|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00426-0|pages=7}}</ref> - 9 June 2007), nke a na-ekwukarị na ụdị French dị ka '''Sembène Ousmane''' nke o yiri ka ọ na-akwado dị ka ụzọ isi mesie "mmanye ọchịchị" nke emume aha a ike ma mebie ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jonassaint|first=Jean|date=2010|title=Le cinéma de Sembène Ousmane, une (double) contre-ethnographie : (Notes pour une recherche)|url=https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ethno/2010-v31-n2-ethno3691/039372ar/|journal=Ethnologies|language=fr|volume=31|issue=2|pages=241–286|doi=10.7202/039372ar|issn=1481-5974}}</ref> bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Senegalese, onye mmepụta na onye edemede.  <ref name="LA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-sembene14jun14,1,4130153.story?track=rss|title=Ousmane Sembene, 84; Senegalese hailed as 'the father of African film'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2007-06-14|accessdate=2017-11-11}}</ref> ''Los Angeles Times'' weere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị ukwuu n'Africa ma a na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke ihe nkiri Afrịka". [1] sitere n'ezinụlọ Serer site n'akara nne ya sitere n'agbụrụ Matar Sène, Ousmane Sembène dọtara mmasị ya karịsịa na ememme okpukpe Serer karịsịa ''Ememme Tuur''. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ nwa nwoke nke onye ọkụ azụ, Ousmane Sembène na Ziguinchor na Casamance n'ezinụlọ Lebou. Site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ matara okpukpe Serer karịsịa ''Ememme Tuur'', ebe e mere ya "ohu ofufe". bụ ezie na ndị ''Tuur'' na-achọ ka mmụọ ndị nna ha (Pangool) nye ha mmiri ara ehi, Sembène ejighị ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ejere okpukpe ozi kpọrọ ihe ma bụrụ onye a maara maka ịṅụ onyinye ndị e nyere ndị nna nna ha. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya ndị toro eto na-adabere na isiokwu Serer. Nne nne ya zụlitere ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ nọ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. <ref name="Sem"> {{in lang|en}} Gadjigo, Samba, "Ousmane Sembène: The Making of a Militant Artist", Indiana University Press, (2010), p 16, {{ISBN|0253354137}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=8vOxxoBXTVcC&dq=serer+maternal+clans&pg=PA16] (Retrieved : 10 August 2012)</ref> Ihe ọmụma Sembène banyere French na [[Arabic]] bụ isi ma e wezụga Wolof, asụsụ nne ya, sochiri ịga ya na madrasa, dị ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke Alakụba, na ụlọ akwụkwọ French ruo 1936, mgbe ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ sere okwu. Sembène <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsreel.org/articles/ousmanesembene.htm|title=Ousmane Sembene: The Life of a Revolutionary Artist|work=newsreel.org|accessdate=2016-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124636/http://www.newsreel.org/articles/ousmanesembene.htm|archive-date=2018-09-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> nna ya rụọ ọrụ - ọ na-arịa ọrịa n'oké osimiri - ruo 1938, mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara Dakar, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ aka dị iche iche. N'afọ 1944, e debara aha Sembène n'akwụkwọ na Senegalese Tirailleurs (otu ndị agha nke Ndị agha France). <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRGFSuCDDWwC&q=ousmane+sembene&pg=PR9|title=Ousmane Sembène: Interviews|author=Busch|first=Annett|date=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=9781934110867|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] mechara bụrụ na ndị Free French Forces. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya ma na 1947 sonye na ogologo oge ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nke o mechara dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ God's Bits of Wood (1960). Ná ngwụsị afọ 1947, ọ gara France, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Citroën na Paris wee gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Marseilles, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na òtù ndị ọrụ France. Ọ sonyeere CGT nke ndị Kọmunist na-eduzi na ndị Kọmunisti, na-enyere aka iduzi ọgbaghara iji gbochie mbupu ngwá agha maka agha ndị France na Vietnam. N'oge a, ọ chọpụtara onye edemede Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay na onye edemede Marxist nke Haiti Jacques Roumain. == Ọrụ edemede mbụ == Sembène kụziiri onwe ya ịgụ na ide na French ma mesịa jiri ọtụtụ ahụmahụ ndụ ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya n'asụsụ French, Le Docker Noir (The Black Docker, 1956), <ref name="LA"/> akụkọ Diaw, onye Africa na-eme njem nke na-eche ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmeso ọjọọ ihu na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Marseilles. Diaw dere akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke nwanyị ọcha mechara zuo ma bipụta ya n'aha ya; ọ na-eche ya ihu, gbuo ya na mberede, ma kpee ya ikpe ma gbuo ya n'ihe nkiri ndị na-echetara Albert Camus The Stranger (1942, nke a sụgharịrị dị ka The Outsider). Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na mmeso ọjọọ nke ndị mbịarambịa Africa, Sembène kọwakwara mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ Arab na Spanish, na-eme ka o doo anya na okwu ndị ahụ metụtara xenophobia dịka ha na-eme agbụrụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ifo ya, a na-ede ya n'ụzọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ malitere aha Sembène n'akwụkwọ ma nye ya nkwado ego iji gaa n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke Sembène,''Mba, ndị mara mma m!'' (Oh mba, ndị m mara mma!, 1957), na-akọ akụkọ banyere Oumar, onye ọrụ ugbo ojii nwere oké ọchịchọ na-alaghachi n'obodo ya bụ Casamance na nwunye ọhụrụ na echiche maka imeziwanye ọrụ ugbo nke mpaghara ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Oumar na-alụ ọgụ megide ma gọọmentị French na usoro mmekọrịta obodo, ma mesịa gbuo ya. ''Mba, ndị mara mma m!'' bụ ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa, na-enye Sembène akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù site na gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị site na mba Ndị Kọmunist dị ka China, Cuba, na Soviet Union. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke atọ na nke a ma ama nke Sembène bụ Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu (God's Bits of Wood, 1960); <ref name="LA"/> ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na-ewere ya dị ka ọrụ nka ya, naanị ''Xala'' na-asọ mpi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-akọ akụkọ ndụ nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Dakar-Niger nke were site na 1947 ruo 1948. Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-ekwuchitere ndị otu ahụ, Ibrahima Bakayoko, bụ onye kachasị mkpa, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ enweghị ezigbo dike ma e wezụga obodo ahụ n'onwe ya, nke na-agbakọta ọnụ n'ihu ihe isi ike na mmegbu iji kwado ikike ha. N'ihi ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe odide iri ise na Senegal na [[Mali]] agbata obi ya, na-egosi ọgbaghara ahụ site n'akụkụ niile enwere ike; na nke a, a na-ejikarị akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ tụnyere Germinal nke Emile Zola. Sembène sochiri Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu na (1962) nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Voltaïque (Tribal Scars). Nchịkọta ahụ nwere akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, akụkọ, na akụkọ ifo, gụnyere "La Noire de..." nke ọ ga-emecha mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya. N'afọ 1964, o wepụtara l'''Harmattan'' (The Harmattan), akwụkwọ akụkọ dị egwu banyere ntuli aka maka nnwere onwe n'isi obodo Afrịka. Site na 1962 ruo 1963, Sembène mụrụ ime ihe nkiri otu afọ na Gorky Film Studio, Moscow, n'okpuru onye nduzi Soviet Mark Donskoy. == Ọrụ edemede mgbe e mesịrị == Site na mbipụta 1965 nke Le mandat, nke Vehi-Ciosane (The Money Order and White Genesis) bu ụzọ, nkwenye Sembène malitere ịgbanwe. Dị nnọọ ka o ji ike wakpo mmegbu agbụrụ na akụ na ụba nke gọọmentị France, ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ a, ọ tụgharịrị anya ya na ndị isi Africa rụrụ arụ nke sochiri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Firoze Manji|title=The Rise and Significance of Lotus|url=https://codesria.org/spip.php?article1976|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=CODESRIA|date=3 March 2014|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609082847/https://codesria.org/spip.php?article1976|url-status=dead}}</ref> bụ otu n'ime ndị nyere aka na ''Lotus'' nke a malitere na Cairo na 1968 ma bụrụ nke Egypt na Soviet Union kwadoro. Sembène gara n'ihu n'isiokwu a na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1973 ''Xala'', akụkọ nke El Hadji Abdou Kader Beye, onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nke ihe o kwenyere na ọ bụ ọbụbụ ọnụ nke Enweghị ike ("xala" na Wolof) n'abalị agbamakwụkwọ ya na nwunye ya mara mma, nke atọ. El Hadji na-echegbu onwe ya maka iwepụ ọbụbụ ọnụ ahụ site na ileta Marabouts, mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ ego ya na aha ya ka ọ chọpụtara na isi iyi ahụ bụ onye arịrịọ bi n'èzí ọfịs ya, onye o mejọrọ n'inweta akụ ya. == Ihe nkiri == Dị ka onye edemede na-echegbu onwe ya banyere mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Sembène chọrọ imetụ ndị na-ege ntị aka. Ọ ghọtara na ọrụ ya ga-eru naanị ndị isi ọdịbendị, mana na ihe nkiri bụ "ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị ndị mmadụ" <ref name="LA"/> ma nwee ike iru ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị n'Afrịka. N'afọ 1963, Sembène mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, obere ihe a na-akpọ ''Barom Sarret'' (The Wagoner). N'afọ 1964, o mere obere ihe ọzọ akpọrọ ''Niaye''. N'afọ 1966, o mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, La Noire de...''Onye Ojii nke ...'', dabere na otu n'ime akụkọ mkpirikpi nke ya; ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke onye nduzi mpaghara Sahara Africa wepụtara. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị nkeji iri isii, ihe nkiri asụsụ French meriri Prix Jean Vigo, <ref name="LA"/> na-eweta uche mba ụwa ozugbo na ihe nkiri Afrịka n'ozuzu ya na Sembène kpọmkwem. Sembène sochiri ihe ịga nke ọma a na 1968 ''Mandabi'', na-emezu nrọ ya nke imepụta ihe nkiri n'asụsụ obodo ya bụ Wolof. <ref name="LA" /> Ihe nkiri ndị e mechara jiri asụsụ Wolof gụnyere ''Xala'' (1975, nke dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya), ''Cedar'' (1977), Camp de Thiaroye (1987), na ''[[Guelwaar]]'' (1992). <ref>Busch, Annett, and Max Annas (eds), (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=cRGFSuCDDWwC&pg=PA135 ''Ousmane Sembène: Interviews'']. University Press of Mississippi, p. 135.</ref><ref>Berridan, Brenda F. (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kjqh7O99pv0C&pg=PA151 Manu Dibango and Ceddo's Transatlantic Soundscape], in ''Focus on African Films''. Indiana University Press, p. 151.</ref><ref name="Emitai Ceddo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC36folder/Emitai-Ceddo.html|title=Emitai Ceddo|accessdate=2013-10-17}}</ref> machibidoro mbipụta nke ''Cedar'' na Senegal nke ukwuu, n'ihi nsogbu na akwụkwọ Sembène, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na nyocha a nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe a ga-akọwa dị ka ihe na-emegide ndị Alakụba na fim ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Sembène kesara akwụkwọ mpịakọta na ụlọ ihe nkiri na-akọwa ihe ndị a na-enyocha ma wepụta ihe nkiri ahụ na-enweghị mbelata maka ahịa mba ụwa. N'afọ 1971, Sembène mekwara ihe nkiri na French na Diola nke akpọrọ ''Emitaï'', nke a banyere na 7th Moscow International Film Festival, ebe ọ meriri Silver Prize. <ref name="Moscow1971">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1971|title=7th Moscow International Film Festival (1971)|accessdate=2012-12-24|work=MIFF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403094201/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1971|archivedate=3 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene|title=Ceddo Emitai Ousmane Sembene|date=2 February 1998|accessdate=17 October 2013|archivedate=5 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005153040/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-02-02/features/1998033013_1_ceddo-emitai-ousmane-sembene}}</ref> machibidoro ya iwu na French West Africa niile. <ref name="Emitai Ceddo" /> [2] [3] <ref name="Moscow1975">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975|title=9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975)|accessdate=2013-01-06|work=MIFF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194905/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975|archivedate=16 January 2013}}</ref> tinyere ihe nkiri ya nke 1975 ''Xala'' n'ime 9th Moscow International Film Festival. [1] == Ọnwụ == Ousmane Sembène nwụrụ na 9 June 2007, mgbe ọ dị afọ 84. na-arịa ọrịa kemgbe Disemba 2006, ma nwụọ n'ụlọ ya na Dakar, Senegal, ebe e liri ya n'ime ákwà mkpuchi e ji amaokwu koranic chọọ mma. Sembè<ref>{{Cite news|author=Macnab|first=Geoffrey|work=The Independent|date=13 June 2007|accessdate=2009-11-14|title=Obituaries – 'Ousmane Sembene'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ousmane-sembene-452880.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012053001/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ousmane-sembene-452880.html|archive-date=2011-10-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ site n'alụmdi na nwunye abụọ. Seipati Bulane Hopa, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI), kọwara Sembène dị ka "onye na-enwu ọkụ nke na-enwe ọkụ maka ndị nkịtị ka ha na-aga n'ụzọ nke ìhè... olu na-ekwu okwu n'egbughị oge, nwoke nwere nkà na-enweghị ntụpọ nke na-ejide ụkpụrụ nka ya ma jiri iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ùgwù mee nke ahụ" Pallo Jordan nke South Africa, Minista nke nka na ọdịbendị, gara n'ihu n'ịkwalite Sembène dị ka "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ọma na onye nwere ọdịbendị pụrụ iche... onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya [onye] nyere ụwa ihe ọmụma ọzọ banyere Africa". == Ọrụ == === Akwụkwọ === * Ọzọkwa mbipụta ọhụrụ site n'aka onye na-ebipụta Présence Africaine nke 2002. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụgbọ mmiri ojii Ndị edemede Africa. [[London]]: Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 9780435908966</nowiki> OCLC 16084389. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụgbọ mmiri ojii Ndị edemede Africa. Oxford: Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 9780435908973</nowiki> OCLC 476822988.{{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Le Docker noir|location=Paris|publisher=Debresse|date=1956}} ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Black docker|url=https://archive.org/details/blackdocker0000semb|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|date=1987|isbn=9780435908966|oclc=16084389|series=African writers}} ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Black docker|url=https://archive.org/details/blackdocker0000semb|publisher=Heinemann|location=Oxford|date=1989|isbn=9780435908973|oclc=476822988|series=African writers}} * {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=O Pays, mon beau peuple!|date=1957|publisher=Amiot Dumont, 1957|oclc=1009422560}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkụ osisi nke Chineke: Banty mam yall. [Paris]: Akwụkwọ Contemporain. OCLC 62109468. Mbipụta nke mbụ nke 1960. ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=God's Bits of Wood|url=https://archive.org/details/godsbitsofwood1905semb|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|date=1995|isbn=|oclc=562242510}} {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Les bouts de bois de Dieu : Banty mam yall|url=https://archive.org/details/lesboutsdeboisde00semb|date=1988|publisher=Le Livre Contemporain|location=[Paris]|oclc=62109468}} * Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi. ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Tribal scars and other stories|url=https://archive.org/details/tribalscarsother0000semb|publisher=INSCAPE|location=Washington|date=1974|isbn=9780879530150|oclc=763705}} {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Voltaïque ([[w:fr:Voltaïque (recueil)|fr]])|date=1962|oclc=312515053|location=Paris|publisher=Présence Africaine}} * Sembène, Ousmane (1964). L'Harmattan (akwụkwọ akụkọ) Paris: Ọnụnọ Africa. OCLC 460661419. E bipụtaghachiri ya na 1973.{{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=L'Harmattan (novel)|location=Paris|publisher=Présence Africaine|date=1964|oclc=460661419}} * {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Vehi-Ciosane ou Blanche-Genèse, suivi du Mandat|location=Paris|publisher=Présence Africaine (Ligugé, impr. Aubin)|date=1965|oclc=460661424}} ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=The Money-Order with White Genesis|url=https://archive.org/details/moneyorderwithwh0000semb|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|date=1987|isbn=9780435900922|oclc=572500}} * {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Xala|location=Paris|publisher=Présence africaine|date=1973}} ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Xala|url=https://archive.org/details/xala00semb_0|date=1976|oclc=470084596}} ** {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Xala|publisher=Heinemann|location=London|date=1980|isbn=9780435901752|oclc=974104373}} * {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Le dernier de l'Empire|location=Paris|publisher=L'Harmattan|date=1981|isbn=9782858021697|oclc=405576233}} ** [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nke ikpeazụ nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ: akwụkwọ akụkọ Senegalese. Ọ bụ Adams, Adrian sụgharịrị ya. London: Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 9780435902506</nowiki>. OCLC 10030343. "A key for Senegalese politics" - Werner Glinga.{{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=The last of the Empire : a Senegalese novel|url=https://archive.org/details/lastofempiresene0000semb|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|date=1983|isbn=9780435902506|oclc=10030343}} * {{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Niiwam : nouvelles|url=https://archive.org/details/niiwamsuividetaa0000semb|location=Paris|publisher=Présence africaine|date=1987|isbn=9782708704862|oclc=631337297}} ** Ọzọkwa Oxford na Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1992.{{Cite book|first=Ousmane|author=Sembène|title=Niiwam and Taaw [two novellas]|isbn=9780864861221|oclc=24360778|publisher=D. Philip|location=[Cape Town]|date=1991}} === Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ === <ref name="africanfilmny">{{Cite web|url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/ousmane-sembene/|title=Ousmane Sembène Director|publisher=African Film Festival, Inc. (AFF)|accessdate=8 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|0783733}}</ref> nkiri Sembène gụnyere:<ref name="africultures">{{Cite web|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3495|title=Ousmane Sembène. Réalisateur/trice, Ecrivain/ne, Acteur/trice, Producteur/trice, Scénariste, Personne concernée. Sénégal|work=africultures.com|publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation|accessdate=8 October 2023|date=2023|language=French}}</ref><ref name="africine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/ousmane-sembene/3495|accessdate=8 October 2023|work=africine.org|title=Ousmane Sembène Film director, Writer, Actor, Producer, Screenwriter, Person concerned|date=2020|publisher=Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC)}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ụdị !Ọrụ !Ogologo oge (min) |- |1963 |''Borom Sarret'' |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke nwoke Senegalese dara ogbenye. Ihe nkiri mbụ nke onye isi ojii mere. <ref name="imdb">{{IMDb name|0783733}}</ref><br /><br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |20m |- |1964 |''Niaye'' |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Ihe ihere nke nwa agbọghọ dị ime<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |35 mita |- |1966 |''Onye Ojii nke ...'' |Ihe nkiri A Senegalese girl becomes a servant in France<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |65 mita |- |1968 |''Mandabi'' |Ihe nkiri A Senegalese nwoke ga-anagide iwu ego si Paris<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |92 mita |- |1970 |''[[Tauw]]'' |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Nwa okorobịa na-eme ụlọ maka enyi ya nwanyị dị ime<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |24 mita |- |1971 |''Emitaï'' |Ihe nkiri ndị mmadụ na-eme mkpesa maka [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] French<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |103 mita |- |1975 |''Xala'' |Akụkụ na-atọ ọchị A na-akọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị rụrụ arụ n'enweghị ike<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |123 mita |- |1977 |''Cedar'' |Ihe nkiri na-eme ngagharị iwe ndị si n'èzí (Ceddo, ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụba) na-atọrọ nwa eze ojii<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede ya na Carrie Sembene |120m |- |1988 |''Ogige nke Thiaroye'' |Ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme Na 1944 Thiaroye massacre ndị agha France gburu ndị agha ojii na-enupụ isi<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede ya na Thierno Faty Sow |147 mita |- |1992 |''[[Guelwaar]]'' |Ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị banyere olili ozu na-ezighị ezi<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |115 mita |- |2000 |''Faat Kiné'' |Ihe nkiri Otu nne na-alụbeghị di na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọrụ<br /> |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |120m |- |2004 |''[[Moolaadé]]'' |Ihe nkiri Ndị inyom na-eme mkpesa maka igbu ọkpụkpụ nwanyị<br />[[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|Mkpịsị akụkụ ahụ nwanyị]] |Onye nduzi na onye edemede |124 mita |} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Adeniyi|first=Idowu Emmanuel|date=2019|title=Male Other, Female Self and Post-feminist Consciousness in Sembène Ousmane's ''God's Bits of Wood'' and [[Flora Nwapa]]'s ''Efuru''|url=|journal=Ibadan Journal of English Studies|volume=7|issue=|pages=57–72|doi=|accessdate=}} * {{Cite book|author=Busch|first=Annett|authorlink=|date=2008|title=Ousmane Sembène interviews|url=|location=[Jackson]|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=9781934110850|oclc=778204000}} ** {{Cite web|url=http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1092|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918190523/http://www.upress.state.ms.us/books/1092|archivedate=2009-09-18|title=Ousmane Sembène: Interviews. Edited by Annett Busch and Max Annas|author=|first=|date=|work=upress.state.ms.us|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote="Culture is political, but it's another type of politics. In art, you are political, but you say, 'We are' and not 'I am.'"}} * {{Cite book|title=Ousmane Sembène : dialogues with critics and writers|editor=Gadjigo|isbn=9780870238895|oclc=28339413|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst|date=1993}} * {{Cite book|title=Ousmane Sembène : the making of a militant artist|url=https://archive.org/details/ousmanesembenema0000gadj|first=Samba|author=Gadjigo|isbn=9780253354136|oclc=313659212|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|date=2010}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/10/cameras-dafrique-elvis-mitchell-on-west-african-cinema-and-the-need-for-diverse-film-criticism-interview-164704/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029112241/https://www.indiewire.com/2013/10/cameras-dafrique-elvis-mitchell-on-west-african-cinema-and-the-need-for-diverse-film-criticism-interview-164704/|archivedate=2018-10-29|title=Caméras d'Afrique: Elvis Mitchell On West African Cinema and The Need for Diverse Film Criticism (Interview)|author=Mumin|first=Nijla|date=October 4, 2013|work=IndieWire|publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=}} * {{Cite book|author=Murphy|first=David|authorlink=|date=2001|title=Imagining Alternatives in Film and Fiction – Sembene'|url=https://archive.org/details/sembeneimagining0000murp|location=Oxford|publisher=Africa World Press Inc.|isbn=9780852555552|oclc=254943835}} * {{Cite journal|author=Niang|first=Sada|date=Fall 1995|title=Interview with Ousmane Sembene|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_fall-1995_26_3/page/174|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=26|issue=3|pages=174–178|doi=|accessdate=}} * {{Cite book|author=Niang|first=Sada|authorlink=|date=1996|title=Littérature et cinéma en afrique francophone: Ousmane Sembène et Assia Djebar|url=https://archive.org/details/litteratureetcin0000unse|location=Paris|publisher=L’Harmattan|isbn=9782738448750|oclc=917569861}} * {{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|authorlink=|date=1984|title=The Cinema of Ousmane Sembene: A Pioneer of African Film|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofousmanes0000pfaf|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=9780313244001|oclc=10605185}} * Rubaba, Protas Pius (2009). "Mmetụta nke nkwurịta okwu ụmụ nwanyị n'ịmepụta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: nyocha nke ihe nkiri Moolaade (Ousmane Sembene) na Mmiri (Deepa Mehta) " (PDF). vital.seals.ac.za. South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS). peeji nke 132. Master thesis na Applied Media Studies, [[Nelson Mandela]] Metropolitan University.{{Cite web|url=https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/PdfViewer/vital:8397/SOURCEPDF?viewPdfInternal=1|author=Rubaba|first=Protas Pius|title=The influence of feminist communication in creating social transformation: an analysis of the films Moolaade (Ousmane Sembene) and Water (Deepa Mehta)|publisher=South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS)|date=2009|format=PDF|work=vital.seals.ac.za|pages=132|accessdate=2024-03-04|archivedate=2023-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094153/https://vital.seals.ac.za/vital/access/manager/PdfViewer/vital:8397/SOURCEPDF?viewPdfInternal=1}} * {{Cite book|author=Vieyra|first=Paulin Soumanou|authorlink=|date=1972|title=Ousmane Sembène cineaste: première période, 1962–1971|url=|location=Paris|publisher=Présence Africaine|isbn=|oclc=896779795}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == === Vidio === * ","href":"./Template:YouTube"},"params":{"id":{"wt":"9ipcync79CI"},"title":{"wt":"Ceddo (1977), with English and French Subtitles (**enable Closed Caption for English subtitles**)"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ipcync79CI</nowiki>" id="mwAuY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span class="plainlinks">Ceddo (1977), na Bekee na French Subtitles (**enable Closed Caption for English subtitles**) </span> na YouTube. Oge vidiyo 1h:51m:41s. Onye na-ebudata XMusicMusicX 2013. * FILM GUELEWAR Ousmane Sembene 1992 (n'asụsụ French) . Oge vidiyo 1h:29m:38s. Onye na-ebudata Roomnart 2022. === Ọchịagha === * {{Cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/sembene-ousmane/|title=Authors & Artists. Sembene, Ousmane|quote=As far as I am concerned, I no longer support notions of purity. Purity has become a thing of the past. . .|accessdate=7 October 2023|work=scholarblogs.emory.edu|publisher=Postcolonial Studies, Emory University|archivedate=8 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008094150/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/postcolonialstudies/2014/06/11/sembene-ousmane/}} * {{IMDb name|0783733}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.newsreel.org/articles/OusmaneSembene.htm|title=Ousmane Sembene: the life of a revolutionary artist|author=Gadjigo|first=Samba|date=|work=newsreel.org|publisher=California Newsreel, San Francisco|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=Crossing the geographical and national borders of his native Senegal, Ousmane Sembene's literary and cinematographic output places him today as the "father" of African films and as one of the most prolific "French-speaking" African writers in this first century of "creative" writing in francophone Africa.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124636/http://www.newsreel.org/articles/ousmanesembene.htm|archive-date=26 September 2018|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=6654|title=Interview with Ousmane Sembène — father of African film|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204175447/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/article.php?article_id=6654|archivedate=4 February 2012|author=|first=|date=11 June 2005|work=socialistworker.co.uk|publisher=Socialist Worker|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/11/world/africa/11sembene.html|title=An Appraisal: A Filmmaker Who Found Africa's Voice|author=Scott|first=A.O.|date=2007-06-11|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=}} * {{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/12/movies/12semb.html|title=Ousmane Sembène, 84, Dies; Led Cinema's Advance in Africa|author=Scott|first=A.O.|date=2007-06-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=}} * {{Cite web|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=3495|title=Ousmane Sembène. Réalisateur/trice, Ecrivain/ne, Acteur/trice, Producteur/trice, Scénariste, Personne concernée. Sénégal|author=|first=|date=|work=africultures.com|publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=|language=French}} * {{Cite web|url=http://missingimage.com/book/export/html/250569|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806102441/http://missingimage.com/book/export/html/25056|title=Ousmane Sembene Interviews|archivedate=2008-08-06|author=Busch|first=Annett|date=|work=missingimage.com|publisher=|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=}} * "Ousmane Sembene". wnyc.org. New York Public Radio, WNYC. 12 Ọktoba 2004. E nwetara ya na 7 Ọktoba 2023. Onye Senegal na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Ousmane Sembene na ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na nke na-arụpụta ihe, yana ihe nkiri ọhụrụ ya: Moolaadé . Ogologo oge 31 min 20 sekọnd. faịlụ ọdịyo nke ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe ngosi Leonard Lopate.{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/shows/lopate/episodes/2004/10/12/segments/37154|title=Ousmane Sembene|author=|first=|date=October 12, 2004|work=wnyc.org|publisher=New York Public Radio, [[WNYC]]|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembene on his distinguished and prolific career, as well as his latest film: Moolaadé.|archivedate=22 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122042907/http://wnyc.org/shows/lopate/episodes/2004/10/12/segments/37154}} * {{Cite web|url=http://blog.cineafrique.org/2009/10/23/selected-lines-of-the-book-ousmane-sembene-interviews/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121052028/http://blog.cineafrique.org/2009/10/23/selected-lines-of-the-book-ousmane-sembene-interviews/|archivedate=2010-11-21|title=Selected lines of the book "Ousmane Sembène Interviews"|author=Amekudji|first=Anoumou|date=23 October 2009|work=blog.cineafrique.org/|publisher=|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=I interviewed Sembène Ousmane on July 25, 2006. We were supposed to meet again to continue the discussion and talk about other elements of his Cinema but he passed away at the beginning of June 2007.|language=}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?isbn=978-0-253-22151-3|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506212522/http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?isbn=978-0-253-22151-3|archivedate=2011-05-06|title=Ousmane Sembène. The Making of a Militant Artist. Samba Gadjigo. Translated by Moustapha Diop. Foreword by Danny Glover|author=|first=|date=2010|work=iupress.indiana.edu|publisher=Indiana University Press|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=}} * Nnyocha nke ihe nkiri ahụ site na [[Manthia Diawara]] na Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o.{{Cite web|url=https://maumaus.org/Films/Sembene.html|title=Sembène: The Making of African Cinema (1994)|author=|first=|date=|work=maumaus.org|publisher=Associação Maumaus - Centro de Contaminação Visual|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=In this rich documentary, legendary Senegalese filmmaker Ousmane Sembène reminisces about his career and discusses the craft of his films and novels.}} ==== N'asụsụ French ==== * Amekudji, Anoumou "Nleba anya na Sembène Ousmane, onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Senegal". blog.cineafrique.org (n'asụsụ French). E debere ya na nke mbụ na 7 Mee 2011. E nwetara ya na 7 Ọktoba 2023. Akụkọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Senegal, Weekend, Quotidien, izu nke August 2 ruo 8, 2007. Otu n'ime ajụjụ ọnụ ikpeazụ nke Sembene Ousmane.{{Cite web|url=http://blog.cineafrique.org/2009/08/27/rencontre-avec-sembene-ousmane-ecrivain-cineaste-senegalais|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507030026/http://blog.cineafrique.org/2009/08/27/rencontre-avec-sembene-ousmane-ecrivain-cineaste-senegalais|archivedate=2011-05-07|title=Rencontre avec Sembène Ousmane, écrivain-cinéaste sénégalais|author=Amekudji|first=Anoumou|date=|work=blog.cineafrique.org|publisher=|quote=Article paru dans l’hebdomadaire sénégalais, Weekend, l’hebdo du Quotidien, Semaine du 2 au 8 aout 2007|language=French|accessdate=7 October 2023}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=3854|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123050837/http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=3854|archivedate=2006-11-23|first=Olivier|author=Barlet|title=La leçon de cinéma d'Ousmane Sembène au festival de Cannes 2005|date=27 May 2005|language=French|accessdate=7 October 2023}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=5967|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519185756/http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=5967|archivedate=2011-05-19|title=Sembène, le mécréant|author=Barlet|first=Olivier|date=11 June 2007|work=africultures.com|publisher=africultures. Les mondes en relation|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=|language=French}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=2506|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215656/http://www.africultures.com/index.asp?menu=affiche_article&no=2506|archivedate=26 September 2007|title=Entretien avec Ousmane Sembène|author=Barlet|first=Olivier|date=15 August 2007|work=africultures.com|publisher=africultures. Les mondes en relation|quote=|language=French|accessdate=7 October 2023}} * Ebe e si nweta ya: International Herald Tribune.{{Cite web|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2004/12/16/ousmane-sembene-le-dakarois-en-perpetuelle-revolte|title=LE PÈRE DU CINÉMA AFRICAIN. Ousmane Sembène, le Dakarois en perpétuelle révolte|date=15 December 2004|work=courrierinternational.com|publisher=Courier International|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=|language=French}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/ousmane_sembene.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915070255/http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/ousmane_sembene.html|archivedate=2007-09-15|title=Cinéma > Ousmane SEMBENE|work=senegalaisement.com|publisher=|accessdate=7 October 2023|quote=|language=French}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cobq9m1qw9cce8gor0kv3dzop8zkll0 0 44114 741892 496339 2026-10-29T06:54:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741892 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vicmps.greens.org.au/content/members-statement-wildlife-victoria-call-centre|title=MEMBER'S STATEMENT: WILDLIFE VICTORIA - CALL CENTRE|publisher=The Greens|date=2009-11-10|accessdate=2013-06-05|archivedate=2013-05-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514052912/http://vicmps.greens.org.au/content/members-statement-wildlife-victoria-call-centre}}</ref>Anụ foto Victoria , ihuenyo maka uru na-enye ọrụ nzaghachi ike anụ ndị na steeti Victoria, Australia .  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ntọala guzosie ike na 1989 ọrụ ahụ na-enye Nkwado anụ dị mkpa na ike site n'ịza asị sitere n'aka nsogbu na eze gbasara anụ.  ahụ na ụmụ mgbei <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zoo.org.au/healesville/highlights/australian-wildlife-health-centre/emergency-help-for-wildlife|title=Emergency help for wildlife &#124; Zoos Victoria|publisher=Zoo.org.au|date=|accessdate=2013-06-05|archivedate=2013-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601052028/http://www.zoo.org.au/healesville/highlights/australian-wildlife-health-centre/emergency-help-for-wildlife}}</ref> Nzukọ a na-edobe nlekọta anụ ọhịa na netwọk nkwukọrịta nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke anụ ọhịa na steeti Victoria. Nke a gụnyere ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa afọ ofufo, onye nnapụta, ndị nlekọta na ndị na-ebu njem, ọrụ mberede, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ azụmahịa. <ref name="wildlifevictoria">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/|title=Wildlife Rescue Victoria|publisher=Wildlife Victoria|date=2013-03-18|accessdate=2013-03-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Campbell|first=Shaun|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/east/kangaroo-found-on-fourth-floor-of-westfield-doncaster-carpark/story-fngnvlxu-1226582583522|title=Wallaby rescued on roof of four-storey Westfield Doncaster carpark|publisher=Manningham Leader|date=2013-03-27|accessdate=2013-06-05}}</ref> In 2021, Wildlife Victoria handled more than 100,000 enquiries from the public and assisted almost 90,000 native animals during their time of need. Anụ ọhịa Victoria na-enyekwa ọha na eze ozi na mmụta gbasara anụ ọhịa gbasara anụ ọhịa metụtara trauma okporo ụzọ, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/Publications/Media_Releases/Media_Release_-_A_Safe_Drive_Saves_Our_Wildlife.pdf |title=A Safe Drive Saves Our Wildlife – drivers urged to take care this summer! |accessdate=2024-05-01 |archivedate=2024-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317212723/https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/Publications/Media_Releases/Media_Release_-_A_Safe_Drive_Saves_Our_Wildlife.pdf }}</ref> anụ ọhịa nchekwa nchekwa osisi ụgbụ, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/Publications/Media_Releases/Media_Release_-_Domestic_Fruit_Tree_Netting.pdf |title=Domestic fruit tree netting laws change 1 September |accessdate=2024-05-01 |archivedate=2024-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317212733/https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/Publications/Media_Releases/Media_Release_-_Domestic_Fruit_Tree_Netting.pdf }}</ref> otu esi elele obere akpa marsupial maka joey <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/fact-sheets/Pouch_Checking_Guide_2019.pdf |title=Pouch Checking Guide |accessdate=2024-05-01 |archivedate=2024-03-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317211420/https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/fact-sheets/Pouch_Checking_Guide_2019.pdf }}</ref> na inyere ụmụ anụmanụ aka n'oge nrụgide okpomọkụ. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/fact-sheets/5%20-%20Heat%20Stress.pdf|title=Wildlife Victoria - Wildlife Victoria|accessdate=2024-05-01|archivedate=2024-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317212259/https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/images/fact-sheets/5%20-%20Heat%20Stress.pdf}}</ref> A na-enye ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche iche echiche, kangaroos, [1] [2] possums, [3] cockatoos, koalas, ụsụ, [4] ngwere na-acha njikọ, obọgwụ [5] na ajị anụ. . <ref>{{Cite news|author=O'Connell|first=Brigid|url=http://www.news.com.au/news/fur-seal-taken-to-melbourne-zoo-after-second-dramatic-road-crossing-in-middle-park/story-fncvfxcm-1226467940634|title=Fur seal taken to Melbourne Zoo after second dramatic road crossing in Middle Park|publisher=News.com.au|date=2012-09-09|accessdate=2013-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121095212/http://www.news.com.au/news/fur-seal-taken-to-melbourne-zoo-after-second-dramatic-road-crossing-in-middle-park/story-fncvfxcm-1226467940634|archive-date=2013-01-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nzukọ a na-adabere na onyinye sitere n'aka ọha na eze iji kwado ọrụ ya. Kwa afọ, Wildlife Victoria na-ekesa ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo anụ ọhịa onyinye iji nyere ha aka ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ha na-agbapụta, ibugharị na imezigharị anụ ụlọ. N'okpuru ọrụ iwu na steeti Victoria, a ga-eweghachi anụ ụlọ n'ime ọhịa ka emezichara ha nke ọma. Onye isi oche Victoria Wildlife bụ Catherine MacLeod na Lisa Palma bụ onye isi oche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wildlifevictoria.org.au/about/board-of-management|title=Wildlife Victoria - Wildlife Victoria Board}}</ref> * Ọdịmma ụmụ anụmanụ na ikike n'Australia {{Reflist|30em}} oo985i89joidybjlshraxzk84tyeueg 0 44408 741863 721718 2026-10-28T18:27:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741863 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Third International Intersex Forum.jpg|thumb|Third International Intersex Forum.]] Ndi intersex bu ndi amuru n'udi njirimara mmadu di iche iche nke gunyere chromosome patterns, gonads, maobu genitals nke na Office United Nations High Commissioer for Human Rights kwuru na " elefukwara ndi binary notions nke nwoke maobu nke nwanyi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/intersex-people|title=Intersex people|work=OHCHR|accessdate=11 June 2023|archivedate=8 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708011645/https://www.ohchr.org/en/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/intersex-people}}</ref> Mmekọahụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na-ejikarị akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ n'èzí. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọmụmụ na akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị na-edoghị anya dị n'agbata 1:4,500-1:2,000 (0.02%-0.05%). <ref name="witchel">{{Cite journal|author=Selma Feldman Witchel|title=Disorders of Sex Development|journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|date=2018|volume=48|pages=90–102|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005|pmid=29503125|issn=1521-6934}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye atypical chromosomes, gonads, ma ọ bụ homonụ. Enwere ike ịnye ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ ma zụlite ha dị ka nwa agbọghọ ma ọ bụ nwa nwoke mana mgbe e mesịrị, ha na-ejikọta onwe ha na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọzọ, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-aga n'ihu na-ejikarị nwoke ma ọ bụrụ nwanyị ha. <ref name="Dreger">{{Cite book|author=Alice Domurat Dreger|title=Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex|url=https://archive.org/details/hermaphroditesme0000dreg|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-674-00189-3|location=US|authorlink=Alice Dreger}}</ref><ref name="oiijones">{{Cite web|url=https://oii.org.au/30313/intersex-stories-statistics-australia/|title=New publication "Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia"|work=[[Organisation Intersex International Australia]]|date=3 February 2016|accessdate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829033933/https://oii.org.au/30313/intersex-stories-statistics-australia/|archivedate=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="IHRA_(2013)">{{Cite web|url=https://ihra.org.au/16601/intersex-numbers/|title=Intersex population figures|publisher=[[Intersex Human Rights Australia]]|date=28 September 2013|accessdate=1 January 2021|archivedate=17 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183724/https://ihra.org.au/16601/intersex-numbers/}}</ref> A kọọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ebe nwa ahụ bụ intersex n'ụzọ dị iche dabere na onye na-akọ na nkọwa nke intersex a na-eji. Anne Fausto-Sterling na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ya na-ekwu na mmụba nke "nondimorphic sexual development" nwere ike ịdị elu dị ka 1.7%.<ref name="Anne_Fausto-Sterling_2000">{{Cite book|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-07714-4|author=Fausto-Sterling|first=Anne|title=Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465077137|date=2000|authorlink=Anne Fausto-Sterling}}</ref><ref name="Anne_Fausto-Sterling_2000b">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200003/04)12:2<151::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-F|issn=1520-6300|volume=12|issue=2|pages=151–166|author=Blackless|first=Melanie|title=How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|date=March 2000|pmid=11534012}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nzaghachi nke Leonard Sax bipụtara na-akọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ a gụnyere ọnọdụ ndị dị ka mmalite nke oge na-adịghị amị adrenal hyperplasia na Klinefelter syndrome nke ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-amaghị dị ka intersex; Sax na-ekwu, "ọ bụrụ na okwu intersex bụ iji jigide ihe ọ bụla, a ga-ejedebe okwu ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị chromosomal mmekọahụ na-ekwekọghị na phenotypic, ma ọ bụ nke phenotype enweghị ike ịkọwa dị ka nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị", na-ekwu na mmụba nke intersex bụ ihe dịka 0.018% (otu n'ime ọmụmụ 5,500 Fausto-s ugboro 100).[2]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intersexequality.com/how-common-is-intersex-in-humans/|title=How Common is Intersex? An Explanation of the Stats.|publisher=[[Intersex Campaign for Equality]]|date=1 April 2015|accessdate=1 January 2021|archivedate=11 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211235549/https://www.intersexequality.com/how-common-is-intersex-in-humans/}}</ref> Okwu ndị a na-eji akọwa ndị intersex na-ese okwu, ma na-agbanwe ka oge na ebe na-aga. A na-akpọbu ndị intersex "[[Ẹkẹlẹkbọ|hermaphrodites]]" ma ọ bụ "Ndị ọnaozi amụrụ amụrụ amụọ". <ref name="mason">{{Cite journal|author=Mason H.J.|year=1978|title=Favorinus' Disorder: Reifenstein's Syndrome in Antiquity?|journal=Janus|volume=66|issue=1–2–3|pages=1–13|pmid=11610651}}</ref> <ref>Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (1998), ''Việt sử giai thoại'' (History of Vietnam's tales), vol. 8, Vietnam Education Publishing House, p. 55</ref> Na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20, ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike chepụtara aha ọhụrụ na mgbalị ịhazi njirimara ndị ha hụrụ, mgbalị mbụ iji mepụta usoro nkewa nke ọnọdụ intersex. A na-ekewa ndị Intersex dị ka ndị nwere "ezi hermaphroditism", "female Pseudohermaphroditism ", ma ọ bụ "male pseudohermaphhroditism". <ref name="Zucker 73–120">{{Cite journal|author=Zucker|first=Kenneth J.|date=March 1992|title=Gender Identity Disorder in Children|journal=Annual Review of Sex Research|volume=3|issue=1|pages=73–120|doi=10.1080/10532528.1992.10559876|issn=1053-2528}}</ref> A naghịzi eji okwu ndị a eme ihe, a na-ewerekwa okwu ndị gụnyere okwu "hermaphrodite" dị ka ndị na-eduhie eduhie, ndị na-emebi ihe, na ndị na-akọwa ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dreger|first=Alice D.|date=18 August 2005|title=Changing the Nomenclature/Taxonomy for Intersex: A Scientific and Clinical Rationale|journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=18|issue=8|doi=10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729|pmid=16200837|pages=729–33}}</ref> Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, a na-eji okwu "hermaphrodite" akọwa ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike ịmepụta ma nwoke ma nwanyị gametes. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Kilman|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r4OCAAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology|date=14 April 2016|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-800426-5}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Avise|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqiR8C0lEckC|title=Hermaphroditism|date=15 March 2011|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|pages=1–7|isbn=978-0-231-52715-6|authorlink=John Avise}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị nwere àgwà intersex na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "intersex", ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ asụsụ ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Preves|first=Sharon E.|title=Intersex and identity: the contested self|url=https://archive.org/details/intersexidentity00unse|date=2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-3228-0|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|oclc=50334056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Harper|first=Catherine|title=Intersex|date=2007|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-84788-339-1|edition=English|location=Oxford|oclc=608598019}}</ref>   [nke dị oke ala] Na ntọala ahụike, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ọrịa nke mmepe mmekọahụ" (DSD) eme ihe kemgbe afọ 2006, mgbanwe n'asụsụ a na-ewere dị ka esemokwu kemgbe ewepụtara ya. <ref name="lee">{{Cite journal|author=Houk|first=C. P.|date=August 2006|title=Summary of Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their Management|journal=Pediatrics|volume=118|issue=2|pages=753–757|doi=10.1542/peds.2006-0737|issn=0031-4005|pmid=16882833}}</ref><ref name="GDavis">{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Georgiann|title=Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/contestinginters0000davi|date=11 September 2015|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4798-8704-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contestinginters0000davi/page/87 87]–89}}</ref><ref name="holmes2011">{{Cite journal|author=Holmes|first=Morgan|authorlink=Morgan Holmes|date=September 2011|title=The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge|journal=Somatechnics|volume=1|issue=2|pages=388–411|doi=10.3366/soma.2011.0026|issn=2044-0138}}</ref><ref name="vsd">{{Cite web|author=Beh|first=Hazel|authorlink=Milton Diamond|date=27 July 2006|title=Variations of Sex Development Instead of Disorders of Sex Development [''sic'']|url=http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/91/7/554|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821220303/http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/91/7/554#2460|archivedate=21 August 2008|accessdate=15 March 2021|work=ADC Online}}</ref> Ndị Intersex na-eche mkparị na ịkpa ókè ihu site na ọmụmụ, ma ọ bụ na-esote nchọpụta nke àgwà intersex na ọkwa nke mmepe dịka puberty. Ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwere ike ịnwe Ogbugbu ụmụaka, ịgbahapụ, na ịta ahụhụ site n'aka ezinụlọ ha. <ref name="cschrcl">{{Cite web|author=Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law|title=Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation|date=2014|url=http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503012642/http://www.hrapf.org/publications/research-papers/uganda-report-violations-based-sex-determination-gender-identity-and|archivedate=3 May 2015|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> <ref name="bbc2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39780214|title=The midwife who saved intersex babies|first=Helen|author=Grady|work=BBC World Service, Kenya|date=4 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515044758/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39780214|archivedate=15 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="beyond2015">{{Cite web|author=Beyond the Boundary – Knowing and Concerns Intersex|title=Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment|date=October 2015|url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCAT%2fCSS%2fHKG%2f22156&Lang=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052617/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCAT%2FCSS%2FHKG%2F22156&Lang=en|archivedate=26 March 2017}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, ụfọdụ ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka, dị ka ndị nwere akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị, na-agbanwe site na ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ site na [[Hormone|homonụ]] iji mepụta njirimara mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ a na-anabata na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-ewere nke a dị ka arụmụka, na-enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike nke nsonaazụ dị mma. Ọgwụgwọ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye imebi ahụ. Ndị toro eto, gụnyere ndị inyom na-eme egwuregwu, abụrụla ndị a na-emeso ọgwụgwọ dị otú ahụ. <ref name="jysk">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.g2926|issn=1756-1833|volume=348|issue=apr28 9|pages=–2926–g2926|author=Jordan-Young|first=R. M.|title=Sex, health, and athletes|journal=BMJ|date=April 2014|pmid=24776640}}</ref><ref name="Chand">{{Cite news|author=Macur|first=Juliet|title=Fighting for the Body She Was Born With|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/07/sports/sprinter-dutee-chand-fights-ban-over-her-testosterone-level.html|accessdate=9 February 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 October 2014}}</ref> N'ụzọ na-arịwanye elu, a na-ewere okwu ndị a dị ka mmebi nke ikike mmadụ, na nkwupụta sitere na mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ụkpụrụ omume nke mba ahụ. <ref name="SenateOnSterilisation">{{Cite book|isbn=978-1-74229-917-4|title=Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia|location=Canberra|date=2013|publisher=Senate of Australia Community Affairs References Committee|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index}}</ref><ref name="swissnek">{{Cite book|publisher=Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE|title=On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality". Opinion No. 20/2012|location=Berne|date=November 2012|url=http://www.nek-cne.ch/fileadmin/nek-cne-dateien/Themen/Stellungnahmen/en/NEK_Intersexualitaet_En.pdf|accessdate=24 July 2018}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ ewepụtakwala nkwupụta banyere mmebi ikike mmadụ, gụnyere Nkwupụta Malta nke 2013 nke Forum Intersex nke atọ.<ref name="afp2016">{{Cite book|authorlink=Asia Pacific Forum|isbn=978-0-9942513-7-4|author=Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions|title=Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics|date=June 2016|url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/|archive-date=2017-01-15|access-date=2024-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115144950/http://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/manual-sogi-and-sex-charactersitics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Christiane Völling ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ nke a maara na ọ gbara akwụkwọ maka mmebi n'okwu e wetara maka ịwa ahụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref name="icj1">{{Cite web|author=[[International Commission of Jurists]]|title=In re Völling, Regional Court Cologne, Germany (6 February 2008)|accessdate=27 December 2015|url=http://www.icj.org/sogicasebook/in-re-volling-regional-court-cologne-germany-6-february-2008/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105074337/http://www.icj.org/sogicasebook/in-re-volling-regional-court-cologne-germany-6-february-2008/|archivedate=5 January 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Malta ghọrọ mba mbụ machibidoro itinye aka na ahụike na-abụghị nkwekọrịta iji gbanwee ahụike mmekọahụ, gụnyere nke ndị intersex. <ref name="nyt-2015">{{Cite news|title=Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law|work=The New York Times|date=1 April 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2015/04/01/world/europe/01reuters-gay-rights-malta.html|accessdate=29 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="star-2015">{{Cite news|title=Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors|work=Star Observer|date=2 April 2015|url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/international-news-news/malta-passes-law-outlawing-forced-surgical-intervention-on-intersex-minors/134800}}</ref> == Terminology == Enweghị nkọwa doro anya nke intersex na enweghị nkọwa doro anya banyere ọnọdụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na-eme ka onye ọ bụla ruo eruo dị ka intersex.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dreger|first=A. D.|title=Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement: Feminist Theory in Action|journal=GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies|date=1 January 2009|volume=15|issue=2|pages=199–224|doi=10.1215/10642684-2008-134}}</ref> The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD), American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike na-ekewa àgwà ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ intersex n'etiti nsogbu nke mmepe mmekọahụ (DSD). <ref name="bmj.g2926">{{Cite journal|title=Sex, health, and athletes|journal=BMJ|volume=348|pages=g2926|date=April 2014|pmid=24776640|doi=10.1136/bmj.g2926|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2926|accessdate=19 July 2021}}</ref> Adjective a na-ahụkarị maka ndị nwere nsogbu nke mmepe mmekọahụ (DSD) bụ "intersex".   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="Previously cited to ref 'un-2016', but failed verification. See rev. 1159356782. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Okwu mmalite na nkọwa === [[Usòrò:Hanne_Gaby_Odiele_Photographed_by_Ed_Kavishe_for_Fashionwirepress.jpg|thumb|Ihe nlereanya Hanne Gaby Odiele nke Ed Kavishe sere maka Fashionwirepress. N'afọ 2017, Odiele kpughere na ya nwere ọrịa intersex androgen insensitivity syndrome.]] N'afọ 1917, Richard Goldschmidt mepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "intersexuality" iji zoo aka n'ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Zucker 73–120" /> Otú ọ dị, dị ka ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies'' si kwuo, ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Anne Fausto Sterling bipụtara edemede ya "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough" na 1993 ka okwu ahụ ruru ewu ewu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Goldberg|first=Abbie E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=736zDAAAQBAJ&q=Anne+Fausto-Sterling+lgbt&pg=PA614|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies|date=10 May 2016|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-7129-0|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ UN nke Kọmishọna Ukwu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ si kwuo: Ana amu ndi intersex n'onodu njirimara ndi sex(nke gunyere genitals, gonads na chromosome patterns) nke na esoghi n'ezigno binary notion nke nwoke na nwanyi. Intersex bu aha nke mechiri ihe nile gbasara ahu di iche iche. o3jphgt43sjtqbb2j5n92q8saaqfr9z 0 45479 741865 721698 2026-10-28T18:29:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Iman 1996.jpg|thumb|Iman]] {{Databox}}  '''Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid''' ( [[Asusu Somali|Somali]] : ''Iimaan Maxamed Cabdulmajiid,'' born '''Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid''', 25 Julaị 1955 <ref>Iman, Peter Hill Beard, David Bowie, ''I Am Iman'' (Universe Publishing, 2001), p. 15.</ref> ), known mononymously as '''Iman''', is a Somali–American model and actress. Ihe ngosi nka nke ndị na-emepụta Gianni Versace, Thierry Mugler, Calvin Klein, Donna Karan, na Yves Saint Laurent, a na-ahụkwa ya maka ọrụ ebere ya. Ọ lụrụ onye egwu rock David Bowie site na 1992 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2016. == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ Iman Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid ( [[Somalia|Somali]] : ''Zara Maxamed Cabdulmajiid'' ) na Mogadishu, Somalia ma zụlitere dịka onye Alakụba. E mechara kpọgharịa ya Iman, nke pụtara "okwukwe" n'asụsụ [[Arabic|Arabik]] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Editors|first=Biography com|title=Iman|url=https://www.biography.com/performer/iman|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Biography|date=9 April 2021|language=en-us}}</ref> na agbamume nna nna ya, onye kwenyere na ọ 'ga-eme nke ọma' na aha nwoke. <ref name="Hendrikse">{{Cite book|author=Hendrikse|first=Wim|title=David Bowie – The Man Who Changed the World|date=2013|publisher=New Generation Publishing|isbn=978-0755250530|pages=410–411|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gq9Vp45cGx4C|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Marie Claire|date=2016-12-08|title=Life stories: Iman|url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity-news/life-stories-iman-437161|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Marie Claire UK|language=en}}</ref> Iman bụ ada Mariam na Mohamed Abdulmajid. <ref>Iman, Peter Hill Beard, David Bowie, ''I Am Iman'', p. 11.</ref> Nna ya, onye nnọchi anya mba, bụ onye nnọchi anya Somalia na [[Saudi Arabia]], na nne ya bụ ọkachamara n'ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị . <ref name="Woaima">[http://www.thelizlibrary.org/collections/woa/woa07-25.html Women of Achievement&nbsp;– Iman]. </ref> O nwere ụmụnne anọ: ụmụnne abụọ na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, ma bụrụ nwa agbọghọ mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya n'ime ọgbọ isii nke ụmụ nwoke. <ref>Iman, Peter Hill Beard, David Bowie, ''I Am Iman'', p. 17.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=webedit2|date=2018-03-12|title=Supermodel Iman wants widespread education and earnest activism|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/supermodel-iman-wants-widespread-education-earnest-activism|accessdate=2022-12-26|work=Interview Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Iman sooro nne na nna ya ochie biri n'oge uto ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, e zigara ya ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na [[Egypt]], ebe ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge nwata na oge uto. <ref name="Hendrikse"/> <ref name="NJAPF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/fashion/06IMAN.html|title=Iman, Former Model, to Receive Award - NYTimes.com|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=10 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607092303/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/fashion/06IMAN.html|archivedate=7 June 2010}}</ref> Mgbe ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Somalia gasịrị, nna Iman kpọghachiri ezinụlọ ya n'obodo ahụ. N'ihi arịrịọ ya, ya na nne ya na ụmụnne ya mechara gaa [[Kenya]] na nna ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere sonyeere ya. <ref name="Hendrikse" /> Ọ gụrụ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwa oge na Mahadum Nairobi na 1975. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Leslie Halliwell, John Walker|title=Halliwell's Who's who in the Movies|date=2001|publisher=HarperCollinsEntertainment|isbn=0002572141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZgrAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|date=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=0810866048|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&pg=PA113|accessdate=28 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Nlereanya === Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, onye America na-ese foto bụ Peter Beard chọtara Iman, wee kwaga United States ka ọ malite ọrụ ịme ihe ngosi. Ọrụ nhazi mbụ ya bụ maka ''Vogue'' otu afọ ka e mesịrị na 1976. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ pụtara n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ ụfọdụ ndị kasị ewu ewu n'ụwa, na-ewepụta onwe ya dị ka ihe nlereanya magburu onwe ya. <ref name="Ottawa">[http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/arts/story.html?id=3803eef5-0031-4181-9b48-96b091c39cab Supermodel Iman is Ottawa bound for TV show] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107144152/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/arts/story.html?id=3803eef5-0031-4181-9b48-96b091c39cab |date=7 November 2012 }}. Canada.com (25 June 2008). Retrieved 9 May 2012.</ref> Site n'olu ya dị ogologo, ọdịdị dị gịrịgịrị, ọmarịcha ọdịdị ya na akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ụda ọla kọpa, Iman nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo na ụwa ejiji, n'agbanyeghị na ya onwe ya na-ekwusi ike na ọdịdị ya bụ naanị onye Somalia. Ọ ghọrọ ihe ngosi nka nye ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe a ma ama, gụnyere Halston, Gianni Versace, Calvin Klein, Issey Miyake na Donna Karan . <ref name="NJAPF"/> <ref name="PRC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insighttv.com/news_20070530.aspx?showID=10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041338/http://www.insighttv.com/news_20070530.aspx?showID=10|title=INTERNATIONAL SUPERMODEL IMAN TO HOST PROJECT RUNWAY CANADA|archivedate=13 July 2011}}</ref> <ref name="NChap">[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/24/news/lv-iman24 New Chapters for Iman]. </ref> Ọ bụ ọkacha mmasị nke Yves Saint-Laurent, bụ onye kọwara ya dị ka "nwanyị nrọ" ya. <ref>[http://www.style.com/beauty/icon/040210_Iman/ Beauty Icon: Iman]. </ref> Iman arụwo ọrụ na ndị na-ese foto gụnyere Helmut Newton, Richard Avedon, Irving Penn, na Annie Leibovitz . <ref name="PRC" /> Iman kwadoro nzụlite ọ natara n'aka ndị na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche site n'inye ya obi ike ịga nke ọma n'oge a na-eji otu onye akpọrọ ihe na ihe ngosi-musese na-abụkarị akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro okike. <ref name="NJAPF"/> Ndị njikwa TESS nọchitere ya na Lọndọn. === Azụmahịa === ==== Iman ịchọ mma ==== Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ nke imepụta ihe, Iman malitere ụlọ ọrụ ịchọ mma nke ya na 1994, na-elekwasị anya na ndò siri ike ịchọta maka ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Wwnnf">{{Cite book|title=Working Woman, Volume 20, Issues 1–6|date=1995|publisher=MacDonald Communications Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfwfAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Iman+is+outselling+Flori+Roberts+and+Fashion+Fair,+the+two+stalwarts+of+the+ethnic-+cosmetics+market.%22|accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref> Dabere na afọ ahụmahụ ya na-agwakọta usoro nke ya maka ndị na-ese ihe na-eme ka o jiri ya mee ihe, ọ na-etinye aka na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihu azụmahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="NJAPF"/> Iman Cosmetics bụ azụmahịa nke nde $25 kwa afọ site na 2010. Ọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ntọala $14.99 na usoro anọ na ndo 14, yana otu n'ime ụdị ntọala na-ere ahịa na webụsaịtị Walgreens . <ref name="NJAPF" /> Na mbido 2012, Iman bịanyere aka na ndị nrụpụta Somalia ibe Ayaan na Idyl Mohallim, ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Mataano, dị ka ndị nnọchi anya akara maka ahịrị ịchọ mma ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/designers-and-twins-ayaan-and-idyl-mohallim-find-fans-of-their-line-ma-1427002330.html|title=Designers and Twins Ayaan and Idyl Mohallim Find Fans of Their Line Mataano the World Over.|author=PAPERMAG|date=26 July 2013|accessdate=4 August 2016|archivedate=28 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828011034/http://www.papermag.com/designers-and-twins-ayaan-and-idyl-mohallim-find-fans-of-their-line-ma-1427002330.html}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 2021, Iman wepụtara isi mbinye aka ya, "Love Memoir". Agba nke karama amber bụ isi na ọdịda anyanwụ na-atọ ya na di ya ụtọ. Ụdị karama ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke nkume abụọ, nke na-ezo aka n'ememe ime mmụọ ebe ị na-etinye nkume dị larịị iji duzie ndị na-eso gị. Omenala a jikọtara ya na ọgwụgwọ site na iru újú. Iman emewo ememe a gburugburu ya na ihe onwunwe Devid. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fk9cq3gRCP0|title=Inside Iman & David Bowie's Scenic Home Filled With Wonderful Objects &#124; Vogue}}</ref> ==== Global Chic ==== N'ihi oke ahịa ya na ọkwa dị elu, onye isi ụlọ ahịa ụlọ ahịa (HSN) bịakwutere Iman na 2007 iji mepụta ahịrị imewe uwe. N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'Ijipt na iji Halston na-eme ihe ngosi, nchịkọta mbụ nke Iman webatara [[Caftan|ndị]] caftan akpụ akpụ, otu nha dabara-niile. Nchịkọta ya na HSN ka a na-akpọ ''Global Chic'' . <ref name="NJAPF"/> ==== Igwe onyonyo ==== [[Usòrò:Iman_(model).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Iman na Metropolitan Opera abalị mepere emepe na 2006]] Iman pụtara na akụkụ abụọ nke ''Miami Vice'', na-egwu Dakotah na ''Back in the World'' (1985) na Lois Blyth na ''Ịhụnanya na Mbụ Sight'' (1988). O nwekwara ọrụ ọbịa dị ka Oriakụ Montgomery na ''The Cosby Show'' (1985). Na 1988, ọ pụtara dị ka Marie Babineaux na ihe omume nke ''In the Heat of the Night'' . <ref name="Imdb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0408081/|title=Iman|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=4 August 2016}}</ref> N'etiti 2000s, Iman nọrọ afọ abụọ dị ka onye ọbịa nke Bravo TV 's fashion-themed show, ''Project Runway Canada'' . Na Nọvemba 2010, ya na enyi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, onye mmepụta Isaac Mizrahi, Iman malitekwara ịkwado oge nke abụọ nke ''Ihe ngosi Ejiji'' . Bravo malitere usoro a iji dochie anya ''runway Project'' nke butere ugbu a na netwọk ndụ . <ref name="NJAPF"/> ==== Ihe nkiri ==== Iman pụtara na mbụ na ihe nkiri Britain nke 1979 ''The Human Factor'', ma nwee ntakịrị akụkụ na fim 1985 nwetara mmeri [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] ''[[Site n'Afrịka (ihe nkiri)|Out of Africa]]'' nke Robert Redford na Meryl Streep na-eme ihe nkiri. O gosiziri Nina Beka na 1987 thriller ''No Way Out'' with Kevin Costner, na Hedy na Michael Caine comedy ''Surrender'' otu afọ. N'ime afọ mbụ ya na Hollywood, na 1991, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=John C. Brasfield Pub. Corp.|journal=Architectural Digest|year=1992|volume=49|issue=7–9}}</ref> N'ime ha bụ Tim Hunter -directed ''Lies of the Twins'' na ''Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country'', ebe ọ na-egwuri [[Ndụ ndị ọzọ|egwu]] na-agbanwe agbanwe . Na 1991, ọ pụtara na ''ihe omume Linguini'' megide onye ọlụlụ ya n'oge ahụ David Bowie. O nwere obere akụkụ na 1991 comedy ''House Party 2'' na na 1994 ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị / ịhụnanya ''pụọ na Eden'' . <ref name="Imdb"/> === Egwuregwu vidiyo === Iman mere ka ọ pụta ìhè n'akụkụ di ya David Bowie na 1999 Windows 9x na Dreamcast 3D adventure game ''Omikron: The Nomad Soul'', nke ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu vidiyo, Quantic Dream mepụtara. Na egwuregwu, ọ na-egosi dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ Omikronian ụmụ amaala onye ọkpụkpọ nwere ike "ịlọ ụwa" n'ime. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Omikron: The Nomad Soul|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11894&tab=credits|publisher=Allgames|accessdate=4 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210190911/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=11894&tab=credits|archivedate=10 December 2014}}</ref> === Ọrụ ebere === Na mgbakwunye na ịgba ọsọ ụlọ ọrụ ịma mma ya zuru ụwa ọnụ, Iman na-etinyekwa aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ebere. Kemgbe Septemba 2019, Iman ejirila ọrụ CARE 's Global Advocate nke mbụ, ebe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ n'akụkụ CARE iji kwado ọrụ ya nke ịmepụta ụwa ebe emerila ịda ogbenye na mmadụ niile na-ebi ndụ na ugwu na nchekwa. Ọ bụkwa onye nkwuchite ọnụ ugbu a maka mmemme Keep a Child Alive, ma na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ego nchekwa ụmụaka . <ref name="PRC"/> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya nke Save the Children, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite ndị ọrụ enyemaka ha na mpaghara East Africa ka ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Five Seeds of Hope for Somalia|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/iman/five-seeds-of-hope-for-somalia_b_926155.html?ncid=edlinkusaolp00000009|work=HuffPost|date=13 October 2011}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Iman na-arụ ọrụ na Enough Project iji kwụsị azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ na mineral esemokwu . O kere òkè na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze megide diamond ọbara site na nkwụsị ya na nkwekọrịta ya na ndị otu diamonds conglomerate [[De Beers]] maka esemokwu nke ụkpụrụ omume . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enoughproject.org/upstanders/celebrity/iman|title=Iman}}</ref> <ref name="Icdblier">{{Cite news|author=Meldrum|first=Andrew|title=Iman cuts De Beers links in ethics row|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/09/humanrights.andrewmeldrum|work=The Guardian|accessdate=15 August 2011|date=9 May 2004}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'ime ogologo oge ọ na-eme ihe ngosi na ọrụ enyemaka, Iman enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite. Na 7 June 2010, ọ natara ihe nrite ''Ejiji Icon'' ndụ ndụ site na Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA), ihe nrite pụrụ iche edobere maka "onye ụdị mbinye aka ya nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ejiji". Iman họpụtara enyi ya, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye bụbu ihe nlereanya Isabella Rossellini, iji nye onyinye ahụ. <ref name="NJAPF"/> <ref name="KJI">Dodes, Rachel (9 June 2010). </ref> Yiri uwe mwụda Giambattista Valli mere nke nwere nnukwu ọla aka diamond anọ n'ogwe aka ọ bụla, Iman kelere nne na nna ya "ha nyere m olu ogologo karịa nwa agbọghọ ọ bụla ọzọ na-aga-ahụ ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa". <ref name="KJI" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Usòrò:Iman_and_David_Bowie_at_the_premiere_of_Moon.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Iman na di ya David Bowie na 2009]] Iman bụ [[Ndi áláküba|onye Alakụba]] . O kwuwo na okwukwe ya bụ inyere ya aka n'oge ọjọọ. <ref name="Marshall">{{Cite book|author=Marshall Cavendish Reference|title=Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World|date=2011|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0761479291|url=https://archive.org/details/illustrateddicti0000unse/page/108|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref> Ọ maara asụsụ ise nke ọma: Somali, Arabic, Italian, French na English. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World of Work|url=http://aabe.com.ua/Uploads/Files/BooksList/Headway/Elementary-theTHIRDedition/Unit_3_-_The_world_of_work_(pages_20-27).pdf|accessdate=10 February 2015|archivedate=10 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210043409/http://aabe.com.ua/Uploads/Files/BooksList/Headway/Elementary-theTHIRDedition/Unit_3_-_The_world_of_work_(pages_20-27).pdf}}</ref> O nwetakwara ikike ịbụ nwa amaala America mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iman Opens Up About Being a Refugee: "These Aren't Nameless, Faceless People"|first=Steph|author=Eckardt|date=24 September 2019|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/iman-refugee-care-fashion-interview|accessdate=4 March 2023|work=W Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Iman lụrụ mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 18 nye Hassan, onye ọchụnta ego [[Somalia]] na-eto eto na onye isi ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Hilton . <ref name="Imbebo">{{Cite book|author=Iman, Peter Hill Beard, David Bowie|title=I Am Iman|url=https://archive.org/details/iamiman0000iman|date=2001|publisher=Universe Pub.|isbn=0789306336}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Newsweek, Volume 86|date=1975|publisher=Newsweek, Incorporated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaoeAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=18 January 2016}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara mgbe ọ kwagara United States ịga n'ọrụ ime ihe nlereanya. <ref name="Imbebo" /> Na 1977, Iman na onye omere America bụ Warren Beatty na-akpa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Krivoshey|first=Bethsabée|title=Tableau de chasse – Les célèbres conquêtes de Warren Beatty – Iman|url=http://www.vanityfair.fr/people/legendes/diaporama/les-celebres-conquetes-de-warren-beatty/23464#iman|accessdate=25 April 2016|work=Vanity Fair|date=5 November 2015|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817235412/http://www.vanityfair.fr/people/legendes/diaporama/les-celebres-conquetes-de-warren-beatty/23464#iman|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara akwụkwọ na onye egwuregwu basketball America Spencer Haywood, ha lụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Nwa ha nwanyị bụ Zulekha Haywood, mụrụ na 1978; na February 1987, di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Spenser Haywood timeline|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/sports/spenser-haywood-timeline/|accessdate=24 April 2016|work=The Seattle Times|date=25 February 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, Iman zutere onye egwu Bekee David Bowie na ụbọchị kpuru ìsì nke otu enyi ya hibere na Los Angeles. Enyi a bụ onye na-edozi isi Teddy Antolin, onye kpọrọ Iman ka ọ bịa oriri. Mgbe ọ rutere n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ọ bụ nanị mmadụ anọ bịara: Antolin, enyi nwoke Antolin, Iman, na Bowie. N'ọgwụgwụ mgbede ahụ, Bowie kwere nkwa ịkwọ ụgbọala ya n'ụlọ, o wee sị: "Ee e, m ga-anya ụgbọ ala m." Ọ kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa tii n’echi ya, Iman wee mata na ọ naghị aṅụ tii. Ha gara ụlọ ahịa kọfị dị nso. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McNeil|first=Liz|date=21 November 2021|title=Iman & David Bowie|work=People Magazine}}</ref> Bowie kpọrọ mpempe ngwá ọrụ ya nke 1991 "Abdulmajid" n'aha ya, bụ nke Philip Glass mechara ghọọ egwu egwu. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pegg|first=Nicholas|title=The Complete David Bowie|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/completedavidbow0000pegg}}</ref> Na 24 Eprel 1992, Iman lụrụ Bowie na emume nzuzo na Lausanne, Switzerland. Emere agbamakwụkwọ ahụ na Florence, [[Italy]] na 6 June. <ref name="Pegg">{{Cite book|author=Pegg|first=Nicholas|title=The Complete David Bowie|year=2006|publisher=Reynolds & Hearn|isbn=1905287151|pages=238}}</ref> A mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị, Alexandria Zahra Jones 15 August 2000 na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mount Sinai na New York City. <ref name="Fltnib">[http://ca.eonline.com/uberblog/b40304_first_look_news_in_brief_august_15_2000.html FIRST LOOK: The News in Brief, 15 August 2000]. </ref> Iman bụkwa nne nnochi anya nwa Bowie site na alụmdi na nwunye gara aga, Duncan Jones . Ụmụaka abụọ a na-ebu aha nna Bowie. Iman na ezinụlọ ya bi na Manhattan na London. <ref name="Fmdiman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/news/Model+News/still-ties-shoes-for-iman-reveals-how-david-bowie-makes-her-feel-special.htm|title='He still ties my shoes for me': Iman reveals how David Bowie makes her feel special|work=Fashion Model Directory|date=25 December 2010|accessdate=9 May 2012}}</ref> Mgbe Bowie nwụrụ na 10 January 2016, o degaara ya ụtụ na "mgba ahụ bụ n'ezie, ma Chineke dịkwa". <ref>{{Cite news|title='The struggle is real, but so is God': See Iman's poignant David Bowie tribute|url=http://www.today.com/popculture/struggle-real-so-god-see-iman-s-poignant-david-bowie-t66481|author=Serico|first=Chris|accessdate=15 January 2016|work=Today|date=11 January 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * ''Abụ m Iman'' (2001) * ''Mma nke Agba'' (2005) == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" |+List of acting performances in film and television ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Role |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Human Factor|The Human Factor (1979 film)}}'' |1979 |Sarah |- ! scope="row" |''Exposed'' |1983 |Model |- ! scope="row" |"Do What You Do" music video |1984 |Jermaine Jackson's love interest |- ! scope="row" |''Miami Vice'' |1985 |Dakotah |- ! scope="row" |''The Cosby Show'' |1985 |Mrs. Montgomery |- ! scope="row" |''[[Site n'Afrịka (ihe nkiri)|Out of Africa]]'' |1985 |Mariammo |- ! scope="row" |''No Way Out'' |1987 |Nina |- ! scope="row" |''Surrender'' |1987 |Hedy |- ! scope="row" |''In the Heat of the Night'' |1988 |Marie Babineaux |- ! scope="row" |''Miami Vice'' |1988 |Lois Blyth |- ! scope="row" |''227'' |1990 |Eartha Kitten |- ! scope="row" |''House Party 2'' |1991 |Sheila Landreaux |- ! scope="row" |''Lies of the Twins'' |1991 |Cat/Elie |- ! scope="row" |''L.A. Story'' |1991 |Cynthia |- ! scope="row" |''Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country'' |1991 |Martia |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Linguini Incident}}'' |1991 |Dali Guest |- ! scope="row" |"Remember the Time" music video ( [[Michael Jackson]] ) |1992 |Queen Nefertiti |- ! scope="row" |''Heart of Darkness'' |1994 |Jungle bride<ref>{{Cite book|title=Voyeurism: (fin de siecle), Volume 2, Issue 2 of Felix (New York, N.Y.)|date=2000|publisher=The Standby Program|isbn=9781570271021|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sX00AQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 June 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Exit to Eden'' |1994 |Nina |- ! scope="row" |''Project Runway Canada'' |2007 |self |- ! scope="row" |''Project Runway Canada'' |2009 |self |- ! scope="row" |''{{sortname|The|Fashion Show: Ultimate Collection|The Fashion Show (U.S. TV series)}}'' |2010 |self |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Iman – official site * {{IMDb name|0408081|Iman}} * Iman at the TCM Movie Database * Iman at AllMovie * Iman Abdulmajid at Fashion Model Directory * Iman at NYmag.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210816015424/http://www.imancosmetics.com/ Iman Cosmetics] * Portraits of Iman at the National Portrait Gallery, London {{DEFAULTSORT:Iman}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1ueuyj5um7180u0oahdnf01u6fhevh7 0 45498 741904 740011 2026-10-29T10:13:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 /* Mgbasa ozi */ 741904 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''National Museum of African Art''' bụ ụlọ ngosi nka Africa nke Smithsonian Institution, nke dị na National Mall nke [[Washington, D.C.|Isi obodo United States]]. Nchịkọta ya gụnyere ọrụ 9,000 nke ọdịnala na nke oge a nke Africa site na Sub-Saharan na North Africa, foto 300,000, na mpịakọta ọbá akwụkwọ 50,000. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ raara onwe ya nye nka Africa na United States ma bụrụkwa nnukwu nchịkọta. The Washington Post kpọrọ ebe ngosi nka ahụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụwa nka mba ụwa na isi ebe maka nka Africa nke oge a na United States. Onye guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1964 bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ Foreign Service na Capitol Hill. Nchịkọta ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nka ọdịnala Afrịka na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ iji kụzie ihe nketa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. Iji hụ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ga-adị ogologo oge, onye guzobere ya gbara ndị Congress ume ka ha nabata ebe ngosi ihe nkiri ahụ n'okpuru nkwado Smithsonian. Ọ sonyeere Smithsonian na 1979 wee ghọọ National Museum of African Art afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. E wuchara ụlọ ngosi nka ọhụrụ, nke dị n'okpuru ala na 1987, n'akụkụ National Mall na n'akụkụ ụlọ ngosi nka Smithsonian ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime obere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Smithsonian. Ebe ngosi nka nke Afrịka weere ntụziaka ndị ọkà mmụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, na obere mmemme mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ chịkọtara ọrụ ọdịnala na nke oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. Ihe ngosi na agụnye ma ọrụ dị n'ime ma ndị a gbazitere ma malite na ndị na ese ihe n'onwe ha ruo ihe ngosi nyocha sara mbara. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na akwado ihe ngosi nwa oge abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na ihe omume iri pụrụ iche kwa afọ. Nchịkọta kachasị mma maka aha ya bụ '''NMAfA'''.   Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, onye Ọrụ Mba Ọzọ nke America bụ [[Warren M. Robbins]] zụrụ ihe osise iri atọ na abụọ nke African Art n'ụlọ ahịa ochie dị nso na Hamburg, Germany. N'afọ 1963, o guzobere Center for Cross Cultural Communication, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na enweghị uru na ebe ọdịnala. N'afọ 1964, ụlọ Frederick Douglass dị na Capitol Hill batara n'ahịa. Robbins tinyere ego ya niile n'ime ego maka ọkara nke ọnụahịa ịzụta ma nweta ụgwọ maka ndị ọzọ. Ego nke Center for Cross Cultural Communication nwetara mere ka Robbins nwee ike ịchọta Museum of African Art. E guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1964 dị ka Museum of African Art, {{R|NYT: Adieu|Artforum: Robbins obit}} na ihe ngosi mbụ ya nwere nchịkọta na mpụga abụọ. {{R|NYT: Germany}} N'okpuru ọchịchị Robbins, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nka ọdịnala Afrịka na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya iji kụzie ihe nketa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ maka ndị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ America, n'ikwekọ na mgbalị Black Arts Movement nke 1960s na 1970s iji gbanwee echiche ndị America banyere ọdịbendị Africa.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Robbins zoro aka na ebe ngosi nka ya dị ka " ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nwere ebe ngosi nka". {{R|Freyer Arte}} Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 1976, ebe ngosi nka nke Afrịka nwere ndị ọrụ 20, nchịkọta ihe 6,000, Robbins gara Afrịka na nke mbụ ya.[3]{{R|NYT: Germany}} [[Usòrò:Former_home_of_Frederick_Douglass_on_Capitol_Hill.jpg|thumb|Ebe izizi ihe ngosi nka dị na Capitol Hill]] Iji hụ na ihe ngosi nka ahụ ga adị ogologo oge, Robbins gbara ndị omeiwu mba (Congress) ume ka ha tinye ihe ngosi nka ya n'ime Smithsonian Institution, otu ụlọ ngosi nka na ebe nyocha nke gọọmentị etiti. Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya kwadoro atụmatụ a na 1978 site na nkwado nke ndị nnọchite anya John Brademas, Lindy Boggs, Ron Dellums, ndị Black Caucus, na onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Hubert Humphrey.{{R|NYT: Germany}} Ndị nduzi Smithsonian nabatara ebe ngosi nka ahụ n'afọ sochirinụ {{R|NYT: Adieu}} wee malite atụmatụ ịkwaga nchịkọta ahụ site n'ụlọ ndị dị n'obodo gaa n'ebe ngosi nka kwesịrị ekwesị. {{R|NYT: Beneath}} N'afọ 1981, a gbanwere aha ebe ngosi nka ahụ ka ọ bụrụ National Museum of African Art . {{R|African Arts opening|Freyer Arte}} Na mbido afọ 1983, [[Sylvia Williams]] ghọrọ onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, Smithsonian malitere ụlọ ọhụrụ, nke a raara nye maka ebe ngosi nka Africa na National Mall. Ihe owuwu ahụ dị n'okpuru ala ma gbasaa ebe ngosi nka {{R|NYT: Adieu}} mgbe emeghe ya na Septemba 1987. {{R|NYT: Beneath|NYT: Germany|Artforum: Robbins obit}} Ka oge na aga, echiche banyere nka Africa gbanwere site na mmasị ethnographic gaa na ọmụmụ nke ihe ọdịnala maka ọrụ aka na ihe mara mma ha.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Williams weere usoro mmụta, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma chụsoo ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ tupu e dozie ụkpụrụ ha kachasị mma.[4] Nchịkọta ahụ gbasaa n'ime ọrụ na ọrụ nke oge a site na Arab North Africa, karịa ọdịnala Sub-Saharan.[4] Onye guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ katọrọ ntụziaka a ma chee na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eleghara ọrụ ọha na eze ya anya maka "agụmakwụkwọ dị omimi". {{R|WaPo: Walker pledges}} Mgbe ọnwụ Williams na 1996, onye nlekọta [[Roslyn Walker (onye nlekọta)|Roslyn Walker]] jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi site na 1997 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2002. {{R|WaPo: traveled|Walker retires}}{{R|NYT: Walker|WaPo: Walker pledges}} Walker gara n'ihu na ntụziaka nke onye bu ya ụzọ ma gbakwunye ụlọ ngosi nka nke oge a raara onwe ya nye na onye nlekọta.[4] O mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmepe, nke nwetara ego maka mmezigharị ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mbido afọ 2000.[10] [[Sharon Patton]], onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Oberlin College's Allen Memorial Art Museum, jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2008.{{R|Patton starts|Patton leaves}} Ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na elekwasị anya n'ụmụaka na mkpesa nke ndị ndụmọdụ n'elu ndị isi Smithsonian.[12]{{R|Patton leaves}} Johnnetta Cole, onye ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Spelman na Bennett College, ghọrọ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 2009. Oge ya jikọtara ya na ihe ngosi 2015 na-arụrịta ụka nke na-egosi ọrụ sitere na nchịkọta nzuzo nke Bill Cosby na-atọ ọchị dị nnọọ ka ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ya ghọrọ ọha. Cole lara ezumike nká na Machị 2017 ma onye na-eme ihe nkiri Britain, ọkà mmụta na onye nlekọta Gus Casely-Hayford nọchiri anya ya na February 2018. N'afọ 2021, onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie [[Ngaire Blankenberg]] ghọrọ onye nduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smithsonian Names Ngaire Blankenberg Director of the National Museum of African Art|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-names-ngaire-blankenberg-director-national-museum-african-art|work=si.edu|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=8 January 2022|archivedate=January 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108235655/https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-names-ngaire-blankenberg-director-national-museum-african-art}}</ref><ref name="boucher">{{Cite news|author=Boucher|first=Brian|title=The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art's Director Has Resigned After Less Than Two Years, Citing 'Resistance and Backlash'|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/director-smithsonian-national-museum-of-african-art-is-out-2299000|accessdate=11 May 2023|work=[[Artnet News]]|date=10 May 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ weghachiri ọla nchara Benin 29 na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Germain|first=Jacquelyne|title=The Smithsonian Returns a Trove of Benin Bronzes to Nigeria|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/benin-bronzes-going-back-to-nigeria-180980917/|accessdate=11 May 2023|work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=October 11, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ hụrụ mbelata dị ịrịba ama na ndị bịara ma mee atụmatụ inye onyinye, yana ndị ọrụ na ndị ndụmọdụ. Blankenberg kwụsịrị ịbụ onye nduzi na Machị 2023. E mere ndokwa maka imezigharị ihe ngosi nka ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ Smithsonian's South Mall malite na 2014, mana atụmatụ ndị ahụ mechara belata.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|author=McGlone|first=Peggy|title=Smithsonian abandons $2 billion expansion plan unveiled in 2014|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/smithsonian-castle-mall-redesign-downsized/2021/01/11/db7d8f2a-5136-11eb-b96e-0e54447b23a1_story.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=9 January 2022}}</ref> === Nchịkwa === Ka ọ na erule ngwụcha afọ 2000, The Washington Post dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na alụ ọgụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, mmefu ego dị ala, ebe zoro ezo, na mgbanwe ndị isi.{{R|WaPo: Cole new chief}} Afọ iri atọ mgbe ọ sonyere na Smithsonian, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ka bụ otu n'ime ebe ngosi ihe ochie kachasị nta n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ya na ndị ọbịa 213,000 na 2016 - ihe dị ka ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ 2009 na ihe na erughị otu pasent nke ndị ọbịa Smithsonian 28 kwa afọ.{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} Nke a bụ n'ihi, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, ebe ọ dị, nke zoro na National Mall site na ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian Institution mbụ, nke a maara dị ka Castle.{{R|Patton leaves}} Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nleta agbanweela n'etiti 200,000 na 400,000 kemgbe afọ 2000, na n'etiti afọ 2000, ha yiri ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị n'okpuru ala, Sackler Gallery . [12][13] Mmefu ego kwa afọ nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ agbanweela site na $ 4.3 nde (ọgwụgwụ afọ 1990) ruo $ 6 nde (n'etiti afọ 2000), ma bụrụ $ 5 nde na 2016.{{R|Walker retires}}{{R|Patton leaves}}{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} Site na ntụnyere, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 34 na 2016, site na 48 na ngwụcha afọ 1990. [13]{{R|WaPo: Walker pledges}} Mgbe Blankenberg nọ n'ọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ dara n'okpuru 20. Dị ka ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ na afọ 2000, ebe ngosi ihe ochie ahụ achọtala ego na onyinye onwe onye.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ọ nọ n'azụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Smithsonian na mkpọsa nchịkọta ego, nke a na-atụ anya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ga akwụ ihe dị ka $ 2.1 nde. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ mere nri abalị mbụ ya kwa afọ maka ihe karịrị ndị ọbịa 500.[13]{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} [[Usòrò:Overall_View_of_the_Quad.jpg|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke quadrangle anọ, na Sackler Gallery '' (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) '', Enid A. Haupt Garden na Smithsonian Institution Building '' (n'etiti) '', na ebe ngosi nka Africa (n'ebe aka nri) {{R|African Arts opening}}'' (n'akụkụ aka nri) '']] Ihe owuwu ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke National Mall malitere n'etiti 1983. Ihe oru ngo a, nke gunyere Sackler Gallery maka nka nka nke Smithsonian's Asia, mebere oghere ihe ngosi 368,000 square n'onu nke $ 73.2 nde, nke ọkara nke sitere na gọọmentị etiti. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ a niile ka emebere n'okpuru ala ka ọ ghara imetụta ụlọ ụlọ Smithsonian Institution Building (Ụlọ Castle), ahịhịa ndụ ya, ma ọ bụ echiche ya. Ụlọ Smithsonian Castle na-ezobe ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na South Quadrangle site na National Mall, bụ nke nyere aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Ụlọ Ahịa ndị ọzọ. Onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ngo quadrangle bụ Jean-Paul Carlhian nke Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott, dabere na echiche Junzō Yoshimura. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ọhụrụ abụọ ahụ nwere obere aka na nhazi ụlọ ndị e depụtara na 1970 tupu ha abata. E wuru ụlọ nka Africa na ụlọ Sackler dị ka ụlọ akụkọ, nke ọ bụla nwere otu okpukpu n'elu ala ma nwee ohere ngosi yiri ya: gallery ise nke ọ bụla, na naanị otu nwere ìhè okike. A na ekewa ha site na ihe ịchọ mma ha n'elu ụlọ: ụlọ elu dị n'ụlọ nka Africa na pyramids na Sackler. {{R|NYT: Beneath}} E ji granite na acha ọbara ọbara wuo ụlọ nka Afrịka ma jiri ọdịdị okirikiri dị ka isiokwu ụlọ ya, ya na windo dị gburugburu, steepụ ọnụ ụzọ dị gburugburu, na okpukpu isii dị gburugburu n'elu ụlọ ya. N'ime, a na ahụ ogige limestone n'ihu. Ụlọ nzukọ steepụ na agbagọ agbagọ na eduga ndị ọbịa na steepụ ndị na agbadata na gallery. Ụlọ ngosi ahụ buru ibu ma bụrụ nke ndị na emepụta ihe ngosi na eme ka ọ bụrụ obere ụlọ iji kwekọọ na obere ihe.{{R|NYT: Dig}} A na ahụ ụlọ ndị ahụ site na Independence Avenue, na Enid A. Haupt Garden ọhụrụ na aga n'etiti ha na Smithsonian Institution Building. [6][22] N'okpuru ala, ebe ngosi nka na ọfịs na anọ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ. Ọkwa nke atọ na akwado ihe ngosi na ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ. A na ejikọta ọkwa ya site na ogige nwere okpukpu atọ nke nwere nnukwu oghere dị n'ime ogige ndị dị n'elu, site na ọtụtụ ụkwụ nke unyi. [22][6] A rụzigharịrị ụlọ ahụ na mbido afọ 2000 site na onyinye dị ukwuu sitere n'aka Eastman Kodak.{{R|Walker retires}} E mere ndokwa maka imezigharị ihe ngosi nka ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ $ 2 ijeri Smithsonian South Mall. Atụmatụ sitere n'aka ndị na ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Denmark, Bjarke Ingels Group, ga eji ụzọ mbata ọhụrụ na eche ihu n'ụlọ ahịa dochie anya ụlọ elu dị n'elu ala. Ebumnuche imezigharị ahụ bụ ka itinye ego nke onwe na nke gọọmentị etiti kwado ya ma na-atụ anya ịmalite na 2016 ma mechaa n'ime afọ 10 ruo 20.{{R|NYT: 2 Billion}} A kagbuola atụmatụ ndị a na 2021 mgbe a rụzigharịrị ọrụ mmezigharị South Mall.<ref name="auto"/> E debere [[Yinka Shonibare]]'s Wind Sculpture VII na ngosi na adịgide adịgide n'èzí ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ngwụcha afọ 2016.{{R|Wind Sculpture}} == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Steve_Smith_installs_an_artifact.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye ọkachamara na-akwadebe ihe ngosi na 1987.]] National Museum of African Art bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ a raara nye nka Africa na United States, nke Center for African Art (nke bụzi The African Center) sochiri na 1984.{{R|NYT: Beneath}}{{R|NYT: Spread Out}} Nchịkọta nke National Museum buru ibu karị. Ka ọ na erule afọ 2008, ọ nwere ihe 9,000 na foto 300,000. Ihe ndị ahụ sitere na ihe a tụrụ atụ na ihe nkpuchi nke narị afọ nke iri na ise ruo na nka nke oge a, foto ndị ahụ gụnyere onyinye dị ukwuu sitere n'aka ndị nta akụkọ foto Eliot Elisofon na [[Constance Stuart Larrabee]]. Elisofon kpuchiri ihe omume ndị dị mkpa na narị afọ nke 20 maka Life, na Larrabee kpuchiri Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ''Ndụ'' South Africa. {{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ka ọ na erule afọ 2004, ebe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ihe osise 400 nke oge a.[4] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na anakọta ihe maka ojiji ọdịnala ha na ụkpụrụ mara mma, ma na enweta nkezi nke onyinye 67 kwa afọ. [6]{{R|Holland2007}} Obosara nke nchịkọta ya na ihe ngosi pụrụ iche mere ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ bụrụ "ike siri ike n'ụwa nka mba ụwa" na isi ebe maka nka Africa nke oge a na United States, dị ka The Washington Post si kwuo.[4]{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwagara na National Mall n'etiti afọ 1980, nchịkọta ya na adịgide adịgide nwere ihe karịrị ihe nka 6,000 (dịka, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe ochie, akwa) na nnukwu nchịkọta foto Elisofon.{{R|NYT: Adieu}} Nchịkọta mbụ a lekwasịrị anya na Sub-Saharan Africa, [1] na nnọchiteanya ka mma nke Ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea na Western Sudan karịa mpaghara Central Africa.{{R|NYT: New Showcases}}="mwARM" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[27]</span> Nchịkọta ahụ bụ ihe pụrụ iche, na-egosipụta enweghị ihe osise nke oge ọchịchị ndị Africa na nchịkọta ndị America. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ihe ngosi nka ahụ gụnyere spoon ọdụ́ [[Edo people|Edo]]-Portuguese na ihe nkedo ọla edo Akan nke Robert Woods Bliss nyere. Mmefu ego mbụ nke ihe ngosi nka ahụ bịara site na isonyere Smithsonian.{{R|Freyer Arte}} N'ime afọ iri, nchịkọta ahụ agbasaala ruo ihe ọdịnala na nke oge a 7,000 site n'ofe Afrịka niile.{{R|NYT: Walker}} N'okpuru ọchịchị Walker, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ gbasaa ihe osise ya nke oge a, na emeghe gallery na adịgide adịgide na 1997. N'afọ ahụ, onye na ese foto Constance Stuart Larrabee nyere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie foto 3,000 sitere na South Africa.{{R|Walker retires}} N'afọ 2005, ebe ngosi nka ahụ natara Walt Disney-Tishman Collection nke ọrụ 525 na agbasa ọtụtụ ụdị nka Africa na ọdịbendị 75.{{R|Artforum: Disney}} Nchịkọta ahụ bụ nkwenye nke ọnọdụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, nyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na asọ mpi maka nchịkọta ahụ.{{R|WaPo: Cole new chief}} Ọbá akwụkwọ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ toro mgbe ọ sonyeere Smithsonian, site na mpịakọta 3,000 ruo 30,000 na nka anya, anthropology, nri, akụkọ ihe mere eme, okpukpe, na njem, ọkachasị ọrụ ndị e bipụtara n'Africa.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ọ nwere mpịakọta 50,000 ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warren M. Robbins Library, National Museum of African Art|work=[[Smithsonian Libraries]]|url=http://library.si.edu/libraries/african-art|accessdate=2017-07-22|archivedate=February 15, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211813/http://library.si.edu/libraries/african-art}}</ref> Na Machị 2022, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwupụtara atụmatụ ịlaghachi Naijiria 39 Benin Bronzes nke e weghaara n'oge Njem Benin nke 1897. A ga egosi ihe ndị a na National Museum of Benin na Benin City.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McGlone|first=Peggy|date=March 8, 2022|title=Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/|accessdate=March 9, 2022}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   [[File:Karen_Milbourne_-_National_Museum_of_African_Art_-_Smithsonian_Institution_Washington_DC_(ENG).mp3|thumb|Karen Milbourne]] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwadoro ihe ngosi 130 pụrụ iche n'ime afọ 25 mbụ ya, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Exhibitions|work=National Museum of African Art|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/|accessdate=2017-07-22|archivedate=October 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021201039/https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/}}</ref> ma kemgbe ọ sonyeere Smithsonian, ọ na akwado ihe ngosi abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ kwa afọ.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} N'afọ ndị Smithsonian, a na agbazinye ihe ngosi nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, dịka site na Renee na Chaim Gross Foundation. Na mbido '80s, ndị na elekọta ya haziri ihe ngosi "focus" nke na elekwasị anya n'otu ihe site na nchịkọta ahụ. Ihe ngosi nka ahụ kwadoro ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi n'èzí na ihe ngosi ndị na agagharị agagharị. Ihe ngosi ya ghọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ka mmekọrịta ihe ngosi ya na mmefu ego ya na eto eto. N'oge mmeghe nke ụlọ ngosi National Mall, ihe ngosi nka ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ 375 na ihe ngosi ise dị n'ime obere na mpaghara ise na otu isiokwu. Ihe ngosi etiti, "African" ihe ngosi nka ndị dị otú ahụ na egosi ihe ngosi nka nke ndụ ha na Mgbasa ozi ndị dị iche iche iche iche na Mgbe ndị dị iche na egosi site na egosi na Mmekọrịta ihe ngosi nka na-M". Ihe ngosi nka ndị ọzọ na Megide ndị dị iche. Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka Europe.{{R|Freyer Arte}} Ihe ngosi atọ fọdụrụnụ dị obere: akwa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Benin, na ihe ndị e ji ọla kọpa mee, na ihe bara uru dị ka nkata, ntutu isi, na igbe snuff.{{R|NYT: New Showcases}} A họọrọ ihe ngosi ndị ahụ iji chee echiche nke nka Afrịka ihu dị ka "ihe na egosipụta, ememe, na ... na enweghị akwụkwọ", ma gosipụta echiche ndị a na-eleghara anya na echiche ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na nka Afrịka. {{R|NYT: Beneath}} N'ime afọ Walker - ngwụcha afọ 1990 na mmalite afọ 2000 - ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwadoro ihe ngosi na nka oge a nke Ijipt na akwa Malagasy. Onyinye 1997 sitere n'aka onye na ese foto Constance Stuart Larrabee dugara n'ihe ngosi n'ime ụlọ na njem.{{R|Walker retires}} Walker haziri ihe ngosi nke onye na ese ihe Yoruba [[Olowe of Ise|Olowe nke Ise]] na 1998, ihe atụ a na adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe ngosi nka Africa nke otu onye. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi ahụ bụ nke mbụ dị otú ahụ maka onye na ese ihe ọdịnala Afrịka.{{R|Olowe}} Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ emeela ihe ngosi onwe onye maka ndị na ese ihe gụnyere Sokari Douglas Camp (1989) na [[Yinka Shonibare]] (2010). {{R|Camp 1988|Camp 1989}}{{R|WaPo: writ larger}} Ihe ngosi ndị e mere maka ụmụaka, dị ka "Playful Performers", dọtara ìgwè mmadụ n'okpuru nduzi Patton n'etiti afọ 2000, dị ka "Akụ̀" gosipụtara site na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka na nleta ndị omenkà.{{R|Patton leaves}} Ihe ngosi nke afọ 2004, "Insights", gosipụtara ọrụ 30 gbasara Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa site na nchịkọta ya.{{R|Insights}} N'afọ 2013, ebe ngosi nka ahụ natara onyinye ya kachasị ukwuu, $ 1.8 nde site na Oman, maka usoro nke na elekwasị anya na nka sitere na mba ahụ na njikọ ya na ọdịbendị dị na Near East.{{R|Oman}} 2015 "Conversations: African and African American Artworks in Dialogue", nke gosipụtara ọrụ sitere na nchịkọta onwe onye nke Bill na Camille Cosby, ghọrọ esemokwu maka imeghe dịka ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ya ghọrọ nke ọha. Onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na Cosbys nwere ọbụbụenyi ogologo oge Camille nọdụrụ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke ebe ngosi ihe ochie ahụ. Ihe ngosi ahụ nwetara ego site na onyinye $ 716,000 sitere na Cosbys ma mee atụmatụ ịdọrọ uche gaa na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie maka ncheta afọ 50 ya. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ebubo na abawanye, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ghọtara mkpesa ọha na eze megide ihe ngosi ahụ site n'ịmepụta ihe ịrịba ama nke kwetara ebubo ahụ ma lekwasị anya na ndị na ese ihe na ọrụ nka nke ihe ngosi ahụ, nke ka dị na ngosi ahụ.{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} Onye na enyocha nka na ihe owuwu nke Washington Post bụ Philip Kennicott dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ mebiri ụkpụrụ omume ma mebie aha ya site n'igosi nchịkọta onwe onye nke a na ekwesịghị nkwa na ebe ngosi ahụ. Kennicott mara aka ma ndị na ese ihe nke nchịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ na acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Cosby ga abụrịrị "ịgbachi nkịtị" site na ịkwụsị ihe ngosi ahụ n'oge.{{R|WaPo: breaks silence}} == Mgbasa ozi == Na mbido afọ 1980, Smithsonian chọpụtara na ole na ole n'ime nde mmadụ iri abụọ na eleta ya kwa afọ bụ ndị agbụrụ pere mpe n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị isi ojii nọ n'obodo ahụ. O mechara mepụta kọmitii iji dozie ọdịiche ahụ. Dị ka ebe ngosi nka nke Africa akwagabeghị na National Mall, ọ na eje ozi na mpaghara ndị isi ojii na mpaghara agbụrụ, yana ndị ọrụ agbụrụ na mmemme a ma ama n'etiti ìgwè ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara na ihe nkiri ya, akụkọ ọdịnala, na nkuzi. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nyekwara ọmụmụ ihe na African stripweave na talking drum.{{R|NYT: Adieu}} Patton, onye nduzi ebe ngosi nka n'etiti afọ 2000, kwuru na a maghị ebe ngosi nka ahụ nke ọma na Washington, dịka ọ bụ naanị ọkara nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi maara ebe ọ dị.{{R|Patton starts}} Ọrụ Patton gụnyere ihe ngosi ndị e mere maka ụmụaka.{{R|Patton leaves}} N'ihi ya, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nyere ụmụaka karịa ndị okenye ozi.{{R|WaPo: Cole new chief}} N'oge a, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na eme ihe dị ka ihe omume iri pụrụ iche n'afọ.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} The Washington Post dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ "gbalịsi ike ... iji dọta ndị ọbịa na onyinye" na 2016, nke esemokwu Cosby mere ka ọ ka njọ.{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} == Nnakwere == Na mmeghe nke ụlọ National Mall, ndị nyocha atọ nke ''New York Times'' katọrọ ihe ndị e mere na ya, ya bụ, nhọrọ nke ihe ndị e ji rụọ ya na enweghị ìhè okike n'okpuru ala.{{R|NYT: Dig|NYT: Beneath|NYT: New Showcases}} Onye na enyocha ihe owuwu Paul Goldberger weere ihe ndị dị n'elu ala dị ka "ihe mgbagwoju anya ... ụlọ granite" nke ihe ndị dị na ya "dị mfe", na enweghị isi, ma na adịghị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere Smithsonian Castle dị anya. O ji nwayọọ nwayọọ too nhazi "mara ihe" nke ihe mgbagwoju anya na uru ya kachasị n'okpuru ala na obere mgbanwe n'elu ala. Goldberger nwere mmasị n'ọrụ aka nke ụlọ ahụ, ime ya, na oghere gallery.[22] Ndị ọzọ na enyocha Times abụọ, n'aka nke ha, enweghị obi ụtọ ịhụ ọrụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpụga kama egosiri n'enweghị ìhè okike, ma na atụ egwu ihe nlereanya maka ebe ngosi ihe ''Oge'' ochie ndị ọzọ, na agbakwụnye na enweghị ìhè anaghị ekwe ndị na-ekiri ya na ọrụ ahụ. [6][27] Otú ọ dị, onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwuru na ìhè okike ga-akpata nsogbu nchekwa maka ihe osise osisi ha.[6] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ chere na ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe mgbagwoju anya, otu onye nkatọ dere, na enweghị ọdịdị.[6]{{R|NYT: Beneath}} N'ihe ngosi mmeghe, onye nkatọ ''New York Times'' kọwara ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka ihe na adịghị mma na nke a na-ekwukarị n'ime ụlọ ndị na adịghị ahụkebe nke na eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ masịrị ya nke ọma na obere ihe ngosi na ọrụ ndị si na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ.{{R|NYT: New Showcases}} ''Oge'' nyocha nke ọzọ nke Times chọpụtara na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka ahụ buru ibu ma "na adịchaghị mma" karịa nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, ọ bụ ezie na nke ikpeazụ nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mgbe ọ malitere nchịkọta ya.{{R|NYT: Beneath}} Ihe ngosi mmeghe, n'ozuzu ya, kpaliri ndị na ekiri ihe na adọrọ mmasị n'isiokwu ahụ ma mesie ike mkpa nkwenkwe okpukpe na nka dị na ọrụ ndị egosiri. Onye na enyocha mmeghe ahụ gbalịrị ịkọwa ọrụ ndị Afrịka, nke sitere na ihu na onyinyo na elekwasị anya na ọmarịcha, geometric abstraction nke akwa akwa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.[27] Onye nyocha nke ọzọ gbakwunyere na ihe ngosi akwa nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwusiri ike njikọ dị n'etiti nka Africa na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ebe akwa ahụ nwere mmetụta "echiche ... ".[6]{{R|NYT: Beneath}} "Ọ gaghị ekwe omume", ka onye nyocha dere na The Washington Times, "ọ bụghị ka ihe ngosi nke 2004 nke Apartheid na emetụta ya nke ukwuu". O toro ihe ngosi nka nke oge a mana o kwuru na ọrụ ndị ahụ lụsoro gburugburu ha ọgụ ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri nke oge a raara nye bụ ezigbo oghere nwere ọnọdụ ọjọọ.{{R|Insights}} == Ihe odide == {{Smithsonian museums|state=expanded}} == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraNational Museum of African Artna Wikimedia Commons * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] js478iule92dftcf7gw2csc432lrk28 741905 741904 2026-10-29T10:13:50Z IgboRefBot 66663 /* Ihe odide */ 741905 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''National Museum of African Art''' bụ ụlọ ngosi nka Africa nke Smithsonian Institution, nke dị na National Mall nke [[Washington, D.C.|Isi obodo United States]]. Nchịkọta ya gụnyere ọrụ 9,000 nke ọdịnala na nke oge a nke Africa site na Sub-Saharan na North Africa, foto 300,000, na mpịakọta ọbá akwụkwọ 50,000. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ raara onwe ya nye nka Africa na United States ma bụrụkwa nnukwu nchịkọta. The Washington Post kpọrọ ebe ngosi nka ahụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụwa nka mba ụwa na isi ebe maka nka Africa nke oge a na United States. Onye guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1964 bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ Foreign Service na Capitol Hill. Nchịkọta ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nka ọdịnala Afrịka na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ iji kụzie ihe nketa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. Iji hụ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ga-adị ogologo oge, onye guzobere ya gbara ndị Congress ume ka ha nabata ebe ngosi ihe nkiri ahụ n'okpuru nkwado Smithsonian. Ọ sonyeere Smithsonian na 1979 wee ghọọ National Museum of African Art afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. E wuchara ụlọ ngosi nka ọhụrụ, nke dị n'okpuru ala na 1987, n'akụkụ National Mall na n'akụkụ ụlọ ngosi nka Smithsonian ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime obere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Smithsonian. Ebe ngosi nka nke Afrịka weere ntụziaka ndị ọkà mmụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, na obere mmemme mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ chịkọtara ọrụ ọdịnala na nke oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. Ihe ngosi na agụnye ma ọrụ dị n'ime ma ndị a gbazitere ma malite na ndị na ese ihe n'onwe ha ruo ihe ngosi nyocha sara mbara. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na akwado ihe ngosi nwa oge abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na ihe omume iri pụrụ iche kwa afọ. Nchịkọta kachasị mma maka aha ya bụ '''NMAfA'''.   Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, onye Ọrụ Mba Ọzọ nke America bụ [[Warren M. Robbins]] zụrụ ihe osise iri atọ na abụọ nke African Art n'ụlọ ahịa ochie dị nso na Hamburg, Germany. N'afọ 1963, o guzobere Center for Cross Cultural Communication, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na enweghị uru na ebe ọdịnala. N'afọ 1964, ụlọ Frederick Douglass dị na Capitol Hill batara n'ahịa. Robbins tinyere ego ya niile n'ime ego maka ọkara nke ọnụahịa ịzụta ma nweta ụgwọ maka ndị ọzọ. Ego nke Center for Cross Cultural Communication nwetara mere ka Robbins nwee ike ịchọta Museum of African Art. E guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1964 dị ka Museum of African Art, {{R|NYT: Adieu|Artforum: Robbins obit}} na ihe ngosi mbụ ya nwere nchịkọta na mpụga abụọ. {{R|NYT: Germany}} N'okpuru ọchịchị Robbins, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nka ọdịnala Afrịka na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya iji kụzie ihe nketa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ maka ndị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ America, n'ikwekọ na mgbalị Black Arts Movement nke 1960s na 1970s iji gbanwee echiche ndị America banyere ọdịbendị Africa.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Robbins zoro aka na ebe ngosi nka ya dị ka " ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nwere ebe ngosi nka". {{R|Freyer Arte}} Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 1976, ebe ngosi nka nke Afrịka nwere ndị ọrụ 20, nchịkọta ihe 6,000, Robbins gara Afrịka na nke mbụ ya.[3]{{R|NYT: Germany}} [[Usòrò:Former_home_of_Frederick_Douglass_on_Capitol_Hill.jpg|thumb|Ebe izizi ihe ngosi nka dị na Capitol Hill]] Iji hụ na ihe ngosi nka ahụ ga adị ogologo oge, Robbins gbara ndị omeiwu mba (Congress) ume ka ha tinye ihe ngosi nka ya n'ime Smithsonian Institution, otu ụlọ ngosi nka na ebe nyocha nke gọọmentị etiti. Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya kwadoro atụmatụ a na 1978 site na nkwado nke ndị nnọchite anya John Brademas, Lindy Boggs, Ron Dellums, ndị Black Caucus, na onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Hubert Humphrey.{{R|NYT: Germany}} Ndị nduzi Smithsonian nabatara ebe ngosi nka ahụ n'afọ sochirinụ {{R|NYT: Adieu}} wee malite atụmatụ ịkwaga nchịkọta ahụ site n'ụlọ ndị dị n'obodo gaa n'ebe ngosi nka kwesịrị ekwesị. {{R|NYT: Beneath}} N'afọ 1981, a gbanwere aha ebe ngosi nka ahụ ka ọ bụrụ National Museum of African Art . {{R|African Arts opening|Freyer Arte}} Na mbido afọ 1983, [[Sylvia Williams]] ghọrọ onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, Smithsonian malitere ụlọ ọhụrụ, nke a raara nye maka ebe ngosi nka Africa na National Mall. Ihe owuwu ahụ dị n'okpuru ala ma gbasaa ebe ngosi nka {{R|NYT: Adieu}} mgbe emeghe ya na Septemba 1987. {{R|NYT: Beneath|NYT: Germany|Artforum: Robbins obit}} Ka oge na aga, echiche banyere nka Africa gbanwere site na mmasị ethnographic gaa na ọmụmụ nke ihe ọdịnala maka ọrụ aka na ihe mara mma ha.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Williams weere usoro mmụta, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma chụsoo ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ tupu e dozie ụkpụrụ ha kachasị mma.[4] Nchịkọta ahụ gbasaa n'ime ọrụ na ọrụ nke oge a site na Arab North Africa, karịa ọdịnala Sub-Saharan.[4] Onye guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ katọrọ ntụziaka a ma chee na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eleghara ọrụ ọha na eze ya anya maka "agụmakwụkwọ dị omimi". {{R|WaPo: Walker pledges}} Mgbe ọnwụ Williams na 1996, onye nlekọta [[Roslyn Walker (onye nlekọta)|Roslyn Walker]] jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi site na 1997 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2002. {{R|WaPo: traveled|Walker retires}}{{R|NYT: Walker|WaPo: Walker pledges}} Walker gara n'ihu na ntụziaka nke onye bu ya ụzọ ma gbakwunye ụlọ ngosi nka nke oge a raara onwe ya nye na onye nlekọta.[4] O mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmepe, nke nwetara ego maka mmezigharị ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mbido afọ 2000.[10] [[Sharon Patton]], onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Oberlin College's Allen Memorial Art Museum, jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2008.{{R|Patton starts|Patton leaves}} Ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na elekwasị anya n'ụmụaka na mkpesa nke ndị ndụmọdụ n'elu ndị isi Smithsonian.[12]{{R|Patton leaves}} Johnnetta Cole, onye ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Spelman na Bennett College, ghọrọ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 2009. Oge ya jikọtara ya na ihe ngosi 2015 na-arụrịta ụka nke na-egosi ọrụ sitere na nchịkọta nzuzo nke Bill Cosby na-atọ ọchị dị nnọọ ka ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ya ghọrọ ọha. Cole lara ezumike nká na Machị 2017 ma onye na-eme ihe nkiri Britain, ọkà mmụta na onye nlekọta Gus Casely-Hayford nọchiri anya ya na February 2018. N'afọ 2021, onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie [[Ngaire Blankenberg]] ghọrọ onye nduzi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smithsonian Names Ngaire Blankenberg Director of the National Museum of African Art|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-names-ngaire-blankenberg-director-national-museum-african-art|work=si.edu|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=8 January 2022|archivedate=January 8, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108235655/https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-names-ngaire-blankenberg-director-national-museum-african-art}}</ref><ref name="boucher">{{Cite news|author=Boucher|first=Brian|title=The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art's Director Has Resigned After Less Than Two Years, Citing 'Resistance and Backlash'|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/director-smithsonian-national-museum-of-african-art-is-out-2299000|accessdate=11 May 2023|work=[[Artnet News]]|date=10 May 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ weghachiri ọla nchara Benin 29 na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Germain|first=Jacquelyne|title=The Smithsonian Returns a Trove of Benin Bronzes to Nigeria|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/benin-bronzes-going-back-to-nigeria-180980917/|accessdate=11 May 2023|work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|date=October 11, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ hụrụ mbelata dị ịrịba ama na ndị bịara ma mee atụmatụ inye onyinye, yana ndị ọrụ na ndị ndụmọdụ. Blankenberg kwụsịrị ịbụ onye nduzi na Machị 2023. E mere ndokwa maka imezigharị ihe ngosi nka ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ Smithsonian's South Mall malite na 2014, mana atụmatụ ndị ahụ mechara belata.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|author=McGlone|first=Peggy|title=Smithsonian abandons $2 billion expansion plan unveiled in 2014|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/smithsonian-castle-mall-redesign-downsized/2021/01/11/db7d8f2a-5136-11eb-b96e-0e54447b23a1_story.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=9 January 2022}}</ref> === Nchịkwa === Ka ọ na erule ngwụcha afọ 2000, The Washington Post dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na alụ ọgụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, mmefu ego dị ala, ebe zoro ezo, na mgbanwe ndị isi.{{R|WaPo: Cole new chief}} Afọ iri atọ mgbe ọ sonyere na Smithsonian, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ka bụ otu n'ime ebe ngosi ihe ochie kachasị nta n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ya na ndị ọbịa 213,000 na 2016 - ihe dị ka ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ 2009 na ihe na erughị otu pasent nke ndị ọbịa Smithsonian 28 kwa afọ.{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} Nke a bụ n'ihi, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, ebe ọ dị, nke zoro na National Mall site na ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian Institution mbụ, nke a maara dị ka Castle.{{R|Patton leaves}} Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nleta agbanweela n'etiti 200,000 na 400,000 kemgbe afọ 2000, na n'etiti afọ 2000, ha yiri ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị n'okpuru ala, Sackler Gallery . [12][13] Mmefu ego kwa afọ nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ agbanweela site na $ 4.3 nde (ọgwụgwụ afọ 1990) ruo $ 6 nde (n'etiti afọ 2000), ma bụrụ $ 5 nde na 2016.{{R|Walker retires}}{{R|Patton leaves}}{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} Site na ntụnyere, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 34 na 2016, site na 48 na ngwụcha afọ 1990. [13]{{R|WaPo: Walker pledges}} Mgbe Blankenberg nọ n'ọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ dara n'okpuru 20. Dị ka ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ na afọ 2000, ebe ngosi ihe ochie ahụ achọtala ego na onyinye onwe onye.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ọ nọ n'azụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Smithsonian na mkpọsa nchịkọta ego, nke a na-atụ anya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ga akwụ ihe dị ka $ 2.1 nde. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ mere nri abalị mbụ ya kwa afọ maka ihe karịrị ndị ọbịa 500.[13]{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} [[Usòrò:Overall_View_of_the_Quad.jpg|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke quadrangle anọ, na Sackler Gallery '' (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) '', Enid A. Haupt Garden na Smithsonian Institution Building '' (n'etiti) '', na ebe ngosi nka Africa (n'ebe aka nri) {{R|African Arts opening}}'' (n'akụkụ aka nri) '']] Ihe owuwu ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke National Mall malitere n'etiti 1983. Ihe oru ngo a, nke gunyere Sackler Gallery maka nka nka nke Smithsonian's Asia, mebere oghere ihe ngosi 368,000 square n'onu nke $ 73.2 nde, nke ọkara nke sitere na gọọmentị etiti. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ a niile ka emebere n'okpuru ala ka ọ ghara imetụta ụlọ ụlọ Smithsonian Institution Building (Ụlọ Castle), ahịhịa ndụ ya, ma ọ bụ echiche ya. Ụlọ Smithsonian Castle na-ezobe ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na South Quadrangle site na National Mall, bụ nke nyere aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Ụlọ Ahịa ndị ọzọ. Onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ngo quadrangle bụ Jean-Paul Carlhian nke Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott, dabere na echiche Junzō Yoshimura. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ọhụrụ abụọ ahụ nwere obere aka na nhazi ụlọ ndị e depụtara na 1970 tupu ha abata. E wuru ụlọ nka Africa na ụlọ Sackler dị ka ụlọ akụkọ, nke ọ bụla nwere otu okpukpu n'elu ala ma nwee ohere ngosi yiri ya: gallery ise nke ọ bụla, na naanị otu nwere ìhè okike. A na ekewa ha site na ihe ịchọ mma ha n'elu ụlọ: ụlọ elu dị n'ụlọ nka Africa na pyramids na Sackler. {{R|NYT: Beneath}} E ji granite na acha ọbara ọbara wuo ụlọ nka Afrịka ma jiri ọdịdị okirikiri dị ka isiokwu ụlọ ya, ya na windo dị gburugburu, steepụ ọnụ ụzọ dị gburugburu, na okpukpu isii dị gburugburu n'elu ụlọ ya. N'ime, a na ahụ ogige limestone n'ihu. Ụlọ nzukọ steepụ na agbagọ agbagọ na eduga ndị ọbịa na steepụ ndị na agbadata na gallery. Ụlọ ngosi ahụ buru ibu ma bụrụ nke ndị na emepụta ihe ngosi na eme ka ọ bụrụ obere ụlọ iji kwekọọ na obere ihe.{{R|NYT: Dig}} A na ahụ ụlọ ndị ahụ site na Independence Avenue, na Enid A. Haupt Garden ọhụrụ na aga n'etiti ha na Smithsonian Institution Building. [6][22] N'okpuru ala, ebe ngosi nka na ọfịs na anọ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ. Ọkwa nke atọ na akwado ihe ngosi na ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ. A na ejikọta ọkwa ya site na ogige nwere okpukpu atọ nke nwere nnukwu oghere dị n'ime ogige ndị dị n'elu, site na ọtụtụ ụkwụ nke unyi. [22][6] A rụzigharịrị ụlọ ahụ na mbido afọ 2000 site na onyinye dị ukwuu sitere n'aka Eastman Kodak.{{R|Walker retires}} E mere ndokwa maka imezigharị ihe ngosi nka ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ $ 2 ijeri Smithsonian South Mall. Atụmatụ sitere n'aka ndị na ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Denmark, Bjarke Ingels Group, ga eji ụzọ mbata ọhụrụ na eche ihu n'ụlọ ahịa dochie anya ụlọ elu dị n'elu ala. Ebumnuche imezigharị ahụ bụ ka itinye ego nke onwe na nke gọọmentị etiti kwado ya ma na-atụ anya ịmalite na 2016 ma mechaa n'ime afọ 10 ruo 20.{{R|NYT: 2 Billion}} A kagbuola atụmatụ ndị a na 2021 mgbe a rụzigharịrị ọrụ mmezigharị South Mall.<ref name="auto"/> E debere [[Yinka Shonibare]]'s Wind Sculpture VII na ngosi na adịgide adịgide n'èzí ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ngwụcha afọ 2016.{{R|Wind Sculpture}} == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Steve_Smith_installs_an_artifact.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye ọkachamara na-akwadebe ihe ngosi na 1987.]] National Museum of African Art bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ a raara nye nka Africa na United States, nke Center for African Art (nke bụzi The African Center) sochiri na 1984.{{R|NYT: Beneath}}{{R|NYT: Spread Out}} Nchịkọta nke National Museum buru ibu karị. Ka ọ na erule afọ 2008, ọ nwere ihe 9,000 na foto 300,000. Ihe ndị ahụ sitere na ihe a tụrụ atụ na ihe nkpuchi nke narị afọ nke iri na ise ruo na nka nke oge a, foto ndị ahụ gụnyere onyinye dị ukwuu sitere n'aka ndị nta akụkọ foto Eliot Elisofon na [[Constance Stuart Larrabee]]. Elisofon kpuchiri ihe omume ndị dị mkpa na narị afọ nke 20 maka Life, na Larrabee kpuchiri Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ''Ndụ'' South Africa. {{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ka ọ na erule afọ 2004, ebe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ihe osise 400 nke oge a.[4] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na anakọta ihe maka ojiji ọdịnala ha na ụkpụrụ mara mma, ma na enweta nkezi nke onyinye 67 kwa afọ. [6]{{R|Holland2007}} Obosara nke nchịkọta ya na ihe ngosi pụrụ iche mere ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ bụrụ "ike siri ike n'ụwa nka mba ụwa" na isi ebe maka nka Africa nke oge a na United States, dị ka The Washington Post si kwuo.[4]{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwagara na National Mall n'etiti afọ 1980, nchịkọta ya na adịgide adịgide nwere ihe karịrị ihe nka 6,000 (dịka, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe ochie, akwa) na nnukwu nchịkọta foto Elisofon.{{R|NYT: Adieu}} Nchịkọta mbụ a lekwasịrị anya na Sub-Saharan Africa, [1] na nnọchiteanya ka mma nke Ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea na Western Sudan karịa mpaghara Central Africa.{{R|NYT: New Showcases}}="mwARM" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;"><span class="mw-reflink-text">[27]</span> Nchịkọta ahụ bụ ihe pụrụ iche, na-egosipụta enweghị ihe osise nke oge ọchịchị ndị Africa na nchịkọta ndị America. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ihe ngosi nka ahụ gụnyere spoon ọdụ́ [[Edo people|Edo]]-Portuguese na ihe nkedo ọla edo Akan nke Robert Woods Bliss nyere. Mmefu ego mbụ nke ihe ngosi nka ahụ bịara site na isonyere Smithsonian.{{R|Freyer Arte}} N'ime afọ iri, nchịkọta ahụ agbasaala ruo ihe ọdịnala na nke oge a 7,000 site n'ofe Afrịka niile.{{R|NYT: Walker}} N'okpuru ọchịchị Walker, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ gbasaa ihe osise ya nke oge a, na emeghe gallery na adịgide adịgide na 1997. N'afọ ahụ, onye na ese foto Constance Stuart Larrabee nyere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie foto 3,000 sitere na South Africa.{{R|Walker retires}} N'afọ 2005, ebe ngosi nka ahụ natara Walt Disney-Tishman Collection nke ọrụ 525 na agbasa ọtụtụ ụdị nka Africa na ọdịbendị 75.{{R|Artforum: Disney}} Nchịkọta ahụ bụ nkwenye nke ọnọdụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, nyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na asọ mpi maka nchịkọta ahụ.{{R|WaPo: Cole new chief}} Ọbá akwụkwọ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ toro mgbe ọ sonyeere Smithsonian, site na mpịakọta 3,000 ruo 30,000 na nka anya, anthropology, nri, akụkọ ihe mere eme, okpukpe, na njem, ọkachasị ọrụ ndị e bipụtara n'Africa.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} Ọ nwere mpịakọta 50,000 ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warren M. Robbins Library, National Museum of African Art|work=[[Smithsonian Libraries]]|url=http://library.si.edu/libraries/african-art|accessdate=2017-07-22|archivedate=February 15, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211813/http://library.si.edu/libraries/african-art}}</ref> Na Machị 2022, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwupụtara atụmatụ ịlaghachi Naijiria 39 Benin Bronzes nke e weghaara n'oge Njem Benin nke 1897. A ga egosi ihe ndị a na National Museum of Benin na Benin City.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McGlone|first=Peggy|date=March 8, 2022|title=Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/03/08/smithsonian-benin-bronzes-nigeria-return/|accessdate=March 9, 2022}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ==   [[File:Karen_Milbourne_-_National_Museum_of_African_Art_-_Smithsonian_Institution_Washington_DC_(ENG).mp3|thumb|Karen Milbourne]] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwadoro ihe ngosi 130 pụrụ iche n'ime afọ 25 mbụ ya, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Exhibitions|work=National Museum of African Art|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/|accessdate=2017-07-22|archivedate=October 21, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021201039/https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/}}</ref> ma kemgbe ọ sonyeere Smithsonian, ọ na akwado ihe ngosi abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ kwa afọ.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} N'afọ ndị Smithsonian, a na agbazinye ihe ngosi nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, dịka site na Renee na Chaim Gross Foundation. Na mbido '80s, ndị na elekọta ya haziri ihe ngosi "focus" nke na elekwasị anya n'otu ihe site na nchịkọta ahụ. Ihe ngosi nka ahụ kwadoro ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi n'èzí na ihe ngosi ndị na agagharị agagharị. Ihe ngosi ya ghọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ka mmekọrịta ihe ngosi ya na mmefu ego ya na eto eto. N'oge mmeghe nke ụlọ ngosi National Mall, ihe ngosi nka ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ 375 na ihe ngosi ise dị n'ime obere na mpaghara ise na otu isiokwu. Ihe ngosi etiti, "African" ihe ngosi nka ndị dị otú ahụ na egosi ihe ngosi nka nke ndụ ha na Mgbasa ozi ndị dị iche iche iche iche na Mgbe ndị dị iche na egosi site na egosi na Mmekọrịta ihe ngosi nka na-M". Ihe ngosi nka ndị ọzọ na Megide ndị dị iche. Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka Europe.{{R|Freyer Arte}} Ihe ngosi atọ fọdụrụnụ dị obere: akwa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Benin, na ihe ndị e ji ọla kọpa mee, na ihe bara uru dị ka nkata, ntutu isi, na igbe snuff.{{R|NYT: New Showcases}} A họọrọ ihe ngosi ndị ahụ iji chee echiche nke nka Afrịka ihu dị ka "ihe na egosipụta, ememe, na ... na enweghị akwụkwọ", ma gosipụta echiche ndị a na-eleghara anya na echiche ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na nka Afrịka. {{R|NYT: Beneath}} N'ime afọ Walker - ngwụcha afọ 1990 na mmalite afọ 2000 - ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwadoro ihe ngosi na nka oge a nke Ijipt na akwa Malagasy. Onyinye 1997 sitere n'aka onye na ese foto Constance Stuart Larrabee dugara n'ihe ngosi n'ime ụlọ na njem.{{R|Walker retires}} Walker haziri ihe ngosi nke onye na ese ihe Yoruba [[Olowe of Ise|Olowe nke Ise]] na 1998, ihe atụ a na adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe ngosi nka Africa nke otu onye. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi ahụ bụ nke mbụ dị otú ahụ maka onye na ese ihe ọdịnala Afrịka.{{R|Olowe}} Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ emeela ihe ngosi onwe onye maka ndị na ese ihe gụnyere Sokari Douglas Camp (1989) na [[Yinka Shonibare]] (2010). {{R|Camp 1988|Camp 1989}}{{R|WaPo: writ larger}} Ihe ngosi ndị e mere maka ụmụaka, dị ka "Playful Performers", dọtara ìgwè mmadụ n'okpuru nduzi Patton n'etiti afọ 2000, dị ka "Akụ̀" gosipụtara site na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka na nleta ndị omenkà.{{R|Patton leaves}} Ihe ngosi nke afọ 2004, "Insights", gosipụtara ọrụ 30 gbasara Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa site na nchịkọta ya.{{R|Insights}} N'afọ 2013, ebe ngosi nka ahụ natara onyinye ya kachasị ukwuu, $ 1.8 nde site na Oman, maka usoro nke na elekwasị anya na nka sitere na mba ahụ na njikọ ya na ọdịbendị dị na Near East.{{R|Oman}} 2015 "Conversations: African and African American Artworks in Dialogue", nke gosipụtara ọrụ sitere na nchịkọta onwe onye nke Bill na Camille Cosby, ghọrọ esemokwu maka imeghe dịka ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ya ghọrọ nke ọha. Onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na Cosbys nwere ọbụbụenyi ogologo oge Camille nọdụrụ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke ebe ngosi ihe ochie ahụ. Ihe ngosi ahụ nwetara ego site na onyinye $ 716,000 sitere na Cosbys ma mee atụmatụ ịdọrọ uche gaa na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie maka ncheta afọ 50 ya. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ebubo na abawanye, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ghọtara mkpesa ọha na eze megide ihe ngosi ahụ site n'ịmepụta ihe ịrịba ama nke kwetara ebubo ahụ ma lekwasị anya na ndị na ese ihe na ọrụ nka nke ihe ngosi ahụ, nke ka dị na ngosi ahụ.{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} Onye na enyocha nka na ihe owuwu nke Washington Post bụ Philip Kennicott dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ mebiri ụkpụrụ omume ma mebie aha ya site n'igosi nchịkọta onwe onye nke a na ekwesịghị nkwa na ebe ngosi ahụ. Kennicott mara aka ma ndị na ese ihe nke nchịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ na acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Cosby ga abụrịrị "ịgbachi nkịtị" site na ịkwụsị ihe ngosi ahụ n'oge.{{R|WaPo: breaks silence}} == Mgbasa ozi == Na mbido afọ 1980, Smithsonian chọpụtara na ole na ole n'ime nde mmadụ iri abụọ na eleta ya kwa afọ bụ ndị agbụrụ pere mpe n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị isi ojii nọ n'obodo ahụ. O mechara mepụta kọmitii iji dozie ọdịiche ahụ. Dị ka ebe ngosi nka nke Africa akwagabeghị na National Mall, ọ na eje ozi na mpaghara ndị isi ojii na mpaghara agbụrụ, yana ndị ọrụ agbụrụ na mmemme a ma ama n'etiti ìgwè ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara na ihe nkiri ya, akụkọ ọdịnala, na nkuzi. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nyekwara ọmụmụ ihe na African stripweave na talking drum.{{R|NYT: Adieu}} Patton, onye nduzi ebe ngosi nka n'etiti afọ 2000, kwuru na a maghị ebe ngosi nka ahụ nke ọma na Washington, dịka ọ bụ naanị ọkara nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi maara ebe ọ dị.{{R|Patton starts}} Ọrụ Patton gụnyere ihe ngosi ndị e mere maka ụmụaka.{{R|Patton leaves}} N'ihi ya, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nyere ụmụaka karịa ndị okenye ozi.{{R|WaPo: Cole new chief}} N'oge a, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na eme ihe dị ka ihe omume iri pụrụ iche n'afọ.{{R|WaPo: traveled}} The Washington Post dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ "gbalịsi ike ... iji dọta ndị ọbịa na onyinye" na 2016, nke esemokwu Cosby mere ka ọ ka njọ.{{R|WaPo: Cole at 80}} == Nnakwere == Na mmeghe nke ụlọ National Mall, ndị nyocha atọ nke ''New York Times'' katọrọ ihe ndị e mere na ya, ya bụ, nhọrọ nke ihe ndị e ji rụọ ya na enweghị ìhè okike n'okpuru ala.{{R|NYT: Dig|NYT: Beneath|NYT: New Showcases}} Onye na enyocha ihe owuwu Paul Goldberger weere ihe ndị dị n'elu ala dị ka "ihe mgbagwoju anya ... ụlọ granite" nke ihe ndị dị na ya "dị mfe", na enweghị isi, ma na adịghị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere Smithsonian Castle dị anya. O ji nwayọọ nwayọọ too nhazi "mara ihe" nke ihe mgbagwoju anya na uru ya kachasị n'okpuru ala na obere mgbanwe n'elu ala. Goldberger nwere mmasị n'ọrụ aka nke ụlọ ahụ, ime ya, na oghere gallery.[22] Ndị ọzọ na enyocha Times abụọ, n'aka nke ha, enweghị obi ụtọ ịhụ ọrụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpụga kama egosiri n'enweghị ìhè okike, ma na atụ egwu ihe nlereanya maka ebe ngosi ihe ''Oge'' ochie ndị ọzọ, na agbakwụnye na enweghị ìhè anaghị ekwe ndị na-ekiri ya na ọrụ ahụ. [6][27] Otú ọ dị, onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwuru na ìhè okike ga-akpata nsogbu nchekwa maka ihe osise osisi ha.[6] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ chere na ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe mgbagwoju anya, otu onye nkatọ dere, na enweghị ọdịdị.[6]{{R|NYT: Beneath}} N'ihe ngosi mmeghe, onye nkatọ ''New York Times'' kọwara ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka ihe na adịghị mma na nke a na-ekwukarị n'ime ụlọ ndị na adịghị ahụkebe nke na eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ masịrị ya nke ọma na obere ihe ngosi na ọrụ ndị si na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ.{{R|NYT: New Showcases}} ''Oge'' nyocha nke ọzọ nke Times chọpụtara na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka ahụ buru ibu ma "na adịchaghị mma" karịa nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, ọ bụ ezie na nke ikpeazụ nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mgbe ọ malitere nchịkọta ya.{{R|NYT: Beneath}} Ihe ngosi mmeghe, n'ozuzu ya, kpaliri ndị na ekiri ihe na adọrọ mmasị n'isiokwu ahụ ma mesie ike mkpa nkwenkwe okpukpe na nka dị na ọrụ ndị egosiri. Onye na enyocha mmeghe ahụ gbalịrị ịkọwa ọrụ ndị Afrịka, nke sitere na ihu na onyinyo na elekwasị anya na ọmarịcha, geometric abstraction nke akwa akwa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.[27] Onye nyocha nke ọzọ gbakwunyere na ihe ngosi akwa nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwusiri ike njikọ dị n'etiti nka Africa na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ebe akwa ahụ nwere mmetụta "echiche ... ".[6]{{R|NYT: Beneath}} "Ọ gaghị ekwe omume", ka onye nyocha dere na The Washington Times, "ọ bụghị ka ihe ngosi nke 2004 nke Apartheid na emetụta ya nke ukwuu". O toro ihe ngosi nka nke oge a mana o kwuru na ọrụ ndị ahụ lụsoro gburugburu ha ọgụ ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri nke oge a raara nye bụ ezigbo oghere nwere ọnọdụ ọjọọ.{{R|Insights}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="African Arts opening">{{Cite journal |editor-last1=Povey |editor-first1=John F. |title=The National Museum of African Art: Opening September 1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-arts_1987-08_20_4/page/28 |journal=African Arts |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=28–37 |year=1987 |doi=10.2307/3336631 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=3336631 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Artforum: Disney">{{Cite web |title=Major Collection of African Art Goes to Smithsonian |work=[[Artforum]] |date=2005-09-30 |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/id=9591 |access-date=2017-02-06 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081401/https://www.artforum.com/news/id=9591 |url-status=live |accessdate=2024-05-26 |archivedate=2017-02-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081401/https://www.artforum.com/news/id=9591 }}</ref> <ref name="Camp 1988">{{Cite news |last1=Kastor |first1=Elizabeth |title=Keeper of the Kalabari Magic; Nigerian Sculptor Sokari Douglas Camp |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286 |date=1988-11-11 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1289465.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170107/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1289465.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-04 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> <ref name="Freyer Arte">{{Cite conference |last1=Freyer |first1=Bryna M. |title=The National Museum of African Art: A Curator's View |pages=56–62 |year=1991 |book-title=Arte in Africa 2 |oclc=24104270 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> <ref name="Holland2007">{{cite book |last=Holland |first=Jesse |title=Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History In and Around Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eest66wNX2UC&pg=PA48 |date=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7627-5192-1 |page=50 |access-date=February 7, 2017 |archive-date=April 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428044551/https://books.google.com/books?id=eest66wNX2UC&pg=PA48 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- source has more specific dates on National Mall opening, if needed --> <ref name="Insights">{{Cite news |last1=Shaw-Eagle |first1=Joanna |title=Apartheid 'Insights' on Exhibit; 30 Works Show Cruelty in S. Africa |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=2004-09-11 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124132593.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170153/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124132593.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-04 |df=mdy-all |issn=0732-8494 }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: 2 Billion">{{Cite web |last1=Bowley |first1=Graham |title=Smithsonian Unveils $2 Billion Plan to Renovate Its Museums and Public Spaces |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014-11-14 |url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/smithsonian-unveils-2-billion-plan-to-renovate-its-museums-and-public-spaces/ |access-date=2017-02-03 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=October 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005035210/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/14/smithsonian-unveils-2-billion-plan-to-renovate-its-museums-and-public-spaces/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: Adieu">{{Cite news |last1=Gamarekian |first1=Barbara |title=Art Museum to Bid the Hill Adieu |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1983-06-21 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/21/us/art-museum-to-bid-the-hill-adieu.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=May 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524141509/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/21/us/art-museum-to-bid-the-hill-adieu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: Beneath">{{Cite news |last1=Brenson |first1=Michael |title=Beneath Smithsonian, Debut for 2 Museums |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1987-09-08 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/08/arts/beneath-smithsonian-debut-for-2-museums.html?pagewanted=all |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071732/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/08/arts/beneath-smithsonian-debut-for-2-museums.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: Dig">{{Cite news |last1=Goldberger |first1=Paul |author-link=Paul Goldberger |title=A Smithsonian Dig Results in Two Museums |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1987-09-20 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/arts/architecture-view-a-smithsonian-dig-results-in-two-museums.html?pagewanted=all |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075915/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/arts/architecture-view-a-smithsonian-dig-results-in-two-museums.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: Germany">{{Cite news |last1=Molotsky |first1=Irvin |title=African Art, by Way of Germany |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1987-09-02 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/us/washington-talk-smithsonian-institution-african-art-by-way-of-germany.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071308/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/us/washington-talk-smithsonian-institution-african-art-by-way-of-germany.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: New Showcases">{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Roberta |title=New Showcases for Asian and African Art |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1987-09-20 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/arts/art-view-new-showcases-for-asian-and-african-art.html?pagewanted=all |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722080534/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/20/arts/art-view-new-showcases-for-asian-and-african-art.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: Spread Out">{{Cite news |last1=Reif |first1=Rita |title=For African Art Treasures, a Place to Spread Out |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1993-02-07 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/07/arts/arts-artifacts-for-african-art-treasures-a-place-to-spread-out.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526084250/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/07/arts/arts-artifacts-for-african-art-treasures-a-place-to-spread-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="NYT: Walker">{{Cite news |title=Africa Museum Director |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1997-01-18 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/18/arts/africa-museum-director.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163300/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/18/arts/africa-museum-director.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Olowe">{{Cite news |last1=Cotter |first1=Holland |title=ART VIEW; Anonymous Tribal Artisans? Look Again |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1998-04-12 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/12/arts/art-view-anonymous-tribal-artisans-look-again.html |issn=0362-4331 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204170137/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/12/arts/art-view-anonymous-tribal-artisans-look-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |title=African Art Museum Gets $1.8 million From Oman |work=[[WRC-TV|NBC4 Washington]] |date=November 26, 2013 |url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/African-Art-Museum-Gets-18-million-from-Oman-233503111.html |access-date=2017-02-06 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081421/http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/African-Art-Museum-Gets-18-million-from-Oman-233503111.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Patton starts">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=Smithsonian Names Sharon Patton to Lead African Art Museum |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2003-01-15 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-233612.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204084939/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-233612.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-04 |df=mdy-all |issn=0190-8286 }}</ref> <ref name="Patton leaves">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=African Art Museum to Lose Director; Patton Joins Long List of Smithsonian Departures |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2008-05-17 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16411381.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085135/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16411381.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-04 |issn=0190-8286 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> {{Cite web |title=Smithsonian Closes Museum Spaces Due to Sequestration |work=[[Artforum]] |date=2013-05-02 |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/id=40675 |access-date=2017-02-06 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=February 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081351/https://www.artforum.com/news/id=40675 |url-status=live |accessdate=2024-05-26 |archivedate=2017-02-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203081351/https://www.artforum.com/news/id=40675 }}</ref> <ref name="WaPo: breaks silence">{{Cite news |last1=Kennicott |first1=Philip |author-link=Philip Kennicott |title=Smithsonian African Art director breaks silence on Cosby exhibition controversy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2015-08-05 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/08/05/smithsonian-african-art-director-breaks-silence-on-cosby-exhibition-controversy/?tid=a_inl |issn=0190-8286 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/08/05/smithsonian-african-art-director-breaks-silence-on-cosby-exhibition-controversy/?tid=a_inl |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaPo: Cole at 80">{{Cite news |last1=McGlone |first1=Peggy |title=At 80, Johnnetta Cole reflects on her career and the controversial Cosby exhibition |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2016-10-27 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/at-80-johnnetta-cole-reflects-on-her-career-and-the-controversial-cosby-exhibit/2016/10/27/e736a33a-9ae0-11e6-b3c9-f662adaa0048_story.html |issn=0190-8286 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322222220/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/at-80-johnnetta-cole-reflects-on-her-career-and-the-controversial-cosby-exhibit/2016/10/27/e736a33a-9ae0-11e6-b3c9-f662adaa0048_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaPo: Cole new chief">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=Johnnetta Cole Named New Director of the National Museum of African Art |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2009-02-10 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/09/AR2009020902446.html |df=mdy-all |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925105704/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/09/AR2009020902446.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaPo: traveled">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=African Beauty: At 40, Museum Updates Its Look |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2004-08-13 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-192204.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207030142/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-192204.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-07 |df=mdy-all|issn=0190-8286 }} A shorter, non-paywalled version is available via the ''Los Angeles Times'' as {{Cite news |title=An African art museum less traveled |date=2004-08-25 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/print/2004/aug/25/entertainment/et-trescott25 |df=mdy-all |access-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629075911/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-aug-25-et-trescott25-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaPo: Walker pledges">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=African Art Curator to Head Museum; Roslyn Walker Pledges To Broaden Scope, Outreach |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1997-01-16 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-708982.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309134637/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-708982.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-09 |df=mdy-all |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> <ref name="WaPo: writ larger">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=Africa's image, writ larger; New statue just one tactic to raise small museum's profile |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2010-06-06 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22136782.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207030140/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-22136782.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-02-07 |df=mdy-all |issn=0190-8286 }}</ref><!-- some Cole-era outreach examples possible to pull out of here --> <ref name="Walker retires">{{Cite news |last1=Trescott |first1=Jacqueline |title=African Art Museum Chief Retires; Roslyn Walker Cites Health Concerns |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=2002-05-09 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-359726.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409214943/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-359726.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-04-09 |df=mdy-all|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> <ref name="Wind Sculpture">{{Cite web |last1=Beaujon |first1=Andrew |title=The National Museum of African Art Is About to Have an Amazing Sculpture Outside |work=[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]] |date=2016-11-11 |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2016/11/11/yinka-shonibare-national-museum-african-art-washington-dc/ |access-date=2017-07-22 |df=mdy-all |archive-date=November 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112201234/https://www.washingtonian.com/2016/11/11/yinka-shonibare-national-museum-african-art-washington-dc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{Smithsonian museums|state=expanded}} == Njikọ mpụga == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraNational Museum of African Artna Wikimedia Commons * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tp44ghejv48agcqsdr9qoor8a3ojxxo 0 46782 741842 707007 2026-10-28T18:00:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741842 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Grace Channer''' (amụrụ 1959) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'Afrịka-Canada na onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi ọtụtụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Female Gazes: Seventy-Five Women Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/femalegazesseven0000mart|year=1997|publisher=Second Story Press|isbn=0929005996}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3x6Za1DfZyoC&q=Grace+Channer+artist&pg=PA36|title=The History of Blacks in Canada: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography|author=Junne|first=George H.|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313322921}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na Britain, Channer gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Fine Arts degree program na Mahadum Queen site na 1977 ruo 1978. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Nzegwu, Nkiru|title=The Creation...of the African-Canadian Odyssey|url=https://archive.org/details/creationofafrica0000nkir|year=1992|publisher=The Power Plant|isbn=0-921047-51-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/creationofafrica0000nkir/page/13 13]}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara diploma diploma na Animation Filmmaking site na Sheridan College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning. <ref name="cfmdc">{{Cite web|title=Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre: Grace Channer|url=http://www.cfmdc.org/filmmaker/5947|work=www.cfmdc.org|accessdate=13 December 2018|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215342/https://www.cfmdc.org/filmmaker/5947}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Na 1987 Channer, tinyere onye na-ese ihe Lynne Fernie, onye na-ese foto Cyndra MacDowall, na onye na-ese ihe nkiri Marg Moores nyere aka na ngosi ngosi nke aha ya bụ ''Sight Specific: Lesbians and Representation'' . Ihe ngosi ahụ nyochara njikọ dị n'etiti njirimara nwanyị nwanyị nwanyị na nka nka, mmekọrịta, akụkọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4R3y3VeV2EC&q=Grace+Channer+artist&pg=PA404|title=Canadian Women's Issues: Volume I: Strong Voices|author=Pierson|first=Ruth Roach|date=1993-01-01|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=9781550284157}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Channer bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe isii a kpọrọ òkù ka ha sonye na saịtị a kapịrị ọnụ ihe osise, ''Women On Site'', nke Sarah Denison kwadoro maka Kọmitii Arts Community Community. Ihe onyonyo nke Channer, akpọrọ "Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-arụ ọrụ", dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ Parkdale dị na Toronto. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Denison|first=Sarah|title=Women on Site: Buseji Bailey, Grace Channer, Margaret Chen, Sarah Denison, Banakonda Kennedy-Kish, Megan Vun Wong|date=1987|publisher=A Space|location=Toronto}}</ref> Channer bụ onye otu Diasporic African Women's Art Collective (DAWA) . Ọ chịkọtara ihe ngosi njem ahụ ''Black Wimmin: Mgbe na Ebe Anyị'' na [[Buseje Bailey]] na-abanye na 1989. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Nelson|title=Racism, Eh? A Critical interdisciplinary Anthology of Race and Racism in Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/racismehcritical0000unse|year=2004|publisher=Captus Press|isbn=9781553220619|pages=[https://archive.org/details/racismehcritical0000unse/page/354 354]}}</ref> Ọ bụ isiokwu ya, n'akụkụ onye na-ese ihe bụ Faith Nolan, nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ 1993 nke Dionne Brand, ''Long Time Comin''', nke na-enyocha ihe omume dị na omume nke ndị na-ese ihe abụọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kung|first=Kate|title=Long Time Comin' (review)|journal=Canadian Woman Studies|date=1994|volume=14|issue=2|pages=125–126}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBCDUypv1doC&q=Grace+Channer+artist&pg=PA377|title=Romance of Transgression in Canada: Queering Sexualities, Nations, Cinemas|author=Waugh|first=Thomas|date=2006-07-18|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=9780773585287}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a dị maka ikiri na webụsaịtị ONF . Na 1998, Channer sonyeere na ''-ewere ya n'okporo ụzọ,'' nke bụ usoro ọrụ nka ọha na-eme na mpaghara Greater Toronto nke SAVAC (South Asian Visual Arts Collective) haziri. <ref>{{Cite book|author=DeSouza|first=Kevin|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/20221/|title=Taking it to the Streets|date=1999|publisher=SAVAC South Asian Visual Arts Collective|others=Kevin DeSouza, Ashok Mathur, Shelly Bahl|isbn=978-0-9685468-0-2|location=Toronto, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> Channer weere akụkụ nke Street Art Postering Project nke o nyere akwụkwọ mmado dị ka ''Ọ na-achọ Obi Ike Chee Udo'' na mmekorita ya na Melanie Liwanag Aguila, Courtnay McFarlane, Beeta M. Jafari na Tanya Lena na onye ọzọ akpọrọ ''Gay na Lesbian Human Rights'' na mmekorita ya na mmekorita ya na ndi mmadu. Aguila na McFarlane. <ref>{{Cite book|author=DeSouza|first=Kevin|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/20221/|title=Taking it to the Streets|date=1999|publisher=SAVAC South Asian Visual Arts Collective|others=Kevin DeSouza, Ashok Mathur, Shelly Bahl|isbn=978-0-9685468-0-2|location=Toronto, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> Na 2005, Channer sonyere na ngosi ''Tribute: Art of African Canadians'' nke Robert Freeman na David Sommers kwadoro na Art Gallery of Peel and Art Gallery of Mississauga . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Neville|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/17416/|title=Tribute : The Art of African Canadians|date=2005|publisher=Art Gallery of Mississauga|others=Neville Clarke, Andrea De Shield|isbn=978-0-9688410-5-1|location=Mississauga, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> Channer nyere aka na ngosi ahụ ọrụ ya ''Intolerance'' (1982), nke bụ mmanụ triptych nke panoramic odida obodo na-egosipụta ọrụ Hieronymus Bosch na Peter Bruegel site na nyocha nke isiokwu ya na akụkụ nke ọdịnala ochie nke fantasy, ilu na ilu Akwụkwọ Nsọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Neville|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/17416/|title=Tribute : The Art of African Canadians|date=2005|publisher=Art Gallery of Mississauga|others=Neville Clarke, Andrea De Shield|isbn=978-0-9688410-5-1|location=Mississauga, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> Channer na-etinye ọdịnala a nke ihe atụ triptyc ochie na isiokwu dị ugbu a nke ike ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Neville|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/17416/|title=Tribute : The Art of African Canadians|date=2005|publisher=Art Gallery of Mississauga|others=Neville Clarke, Andrea De Shield|isbn=978-0-9688410-5-1|location=Mississauga, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> Channer na-ese ihe nkiri obodo na-ekpughe ụfọdụ esemokwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma ọ bụ omume nke na-enyocha, na mkpughe ha, isiokwu dị ka ike, mmetọ, mmekọahụ, mmekọahụ, agbụrụ, klaasị, na okpukperechi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Neville|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/17416/|title=Tribute : The Art of African Canadians|date=2005|publisher=Art Gallery of Mississauga|others=Neville Clarke, Andrea De Shield|isbn=978-0-9688410-5-1|location=Mississauga, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> Na 2009, Channer sonye na 21st International Lesbian Feminist Film Festival of Paris na ihe nkiri ya dị mkpụmkpụ ''mana ụfọdụ nwere obi ike'' ebe ọ meriri ihe nrite ndị na-ege ntị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BUT SOME ARE BRAVE - Cineffable 2009|url=https://www.cineffable.fr/festivals/21efestival/Films21/pgw/but-some-are-brave_En.htm|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=www.cineffable.fr|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grace Channer|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0151913/awards/|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=IMDb}}</ref> Channer bụ onye otu W5ART Collective, mkpokọta ihe osise guzobere na 2011 site na [[Buseje Bailey]], Grace Channer, [[Alexandra Gelis]], [[Margie Macdonald]] na Alexandra Majerus. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsetobicoke.com/Art/Gallery-Exhibitions/The-Photography-Project---RECREATING-THE-SELF--Cap.aspx|title=Arts Etobicoke - The Photography Project|work=www.artsetobicoke.com|accessdate=2017-03-18|archivedate=2017-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319112907/http://www.artsetobicoke.com/Art/Gallery-Exhibitions/The-Photography-Project---RECREATING-THE-SELF--Cap.aspx}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Channer bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe atọ, yana Sandra Brewster na Jay Stewart, bụ ndị na-ese ihe osise dị mita 100 n'ogologo na-eme ememe ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ngosi na nka agha. Dị na East-ngwụsị Toronto, a na-akpọ ihe osise ọha na eze ''KIA: Unified Movement of Power,'' na ọ na-agba ume nke mmegharị nka agha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/1313790-desantos-martial-arts-unveils-community-mural-at-main-and-gerrard/|title=DeSantos Martial Arts unveils community mural at Main and Gerrard|author=InsideToronto.com|work=www.insidetoronto.com|date=3 November 2012|accessdate=2017-03-18}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == "Onye Ga-alụ ọgụ Maka Ntọhapụ Anyị," Ụlọ Ọrụ Osisi, 1992. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Female Gazes: Seventy-Five Women Artists|url=https://archive.org/details/femalegazesseven0000mart|year=1997|publisher=Second Story Press|isbn=0929005996}}</ref> "Tribute: Art of African Canadians," Art Gallery of Peel (Brampton, Ontario.) & Art Gallery nke Mississauga (Mississauga, Ontario.), 2005. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Neville|url=https://e-artexte.ca/id/eprint/17416/|title=Tribute : The Art of African Canadians|date=2005|publisher=Art Gallery of Mississauga|others=Neville Clarke, Andrea De Shield|isbn=978-0-9688410-5-1|location=Mississauga, Ont.|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 2009, Grace Channer meriri n'ọkwa nke atọ n'ụdị ogologo mkpụmkpụ maka ihe nkiri ya ''But Some Are Brave'' na Africa World Documentary Film Festival. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards {{!}} Africa World Documentary Film Festival|url=https://www.africaworldfilmfestival.com/awards.php|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=www.africaworldfilmfestival.com|archivedate=2023-03-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185945/https://www.africaworldfilmfestival.com/awards.php}}</ref> Na 2009, Channer nwetakwara ihe nrite ndị na-ege ntị maka ''mana ụfọdụ nwere obi ike'' na 21st International Lesbian Feminist Film Festival of Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Grace Channer|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0151913/awards/|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=IMDb}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.yorku.ca/aconline/v_artists.html Akụkọ ndụ ndị nka na-ahụ anya, Mahadum York, African Canadian Online] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215342/https://www.cfmdc.org/filmmaker/5947 Ebe nkesa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Canada: Grace Channer] Archived </link> * [https://www.nfb.ca/film/long_time_comin/ National Film Board of Canada: Ogologo oge na-abịa'] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6wbybztvcvl2iavirefiv0i3l1dbvij 0 48019 741855 692834 2026-10-28T18:17:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741855 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Francesco Castelluccio (amuru 12, 1955) bu onye oka nka America.  Ọ nkọwa ihe gbasara ahụ na Art Student League of New York na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Arts Visual, ha abụọ na New York City.. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Guan|first=Nancy|title=Georgia's oldest city, Savannah, introduces its first Martin Luther King Jr. monument|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/story/news/2022/01/15/martin-luther-king-jr-monument-savannah-ga-plant-riverside-district/6511831001/|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=Savannah Morning News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A jaridar Castelluccio nye ndị nne na nna si Ịtali kwabatara na ụgbọ 12, 1955, na Newark, New Jersey .  [1] O nwere Franco Fine Art Studio na Winter Springs, Florida. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Franco Fine Art|url=https://floridadesign.com/design-resource/united-states/fl-1/winter-springs/art-1/franco-fine-art/|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=Florida Design|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Castelluccio dechara bọs nke Martin Luther King Jr. iji mee akara mmeghe nke District Riverside Plant na Savannah, Georgia .  Ụbọchị ahụ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ Richard C. Kessler nyere ya ọrụ, na ọnụ ahịa ihe ruru $110,000.  Ezin mmetụta Eze nke bọs ahụ, ma ụgụrụ ya Dr. Naomi King siri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Curl|first=Eric|date=July 4, 2018|title=MLK monument planned as part of $270 million Plant Riverside project|url=https://www.savannahnow.com/news/20180704/mlk-monument-planned-as-part-of-270-million-plant-riverside-project|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916120122/http://www.savannahnow.com/news/20180704/mlk-monument-planned-as-part-of-270-million-plant-riverside-project|archivedate=September 16, 2018|accessdate=February 22, 2021|work=[[Savannah Morning News]]|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * ''Mgbanwe Helix-Mgbanwe nke Ọmịiko Na-abawanye'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Snyder|first=Lori|title=Bacterial Genetics and Genomics|url=https://archive.org/details/bacterialgenetic0000snyd|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=9781000039016|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bacterialgenetic0000snyd/page/8 8]}}</ref> * ''9/11 Pieta'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-09-10|title='9/11 Pieta' Pairs Rescue Workers & Michelangelo Masterpiece|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/911-pieta-sculpture-franco-castellucio_n_956072|accessdate=2022-06-14|work=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> * Martin Luther King Jr. bust (Savannah, Georgia) <ref name=":0" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{DEFAULTSORT:Castelluccio, Franco}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] samm7svuuz7x9t5llvs4k1hgghr5cgg 0 49152 741828 727610 2026-10-28T17:43:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741828 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Duke Ellington - publicity.JPG|thumb|Duke Ellington - mgbasa ozi.]] '''Edward Kennedy''' "'''Duke'''" '''Ellington''' (Eprel 29, 1899 - Mee 24, 1974) bụ onye America na-akpọ piano jazz, onye na-ede egwu, na onye ndú nke otu egwu jazz ya site na 1923 ruo ndụ ya niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dukeellington.com/ellingtonbio.html|title=Biography|publisher=DukeEllington.com (Official site)|year=2008|accessdate=January 26, 2012|archivedate=September 18, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918130507/http://dukeellington.com/ellingtonbio.html}}</ref> Amụrụ ma zụlite na Washington, D.C., Ellington hibere na New York City site na etiti 1920 wee nweta profaịlụ mba site na ngosipụta ndị egwu ya na Cotton Club na Harlem. Ọkà mmụta n'ịde obere ihe maka usoro ndekọ rpm nkeji atọ, Ellington dere ma ọ bụ rụkọọ ọrụ n'ihe karịrị otu puku edemede; nnukwu ọrụ ya bụ ihe nketa jazz kachasị edekọ, na ọtụtụ akụkụ ya aghọwo ụkpụrụ. Ọ dekọkwara egwu ndị egwu ya dere, dị ka "Caravan" Juan Tizol, bụ nke wetara tinge Spanish na nnukwu jazz. Na njedebe nke 1930s, Ellington malitere mmekorita ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ na onye na-ede egwú-onye nhazi-pianist Billy Strayhorn, onye ọ kpọrọ onye na-ede ihe na nhazi ya.[1] Site na Strayhorn, o mere otutu ihe agbakwunyere, ma ọ bụ suites, yana ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ. Ruo afọ ole na ole na mmalite ntinye aka Strayhorn, ndị egwu Ellington gosipụtara bassist Jimmy Blanton na tenor saxophonist Ben Webster wee ruo n'ogo okike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Dell|first=Cary|url=https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BlantonWebsterEraRecordings.pdf|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BlantonWebsterEraRecordings.pdf|archivedate=October 9, 2022|title=Blanton-Webster Era Recordings{{snd}}Duke Ellington Orchestra (1940–1942) Added to the National Registry: 2002|work=Library of Congress|accessdate=July 28, 2022}}</ref> Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị na-esote oge dị ala, ngosipụta nke Ellington na ndị egwú ya na Newport Jazz Festival na July 1956 dugara na nnukwu mmeghachi omume na njem ụwa mgbe niile. Ellington dekọrọ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ America nke oge ya, rụọ ọrụ ma mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, ma dee egwu egwu ole na ole. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke jazz, n'echiche nke Gunther Schuller na Barry Kernfeld, "onye na-ede egwu kachasị mkpa nke ụdị ahụ", Ellington n'onwe ya nabatara ahịrịokwu ahụ "karịa ụdị", na-ewere ya dị ka ụkpụrụ nnwere onwe, ma na-ezo aka na egwu ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụdị egwu America. A maara Ellington maka ojiji o ji ìgwè ndị egwú, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ìgwè, yana maka ikwu okwu ya na ikike ya. E nyere ya onyinye pụrụ iche Pulitzer Prize maka egwu na 1999. <ref name="pulitzer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110141/http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/1999-Special-Awards-and-Citations "The 1999 Pulitzer Prize Winners: Special Awards and Citations"]. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved December 3, 2013. With reprint of short biography and list of works (selected).</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ellington na Eprel 29, 1899, nye James Edward Ellington na Daisy (née Kennedy) Ellington na Washington, DC Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ bụ ndị na-akpo piano. Daisy na-akpọkarị egwu ụlọ, James makwara operatic aria.[7] Ha na nne na nna Daisy biri na 2129 Ida Place (ugbu a Ward Place) NW, na D.C.'s West End agbata.[1] A mụrụ nna Duke na Lincolnton, North Carolina na Eprel 15, 1879, na na 1886, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara DC.[2] A mụrụ Daisy Kennedy na Washington, D.C., na Jenụwarị 4, 1879, ada nke ndị ohu America abụọ mbụ.[1] [3] James Ellington mere ụkpụrụ maka ndị agha mmiri United States. Mgbe Ellington bụ nwatakịrị, ezinụlọ ya gosipụtara mpako agbụrụ na nkwado n'ụlọ ha, dị ka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị Africa America nọ na DC rụrụ ọrụ iji chebe ụmụ ha pụọ na iwu Jim Crow nke oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, Ellington malitere ịnara nkuzi piano site na Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy ji ụmụ nwanyị nwere ugwu gbara nwa ya nwoke gburugburu iji mee ka omume ya sikwuo ike ma kụziere ya ịma mma. Ndị enyi ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata chọpụtara na uwe ya na-adịghị mma, nke na-adịghị mma na uwe mwụda nyere ya ohere nke nwa okorobịa a ma ama, [11] ya mere ha malitere ịkpọ ya "Duke". Ellington kwadoro enyi ya Edgar McEntee maka aha aha ahụ: "Echere m na ọ chere na ka m wee ruo eruo maka mkpakọrịta ya mgbe niile, m kwesịrị inwe aha. Ya mere ọ kpọrọ m Duke. " Ọ bụ ezie na Ellington na-amụta piano, ọ nwere mmasị karịa na baseball. "President [Theodore] Roosevelt ga-abịa n'elu ịnyịnya ya mgbe ụfọdụ, ma "kwụsị ma lelee anyị ka anyị na-egwuri egwu", ka ọ chetara. Ellington gara Armstrong Technical High School na Washington, D.C. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ire ahụekere na egwuregwu baseball nke Washington Senators. Ellington malitere ịbanye na Frank Holiday's Poolroom mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. Ịnụrụ egwu nke ndị na-akpọ piano na ọdọ mmiri kpaliri ịhụnanya Ellington nwere maka ngwá egwu ahụ, ọ malitekwara iwere ọmụmụ piano ya n'ụzọ siri ike. N'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-akpọ piano ọ gere ntị bụ Doc Perry, Lester Dishman, Louis Brown, Turner Layton, Gertie Wells, Clarence Bowser, Sticky Mack, Blind Johnny, Cliff Jackson, Claude Hopkins, Phil Wurd, Caroline Thornton, Luckey Roberts, Eubie Blake, Joe Rochester, na Harvey Brooks.<ref name="Music on My Mind">{{Cite book|author=Smith|first=Willie the Lion|title=Music on My Mind: The Memoirs of an American Pianist, Foreword by Duke Ellington|url=https://archive.org/details/musiconmymindmem00smit|year=1964|publisher=Doubleday & Company Inc|location=New York City}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1914, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka soda jerk na Poodle Dog Café, Ellington dere egwu mbụ ya, "Soda Fountain Rag" (nke a makwaara dị ka "Poodle Dog Rag"). O ji ntị mepụta ihe ahụ, ebe ọ na-amụtabeghị ịgụ na ide egwu. "M ga-akpọ 'Soda Fountain Rag' dị ka otu nzọụkwụ, nzọụkwụ abụọ, waltz, tango, na fox trot", ka Ellington chetara. "Ndị na-ege ntị amaghị na ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ. E guzobere m dị ka onye nwere ihe ndekọ nke m. " <ref name="current">{{Cite book|author=Ellington|first=Duke|title=Current Biography|publisher=H.W. Wilson Company|year=1970}}</ref> N'akụkọ ndụ ya, Music is my Mistress (1973), Ellington dere na ọ hapụrụ ọtụtụ nkuzi karịa ka ọ gara, na-eche n'oge ahụ na piano abụghị talent ya. Ellington gara n'ihu na-ege ntị, na-ekiri, ma na-eṅomi ndị na-akpọ piano ragtime, ọ bụghị naanị na Washington, D.C. kamakwa na Philadelphia na Atlantic City, ebe ya na nne ya nọrọ ezumike n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="current"/> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-anụ egwu dị iche iche nke ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta ọtụtụ egwu egwu, yabụ maka ọdịiche, ha na-akpọ ákwà ahụ n'elu ala.<ref>[[Mercer Ellington]] to [[Marian McPartland]], on ''Piano Jazz'', rebroadcast on ''Hot Jazz Saturday Night'', [[WAMU]], 2018 April 28.</ref> Henry Lee Grant, onye nkuzi egwu nke Dunbar High School, nyere ya nkuzi onwe onye n'ịdị n'otu. Site na nduzi ọzọ nke onye na-eme piano na onye ndú egwu nke Washington bụ Oliver "Doc" Perry, Ellington mụtara ịgụ egwu, mepụta ụdị ọkachamara, ma melite usoro ya. Ellington sikwa n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya na Ndị na-akpọ piano James P. Johnson na Luckey Roberts. Ka e mesịrị na New York, ọ natara ndụmọdụ site n'aka Will Marion Cook, Fats Waller, na Sidney Bechet. Ọ malitere igwu egwu na kọfị na klọb dị na Washington, D.C. Mmekọrịta ya na egwu siri ike nke na n'afọ 1916 ọ jụrụ agụmakwụkwọ nka na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn. Ọnwa atọ tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ hapụrụ Armstrong Manual Training School, ebe ọ na-amụ nka azụmahịa.<ref name="Simmonds">{{Cite news|url=http://www.lasentinel.net/Duke-Ellington.html|title=Duke Ellington|author=Simmonds|first=Yussuf|date=September 11, 2008|work=[[Los Angeles Sentinel]]|accessdate=July 14, 2009}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe nrịbama na-akwụghị ụgwọ site na 1917, Ellington malitere ikpokọta otu ka ha kpọọ maka ịgba egwu. N'afọ 1919, ọ zutere onye na-akụ egwu Sonny Greer si New Jersey, onye gbara ume Ellington nwere ọchịchọ ịghọ onye na-egwu egwu ọkachamara. Ellington wuru azụmahịa egwu ya site na ọrụ ụbọchị ya. Mgbe onye ahịa gwara ya ka o mee akara maka ịgba egwu ma ọ bụ nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ọ na-ajụ ma ha nwere ntụrụndụ egwu; Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, Ellington ga-enye ohere igwu egwu maka mmemme ahụ. O nwekwara ọrụ onye ozi na ngalaba ndị agha mmiri US na steeti, ebe o mere ọtụtụ kọntaktị. Ellington si n'ụlọ ndị mụrụ ya pụọ wee zụta nke ya ka ọ na-aghọ onye na-akpọ piano nke ọma. Na mbụ, ọ na-egwuri egwu n'òtù ndị ọzọ, na ngwụcha afọ 1917 o guzobere otu mbụ ya, "The Duke's Serenaders" ("Colored Syncopators", mgbasa ozi ekwentị ya mara ọkwa). <ref name="Simmonds"/> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke otu ahụ. Ụbọchị mbụ ọ na-egwu bụ na True Reformer's Hall, ebe ọ kpọtara 75 cents. Ellington na-egwuri egwu na mpaghara DC niile wee banye na Virginia maka bọọlụ ọha na eze na nnọkọ ndị nnọchi anya obodo. Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere enyi nwata bụ Otto Hardwick, bụ onye malitere ịkụ egwu bass, wee kwaga na C-melody sax ma mesịa biri na alto saxophone; Arthur Whetsel na opi; Elmer Snowden na banjo; na Sonny Greer na-agba. Ndị otu ahụ nwere ọganihu, na-eme ihe maka ma ndị Africa America na ndị ọcha, ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọha mmadụ nke oge ahụ. [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_St._Louis_Toodle-Oo.jpg|thumb|Ntinye nke "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (1927) ]] Mgbe a kpọrọ onye na-akụ ya Sonny Greer ka ọ sonye na Wilber Sweatman Orchestra na New York City, Ellington hapụrụ ọrụ ya na-aga nke ọma na DC wee kwaga Harlem, n'ikpeazụ ghọọ akụkụ nke Harlem Renaissance.[21] Egwú ọhụrụ dị ka Charleston pụtara na Harlem, yana Ihe nkiri egwu ndị Africa America, gụnyere Eubie Blake na Noble Sissle (nke ikpeazụ bụ onye agbata obi ya) Shuffle Along. Mgbe ndị na-eto eto na-agụ egwú hapụrụ Sweatman Orchestra iji mee ihe n'onwe ha, ha chọtara ihe nkiri jazz na-apụta nke na-asọ mpi nke siri ike. Ha na-agba ọsọ n'ụbọchị ma na-egwu egwu ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta. Ndị na-eto eto zutere onye na-eme piano Willie "The Lion" Smith, onye mere ka ha mara ebe ahụ ma nye ha ego. Ha na-egwuri egwu na oriri na ọṅụṅụ maka ego ha nwetara. Mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gasịrị, ndị na-eto eto na-eti egwu laghachiri Washington, D.C., na-enwe nkụda mmụọ. Na June 1923, ha gbara egwu na Atlantic City, New Jersey na nke ọzọ na prestigious Exclusive Club na Harlem. Nke a sochiri na Septemba 1923 site na ịkwaga na Hollywood Club (na 49th na Broadway) na nkwa afọ anọ, nke nyere Ellington ntọala nka siri ike. A maara ya ka ọ na-akpọ opi na njedebe nke arụmọrụ ọ bụla. A na-akpọ ndị otu ahụ na mbụ Elmer Snowden na Black Sox Orchestra ma nwee ndị otu asaa, gụnyere opi James "Bubber" Miley. Ha degharịrị aha onwe ha The Washingtonians. Snowden hapụrụ otu ahụ na mmalite 1924, Ellington weghaara ọkwa dịka onye isi otu. Mgbe ọkụ gbasịrị, e meghere ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ dị ka Club Kentucky (nke a na-akpọkarị Kentucky Club). Ellington wee mee ndekọ asatọ na 1924, na-enweta otuto maka ide egwu na atọ gụnyere "Choo Choo". N'afọ 1925, Ellington nyere egwu anọ na Chocolate Kiddies nke Lottie Gee na Adelaide Hall na-eme, bụ ihe niile African American revue nke mere ka ndị na-ege ntị Europe mara ụdị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri African American.  Duke Ellington na ndị Kentucky Club Orchestra ya toro ruo otu ndị egwu iri; ha mepụtara ụda nke ha site na ngosipụta na-abụghị omenala nke nhazi Ellington, ụda okporo ámá nke Harlem, na ụda trombone na wah-wahs, opi na-eti mkpu, na saxophone blues licks nke ndị otu ahụ. N'oge dị mkpirikpi, soprano saxophonist na clarinetist Sidney Bechet so ha kpọọ egwu, a kọrọ na ọ ghọrọ onye kachasị n'òtù ahụ, ebe Sonny Greer na-ekwu na Bechet "kwụrụ òtù ahụ dị ka glove". Ọnụnọ ya mere ka ya na Miley na onye na-eme trombone Charlie Irvis nwee esemokwu, ndị ụdị ha dị iche na egwu Bechet nke New Orleans. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi enweghị ntụkwasị obi Bechet - ọ nọghị ya ụbọchị atọ n'usoro - nke mere ka mmekọrịta ya na Ellington dị mkpụmkpụ. === Mmekọrịta Cotton Club === N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1926, Ellington na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ Irving Mills mere nkwekọrịta, <ref>Gary Giddins ''Visions of Jazz: The First Century'', New York & Oxford, 1998, pp. 112–113.</ref> na-enye Mills mmasị 45% na ọdịnihu Ellington. Mills nwere anya maka nkà ọhụrụ ma bipụta ihe Hoagy Carmichael, Dorothy Fields, na Harold Arlen dere na mbido ọrụ ha. Mgbe o dekọrọ akụkụ ole na ole n'oge 1924-26, ntinye aka Ellington na Mills nyere ya ohere idekọ nke ọma. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-edekọ nsụgharị dị iche iche nke otu egwu ahụ. Mills na-ewere otuto mgbe niile dị ka onye na-ede egwu. Site na mmalite nke mmekọrịta ha, Mills haziri nnọkọ ndekọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akara ọ bụla gụnyere Brunswick, Victor, Columbia, OKeh, Pathé (na ndị enyemaka ya, Zuru okè), ARC/Plaza otu akara (Oriole, Domino, Jewel, Banner) na Akara ụlọ ahịa dime ha (Cameo, Lincoln, Romeo), Hit of the Week, na akara dị ọnụ ala Columbia (Harmony, Diva, Velvet Tone, Clarion) nke nyere Ellington ama ama. Na OKeh, a na-enyekarị ndekọ ya dị ka Harlem Footwarmers. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-enyekarị Brunswicks dị ka The Jungle Band. Whoopee Makers na Ten BlackBerries bụ aha ndị ọzọ. Na Septemba 1927, Eze Oliver jụrụ inye ndị otu ya akwụkwọ oge niile dịka ndị otu ụlọ na Harlem's Cotton Club; Ellington ga-abawanye site na otu isii ruo iri na otu iji mezuo ihe ndị nlekọta Cotton Club chọrọ maka nyocha ahụ, [3] na ntinye aka ahụ mechara malite na Disemba 4. <ref>Duke Ellington ''Music is my Mistress'', New York: Da Capo, 1973 [1976], pp. 75–76.</ref><ref>John Franceschina ''Duke Ellington's Music for the Theatre'', Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001, p. 16.</ref> Site na mgbasa ozi redio kwa izu, ndị ahịa Cotton Club na-acha ọcha na ndị bara ọgaranya na-abanye n'abalị ọ bụla iji hụ ha. Na Cotton Club, ndị otu Ellington mere egwu niile maka revues, nke jikọtara comedy, nọmba ịgba egwu, vaudeville, burlesque, egwu, na mmanya na-aba n'anya. Ọ bụ Jimmy McHugh dere nọmba egwu ahụ na Dorothy Fields (mgbe e mesịrị Harold Arlen na Ted Koehler), na ụfọdụ Ellington mbụ agwakọta. (N'ebe a, ya na onye na-agba egwú, nwunye ya nke abụọ Mildred Dixon biri). Mgbasa ozi redio kwa izu site na klọb ahụ nyere Ellington ihe ngosi mba. N'otu oge ahụ, Ellington dekwara egwu Fields-JMcHugh na Fats Waller-[[Andy Razaf]]. [[Usòrò:Vu_(magazine)_N°77.JPG|thumb| Adelaide Hall dekọrọ Creole Love Call na Ellington na 1927. Ihe ndekọ ahụ ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile.]] Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-afụ opi Bubber Miley bụ onye otu ndị egwú maka obere oge, o nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ụda Ellington.<ref name="schuller">{{Cite journal|author=Schuller|first=Gunther|date=October 1992|title=Jazz and Composition: The Many Sides of Duke Ellington, the Music's Greatest Composer|journal=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=46|issue=1|pages=36–51|doi=10.2307/3824163}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-egosipụta opi na-eti mkpu, Miley gbanwere ụda egwu na-atọ ụtọ nke otu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ, nke ndị oge ya kpọrọ Jungle Style, nke a pụrụ ịhụ na chorus ya na East St. Louis Toodle-Oo (1926).[31] N'ọnwa Ọktoba 1927, Ellington na ndị egwú ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ egwu na Adelaide Hall. Otu akụkụ karịsịa, "Creole Love Call", ghọrọ ihe na-akpali akpali n'ụwa niile ma nye ma Ellington na Hall ndekọ mbụ ha. Miley dere ọtụtụ n'ime "Creole Love Call" na "Black and Tan Fantasy". Onye aṅụrụma, Miley hapụrụ òtù ahụ tupu ha enweta aha ọma. Ọ nwụrụ na 1932 mgbe ọ dị afọ 29, mana ọ nwere mmetụta dị mkpa na Cootie Williams, onye nọchiri ya. Na 1929, Cotton Club Orchestra pụtara na ogbo ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa na Florenz Ziegfeld's Show Girl, yana kpakpando vaudeville Jimmy Durante, Eddie Foy, Jr., Ruby Keeler, yana egwu na egwu George Gershwin na Gus Kahn. Will Vodery, onye nlekọta egwu nke Ziegfeld, kwadoro Ellington maka ihe ngosi ahụ.[34] Dị ka John Edward Hasse's Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington si kwuo, "Ikekwe n'oge a na-agba ọsọ nke Show Girl, Ellington nwetara ihe o mesịrị kpọọ 'ihe mmụta bara uru na nhazi nke Will Vody." Na 1946 biography, Duke Ellington, Barry Ulanov dere, sị:   Ọrụ ihe nkiri Ellington malitere na Black and Tan (1929), nke dị nkeji iri na itoolu nke African American RKO mkpirisi [1] nke ọ kpọrọ dike "Duke". Ọ pụtakwara na ihe nkiri Amos 'n' Andy Check na Double Check ewepụtara na 1930, bụ nke na-egosi ndị egwu egwu na-akpọ "Old Man Blues" na ebe ịgba bọọlụ gbatịrị agbatị.[37] N'afọ ahụ, Ellington na Orchestra ya jikọtara ya na ndị na-ege ntị dị iche iche na egwu egwu ya na Maurice Chevalier, ha na-emekwa na Roseland Ballroom, "America's preemost ballroom". Onye na-ede egwú a mụrụ n'Australia Percy Grainger bụ onye na-enwe mmasị n'oge mbụ na onye nkwado. O dere, sị, "Ndị na-ede egwú atọ kasị ukwuu nke dịworo ndụ bụ Bach, Delius na Duke Ellington. N'ụzọ dị mwute, Bach anwụọla, Delius na-arịa ọrịa nke ukwuu ma anyị nwere obi ụtọ na anyị na anyị taa Duke ".[2] Oge mbụ Ellington na Cotton Club kwụsịrị na 1931. === Ná mmalite afọ ndị 1930 === Ellington duuru ndị egwu egwu site na iji akara piano na mmegharị anya na-eduzi site na kiiboodu; ọ na-adịkarị obere ka ọ na-eji osisi eme ihe. Ka ọ na-erule 1932 òtù egwú ya nwere ngwá egwú ọla isii, ahịhịa amị anọ, na otu akụkụ nke ndị egwuregwu anọ.[1] Dịka onye ndu, Ellington abụghị onye ndụmọdụ siri ike; ọ ji nchikota nke ịma mma, ọchị, ịja mma, na akparamagwa nwere ọgụgụ isi na-achịkwa ndị egwú ya. Onye dị mgbagwoju anya, onye nzuzo, ọ na-ekpughere mmetụta ya naanị ndị ya na ya na-akpachi anya. O ji ọdịdị ọha ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji wepụ uche n'ebe onwe ya nọ. Ellington bịanyere aka na Brunswick naanị na 1932 wee soro ha nọrọ ruo ngwụcha 1936 (n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere obere oge 1933-34 gbanwee gaa na Victor mgbe Irving Mills wepụrụ ihe omume ya na Brunswick nwa oge). Ka ịda mbà n'obi na-akawanye njọ, ụlọ ọrụ na-edekọ ihe nọ na nsogbu, na-agbada ihe karịrị 90% nke ndị na-ese ihe na 1933.[1] A goro Ivie Anderson n'ọrụ dị ka onye egwu egwu Ellington Orchestra na 1931. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ ụda na "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Get That Swing)" (1932) n'etiti ihe ndekọ ndị ọzọ..Sonny Greer anọwo na-enye olu oge ụfọdụ ma gaa n'ihu na-eme ihe na-ekwu okwu na Anderson. Ihe ngosi redio nyere aka mee ka Ellington nọgide na-enwe ọkwa ọha na eze ka ndị egwú ya malitere ịgagharị. 78 ndị ọzọ nke oge a gụnyere: "Mood Indigo" (1930), "Sophisticated Lady" (1933), "Solitude" (1934), na "In a Sentimental Mood" (1935). Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-ege Ellington United States nọgidere bụrụ ndị Africa America n'oge a, ndị egwu egwu nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya na mba ofesi. Ha gara England na Scotland na 1933, yana France (egwu egwu atọ na Salle Pleyel na Paris) [1] na Netherlands tupu ha alaghachi New York.[2] [3] Na June 12, 1933, Duke Ellington Orchestra nyere mpụta mbụ ya na Britain na London Palladium;Ellington natara otuto mgbe ọ na-eje ije n'elu ikpo okwu. Ha bụ otu n'ime ihe iri na atọ na ụgwọ ahụ ma bụrụ ndị a kpaara ókè na ọnụọgụ asatọ dị mkpirikpi; ndebanye aha ahụ dịgidere ruo June 24. <ref name="Gdn20110617">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Richard|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/17/duke-ellington-mother-dies|title=Duke Ellington's mother dies|work=The Guardian|date=June 17, 2011|accessdate=December 5, 2020}}</ref> Nleta ndị Britain hụrụ Ellington ka ọ na-enweta otuto site n'aka ndị otu egwu dị egwu, gụnyere onye na-ede egwu Constant Lambert, nke mere ka mmasị Ellington n'ide ọrụ ogologo. Iberibe ya ndị toro ogologo amalitelarị ịpụta. Ellington edeela ma dekọọ "Creole Rhapsody" n'oge dị ka 1931 (ewepụtara dị ka akụkụ abụọ nke ndekọ 12' maka Victor na akụkụ abụọ nke ndekọ 10" maka Brunswick).[47] A ụtụ nne ya, "Reminiscing na Tempo", were anọ 10" 78rpm ndekọ n'akụkụ ka ndekọ na 1935 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ ahụ.[48] Symphony na Black (nakwa 1935), a obere ihe nkiri, featured ya ogologo ibe ' A Rhapsody of Negro Life' Ọ gosipụtara Billie Holiday, ma merie Academy Award maka Best Musical Short Subject. Ellington na ndị egwú ya pụtakwara na ihe nkiri Murder at the Vanities na Belle of the Nineties (ha abụọ bụ 1934). Maka onye ọrụ Mills, nlebara anya ahụ bụ mmeri mgbasa ozi, dịka a maara Ellington ugbu a n'ụwa niile. Na njem nke òtù ahụ site na South nke kewara ekewa na 1934, ha zere ụfọdụ ihe isi ike njem nke ndị Africa America site na ịgagharị na ụgbọ okporo ígwè onwe ha. Ndị a nyere ebe obibi, nri, na nchekwa maka ngwá ọrụ ka ha na-ezere ihere nke ụlọ ndị kewara ekewa. Otú ọ dị, asọmpi ahụ gbasiri ike ka ìgwè egwu egwu dịka Benny Goodman malitere inweta nlebara anya zuru oke. Ịgba egwu Swing ghọrọ ihe ntorobịa, ọkachasị ndị na-ege ntị na kọleji ọcha, na ịgba egwu mere ka ịre ahịa na ntinye akwụkwọ. Jukeboxes mụbara na mba niile, na-agbasa ozi ọma nke swing. Ndị otu Ellington nwere ike na-amagharị, mana ike ha bụ ọnọdụ, nuance na ụbara ihe mejupụtara ya, ya mere nkwupụta ya "jazz bụ egwu, swing bụ azụmahịa". === Mgbe afọ 1930 gasịrị === Site na 1936, Ellington malitere iji obere ìgwè (sextets, octets, na nonets) dekọọ ndekọ sitere na ìgwè ndị egwú 15 ya n'oge ahụ.[51] O dere iberibe ndị e bu n'obi iji gosipụta otu ngwa ngwa, dị ka "Jeep's Blues" maka Johnny Hodges, "Akụkụ maka Ịhụnanya" maka Lawrence Brown, "Trumpet in Spades" maka Rex Stewart, "Echoes of Harlem" maka Cootie Williams na "Clarinet Lament". " maka Barney Bigard.[52] Na 1937, Ellington laghachiri na Cotton Club, nke kwagara n'etiti obodo Theatre District. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ ahụ, nna ya nwụrụ, na n'ihi ọtụtụ mmefu, ego Ellington siri ike. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ya ka mma n'afọ ndị sochirinụ. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị onye nnọchi anya Irving Mills, ọ banyere na William Morris Agency. Otú ọ dị, Mills gara n'ihu na-edekọ Ellington. Mgbe nanị otu afọ gasịrị, akara nna ukwu ya na ụdị dị iche iche (obere ìgwè ndị e dekọrọ maka nke ikpeazụ) daa ná ngwụsị 1937. Mills debere Ellington azụ na Brunswick na obere ìgwè ndị ahụ na Vocalion ruo 1940. A nọgidere na-edekọ akụkụ ndị a maara nke ọma. , “Caravan” na 1937, na “Ekwere M Ka Abụ Ọma Si n’Obi M Ga-aga” n’afọ sochirinụ. [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_in_ons_land.ogv|thumb|Ellington na 1939]] Billy Strayhorn, onye e were n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede abụ, malitere mmekọrịta ya na Ellington na 1939. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm|title=William Thomas Strayhorn|editor=Stone|year=1983|work=Billy Strayhorn Songs|publisher=University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill|accessdate=July 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622191412/http://www.billystrayhorn.com/biography.htm|archivedate=June 22, 2009}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "Sweet Pea" maka omume ya dị nro, n'oge na-adịghị anya, Strayhorn ghọrọ onye otu dị mkpa nke nzukọ Ellington. Ellington gosipụtara nnukwu mmasị n'ebe Strayhorn nọ ma ghara ikwu okwu n'ụzọ na-egbuke egbuke banyere nwoke ahụ na mmekọrịta ọrụ ha, "ogwe aka nri m, ogwe aka ekpe m, anya niile dị n'azụ isi m, ụbụrụ m dị n'isi ya, na nke m". Strayhorn, site na nkuzi ya na egwu oge gboo, ọ bụghị naanị nyere egwu egwu na egwu mbụ ya kamakwa ọ hazie ma mekwaa ọtụtụ ọrụ Ellington, wee bụrụ Ellington nke abụọ ma ọ bụ “Duke's doppelgänger”. Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka Strayhorn dejupụta maka Duke, ma ọ bụ na-eduzi ma ọ bụ na-emegharị ìgwè ahụ, na-akpọ piano, na ogbo, na n'ebe a na-edekọ ihe.[1] Afọ iri ahụ kwụsịrị na njem nleta ndị Europe na-aga nke ọma na 1939 dị nnọọ ka Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-adakwasị na Europe. === Ellington na mbido ruo n'etiti afọ 1940 === [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_at_the_Hurricane_Club_1943.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Duke Ellington na Hurricane Club, Broadway & W. 51St, New York City, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jackson|first=Kenneth T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT1951|title=The Encyclopedia of New York|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|date=2010|isbn=978-0300182576}}</ref> Mee 1943]] Ndị egwu abụọ sonyeere Ellington n'oge a mepụtara mmetụta n'onwe ha, Jimmy Blanton na Ben Webster. E were Blanton n'ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè n'ebe ahụ na ngwụcha Ọktoba 1939, tupu Ellington amata aha ya, mgbe ọ banyere na egwu Fate Marable na St Louis.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Whitehead|first=Kevin|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/05/654774239/a-look-back-at-how-virtuoso-jimmy-blanton-changed-the-bass-forever|title=A Look Back At How Virtuoso Jimmy Blanton Changed The Bass Forever|work=NPR|date=October 5, 2018|accessdate=June 17, 2021}}</ref> Blanton nke dị mkpirikpi gbanwere ojiji nke bass abụọ na jazz, na-enye ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ngwá egwu solo / melodic kama ịbụ ngwá egwu rhythm naanị.[58]Ọrịa na-egbu egbu mere ka ọ pụọ na njedebe 1941 ka ihe dị ka afọ abụọ gachara. Oge isi nke Ben Webster na Ellington dịruru 1939 ruo 1943. Ọchịchọ nke ya, ọ gwara onye were ya n'ọrụ gara aga, Teddy Wilson, onye na-edukwa otu nnukwu ìgwè, na Ellington bụ naanị onye mgba ọ ga-ahapụ Wilson. Ọ bụ onye na-egwu egwuregwu saxophonist nke mbụ nke ndị egwu egwu wee mee ka akụkụ sax ahụ gbasaa ruo ise na nke mbụ.[2][1] Johnny Hodges nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu, ọ na-ekwukarị na Hodges gosiri ya "otu esi akpọ mpi m". Ndị ikom abụọ ahụ nọdụrụ n'akụkụ ibe ha n'òtù egwú.. Onye na-afụ opi Ray Nance sonyeere, na-anọchi Cootie Williams onye hapụrụ Benny Goodman. Tụkwasị na nke a, Nance gbakwunyere violin na agba ndị Ellington nwere n'aka ya. Ihe ndekọ dị na ụbọchị egwu mbụ nke Nance na Nọvemba 7, 1940, na Fargo, North Dakota. N'ịbụ ndị Jack Towers na Dick Burris mere na nzuzo, e wepụtara ihe ndekọ ndị a n'ụzọ ziri ezi na 1978 dị ka ''Duke Ellington na Fargo, 1940 Live''; ha so na ndị mbụ nke ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị ndụ nke dị ndụ. Nance bụkwa onye na-agụ egwú oge ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na Herb Jeffries bụ onye isi nwoke na-agụ egwu n'oge a (ruo 1943) ebe Al Hibbler (onye nọchiri Jeffries na 1943) gara n'ihu ruo 1951. Ivie Anderson hapụrụ na 1942 n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike mgbe afọ iri na otu gasịrị, oge kachasị ogologo n'ime ndị ọ bụla na-agụ egwú Ellington.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/musician.php?id=3424|title=Musician Ivie Anderson (Vocal) @ All About Jazz|publisher=Musicians.allaboutjazz.com|accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref> Ndekọ ọzọ maka Victor (site na 1940), ebe a na-enye ndị nta ahụ na akara Bluebird ha, ihe osise nkeji atọ na akụkụ ndekọ 78 rpm gara n'ihu na-esi na Ellington, Billy Strayhorn, nwa Ellington Mercer Ellington, na ndị otu egwu egwu. [63] "Cotton Tail", "Main Stem", "Harlem Air Shaft", "Jack the Bear", na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ sitere n'oge a. Strayhorn's "Take the "A" Train", a hit na 1941, ghọrọ isiokwu nke òtù ahụ, dochie "East St. Louis Toodle-Oo". Ellington na ndị mmekọ ya dere maka otu ndị egwú nwere olu pụrụ iche na-egosipụta nnukwu ihe okike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html|title=Jazz Musicians – Duke Ellington|publisher=Theory Jazz|accessdate=July 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903233432/http://theoryjazz.com/artists/ellington.html|archivedate=September 3, 2015}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe ndekọ azụmahịa sitere n'oge a na nchịkọta CD atọ, Never No Lament, na 2003. Otú ọ dị, ebumnobi Ellington dị ogologo bụ ịgbatị ụdị jazz site na njedebe nkeji atọ ahụ, nke ọ bụ nna ukwu a kwadoro.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na o depụtala ma dekọọ akụkụ ụfọdụ agbasawanye na mbụ, ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmepụta Ellington. Na nke a, Strayhorn nyeere ya aka, onye nwetara ọzụzụ nke ọma n'ụdị ejikọtara na egwu oge ochie karịa Ellington.Nke mbụ n’ime ndị a, Black, Brown, and Beige (1943), raara onwe ya nye n’ịkọ akụkọ banyere ndị America America na ebe ịgba ohu na ụka na akụkọ ntolite ha.[66] Black, Brown na Beige rụrụ arụrụ arụ na Carnegie Hall na Jenụwarị 23, 1943, na-amalite usoro egwu Ellington kwa afọ na ebe a na-eme egwuregwu n'ime afọ anọ na-esote. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị na-egwu jazz na-egwuri egwu na Carnegie Hall na mbụ, ọ dịghị onye mere ihe ọ bụla dị ka ọrụ Ellington. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịmalite usoro oge niile, a naghị anabatakarị ọrụ Ellington ogologo oge. Ihe dị iche iche bụ Jump for Joy, egwu zuru oke dabere na isiokwu nke njirimara African American, nke malitere na Julaị 10, 1941, na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Mayan na Los Angeles. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood bụ John Garfield na Mickey Rooney tinyere ego na mmepụta ahụ, Charlie Chaplin na Orson Welles kwere nkwa iduzi.<ref>Harvey G. Cohen, ''Duke Ellington's America'', Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 189.</ref> N'otu ihe ngosi, Garfield siri ọnwụ na Herb Jeffries, onye nwere akpụkpọ anụ, kwesịrị iyi ihe ntecha. Ellington jụrụ n'oge ahụ ma jiri Jeffries tụnyere Al Jolson. A gbanwere mgbanwe ahụ. Onye na-agụ egwú ahụ mechara kwuo na ndị na-ege ntị ga-eche na ọ bụ onye dị iche na ọkara nke abụọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ere ahịa ma nweta nyocha dị mma, ọ gbara naanị 122 performances ruo na Septemba 29, 1941, na mweghachi dị mkpirikpi na Nọvemba nke afọ ahụ. Isiokwu ya emeghị ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Broadway; Ellington nwere atụmatụ na-emezughị iji kpọga ya ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brent|first=David|url=http://indianapublicmedia.org/nightlights/jump-for-joy-duke-ellingtons-celebratory-musical/|title=Jump For Joy: Duke Ellington's Celebratory Musical &#124; Night Lights Classic Jazz – WFIU Public Radio|publisher=Indianapublicmedia.org|date=February 6, 2008|accessdate=December 31, 2011}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmechuihu a, mmepụta Broadway nke Ellington's Beggar's Holiday, naanị akwụkwọ egwu ya, gosipụtara na Disemba 23, 1946, n'okpuru nduzi nke Nicholas Ray.<ref>Lawrence, 2001, p. 287.</ref> Ndozi mmachibido iwu ndekọ ndekọ mbụ nke 1942–44, na-eduga n'ịbawanye ụgwọ ọrụ eze a na-akwụ ndị na-egwu egwu, nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ikike ego nke nnukwu ìgwè, gụnyere Ellington's Orchestra. Ego ọ na-enweta dị ka onye na-ede abụ nyere ya aka. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emefu ego mgbe nile ma na-enweta ego a na-akwanyere ùgwù site n'ọrụ ndị egwú egwú, ego ndị òtù egwú na-enweta na-ekpuchi nanị mmefu.[1] Otú ọ dị, na 1943 Ellington gwara Webster ka ọ pụọ; Àgwà onye saxophonist mere ka ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwee nchegbu na onye saxophonist na-enwekarị esemokwu na onye ndu. === Afọ ndị mbụ mgbe agha gasịrị === Ndị na-agụ egwú na-abanye n'ọrụ agha na ihe mgbochi njem mere ka njem sie ike maka nnukwu ìgwè, na ịgba egwú ghọrọ ihe a ga-akwụ ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, nke gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-emetụta nhọrọ nke ndị nwe klọb. Ka ọ na-erule oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kwụsịrị, a na-elekwasị anya na egwu egwu dịka Frank Sinatra na Jo Stafford. Ka ọnụahịa nke iwe nnukwu ìgwè n'ọrụ amụbaala, ndị nwe klọb ahụ ugbu a hụrụ obere ìgwè jazz dị ọnụ ala karị. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ọhụrụ Ellington, dị ka ụda olu na-enweghị okwu "Transblucency" (1946) na Kay Davis, agaghị enwe ihe yiri nke ahụ dị ka kpakpando ọhụrụ. [[Usòrò:Jazz_musician_Duke_Ellington.JPEG|thumb|Ellington na-ese foto na piano ya na KFG Radio Studio na Nọvemba 3, 1954.]] Ellington gara n'ihu n'ụzọ nke ya site na mgbanwe tectonic ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na a manyere Count Basie ịgbasa mkpokọta ya ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka octet ruo nwa oge, Ellington nwere ike ịgagharị ọtụtụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe n'etiti Eprel 6 na June 30, 1950, ebe ndị egwu egwu na-egwu ụbọchị 74 n'ime ụbọchị 77.[1] N'oge njem ahụ, dịka Sonny Greer siri kwuo, Ellington arụghị ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ.Agbanyeghị, ihe mejupụtara Ellington gbatịrị agbatị, Harlem (1950), nọ na-emecha n'oge a. Ellington mechara wepụta akara ya nye Onye isi ala hụrụ egwu n'anya Harry Truman. Ọzọkwa n'oge ya na Europe, Ellington ga-edepụta egwu maka ihe ngosi nke Orson Welles. Oge akpọrọ Time na-agba ọsọ na Paris[1] na mgbede na Orson Welles na Frankfurt, ihe ngosi dị iche iche gosikwara Eartha Kitt ọhụrụ achọpụtara, onye rụrụ egwu izizi Ellington bụ "Agụụ obere nsogbu" dị ka Helen nke Troy. Na 1951, Ellington nwere nnukwu mfu nke ndị ọrụ: Sonny Greer, Lawrence Brown, na, nke kachasị mkpa, Johnny Hodges hapụrụ ịchụso ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, naanị Greer bụ onye ọpụpụ na-adịgide adịgide. Drummer Louie Bellson nọchiri Greer, na "Skin Deep" ya bụ ihe egwu maka Ellington. Onye ọkpụkpọ Tenor Paul Gonsalves sonyeere na Disemba 1950[1] mgbe oge ya na Count Basie na Dizzy Gillespie gachara wee nọrọ ruo oge ndụ ya niile, ebe Clark Terry sonyeere na Nọvemba 1951.<ref>Ken Vail ''Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington'', Lanham, Maryland & Oxford, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2002, p. 28.</ref> André Previn kwuru na 1952, sị: "Ị maara, Stan Kenton nwere ike iguzo n'ihu otu puku fiddles na otu puku ọla kọpa ma mee ihe ngosi dị ịrịba ama na onye ọ bụla na-ahazi studio nwere ike isi n'isi ya kwuo, sị, Ee, ee, nke a mere dị ka nke a. Ma Duke na-ebuli mkpịsị aka ya elu, mpi atọ na-ada ụda, amaghịkwa m ihe ọ bụ!"[1] Otú ọ dị, na 1955, mgbe afọ atọ nke ndekọ maka Capitol gasịrị, Ellington enweghị njikọ ndekọ mgbe niile. === Mweghachi ọrụ === Ọdịdị Ellington na Newport Jazz Festival na July 7, 1956, mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama. Akụkụ "Diminuendo na Crescendo na Blue" nwere egwu abụọ dị n'akwụkwọ egwu ahụ kemgbe 1937. Ellington, onye kwụsịrị usoro a haziri na mberede n'ihi mbata nke ndị isi anọ, kpọrọ egwu abụọ ahụ ka oge na-eru nso n'etiti abalị. N'ịkpọsa na a ga-ekewapụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ site na mkparịta ụka nke tenor saxophonist Paul Gonsalves na-egwu, Ellington gara n'ihu duzie ìgwè ahụ site na ibe abụọ ahụ, ya na Gonsalves '27-chorus marathon solo na-akụ ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'oké iwe, na-eduga Maestro na-egwu egwu. gafere oge ị na-alọta n'agbanyeghị arịrịọ ngwa ngwa sitere n'aka onye nhazi ememme George Wein ka o weta mmemme ahụ na njedebe. Egwuregwu ahụ mere akụkọ mba ụwa, wee bute otu n'ime akụkọ mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ Time ise nke raara nye onye egwu jazz, [1] wee rụpụta album nke George Avakian mepụtara nke ga-abụ LP kacha ere nke ọrụ Ellington.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu dị na LP bụ, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, simulated, na naanị ihe dị ka 40% n'ezie sitere na egwu n'onwe ya. Dị ka Avakian si kwuo, Ellington enweghị afọ ojuju na akụkụ nke mmemme ahụ ma chee na ndị egwu ahụ emeghị nke ọma.<ref name="Sohmer">Jack Sohmer [http://jazztimes.com/articles/10496-ellington-at-newport-1956-complete-duke-ellington "Duke Ellington: ''Ellington at Newport 1956'' (Complete)"] ''JazzTimes'', October 1999.</ref> Ìgwè ahụ gbakọtara n'ụbọchị na-esote iji dekọọ ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ na mgbakwunye nke ụda adịgboroja nke ìgwè mmadụ, nke ọ dịghị nke a kpughere ndị zụrụ abọm ahụ. Ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1999 ka a tọhapụrụ ndekọ egwu ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke mbụ ya. Nlebara anya ahụ eweghachitere nke ọdịdị Newport wetara ekwesịghị iju onye ọ bụla anya, Johnny Hodges alọghachila n'afọ gara aga, [1] na mmekorita Ellington na Strayhorn ka emegharịrị n'otu oge ahụ, n'okpuru usoro dị mma nye onye okorobịa ahụ. Abọm mbụ ''Ellington na Newport'' bụ nke mbụ a tọhapụrụ na nkwekọrịta ndekọ ọhụrụ na Columbia Records nke mere ka ọtụtụ afọ nke ndekọ kwụsie ike, karịsịa n'okpuru onye na-emepụta Irving Townsend, onye mere ka ma azụmahịa ma nka site na Ellington.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wein|first=George|title=Myself Among Others: A Life in Music|url=https://archive.org/details/myselfamongother00wain|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2003}}</ref> N'afọ 1957, CBS (ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna Columbia Records) wesara mmepụta telivishọn dị ndụ nke A Drum Is a Woman, ụlọ ihe atụ nke natara nyocha dị iche iche. Ememe ngosi na Monterey Jazz Festival ọhụrụ na ebe ndị ọzọ nyere ebe maka ikpughe ndụ, na njem ndị Europe na 1958 nabatara nke ọma. Dị otú ahụ Sweet Thunder (1957), nke dabeere na Shakespeare si ejije na agwa, na The Queen's Suite (1958), nke a raara nye Britain Queen Elizabeth II, bụ ngwaahịa nke ọhụrụ mkpali nke Newport ọdịdị nyere aka kee. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ nke ikpeazụ abụghị nke azụmahịa n'oge ahụ. N'ọgwụgwụ 1950s hụkwara Ella Fitzgerald ka ya na Ellington na ndị egwú ya dekọọ Duke Ellington Songbook (Verve) - nkwenye na abụ Ellington aghọwozi akụkụ nke omenala omenala a maara dị ka 'Great American Songbook.'. [[Usòrò:James_Stewart-Duke_Ellington_in_Anatomy_of_a_Murder_trailer.jpg|thumb|James Stewart na Ellington na Anatomy of a Murder (1959) ]] N'oge a, Ellington na Strayhorn malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a bụ Anatomy of a Murder (1959), <ref name="Hodeir">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731|title=Ellington, Duke|author=Hodeir|first=André|work=Oxford Music Online|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> ihe nkiri ụlọ ikpe nke Otto Preminger duziri ma gosipụta James Stewart, nke Ellington pụtara n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ okporo ụzọ. Ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme amatala akara ahụ "dị ka ihe ịrịba ama - egwu ihe nkiri Hollywood mbụ dị mkpa site n'aka ndị Africa America nke gụnyere egwu na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya, ya bụ, egwu nke isi iyi ya anaghị ahụ anya ma ọ bụ na-apụta site n'omume na fim ahụ, dị ka otu egwu na ihuenyo. "Akara ahụ gbanarị stereotypes omenala bụ nke mara ọkwa jazz na mbụ wee jụ ịrapagidesi ike na visuals n'ụzọ ndị e debere sinima New Wave nke '60s'. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Steinbeck Sweet Thursday, Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite na Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt. Paris Blues (1961) sochiri Anatomy of Murder, nke gosipụtara Paul Newman na Sidney Poitier dị ka ndị egwu jazz. Maka ọrụ a, a họpụtara Ellington maka ihe nrite Academy Award for Best Score Na mmalite 1960s, Ellington nakweere ndekọ ya na ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị na-eme enyi n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ ndị na-eto eto na-egwu egwu bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị ndị ọzọ. Edekọrọ ndị egwu egwu Ellington na Count Basie yana ọba oge mbụ! Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ zutere Duke (1961). N'ime oge mgbe Ellington nọ n'etiti nkwekọrịta ndekọ, o mere ndekọ na Louis Armstrong (Roulette), Coleman Hawkins, John Coltrane (ma maka Impulse) wee soro na nnọkọ ya na Charles Mingus na Max Roach nke mepụtara Money Jungle (United Artists) album. Ọ bịanyere aka na akara ọhụrụ Reprise Frank Sinatra, mana njikọ ya na akara ahụ adịteghị aka. Ndị na-agụ egwú bụ ndị ya na Ellington rụburu ọrụ laghachiri na Orchestra dị ka ndị otu: Lawrence Brown na 1960 na Cootie Williams na 1962.<blockquote>Ide na ịkpọ egwu bụ ihe gbasara ebumnuche... Ị pụghị ịtụba brọsh na mgbidi ma kpọọ ihe ọ bụla na-eme nka. Egwú m dabara na àgwà ụda nke onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ. Echere m n'ụzọ siri ike n'ihe gbasara ịgbanwe egwu m iji mee ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwee mmasị na egwu mberede. Ị pụghị iwere doodling n'ụzọ siri ike.<ref name="current"/></blockquote>Ọ nọ ugbu a na-eme ihe nkiri n'ụwa niile ma na-etinye akụkụ dị mkpa nke afọ ọ bụla na njem nleta esenidụt. N'ihi ya, ọ malitere mmekọrịta ọhụrụ na ndị na-ese ihe si gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere onye na-agụ egwú Swedish Alice Babs, na ndị egwu South Africa Dollar Brand na Sathima Bea Benjamin (A Morning na Paris, 1963/1997). Ellington dere akara mbụ maka mmepụta nke onye nduzi Michael Langham nke Shakespeare's Timon nke Athens na Stratford Festival na Ontario, Canada, nke meghere na Julaị 29, 1963. Langham ejirila ya mee ihe maka mmepụta ihe dị iche iche na-esote, gụnyere mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke Stanley Silverman. jiri ụfọdụ ọrụ Ellington kacha mara amara gbasaa akara ahụ. === Afọ ndị gara aga === [[Usòrò:Richard_Nixon_and_Duke_Ellington_1969.jpg|thumb|Ellington na-anata ihe nrite nke nnwere onwe nke Onye isi ala Nixon na 1969]] Edepụtara Ellington maka ihe nrite Pulitzer maka egwu na 1965. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ihe nrite e mechara nye n'afọ ahụ.[1] Mgbe ahụ ọ dị afọ 66, ọ kwara ọchị, sị: "Akara aka na-emere m ebere, akara aka anaghị achọ ka m bụrụ onye a ma ama na nwata."N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya ihe nrite Pulitzer pụrụ iche "na-echeta afọ narị afọ nke ọmụmụ ya, n'ịkwado amamihe egwu egwu ya, bụ nke kpalitere ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọma site na jazz ma si otú a nye aka na nkà na omenala. " Na Septemba 1965, ọ malitere ihe ngosi izizi ya dị nsọ. O kere jazz Christian liturgy. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ahụ nwetara nyocha dị iche iche, Ellington nwere obi ụtọ maka ihe mejupụtara ya ma rụọ ya ọtụtụ oge. Abụọ ndị ọzọ nwere otu ụdị sochiri egwu a na 1968 na 1973, nke a maara dị ka egwu egwu nke abụọ na nke atọ. Ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ ụlọ egwu dị nsọ dị ka mgbalị iji kwalite nkwado azụmahịa maka okpukpe a haziri ahazi. Agbanyeghị, Ellington kwuru naanị na ọ bụ “ihe kacha mkpa m megoro”.[1] Piano Steinway nke e debere ihe nkiri dị nsọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. Dị ka Haydn na Mozart, Ellington si na piano na-eduzi ndị egwú ya—ọ na-akpọkarị akụkụ ahụigodo mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri dị nsọ.<ref name="NMAH">{{Cite web|url=http://www.piano300.si.edu/collectn.htm|title=Ellington's Steinway Grand|publisher=National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=August 26, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810022114/http://piano300.si.edu/collectn.htm|archivedate=August 10, 2008}}</ref> Duke tụgharịrị afọ 65 n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1964 mana o gosipụtaghị akara ọ bụla nke iji nwayọ nwayọ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-edekọ ọrụ ndị dị ịrịba ama dịka The Far East Suite (1966), New Orleans Suite (1970), The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (1971) na Latin American Suite (1972), ọtụtụ n'ime ya sitere na njegharị ụwa ya. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọ na Frank Sinatra dekọtara naanị album ya, akpọrọ Francis A. & Edward K. (1967). Na 1972-1974 Ellington rụrụ ọrụ na opera naanị ya, Queenie Pie, yana Maurice Peress. Ellington nwetara echiche ide opera gbasara onye ịma mma ojii n'afọ ndị 1930, mana o mechabeghị ya. N'etiti ihe ngosi ikpeazụ Ellington na ndị egwú ya mere bụ otu na Machị 21, 1973, na Purdue University's Hall of Music, abụọ na Machị 22, 1973, na Sturges-Young Auditorium na Sturgis, Michigan <ref>{{Cite book|author=Vail|first=Ken|title=Duke's Diary: The Life of Duke Ellington|year=2002|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810841192|pages=449–452|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9b-fWBgzVQC&pg=PA449}}</ref> na Eastbourne Performance na Disemba 1, 1973, e mechara wepụta ya na LP. Ellington mere ihe a na-ewere dị ka egwu egwu ikpeazụ ya zuru oke n'ụlọ ịgba egwú na Mahadum Northern Illinois na Machị 20, 1974. Kemgbe afọ 1980, a raara ụlọ ịgba egwú ahụ nye dị ka "Duke Ellington Ballroom". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml|title=NIU to rededicate Duke Ellington Ballroom during Nov. 6 NIU Jazz Ensemble concert|author=McGowan|first=Mark|date=November 3, 2003|publisher=Northern Illinois University|accessdate=July 14, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625194727/http://www.niu.edu/PubAffairs/RELEASES/2003/nov/ellington.shtml|archivedate=June 25, 2009}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_1.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ellington na 1973]] Ellington lụrụ onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Edna Thompson (nwụrụ n'afọ 1967), na Julai 2, 1918, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. N'oge opupu ihe ubi na-esote, na Machị 11, 1919, Edna mụrụ naanị nwa ha nwoke, Mercer Kennedy Ellington. <ref name="hasse49">{{Harvnb|Hasse|1995|p=49}}</ref> Nwunye ya na nwa ya nwoke sonyeere Ellington na New York City na ngwụcha 1920s, mana di na nwunye ahụ kewapụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya.[1] Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ọnwụ ya na magazin Jet si kwuo, ọ "na-agụ Washington agụụ" wee laghachi.[2] N'afọ 1929, Ellington ghọrọ onye mmekọ Mildred Dixon, [1] bụ onye ya na ya na-eme njem, jikwaa egwu Tempo, egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ, dịka "Nwanyị Ọkachamara",[2] n'oge ọrụ ya kacha elu, ma zụlite nwa ya nwoke. [[Usòrò:Mildred_Dixon_-_Duke_Ellington's_wife.jpg|thumb|Mercer zoro aka na Mildred Dixon dị ka nne ya.]] N'afọ 1938, ọ hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya (nwa ya nwoke dị afọ iri na itoolu) wee soro Beatrice "Evie" Ellis, onye ọrụ Cotton Club biri. Mmekọrịta ha, ọ bụ ezie na ọgba aghara, gara n'ihu mgbe Ellington zutere ma mepụta mmekọrịta ya na Fernanda de Castro Monte na mbido afọ 1960. Ellington kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ n'oge ndụ ya niile.<ref>Lawrence, 2001, p. 356.</ref> Nwanne nwanyị Ellington Ruth (1915–2004) mechara gbaa Tempo Music, ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta egwu ya.[1] Di nke abụọ Ruth bụ bass-baritone McHenry Boatwright, onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ na olili ozu nwanne ya nwoke.[2] Dị ka onye toro eto, nwa nwoke Mercer Ellington (d. 1996) na-akpọ opi na piano, duru ndị otu ya, ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye njikwa azụmaahịa nna ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mercer-ellington-mn0000405957/biography|title=Mercer Ellington: Biography|author=Yanow|first=Scott|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=November 10, 2020}}</ref> Ellington bụ onye otu Alpha Phi Alpha <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alpha-zsl.org/famousalphas.html|title=Famous Alphas|publisher=Alpha Phi Alpha|accessdate=November 10, 2020|archivedate=April 21, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421180135/http://alpha-zsl.org/famousalphas.html}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa Freemason jikọtara ya na Prince Hall Freemasonry. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jul/02/secret-jazz-freemason-history-duke-ellington-sun-ra|title=The secret history of the jazz greats who were freemasons|first=John|author=Lewis|work=The Guardian|date=July 2, 2014}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ellington nwụrụ na Mee 24, 1974, n'ihi nsogbu sitere na Ọrịa kansa akpa ume na oyi bara ya n'ahụ, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Jack|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-duke-ellington-19740525-story.html|title=From the Archives: Jazz Great Duke Ellington Dies in New York Hospital at 75|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 25, 1974|accessdate=January 31, 2017}}</ref> izu ole na ole mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asaa na ise. N'ememe olili ozu ya, nke ihe karịrị mmadụ 12,000 bịara na Katidral nke St. John the Divine, Ella Fitzgerald chịkọtara ihe omume ahụ: "Ọ bụ ụbọchị mwute. Onye nwere ọgụgụ isi agafeela". E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu Woodlawn, Bronx, New York City . == Ihe Nketa == === Ihe ncheta === A raara ọtụtụ ihe ncheta nye Duke Ellington n'obodo dị iche iche site na New York na Washington, D.C. ruo Los Angeles. N'ebe ọmụmụ Ellington, Washington, D.C., Duke Ellington School of Arts na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà bụ ndị na-atụle ọrụ nka na nka site n'inye nkuzi nka na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ iji kwado ụmụ akwụkwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ọrụ ọkachamara. N'afọ 1974, mpaghara ahụ degharịrị aha Calvert Street Bridge, nke e wuru na 1935, dị ka akwa Duke Ellington. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ bụ P.S. 004 Duke Ellington na New York. N'afọ 1989, e tinyere ihe ncheta ọla n'ụlọ Duke Ellington a na-akpọ ọhụrụ na 2121 Ward Place NW.[1] N'afọ 2012, onye nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ ahụ nyere ya ihe osise nke Aniekan Udofia nke pụtara n'elu mkpụrụedemede "Duke Ellington". N'afọ 2010 ogige triangular, dị n'ofe okporo ámá site na ebe ọmụmụ Duke Ellington, na nkwụsị nke New Hampshire na M Streets NW, ka akpọrọ Duke Ellington Park. Ebe obibi Ellington na 2728 Sherman Avenue NW, n'ime afọ 1919-1922, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Letter from Curator of the Peabody Library Association of Georgetown, D.C. Mathilde D. Williams to Felix Grant, September 21, 1972|url=http://www.aladin0.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=q-01000-00---off-0grant--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-KEY%2cSU%2cCO%2cPE--4--peabody%2c%2c%2c-----0-1l--11-en-50---20-home-%5bpeabody%5d%3aKEY+--01-3-1-00-0-0-11-0-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=grant&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5|publisher=Felix E. Grant Digital Collection|accessdate=December 5, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115110839/http://www.aladin0.wrlc.org/gsdl/cgi-bin/library?e=q-01000-00---off-0grant--00-1--0-10-0---0---0prompt-10-KEY,SU,CO,PE--4--peabody,,,-----0-1l--11-en-50---20-home-%5bpeabody%5d:KEY+--01-3-1-00-0-0-11-0-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=grant&srp=0&srn=0&cl=search&d=HASHbdd7ebe76fe566dcb566d5|archivedate=January 15, 2016}}</ref> nwere akara ọla nchara. Na Febụwarị 24, 2009, ụlọ ọrụ United States Mint wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nwere Duke Ellington na ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa America mbụ pụtara n'onwe ya na mkpụrụ ego US.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite news|title=Jazz man is first African-American to solo on U.S. circulating coin|publisher=CNN|date=February 24, 2009|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/02/24/duke.ellington.coin/index.html|accessdate=October 3, 2009|quote=The United States Mint launched a new coin Tuesday featuring jazz legend Duke Ellington, making him the first African American to appear by himself on a circulating U.S. coin. [...] The coin was issued to celebrate Ellington's birthplace, the District of Columbia.}}</ref> Ellington pụtara n'akụkụ azụ (ọdụ) nke District of Columbia. <ref name="cnn" /> Mkpụrụ ego ahụ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme US Mint na-asọpụrụ District na mpaghara US <ref name="cnn" /> ma na-eme emume ebe a mụrụ Ellington na District of Columbia.<ref name="mint">United States Mint. Coins and Medals. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC ''District of Columbia''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414174747/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/index.cfm?action=dcterritories&local=DC |date=April 14, 2016 }}</ref> E gosipụtara Ellington na nkeji iri na ise ka ọ nọdụrụ na piano, na-eji egwu egwu n'aka, yana ihe odide "Justice for All", nke bụ ụkpụrụ distrikti ahụ. Na 1986, e wepụtara stampụ ncheta nke United States nke gosipụtara myiyi Ellington. [[Usòrò:2009_DC_Proof.png|thumb|Ellington na Washington, D.C., wepụtara na 2009]] Ellington biri afọ ikpeazụ ya na Manhattan, n'ime ụlọ ime obodo na 333 Riverside Drive nso West 106th Street. Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ́ Ruth, bụ́ onye na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta ya, bikwa n’ebe ahụ, nwa ya nwoke bụ́ Mercer bikwa n’akụkụ ya. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, West 106th Street ka ahagharịrị aha Duke Ellington Boulevard. A raara nnukwu ihe ncheta Ellington, nke onye na-ese ihe Robert Graham mepụtara, nye na 1997 na Central Park nke New York, nso Fifth Avenue na 110th Street, ebe a na-akpọ Duke Ellington Circle. E gosipụtara ihe oyiyi Ellington na piano n'ọnụ ụzọ UCLA's Schoenberg Hall. Dị ka magazin UCLA si kwuo   Essentially Ellington High School Jazz Band Competition and Festival bụ asọmpi a ma ama kwa afọ maka ndị otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị a ma ama. Malite na 1996 na Jazz na Lincoln Center, a na-akpọ emume ahụ aha Ellington n'ihi na emume ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya. === Ụtụ === Mgbe Duke nwụsịrị, nwa ya nwoke bụ Mercer weghaara onye isi nke ndị egwu egwu, na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1996. Dị ka Count Basie Orchestra, "ghost band" a nọgidere na-ahapụ albums ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Digital Duke, nke ekwuru na Duke Ellington Orchestra, meriri ihe nrite Grammy nke 1988 maka Album nnukwu Jazz kacha mma. Mercer Ellington anọwo na-ejikwa akụkụ nchịkwa niile nke azụmahịa nna ya kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Ụmụ Mercer na-aga n'ihu na njikọ na ọrụ nna nna ha. Gunther Schuller dere na 1989:<blockquote>Ellington dere ihe n'akwụsịghị akwụsị ruo n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Egwú bụ n'ezie onye isi ya; ọ bụ ndụ ya zuru oke na mkpebi ya na ya enweghị atụ na nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. Na jazz ọ bụ dike n'etiti ndị dike. Na egwu nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ otu ụbọchị ka a ga-amata ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi iri na abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'oge anyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schuller|first=Gunther|title=The Swing Era|url=https://archive.org/details/swingeradevelopm0000schu|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=019504312X}}</ref>: 157 </blockquote>Martin Williams kwuru, sị: "Duke Ellington dịrị ndụ ogologo oge iji nụ aha ya n'etiti ndị na-ede egwú anyị kacha mma. Ma kemgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1974, ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ịhụ aha ya, yana Charles Ives, dị ka onye na-ede egwú kacha mma anyị mepụtara. , n'agbanyeghị ụdịdị."<ref>Martin Williams, liner notes, ''Duke Ellington's Symphony in Black'', The Smithsonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble conducted by [[Gunther Schuller]], The [[Smithsonian]] Collections recording, 1980.</ref> N'echiche nke Bob Blumenthal nke The Boston Globe na 1999: "[i] narị afọ kemgbe a mụrụ ya, ọ dịghị onye na-ede egwú ka ukwuu, onye America ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, karịa Edward Kennedy Ellington. N'afọ 2002, onye ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante depụtara Duke Ellington na ndepụta ya nke 100 Greatest African Americans. [[Usòrò:Duke_Ellington_star_HWF.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Star na Hollywood Walk of Fame na 6535 Hollywood Blvd.]] Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-eti egwu n'ụwa niile eleghachila ihe ndị o dere dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali na ntọala nke ọrụ ha: * Dave Brubeck raara "The Duke" (1954) nye Ellington ma ọ ghọrọ ọkọlọtọ nke ndị ọzọ kpuchiri, <ref>{{Cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=song|id=t933027|pure_url=yes}}|title='The Duke' by Dave Brubeck: song review, recordings, covers|work=AllMusic|accessdate=March 21, 2007}}</ref> gụnyere Miles Davis na Miles Ahead, 1957. Abọm The Real Ambassadors nwere olu olu nke egwu a, "You Swing Baby (The Duke) ", nke nwere okwu nke Iola Brubeck, nwunye Dave Brubeck. A na-eme ya dị ka abụ abụọ n'etiti Louis Armstrong na Carmen McRae. A raara ya nye Duke Ellington. * Miles Davis mepụtara egwu ya nke ọkara awa "Ọ hụrụ ya n'anya Madly" (na Get Up with It) dị ka ụtụ nye Ellington otu ọnwa mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. * Charles Mingus, onye Ellington chụpụrụ ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, dere abụ "Duke Ellington's Sound Of Love" na 1974, ọnwa ole na ole mgbe ọnwụ Ellington gasịrị. * Stevie Wonder dere egwu "Sir Duke" dị ka ụtụ nye Ellington, nke pụtara na album ya Songs in the Key of Life wepụtara na 1976. E nwere ọtụtụ narị abọm a raara nye egwu Duke Ellington na Billy Strayhorn site n'aka ndị omenkà a ma ama na ndị a na-amaghị ama. Sophisticated Ladies, ihe nrite egwu nke 1981 nwetara, tinyere ọtụtụ egwu sitere na repertoire Ellington. Egwú nke abụọ nke Broadway na-etinye egwu Ellington, Play On!''Gwuo Egwu!'', nke mbụ ya na 1997. == Nkọwapụta == == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == * 1960, Hollywood Walk of Fame, onyinye maka ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ * 1964, Honorary Doctorate of Humanities site na Milton College * 1966, Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name="pulitzer"/> * 1969, Presidential Medal of Freedom, ihe nrite kachasị elu nke ndị nkịtị na US <ref name="pulitzer" /> * 1971, onye Honorary PhD si Berklee College of Music <ref name="pulitzer" /> * 1973, Legion of Honour nke France, nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke ndị nkịtị. <ref name="pulitzer" /> * 1999, [[Ihe nrite Pulitzer]] pụrụ iche maka onyinye ndụ ya na egwu na ọdịbendị === Ihe nrite Grammy === Ellington nwetara ihe nrite Grammy iri na anọ site na 1959 ruo 2000 (atọ n'ime ha bụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ) na ngụkọta nke nhọpụta iri abụọ na ise {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |'''Duke Ellington Grammy Award History'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/factsheets/awardsdb/env-awards-db-search,0,7169155.htmlstory?searchtype=all&query=Duke+Ellington&x=8&y=6|title=Entertainment Awards Database|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name="GRAMMYs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke-ellington|title=Duke Ellington – Artist – www.grammy.com|publisher=Recording Academy|accessdate=April 12, 2018|date=May 22, 2018|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324105052/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/duke-ellington|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !Afọ !Ụdị !Aha ya !Ụdị !Nsonaazụ |- align="center" |1999 |Album Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme |Duke Ellington Centennial EditionRCA Victor Recordings (1927-1973) <br /> |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1979 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma, Big Band |Duke Ellington Na Fargo, 1940 Live |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1976 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù |''Ụlọ Ellington'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1972 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù |''Togo Brava Suite'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1971 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma site na Nnukwu Òtù |''Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Orleans'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1971 |Egwú Ndị Kasị Mma |Ụlọ Nzukọ nke New Orleans |Ịdepụta / Ịhazi| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1970 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu N'onwe ya na Nnukwu Ìhè |Duke Ellington - Egwuregwu Afọ Iri Abụọ |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1968 |Onyinye Ndị Nlekọta |Ihe nrite National Trustees - 1968 |Onyinye Pụrụ Iche| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1968 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu GroupOr Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Group<br /> |''...Nne Ya kpọrọ Ya Bill'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1967 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma, Nnukwu GroupOr Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Group<br /> |''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1966 |Bing Crosby Award - Aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award na 1982. |Bing Crosby Award - Aha gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award na 1982. |Onyinye Pụrụ Iche| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1966 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |"N'ime mmalite Chineke" |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1966 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu N'onwe ya na Ìgwè |''Egwú Dị Nsọ'' (Album) |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1965 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè ma ọ bụ Onye Na-egwu Egwú Na Nnukwu Ìhè<br /> |''Ellington '66'' |Jazz| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1965 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |Virgin Islands Suite |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1964 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma |Ihe E Kere Eke n'abalị |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1964 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Nnukwu Ìgwè (Instrumental) |''Oge Mbụ!'' (Album) |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1961 |Egwú Egwú Egwu Egwu Egwú Egwe Egwu Egwe Egwú Egwuregwu Egwu Egwuregwu Egwú Egbu Egwu Egbu Egwú Egbugbu Egwu |"Paris Blues" |Ịdepụta / Ịhazi| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1961 |Best Sound Track Album ma ọ bụ Nchịkọta nke Score site na Motion Picture ma ọ bụ Television |''Paris Blues'' (Motion Picture) (Album) |Egwú maka Mgbasa Ozi Anya| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1960 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma ma ọ bụ Obere Ìgwè |Back To Back - Duke Ellington na Johnny Hodges Play The Blues |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1960 |Egwú Jazz Kasị Mma nke Ihe karịrị nkeji ise |Asụsụ '59 |Jazz| {{Nom}} |- align="center" |1959 |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma site n'Òtù Egwú |''Anatomy nke Ogbugbu'' |Pop| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1959 |Egwú Kasị Mma nke Mbụ E dekọrọ ma wepụta ya na 1959 (Ọtụtụ Ihe karịrị nkeji ise) <br /><br /> |''Anatomy nke Ogbugbu'' |Ịde egwú| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1959 |Best Sound Track Album - Background ScoreFrom A Motion Picture Or Television<br /> |''Anatomy nke Ogbugbu'' |Ịde egwú| {{Won}} |- align="center" |1959 |Egwuregwu Jazz Kasị Mma - Ìgwè |Ellington Jazz Party (Album) |Jazz| {{Nom}} |} === Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Grammy === A na-etinye ihe ndekọ nke Duke Ellington n'ime Grammy Hall of Fame, ihe nrite Grammy pụrụ iche e guzobere na 1973 iji sọpụrụ ihe ndekọ dịkarịa ala afọ 25 nke nwere ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |'''Duke Ellington: Grammy Hall of Fame AwardIhe nrite Grammy Hall of Fame'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame|title=Grammy Hall Of Fame|publisher=Grammy.org|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122042616/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/hall-of-fame|archivedate=January 22, 2011}}</ref> |- !Afọ E dekọrọ !Aha ya !Ụdị !Akara !Afọ A Na-etinye Ya |- align="center" |1932 |"Ọ pụtaghị na ọ bụ ihe (Ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ihe ahụ) " |Jazz (otu) |Brunswick |2008 |- align="center" |1934 |"Cocktails maka Abụọ" |Jazz (otu) |Mmeri |2007 |- align="center" |1957 |''Ellington na Newport'' |Jazz (album) |Columbia |2004 |- align="center" |1956 |"Diminuendo na Crescendo na Blue" |Jazz (otu) |Columbia |1999 |- align="center" |1967 |''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa'' |Jazz (album) |RCA |1999 |- align="center" |1944 |''Black, Brown na Beige'' |Jazz (otu) |RCA Victor |1990 |- align="center" |1928 |"Ọchịchị ojii na nke Tan Fantasy" |Jazz (otu) |Mmeri |1981 |- align="center" |1941 |"Buru ụgbọ okporo ígwè "A" |Jazz (otu) |Mmeri |1976 |- align="center" |1931 |"Mood Indigo" |Jazz (otu) |Brunswick |1975 |} === Nsọpụrụ na ntinye aka === {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụdị !Ihe edeturu |- align="center" |2022 |Ntọala |June 18, 2022 |- align="center" |2009 |Ihe ncheta nke U.S. |D.C. na U.S. Territories Quarters Program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/DCAndTerritories/|title=The United States Mint · About The Mint|publisher=Usmint.gov|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archivedate=February 25, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225011425/http://www.usmint.gov/mint%5Fprograms/dcandterritories/}}</ref><ref name="wapo">{{Cite news|author=Sheridan, Mary Beth|title=Ellington Comes Out Ahead in Coin Tossup|work=The Washington Post|date=June 20, 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/19/AR2008061904090.html|accessdate=October 3, 2009}}</ref> |- align="center" |2008 |Gennett Records Walk of Fame | |- align="center" |2004 |Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fameat Jazz na Lincoln Center<br /> | |- align="center" |1999 |Ihe nrite Pulitzer |Nkwupụta Pụrụ Iche<ref name="pulitzer"/> |- align="center" |1992 |Oklahoma Jazz Hall of Fame | |- align="center" |1986 |22¢ stampụ ncheta US |E wepụtara ya n'April 29, 1986<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centerforjazzarts.org/usps_exhibition2.html#ellington|title=Featured Exhibition|publisher=Center for Jazz Arts|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518025241/http://www.centerforjazzarts.org/usps_exhibition2.html#ellington|archivedate=May 18, 2013}}</ref> |- align="center" |1978 |Nnukwu Òtù Na-ewu ewu na Jazz | |- align="center" |1973 |Ndị agha France nke Nsọpụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d5301c13.htm|title=NMAH Archives Center|publisher=Americanhistory.si.edu|accessdate=February 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222214/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d5301c13.htm|archivedate=January 30, 2012}}</ref> |July 6, 1973 |- align="center" |1973 |Degree Honorary na Music site na Mahadum Columbia |Mee 16, 1973 |- align="center" |1971 |Degree Doctorate Honorary site na Berklee College of Music | |- align="center" |1971 |Honorary Doctor of Music site na Mahadum Howard <ref>{{Cite web|title=Recipients of Honorary Degrees (By Year)|publisher=Howard University|url=http://www.howard.edu/secretary/convocations/recipients-year.htm}}</ref> | |- align="center" |1971 |Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị A Ma Ama | |- align="center" |1969 |Ihe nrite nke Nnwere Onwe Onye isi ala | |- align="center" |1968 |Ihe nrite Grammy Trustees |Ihe nrite pụrụ iche |- align="center" |1967 |Honorary Doctor of Music Degree site na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galston|first=Arthur|title=The Duke & I: A professor explains how jazz legend Duke Ellington became a doctor in 1967|journal=Yale Alumni Magazine|date=October 2002|url=http://archive.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_10/outoftheblue.html|archive-date=2013-11-01|access-date=2024-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101121339/http://archive.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/02_10/outoftheblue.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale Honorary Degree Recipients|publisher=Yale University|url=http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521015848/http://ris-systech2.its.yale.edu/hondegrees/hondegrees.asp|archivedate=May 21, 2015}}</ref> | |- align="center" |1966 |Ihe nrite Grammy Lifetime Achievement | |- align="center" |1964 |Degree nsọpụrụ, Milton College, Wisconsin | |- align="center" |1959 |Ihe nrite Spingarn nke NAACP | |- align="center" |1957 |Deutscher Filmpreis: Egwú Kasị Mma |Ihe nrite e nwetara maka ihe nkiri ''Jona'' na onye na-ede egwu ibe ya bụ Winfried Zillig |- align="center" |1956 |Onye a nabatara na DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame | |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị nwere synesthesia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Africville Genealogy Society|title=The Spirit of Africville|location=Halifax|publisher=Formac Publishing|origdate=1992|date=2010|isbn=978-0887809255}} * {{Cite book|author=Büchmann-Møller|first=Frank|title=Someone to Watch Over Me: The Life and Music of Ben Webster|url=https://archive.org/details/someonetowatchov00fran|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=The University of Michigan Press|date=2006|isbn=978-0472114702}} * {{Cite book|author=Cohen|first=Harvey G.|title=Duke Ellington's America|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtonsam0000cohe|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=2010|isbn=978-0226112633}} ** {{Cite web|author=Cohen|first=Harvey|title=An excerpt from Duke Ellington's America|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/112633.html|work=University of Chicago Press|date=2010}} * {{Cite book|author=Ellington|first=Duke|title=Music Is My Mistress|url=https://archive.org/details/musicismymistres0000elli|location=New York|publisher=Da Capo|date=1976|isbn=0704330903}} * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mq30BQAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Duke+Ellington%22|title=The Cambridge Companion to Duke Ellington|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2015|isbn=978-1316194133}} * {{Cite book|author=Hajdu|first=David|title=Lush Life: A Biography of Billy Strayhorn|url=https://archive.org/details/lushlifebiograph00hajdu|location=New York|publisher=Farrar, Straus & Giroux|date=1996|isbn=978-0865475120}} * .  * {{Cite book|author=Hasse|first=John Edward|title=Beyond Category: The Life and Genius of Duke Ellington|location=New York|publisher=Da Capo|date=1995|isbn=0306806142}} * {{Cite book|author=Lawrence|first=A. H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5IflVdS5XgC|title=Duke Ellington and His World: A Biography|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|isbn=041593012X}} * Ọ na-ekpuchi njem na ihe nkiri niile nke Duke site na ihe nkiri mkpirikpi nke 1929 Black and Tan gaa n'ihu.{{Cite book|author=Stratemann|first=Klaus|title=Duke Ellington: Day by Day and Film by Film|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtonday0000stra|location=Copenhagen|publisher=JazzMedia|date=1992|isbn=8788043347}} * {{Cite book|author=Teachout|first=Terry|year=2015|title=Duke|location=New York|publisher=Gotham Books|isbn=978-1592407491|url=https://archive.org/details/dukelifeofdukeel0000unse}} * {{Cite book|author=Terkel|first=Studs|title=Giants of Jazz|url=https://archive.org/details/giantsofjazz00terke|edition=2nd|location=New York|publisher=The New Press|date=2002|isbn=978-1565847699}} * {{Cite book|editor=Tucker|title=The Duke Ellington Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtonrea00tuck|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1993|isbn=978-0195093919}} * {{Cite book|editor=Weisbard|title=This Is Pop: In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project|url=https://archive.org/details/thisispopinsearc00weis|location=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2004|isbn=0674013441}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Brothers|first=Thomas|title=Help!: The Beatles, Duke Ellington, and the Magic of Collaboration|url=https://archive.org/details/helpbeatlesdukee0000brot|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2018|isbn=978-0393246230|location=New York, NY}} *   * {{Cite book|author=Ellington|first=Mercer|title=Duke Ellington in Person|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeellingtoninp00elli_0|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|date=1978|isbn=0395257115}} * {{Cite book|author=Morton|first=John Fass|title=Backstory in Blue: Ellington at Newport '56|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/backstoryinbluee0000mort|location=|publisher=Rutgers University Press}} * Karịsịa peeji nke 318-357.{{Cite book|author=Schuller, Gunther|title=Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1986|isbn=978-0195040432}}&nbsp; * Esp. peeji nke 46-157.{{Cite book|author=Schuller|first=Gunther|title=The Swing Era: The Development Of Jazz, 1930–1945|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0195071405}}&nbsp; * {{Cite book|author=Tucker|first=Mark|title=Ellington, The Early Years|url=https://archive.org/details/ellingtonearlyye0000tuck|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|date=1991|isbn=0252014251}} * {{Cite book|author=Ulanov|first=Barry|title=Duke Ellington|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_Y0-CHR-781|publisher=Creative Age Press|date=1946}} == Njikọ mpụga ==    * Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị * [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/08731 Duke Ellington] na Grove Music Online (site na ndenye aha) * [https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/7/resources/5484 Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Duke Ellington] na Oral History of American Music * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100204185958/http://www.dukeellingtonlegacy.com/ Duke Ellington Legacy Big Band & Duke Ellington legacy Band] - ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke nzukọ ezinụlọ Duke Ellington * {{IMDb name|254153|Duke Ellington}} * Duke EllingtonnaEbe nchekwa data nke Intanet Broadway * [https://lccn.loc.gov/2016570577 Nchịkọta Art Pilkington metụtara Duke Ellington, 1919-1974] na Library of CongressỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress * Duke Ellington na Billy Strayhorn: Jazz Composers - ngosi Eprel-June 2009 na NMAH * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180314031125/http://ellington2008.org/ Duke Ellington: Nzukọ Mba Nile nke 20], London, May 2008 * Duke EllingtonnaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress, nke nwere ihe ndekọ 1653 nke ọbá akwụkwọ * [[iarchive:EdwardKennedyDukeEllington|FBI faịlụ banyere Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington]] * [https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102155 Ihe ndekọ Duke Ellington] na Discography of American Historical Recordings. * A kọtaghachiri ndụ ya na ihe nkiri redio nke 1948 "Echos of Harlem", ihe ngosi sitere na Destination Freedom, nke Richard Durham dere [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q18hjthi9fqil2l8oil3yldna0y5ged 0 49528 741875 708447 2026-10-28T18:44:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:剪断変形.jpg|thumb|Beechapụ ọdịdị ahụ.]] Igwe ngbanwe (nke mgbanwe dị ka modulus of elasticity ) bụ ndị nke mbụ nke ihe ma ọ bụ ihe na- achị nrụrụ ngbanwe (ya bụ, na-azụ nke na-na-adịgide adịgide) mgbe ụfọdụ ndụ na ya. == Nkọwa == Akọwapụtara modul nke ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka mkpọda nke ire ya na mpaghara nrụrụ ala: [1] Ihe siri ike ga-enwe modul ngbanwe dị elu.  Modul nke na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ụdị: : <math>\delta \ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ \frac {\text{stress}} {\text{strain}}</math> ebe ị bụ ike na-eme ka nrụrụ kewara site na mpaghara ebe a na-etinye ike na àgwà bụ oke nke ihe na ụfọdụ paramita agba nrụrụ na uru mbụ nke paramita ahụ. Ebe ọ bụ na nje bụ a dimensionless quantity, nkeji nke <math>\delta</math> ga-abụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nkeji nke nrụgide. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Beer|first=Ferdinand P.|title=Mechanics of Materials|url=https://archive.org/details/mechanicsmateria00beer_274|year=2009|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-015389-9}}</ref> == Elastic Constant na Moduli == Elastic na-agbanwe agbanwe bụ paramita dị iche iche na-achọpụta isi ike nke ihe na nzaghachi na-atụgharị ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịkọwa adịghị na-agbanwe nke ihe.  Ihe ndị a na-adịgide adịgide na-etolite ihe dị na matrix stiffness na tensor notation, nke na-ada ada na ada site na nha nha n'ahịrị na ihe anisotropic .  A na-akpọkarị Cijkl, ebe i, j, k, na l bụ ntụzịaka nhazi, ihe ndị a na-agbanwe agbanwe dị mkpa maka ọchịchị otú si eme n'okpuru ibu dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Schreiber|first=Edward|title=Elastic constants and their measurement|url=https://archive.org/details/elasticconstants0000schr|date=1974|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-07-055603-4|location=New York}}</ref> == Ụdị modul na-agbanwe agbanwe == Ịkọwapụta ka a ga-esi tụọ nrụgide na nsogbu, gụnyere ntụzịaka, na-enye ohere ka akọwapụta ọtụtụ ụdị moduli na-agbanwe. Ndị mbụ anọ bụ: # ''Modules na-eto eto'' ( <var>E</var> ) na-akọwa nhịahụ na mkpakọ elasticity, ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ nke ihe na-agbanwe n'akụkụ axis mgbe a na-etinye ike megidere n'akụkụ axis; A kọwapụtara ya dị ka oke nrụrụ aka na nhụsi ike . A na-akpọkarị ya naanị dị ka ''modul na-agbanwe agbanwe'' . # ''Ọkpụkpọ mkpụkọ'' ma ọ bụ ''modulu nke siri ike'' ( <var>G</var> ma ọ bụ <math>\mu \,</math> Lamé second parameter) na-akọwa ọchịchọ ihe na-akpacha ihe (nrụrụ ọdịdị na ụda olu mgbe nile) mgbe ndị agha na-emegide mere ya; A kọwapụtara ya dị ka nrụgide shiee n'ihi nsogbu nke shii . Modules shear bụ akụkụ nke mpụta nke viscosity . # ''Modules buru ibu'' ( <var>K</var> ) na-akọwa ngbanwe volumetric, ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ nke ihe na-emebi n'akụkụ niile mgbe ejiri otu n'otu n'otu n'akụkụ niile; A kọwapụtara ya dị ka nrụgide volumetric n'elu ụdị volumetric, ọ bụkwa ntụgharị nke mkpakọ . Nnukwu modul bụ ndọtị modul nke Young ruo akụkụ atọ. # Mgbanwe mgbanwe (E _flex ) na-akọwa ihe ihe ahụ na-eme mgbanwe mgbe emere ya obere oge . Moduli abụọ ọzọ na- agbanwe bụ paramita mbụ Lamé, λ, na P-wave modulus, M, dị ka ejiri na atụnyere modulus nyere ntụnyere n'okpuru.  Homogeneous na isotropic (yiri n'ụdị niile) ihe (sikedo) nwere ha (linear) elastic Njirimara n'ụzọ zuru ezu ezu saịtị na abụọ elastic moduli, na otu onye nwere ike họrọ ọ ụzọ ụzọ.  Nyere ụdị moduli na- agbanwe agbanwe, agbatị ike ịgbakọ moduli ndị ọzọ dị ka usoro dị n'okpuru na njedebe nke ibe. Mmiri inviscid iche iche n'ihi na ha akara ike ike ahia shiee, nke ihe na modul nke shear na-ihe efu.  Nke a pụtakwara na modul nke Young maka otu a na-ese efu. N'edemede ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ modulus nke ngbanwe dị ka ''ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe'', ebe ọnụọgụ mgbanwe na-ezo aka dị ka ''modulus elasticity'' . == Ngụkọ Theory arụrụ arụ njupụta nke Modul Elastic == Theory Functional Density (DFT) na-enye ụzọ a ụkwụ na ya maka ọtụtụ ụdị moduli na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-pụtara njiri mara dị iche iche nke omume ihe na mgbakasị usoro.  Jiri ngwa DFT dị ka VASP, Quantum ESPRESSO ma ọ bụ ABINIT .  N'ozuzu, na-eduzi ule iji hụ na-adabereghị na usoro usoro na ịdị ka n akara nke k-point mesh, ike ọkọ ụgbọ elu, na nha cell simulation.. # Modulus Young (E) - tinye obere mgbanwe mgbanwe na oke lattice n'akụkụ otu axis wee gbakọọ nzaghachi nrụgide kwekọrọ na iji DFT. A na-agbakọ modul ntorobịa dị ka ''E'' = ''σ'' / ''ϵ'', ebe ''σ'' bụ nrụgide na ''ϵ'' bụ nsogbu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alasfar|first=Reema H.|date=2022-01-18|title=A Review on the Modeling of the Elastic Modulus and Yield Stress of Polymers and Polymer Nanocomposites: Effect of Temperature, Loading Rate and Porosity|journal=Polymers|language=en|volume=14|issue=3|pages=360|doi=10.3390/polym14030360|issn=2073-4360|pmid=35160350}}</ref> ## Nhazi mmalite: Malite site na nhazi ahụ dị jụụ nke ihe. Atọm niile kwesịrị ịdị na steeti ike kacha nta (ya bụ, steeti ume kacha nta nwere ikike efu na atọm) tupu etinyere nrụrụ ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hadi|first=M. A.|date=2022-08-18|title=DFT insights into the electronic structure, mechanical behaviour, lattice dynamics and defect processes in the first Sc-based MAX phase Sc2SnC|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-18336-z|issn=2045-2322|pmid=35982080}}</ref> ## Udiri Uniaxial na-abawanye: Tinye obere nsogbu na-abawanye na lattice kristal n'akụkụ otu axis. Nsogbu a na-abụkarị uniaxial, nke pụtara na ọ na-agbatị ma ọ bụ na-akpakọ lattice n'otu akụkụ ma na-edobe akụkụ ndị ọzọ mgbe niile ma ọ bụ oge. ## Gbakọọ nrụgide: Maka nhazi ọ bụla nwere nsogbu, mee ngụkọ DFT iji gbakọọ nrụgide nrụgide na-akpata. Nke a gụnyere idozi nha Kohn-Sham iji chọta njupụta elektrọn steeti ala na ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọjọọ. ## Usoro mgbakasị-nsogbu : Chee echiche mgbakasị ahụ gbakọọ na eriri etinyere iji mepụta usoro mgbakasị ahụ. Mkpọda nke mbụ, nke ahịrị akụkụ nke usoro a na-enye modul nke Young. Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na-agbakọ ''modulus'' nke Young site na iji usoro ''E'' = ''σ'' / ''ϵ'', ebe ''σ'' bụ nrụgide na ''ϵ'' bụ nsogbu ahụ. # Shear Modulus (G) ## Nhazi mmalite: Malite site na nhazi ahụ dị jụụ nke ihe. Atọm niile kwesịrị ịdị n'ọnọdụ ike kacha nta na-enweghị ike fọdụrụnụ . (ya bụ, opekempe ike steeti nwere ikike efu na atọm) tupu etinyere nrụrụ ọ bụla. ## Ngwa ngwungwu Shear: Tinye obere mkpirisi nke nchara n'ihe. Akpụkpọ anụ na-abụkarị ihe ndị na-adịghị na diagonal na eriri eriri ahụ, na-emetụta ọdịdị ahụ mana ọ bụghị olu nke cell kristal. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ahmed|first=Razu|date=May 2023|title=DFT based comparative analysis of the physical properties of some binary transition metal carbides XC (X = Nb, Ta, Ti)|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.147|journal=Journal of Materials Research and Technology|volume=24|pages=4808–4832|doi=10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.147|issn=2238-7854}}</ref> ## Mgbakọ nrụgide: Maka nhazi nke ọ bụla nwere nrụnye shear etinyere, mee ngụkọ DFT iji chọpụta ihe mgbakasị ahụ na-akpata. ## Shear Stress vs. Shear Strain Curve : Kpebie nrụgide shiee gbakọọ megide eriri shiee etinyere maka mmụba ọ bụla. Mkpọda nke nrụgide nrụgide na mpaghara linear ya na-enye modul nke shear, ''G'' = ''τ'' / ''γ'', ebe ''τ'' bụ nrụgide siri ike na ''γ'' bụ nke a na-etinye n'ọrụ. # Nnukwu Modul (K) ## Nhazi mmalite: Malite site na nhazi ahụ dị jụụ nke ihe. Ọ dị mkpa na emeziwanye ihe ahụ n'ụzọ zuru oke, na-ahụ na mgbanwe ọ bụla na olu bụ naanị n'ihi nrụgide etinyere. ## Mgbanwe olu: na-agbanwewanye ụda cell cell kristal, ma ọ bụ mpikota onu ma ọ bụ gbasaa ya. A na-emekarị nke a site n'ịkọba parampat lattice n'ụdị. ## Gbakọọ nrụgide: Maka olu ọ bụla gbanwere, mee ngụkọ DFT iji chọpụta nrụgide achọrọ iji dowe olu ahụ. DFT na-enye ohere maka mgbako nke nrụgide nrụgide nke na-enye ihe nrịbama nke nrụgide dị n'ime. ## Nrụgide-Volume Curve : Kpee nrụgide etinyere megide mgbanwe olu ga-apụta. Enwere ike gbakọọ modul dị ukwuu site na mkpọda nke mgbanaka a na mpaghara eriri ahịrị. A kọwapụtara modul dị ukwuu dị ka ''K'' = - ''VdVdP'', ebe ''V'' bụ ụda mbụ, ''dP'' bụ mgbanwe nrụgide, na ''dV'' bụ mgbanwe na olu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Choudhary|first=Kamal|date=2018-07-12|title=Elastic properties of bulk and low-dimensional materials using van der Waals density functional|journal=Physical Review B|language=en|volume=98|issue=1|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.98.014107|issn=2469-9950|pmid=32166206}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Hartsuijker|first=C.|title=Engineering Mechanics|url=https://archive.org/details/engineeringmecha0002char|series=Volume 2|year=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-4123-5}} * {{Cite journal|author=De Jong|first=M.|year=2015|title=Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds|journal=[[Scientific Data (journal)|Scientific Data]]|volume=2|doi=10.1038/sdata.2015.9|pages=150009|pmid=25984348}} m1dohwv6fnaoy4xh0ld0fryputuy9rw 0 52789 741851 727759 2026-10-28T18:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Heather Benedict Terrell''' (amuru na Nọvemba 24, 1968) <ref name="MHLD">{{Cite book|author=Hubbell|first=Martindale|date=September 1998|title=Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory: New York (New York City, Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island) Volume 13-1999|url=https://archive.org/details/martindalehubbel13mart|publisher=[[Martindale-Hubbell]]|isbn=9781561603244}}</ref> bu onye ode akwukwo America na onye oka iwu nke na-ede ufodu akwukwo ya n'okpuru aha pen '''Marie Benedict''' . <ref name="aboutmarie">{{Cite web|title=About Marie Benedict|url=http://www.authormariebenedict.com/about-marie.html|publisher=Marie Benedict|accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Terrell gara ma gụchaa na Upper St. Clair High School na Pittsburgh . Ọ gụrụ History na Art History na Boston College, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ magna cum laude. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About Heather|url=http://www.heatherterrell.com/content/author.asp?id=bio|accessdate=2022-05-30|work=Heather Terrell|archivedate=2021-12-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231013247/http://heatherterrell.com/content/author.asp?id=bio}}</ref> Ọ gara wee gụchaa cum laude <ref name=":0" /> na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Mahadum Boston . <ref name="MHLD"/> Terrell na di ya bụ́ Jim Terrell na ụmụ ha abụọ bi na Pittsburgh. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Boston University School of Law, Terrell rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba akwụkwọ maka afọ iri, na-eme na New York City na Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &amp;amp; Flom, na Morrison &amp;amp; Foerster . === Dị ka Heather Terrell === * {{Cite book|title=The Chrysalis: A Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWklV17g1qkC|date=15 May 2007|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-345-50029-8}} * {{Cite book|title=The Map Thief|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLNdKJHegWgC|date=April 2009|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-345-49469-6}} * {{Cite book|title=Brigid of Kildare: A Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGpLDwWmP_gC|date=9 February 2010|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-345-51529-2}} * {{Cite book|title=Fallen Angel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F79_Go-AgTwC&pg=PP6|date=28 December 2010|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-203966-8|pages=}} * {{Cite book|title=Eternity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPnJH4lunZkC&pg=PP6|date=28 June 2011|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-208447-7|pages=}} * {{Cite book|title=Relic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0wRnwEACAAJ|publisher=Soho Press|isbn=9781616954390|pages=|year=2013}} * {{Cite book|title=Boundary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csbCAwAAQBAJ|date=9 December 2014|publisher=Soho Press|isbn=9781616951986|pages=}} == Isi mmalite == * ''Ndị ode akwụkwọ dị n'ịntanetị'' . The Gale Group, 2008. PEN (nọmba ntinye na-adịgide adịgide): 0000177917. * Bob Hoover (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110804232501/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07119/781361-44.stm ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' : Profaịlụ nke Heather Terrell] . eweghachiri na Nọvemba 29, 2008. == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081109081937/http://www.heatherterrell.com/content/index.asp Weebụsaịtị Heather Terrell] Archived </link> * [http://www.authormariebenedict.com/ Marie Benedict webụsaịtị] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 26a2mvtawrm1wbjr8o8ch5ajweu1e5n 0 53503 741823 364105 2026-10-28T14:52:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741823 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:2002 Agathe Pembellot.jpg|thumb|2002 Agathe Pembellot]] Agathe Félicie Lélo Pembellot (21 Mee 1942 – 13 Ọktoba 2016) bụ onye ọkaikpe nwanyị mbụ nke Republic of the Congo Brazzaville. Ọ nọrọla ọtụtụ ọkwa na ngalaba ọkaikpe Congo Senior.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ndụ == Agathe Pembellot, nke si Republic of Congo, mụrụ na 21 Mee 1942 na Pointe-Noire, isi obodo Moyen-Congo, n'oge ahụ. Ọ bụ ọdụdụ nke abụọ n'ime ụmụaka itoolu, nke Anaclet Pembellot tọrọ ntọala (1908, Tandou Mboulou - 2003, Pointe-Noire), onye na-eje ozi na ụlọ ọrụ ekwentị nke mba; onye otu ezinụlọ Princely House nke Boulolo nke Vista.[1] (Loango) na nke Anna Bouiti (1920, Brazzaville - 2004, Pointe-Noire), onye ọrụ ugbo nke Tchiali [2] na ada nke ụmụ isii Bouiti..<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Clan Tchiali|author=Bouiti|first=Alexis|year=2002|location=Pointe-Noire|pages=9|language=fr}}</ref> Nne na nna ochie Agathe Pembellot bụ Jacques Bouiti I (1895, Diosso - 1958, Pointe-Noire), onye na-akwa ákwà na, onye na-edozi ndị ọrụ CFCO (Chemin de Fer du Congo Océan) - ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè mba - na Eugénie Soungou Makaya (1901, Diosso - 1985, Diosso). Nne na nna nna ya bụ Thomas Pembellot (1883, Sao Tome - ?), onye ntụgharị na onye na-akwa ákwà na Lélo Koutana (? - ?). Ndị Boulolos na ndị Tchialis, so n'ezinụlọ iri abụọ na asaa nke alaeze Loango. <ref>{{Cite journal|first=François|author=Gaulme|title=Hagenbucher-Sacripanti (Frank) : Les fondements spirituels du pouvoir au royaume de Loango|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_0300-9513_1974_num_61_224_1789_t1_0478_0000_2|journal=Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer|date=1974|volume=61|issue=224|pages=478–479}}</ref> N'oge ndị a, otu n'ime ógbè ndị mmadụ jupụtara na mpaghara n°4 Loandjili nke Pointe-Noire, isi obodo akụ na ụba nke Republic of Congo, ka na-ebu aha Tchiali, n'ihi na ha bụbu ndị nwe ala. Agathe Pembellot lụrụ Auguste Mambou (1941, Pointe-Noire - 2015, Pointe-noire), onye bụbu osote onye nduzi mba na onye bụbu onye nduzi mpaghara nke omenala na ịkwụ ụgwọ, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ ise. == Ihe omuma agụmakwụkwọ == Agathe Pembellot gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị mepere emepe nke ụmụ agbọghọ si Pointe-Noire (nke ọgbakọ okpukpe nke ụmụ nwanyị nke mmụọ nsọ na-achịkwa) (Ụmụ nwanyị nke mmụọ nsọ, [1]) ọ hapụrụ na 1956. Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Victor Augagneur na Pointe-Noire, ebe ọ ga-abụ onye mbụ Kongo Bachelor nke ụlọ akwụkwọ a na 1965. Nke a na-emepe ụzọ maka Center d'enseignement supérieur de Brazzaville (C.E.S.B.), [2] ebe ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ iwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Centre d'enseignement supérieur - Brazzaville|author=Renoux|first=Jacques|publisher=Imprimerie Jobard|year=1966|location=Dijon|pages=4–6|language=fr}}</ref> Onye nwere akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya na iwu nke C.E.S.B.<ref name=":0"/> na 1967, Agathe Pembellot lụrụ di na August 1968 wee soro di ya gaa [[France]], na ngwụcha afọ nke atọ nke [[Licence (grade universitaire)|ikike]] ya. Ọ gara afọ nke anọ na Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Paris (Panthéon-Sorbonne). Ọ gụsịrị akara ugo mmụta n'[[Licence de Droit|Iwu]] n'afọ 1969 wee gaa ọzụzụ ọkachamara ya na Centre national d'etudes judiciaires de Paris ruo n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970. N'otu afọ ahụ, a ṅụrụ ya iyi dị ka onye majie na Paris Palace of Justice. Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ikpe distrikti dị na Melun, ebe o nwere mmasị karịsịa na nsogbu nke mpụ ụmụaka <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Massamba|first=Jean-Claude|date=23 April 1973|title=Agathe Mambou, Première congolaise magistrat|journal=Mwasi, le Magazine de la Femme|language=fr|issue=1|pages=6–8}}</ref> == Ọrụ ikpe == Ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Agathe Pembellot laghachiri n'obodo ya bụ [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ezughị ezu nke ndị isi n'oge ahụ. Machị 11, 1973, ala nke Obí Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Brazzaville bụ ebe ememe nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ndị ọka ikpe. N'ezie, Agathe Pembellot, onye dị afọ 30, ṅụrụ iyi ịghọ nwanyị mbụ na-ekpe ikpe na Congo. Ihe omume a ga-emepụta ọrụ ma bụrụ mmalite nke ogologo usoro ụmụ nwanyị na iwu na Congo. Nke a gụnyere dịka ọmụmaatụ: Pauline Yoba a mụrụ Djembo, Jocelyne Milandou <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irenees.net/bdf_fiche-acteurs-500_fr.html|title=Association des Femmes Juristes du Congo (AFJC) - Irénées|work=www.irenees.net|accessdate=2016-09-09}}</ref> (osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ ikpe nke ndị na-ahụ maka nyocha na ọzụzụ mmefu ego), Henriette Diatoulou, Maître Danielle Babin (onye ọka iwu na ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị nke Paris na onye bụbu onye otu Council of the College of lawyers of Brazzaville na Congo), Nadia Josiane Laure Macosso, Sylvie Tchignoumba, Virginie N'dessa, Bertille Dothék Pemba, Caddy Elisabeth Ndala, Makala, Maleta, Mibé, Majem. Agathe Pembellot bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ndị ọka ikpe Congolese dị ka onye ọka ikpe maka ụmụaka. <ref name=":1"/> N'ihi ya, na mmekorita ya na ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọ na-agba mbọ ịchọta ngwọta maka nsogbu nke nwata. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'ịgbanwe ndị mkpọrọ n'ime ọha mmadụ, mgbe ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na nke a, n'agbanyeghị oke mpụ ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ nke onye mkpọrọ.<ref name=":1"/> O nweela ọrụ ndị a na-esonụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọha na eze nke Congo: * onye isi oche nke ụlọ ikpe ụmụaka Brazzaville; * onye isi oche nke ụlọ ikpe mpaghara nke Brazzaville; * onye isi oche nke ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe maka Brazzaville na 1976; * onye otu ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu na 1982, nwanyị mbụ a nabatara n'ime ụlọ ikpe kachasị ọnụ na Congo. * onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ruo 1993; * osote onye isi nnyocha nke ụlọ ikpe na ọrụ ikpe nke Ministry of Justice; * onye nkuzi na National school of administration and magistracy (ENAM) nke Brazzaville. N'oge ọrụ ya, Agathe Pembellot esorola ndị ogbo ama ama, ndị nwoke dịka Charles Assemekang (1926, Souanké - ?) onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu Congo; Placide Lenga, onye ọka iwu General lara ezumike nka na onye bụbu onye isi oche mbụ nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu; Isaac Locko, [1] onye bụbu onye otu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu; Louis Zoubabéla (1944, Mbanza-Ndounga - 2009, Paris), [2] ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye bụbu onye otu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu; Patrice Nzouala (? - 2003)[3], onye bụbu Dean nke ndị ikpe na-eme nchọpụta, Jean-François Tchibinda Kouangou (1943, Mpoumbou) onye bụbu onye ọka ikpe na onye bụbu Minister nke ikpe ziri ezi na onye na-echekwa akara, Gaston Mabouana, [4] onye bụbu General Onye nyocha nke Ụlọikpe na Ọrụ Ikpe nke Ministry of Justice na Alexis Gabou (1936, Brazzaville) bụbu onye ọka ikpe na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.congopage.com/Je-demande-aux-autorites|title=Je demande aux autorités congolaises de nous rendre notre dignité|date=27 May 2004|accessdate=2016-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=(Gaston)|first=Mabouana|date=1975-01-01|title=Mabouana (Gaston). La personnalité des peines, mémoire de D.E.S., Études pénales, criminologiques et d'adaptation sociale, Paris 2, 1975, dact., 159 f°.|url=https://criminocorpus.org/fr/bibliographie-histoire-justice/ouvrages/130407/}}</ref> Ọrụ Agathe Pembellot zuru oke na isi obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Brazzaville. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 2007. == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == Mambou-Pembellot, Agathe 1985 ̊ La preuve des crimes de sorcellerie devant le juge pénal congolais ̊, Revue juridique et politique, 1-2 (January-March): p. 124-128.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mambou Pembellot|first=Agathe Félicie|date=1985|title=La preuve des crimes de sorcellerie devant le juge penal congolais|url=http://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=189921080&DB=p|journal=Revue juridique et politique: Indépendance et coopération|volume=39|issue=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bernault|first=Florence|date=2009-10-05|title=De la modernité comme impuissance. Fétichisme et crise du politique en Afrique équatoriale et ailleurs|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_ARTICLE=CEA_195_0747|journal=Cahiers d'études africaines|volume=49|language=fr|issue=195|pages=747–774|doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.15609|issn=0008-0055}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mambou Pembellot|first=Agathe Félicie|year=1985|title=La preuve des crimes de sorcellerie devant le juge penal congolais.|url=http://bdp.camera.it/init/rivi/scheda/83457?links=P2780D83431D83432D83433D83434D83435D83436D83437D83438D83439D83440D83441D83442D83443D83444D83445D83446D83447D83448D83449D83450D83451D83452D83453D83454D83455D83456D83457D83458D83459D83460D83461N2782|journal=Revue Juridique et Politique Indépendance et Coopération|language=fr|volume=39|issue=1–2|pages=124–128|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173955/http://bdp.camera.it/init/rivi/scheda/83457?links=P2780D83431D83432D83433D83434D83435D83436D83437D83438D83439D83440D83441D83442D83443D83444D83445D83446D83447D83448D83449D83450D83451D83452D83453D83454D83455D83456D83457D83458D83459D83460D83461N2782|archive-date=2018-12-15|access-date=2024-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal|first=E.A.B.|date=1990|title=Sorcellerie et justice coutumière dans une société togolaise . Une quantité négligeable?|journal=Journal of Legal Pluralism|volume=29|pages=137–162}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fisiy|first=Cyprian F.|title=Judges and Witches, or How is the State to Deal with Witchcraft ? Examples from Southeast Cameroon|journal=Cahiers d'études africaines|volume=30|issue=118|pages=135–156|doi=10.3406/cea.1990.1617|year=1990}}</ref> &nbsp; == Onye otu ndị a: == Agathe Pembellot esonyewo n'òtù ndị a: * onye bụbu onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke ngalaba Congolese nke IDEF (International institute of Law of the French inspiration) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072412/http://www.institut-idef.org/Section-Congolaise-Brazzaville.html] E debere ya na Wayback Machine; * onye otu IFWLC (International Federation of Women in Legal Careers) / FIFCJ (Fédération Internationale des Femmes des Carrières Juridiques); * njikọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọka iwu nke Congo (AFJC). * onyeisi oche nke kọmitii mba maka ụmụaka; == Hụkwa == * Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọka iwu mbụ gburugburu ụwa * Ndepụta nke ndị ọka iwu na ndị ọka ikpe mbụ n'Africa == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kuwlhfhyy40h501m2tnn4tysgfafteo 0 53549 741824 719764 2026-10-28T15:13:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741824 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Agnes Torres</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Agnes_Torres.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1983<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Tehuacán]], [[Puebla]], Mexico</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |10 Machị 2012 (afọ 28) <br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Atlixco]], Puebla, Mexico</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" |[[Universidad Veracruzana|Mahadum Veracruz]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ (s) | class="infobox-data role" |[[Psychologist|Ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ]], onye nchọpụta, onye na-agba mbọ LGBT |} Agnes Torres Hernández, ma ọ bụ Agnés Torres (amụrụ 1983, Tehuacán - d. 10 Maachị 2012, Atlixco) bụ ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Mexico, onye nyocha na onye na-akwado transgender. Torres kwadoro maka nkwado iwu nke ndị transgender na Mexico, ma gbuo ya maka ọrụ ya na 10 Maachị 2012.[1] Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọgbakọ ọgbakọ steeti Puebla webatara "mpụ ịkpọasị" na koodu nchekwa obodo maka mpụ emere na ndabere nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ usoro mmekọahụ..<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cantorán|first=Josué|title=Sin prevención, la tipificación de crímenes de odio está coja: Odesyr|url=http://ladobe.com.mx/2015/03/sin-prevencion-la-tipificacion-de-crimenes-de-odio-esta-coja-odesyr/|work=Lado B|date=17 March 2015|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> == Mmụta == Agnes Torres Hernández mezuru akara ugo mmụta akparamaagwa ya na nkwanye ugwu na 2001 na Mahadum Veracruz. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ike ịnata nzere ya n'ihi na enyere ya n'okpuru aha ọnwụ ya ọ bụghị n'okpuru aha Agne.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Aroche|first=Ernesto|title=Piden a la UV otorgue el título a Agnes Torres|url=http://ladobe.com.mx/2012/03/piden-a-la-uv-otorgue-el-titulo-a-agnes-torres/|date=15 March 2012|work=Lado B|accessdate=29 August 2015|language=es}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, Mahadum Veracruz nyere Torres akara ugo mmụta ya n'ihi ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name="cuatro">{{Cite news|author=Couttolenc Soto|first=José Luis|title=UV reconoció trayectoria académica y de lucha social de Agnes Torres|url=https://www.uv.mx/noticias/2014/05/22/uv-reconocio-trayectoria-academica-y-de-lucha-social-de-agnes-torres/|date=22 May 2014|publisher=Veracruz University|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Torres advocated for the right to rectify birth certificates and collaborated with Humana Nación Trans to seek respect and recognition for transgender persons at the national level.{Cite news|author=Rangel|first=Xóchitl|title=Asesinan a activista transexual en Puebla|url=http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/835306.html|work=El Universal|date=12 March 2012|accessdate=29 August 2015|language=es}}</ref> She also worked with the Democracy and Sexuality Network (DEMYSEX) and Erósfera.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Baruch|first=Ricardo|title=¿Quién fue Agnes Torres?|url=http://www.sinembargo.mx/opinion/21-03-2012/5776|work=Sin Embargo|date=21 March 2012|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115506/http://www.sinembargo.mx/opinion/21-03-2012/5776|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Torres tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa megide Javier López Zavala, onye PRI na-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke Puebla, na National Council to Prevent Discrimination maka okwu mkparị López mere na arụmụka ntuli aka gbasara njirimara transgender.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Crisanto|first=Guadalupe|title=Agnes Torres, la luchadora incansable|url=http://www.sexenio.com.mx/puebla/articulo.php?id=9077|work=Sexenio|date=16 March 2012|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> == Ogbugbu == Dị ka akụkọ sitere n'aka Attorney General nke Steeti Puebla si kwuo, a chọtara ozu Torres n'okporo ụzọ Siglo XXI na 10 Machị 2012, na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke mmekpa ahụ. N'ihi ime ihe ike doro anya a na-eme ya, e kewara ogbugbu Torres dị ka Mpụ ịkpọasị na-adabere na Transphobia. <ref name="uno">{{Cite news|author=Cruz|first=Elvia|title=La activista transgénero Agnés Torres es hallada muerta en Puebla|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/03/12/la-activista-transgenero-agnes-torres-es-hallada-muerta-en-puebla|work=[[CNN México]]|date=12 March 2012|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> <ref name="cinco">{{Cite news|author=Rangel|first=Xóchitl|title=Asesinan a activista transexual en Puebla|url=http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/835306.html|work=El Universal|date=12 March 2012|accessdate=29 August 2015|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRangel2012">Rangel, Xóchitl (12 March 2012). [http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/835306.html "Asesinan a activista transexual en Puebla"]. ''El Universal'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Castañeda|first=Alfonso|title=Transfobia: las otras muertas|url=http://www.sinembargo.mx/24-05-2012/242466|date=24 May 2012|work=Sin Embargo|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> Attorney General nke Puebla jidere mmadụ anọ a na-enyo enyo na ha metụtara ogbugbu Torres, ebe nke ise ka bụ onye na-agba ọsọ. Afọ atọ ka e gbusịrị ya, na Machị 2015, ọ dịghị onye e boro ebubo maka ogbugbu Torres. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Velázquez|first=Edmundo|title=A tres años del asesinato de Agnes Torres, uno de sus homicidas sigue libre|url=http://www.periodicocentral.mx/2014/nota-roja/a-tres-anos-del-asesinato-de-agnes-torres-uno-de-sus-homicidas-sigue-libre|date=11 March 2015|work=Periódico Central|language=es|accessdate=29 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071207/http://www.periodicocentral.mx/2014/nota-roja/a-tres-anos-del-asesinato-de-agnes-torres-uno-de-sus-homicidas-sigue-libre|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ == sj3ppgg5k48u29xj0l3jvheym80zqbx 0 53668 741847 364759 2026-10-28T18:04:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aimee de Heeren (neé Sotto Maior) taking internet lessons at the Cybercafe de Paris in Paris in 2003.jpg|thumb|Onye Heeren hụrụ n'anya]] ''Aimée de Heeren,'' onye amụrụ '''Aimée Soto-Maior de Sá''' ma ọ bụ Aimée De Sotomayor <ref name="Rasponi1968">{{Cite book|author=Rasponi|first=Lanfranco|title=The golden oases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2kWvAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=20 January 2012|year=1968|publisher=Putnam}}</ref> (3 August 1903 - 13 September 2006), <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/classified/paid-notice-deaths-heeren-aimee-de-sa-sottomaior.html Paid Notice: Deaths – Heeren, Aimee de sa Sottomaior]</ref> bụ onye Brazil na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na onye ọrụ nzuzo nke e nyere ọrụ igbochi Getúlio Vargas, onye bụbu onye isi ala Brazil, ka ọ ghara ịmekọrịta [[World War II|WW2]] na Nazi Germany. Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị Vera de Sá Sottomaior, onye lụrụ John Felix Charles "Ivor" Bryce, Randal Plunkett, 19th Baron of Dunsany, na Sir Walter Frederic Pretyman. Site n'aka nwanne ya nwanyị, ọ bụ nwanne nne nke Baron nke 20 nke Dunsany. A mụrụ ya na Castro, Paraná, dị ka nwa nwanyị nke ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Genésio de Sá Sotomayor na Julieta Sampaio Quentel. == Rio de Janeiro == N'afọ 1930, ọ kwagara [[Rio de Janeiro]], ebe ọ lụrụ Luís Simões Lopes, onyeisi ndị ọrụ nke Onye isi ala Getúlio Vargas. De Heeren biri na Catete Palace, oche onye isi ala nke Brazil, na-akpata esemokwu banyere mmekọrịta ya na onye isi ala. De Heeren ekwuputala ma ọ bụ gọnahụ ebubo ahụ. Ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ọnwụ Vargas na 1954, e bipụtara akwụkwọ nzuzo ya na ọtụtụ ntinye aka na "bem-amada" ya (English: "onye a hụrụ n'anya"). Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwenyere na "bem-amada" bụ Aimée de Heeren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://criticanarede.com/lds_vargas.html|title=Portuguese review on President Vargas Diary|accessdate=2014-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906011157/http://criticanarede.com/lds_vargas.html|archivedate=2014-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.br/istoe-temp/1930/cultura/1930_bem_amada_de_getulio.htm|title=Portuguese article in Terra|accessdate=2014-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019135854/http://www.terra.com.br/istoe-temp/1930/cultura/1930_bem_amada_de_getulio.htm|archivedate=2014-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/4468_MARCO+DAMIANI |title=Portuguese article in Istoe |accessdate=2024-10-17 |archivedate=2016-02-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224020328/http://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/4468_MARCO+DAMIANI }}</ref><ref>[http://revistamarieclaire.globo.com/Mulheres-do-Mundo/noticia/2013/08/aimee-sotto-mayor-revelada-mulher-que-abalou-o-coracao-de-getulio-vargas.html Portuguese article in Marie Claire]</ref> == Onye ọrụ nzuzo na Paris == N'afọ 1938, e zigara de Hereren na France ịchọta ozi maka Onye isi ala Vargas. A kpọrọ Vargas ka ọ sonye n'Ike Axis. Dị ka onye na-emepụta ejiji, Aimée zutere ndị si na Europe gụnyere Victor Sassoon na Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster. A na-ekwu na Duke nke Westminster bụ onye ọ na-emetụta.<ref name="Wakeman">{{Cite book|author=Wakeman|first=Rosemary|title=The Worlds of Victor Sassoon: Bombay, London, Shanghai, 1918–1941|date=12 July 2024|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-83419-1|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Worlds_of_Victor_Sassoon/07sIEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Aim%C3%A9e%20de%20Heeren&pg=PA114&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=9 October 2024|language=en}}</ref> Ndị otu ya gụnyere onye ọka iwu Germany na onye mmegide Nazi Helmuth James Graf von Moltke, onye nyere ya ozi nzuzo banyere Germany.<ref name="The spectator">{{Cite book|title=The spectator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bfhAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=20 January 2012|date=1 January 2004|publisher=F.C. Westley}}</ref> Site na ozi a, o mere ka Onye isi ala Vargas pụọ na njikọ aka ya na Axis. A hụkwara De Heeren na Coco Chanel (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka onye ọrụ Nazi) n'ọtụtụ oriri, gụnyere ihe omume Circus Bal abụọ Elsie de Wolfe nyere.<ref>Charlie Scheips, ''Elsie de Wolfe's Paris - frivolity before the storm'', New York, Abrams Books, 2014, 159 pages, page 69</ref><ref>[http://ftp.abramsbooks.com/abrams/Publicity_Fall14/Elsie/ElsieDeWolfe_interior_4_24.pdf PDF file of the Book Elsie de Wolfe's Paris]</ref> Chanel na de Heeren nọgidere bụrụ ezigbo ndị enyi, ọkachasị na njedebe nke ndụ Chanel.<ref>[http://cremerieparis.com/chanel Coco Chanel and Aimée de Heeren, history of the Cremerie de Paris]</ref> Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ [https://www.vogue.com/ US ''Vogue''] Bettina Ballard si kwuo, de Heeren, nke a na-akpọ Aimée Lopez ma ọ bụ Aimée López de Sotto Major n'oge ahụ, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ndị France:   == New York na ụgbọelu == N'ihi ọrụ ndị Nazi na-achị France, a manyere ya ịkwaga USA, ebe ya na Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., bụ onye kasị ochie n'ime ụmụnne Kennedy, onye ya na ya nwere ịhụnanya mgbe ọ nọ na Europe.[1] Ọbụbụenyi ya na ezinụlọ Kennedy dịgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. O mechara lụọ onye Spen onye America Rodman Arturo Heeren, nwa nwa Antonio Heeren, 1st Count of Heeren, na nwa nwa John Wanamaker, onye nchoputa nke Wanamaker Department Stores. Di na nwunye a nwere ụlọ na Paris, New York City, Palm Beach, Florida, na Biarritz, mana dịka ndị otu jet set ọ dịghị mgbe ha nọrọ n'otu ebe ruo ogologo oge.[1] Di na nwunye ahụ nwere otu nwa nwanyị: Cristina Heeren y Sá de Sotomayor, Countess 3 nke Heeren . <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Barbanel|first=Josh|title=The Penthouse Solution|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/realestate/18deal1.html|accessdate=9 October 2024|publisher=New York Times|date=16 Jan 2009}}</ref> Edepụtara De Heeren dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom kachasị ejiji n'ụwa ọtụtụ oge, na mbipụta 1941 nke Time magazin gụnyere ya dị ka nọmba atọ na ndepụta nke "Ụmụ nwanyị iri kacha mma n'ụwa".[1] A kpọtụrụ ya aha na magazin ndị dị ka Vogue.[2] Agụnyere ya na ndepụta aha ewu ewu kacha mma nke mba ụwa na 1996.<ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2014/09/international-best-dressed-hall-of-fame ''Vanity Fair Best dressed list'']</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Zilkha|first=Bettina|title=Ultimate Style – The Best of the Best Dressed List|url=https://archive.org/details/ultimatestylebes0000bett|year=2004|isbn=2-84323-513-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ultimatestylebes0000bett/page/160 160]}}</ref> == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe n'ịntanetị na Crèmerie de Paris.[1] Nke a rụpụtara na imepụta ibe akwụkwọ ọcha nke Brazil.[2] N'afọ 2005, mgbe ọ dị afọ 102, ọ gara Belgrade iji gaa ụbọchị ọmụmụ 60th nke Crown Prince Alexander nke Yugoslavia, na White Palace.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aimée de Heeren(3 August 1903 – 13 September 2006)|url=http://www.elegancepedia.com/26/post/2021/08/aimee-de-heeren3-august-1903-13-september-2006.html|accessdate=2024-02-02|work=ELEGANCEPEDIA|language=en}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 2006, na New York City, mgbe ọ dị afọ 103.<ref name="NYT"/> == Ebem si dee == tp1xyk5bzmwgnlngtixkv1qba9cvnry 0 54336 741884 739462 2026-10-29T04:09:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Amelia Morrison Macdonald (17 June 1865 – 31 Ọgọst 1946) bụ onye na-eme mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na Australia na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị amụrụ na Scotland. Ọ bụ onye ntọala ntọala nke Women Justice Association nke Western Australia.. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Macdonald na 1865 na Blackburn na Scotland mana a zụlitere ya na West Govan na Glasgow. Nne na nna ya bụ Isabella (amụrụ McRae) na Peter Fraser bụ ndị mere gbọmgbọm. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa akwa na na 1886 ọ lụrụ Alexander Parkinson Macdonald na West Govan. Ọ bụ onye na-eri nri na onye na-elekọta ụgbọ mmiri, ha kwagara Sydney na Australia ebe ọ bụ onye na-akwa akwa ruo afọ itoolu. Na 1896 ya na Alexander kwagara Western Australia ebe ọ na-agba ọsọ cafe na Perth. Ọ bụ ezigbo onye otu St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, mana o sonyekwara na Theosophical Society.. N'afọ 1909, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Women's Service Guilds of Western Australia nke sochiri nleta Annie Besant. Ha chọrọ ịhụ ka ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na usoro iwu, maka ụmụ nwanyị ka ha nwee nlekọta nne ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ha alụghị di.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Service Guilds of Western Australia|url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/entries/womens-service-guilds-of-western-australia/|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=AWR|language=en-AU}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, a họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ndị ọka ikpe nke udo na Western Australia na 1925, e guzobere The Women Justices Association of Western Australia. Ọ bụ ebe obibi ime mmụọ maka uto nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ikpe nke udo.<ref name="discrim">{{Cite web|title=History of Justices of Peace in WA {{!}} Royal Association of Justices|url=https://rajwa.org.au/history-of-justices-of-peace-in-wa/|accessdate=2024-01-21|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241017032035/https://rajwa.org.au/history-of-justices-of-peace-in-wa/|archive-date=2024-10-17|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Macdonald ghọrọ JP n'afọ gara aga ma bụrụ onye isi ala ruo 1929. Njikọ ahụ chọrọ igbochi usoro iwu Australia ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="discrim" /> Njikọ ahụ mere mkpọsa maka ụmụ nwanyị ịbụ ndị ọka ikpe, lekọta mmeso ụmụaka na ụmụaka ma gbaa mbọ ka e mepụta ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ iji lelee esemokwu ụlọ nke ụlọ ikpe ndị uwe ojii na-edozi. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Macdonald nwụrụ na mpaghara Perth nke Subiaco, Western Australia na 1946.[1] Akwụkwọ ya dị.[2] Na 2008, Women's Justice Association of WA kwụsịrị ịbụ. E kpebisiri ike na "Emebiwo mgbidi nke ajọ mbunobi nke ọma". <ref name="discrim" /> == Ihe oriri na ọṅụṅụ == == Njikọ mpụga == jpebyspvwbnertl6hqepco614oyflwm 0 54383 741885 207548 2026-10-29T04:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amina Mousso Ouédraogo''' aha ya bụ '''Aminata Mousso Traoré''' (amụrụ na June 12, 1948) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Burkinabé. Ọ bụ Nwanyị mbụ nọrọ n'ọkwa onye ogbugbo nke [[Burkina Faso]] site na 2005 ruo 2011.{{Cite web|accessdate=2022-11-12|language=en|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|work=African Women in Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112120102/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|archive-date=2022-11-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amina Mousso gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Philipe Zinda Kaboré. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ baccalaureate, ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na [[France]] na Mahadum Aix-en-Province. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu n'afọ 1976 na nzere masta n'iwu. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ laghachiri na mba ahụ.{{Cite web|accessdate=2022-11-12|language=en|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|work=African Women in Law}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241127181839/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9- "Pioneer African Women in Law"]. ''African Women in Law''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ọkwa onye ogbugbo nke Burkina Faso . <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2022-11-12|title=Amina Ouédraogo prend officiellement fonction - leFaso.net|url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article6924|work=lefaso.net}}</ref> Amina Mousso bụ otu n'ime Ndị majie mbụ nke Burkina Faso. == Ọrụ == Amina Mousso Ouédraogo Traoré malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ ikpe na Burkina Faso na 1979. O sonyeere Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ouagadougou dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nọchiri anya onye ọka iwu ma bụrụ onye ọka iwu. Mgbe ahụ na 1991, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ mgbe Tiémoko Marc Garango na Jean-Baptiste Kafando gachara n'ọkwa onye ogbugbo Burkina Faso. Ọ malitere ịmepụta otu ndị ọkàiwu ndị inyom Burkina Faso. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke otu ndị ogbugbo nke mba ndị otu West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA).[1] Ọ lara ezumike nká ma na-aga n'ihu na-abụ onye otu ndị isi oche nke Higher State Control Authority (ASCE-LC). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|accessdate=2022-11-12|language=en|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|work=African Women in Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112120102/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|archive-date=2022-11-12|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9- "Pioneer African Women in Law"]. ''African Women in Law''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2022-11-12|date=2018-07-11|first=Editions|language=fr-FR|author=Lepays|title=Révélations :|url=https://lepays.bf/53466-2/|work=Editions Le Pays}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Na Disemba 26, 2011, ọ natara utu aha nke National Officer of the Order of Merit . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|accessdate=2022-11-12|language=en|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|work=African Women in Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112120102/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9-|archive-date=2022-11-12|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20241127181839/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Amina-Mousso-Ou%C3%A9draogo-Traor%C3%A9- "Pioneer African Women in Law"]. ''African Women in Law''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Aminata Mousso lụrụ Alioune Ouédraogo, Prọfesọ nke Physics na Mahadum Ki Zerbo nke Ouagadougou. Ọ bụ nne ụmụ abụọ (ụmụ nwoke). <ref name=":0"/> == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lywnf78jcpioxwdjx94as11foji6qri 0 54393 741887 739464 2026-10-29T04:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741887 wikitext text/x-wiki   Amsterdam Roller Derby bụ bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị flat track roller derby nke dabere na Amsterdam, Netherlands. Tọrọ ntọala na 2009, otu egwuregwu nwere otu abụọ na-asọ mpi megide otu sitere na asọmpi ndị ọzọ, ma bụrụ onye otu Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) <ref name="member" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Amsterdam Roller Derby na 2009, egwuregwu mbụ na Netherlands. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010, ọ bụ otu n'ime egwuregwu anọ dị na mba ahụ, na 2011 e gosipụtara ya na telivishọn mba ahụ, na "Hart Van Nederland". N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013, a nabatara Amsterdam dị ka onye otu Women's Flat Track Derby Association Apprentice Programme. na Amsterdam ghọrọ onye otu WFTDA zuru oke na Disemba 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=WFTDA Welcomes 29 New Member Leagues - LatestNews - Women’s Flat Track Derby Association|url=https://wftda.org/news/wftda-welcomes-29-new-member-leagues|work=wftda.org|publisher=WFTDA|accessdate=16 April 2017|date=22 December 2014}}</ref> E guzobere otu ahụ dị ka "Amsterdam Derby Dames", na 2017, a gbanwere aha nzukọ ahụ dị ka ""Amsterdam Roller Derby".<ref name="member">{{Cite web|title=Amsterdam Roller Derby – WFTDA|url=https://wftda.com/wftda-leagues/amsterdam-roller-derby/|work=wftda.com|publisher=WFTDA|accessdate=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713185917/https://wftda.com/wftda-leagues/amsterdam-roller-derby/|archive-date=13 July 2024|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''wftda.com''. WFTDA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Na mbido afọ 2018, a gbanwere aha ụmụ agbọghọ B.ADD ka ha bụrụ "BattleStars". == Ọnọdụ WFTDA == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Oge !Ọnọdụ ikpeazụ !Egwuregwu !Mmeri |- |2015 |200 WFTDA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings: December 31, 2015 – WFTDA|url=https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2015/|work=wftda.com|publisher=WFTDA|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> |''DNQ'' |''DNQ'' |- |2016 |248 WFTDA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings: December 31, 2016 – WFTDA|url=https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2016/|work=wftda.com|publisher=WFTDA|accessdate=16 April 2017}}</ref> |''DNQ'' |''DNQ'' |- |2017 |144 WFTDA<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings: December 31, 2017 – WFTDA|url=https://wftda.com/rankings-december-31-2017/|work=wftda.com|publisher=WFTDA|accessdate=17 April 2018}}</ref> |''DNQ'' |''DNQ'' |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} lxokfvc0zas7c6uo0hiujvhbot9x02p 0 54679 741889 739467 2026-10-29T05:39:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741889 wikitext text/x-wiki Angel Beats! 1st Beat bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụụ nke Japan mepụtara site na Key, akara ngosi nka. A tọhapụrụ ya na June 26, 2015 maka Windows ma kwadoro ya maka afọ niile. Egwuregwu ahụ dabere na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn Anime nke afọ 2010 Angel Beats !, nke Jun Maeda chepụtara na mbụ, ma na-emegharị ihe nkiri gosipụtara na anime. Akụkọ a na-eme na ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị ma lekwasị anya na Otonashi, nwa nwoke tụfuru ndụ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. O debanyere aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị wee zute otu nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Yuri bụ́ onye kpọrọ ya òkù isonye na Afterlife Battlefront—òtù ọ na-edu nke na-alụso Chineke ọgụ. The Battlefront na-alụ ọgụ megide kansụl ụmụ akwụkwọ Angel, nwa agbọghọ nwere ikike karịrị nke mmadụ. Egwuregwu egwu na Angel Beats! na-eso ahịrị alaka alaka mmekọrịta nwere ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. N'ịbụ nke e bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu eji egwu egwu, Maeda mechara kwenye ime ya ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu egwuregwu ọhụụ ọhụụ. Mgbe ị na-emepụta egwuregwu ahụ, Maeda achọghị ịgụnye nhọrọ maka onye ọkpụkpọ na-agaghị enwe mmetụta bara uru, ya mere nhọrọ ndị e nyere lekwasịrị anya iji nwee mmetụta na nkata na mmekọrịta agwa. Onye nyocha kwuru na usoro egwuregwu ya na-eme ka ọ dị ka egwuregwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere egwuregwu egwuregwu ndị ọzọ ewepụtara n'otu oge, nke nwere obere nhọrọ maka onye ọkpụkpọ na ahịrị atụmatụ dị iche iche. 1st Beat họọrọ dị ka egwuregwu PC kacha ere ere na Japan maka oge ewepụtara ya, wee depụta ya na mba 50 kacha elu ugboro abụọ karịa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. == Atụmatụ == === Ntọala na egwuregwu === Angel Beats! edobere n'ime ụwa mgbe a nwụsịrị, [1] nke na-eme dị ka limbo ebe ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-amụta ịhapụ ihe ọ bụla na-adịte aka site na ndụ tupu ha agafee. Ndị nọ na limbo a nwere ike iri nri, nwee ahụ mgbu, ma nwee ike ịnwụ ọzọ, naanị ịkpọte ma emechaa n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị na-adịghị na mbụ n'ụwa a site na unyi dabere na amaara ya mgbe ọ dị ndụ. N'ihe banyere ngwa agha, nke a nwere ike ịmalite site na ngwa agha melee dị mfe ruo na ngwa agha dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe mgbawa. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji mmemme kọmputa mepụta eziokwu agwakọta, dịka mgbe Kanade na-emepụta ike karịrị nke mmadụ site na mmemme akpọrọ Angel Player..<ref name="4gamer1"/>   Dị ka ihe karịrị mmadụ visual akwụkwọ, onye ọkpụkpọ na-ewere ọrụ nke Yuzuru Otonashi.[1] A na-eji ọtụtụ egwuregwu egwuregwu ya n'ịgụ akụkọ na mkparịta ụka. Ederede dị na egwuregwu ahụ na-esonyere sprites agwa, nke na-anọchite anya onye Otonashi na-agwa okwu, karịa nka ndabere. N'ime egwuregwu ahụ, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ na-ezute ihe osise CG n'akụkụ ụfọdụ na akụkọ ahụ, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ nka nka na agwa agwa. Angel Beats! na-esote ahịrị nkata nke nwere ọtụtụ ngwụcha, yana dabere na mkpebi onye ọkpụkpọ na-eme n'oge egwuregwu ahụ, nkata ahụ ga-aga n'ihu n'otu ụzọ akọwapụtara..<ref name="4gamer1" /> O nwere ahịrị atọ maka ihe odide Yui, Masami Iwasawa na Matsushita. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Angel Beats!|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|language=ja}}</ref> N'ime egwuregwu niile, a na-enye onye ọkpụkpọ ọtụtụ nhọrọ ịhọrọ, na ederede ọ na-akwụsịtụ na ebe ndị a ruo mgbe a họọrọ. Iji lelee usoro ihe omume niile n'ozuzu ha, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ ga-emegharị egwuregwu ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro ma họrọ nhọrọ dị iche iche iji kwalite atụmatụ ahụ na ntụziaka ọzọ.<ref name="4gamer1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.4gamer.net/games/244/G024415/20140107024/|title=「AngelBeats! 1st beat」が2014年に発売。麻枝 准氏原作のTVアニメ「AngelBeats!」を題材にしたアドベンチャーゲームだ|publisher=4Gamer|date=January 7, 2014|accessdate=January 16, 2014|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.4gamer.net/games/244/G024415/20140107024/ "「AngelBeats! 1st beat」が2014年に発売。麻枝 准氏原作のTVアニメ「AngelBeats!」を題材にしたアドベンチャーゲームだ"] &#x5B;Angel Beats! 1st beat will be Sold in 2014. It's an Adventure Game Made From Jun Maeda's Original TV Anime Angel Beats!&#x5D; (in Japanese). 4Gamer. January 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> A na-agụnye atụmatụ map na-enye onye ọkpụkpọ ohere iso onye ọkpam na-emekọrịta ihe n'usoro ọ bụla ha họọrọ. Egwuregwu ahụ gụnyere ihe 200 zoro ezo.<ref name="famitsu-2">{{Cite web|author=Asaba, Taiga|url=http://www.famitsu.com/news/201506/26081595.html#page02|title=『Angel Beats! -1st beat-』プレイインプレッションをお届け! いま絶対に遊んでおきたい本作の魅力を語り尽くす(2/2)|publisher=[[Famitsu]]|date=June 26, 2015|accessdate=September 15, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> === Akụkọ === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Otonashi na ndị ọzọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi "dị mma" bi na ya a na-akpọ "ndị na-abụghị ndị na-egwu egwu" ndị na-abụghị mmadụ, mana ha na-ele anya ma na-eme akụkụ ahụ. N'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-ezukọta n'ọfịs onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ - isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Afterlife Battlefront (VVALWALWAL, Shinda Sekai Sensen, (SSS)), otu nzukọ nke na-alụso Chineke ọgụ maka obi ọjọọ ndị otu SSS nwere na ndụ.<ref name="dengeki1">{{Cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/000/779/779309/|title=PCゲーム『Angel Beats! 1st beat』2014年発売! 第1巻の攻略キャラは岩沢、ユイ……そして松下五段!?|publisher=[[ASCII Media Works]]|date=January 1, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014|language=ja}}</ref> Na SSS, e nwere otu ụmụ nwanyị niile aha ya bụ Girls Dead Monster nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ n'oge ọrụ, na otu nzukọ dị n'okpuru ala a na-akpọ Guild nke na-emepụta ngwá agha ma na-enye ha SSS. Onye guzobere ya na onye ndú ya bụ Yuri Nakamura gwara Otonashi ka ọ sonye na SSS. SSS na-alụ ọgụ megide Kanade Tachibana, nke a na-akpọkwa Angel, onye isi oche kansụl ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị nke ọrụ ya chọrọ ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ ndị na-emebi ihe nke otu ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na SSS na mbụ na-ele Kanade anya dị ka onye iro ha, Otonashi mechara bụrụ enyi ya wee sonye na SSS. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Otonashi malitere inyere ndị otu SSS ndị ọzọ aka imeri ịkwa ụta ọ bụla ha nwere na ndụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu. N'ime usoro ahụ, Otonashi na-adịkwu nso na ndị ọzọ ka ọ na-amụta ihe gbasara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ nwere usoro ịhụnanya dị n'etiti Otonashi na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị dike, ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na esemokwu nke ndị na-ese onyinyo ahụ abụghị iji mee ka ihe ndị na-ahụ n'anya dị ndụ, kamakwa inye ihe dị mkpa nke karịrị ịhụnanya.<ref name="famitsu-2" /> == Mmepe na ntọhapụ == Na-esochi mmechi nke ''Angel Beats!'' Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn anime na June 2010, Jun Maeda kwuru n'oge nkuzi na Mahadum Kyoto na Nọvemba 2010 na ọ malitere ide ihe nkiri maka egwuregwu vidio nwere ike ime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-11-21/key-head/maeda-working-on-possible-angel-beats-game|title=Key Head: Maeda Working on Possible ''Angel Beats!'' Game|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=November 21, 2010|accessdate=November 21, 2010}}</ref> Maeda gara n'ihu na-emepe ọrụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na o butere ọrụ ndị ọzọ ọ na-arụ n'oge ahụ ụzọ, nke dugara na ọkwa egwuregwu ahụ na Septemba 2013.<ref name="G's201312"/>{{Cite journal|title=Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|date=October 30, 2013|language=ja|pages=22–27}}</ref><ref name="ann-game">{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-27/jun-maeda-angel-beats-anime-gets-game-green-lit|title=Jun Maeda's ''Angel Beats'' Anime Gets Game Green-Lit|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=September 27, 2013|accessdate=September 27, 2013}}</ref> Takahiro Baba, onye isi oche nke Visual Arts, bu ụzọ chee na ọ bụ egwuregwu vidio a na-ewepụta n'ọtụtụ mpịakọta, n'agbanyeghị obi abụọ na mmegide Maeda na echiche ahụ, mana Baba kwuru na ọ ga-eburu ibu ọrụ maka nkatọ ọ bụla sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado ya. Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ọtụtụ mpịakọta bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe odide na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ''Angel Beats!''akụkọ; Baba chere na ọ ga-ewe ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ ise iji mezue ma ọ bụrụ na ha echere ịtọhapụ ya dị ka otu egwuregwu. Baba chekwara na enwere ike izere oge egwuregwu dị ogologo site na ịkewa egwuregwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ mpịakọta.<ref name="G's201312" /> Maeda duziri ndị otu mmepụta dị ka Onye na-emepụta egwuregwu na otu n'ime ndị na-ede ihe nkiri. <ref name="game-products"/> Ndị edemede abụọ ọzọ gụnyere Kai, onye nyere aka na ihe omume nke egwuregwu 2004 nke Key bụ ''Clannad'', na Leo Kashida, onye rụrụ ọrụ na ihe omume egwuregwu 2005 nke Key bụ Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life na egwuregwu 2007 bụ Little Busters!. <ref name="game-products" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=983|publisher=ErogameScape|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102120924/http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=983|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=3064|publisher=ErogameScape|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103022243/http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=3064|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref>Na mgbakwunye na onye edemede ọ bụla na-ahụ maka ihe omume ụfọdụ, Maeda gbakwunyere ihe omume ndị Kai na Kashida dere site n'ịduzi ederede na mgbalị mmekorita. N'ịmepụta usoro egwuregwu ahụ na nhọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ime, Maeda achọghị itinye nhọrọ maka onye ọkpịsị nke na-agaghị enwe mmetụta bara uru, yabụ e mere nhọrọ ndị e nyere iji nwee mmetụta na atụmatụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dabere na ''Angel Beats!'' anime, 1st Beat na-ekpuchi ruo na nke itoolu nke anime, gụnyere ọdịnaya pụrụ iche na egwuregwu ahụ, tupu ọ gbasaa n'ime ụzọ ndị mmadụ. <ref name="G's201312">{{Cite journal|title=Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|date=October 30, 2013|language=ja|pages=22–27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">"Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba". ''[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]'' (in Japanese) (December 2013). [[ASCII Media Works]]: 22–27. October 30, 2013.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref><ref name="game-outline"/> E mere atụmatụ ahụ ka ọ dị iche n'oge ihe omume pụrụ iche na-esonyere Ihe osise CG na ihe ndị nkịtị tupu ha agbakọta ọzọ. Maeda chọrọ ime ''Angel Beats!'' na mbụ! egwuregwu na-arụ ọrụ dị iche na egwuregwu ọhụụ ọhụụ. Maeda chekwara na e kwesịrị ibu ụzọ wepụta ya na PlayStation Vita.<ref name="G's201312" /> Na-Ga, onye nyere n'oge gara aga atụmatụ njirimara mbụ maka ''Angel Beats!'' anime, <ref name="anime-staff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.angelbeats.jp/staff/|title=スタッフ|publisher=[[Aniplex]]|accessdate=January 1, 2014|language=ja}}</ref> mepụtara atụmatụ maka ihe odide ndị e webatara n'egwuregwu ahụ, yana ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise. <ref name="game-products">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html|title=Products|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728072226/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html|archive-date=July 28, 2015|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150728072226/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html "Products"] (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta Na-Ga iji belata oge ntọhapụ n'etiti mpịakọta ndị sochirinụ, gụnyere: Nazuki Fuei, Yūnon Nagayama, Juri Sakuraba na Falco Suzuki. <ref name="game-products" /><ref name="G's201312"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na 1st Beat bụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ CG, nke nwere ihe dịka ọtụtụ CGs dị ka ''Clannad'' dị ka Baba si kwuo, nke ọ hụrụ dị iche.<ref name="G's201312" /> A na-atụle ya maka afọ niile ma bu n'obi na a ga-ekewa ya na mpịakọta isii, Baba bu n'uche ka usoro ntọhapụ dị n'etiti mpịakọ ahụ bụrụ ihe dị ka ọnwa isii.<ref name="game-outline">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/outline.html|title=Outline|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728072050/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/outline.html|archive-date=July 28, 2015|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150728072050/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/outline.html "Outline"] (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> A haziri mpịakọta nke mbụ ka ọ nwee ọtụtụ ọdịnaya, na itinye mpịakọ ndị ọzọ n'otu kọmputa ahụ ga-edepụta ihe ụfọdụ na 1st Beat.<ref name="G's201312" /> Otú ọ dị, na okwu ikpeazụ nke mpịakọta nke iri na otu nke ''Angel Beats! '' Heaven's Door wepụtara na Disemba 2016, Maeda kpughere na akagbuola mpịakọta ndị sochirinụ, na ọdịnaya a haziri maka egwuregwu ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu dị ka ihe ndabere maka manga ''Angel Beats! '' ''Ọrụ Ikpeazụ''. <ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031151943/http://gs.dengeki.com/news/104322/|url=http://gs.dengeki.com/news/104322/|title=電撃25周年記念作品『Angel Beats! -The Last Operation-』電撃G'sコミックにて連載開始！|publisher=[[Kadokawa Corporation]]|date=July 27, 2017|archivedate=October 31, 2017|accessdate=February 5, 2022|language=ja}}</ref> A na-enweta ngosipụta n'efu nke 1st Beat maka nbudata na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Key na Mee 15, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/05/angel_beats_-1st_beat-ver110.html|title=『Angel Beats! -1st beat-』体験版Ver1.10公開!|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|date=May 15, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614142957/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/05/angel_beats_-1st_beat-ver110.html|archive-date=June 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/001/052/1052574/|title=『Angel Beats! -1st beat-』の体験版が配信開始!|publisher=[[ASCII Media Works]]|date=May 15, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na e bu ụzọ hazie ka ewepụta 1st Beat na Mee 29, 2015, e mechara wepụta egwuregwu ahụ na June 26, 2015, dị ka mbipụta dị mkpirikpi maka Windows. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/000/979/979446/|title=PCゲーム『Angel Beats! 1st beat』の発売日は2015年5月29日! 予約特典はガルデモ未発表曲|publisher=[[ASCII Media Works]]|date=December 22, 2014|accessdate=December 22, 2014|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-12-22/angel-beats-pc-game-scheduled-for-may-29-release/.82507|title=Angel Beats! PC Game Scheduled for May 29 Release|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=December 22, 2014|accessdate=December 22, 2014}}</ref><ref name="game-products"/> Mbipụta a kpaara ókè bịara na akwụkwọ nduzi dị peeji 36 nke akpọrọ Shinda Sekai Sensen Katsudō Hōkokusho, otu abọm egwu akpọrọ Holy, CD nwere ihe ndekọ pụrụ iche nke ihe ngosi redio Ịntanetị ''Angel Beats! '' SSS Radio, a rubber coaster, atọ rare kaadị si mobile egwuregwu ''Angel Beats! '' Operation Wars, na otu kaadị nkwalite nke ọ bụla sitere na Egwuregwu kaadị azụmaahịa Weiß Schwarz na ChaosTCG. <ref name="special"/>A tọhapụrụ patch egwuregwu maka 1st Beat na July 10, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/07/ab_-1st-_ver101.html|title=『AB! -1st-』システムパッチ Ver.1.01を公開いたしました|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|date=July 10, 2015|accessdate=July 13, 2015|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713001624/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/07/ab_-1st-_ver101.html|archive-date=July 13, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A tụlere nsụgharị Bekee nke 1st Beat na 2016, mana ọ dịghị mgbe a kwadoro ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2016-05-31/the-world-biggest-visual-novels-with-visual-art/.102415|title=Interview: The World's Biggest Visual Novels with Visual Art's|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=May 31, 2016|accessdate=June 10, 2016}}</ref> === Egwú ===   The music featured in the visual novel is taken from two albums and two singles originally released for the anime: the ''Angel Beats! Original Soundtrack'', ''Keep The Beats!'', "Crow Song" and "Last Song".<ref name="famitsu-2" /> ''Angel Beats! 1st Beat'' has three pieces of theme music: one opening theme and two ending themes. The opening theme is "Heartily Song" by Lia. The first ending theme is {{Nihongo|"Subete no Owari no Hajimari"|すべての終わりの始まり}} by Suzuyu, and it is used for Iwasawa's and Matsushita's scenarios. The second ending theme is {{Nihongo|"Ichiban no Takaramono (Yui ver.)"|一番の宝物}} by LiSA, and it is used for Yui's route. ''1st Beat'' also contains six insert songs: "Crow Song", "Hot Meal", "Alchemy" and "My Song" by Marina; and "Thousand Enemies" and "My Soul, Your Beats! (Gldemo Ver.)" by LiSA. The single containing both "Heartily Song" and "Subete no Owari no Hajimari" was released on April 1, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/02/ab-1st-_cd.html|title=AB!-1st- 主題歌CD発売決定&キャラクター投票開始!|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|date=February 13, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213134116/http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/02/ab-1st-_cd.html|archive-date=February 13, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Those who pre-ordered the limited edition of ''1st Beat'' received an exclusive single titled "Million Star" by Girls Dead Monster. An album of piano arrangements of the game's soundtrack titled ''Holy'' came bundled with the limited edition release of ''1st Beat'' on June 26, 2015.<ref name="special">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/special.html|title=Special|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207083119/https://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/special.html|archive-date=December 7, 2024|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true"> (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> == Nnakwere == N'afọ 2015, ''Angel Beats! '' 1st Beat nọ n'ọkwa ugboro anọ n'ime iri kachasị elu na egwuregwu PC nke mba na Japan. Ọnọdụ ahụ dị na No. 7 na Febụwarị, No. 5 na Machị, na ugboro abụọ na No. 1 na Eprel na Mee.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610010513/http://pc-press.info/reservation.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/reservation.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=June 10, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065653/http://www.pc-press.info/reservationrog.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/reservationrog.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> 1st Beat bụ nke mbụ n'ihe gbasara ahịa mba nke egwuregwu PC na Japan na June 2015, ma bụrụkwa nke ọzọ n'ime egwuregwu PC kachasị ere ahịa 50 na Japan na No. 5 na July na No. 20 na August 2015. <ref name="PCP-July2015-ranking">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065655/http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065655/http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065655/http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=October 8, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Magazin egwuregwu vidio nke Japan ''PCpress'' kọrọ na 1st Beat rere ihe kachasị n'egwuregwu PC ọ bụla na Japan maka ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2015.<ref name="PCP-July2015-ranking" /> 1st Beat malitere dị ka egwuregwu No. 1 rere na Getchu.com, nnukwu redistributor nke akwụkwọ akụkọ anya na ngwaahịa anime ụlọ, n'oge ọnwa a tọhapụrụ ya, na No. 12 na July. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getchu.com/pc/salesranking201506.html|title=PCゲームセールスランキング 2015年6月|publisher=Getchu.com|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getchu.com/pc/salesranking201507.html|title=PCゲームセールスランキング 2015年7月|publisher=Getchu.com|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ ga-aga n'ihu bụrụ egwuregwu nke anọ rere maka ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2015 na Getchu.com. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getchu.com/pc/2015-1salesranking.html|publisher=Getchu.com|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Na nyocha na Famitsu.com nke Taiga Asaba, Angel Beats! A kọwara 1st Beat dị ka ọ bụghị nanị imeju anime ọ dabere na ya, kama iji ihe odide na ntọala wepụta akụkọ ọhụrụ kpamkpam, nke na-emepụta amara dị iche iche gbara ụdị akụkọ ahụ dị iche iche.[1] Asaba kwuru na a na-agbasa isiokwu nke na-agbagharị gburugburu ezinụlọ nọ na anime n'ime egwuregwu maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla.[2] Banyere usoro eji arụ ọrụ egwuregwu ahụ, Asaba hụrụ na ọ na-esiri ya ike ịbanye n'ụzọ ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma, na-achọpụta na obere mgbanwe n'otu esi agbanwe ahịrị nkata ahụ na-ebute mgbanwe dị ukwuu na mkpụrụedemede. Asaba na-ede na usoro egwuregwu ya na-eme ka ọ dị ka egwuregwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere egwuregwu egwuregwu ndị ọzọ ewepụtara n'otu oge, nke nwere obere nhọrọ maka onye ọkpụkpọ na ahịrị atụmatụ dị iche iche..<ref name="famitsu-2" /> == Ihe odide == gybb8m9sekfacwavta0982k53k0rbpi 0 54694 741891 728509 2026-10-29T05:42:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741891 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Angela McGlowan (amuru Maachị 2, 1970) bu onye nkwuputa ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị America nke America, onye odee ere kacha ere, na onye isi oche nke Strategies & Insights (PSI), ihe omume gọọmentị, atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ dabere na Oxford. Mississippi, na Washington, D.C. Ọ bụ onye ntinye aka na Fox News, na-ekpuchi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, otu mmasị pụrụ iche, na lobbies..<ref name="auto3" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/person/m/angela-mcglowan|title=Angela McGlowan|date=November 6, 2021|work=Fox News}}</ref> McGlowan bụ 1994 Miss District of Columbia USA. Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ 2007 Bamboozled: How Americans Are Being Exploited by the Lies of the Liberal Agenda . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Palin's 'Mama Grizzlies'|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/05/26/sarah-palins-gop-endorsements-the-mama-grizzlies.html|work=The Daily Beast|accessdate=27 May 2012|author=Mark McKinnon|date=26 May 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Q & A with Angela McGlowan|url=http://townhall.com/columnists/lisadepasquale/2007/05/14/q__a_with_angela_mcglowan/page/full/|work=Townhall|publisher=|accessdate=27 May 2012|author=Lisa De Pasquale|date=14 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democrats may lose black vote: Bamboozled says liberals have hurt some groups|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13959781.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415090116/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13959781.html|archivedate=15 April 2016|work=The Charleston Gazette (Charleston, WV)|accessdate=27 May 2012|author=Don Surber|date=21 April 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke atọ na ntuli aka nke Republican maka oche ndị omeiwu na Mississippi. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ McGlowan ma zụlite na Oxford, Mississippi.[1] Nne ya, Alberta, amụrụ na Hernando, Mississippi, dara ọkwa nke isii n'ihi na ọ ga-atụtụ owu, wee rụọ ọrụ anọ iji kwado ụmụaka ise.[2][3] Nna ya, James Thomas McGlowan, bụ prọfesọ, onye ozi United Methodist, onye ọrụ ikike obodo, na onye na-akwado obodo nke bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ site na 1958 ruo 1960 nke Hernando Central (nke a na-akpọzi Oak Grove Central Elementary School), ụlọ. maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Africa-American sitere na klaasị 1-12 n'oge nkewa; ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer na 1982 mgbe ọ dị afọ 12. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Lafayette na Oxford.[1] McGlowan wee gaa Mahadum Mississippi, ebe ọ nwetara nzere BA. na nchịkwa ọha na-emesi ike na ikpe ikpe mpụ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1993.[2][3] Mgbe ọ na-aga mahadum, ọ bụ onye otu egwuregwu ịgba egwu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị Rebelettes.[3] Ọ bụ Miss Magnolia na 1993.[4][5] McGlowan bụ 1994 Miss District of Columbia USA.[3][6][7] McGlowan nwere agbụrụ agwakọtara nke gụnyere African American, American American, Scottish, na agbụrụ Irish == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === McGlowan malitere nka ya n'ihe gbasara gọọmentị site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa gọọmentị na nke ọha na eze maka Steve Wynn, Mirage Resorts. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, o sonyere na atụmatụ lobbying na American Gaming Association (AGA) nke tọrọ ntọala maka ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa kachasị ọhụrụ nke Mirage Resorts, Bellagio na Las Vegas, Nevada, na Beau Rivage na Biloxi, Mississippi. Ọ mepụtara nkwado Mirage Resorts na mmemme mgbasa ozi obodo maka Las Vegas na Biloxi.<ref name="adroit">{{Cite web|url=http://www.buzztab.com/famous-personalities/angela-mcglowan-adroit-political-analyst/|title=Angela Mcglowan: An Adroit Political Analyst|accessdate=2010-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001121803/http://www.buzztab.com/famous-personalities/angela-mcglowan-adroit-political-analyst/|archivedate=2010-10-01}}</ref> McGlowan jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Outreach maka Better America Foundation, otu nzukọ nke Senator Bob Dole guzobere nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ikike obodo.<ref name="auto4" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan|title=Angela McGlowan|work=BET|access-date=2024-10-27|archive-date=2025-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124003001/https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere onye nnọchi anya Roscoe Bartlett (R-6th Dist. Maryland), na onye nnọchianya John Ensign (R-1st Dist. Nevada), na-arụ ọrụ n'okwu gbasara ọdịiche, mgbanwe ọdịmma, iwu ụtụ isi, na nlekọta ahụike.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/mcglowan-angela|title=McGlowan, Angela|work=Encyclopedia.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/mcglowan-angela "McGlowan, Angela"]. ''Encyclopedia.com''.</cite></ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye mgbasa ozi na mkpọsa ntuli aka nke Ensign na 1996. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographicon: Angela McGlowan|url=http://www.biographicon.com/view/wheoh|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001133541/http://www.biographicon.com/view/wheoh|archivedate=October 1, 2010}}</ref> Site na 1999 ruo 2005, McGlowan jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Government Affairs and Diversity Development maka Onye isi oche Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mmepe na mmejuputa atụmatụ dị iche iche n'ime Fox Entertainment Group na ọdịmma ya na nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ bụkwa onye lobbyist na onye na-akwado n'ime News Corporation na Congress maka iwu gọọmentị etiti, iwu, na iwu nchịkwa na-akwado ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angela McGlowan - Personality Bio|url=http://www.foxnews.com/on-air/personalities/angela-mcglowan/bio/#s=m-q|work=Fox News|date=2011-01-13|accessdate=2015-11-07|language=en-US}}</ref> === 2005-dị ugbu a === N'afọ 2005, McGlowan guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ya, Political Strategies & Insights . <ref name="auto"/> Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara gọọmentị, atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na ụlọ ọrụ na'ahụ maka ndụmọdụ na Oxford, Mississippi, na Washington, DC.<ref name="auto4" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan|title=Angela McGlowan|work=BET|access-date=2024-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124003001/https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan|archive-date=2025-01-24|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''BET''.</cite></ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.djournal.com/news/mcglowan-apos-s-political-fire-stoked-early-in-life/article_2c4df22e-acd7-5d9c-8233-f9bd3f55909b.html|title=McGlowan's political fire stoked early in life|first=Chris|date=May 16, 2010|author=Elkins|work=Daily Journal}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFElkins2010">Elkins, Chris (May 16, 2010). [https://www.djournal.com/news/mcglowan-apos-s-political-fire-stoked-early-in-life/article_2c4df22e-acd7-5d9c-8233-f9bd3f55909b.html "McGlowan's political fire stoked early in life"]. ''Daily Journal''.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/person/m/angela-mcglowan|title=Angela McGlowan|date=November 5, 2021|work=Fox News}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, McGlowan ghọkwara onye na-elekọta ''Good Day Street Talk'', mmemme mmekọrịta ọha na eze na New York City. Ọ malitekwara ịpụta dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu n'aka nri na mmemme nyocha akụkọ PBS To the Contrary, BET's Tonight, na ihe ngosi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ABC Politically Incorrect . <ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/to-the-contrary/panelists/283/mcglowan|title=To The Contrary Panelists &#124; To The Contrary|work=PBS|accessdate=2024-10-27|archivedate=2023-02-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201023151/https://www.pbs.org/to-the-contrary/panelists/283/mcglowan}}</ref> Ọ natara 2005 Harlem Chamber of Commerce New York City Journalist of the Year Award . <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan|title=Angela McGlowan|work=BET|access-date=2024-10-27|archive-date=2025-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124003001/https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250124003001/https://www.bet.com/article/uuc1fm/angela-mcglowan "Angela McGlowan"]. ''BET''.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ McGlowan, Bamboozled: How Americans Are Being Exploited by the Lies of the Liberal Agenda, nọ n'ọnọdụ nke asatọ na Washington Area Bestseller List nke ''Washington Post'' maka izu Sunday, April 22, 2007. <ref>{{Cite news|work=Washington Post|title=Washington Area Bestsellers|date=April 22, 2007|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/19/AR2007041902972.html}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2010, McGlowan kwupụtara na ọ bụ onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na mpaghara 1st nke Mississippi iji maa onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị nọ n'ọkwa Travis Childers aka. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Black Republican 32 na-eme mkpọsa maka Congress, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu kemgbe oge Reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/news/black-republicans-running-for-congress/|work=Essence|title=32 Black Republicans Run for Congress: Can They Win?|author=Cynthia Gordy|date=October 29, 2020}}</ref> A sị na a họpụtara ya, ọ gaara abụ naanị onye Africa America nke atọ a họpụtara dị ka onye Republican na House of Representatives n'ime afọ 75.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704820904575055373574881804|title=Tea Party Heroine|first=John|author=Fund|date=February 10, 2010|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya gụnyere echiche ya na mba ahụ chọrọ itinye iwu ndị dị ugbu a n'ọrụ karịa iwu ndị ọhụrụ gbasara ịkwaga mba ọzọ, ilekwasị anya n'ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ka mma, na ịkwaga na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị abụọ.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.desototimes.com/news/mcglowan-aiming-to-make-history/article_8ecd2d32-0a25-5e5e-a588-fead504be8cf.html|title=McGlowan aiming to make history|author=ROBERT LEE LONG|date=May 26, 2010|work=DeSoto Times-Tribune|access-date=October 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123195909/https://www.desototimes.com/news/mcglowan-aiming-to-make-history/article_8ecd2d32-0a25-5e5e-a588-fead504be8cf.html|archive-date=January 23, 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ chọkwara ịhazi mmefu ego mba, Mbelata ụtụ isi maka obere azụmaahịa, ma mepụta ọrụ na ugwu Mississippi.<ref name="auto1"/> O mechara merie na ntuli aka nke ndị Republican mgbe ọ batara n'ọnọdụ nke atọ, na-enweta 15% nke votu.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/29/angela-mcglowan-returns-t_n_662906.html|title=Angela McGlowan Returns To Fox News After Losing Bid For Congress|date=25 May 2011|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=6 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ na-azọ ọkwa dịka nwanyị mbụ gbara ọsọ na mpaghara 1st congressional nke Mississippi, wee hapụ asọmpi ahụ na-ekwu, sị: "Anyị meriri n'agha ahụ mana anyị meriri n"agha ahụ. E nwetara ihe dị ịrịba ama maka ndị ọzọ ịgbaso". Ọ laghachiri na Fox News na June 2010. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/29/angela-mcglowan-returns-t_n_662906.html|title=Angela McGlowan Returns To Fox News After Losing Bid For Congress|date=25 May 2011|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=6 June 2018|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/07/29/angela-mcglowan-returns-t_n_662906.html "Angela McGlowan Returns To Fox News After Losing Bid For Congress"]. ''Huffington Post''. 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2010/07/after_failed_congressional_bid.html|title=After Failed Congressional Bid, Angela McGlowan Back to Fox News|first=Chris|author=Rovzar|date=July 28, 2010|work=Intelligencer}}</ref> McGlowan na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na azụmaahịa na onye na-enye onyinye maka Fox News na Fox Business Network, na-ekpuchi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ndị otu mmasị pụrụ iche, na ndị na-akwado.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/person/m/angela-mcglowan|title=Angela McGlowan|date=November 6, 2021|work=Fox News}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.foxnews.com/person/m/angela-mcglowan "Angela McGlowan"]. ''Fox News''. November 6, 2021.</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == McGlowan lụrụ General Jack Keane, onye natara Presidential Medal of Freedom . == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 14gqmakvbombqb65or543k7eicnwqmc 0 55480 741852 363982 2026-10-28T18:12:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A dastarkhān (Persian / Urdu: دسترخوان,  ,  ,  , , , , , ) ma ọ bụ dastarkhwan bụ aha a na-eji gafe Central Asia, South Asia, Caribbean, Mauritius na Fiji iji rụtụ aka n'ofe ọdịnala ebe a na-  eri nri.[1]   [2][3] Okwu a bụ okwu sitere na Persian wee jiri aha maka "Sofreh" ( Persian : سفره ) nke ọnụ akwa nke na-agbasa n'ala, ala, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị ka ebe ọcha maka nri..<ref name="auto1">Suad Joseph, Afsāna Naǧmābādī. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bzXzWgVajnQC&dq=Dastarkhan+traditional+central+asian+cuisine&pg=PA285 ''Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Family, Body, Sexuality And Health, Volume 3''] BRILL, 2003 {{ISBN|978-9004128194}} p 285</ref><ref name="auto2">Glenn Randall Mack, Asele Surina. [https://books.google.com/books?id=j7MTx_zcIR0C&dq=Dastarkhan+turkic&pg=PA39 ''Food Culture in Russia and Central Asia''] Greenwood Publishing Group, 1 jan. 2005 {{ISBN|978-0313327735}} p 39</ref> Dastarkhan bụ mkpirisi nke "Dast Tar Khan" (دست تر خوان) nke okwu site n'okwu okwu "Ihe E ji eme ihe" ma ọ sitere na omenala nke onye nwe ụlọ na-enye mmiri na "Aftabeh Lagan" (آفتابه algن)  maka ndị ọbịa ịsa aka ha tupu na mgbe ha ihu ihe e ji eme ihe.  Ọta na ndị njem nke ịsa aka tupu iri nri ma were ya dị ka ụzọ ekiri na ijere ndị ọbịa ozi.  Ọyeel nke nta ka omenala ahụ n'anya na Iran na Tajikistan mana ọ ka na-adịtụghị aka na Afghanistan.  Ya mere na Iran maka ụgbọ ọhụrụ a adịghịzi eji okwu ahụ bụ dadtarkhan eme ihe na ihe ọ nwere edoghị anya maka ụgbọ na-eto eto mana a na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe nke ukwuu na Afghanistan ọ bụ ebe na omenala ahụ na-ike  n'anya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ nri Mughal Indian Dastarkhwan-e-Awadh, nke na-achọpụtapụta Nri Awadhi nke Lucknow, mesiri ike mkpa dastarkhwan dị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Everaert|first=Christine|title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories|date=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004177314|language=English}}</ref> Okwu a na-eme ihe na Persian maka akwakọ bụ Sofreh (سفره) na n'oge ochie okwu Khan (خوان) a na-eji eme ihe.  Dastarkhan bụ n'ihi omenala nke inye mmiri ịsa aka tupu na mgbe ha risịrị nri.  A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara South na Central Asia dị ka Uyghur, Balochi, Bengali, Pashto, Urdu, Sindhi, Hindi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Bhojpuri na Nepali..<ref name="Brice1864">{{Cite book|author=Brice|first=Nathaniel|title=A Romanized Hindustani and English Dictionary Designed for the Use of Schools and for Vernacular Students of the Language|url=https://archive.org/details/romanizedhinds00bricrich|date=1864|publisher=Trübner & Co.|language=English}}</ref><ref name="Yates1855">{{Cite book|author=Yates|first=William|title=Introduction to the Hindustani Language: In Three Parts, Viz. Grammar, Vocabulary, and Reading Lessons|date=1855|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|location=Calcutta|language=English}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nri nke Ebe Etiti Eshia * Nri Ndịda Eshia * Nri ndị Bengali * Nri Caribbean == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} apc62wqtpj9q8q8fkj80rtzwvog8q9z 0 56004 741858 740596 2026-10-28T18:20:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Nora Ashe|image=|caption=|birth_name=Honora Ashe|birth_date=15 July 1882|birth_place=Kinard, Lispole, County Kerry|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1970|01|20|1882|05|15}}|death_place=Dublin, Ireland|occupation=Teacher|alma_mater=[[Carysfort College]]}} '''Nora Ashe''' (15 Julaị 1882 – 20 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ onye nkuzi Irish, onye mba na onye na-akwado asụsụ Irish. <ref name="Clarke">{{Cite book|author=Clarke|first=Frances|editor=McGuire|title=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Ashe, Nora (Honora)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFClarke2009">Clarke, Frances (2009). "Ashe, Nora (Honora)". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> == Mmalite ndụ na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Nora Ashe na Kinard, Lispole, County Kerry na 15 Julaị 1882. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke atọ n'ime ụmụ iri nke Gregory Ashe, onye ọrụ ugbo, na Ellen (née Hanafin). Nne na nna ya bụ ndị a mụrụ n'ala, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Irish nke ọma, ọ bụ ezie na Bekee bụ asụsụ n'ụlọ Ashe, Ashe n'onwe ya bụ asụsụ abụọ. Nwanne ya nwoke nke obere bụ Thomas Ashe. N'ihi mmetụta nna ha, ụmụaka niile nwere mmasị na egwu Irish, akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ashe gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Loreto na Killarney. Ọ kụziri na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Kilrush Mercy, tupu ọ gaa Carysfort College, ebe Éamon de Valera kụziiri ya mgbe ọ na-ekwurịta okwu na Irish. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ nkuzi ya, ọ kụziri na Cappamore, County Limerick . <ref name="Clarke"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Family of Thomas Ashe|url=https://thomaspatrickashe.com/family-of-thomas-ashe/|work=Thomas Patrick Ashe (1885-1917)|accessdate=25 January 2020|language=en|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> N'oge Easter Rising, Ashe nọ na Cappamore. Site n'aka nwanne ya nwoke Thomas, ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Austin Stack, Seán Mac Diarmada, Michael Collins, na Sean O'Casey. Mgbe a tụrụ Thomas mkpọrọ mgbe Rising na Ireland na England gasịrị, Ashe gara leta ya ma degara ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya akwụkwọ ozi, ọ bụ site na ya ka Thomas nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ ndị enyi ya na Ireland. O wetara ya ozi sitere n'aka Collins mgbe ọ nọ n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Lewes, na-ezute Stack na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ a mara ikpe. Mgbe Thomas laghachiri Kerry mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na June 1917, ọ sonyeere ya. Ọ ga-anọgide na-eleta ya mgbe a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Mountjoy site na ngwụcha oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 1917. Mgbe Thomas nwụrụ na 27 Septemba 1917 mgbe agụụ na-anọghị, o dere "ọ bụ ihe ikpeazụ anyị tụrụ anya ịnụ. " Ashe bụ onye mbụ n'ezinụlọ Ashe rutere n'ụlọ ọgwụ Mater, ma tinye aka na nhazi nke ngagharị iwe na olili ozu Thomas. <ref name="Clarke"/> == Ọrụ == Ọ kwagara Dublin ịkụzi na Central Model School na Marlborough Street. Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ onye isi nke Scoil Mhuire, na-anọ n'ọkwa a ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Site na ntọala ya na 1926, Ashe bụ onye otu Fianna Fáil, bụrụ onye otu ndị isi ya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Conradh na Gaeilge ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-aga arde-na-ese ha, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nke Choiste Gnótha site na 1923 ruo 1941. O nyere aka na ntọala nke School Dramatic Society na 1934, na-anọdụ na kọmitii ntọala. Ashe jiri oge ya dị ukwuu na-echekwa ncheta nke nwanne ya nwoke, ọkachasị dị ka isi iyi nke ozi gbasara ndụ ya.<ref name="Clarke"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ó Lúing|first=Seán|title=I Die in a Good Cause : Thomas Ashe: A Biography.|url=https://archive.org/details/idieingoodcauset0000olui|date=2017|publisher=Mercier Press|location=Cork|isbn=9781781175064}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ashe nwụrụ na Dublin na 20 Jenụwarị 1970, e lie ya na Straffan, County Kildare. Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Kerry County nwere foto ezinụlọ Ashe, na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ozi e debere na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mba nke Ireland.<ref name="Clarke"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} # Clarke, Frances (2009). "Ashe, Nora (Honora) na McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke akuko ndụ Irish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. # " Ezinụlọ nke Thomas Ashe". Thomas Patrick Ashe (1885-1917). 3 Septemba 2014. Eweputara 25 Jenuwari 2020. # O Luing, Sean (2017). M na-anwụ n'ezi ihe: Thomas Ashe: A Biography. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 9781781175064 == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.kennellyarchive.com/id/ETJ024/ Foto nke Ashe na mmeghe nke ihe ncheta Thomas Ashe na 1966] t52zli6o9wnegekamng9ug66jbgekyr 0 56183 741830 740056 2026-10-28T17:45:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741830 wikitext text/x-wiki Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index (ATU Index) bụ isi nke ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala eji eme ihe na mbufụt.  isi ATU bụ ntụgharị nke usoro nke mgbasa nawanye site n'aka otu ndị ọkà Egypt mba ụwa: Nke onye Finland na-akọ akụkọ bụ Antti Aarne (1910), [1] onye America na-akọ bụ Stith Thompson (1928, [2] 1961 [3]), ma de egwuregwu ma maama ya site n'onye Germany na-J (1928, [2] 1961 [3]).  isi ATU bụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ndị na-akọ omenala, nke a na-eji na Thompson (1932) Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.<ref name="jstor3814885">{{Cite journal|author=Dundes|first=A|authorlink=Alan Dundes|year=1997|title=The motif-index and the tale type index: A critique|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-folklore-research_september-december-1997_34_3/page/195|journal=Journal of Folklore Research|volume=34|issue=3|pages=195–202}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == === Ndị bu ya ụzọ === Onye ọdịdị Austria bụ Johann Georg von Hahn chepụtara njirimara mbụ nke ihe dị ka 40 dị ka mmeghe nke akwụkwọ ya nke okpukpe ọdịnala ndị Griik na ndị Albania, nke e agbasa na 1864.<ref>{{Cite book|author=von&nbsp;Hahn|first=Johann Georg|year=1864|title=Griechische und Albanesische Märchen|language=de|location=Leipzig, DE|publisher=W. Englemann|pages=43–61}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs-1916">{{Cite book|author=Jacobs|first=Joseph|year=1916|title=European Folk and Fairy Tales|publisher=G.P.&nbsp;Putnam's sons|location=New York, NY / London, UK|pages=215–216|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanfolkfair00jaco/page/215/mode/1up}}</ref> Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould, na 1866, ndepụta ndepụta von Hahn ma akara ya na ụdị 52, nke ọ chọpụtara "Chee siri ike".[1]    Onye na-akọ ochie J. Jacobs ụdị ndepụta ahụ ruo ụdị 70 ma bipụta ya dị ka "Agbakwunyere C" na Burne & Gomme's Handbook of Folk-Lore.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacobs|first=J.|authorlink=Joseph Jacobs|chapter=Appendix&nbsp;C|editor=Burne|title=The Handbook of Folklore|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookoffolklo00burnuoft|location=London, UK|publisher=Folk-lore Society / Sidgwich & Jackson|year=1914|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookoffolklo00burnuoft/page/344 344]–355}}</ref><ref name="Jacobs-1916"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; Tupu akara nke mbụ mbụ mbụ nke Antti Aarne, Astrid Lunding usoro nhazi nke Svend Grundtvig.  isiokwu a nwere ụdị 134, nke ka dabere na akụkọ akụkọ Danish ma e jiri ya nchịkọta mba ụwa nke ndị ọzọ na-akọ akụkọ dị n'oge ahụ, dị ka Brothers Grimm na Emmanuel Cosquin.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lunding|first=Astrid|year=1910|title=The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen|series=Folklore Fellows' Communications|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_System_of_Tales_in_the_Folklore_Collection_of_Copenhagen}}</ref>&nbsp; === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Antti Aarne bụ nwa akwụkwọ Julius Krohn na nwa ya nwoke Kaarle Krohn.  Aarne usoro ihe mere eme na ala nke omenala ọdịnala, ma polis mbụ nke ihe Sịka ụdị asụsụ Aarne-Thompson maka usoro omenala, nke mbụ e edi na 1910 dị ka Verzeichnis der Märchentypen ("Ndepụta nke Ụdị Akụkọ Ọdịbendị").  [1] Usoro a na-akpata na ihe ndị na-eme na echiche na-ekwu a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro nke a esemokwu dị ka ihe owuwu nke omenala;  oke ya bụ Europe.<ref name="Uther-2004">{{Cite book|author=Uther|first=H.-J.|authorlink=Hans-Jörg Uther|year=2004|title=The types of international folktales: A classification and bibliography, based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson|series=Folklore Fellows' Communications|pages=284–286|location=Helsinki, FI|publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia}}</ref> Onye America na-akọ mgbe ochie Stith Thompson dezi isi usoro nkewa nke Aarne na 1928, na-agbasawanye oke ya, ọ na-a na-akọ ya site na German gaa na Bekee.[1]  N'ime nke a, o ozi "usoro AT" (nke a na-akpọkwa "usoro AaTh") nke ike na-eji ya eme ihe ruo na ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ afụ ahụ.  Mbipụta ọzọ nke Thompson dezi isi na 1961. [2] Dị ka onye America na-akọ omenala omenala D.L.  Ashliman si kwuo,   E mezi isi ma ụzọ ọnụọgụ abụọ AT na 2004 site na akara nke The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography site n'aka onye German folklorist H.-J.  Uther.  Uther kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mbụ bụ ndị na-edoghị anya ma na-edekarị nke ọma, na ọtụtụ "ụdị na-adịghị mma" bụ n'ezie ochie ma edi ebe niile, nakwa na "m mind na omenala a na-ekwu okwu" na-emekarị ka "eme ka "eme ndị okenye, ndị e dere ede".  Iji dozie adịghị ike ndị a, Uther ụzọ usoro nkewa Aarne-Thompson-Uther (ATU) ma tinye ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ sitere n'ebe ihe na ndị na-eme Europe yana "ụdị ndị dị obere" na ndepụta a nke.  O mekwara ka nchịkọta ahụ pụtara ìhè na ọdịdị mba ụwa, na-ahụ ihe atụ ndị àmà ha na-ejedebe n'otu ụdị ọdịdị.<ref name="Uther-2004"/><ref name="Haase-2008">{{Cite book|editor=Haase|year=2008|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}</ref> == Ndepụta ATU == === Nkọwa nke ''Ụdị akụkọ'' === : ''ụdị'' bụ akụkọ ọdịnala nke nwere ịdị adị onwe ya. Enwere ike ịkọ ya dị ka akụkọ zuru ezu ma ọ dabere na ihe ọ pụtara na akụkọ ọ bụla ọzọ. Enwere ike ịkọ ya n'ezie na akụkọ ọzọ, mana eziokwu ahụ bụ na enwere ike ịkọ ya naanị ya na-agba akaebe na ọ nwere onwe ya. Ọ nwere ike ịnwe naanị otu ihe ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. - Thompson (1977), peeji nke 415{{Érèkọbalà|of many. — {{harvp|Thompson|1977|p=415}}}} === Usoro === The Aarne-Thompson Akụkọ Ụdị Index na-ekewa n'ime ngalaba nwere nọmba AT maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa.  Aha ndị e nyere bụ ndị a na-, mana ojiji ibu iche;  ụdị ike otu ụdị ụdị saịtị ahụ na isi ya ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị ọdịnala dị iche iche nke ụdị ahụ, nke ụdị ike iche iche, eji mgbe ejiri na mba nadị iche iche.  Aha ahụ ịbụ kpọmkwem maka omenala ọ ALA.  ihe atụ, The Cat as Helper (545B) gụ isiokwu ebe nkọwa na-enyere dike aka.  A na-ihe ochie ndị nwere ikike chiri anya n'ime ụdị.  misalin, ụdị 400-424 niile niile ndị na-alụ alụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị inyom dị ka onye isi, dịka ọmụmaatụ The Quest for a Lost Bride (400) ma ọ bụ Animal Bride (402).  A na-ụdị dị iche iche n'ime ụdị ụdị saịtị na mgbakwunye nke akwụkwọ ozi na nọmba AT, dị ka ihe atụ: 510, Persecuted Heroine (nke a ese Cinderella na Peau d'Âne ["Cinderella na Donkey Skin"), nwere ụdị dị iche iche iche 510A, Cinderella, na 510B, Catskin "Akpọ na Anya"  Akpụkpọ anụ")).    Dị ka ihe atụ, ntinye maka 510A na ndepụta ATU (nke nwere ntụaka na-agafe na ihe ndị dị na Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature na oghere square, na ụdị dị iche iche na parentheses) na-agụ:   Ntinye ahụ mechiri, dị ka ndị ọzọ dị na katalọgụ ahụ, na ndepụta dị ogologo nke akwụkwọ edemede nke abụọ na akụkọ ahụ, na ụdị ya.<ref name="Uther-2004"/>(pp284–286) == Nzaghachi nkatọ == N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1997 "The motif-index and the tale type index: A critique", onye America na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Alan Dundes akwụkwọ na ndepụta Aarne-Thompson bụ ụfọdụ n'ime "ngwá ọrụ ọrụ baa uru na arsenal nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ maka football".[1]  Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ ha ike iwu ha, ebe ha na-etinye aka, na ihe ha na-ụzọ. === Ihe owuwu === V. Propp nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Russian Formalist nke afọ 1920 katọrọ ụdị ahụ maka ileghara ọrụ nke ihe ndị a na-ekewa ha anya.  , Propp kwusiri ike na iji chọpụta "macro-level" ndị na ndị nwere ike ọ na-ahapụ ọnụ, ebe ndị nwere ike dị ike nwere ike okpuru n'okpuru otu ụdị n'ihi na ndepụta ga-abụ ụfọdụ osisi dị ka ihe dị mkpa.[1][a]  naanị anụ anụ anụ wolf - ọ na-ewelite ihe n'ihi na anụmanụ nwere ihe, na ihe mere ihe na-enwe anụ;  n'ezie ndị nwere ike iche ụdị ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ ugbo ghọgburu anụ ụfọdụ bea ọzọ ekwensu.<ref name="Propp-MoF">{{Cite book|first=V.|author=Propp|authorlink=Vladimir Propp|editor=Wagner|others=Scott, Laurence (Translator)|year=1971|title=Morphology of the Folktale|url=https://archive.org/details/morphologyoffolk00prop_0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/morphologyoffolk00prop_0/page/6 5]–6|publisher=University of Texas Press|edition=2nd|isbn=0292783760}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, n'ịkọwa ihe kpaliri ọrụ ya, <ref name="Uther-FFC184">{{Cite book|first=Hans-Jörg|author=Uther|title=Classifying folktales: The third revision of the Aarne–Thompson tale type index|series=Folklore Fellows' Communications|date=6 July 2009|url=http://www.folklorefellows.fi/?page_id=915}}</ref> Uther gosipụtara ọtụtụ nkatọ nke ndepụta mbụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ilekwasị anya na ọdịnala a na-ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na-eleghara nsụgharị ochie nke akụkọ anya, ọbụlagodi mgbe ihe ndekọ edere ede dị, nakwa na ụfọdụ gụnyere ụdị akụkọ ọdịnala nwere mkpa a na-enyo enyo. N'ihe gbasara nhazi nke ụdị, ụfọdụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala na ndị na-atụnyere akụkọ ekwetala ụdị akụkọ pụrụ iche nke, n'ihi njirimara nke ha, ga-erite ụdị nke ha.[b] Ọ bụ ezie na edeghị akụkọ ndị dị otú ahụ na usoro akụkọ ọdịnala mba ụwa, ha nwere ike ịdị na usoro nhazi mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goldberg|first=Christine|year=1996|title='The Blind Girl', a misplaced folktale|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_western-folklore_summer-1996_55_3/page/187|journal=Western Folklore|volume=55|issue=3|pages=187–212|doi=10.2307/1500481}}</ref> === Mkap ala === Na nkatọ nke afọ 2009, Uther ngwa na nkesa ndị dị iche iche (nke Eastern na Southern Europe yana ọtụtụ ụdị omenala nke mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-ahụ anya ya).  [1] N'otu aka ahụ, Thompson kwuru na a ga-akpọ ụdị ụdị ahụ Thedị nke Folk-Tales nke Europe, West Asia, na ala ndị a edoziri.  Otú ọ dị, Dundes na-ekwu na n'agbanyeghị asụsụ nke ụdị ndepụta ihe (ike, typos, redundancy, censorship, wdg.;[2] (p198) : "ha na-anọchite anya isi ihe maka usoro ntụnyere na folkloristics, usoro nke n'agbanyeghị ndị na-ekwu okwu n'oge a ... na-aga n'ihu ịbụ akara nke folkloristics mba ụwa".<ref name="jstor3814885"/> (p200) A katọrọ ndepụta folktype nke ATU maka itinye uche ya na Europe na North Africa, na-egosi nnọchiteanya Eurasia <ref>{{Cite book|author=Horálek|first=K.|chapter=Folk Poetry: History And Typology|editor=Arthur S. Abramson|title=Linguistics and Adjacent Arts and Sciences: Part 2|pages=741–808 [775]|location=Berlin, Boston|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|date=1974|doi=10.1515/9783110821659-004|isbn=978-3-11-082165-9|quote=Negative or skeptical views of the possibility of classifying folklore material on a typological basis find support in the fact that the classification systems successfully applied to European folklore material have not proved valid for material from other continents.}}</ref> na North America. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thuillard|first=Marc|year=2018|title=A large-scale study of world myths|journal=Trames|volume=22|issue=4|pages=A1–A44|doi=10.3176/tr.2018.4.06}}</ref>[c] Ndepụta ahụ yiri ka ọ na-eleghara ma ọ bụ na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndị ọzọ anya. Ihe atụ nke Central Asia gụnyere: Yuri Berezkin 's The captive Khan and the clever-in-law (and variants); The traveling girl and her helpful brothers; na Woman's magic horse, as named by researcher Veronica Muskheli of the University of Washington.<ref name="Berezkin-Duvakin-2016">{{Cite journal|author=Berezkin|first=Yuri|date=June 2016|title=The captive Khan and the clever daughter-in-law|journal=Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore|volume=64|pages=33–56|doi=10.7592/FEJF2016.64.khan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berezkin|first=Yuri|year=2019|title=The travelling girl and her helpful siblings: An unnoticed boreal tale and the ATU index|journal=Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore|volume=75|pages=71–90|doi=10.7592/FEJF2019.75.berezkin}}</ref> === Isiokwu ndị a na-ewepu === Onye edemede Pete Jordi Wood na-azọrọ na a kpachapụrụ anya wepụ isiokwu ndị metụtara ndina ụdị onwe na ndepụta ụdị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Wareham|first=Jamie|date=21 August 2020|title=Why this charming gay fairytale has been lost for 200&nbsp;years|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiewareham/2020/08/21/why-this-charming-gay-fairytale-has-been-lost-for-200-years-stith-thompson/|accessdate=2020-08-22}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Joseph P. Goodwin na-ekwu na Thompson hapụrụ "ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọahụ na 'ihe rụrụ arụ'", nakwa na - ka ọ na-erule 1995 - "a ka na-ewepụ isiokwu ndị dị ka ndina ụdị onwe n'ụdị na ndepụta nke ihe kpatara ya. " N'otu edemede nke afọ 2002, Alan Dundes katọkwara Thompson na-emeso ihe gbasara akụkọ ọdịnala, nke o weere dị ka "ịdị aghụghọ gabigara ókè" na ụdị nyocha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goodwin|first=Joseph P.|year=1995|title=If ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise: What we don't know can hurt us|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-folklore-research_may-august-1995_32_2/page/155|journal=Journal of Folklore Research|volume=32|issue=2|pages=155–164}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dundes|first=Alan|title=Projective Inversion in the Ancient Egyptian "Tale of Two Brothers"|journal=Journal of American Folklore|volume=115|issue=457|date=2002|pages=378–394 [380]|doi=10.1353/jaf.2002.0031}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|editor=Bronner|chapter=From Etic to Emic units in the structural study of folktales|title=Meaning of Folklore: The analytical essays of Alan Dundes|publisher=University Press of Colorado|date=2007|doi=10.2307/j.ctt4cgrzn.9}} DOI accessed 26 Aug. 2023.</ref> == Nkesa site na mmalite == ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye na-akọ omenala S. Graça da Silva na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ J.J.  Tehrani na 2016, na-akpa àgwà oge mpụta maka "Tales of Magic" (ATU 300-ATU 749), dabere na ihe ihe phylogenetic.[1]     Ha tara na anɔ n'ime ha bụ ndị Proto-Indo-European stratum nke ndị na-amụ.[d] * ATU 328 ''Nwa okorobịa ahụ na-ezu ohi akụ Ogre'' (= Jack na Beanstalk na Iri na Atọ) * ATU 330 ''Smith na Ekwensu'' (KHM 81a) &nbsp; * ATU 402 The Animal Bride (= The Three Feathers, {{Érèkọbalà|KHM{{efn|name=KHM_note}} 63}} na The Poor Miller's Boy and the Cat [de], KHM 106) * ATU 554 Anụmanụ Ekele (= Agwọ ọcha, KHM 17 na Queen Bee, KHM 62) &nbsp; A chọtara akụkọ anwansi iri ọzọ dị ugbu a n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ Indo-European, nke gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị isi Europe sitere na PIE (ya bụ Balto-Slavic, German, Italic na Celtic): * Bear's Son Tale na Jean de l'Ours, nyocha nke ụdị akụkọ 301 na 650A * Anụmanụ dị ka Nwoke Nwoke, nyocha nke ATU 425 na ụdị ndị yiri ya * Onye hụrụ Nnụnụ n'anya, nyocha nke akụkọ 432 * The Spinning-Woman by the Spring, nchịkọta nke ụdị 480 * Onye nwụrụ anwụ (akụkọ ọdịnala), nyocha nke ụdị 505-508 * Nwunye a kwutọrọ, nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị ATU 705-712 * The Three Golden Children, nyocha nke ụdị ATU 707 * Akụkọ mgbagwoju anya, nyocha nke ụdị 851, 851A na 927 == Ihe Nlereanya == * ATU 565 "ihe igwe anwansi": ** Ihe Mere Oké Osimiri Dị N'Oké Osimiri *** Ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ochie Norse poem Grottasöngr''Ọgba'' ** Sweet Porridge, ọtụtụ ụdị ** Strega nke itoolu ** Nne Mmiri, akụkọ ifo ndị China == Hụkwa == * Ọdịdị (akụkọ ọdịnala) * ''Ihe Nkọwa nke Akwụkwọ Ọmụma'' * Ndepụta Abụ Ọchịchị == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|25em}} lzdq1hkhft7gh5i8gcy9ielao1qa1ni 0 56319 741874 595780 2026-10-28T18:42:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary Bateman''' (née '''Harker''', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prisoner Stories: Mary Bateman {{!}} York Museums Trust|url=https://www.yorkmuseumstrust.org.uk/blog/prisoner-stories-mary-bateman/|accessdate=2024-03-27|work=www.yorkmuseumstrust.org.uk}}</ref> 1768 - 20 Machị 1809) bụ onye omekome England na onye a na-ebo ebubo amoosu, nke a maara dị ka Yorkshire Witch, onye e kpere ikpe ma gbuo maka igbu ọchụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 19. == Akụkọ ndụ == Ọtụtụ nkọwa gbasara ndụ Mary Bateman ka amara site na Ndụ pụrụiche na agwa Mary Bateman,[1] e bipụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ikpe ya na ọnwụ ya gasịrị. A mụrụ ya na Asenby na North Riding nke Yorkshire na 1768. Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo. Ọ mụtara ịgụ na ide ma malite mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi na Thirsk, North Riding nke Yorkshire. <ref name=":2" /> Ọ kwagara York mgbe ọ dị afọ 20 wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ejiji. Otú ọ dị, ọ gbagara Leeds n'afọ sochirinụ mgbe o sonyere na ohi. N'ime afọ anọ sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme Mantua, ma malite iwulite aha dị ka onye amụma na 'nwanyi maara ihe'. N'afọ 1792, ọ lụrụ John Bateman, onye bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ wheelwright.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=anon|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxjrt4|title=Extraordinary Life and Character of Mary Bateman the Yorkshire Witch|publisher=Davies and Co., Leeds|year=1811|edition=12th}}</ref> N'ime afọ ndị a mbụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ya, ọ mekwara ọtụtụ ohi ma jide ya ọtụtụ oge, na-agbanarị ụlọ mkpọrọ site n'inye ndị hụrụ ihe omume ya aka azụ.[1][2] Na 1796, John sonyeere ndị agha, Bateman sokwa ya pụọ na Leeds, agbanyeghị n'ime otu afọ ha laghachiri na Leeds.[2] N'ime mpụ ndị ọzọ, a kọrọ na ọ gara n'okporo ụzọ Leeds otu oge mgbe nnukwu ọkụ gbasasịrị arịrịọ maka ego na ngwongwo maka ndị ihe metụtara, kama ọ na-ejigidere onwe ya onyinye ebere.[3] Dị ka onye edemede Summer Stevens si kwuo, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ete ime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=S|first=Jessica|date=2 August 2018|title=Burned At The Stake-The Life of Mary Channing/The Yorkshire Witch-The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman by Summer Strevens.|url=https://womenslibrary.org.uk/2018/08/02/burned-at-the-stake-the-life-of-mary-channing-the-yorkshire-witch-the-life-and-trial-of-mary-bateman-by-summer-strevens/|accessdate=9 February 2021|work=Glasgow Women's Library}}</ref> N'afọ 1806, Bateman sonyeere ndị na-eso ụzọ onye amụma nwanyị Joanna Southcott ma gaa nzukọ. Dị ka akụkụ nke ịrọ òtù Southcottian, o mepụtara aghụghọ a maara dị ka The Prophet Hen of Leeds, nke a na-ekwu na àkwá nke ọkụkọ nyere dere na ha 'Kraịst na-abịa' - ozi e kwenyere na ọ ga-ebute oge ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="rr">{{Cite book|title=Are You Rapture Ready|url=https://archive.org/details/areyourapturerea0000stra|first=Todd|author=Strandberg|pages=[https://archive.org/details/areyourapturerea0000stra/page/35 35]–45|publisher=Dutton|date=June 2003|location=New York City}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna33622934|title=10 failed doomsday predictions|work=[[NBC News]]|date=12 November 2009|accessdate=12 November 2009|quote=History has countless examples of people who have proclaimed that the return of Jesus Christ is imminent, but perhaps there has never been a stranger messenger than a hen in the English town of Leeds in 1806. It seems that a hen began laying eggs on which the phrase "Christ is coming" was written. As news of this miracle spread, many people became convinced that doomsday was at hand&nbsp;— until a curious local actually watched the hen laying one of the prophetic eggs and discovered someone had hatched a hoax.}}</ref> Bateman gosipụtara atọ n'ime àkwá ndị a ma na-akwụ ndị ọha na eze ụgwọ otu penny iji hụ ha. Mgbe e wepụrụ ọkụkọ ahụ n'aka ya, ọ naghị amụ àkwá amụma ọzọ. E mechara chọpụta na o dere na àkwá site na iji ink ma tinyeghachi ha n'ime Oviduct nke ọkụkọ ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, William na Rebecca Perigo bịakwutere Bateman - Rebecca na-arịa ihe mgbu obi ma Bateman chọpụtara na etinyela ya n'okpuru ọgwụ.<ref name=":2"/> Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọnwa ole na ole sochirinụ, Bateman malitere inye ha pudding nke e ji nsí gwakọta. Otú ọ dị, n'ime ọnwa ole na ole sochirinụ, Bateman malitere inye ha nri pudding nke e tinyere nsi. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ Rebecca kara njọ ma mesịa nwụọ na 1808. N'October 1808 William Perigo boro Bateman ebubo na ọ na-egbu nwunye ya nsi, yana ịghọgbu ha ego maka afọ abụọ bu ụzọ kwụọ ụgwọ maka "ọmụma" na ọgwụgwọ.[1][2] N'agbanyeghị na Bateman kwuputara na aka ya dị ọcha, nyocha nke ụlọ ya nwetara nsi yana ọtụtụ ihe ndị o metụtara gụnyere di na nwunye Perigo.<ref name=":2" /> === Ikpe na ogbugbu === Ikpe Bateman mere na York na Machị 1809. Dị ka The Criminal Chronology of York Castle nke William Knipe dere, nke e dere na 1867, ikpe ahụ were awa 11, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọka ikpe were naanị oge ole na ole iji chọpụta na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo wayo na ogbugbu Rebecca Perigo. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwukwa na ozugbo ikpe ọnwụ sitere n'aka onye ọka ikpe, Bateman kwuru na ọ dị ime izu iri abụọ na abụọ ma si otú a zere ịkwụgbu ya. Onye ọka ikpe ahụ mechara rịọ ka Sheriff kpọkọta otu 'ndị isi' iji nyochaa nkwupụta Bateman. A ṅụrụ ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ lụrụ di iyi n'ime ndị ọka ikpe ma mee nyocha anụ ahụ nke Bateman, na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ime.<ref name="Knipe">{{Cite book|title=Criminal chronology of York castle; with a register of criminals capitally convicted and executed at the County assizes, commencing March 1st, 1379, to the present time|first=William|author=Knipe|date=1867|url=https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog|chapter=Mary Bateman|pages=[https://archive.org/details/criminalchronol00knipgoog/page/n175 145]-149|publisher=York [Eng.] C. L. Burdekin; [etc., etc.]}}</ref> Ihe ndekọ nke William Knipe nke 1867 na-egosi na Bateman nwere nwa nwanyị n'ụlọ yana nwa ọhụrụ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ya na ya. A kọrọ na ọ zitere mgbanaka agbamakwụkwọ ya nye di ya ka o nye nwa ya nwanyị ahụ.<ref name="Knipe" /> A kwụgburu Bateman na ndị ikom abụọ na Mọnde 20 Machị 1809. <ref name="Knipe"/> === Nchịkọta === Mgbe e gbusịrị ya, e bugara ozu ya na Leeds General Infirmary, nke gosipụtara ozu ya n'ihu ọha, na-akwụ onye nleta 3 penny.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ward|first=Richard|date=2015|title=The Criminal Corpse, Anatomists, and the Criminal Law: Parliamentary Attempts to Extend the Dissection of Offenders in Late Eighteenth-Century England|url=|journal=Journal of British Studies|volume=54|issue=1|pages=63–87|doi=10.1017/jbr.2014.167|pmid=25821241|issn=0021-9371}}</ref> William Hey wepụrụ ozu ya, onye gbasaa ihe omume ahụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ. N'ụbọchị otu ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike kwụrụ ụgwọ iji hụ ozu ahụ, n'ụbọchị abụọ "ihe dị ka tiketi 100 dị maka ndị ikom [ndị Leeds ọkachamara] kwụrụ guineas ise", na n'ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị atọ nwere ike ịzụta tiketi ụbọchị iji gaa nkuzi Hey na ahụ.[1] A na-eji akpụkpọ anụ akpụkpọ anụ mee ka ọ bụrụ akpụkpọ anụ ma ree ya ka ọ bụrụ ọtụmọkpọ anwansi iji gbanarị ndị mmụọ ọjọọ ọsọ.[2][3] Ọ bụ gọvanọ Ripon Prison nakọtara ọnụ ọnụ ire ya. Akwụkwọ abụọ sitere n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Mexborough House kpuchiri akpụkpọ ahụ ya - Sir John Cheeke's Hurt of Sedition: Olee otú o si jọgbuo onwe ya nye A Common Welth (1569) na Richard Braithwaite's Arcadian Princess (1635); akwụkwọ ndị ahụ efunahụ n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Davies|first=Owen|date=2017|pages=29–52|editor=Davies|series=Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife|location=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-59519-1_3|isbn=978-3-319-59519-1|title=Executing Magic in the Modern Era|chapter=The Corpse Gives Life}}</ref> == Ihe Nketa == [[Faịlụ:Lamb_&_Flag_pub,_Leeds.jpg|thumb|Lamb & Flag pub, Leeds, ụlọ ahụ tupu ntọghata bụ ụlọ Mary Bateman]] Ọnwụ Bateman mere ka ọ dị egwu n'oge ahụ, ọha na eze jikwa ịnụ ọkụ n'obi rie nkọwa ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Churms|first=Stephanie Elizabeth|title=Romanticism and Popular Magic|chapter=A Profile of Romantic-Period Popular Magic: Taxonomies of Evidence|date=2019|chapterurl=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04810-5_2|pages=17–79|editor=Churms|series=Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print|location=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-04810-5_2|isbn=978-3-030-04810-5|accessdate=9 February 2021}}</ref> Akaụntụ ama ama, The Extraordinary Life and Character of Mary Bateman ka ebipụtara, nke dịlarị na mbipụta nke iri na abụọ ya afọ abụọ ka e gbuchara ya.[1][2] Charles Mackay hotara ihe omume nke akwa amụma dị ka obere ihe atụ nke ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze na Delusions Extraordinary Popular Delusions na Madness of Crowds. Ọkpụkpụ Bateman gosipụtara ọha na eze na Thackray Medical Museum na Leeds ruo 2015, mgbe a kwagara ya na Mahadum Leeds. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Summer|author=Strevens|title=The Yorkshire Witch: The Life and Trial of Mary Bateman|publisher=Pen and Sword|date=2017}}</ref> Ihe omume BBC-TV gbasara Bateman, nke gosipụtara nwa nke ya n'oge a (Tracy Whitaker), gosiri isi Bateman ka a na-enyocha laser iji gosi ka ihu ya siri pụta. E gosipụtara ya nke mbụ na 12 Eprel 2001, nke akpọrọ The People Detective – 1. Amoosu na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nlekọta bụ Daru Rooke gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Witch. The People Detective. Episode 1 of 5|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0327wk8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415211132/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0327wk8|archivedate=15 April 2017|accessdate=10 January 2021|work=BBC}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ihe dị ka 1867, William Knipe tụrụ aro na mpụ riri ya ahụ́.[1] Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Owen Davies na-akọwa Bateman dị ka onye nwere "mkpa gbasara ọrịa izu ohi", na-egosi na e nwere ihe kpatara mmụọ nsọ kpatara mkpali maka ụfọdụ mpụ ya. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ site na mba == Edensibia == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|ref=none|author=Baring-Gould|first=Sabine|title=Yorkshire Oddities, Incidents and Strange Events|date=1900|publisher=Methuen|location=London|pages=401–424|edition=5|chapter=[[s:Yorkshire Oddities, Incidents and Strange Events/Mary Bateman, Witch and Murderess|Mary Bateman, Witch and Murderess]]}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.exclassics.com/newgate/ng500.htm Kalenda Newgate - Mary Bateman] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230155949/http://www.shanmonster.com/witch/witches/bateman.html Oge Amụma: Mary Bateman] nke Roy Stockdill dere * {{Cite web|url=http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/york.html|title=York Castle prisons – Executions at York|accessdate=28 February 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004024927/http://www.richard.clark32.btinternet.co.uk/york.html|archivedate=4 October 2006}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250323183617/https://mylearning.org/stories/crime-and-punishment-in-leeds/1053 Mpụ na ntaramahụhụ na Leeds] == Edensibia == nk8dozmq4nd5zzmei0o239j7f3ibba4 0 56447 741841 708068 2026-10-28T17:59:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741841 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Goldenboughstudy01fraz 0011.jpg|thumb|Ọkụ Ọlaedo]] The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (nke egosi The Golden Bigh: A Study on Magic and Religion na akara ya nke abụọ) bụ ọkụ sara mbara, nke ikpe ifo na Okpukpe, nke onye na- achọpụta mmadụ nke Scotland bụ Sir James George Frazer dere. E àgwà Golden Bough na so abụọ na 1890; na mpeka atɔ na 1900; na akara iri na nke akara atọ, nke e ndidi na 1906-1915. E bipụtakwala ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta iche iche nke otu ụdị. Ụbọchị ahụ bụ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntĩlị akwụkwọ na dị ka a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Thomas Bulfinch's The Age of Fable, ma ọ bụ Stories of Gods and Heroes (1855). egwu nke The Golden Bough na akwụkwọ na echiche nke oge a na Europe abụwo ihe dị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Karbiener, K.|title=Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7pVTz46T3cC&pg=PA189|pages=188–190|isbn=9781438116891}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Frazer na-akpa ihe ndị a na-ekerịta nke nsogbu na-eche echiche, na- ndị na-eme ememe, ụmụaka n'àjà, chi na-anwụ anwụ, onye a na-egbu egbu, na ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ndị na-alụ ọgụ na-ejedebe afọ nke 20.[1]  Thesis ya bụ na ndị agha ndị kasị ochie bụ ofufe nke na-agba ofufe na àjà oge nke eze dị nsso dịka usoro nke oge si dị.  Frazer faịlụ aro na ụmụ mmadụ, ụwa okike na-aga n'ihu site na ebe saịtị na mkpa gaa n'iche echiche.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|editor=Hamel, Frazer|title=The Golden Bough|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Frazer, Sir James|title=The Golden Bough|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.goldenboughstudy0000fraz_p6y1|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}</ref> E edemede Frazer n'ihe gbasara ihe mere na Virgil's Aeneid, ebe Aeneas na Sibyl nyere onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ ámá Hades ela edo e si n'aka dị nsso were iji ike.  Ihe omume ahụ site na ihe osise J. M. W. Turner nke 1834 The Golden Bough .  Frazer kwuru n'ụzọ na-ụlọ ezi na ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ na Nri, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ Lake Avernus n'ezie.[1]  Ɔdɔ mmirika Nemi, nke a dị ka "Diana's Mirror", bụ ebe a na-eme emume agha na "mmezu nke nkwa" nke ndị ozi na ndị eze. Frazer fa na thesis ya na onye-eze Rex Nemorensis, onye ụkọcha Diana na Lake Nemi, onye onyechiri ya gburugburu.  Eze ahụ bụ anụ ahụ nke chi na-anwụ anwụ ma na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ, chi ndị nke ọmụmụ di na ọkụ dị omimi na chi nchọpụta nke ụwa, ọnwụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi wee nwetaghachi onwe ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi.  Frazer na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ifo a nke ọkpara ọzọ bụ isi ihe nke nta ka ọ na-eme ifo niile nke ụwa.. Frazer dere n'okwu nke akara nke atọ nke The Golden Bough na ọ bụ ebe na ọ gụghị Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, enyi ya James Ward, na onye ọkà ihe J. M. E.Taggart, tụụrụ ya aro na Hegel echiche echiche ya "okike na ihe mere eme nke emu nke na-enye ihe".  Frazer ụgbọ ahụ dị ka na "ịhụ na n'ime ike nke uche nke ihe a ngosi oge ngosi bu oge nke usoro, nakwa na ndu n'etiti TV na ụmụ bụ na, ebe mgbasa ozi okike n'onwe ya, arịa LED ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site n'aka onye dị ike ụmụaka nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere aka na enyemaka".  Frazer asị ihe sitere na Hegel' akwụkwọ Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1832). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Frazer, James George|title=The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion. Part 1: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings. Vol. 1|publisher=The Macmillan Press|location=London|year=1976|pages=ix, 423|isbn=0-333-01282-8}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == The Golden Bough wụrụ nsogbu na eze Britain akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe mbụ e edi ya, ebe ọ na-eme ndị nchọpụta ndị nchọpụta mbilite n'àmà na ọkụ ya.  Ndị nkatọ chere na otu a ma ama ka a Nwa-nkiri nke Chineke dị ka ihe nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ.  Maka akara nke atọ, Frazer achọpụta nsogbu ya mgbada Crucifixion na ihe mgbakwunye na-akọ nkwu, ebe ewepụrụ okpukpe ụka Iso ụzọ na-ahụta e ọkpụkpọ nke otu otu esi. <ref name="Leach">{{Cite journal|author=Leach, Edmund R.|title=Kingship and divinity: The unpublished Frazer Lecture|journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory|volume=1|issue=1|date=2011|pages=279–298|doi=10.14318/hau1.1.012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith, Jonathan Z.|title=When the bough breaks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_1973-05_12_4/page/342|journal=History of Religions|volume=12|issue=4|date=1973|pages=342–371|doi=10.1086/462686}}</ref> Frazer n'onwe ya kwetara na echiche ya bụ ịkọ nkọ nakwa na njikọ ndị o mere bụ ihe na-enweghị isi ma na-adabere naanị na myirịta. O dere, sị: "Akwụkwọ dị ka nke m, naanị ịkọ nkọ, ga-anọchi anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị (n'oge na'oge ka mma maka eziokwu) site na ntinye aka ka mma dabere na ihe ọmụma zuru oke. " N'afọ 1922, na mwepụta nke Frazer Lectureship na Anthropology, o kwuru, sị: 'Ọ bụ ọchịchọ m siri ike na a ga-eji nkuzi mee ihe naanị maka ịchụso eziokwu na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị maka mgbasa na mgbasa nke echiche ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche nke onwe ya, ọ bụ ọbụna n'oge ndụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta Frazer nwere mmetụta nke onwe ya karịa nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ọ bụla, ọ bụla, "Goldenzer nwere ike karịa"<ref name="Lienhardt" /> Robert Ackerman dere na, maka ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na Britain, Frazer ka bụ "ihe ihere" maka ịbụ "onye a ma ama n'ime ha niile" nsụgharị na ngalaba ahụ ụmụaka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya ugbu a.  Ọ bụ ebe na The Golden Bough "ọkpụkpọ òkù" dị ukwuu ma nwee ike "na-ama atụ" "n'ọtụtụ [nke ike apụta nke abụọ] ndị edemede okike", echiche Frazer "maka dị nta" n'ihe mere eme nke nkà ndị mmadụ na ibe ya.  Lienhardt n'onwe ya ụmụaka Frazer ndị na-oge ochie dị ka "ihe ụmụaka ihe ezi uche dị na ya nke [Frazer] n'onwe ha", ebe Ludwig Wittgenstein, na Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough (nke e fim na 1967), dere, sị: "Frazer bụ onye obi ọtụtụ ndịeme n'ime 'ndị na-eme obi eme ihe na-eme ka [ebe na-eme obi eme ihe na ya]  Kọl.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collingwood|first=R.G.|title=The Principles of Art|date=1911|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Na ịdị, mpe akwụkwọ ahụ na nkuzi na-akọwa na Anthropology zuru ebe niile.  Onye [[Poland]] na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Bronisław Malinowski kwuru amụma nnukwu ọrụ a, m mikpuru onwe m na ya Otú ma mee ya ohu. Achọpụtara m mgbe ahụ na anthropology, dị ka Sir James Frazer, bụ nnukwu ihe, nke ihe dị ka onye ya mkpa na ọkụ ihe ọrụ ezi ma agbụ m na onye ọrụ nke anthropology.  echiche Frazerlarị ịbụ nke oge gara aga": dị ka Godfrey Lienhardt si kwuo:   Edmund Leach, "otu n'ime ndị na- ndidi na-akatọ Frazer na akwụkwọ ya maka dị egwu", katọrọ ihe ọ pụtara dị ka ikike nka nke Frazer akwụkwọ na The Golden Bough: "Frazer jiri ihe ethnographic ya, nke o si ebe a, n'ebe ahụ oyi na ebe niile, iji kpatara ndị na-abịarutere tupu oge eruo site na ihe na-akpata ọrụ,ahụ, na ihe na-akpata oge eruo site mana, na ihe na-akpata nke oge eruo site mana.  mgbe ọ akụkọ [1]ghị!" René Girard, onye [[France]] na-akọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akọrọ akwụkwọ, na onye ọkà ihe nke ndị enyemaka ndị na ibe ya, "n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya" toro Frazer maka ihe àjà eze dị ka "ememe mbụ dị mkpa", mana ọ hardware ya nke ememe ahụ dị ka "nnukwu ikpe na- ike ezi na ethnology".  [1] Nkatọ nke Girard ebubo The Golden Bough dị ọtụtụ, ndị maka ịchọ Frazer bụ naanị nna nke ozi ifo mbụ-ememe na-ememe ka ihe ndị nke Gosphalite" nke Gosphaters "ihe" nke chi dị mkpa" nke Gospel nke Gosphetor" bụ "ihe nke chi dị ka ndụ" nke Gornals na-eme" nke Ginger..<ref name="Girard">{{Cite book|title=The Scapegoat|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1986|isbn=978-0-801-83315-1|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/thingshiddensinc0000gira_x8t8|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1978|isbn=978-0-804-72215-5|publisher=Athlone Press}}</ref> == Mmetụta e dere n'akwụkwọ == N'agbanyeghị nke ọrụ ahụ, na-egosi ya n'etiti ndị ọkà njide ndị ọzọ, The Golden Bough kaadị ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ okike nke oge ahụ.  Onye na-ede uri Robert Graves echiche echiche Frazer eze na-anwụ anwụ nke a chụrụ n'àjà maka ụdị nke ahụ na echiche nke ikike nke onye na-ede abụ maka Muse-Goddess ya, dị ka egosiri n' akwụkwọ ya gbasara uri, emee, na-eme ifo, The White Goddess (1948).  William Butler Yeats na-ezo aka na thesis Frazer na uri ya "Sailing to Byzantium".  Ụlọ Golden ahụ, [1] na Lovecraft kwuru akwụkwọ ahụ na obere faịlụ ya "The Call of Cthulhu".  [2] T. S. Eliot akwụkwọ na o ji Frazer nke n'akwụkwọ ozi mbụ ya na uri ya The Waste Land.  William Carlos Williams na-ezo aka na The Golden Bough na Book Two, nke abụọ, nke Paterson.[3]  Frazer ọkụ na ndị edemede James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William Gaddis na D. H. Lawrence. <ref name="Paglia Salon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|date=10 March 1999|title=In defense of "The Golden Bough"|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Paglia Salon" /> Onye na-akọ asụsụ ifo bụ Joseph Campbell enwe The Golden Bough na The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), ebe ọ nabatara echiche Frazer na-eme ifo bụ mbụ iji ngwaọrụ ụwa nke okike, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-enwe ya naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ziri ezi nke mere.[1]  Campbell mechara ọrụ Frazer dị ka "ihe ngosi".[2]  Onye na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Weston La Barre kaadị Frazer dị ka "onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-akpọ oku" na The Human Animal (1955).  [3] A chị achị achị nke onye ọkà ihe ndị Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Golden Bough dị ka Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, nke Rush Rhees dezi rarraba, nke e na 1967 (mbipụta Bekee sochiri na 1979).  [4] Robert Ackerman, na The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists (1991), na-etinye Frazer n'ozi sara mbara nke ihe mere eme nke echiche.  Ozi ifo na ụlọ akwụkwọ emee ndị ọrụ Ozi Jane Harrison, Gilbert Murray, F. M. Cornford, na A.B.  Cook, ndị na- nkwado ọhụrụ nke add ifo na anthropology na akwụkwọ akụkọ na njedebe nke ọnwụ nke 19, na-emetụta akwụkwọ Modernist.    The Golden Bough ọrụ Sigmund Freud Totem na Taboo (1913), yana ọrụ nwa akwụkwọ Freud bụ Carl Jung. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark, Ronald W.|title=Freud: The Man and the Cause|publisher=Jonathan Cape and Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=1980|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Paglia">{{Cite book|author=Paglia, Camille|title=Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/sexartamericancu0000pagl|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-14-017209-2}}</ref> .Onye nkatọ Camille Paglia akaraala The Golden Bough dị ka otu n'ime izi mkpa n' akwụkwọ ya Sexual Personae (1990).  [1] Na Sexual Personae, Paglia akwụkwọ "izizi mma" Frazer na The Golden Bough dị ka "ihe yiri njikọ na chi ndị na-anwụ anwụ", ọ bụ ebe na o kwuru na ọ "bụ nke na-eme ka ọ mba nna".[2]  Na Salon, ọ ndị ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ihe ihe nke ọma na-echeta nke ncheta ya na echiche efu."  Paglia ihe na "ọtụtụ dị na Frazer agbaghaala ma ọ bụ mkpa anya ya", mana o kwenyesiri ike na ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Frazer nke Cambridge nke anthropology oge ochie "ga- osisi na- . . . maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ịgbanahụ ọnọdụ na- ike isi nke taa".  Paglia ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, na mkpirisi nke The Golden Bough bụ "dị nro" kwesịrị "na<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|date=10 November 2009|title=Pelosi's victory for women|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=22 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501171608/http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Paglia Salon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|date=10 March 1999|title=In defense of "The Golden Bough"|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPaglia1999">Paglia, Camille (10 March 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html "In defense of "The Golden Bough""]. ''[[Salon.com]]''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> == Akụkọ mbipụta == === Mbipụta === * '''Mbipụta mbụ''', 2 mpịakọta., 1890. ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02fraz|Nke Abụọ]]) * '''Mbipụta nke Abụọ''', mpịakọta atọ., 1900. ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01frazuoft|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstud02frazuoft|Nke Abụọ]], [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy03frazuoft|Nke Atọ]]) * '''Mbipụta nke Atọ''', 12 mpịakọta., 1906–15. ** [[iarchive:TheGoldenBough-Part1-TheMagicArtAndTheEvolutionOfKingsVol.1|Mpịakọta 1 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi 1) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 2 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi nke 2) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstud03fraz|Mpịakọta nke 3 (1911)]] : Taboo na Ihe ize ndụ nke Mkpụrụ Obi''Taboo na Ihe Iche nke Mkpụrụ Obi'' ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy04fraz|Mpịakọta nke 4 (1911)]] : The Dying God''Chineke Na-anwụ Anwụ'' ** Mpịakọta 5 (1914): ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi 1) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907 ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy06frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 6 (1914)]] : ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi nke 2) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907 ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy07fraz|Mpịakọta nke 7 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 1) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy08fraz|Mpịakọta nke 8 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 2) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy09fraz|Mpịakọta nke 9 (1913)]] : The Scapegoat''Onye Scapegoat'' ** Mpịakọta 10 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi 1) ** Mpịakọta 11 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi nke 2) ** Mpịakọta 12 (1915): ''Bibliography na General Index'' === Mgbakwunye === * [[iarchive:aftermathasupple025677mbp|1936]]: ''Ihe si na ya pụta: Mgbakwunye na Golden Bough'' === Ihe ndị e bipụtaghachiri === * Mbipụta nke atọ dum, gụnyere Aftermath, ka Macmillan Press bipụtara na mpịakọta 13 na 1951, 1955, 1963, 1966, 1976 na 1980.   === Mbipụta ndị dị mkpirikpi === * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, 1 mpịakọta., 1922. Mbipụta a ewepụghị ihe Frazer zoro aka na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. ** 1995 Touchstone mbipụta,   ** 2002 Dover re-ebipụta nke mbipụta 1922,   * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi. 1925 bipụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan. [[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Enwere ya n'efu.]] * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Theodor H. Gaster dezigharịrị, 1959, nke akpọrọ ''The New Golden Bough: A New Abridgment of the Classic Work.'' * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Mary Douglas dezigharịrị na Sabine MacCormack belatara, 1978, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-385-14515-2|0-385-14515-2]] * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, nke Robert Fraser dezigharịrị maka Oxford University Press, 1994. Ọ na-eweghachi ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst e kpochapụrụ na mkpirisi mbụ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-282934-3|0-19-282934-3]] * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Robert K. G. Temple chịkọtara maka Simon & Schuster, 1996, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough; A Study in Magic and Religion. Ihe osise ọzọ e sere n'akwụkwọ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-684-81850-7|0-684-81850-7]] === Ihe odide n'efu n'ịntanetị === * Mbipụta 1922 nke The Golden Bough na Internet Sacred Text ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie Dị Nsọ n'Intanet * Nsụgharị 1894 na Internet Archive[[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz/page/n9/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]] * Nkọwa 1925 (nke e belatara) na Internet Archive[[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]] == Hụkwa == * Nkatọ edemede * The Golden Bough (akụkọ ifo) * Mas nke Saint-Sécaire * Ọkụ Ọkụ * Rex Nemorensis * Ịchụpụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'oge uto == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer na Cambridge Ritualists'' (Theorists of Myth) 2002.  {{ISBN|0-415-93963-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-415-93963-1|0-415-93963-1]].&nbsp; * Bitting, Mary Margaret. ''The Golden Bough: Nhazi nke Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Boux in Play Form'' (Vantage Press, 1987).  {{ISBN|0-533-07040-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-533-07040-6|0-533-07040-6]] * Csapo, Eric Theories of Mythology (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), peeji nke 36-43, 44-67.  {{ISBN|978-0-631-23248-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23248-3|978-0-631-23248-3]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (Macmillan, 1990; e wepụtara Palgrave 2001). * Smith, Jonathan Z. "When the Bough Breaks," na ''Map abụghị ókèala'', peeji nke 208-239 (The University of Chicago Press, 1978). == Njikọ mpụga == h0zc8j96sbcporsz9v8abwiextsco9n 0 56732 741860 706562 2026-10-28T18:23:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741860 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọkpụkpụ nwamba ojii bụ ụdị amara nke a na-eji eme ihe na omenala nke hoodoo.  A na-eche na ọ na-ahụ maka mgba dị iche iche dị mma, dị ka enweghị ike ịhụ ya, ihu ọma, ihe mkpa na ego, ngwaọrụ mgbe ịlọta.  mma, na ihe ịga nke ọma umu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Conjure In African American Society|url=https://archive.org/details/conjureinafrican0000ande|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|date=December 2005|author=Anderson|first=Jeffrey E.|isbn=0-8071-3092-3}}</ref>   Ọkpụkpụ ahụ, nke e ji isi Van tee, nwere ike isi dị ka nke akpa mojo;  n'aka nke ndị ọzọ, na- atụgharị mmasị, a na-ejide ya n'ọnụ onye na-eji ya eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|date=January 2003|author=Newbell Niles PH. D. Puckett|isbn=0-7661-2778-8}}</ref> == Mmalite ya == Nkịta ojii abụwo ihe nnọchianya nke ezi ihe na enweghị ihu ọma na akụkọ ọdịnala dị nso n'ụwa niile. A chọtawo omenala anwansi metụtara ''ọkpụkpụ'' nwamba ojii, ọkachasị, n'omume German-Canada nakwa na hoodoo; ndị na-eme anwansi German-Canada a esoghị ndị hoodooist, na-atụ aro mmalite Europe maka amara ahụ.<ref name="Puckett">{{Cite book|title=Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|date=January 2003|author=Newbell Niles PH. D. Puckett|isbn=0-7661-2778-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNewbell_Niles_PH._D._Puckett2003">Newbell Niles PH. D. Puckett (January 2003). ''Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro''. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7661-2778-8|<bdi>0-7661-2778-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ojiji nke ọkpụkpụ nwamba ojii iji hụ na a naghị ahụ ya anya, ọkachasị dị ka enyemaka nye ndị mmadụ, yiri aka nsọpụrụ Europe.<ref name="Morrow">{{Cite book|title=Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic, and Commerce|url=https://archive.org/details/spiritualmerchan0000long|publisher=The University of Tennessee Press|date=April 2001|author=Long|first=Carolyn Morrow|isbn=1-57233-110-0}}</ref> == Ọdịiche dị na usoro == Mgbe e jidere nwamba ojii, ọ chiri nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-esi ya n'ime ite mmiri n'etiti ọdịdị, ka onye na-eme ya wee nwee ike ile anya n'ụzọ dị mfe.  Otu ọkpụkpụ, nke nwere iche maka nwamba ọ llaba, ike ime ndekọ niile.  Ozi a nke emee ahụ sitere n’ihe odide akwụkwọ nke Europe, Akwụkwọ nke Saint Cyprian . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.luckymojo.com/blackcat.html|title=Black Cat Spiritual Supplies|author=Catherine Yronwode|accessdate=August 25, 2018}}</ref> A na-eji emume na usoro dịgasị iche iche chọpụta ọkpụkpụ bụ nke ziri ezi, na nkwadebe tupu igbu nwamba nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na ọdịnala. Otu ụzọ isi merie nwamba ojii, nke mbụ na Zora Neale Hurston's Mules and Men, oge ibu ọnụ tupu jide anụmanụ ahụ n'ezie.  mbụ na-atọ dị ka nke  ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mules and Men|url=https://archive.org/details/mulesmen00hursrich|publisher=Harper Perennial|date=January 1990|author=Hurston|first=Zora Neale|isbn=0-06-091648-6}}</ref> Ụzọ ọzọ iji mmegharị ahụ, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ ihe yiri ya na usoro, enyo.  Mgbe ọrịa nke ọkpụkpụ ahụ gbara, onye na-eme hoodoo ga-ama na ọ bụ nke ziri ezi.  A na-emekwa ụdị usoro a na Sea Islands, ebe a na-ekwere na otu ọkpụkpụ nke na-adịghị kọrọ n’enyo bụ ike.<ref name="Puckett">{{Cite book|title=Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|date=January 2003|author=Newbell Niles PH. D. Puckett|isbn=0-7661-2778-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNewbell_Niles_PH._D._Puckett2003">Newbell Niles PH. D. Puckett (January 2003). ''Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro''. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7661-2778-8|<bdi>0-7661-2778-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ma ụzọ ọzọ iji chọpụta ọkpụkpụ ziri ezi bụ ịtụfu ọkpụkpụ niile n'ime osimiri. Ọkpụkpụ nke na-ese n'elu mmiri ga-ewere ya dị ka ọkpụkpụ a họọrọ. == Ahịa nke "ọkpụkpụ nwamba ojii" == Ndị egwuregwu hoodoo nke oge a na-ere ihe ndị a na-akpọ "ọkpụkpụ nwamba ojii", na- obere ọkpụkpụ e si n'anụ ọkụkọ wepụta ma tee  oji.[1]  Hoodoo nke oge a, Wiccan, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-eji ajị anụ ojii eme ngosi ojii, dị ka ọkpụkpụ.<ref name="Catherine Yronwode">{{Cite web|url=http://www.luckymojo.com/blackcat.html|title=Black Cat Spiritual Supplies|author=Catherine Yronwode|accessdate=August 25, 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCatherine_Yronwode">Catherine Yronwode. [http://www.luckymojo.com/blackcat.html "Black Cat Spiritual Supplies"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 2g0goesgxc8gw7czz4gtvd8pf0ptnue 0 58990 741850 706662 2026-10-28T18:10:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741850 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asụsụ pluricentric''' ma ọ bụ '''asụsụ polycentric''' bụ asụsụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọkọlọtọ ahaziri ahazi, na-adakọkarị na mba dị iche iche. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Enwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ n'ụwa nile n'etiti asụsụ ndị a na-asụkarị, gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na Chinese na Republic of China, Taiwan na Singapore; [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]] na United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, India, na ebe ndị ọzọ; na [[Asụsụ French|French]] na France, Canada, na n'ebe ndị ọzọ. [ 5 ] Mkparịta ụka okwu bụ asụsụ otu onye, nke nwere naanị otu ụdị ahaziri ahazi. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Japanese na Russian . [ 6 ] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịkọwa ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke asụsụ pluricentric ka ọ pụta dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, dịka Malaysian na Indonesian, Hindi na Urdu, ebe Serbo-Croatian nọ na ọkwa mbụ nke usoro ahụ. [ 6 ] == Ọmụmaatụ nke ogo dị iche iche nke pluricentrism ==   === Arabic ===   Enwere ike were Arabic tupu Islam dị ka asụsụ polycentric. [ 7 ] Na mba ndị na-asụ Arabik, enwere ike ịhụ ọkwa dị iche iche nke polycentricity. [ 8 ] [[Arabic|Arabic nke oge a]] bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere alaka dị iche iche jikọtara ya na mpaghara dị iche iche ebe a na-asụ Arabic na ụdị obodo na-asụ ya. Ụdị asụsụ Arabik gụnyere: * Arab Peninsular ** Hejazi Arabic (obodo mepere emepe nke ọdịda anyanwụ Saudi Arabia) ** Najdi Arabic (ọtụtụ nke etiti Saudi Arabia) ** Arabic Omani ** Gulf Arabic (nke a na-ekwu n'akụkụ oke osimiri nke Ọwara Persia na Kuwait, Bahrain, [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates]], yana akụkụ nke [[Saudi Arabia]], Iraq, Iran na Oman ) ** Yemeni Arabic * Levantine Arabic (a na-asụ na mpaghara Levant ) ** Arabic Siria ** Arabic Jordan ** Arabic Lebanon ** Arabic nke Palestine * Maghrebi Arabic (a na-asụ na mpaghara Maghreb ) ** Arabic nke Algeria ** Arabic Libya ** Moroccan Arabic ** Tunisian Arabic , * Mesopotamian Arabic ** Baghdad Arabic * Arabic Egypt * Sudanese Arabic, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-eji Modern Standard Arabic na agụmakwụkwọ na ntọala. Ya mere, n'obodo ndị na-asụ Arabik, diglossia na-adịkarị. === Armenian === Asụsụ Armenia bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere ụdị ọkọlọtọ abụọ, Eastern Armenian na Western Armenian, bụ ndị mepụtara dị ka asụsụ edemede dị iche iche kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dum-Tragut|first=Jasmine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGyop5guXDkC|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian|publisher=John Benjamins|year=2009|location=Amsterdam|pages=xiii, 1|isbn=978-9027238146|oclc=932596142}}</ref> Tupu nke a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ Armenia niile ka edere n'asụsụ Armenian oge gboo, nke a na-eji ugbu a naanị dị ka asụsụ okpukperechi . Eastern na Western Armenian nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenia . A na-asụkwa ya, n'asụsụ dị iche iche, nke ndị Armenia Iranian, Armenians na Karabakh (lee olumba Karabakh ), na ndị Armenia diaspora, karịsịa na mbụ Soviet Union (Russia, Georgia, Ukraine). A na-asụkarị Western Armenian na ndị obodo Armenia, ọkachasị na Middle East, France, US na Canada. Na mgbakwunye, edere Armenian n'ụdị ọpịpị ọkọlọtọ abụọ: oge gboo na ngbanwe asụsụ Armenia. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile na-asụ Western Armenian na ndị Armenia na Iran na-eji nke mbụ, ebe nke ikpeazụ, nke e mepụtara na Soviet Armenia na narị afọ nke 20, na-eji na Armenia na Nagorno-Karabakh . === Catalan === nwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenianwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenianwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenianwekwara ike na-ezo aka na nnukwu olumba abụọ a na-ahazi asụsụ dị iche iche na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke Armenian. Eastern Armenian bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Republic of Armenia{{Reflist|2}} N'ọgbọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, Catalan bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere ndịiche bụ isi na ịkpọ okwu na okwu. Asụsụ a bụ nke mba ụwa niile mara dị ka Catalan, dịka ọ dị na Ethnologue . Nke a bụkwa aha a na-ejikarị na Catalonia, kamakwa na [[Andorra]] na Balearic Islands, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ugwu nke Central Catalan olumba a na-asụ na Barcelona na gburugburu ya. Agbanyeghị, na obodo Valencian, aha gọọmentị nke asụsụ a bụ Valencian . Otu ihe kpatara nke a bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (lee Serbo-Croatian maka ọnọdụ yiri nke a), ma ụdị dị iche iche a nwere omenala akwụkwọ nke ya nke malitere na Reconquista . Ọ bụ ezie na ibe nghọta na ndị ọzọ iche Catalan, Valencian nwere lexical peculiarities na ya mkpope iwu, nke na-setịpụ site Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua kemgbe 1998, dị ka ndị ọzọ na mpaghara n'ime Catalan mpaghara, eg Aragon. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ ọrụ a ghọtara na Catalan na Valencian bụ otu asụsụ. Maka akụkụ nke ha, e nwere ụdị dị iche iche n'agwaetiti abụọ bụ isi Balearic, Mallorcan ( Catalan ) na Mallorca, Menorcan ( ''menorquí'' ) na Menorca, Ibizan ( ''eivissenc'' ) na Ibiza . === Chinese === Ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị China na-asụ nanị ụdị ndị China dị n'ógbè ha. Ụdị ndị a dịgasị iche iche site n'ụdị ederede nke ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji, Literary Chinese, bụ nke e mere na asụsụ nke oge ochie nke China . Dị ka ihe bara uru, ndị isi nke Ming na Qing Dynasties mere nchịkwa nke alaeze ahụ site na iji asụsụ nkịtị dabere na ụdị ugwu, nke a maara dị ka ''Guānhuà'' (官話, n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu ndị isi"), nke a maara dị ka ''Mandarin'' na Bekee mgbe ndị ọchịchị gasịrị. Ya mere, ịmara asụsụ a dị mkpa maka ọrụ gọọmentị, mana akọwapụtaghị ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi. <ref name="Norman" /> N'afọ ndị mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, e ji asụsụ Chinese e dere ede dochie akwụkwọ Chinese dị ka ụkpụrụ e dere ede, bụ́ nke dabeere n'olumba ugwu . N'afọ ndị 1930, a nakweere asụsụ obodo ''Guóyǔ'' (國語, n'ụzọ nkịtị "asụsụ mba"), na ịkpọ okwu ya dabere na olumba Beijing, mana ejirikwa okwu sitere na ụdị ugwu ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ramsey|first=S. Robert|title=The Languages of China|url=https://archive.org/details/languagesofchina0000srob|pages=[https://archive.org/details/languagesofchina0000srob/page/3 3]–15|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-0-691-01468-5}}</ref> Mgbe e guzobesịrị [[China|Republic of China]] na 1949, a maara ọkọlọtọ ahụ dị ka ''Pǔtōnghuà'' (普通话/普通話, n'ụzọ nkịtị "okwu nkịtị"), mana akọwara ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ ''Guóyǔ'' na Republic of China na-achị ugbu a Taiwan. <ref name="Norman">{{Cite book|author=Norman|first=Jerry|authorlink=Jerry Norman (sinologist)|title=Chinese|url=https://archive.org/details/chinese0000norm|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinese0000norm/page/136 136]–137|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-29653-3}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNorman1988">[[Jerry Norman (sinologist)|Norman, Jerry]] (1988). ''Chinese''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">136–</span>137. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3|<bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ ghọkwara otu n'ime asụsụ gọọmentị Singapore, n'okpuru aha ''Huáyǔ'' (华语/華語, n'ụzọ nkịtị "asụsụ Chinese"). Ọ bụ ezie na ụkpụrụ atọ ahụ ka dị nso, ha agbanweela ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Mandarin na Taiwan na Singapore si n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke China, bụ ebe ndị na-asụ asụsụ obodo enweghị mkpịrịsị retroflex / tʂ tʂʰ ʂ/ nke a na-achọta n'asụsụ ugwu, nke mere na ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ n'ebe ndị ahụ adịghị ama ọdịiche dị na ha na sibilants apical / ts tsʰ s/. N'otu aka ahụ, retroflex codeas ( ''erhua'' ) na-ezere na Taiwan na Singapore. Enwekwara ọdịiche dị na okwu okwu, yana Mandarin Taiwanese na-enweta okwu mgbazinye ego sitere na Min Chinese, Hakka Chinese na Japanese, na Mandarin Singapore na-agbaziri okwu sitere na Bekee, Malay, na ụdị ndịda Chinese. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bradley|first=David|authorlink=David Bradley (linguist)|chapter=Chinese as a pluricentric language|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pluricentriclang0000unse/page/305 305]–324|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|url=https://archive.org/details/pluricentriclang0000unse|editor=Clyne|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1992|isbn=978-3-11-012855-0}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Chen|first=Ping|title=Modern Chinese: History and sociolinguistics|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-521-64572-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen/page/46 46–49]|url=https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen/page/46}}</ref> === Eastern South Slavic (Bulgarian–Macedonia–Torlakian (Gorani)–Paulician (Banat)) === Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị ọkà mmụta, ọtụtụ ndị si [[Bulgaria]] na [[Greece|Gris]], ma ụfọdụ sikwa ná mba ndị ọzọ, <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppbuavUZKEwC&pg=PA116|title=Who are the Macedonians?|first=Hugh|author=Poulton|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85065-534-3}}</ref> na-ewere Eastern South Slavic ka asụsụ pluricentric nwere ụkpụrụ anọ: Bulgarian (dabere na Rup, Balkan na Moesian (" Eastern Bulgarian ")), Macedonian (dabere na Western na Central Macedonian dialects ), ndị Torla na dialects nke Torla . Paulician (gụnyere Banat Bulgarian ). <ref name="Kamusella">{{Cite book|author=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|date=17 June 2021|title=Politics and the Slavic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUcrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|location=|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781000395990|accessdate=23 August 2021}}</ref> Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị na-akwado mba si Bulgaria nwere ike na-ezo aka n'òtù a dum dị ka 'Bulgarian', na-akparịkwa echiche na Macedonian bụ asụsụ kwụụrụ onwe ya na Bulgarian, nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Macedonia]] na ụmụ amaala na-ekwu. <ref name="Kamusella" /> Dị ka nke 2021, echiche nke Eastern South Slavic, 'Greater Bulgarian', 'Bulgaro-Macedonian', ma ọ bụ nanị 'Bulgarian', bụ asụsụ pluricentric nwere ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ gọọmentị nwere nghọta n'otu ụzọ ahụ Serbo-Croatian bụ na Czechoslovak na-adịbu.  ka emebebeghị nke ọma na asụsụ; ọ bụ echiche a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bulgaria, mana nke a na-adịghị amasị ya na North Macedonia. <ref name="Kamusella" /> === Bekee === Bekee bụ asụsụ pluricentric, <ref>{{Cite book|first=David|author=Crystal|year=2003|title=A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofling0000crys_s2g6|publisher=Blackwell}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|first=P.H.|author=Matthews|year=2007|title=Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxforddic0000matt_a8u7|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> nwere ndịiche na ịkpọ okwu, okwu, mkpoputa, wdg, n'etiti obodo ọ bụla mejupụtara United Kingdom, North America, Caribbean, Ireland, mba Africa na-asụ Bekee, Singapore, India, na Oceania. Ndị na-asụ bekee gụrụ akwụkwọ na-eji ụdị nke otu n'ime ọkọlọtọ ụdị Bekee ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile na-aghọta ibe ha, mana ụdị na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ na-eweta ọdịiche dị iche iche nke olumba, ma na-egosi na nghọta dị ala. Bekee na Amerịka bụ ụdị abụọ a na-akụzikarị na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ebe a na-akụzi Bekee dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ . British English na-achịkarị na Europe na ebe ndị Britain na-achịbu na West Indies, Africa, na Asia, ebe Bekee abụghị asụsụ mbụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya. (The Falkland Islands, ókèala Britain dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri South America na Bekee dị ka asụsụ obodo ya, nwere olumba nke ha, ebe British English bụ ọkọlọtọ.) N'ụzọ dị iche, American English na-achịkwa ntụziaka na Latin America na East Asia (Na Latin America, a na-akụziri British English n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere usoro ọmụmụ Britain na mba ndị nwere ụmụ ndị bi na Britain.) N'ihi ijikọ ụwa ọnụ na n'ihi mgbasa nke asụsụ n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Bekee na-aghọwanye nke a na-achịkọta ọnụ, na-eji kwa ụbọchị na ọmụmụ asụsụ nke steeti ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eto eto n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa. Agbanyeghị, na ọnọdụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-asụ Bekee dị obere karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Bekee na-abụghị ndị obodo nwere ikike ezi uche dị na ya. Na 2018, e mere atụmatụ na maka onye ọ bụla na-asụ Bekee, e nwere isii ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-abụghị ndị obodo nwere ikike ezi uche dị na ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dollinger|first=Stefan|url=https://www.academia.edu/35184221|title=Creating Canadian English|journal=Cambridge University Press|year=2019|pages=18}}</ref> na-ewelite ajụjụ Bekee dị ka asụsụ asụsụ dị ka ụdị asụsụ a na-asụkarị. Asụsụ Bekee America emetụtala Bekee nke Philippine (nke a na-asụkarị dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ). Mmụba nke ụlọ ọrụ oku na Philippines agbaala ụfọdụ ndị Filipinz ume ka ha “na-ekpochapụ” ma ọ bụ wepụ ụda olu ha iji mee ka ha yie nke ọma n'olu obodo ndị ahịa ha. Mba ndị dị ka Australia, New Zealand, na Canada nwere ụdị bekee haziri nke ọma nke bụ ọkọlọtọ n'ime obodo ndị ahụ mana a na-esikarị akụziri ndị na-amụ asụsụ nke abụọ mba ofesi. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Leitner|first=Gerhard|title=English as a pluricentric language|publisher=Mouton|year=1992|editor=Clyne|location=Berlin|pages=208}}</ref> (Standard English na Australia na New Zealand metụtara British English n'ụdị ịkpọ okwu na okwu ya; mmekọrịta yiri nke ahụ dị n'etiti Canadian English na American English.) === Spanish ===   Spanish nwere ụkpụrụ asụsụ mba na mpaghara, nke dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara okwu, ụtọasụsụ na ịkpọ okwu, mana ụdị niile nwere nghọta n'otu n'otu ma na-ekerịta otu iwu n'asụsụ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=R.W.|editor=Clyne|title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|pages=45–70|chapter=Spanish as a pluricentric language|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=wawGFWNuHiwC&q=spanish+pluricentric&pg=PA45|series=Contributions to the sociology of language 62|location=Berlin & New York|year=1992|isbn=978-3-11-012855-0|accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> Na [[Spain]], Standard Spanish gbadoro ụkwụ n'okwu ndị ọkà okwu gụrụ akwụkwọ si Madrid . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Penny|first=Ralph|title=Variation and Change in Spanish|url=https://archive.org/details/variationchanges00penn|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-78045-4|quote=''whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard.''}}</ref> A na-achịkọta ụdị niile a na-asụ na Iberian Peninsula dị ka Peninsular Spanish . Canarian Spanish (nke a na-asụ na Canary Islands ), yana Spanish a na-asụ na America (gụnyere Spanish a na-asụ na United States, Central American Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Andean Spanish na Caribbean Spanish ), nwere njikọ na Andalusian Spanish . United States ugbu a bụ obodo nke abụọ kasị ukwuu n'ụwa na-asụ Spanish na-esote [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] n'ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu (ndị na-asụ L1 na L2). Otu akụkọ kwuru na e nwere ndị na-asụ Spanish nde 41 L1 na ndị ọzọ 11.6 nde L2 na-ekwu okwu na US Nke a na-etinye US n'ihu Colombia (nde 48) na Spain (46 nde) na nke abụọ na Mexico (121 nde). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/29/us-second-biggest-spanish-speaking-country|title=US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=29 June 2015}}</ref> Ndị Spanish nke Latin America nwere mmetụta na-eto eto n'asụsụ dị n'akụkụ ụwa niile site na egwu, omenala na telivishọn emepụtara site na iji asụsụ nke obodo na-asụkarị asụsụ abụọ nke US Latinos. Na [[Argentina]] na [[Uruguay]] ọkọlọtọ Spanish dabere na olumba obodo Buenos Aires na Montevideo . A maara nke a dị ka Rioplatense Spanish, (si Rio de la Plata (River Plate)) ma bụrụ nke a na-amata na olumba Spanish ndị ọzọ site na {{Lang|es|[[voseo]]}} . Na [[Colombia]], a na-eji Rolo (aha maka olumba Bogotá) kpọrọ ihe maka ịkpọ okwu ya nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2010-06-21/clearest-spanish/|title=The clearest Spanish|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Judeo-Spanish (nke a makwaara dị ka ''Ladino'' ; ka ọ ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na ''Latino'' ) nke ndị Juu Sephardi na-asụ nwere ike ịchọta na [[Israel]] na n'ebe ndị ọzọ; a na-ewerekarị ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Swedish === Enwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, Ọ bụ ezie naanị otu ụkpụrụ ederede ka fọdụrụ (nke Swedish Academy of Sweden na-achịkwa): ''Rikssvenska'' (n'ụzọ nkịtị "Realm Swedish", nke a na-akpọkarị "Högsvenska", 'High Swedish' na Finland), asụsụ gọọmentị Sweden, na ''Finlandssvenska'' nke, n'akụkụ Finnish, bụ asụsụ gọọmenti ọzọ nke Finland. Enwere ọdịiche dị na okwu na ụtọ asụsụ, na ụdịdị ndị a na-eji na Finland ka dị ntakịrị karịa. Ndịiche kachasị akara bụ n'ịkpọ okwu na ntinye okwu: ebe ndị na-asụ Sweden na-akpọkarị {{IPA|/k/}} tupu ụdaume ihu dị ka [ ɕ ], ndị Swedo-Finn na-akpọkarị ụda a dị ka [ t͡ʃ ] ; na mgbakwunye, ụda abụọ ndị e ji mara Swedish (na Norwegian) na-anọghị n'ọtụtụ olumba Finnish nke Swedish, nke nwere ntugharị nke na-echetara Finnish ma si otú a na-ada ụda karịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ''Rikssvenska'' . Enwere olumba enwere ike were dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche n'ihi ogologo oge nke iche na nkewa mpaghara site na olumba etiti Svealand na Götaland nke bịara mebere ntọala maka ọkọlọtọ ''Rikssvenska'' . Olumba dị ka Elfdalian, Jamtlandic, na Gutnish niile dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ karịa, site na Swedish ọkọlọtọ karịa ụdị ụdị Danish . Ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere akwụkwọ ndekọ ahaziri ahazi, mana gọọmentị Sweden enyebeghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nnabata gọọmentị dị ka asụsụ mpaghara ma na-aga n'ihu na-ele ha anya dị ka olumba Swedish. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu na ndị agadi nọ n'ime ime obodo na-ekwu okwu. === Tamil === Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị na-asụ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] bi na ndịda India, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ gọọmentị Tamil Nadu na nke Puducherry, yana otu n'ime asụsụ 22 edepụtara na Usoro nke asatọ na Iwu India . Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime asụsụ abụọ gọọmentị na Sri Lanka, otu n'ime asụsụ anọ gọọmentị na Singapore, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka usoro nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Tamil nke gọọmentị na-enyere aka na Malaysia . Akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Tamil, mana ha abụghị ebe a na-emepe emepe. [ 52 ] Tamil bụ diglossic, na ụdị edemede eji eme akwụkwọ, uri, okwu na mgbasa ozi akụkọ mgbe a na-eji ụdị okwu dị iche iche na-ekwu okwu kwa ụbọchị, ozi ịntanetị na ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nnukwu ndịiche dị n'ụdị a na-asụ n'ụdị mba dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na-abụkarị otu, yana ụfọdụ ndịiche dị na semantics nke ndị na-asụ obodo na-aghọtaghị. Enwebeghị mbọ ọ bụla ịchịkọta ọkọwa okwu Sri Lankan Tamil. [ 53 ] N'ihi nke Tamil Movement dị ọcha, Indian Tamil na-achọsi ike izere okwu mgbazinye ego karịa Sri Lankan Tamil. Mkpụrụ ego nke usoro teknụzụ ọhụrụ dịkwa iche n'etiti abụọ ahụ. [ 54 ] Amụma Tamil na Singapore na Malaysia na-agbaso nke Tamil Nadu gbasara ịdị ọcha asụsụ na mkpụrụ ego teknụzụ. [ 55 ] === Ndị ọzọ === ** * [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] varieties of [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]]. == Hụkwa ==   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} d3ggqxp2k0bpchzmgr7bmo1ffbx190a 0 59140 741913 698827 2026-10-29T11:42:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741913 wikitext text/x-wiki Ndị Negrito nke Philippines na-asộhụ Philippine dị iche iche.  Ha nwere ihe ha na àgwà ndị agbata obi ibe ha, [1] ma depụta ebe a ikike dị ka sie maka ike. == Nchịkọta == A na-achịkọta asụsụ ndị a dabere na ọnọdụ ala ha, ọ bụghị nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Lobel (2013) [1] depụtara ndị na-esonụ Black Filipino (ya bụ, Philippine Negrito) ethnolinguistic otus.   (Lobel (2010) ) [1] depụtara ndepụta Negrito ndị a na-asụrụ n'afọ oké osimiri mmalite nke Luzon Island, depụtara site n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda.  ) * Dupaningan Agta (alaka nke North Luzon) * Pahanan Agta * Casiguran Agta * Umiray Dumaget * Remontado/Hatang-Kayi * Inagta Alabat * Manide * Òtù Inagta * Inagta Rinconada Ọzọkwa, Robinson & Lobel (2013) [1] na-ekwu na Dupaningan Agta, Pahanan Agta, Casiguran Agta, Nagtipunan Agta, Dinapigue Agta, na Paranan echiche nke alaka Northern Cordilleran, kama ọ bụ alaka ọzọ ha na-akpọ Northeast Luzon, nke ha weere dị ka alaka mbụ nke Northern Luzon (Cordilleran).). * Ayta Mag-indi * Ayta Mag-anchi * [[Asụsụ Abellen|Ayta Abellen]] * Ayta Ambala * a.k.a.-linkid="91" href="./Magbeken_Ayta_language" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Magbeken Ayta language">Ayta Bataan (nke a na-akpọ Ayta Magbukun) * Inagta Rinconada * Òtù Inagta * Manide * Inagta Alabat (na Inagta Lopez) * Ugwu Iraya Agta (nke a na-akpọ East Lake Buhi Agta) * Dicamay Agta: a na-asụ ya n'Osimiri Dicamay n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Madre nso Jones, Isabela; a kọrọ na ndị Ilokano homesteaders kpochapụrụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti 1957 na 1974 <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thirty endangered languages in the Philippines|first=Thomas N.|author=Headland|year=2003|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session|volume=47|issue=1|doi=10.31356/silwp.vol47.01}}</ref> * [[Asụsụ Atta|Obodo Viciosa Agta]] Ethnologue na- ike Katabaga nke Catanauan, Quezon, ndịda Luzon.  Ọ bụ Garvan depụtara ahụ na mbụ.[1]  Katabaga bụ n'ezie ụmụaka na-akụzi ezi nke Katabangan, aha ndị mmadụ na-eji hụrụ onwe ha.  Ụfọdụ ndị nọ na mpaghara Bikol na- isiokwu okwu Katabangan na-ezo aka na ekwukọta Agta na mpaghara ahụ.  Lobel na-akọ site na mbụ 2006 na Katabangan na-asụ Tagalog.  [6] Dị ka Lobel si kwuo (2013), dabere na ọnọdụ ha, ọ bụrụ na Katabangan nwere n'ezie akwụkwọ nke ha, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ nwere njikọ na Inagta Alabat-Lopez (lee Asụsụ Inagta Alabat) na Manide.  Louward Allen Zubiri na-akọ na e nwere mmadụ 670 na obodo Katabangan, nakwa na e igwe ndị bi na Mulanay, Gumaca, Lopez, na Alabat.  Ọ na-akọkwa okwu okwu ole na ole nke Katabangan na-echeta nke na-enye ihe ọmụmụ maka chiri anya nke aha ha furu efu ugbu a na Manide na Inagta Alabat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/CR_Comments_2019-024.pdf|title=ISO 639-3 Change Request 2019-024}}</ref> === Reid (1994) === Reid (1994) depụtara asụsụ Negrito ndị a.<ref name="Reid1994">{{Cite journal|author=Reid|first=Lawrence A.|date=1994|title=Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oceanic-linguistics_1994-06_33_1/page/37|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=37–72|doi=10.2307/3623000}}</ref> * Ebe Ugwu Agta ** [[Asụsụ Atta|Ebe Ugwu Cagayan]] ** Central Cagayan ** Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cagayan ** [[Asụsụ Atta|Ndịda Cagayan]] ** Ndịda Isabela ** Aurora * Arta 12 fọdụrụ na [[Quirino]]" id="mwog" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Aglipay, Quirino">Aglipay, Quirino, na 1990 * Alta ** North Alta - a na-asụ ya na Aurora ProvinceÓgbè Aurora ** South Alta (Kabuluen) - a na-asụ ya na Nueva Ecija na Bulacan Provinces * Central Agta - a na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Luzon; gụnyere Umiray * South Agta (&amp;gt; Manide) ** Camarines Norte (&amp;gt; Manide) ** Camarines Sud (&amp;gt; Inagta Rinconada, Inagta Partido) * Sinauna (&amp;gt; Remontado/Hatang-Kayi) * Ayta - asụsụ 6 dị iche iche a na-asụ na Ugwu Zambales dị ka Wimbish si kwuo (1986): <ref name="Wimbish">{{Cite journal|author=Wimbish|first=John|year=1986|title=The languages of the Zambales mountains: a Philippine lexicostatistic study|journal=Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session|volume=30|pages=133–142|doi=10.31356/silwp.vol30.08}}</ref> ** [[Asụsụ Abellen|Abelen]] ** [[Asụsụ Abellen|Aberlen]] ** Magganchi ** Maggindi ** Ambala ** Magbeken Ayta === Reid (2013) === Reid (2013) [1] na-ewere egwu Negrito nke Philippines (nke e sere na bold) ka ha kewaa n'ụzọ na-esonụ.  Reid (2013) na-ewere ma ọ bụ otu Negrito ọ àlà dị ka nkewa nke mbụ na ngalaba ya, na Inati na Manide-Alabat dị ka obere m nke Malayo-Polynesian.. * Malay-Polynesia (MP) ** ''alaka dị iche iche nke MP na mpụga Philippines'' ** ''Bashiic'', ''Kalamianic na alaka ndị ọzọ nke MP na Philippines na-enweghị asụsụ Negrito'' ** '''Manide-Alabat''' ** '''Inati''' ** Asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Luzon *** '''Arta''' *** '''Umiray Dumaget''' (?) *** '''Asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Luzon''' *** Asụsụ ndị dị na Ndagwurugwu Cagayan *** Ilokano *** Asụsụ Meso-Cordilleran **** '''Ebe Ugwu Alta''' **** '''Ndịda Alta''' **** Asụsụ ndịda Cordilleran **** Asụsụ ndị dị na Central Cordilleran ** Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Luzon *** Remontado Dumagat ('''Sinauna Tagalog''') *** Kapampangan *** Asụsụ Sambalic **** '''Asụsụ Ayta''' **** Asụsụ Sambal ** Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Philippines *** '''Mamanwa''' *** Tagalog *** Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè *** Bisayan *** Mansaka Lobel (2010) [1] depụtara mgbidi ndị na-esonụ nke ihe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iche nke okwu n'ime 1,000 okwu e jiri ya okpukpe n'asụsụ Negrito ndị a, nke Reid (1994) [2] na-atụ aro na ọ bụ ihe ndị ike na okwu site na substrata pre-Austronesian nke ike Negrito ndị ahụ nwere ike sere.  Manide na Umiray Dumaget nwere ihe ndị ndọrọ iche n'okwu. Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ndị isi egwuregwu Eshia nwere oke okwu nke nwere ike isi na ya iche Asụsụ Enggano nke Indonesia na Asụsụ Kenaboi nke Malaysia.. Reid (1994) <ref name="Reid1994" /> depụtara ụdị ndị a e wughachiri dị ka ihe ndị na-abụghị nke Austronesian na asụsụ Negrito nke Philippines. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Mba. !Nkọwa !Ụdị e wughachiri !Alaka ndị e dere ede |- |1. |rattan |*lati |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |2. |òké |*kuyəŋ |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |3. |ihere |*aməs |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |4. |akwara |*litid |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |5. |olili ozu, n'etiti |*tapuR |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta, Central Agta |- |6. |ọmịiko, obiọma |*Rəbi |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta, Alta |- |7. |agwọ |*babak |Alta, Central Agta, Sinauna |- |8. |akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ |*pələk |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |9. |ịchụ nta |*purab |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |10. |mgbada, buck |*b[ia]dut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |11. |mbọ mkpịsị aka |*[l]usip |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |12. |penis |*g[ia]ləŋ |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |13. |mgbidi |*g na-agafe |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |14. |nkịta, nkịta |*lapul |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |15. |ọkụ |*dukut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |16. |ntutu isi, ábụ́bà |*pulug |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Arta |- |17. |ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ |*ləbut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |18. |chefuo |*liksap |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |19. |nzukọ |*kwurịta okwu/*kwurịta |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Alta |- |20. |ihu |*[l]aŋas |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Ebe Ndịda Agta |- |21. |nzukọ |*kurut |Ebe Ugwu Agta, Ebe Ndịda Agta |- |22. |ísì ụtọ |*səlub |Arta, Alta |- |23. |ogwe aka |*sula |Alta, Central Agta |- |24. |ngwa ngwa |*pariparipari |Alta, Central Agta |- |25. |mara (s.o.) |*Nwanne nne |Alta, Central Agta |- |26. |akwụkwọ osisi |*agid |Alta, Central Agta |- |27. |nwoke, nwoke |* Ọrịa |Alta, Central Agta |- |28. |lee |*lawi[g] |Alta, Central Agta |- |29. |mgbidi |*sagbuŋ |Alta, Central Agta |- |30. |ubu |*sugbuŋ/*subuŋ (-an) |Alta, South Agta |- |31. |ịgba ọsọ |*kaldit |Alta, South Agta |- |32. |Akwụkwọ betel |*li[t]lit |Alta, Ayta |- |33. |nsụda mmiri |*gərəy |Central Agta, Sinauna |- |34. |soro |*Nke a na-eme |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |35. |mara |*ənul |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |36. |onye umengwụ |*b[ia]kət |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |37. |ime |*tuyud |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |38. |ụra |*Plted |Ebe Ugwu Alta, Ebe Ndịda Alta |- |39. |ịdị arọ |*ụmụ ihe |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |40. |ọkpụrụkpụ |*bagəl |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |41. |ilu |*təkak |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |42. |urukurubụba |*lullu/*lilli |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |43. |kpọrọ nkụ n'anyanwụ |*sarun |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |44. |nụ |*tima[n, ŋ] |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |45. |ịchụ nta |*lagum |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |46. |ugwu |* Amugud |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |47. |ochie (obj.) |*ligid |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |48. |anyanwụ |*Papalak |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |49. |ahịhịa ahịhịhịa |*sarik |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |50. |tụfuo (n'èzí) |*tugbak |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |51. |mbọ mkpịsị aka |*lu/*[l]udis |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |52. |ịgba ọsọ |*Zụta |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |53. |nku |*ụmụ anụmanụ |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |54. |ịtụba |*b[ia]sag |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |55. |nsụda mmiri |* Ihe mgbochi |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |56. |ubu |*dapi |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |57. |oku |*Dulaị |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |58. |Ọsụsọ |*asub |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |59. |urukurubụba |*lumlum/*limlim |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |60. |nọdụ ala |*tugkuk |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |61. |akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ |*g[ia]mtaŋ |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |62. |mamịrị |*nọdụ ala |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |63. |ịga ije |*a na-atụle ya |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |64. |nụ |*Sanig |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |65. |rattan |*karat |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |66. |ịgba ọsọ |*Gutuk |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |67. |nnu |*b[ia]gəl |Ebe Ugwu Agta |- |68. |ehihie | (ma-) *lutəp |Arta |- |69. |na-abịa |*digdigdigdig |Arta |- |70. |ọkpụkpụ |*dị nsọ |Arta |- |71. |urukurubụba |*pippun |Arta |- |72. |ihe ọṅụṅụ |*oge |Arta |- |73. |ntị |*ibəŋ |Arta |- |74. |lime |*ŋusu |Arta |- |75. |nwoke, nwoke |*N'afọ _ N'afọ _ |Arta |- |76. |anwụnta |*buŋur |Arta |- |77. |agadi (nwoke) |*dupu |Arta |- |78. |otu |*sipaŋ |Arta |- |79. |Mmiri ozuzo |*Nke a na-akpọ |Arta |- |80. |ịgba ọsọ |*gurugud |Arta |- |81. |kwuo, gwa |*ụmụ nwoke |Arta |- |82. |ụra |*idəm |Arta |- |83. |abụọ |* ụbụrụ |Arta |- |84. |ọkụ |*təmuk |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |85. |oku |*ŋuk |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |86. |ọdịda |*bəwəl |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |87. |ọpụpụ |*əg[ʔk]aŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |88. |mkpụrụ osisi |*ian |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |89. |nụ |*Tibəŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |90. |kụọ, kụọ |*pu[ʔk]na |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |91. |dina ala |*Sudaŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |92. |igurube |*pəsal |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |93. |ogologo oge |*lə[ʔk]aw |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |94. |penis |* Jima'i |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |95. |put, ebe |*dətun |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |96. |uhie |*silit |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |97. |ịchọ |*Alyuk |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |98. |guzo |*payuŋ |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |99. |Chere |*tanud |Ebe Ugwu Alta |- |100. |ndanda |*il[əu]m |Ndịda Alta |- |101. |ojii |*lit[əu]b |Ndịda Alta |- |102. |blow (v.) |*Onye na-ewe |Ndịda Alta |- |103. |ọkụ |*tiduk |Ndịda Alta |- |104. |olili ozu, n'etiti |*ụgbụgbọ |Ndịda Alta |- |105. |urukurubụba | (ma-) *lawak |Ndịda Alta |- |106. |ogwe aka |*Tụ́lị |Ndịda Alta |- |107. |oku |*gawi |Ndịda Alta |- |108. |Carabao |*uduŋ (-an) |Ndịda Alta |- |109. |ákwá |*Keebi |Ndịda Alta |- |110. |omimi |*tanaw |Ndịda Alta |- |111. |ọdịda (v.) |* peeji nke |Ndịda Alta |- |112. |ọgụ/ọgụ |*itaw |Ndịda Alta |- |113. |mbọ mkpịsị aka |*lunu |Ndịda Alta |- |114. |uwe elu |*g[ia]nat |Ndịda Alta |- |115. |ogologo oge |*təwali |Ndịda Alta |- |116. |ndị ọzọ (diff.) |*kalad |Ndịda Alta |- |117. |put, ebe |*bənu |Ndịda Alta |- |118. |Mmiri ozuzo |*ụmụ ihe |Ndịda Alta |- |119. |nọdụ ala |* n'etiti |Ndịda Alta |- |120. |guzo |*ịhụnanya |Ndịda Alta |- |121. |ọdụ |*Lomboŋ |Ndịda Alta |- |122. |atọ |*saŋay |Ndịda Alta |- |123. |osisi, osisi |*lab[ia]t |Ndịda Alta |- |124. |eziokwu |*kuduR |Ndịda Alta |- |125. |akụkụ ahụ nwanyị | (i-) *plaŋ |Ndịda Alta |- |126. |di ya nwụrụ, di ya nwụrụ | (na-) * kwuru |Ndịda Alta |- |127. |ifufe |*kabu (-an) |Ndịda Alta |- |128. |ọkpụkpụ |*kaks (-an) |Central Agta |- |129. |oku |*ulaŋ |Central Agta |- |130. |ịrịgo |*dawit |Central Agta |- |131. |Agụ iyi | (maŋ-) *atu |Central Agta |- |132. |ábụ́bà |*putputput |Central Agta |- |133. |ntutu isi |*sapuk |Central Agta |- |134. |ịchụ nta |*Ijikọ |Central Agta |- |135. |ladle |*lukuy |Central Agta |- |136. |ogologo oge |*Luy |Central Agta |- |137. |ee e, ee e |*Eyen |Central Agta |- |138. |pound |*buntul |Central Agta |- |139. |Mmiri ozuzo |* Tapuk |Central Agta |- |140. |ịgba ọsọ |*g[ia]kan |Central Agta |- |141. |ájá |* n'èzí |Central Agta |- |142. |nọdụ ala |* Lipa |Central Agta |- |143. |ụra |*pede |Central Agta |- |144. |guzo |*[uə]di |Central Agta |- |145. |Ọsụsọ |*aldut/*ald[ia]t |Central Agta |- |146. |akụkụ ahụ nwanyị |* Akpụkpọ ahụ (-an) |Central Agta |- |147. |mmiri, osimiri |*urat |Central Agta |- |148. |ọcha |*Lapsay |Central Agta |- |149. |ọkụ |*adiŋ |Ndịda Agta |- |150. |anwụnta |*kubuŋ |Ndịda Agta |- |151. |ubu |*mugmug (-an) |Ndịda Agta |- |152. |ụra |*lubat |Ndịda Agta |- |153. |nwa |*ubun |Sinauna |- |154. |akwụkwọ osisi |*hayin |Sinauna |- |155. |nọdụ ala |*səna |Sinauna |- |156. |nkume |*igaŋ |Sinauna |- |157. |ifufe |*rugus |Sinauna |- |158. |lee |*ụmụ anụmanụ |Ayta |} Reid na-ewere endonym *ʔa (R) ta, nke ụdị 'onye', ka ọ bụrụ okwu Negrito nke e ịhụ gbazite n'asụsụ Austronesian nke ere 'nwoke nwere akpụkpọ ojii'.<ref name="Reid2013">{{Cite journal|author=Reid|first=Lawrence A.|year=2013|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/15|title=Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|editor=Adelaar|title=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9780415681537}} * {{Cite web|author=Greenhill|first=Simon J.|url=https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/|title=Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database|year=2008|access-date=2025-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320154710/https://abvd.eva.mpg.de/austronesian/|archive-date=2025-03-20|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|author=Greenhill|first=Simon J.|year=2008|title=The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics|journal=Evolutionary Bioinformatics|volume=4|pages=271–283|doi=10.4137/EBO.S893|pmid=19204825}} * {{Cite book|editor=Wouk|title=The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems|publisher=Australian National University|year=2002|doi=10.15144/PL-518|isbn=0-85883-477-4}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[wiktionary:en:Appendix:Austronesian Swadesh lists|Okwu ntụnyere nke asụsụ Philippine na asụsụ Austronesian ndị ọzọ]] * [[wiktionary:en:Appendix:Cognate sets for Austronesian languages|Ụdị asụsụ ndị ọzọ maka asụsụ Austronesian]] {{Languages of the Philippines}} onbn0d1u41oezkygegues2s99krwvxy 0 59181 741836 696139 2026-10-28T17:54:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2019}} '''Hidatsa''' / h ɪˈdɑːt sə / [ 1 ] Siouan nọ n'ihe egwu metụtara asụsụ Crow . Ndị Hidatsa na-asụ ya, nke kachasị na [[North Dakota]] na [[Sawt Dakótạ|South Dakota]] . Nkọwa nke omenala Hidatsa-Mandan, gụnyere ụtọ asụsụ na okwu nke asụsụ, bipụtara na 1877 site Washington Matthews, bụ dọkịta gọọmenti nke bi n'etiti Hidatsa na Fort Berthold Indian Reservation . <ref name="matthews1877">{{Cite book|author=Matthews|first=Washington|title=Ethnography and philology of the Hidatsa Indians|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnographyandp00mattgoog|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]]|year=1877}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, asụsụ bụ isiokwu a na-arụ ọrụ na omenala [[Generative grammar|ụtọ asụsụ]] . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Hidatsa Syntax|url=https://archive.org/details/hidatsasyntax0000matt|author=Matthews, G.H.|year=1965|publisher=Mouton}}</ref> N’afọ 2019, e mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe na-erughị 65 ndị na-asụ asụsụ a nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Less than 65 people speak native languages formerly common on northern plains|date=2019-08-26|url=https://kfgo.com/2019/08/26/less-than-65-people-speak-native-languages-formerly-common-on-northern-plains/}}</ref> == Sacagawea == Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-arụ ọrụ na Hidatsa kemgbe 1870 atụlewo aha Sacagawea, onye nduzi na onye ntụgharị okwu na njem Lewis na Clark, nke sitere na Hidatsa. Aha ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke aha Hidatsa abụọ a na-ahụkarị, ''cagáàga'' {{IPA|sio|tsaɡáàɡa|}} 'nnụnụ' na ''mí'' {{IPA|[míà]}} 'nwanyị'. Edere ogige ahụ dị ka ''Cagáàgawia'' 'Nwanyị Nnụnụ' n'asụsụ Hidatsa ọgbara ọhụrụ wee kpọọ {{IPA|sio|tsaɡáàɡawia|}} ( {{IPA|/m/}} a na-akpọ {{IPA|[w]}} n'etiti ụdaume na Hidatsa). Abụọ ahụ {{IPA|/aa/}} n'aha na-egosi ụdaume ogologo na diacritics a na-ada ada ụda ụkpụrụ. Hidatsa bụ asụsụ ụda olu na-enweghị mgbakasị ahụ, ya mere syllable niile na {{IPA|[tsaɡáàɡawia]}} a na-akpọ ya n'ụzọ siri ike n'otu aka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Bekee na-aghọta syllable a na-ekwusi okwu ike (ogologo {{IPA|áà/}} ) dị ka e mesiri ike. N'ịsụgharị aha ''Cagáàgawia'' n'ikwesị ntụkwasị obi n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ, ọ dị mma iji mesie nkeji okwu nke abụọ, ogologo oge, ọ bụghị {{IPA|/i/}} ụdaume, dị ka a na-emekarị na bekee. == fonology == Hidatsa nwere ụdaume ise na diphthong abụọ. O nweghị ụdaume imi, nke bụ ụzọ o si dị iche na asụsụ Siouan ndị ọzọ. (Boyle 2007) Udaume /a/ nwere ụda atọ. Ogologo 'a:' dị ka 'a' na okwu bekee, 'nna'; 'Ɔ' nwere ụda nke 'a' na okwu Bekee 'what'; na ụda na-edoghị anya, 'ạ', nke na-anọchi anya ụda 'u' dị nkenke n'asụsụ bekee, dịka n'okwu 'fun'. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup>  Udaume /e/ nwekwara ụda atọ. 'e' enweghị akara nwere ụda bekee 'ai', dị ka syllable mbụ na okwu 'ikuku'; 'ě' nwere ụda bekee dị nkenke 'e' [ ɛ ], dị ka n'okwu 'den'; 'e:' nwere ụda nke bekee ogologo 'e' [ e ], dị ka ụda 'e' na 'ha'. Ụdaume /i/ nwere naanị ụda abụọ. The 'ǐ' na Hidatsa na-ada ka obere 'i' ụda na English, dị ka okwu 'pin'; ogologo 'i:' na-ada ka bekee 'i' na okwu 'mmiri'. Udaume /o/ na /u/ nwere otu ụda nke ọ bụla, 'o' na okwu bekee 'ọkpụkpụ' na 'u' n'okwu bekee 'tune', otu n'otu. (Matiu 1877) Udaume /e/ na /o/ dị ụkọ ma na-apụta dịka ogologo ụda. Ogologo, dị ka egosiri na tebụl dị n'elu, dị iche na ụda ụda. Enwere ihe akaebe na nke a n'ime ụzọ abụọ kacha nta na nso obere n'asụsụ a: ; (1) e/e : : [gáre] /káre/ 'ịrapara n'ime' : [garée] /karé:/ 'ịgbọ agbọ' ; (2) a/a : : [miŕa] /wiŕa/ 'osisi' : [miíraa] /wiíra:/ 'goose' ; (3) i/i : : [máashii] /wáaši:/ 'akụkọ nsọ' : [máashi] /wáaši/ 'ịzụta, iji kwụọ ụgwọ' === Consonants === Hidatsa nwere consonant fọnịm iri: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! Plosive | p | t | | k | ( ʔ ) |- ! Mmekọrịta | | t͡s ⟨ c ⟩ | | | |- ! Nke na-ese okwu | | | ʃ ⟨ sh ⟩ | x | |- |- ! Sonorant | w ~ [ m ] | r ~ [ n ] | | | h |} N'adịghị ka asụsụ Siouan nke Ndagwurugwu Mississippi, Hidatsa enweghị ihe nkwụsị nke Proto-Siouan ma ọ bụ nke na-achọsi ike. Ọ nwere naanị otu usoro nkwụsị ọnụ na-enweghị olu, /p,t,k/, nke a na-akpọpụta n'otu ntabi anya dị ka [b,d,g]. Hidatsa nwere otu mmekọ na-enweghị olu, /t͡s/. Esemokwu abụọ ahụ, /ʃ/ na /x/, enweghị ụda olu mgbe ha enweghị mmasị. A naghị ekwu okwu ọnụ. Hidatsa nwere sonorant atọ: glides abụọ, /w/ na /r/, yana /h/. A na-achọpụta glides dị ka [m] na [ŋ] mgbe nkwụsịtụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ mgbe na mmalite nke okwu. == Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ == === okike === Na Hidatsa, iji okwu dị iche iche na-emepụta nkewa n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị. Okwu nwere ike guzo naanị ya ma ọ bụ tinye ya na okwu okike nkịtị. Aha nke nwoke: 'matsé' ('nwoke'), ṡikàka ('nwata nwoke'), 'itàka' ('okenye'), okwu ndị e ji eme mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ('itsùka', 'idìṡi', wdg) na ogige ha (dị ka 'makadiṡta-maste' na 'ita-maste' na 'itacule' bụ nwoke. Okwu 'kedapi' n'onwe ya pụtara "oke ehi" mana na-akọwapụta oke nwoke nke anụmanụ ọ bụla dị ala n'ụdị suffix ya, yana ma ọ bụ na-enweghị njikọ nke adverb 'adu'. Aha nke nwoke na nwanyị: 'mia' ('nwanyị'), kaduḣe ('agadi nwanyị'), okwu ndị e ji eme mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ('idu', 'itakiṡa', wdg) na ogige ha (dị ka 'miakaza', nke pụtara "nwa agbọghọ") bụ aha nwanyị maka ụmụ mmadụ. Okwu a bu 'mika', nke putara" a mare," aha umu nwanyi nke umu anumanu di ala, ya na ma obu na-enweghi nchikota nke 'adu'. === Nọmba === Aha Hidatsa anaghị agbanwe ụdị iji gosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti otu na ọtụtụ. Ụfọdụ aha ka a maara dị ka otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ site na naanị ihe mbụ pụtara ma ọ bụ otu esi eji ha na ahịrịokwu. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, adjectives ọnụọgụ ma ọ bụ adjectives dị ka ahu ('ọtụtụ'), etsa ('all') na kauṡta (' ole na ole') bụ naanị ihe na-egosi na ọnụọgụ nghọta. === Onye === Enwere nnochiaha ise dị mfe: 'ma' na 'mi', mgbe ụfọdụ a na-enye aka na 'm', na-ezo aka na onye mbụ; 'da' na 'di', mgbe ụfọdụ a na-enyefe 'd', nye onye nke abụọ; na 'i' nye onye nke atọ. A na-ejikọtakarị ha na okwu ndị ọzọ mana ha nwere ike ịpụta maka ikwugharị ma ọ bụ imesi ike. Ma 'ma' na 'da' bụ ụdị nhọpụta kwesịrị ekwesị, nke a na-eji dị ka ndị nhọpụta nke ngwaa ntụgharị, ma enwere ike iji ha mee ihe dị ka nhọpụta nke ngwaa ụfọdụ intransitive n'echiche arụ ọrụ, dị ka 'amaki' ("ọ ọdụ") na 'adamaki' ("ị nọ ọdụ"). Enwere ike tinye ha prefix, suffix, ma ọ bụ tinye n'ime ngwaa, dị ka 'kikidi' ("ọ na-achụ nta"), 'dakikidi' ("ị na-achụ nta"), na 'amakakạṡi' ("m na-ede"). A na-eji 'Ma' ("my") n'okwu nke nwere ma tinye ya na aha mbụ iji gosi ihe nwere, na 'akpachi anya ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ibufe'; ọmụmaatụ gụnyere okwu dịka 'maṡạki' ("aka m"), site na okwu izizi 'saki' ("aka"). === Ụkpụrụ === Enwere ụdịdị atọ na Hidatsa: enweghị njedebe, egosi na ọ dị mkpa. E gosiri ha na njikọ nke ngwaa. Nke infinitive bụ otu ihe nke atọ onye na-egosi, nke bụ mfe ụdị ngwaa. Agbanyeghị, ngwaa nwere oke na-ejikarị eme ihe n'okwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "M na-agbalị ịkwara" ka a ga-emepụta dị ka 'mahua mamahets' ("M ụkwara, m na-agbalị") kama ịbụ 'hua mamahets' ("ịkwara, m na-agbalị)"). N'ime mmadụ nke atọ, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche na-eme n'etiti enweghị njedebe na ụdị ngosi. Ụdị dị mfe nke ngwaa bụ onye nke atọ na-egosi; a na-agbanwe ya site na nnọchiaha agbakwunyere maka ndị mbụ na ndị nke abụọ. Ụdị dị mkpa nwere ụdị ise. Ụdị nke mbụ na-eji otu ụdị ahụ dị ka onye nke abụọ na-egosi, nke na-eji ngwaa ndị webatara nnochiaha suffixed. Emere nke abụọ site na ikpeazụ 'i' ma ọ bụ 'e' nke infinitive ka 'a' ma ọ bụ iji njedebe enweghị njedebe na a ma ọ bụ u. A na-etolite nke atọ site na idobe 'i' ikpeazụ nke ngwaa na-agwụ na 'ki' na mgbe ụfọdụ nke ndị na-agwụ na 'ti'. Ụdị nke anọ na-agbakwụnye 'da' inyeaka n'ụdị nke abụọ dị mkpa, na-edobekarị ngwaa. A na-eme ụdị nke ise site na ịgbakwunye 'diha' kama 'da'. A na-eji ụdị nke anọ na nke ise mee ihe mgbe achọrọ nrubeisi ozugbo na usoro ahụ. === Oge === Na Hidatsa, e nwere njikọ abụọ dị iche iche nke ngwaa metụtara oge: otu maka ebighi ebi na otu maka oge n'ọdịnihu. A na-egosi ogologo oge na-adịghị agwụ agwụ site n'ụdị ngwaa dị mfe, yana ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nnochiaha agbakwunyere, a na-ejikwa ya ma oge gara aga ma ugbu a. N'ọdịnihu, ọnọdụ ngosi, 'mi' na 'miha' na-agbakwunye na enweghị njedebe maka onye mbụ, 'di' na 'diha' maka onye nke abụọ. N'ime onye nke atọ, ụdị ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ na-enweghị njedebe. === Ebe === Ọtụtụ okwu mgbasa ozi nke ebe na-esite na aha site n'ịgbakwunye suffixes 'du', 'ha', 'ka', 'koa' na 'ta', ndị a kwekọrọ na prepositions na bekee. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ gụnyere 'dumata' ("n'etiti"), 'dumàtadu' ("site n'etiti"), 'dumàtaka' ("etiti"), 'dumàtakoa' ("na etiti"), na 'dumàtata' ("na-eche ihu n'ebe etiti"). A na-eji okwu ndị e kpụrụ dị otú ahụ eme ihe n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka okwu okwu bekee bụ 'windward' na 'forward'. === Usoro okwu === Na Hidatsa, usoro okwu bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.neiu.edu/~linguist/what_is_hidatsa.html|title=What is Hidatsa|accessdate=2014-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907165000/http://www.neiu.edu/~linguist/what_is_hidatsa.html|archivedate=2013-09-07}}</ref> === Ngwaa enweghị njikọ === Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị copula na Hidatsa, adjectives, adverbs, na nouns niile a na-eji dị ka ihe nhụta nke aha ka a na-ewere dị ka ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ha anaghị enwe mgbanwe n'ụdị iji gosi ụdịdị na oge dị iche iche. Ha nwere ike were nnochiaha agbakwunyere 'mi' na 'di' maka ndị nhọpụta ha, bụ nke etinyere n'ihuha. A na-edokarị ngwaa ndị na-amalite na consonants n'uju: 'liié' ("ochie, to be ochie") na 'lie' ("he, she, ma ọ bụ ọ bụ ma ọ bụ ochie" ma ọ bụ "ị bụ ma ọ bụ ochie"). Tupu ngwaa na-amalite na ụdaume, a na-enwekarị nkwekọrịta nnọchiaha. Ngwaa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe ejiri na onye nke atọ ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya n'echiche na-enweghị isi, nke nwere nnochiaha dị n'okwu ebumnobi nke a na-ebute ụzọ, dịkwa ka ngwaa enweghị njikọ. === Ikpe === A naghị atụgharị aha Hidatsa iji gosi ikpe belụsọ (ma eleghị anya) na onye nwe ya. Egosiputa ihe onwunwe site n'iji nnochiaha nke nwere, nke dị n'ihu aha nke nwere. A na-ewere ha dị ka prefix na ya. E gosipụtara ụdị ihe onwunwe abụọ na Hidatsa: ihe onwunwe chiri anya (ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ibugharị), dịka akụkụ nke ahụ, mmekọrịta, na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ na-enweghị ike ịhapụ; ọmụmaatụ bụ okwu 'idakoa' ("enyi ya ma ọ bụ enyi ya") na 'iko'pa' ("enyi ya ma ọ bụ enyi ya"). Egosiri ihe onwunwe mbụ site na nnọchiaha ndị dị mfe 'i', 'di' na 'ma' yana nkwekọrịta 'm' na 'd': 'ạki' ("aka") nwere ike ịghọ 'iṡạki' ("aka ya ma ọ bụ aka ya") 'diṡạki' ("aka gị"), na 'maṡạki' ("aka m"). Ụdị nke ọzọ, ihe onwunwe enwetara, na-egosi ihe onwunwe nwere ike ibufe, ihe ọ bụla nwere ike inye onye ọzọ. E gosiputara ya site na nnochiaha nke nwere ngwakọta 'ita', 'dita' na 'mata'. A na-etolite ha niile site n'ịgbakwunye '-ta' na nnochiaha dị mfe: 'midaki' ("ọta"), 'itamidaki', ("ọta ya"), 'ditamidaki', ("ọta gị"), 'matamidaki', ("ọta m"). Ọnọdụ okwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na njikọ nke ngwaa na-esote na-egosikarị ma ọ bụ n'aha nhọpụta ma ọ bụ n'ebumnobi. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na ọnọdụ. == Jiri == Site na Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale, nke onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Joshua Fishman tụpụtara na mbụ na 1991, ọnọdụ asụsụ dị na ọkwa 7, ma ọ bụ 'Shifting': "Ọgbọ na-amụ nwa nwere ike iji asụsụ ahụ n'etiti onwe ha, ma ọ bụghị na-ebufe ya ụmụaka." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/about/language-status|title=Language Status|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=Jul 4, 2020}}</ref> Nnyocha nke onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ́ Victor Golla mere n’afọ 2007 chọpụtara na n’ime agbụrụ dị narị isii, ọ bụ nanị mmadụ 200 nwere ike ịsụ Hidatsa. Enwere ndị na-asụ otu asụsụ 6, ma naanị 50 na-asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma; ndị kasị mara amara bụ ndị dị afọ 30 na karịa, ụmụaka na-amakwa asụsụ ahụ nanị mgbe ha na-agafe. Mkparịta ụka na Hidatsa na-abụkarị n'etiti ndị okenye na nzuzo nke ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hid|title=Hidatsa|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=Jul 4, 2020}}</ref> Mweghachi ka ga-ekwe omume ebe ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma nke ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ oge ịmụ nwa, ma a ghaghị imesi ike na mmụta asụsụ Hidatsa ga-emesi ya ike mgbe ọ ka dị. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250320180231/https://dictionary.hidatsa.org/ Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Hidatsa] * [http://www.native-languages.org/hidatsa_words.htm Okwu Hidatsa] * [http://cla.berkeley.edu/item/14266 Akaụntụ Hidatsa Water Buster (gụnyere egwu ezinụlọ)] * * * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103012/http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0341 Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke Documentation na nkọwa nke Hidatsa] Archived [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kmahpd3anst9j3xhfw8exxdisr2xn6k 0 59214 741899 577859 2026-10-29T09:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Dusner}} Dusner bụ àgwà a na-asụrụ n'obodo Dusner na mpaghara West Papua, Indonesia.  Dusner nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu, a kọkwara na ọ nwere ikike ndị ọkà okwu awụ alụnụ. <ref name="DusnerBook">{{Cite book|author=Dalrymple|first=Mary|title=Dusner|date=2012|publisher=LINCOM Europa|isbn=9783862882786}}</ref> <ref name="pop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/last-few-speakers-of-indonesian-language-dusner-nearly-wiped-out-by-flood-volcano/story-e6frg8y6-1226042738101|title=Last few speakers of Indonesian language Dusner nearly wiped out by flood, volcano|first=Jack|author=Malvern|work=The Australian|date=21 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525221012/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/last-few-speakers-of-indonesian-language-dusner-nearly-wiped-out-by-flood-volcano/story-e6frg8y6-1226042738101|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="sorosoro.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sorosoro.org/en/april-21-2011-articles-on-the-dusner-language-spoken-by-3-last-speakers|title=April 21, 2011: articles on the Dusner language, spoken by 3 last speakers.|work=SOROSORO: So the languages of the world may live on!|accessdate=2013-02-08}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya == Asụsụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu na nna ndị na-asụ ya atọ ka a kọrọ na ha ike.  [1] [2].  [4] [5] Ihe ndị ọrụ ahụ rụpụtara okwu, akara akwụkwọ e gosiri, [1] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-edekọ akwụkwọ ahụ.. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == isi foneme nke Dusner nwere ikike ise na-ejede ozi iri na anọ (nke ise n'ime ha bụ naanị ndị ozi na okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Indonesian / Papuan Malay).). <ref name="DusnerBook" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name="DusnerBook" /> ! !n'ihu !azụ |- !elu |i |u |- !n'etiti |e |o |- !ala | |a |} (Foneme dị na belheses na , bụ naanị ihe ziri ezi na okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Papuan Malay.) Enweghị ike n'asụsụ ahụ.  Fonoloji nke ahụ nwera ọnụ ọgụgụ elu nke ihe dị ka anya anya, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-egosi ike Sonority Sequencing.. == Ọdịdị ==   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|title=Multimodal language documentation for Dusner, an endangered language of Papua|work=University of Oxford, Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics|accessdate=2013-02-08|url=http://dusner.clp.ox.ac.uk/|archivedate=2023-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528220355/http://dusner.clp.ox.ac.uk/}} 9qoczfmut0ne6aa3bvsmreu44p2re9f 0 59683 741880 212331 2026-10-29T01:57:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741880 wikitext text/x-wiki Aletta E. "Alta" Schutte bụ ọkachamara n'ọrịa ọbara mgbali elu na ọrịa obi dabere na Sydney, Australia. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ SHARP na Isi Okwu Nduzi nke Ọrịa obi, Vascular na Metabolic Medicine na Mahadum New South Wales na Sydney, yana nhọpụta nkwonkwo dị ka onye otu Prọfesọ na George Institute for Global Health. Ruo n'afọ 2019 ọ bụ onye isi otu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ọbara mgbali elu na Africa (HART), Onye isi oche nyocha South Africa (SARChI) na onye isi ngalaba nke Medical Research Council Extramural Unit maka ọbara mgbali elu na ọrịa obi na Mahadum North-West na South Africa. Ọ rụzuwo ọtụtụ ọrụ iduzi, gụnyere Onye isi oche nke South Africa Hypertension Society, na Onye isi oche nke International Society of Hypertension, Secretary nke Australian Cardiovascular Alliance, ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke National Hypertension Taskforce nke Australia. O mere Doctorate ya na Mahadum Potchefstroom maka Christian Higher Education na Cardiovascular Physiology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/professor-alta-schutte|title=Professor Alta Schutte|publisher=[[University of New South Wales]]|accessdate=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.one.org/international/blog/female-african-scientists-list/|title=These powerful African scientists are changing the world|publisher=One|date=9 February 2018|accessdate=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgeinstitute.org/people/alta-schutte|title=Professor Alta Schutte|publisher=The George Institute|accessdate=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cardiology2.com/george-clinical-scientific-leadership-adds-hypertension-and-cv-researcher-prof-alta-schutte/|title=George Clinical Scientific Leadership Adds Hypertension and CV Researcher Prof Alta Schutte|publisher=Cardiology2.|date=21 August 2020|accessdate=13 September 2021|archivedate=13 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913075706/https://cardiology2.com/george-clinical-scientific-leadership-adds-hypertension-and-cv-researcher-prof-alta-schutte/}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Schutte rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum North-West na South Africa site na 2001 ruo 2019. Mgbe Schutte malitere ọrụ mbụ ya ebe ọ bụ Onye isi nchọpụta South Africa na Early Detection and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Africa, isi ihe ọ lekwasịrị anya na nyocha ya bụ ịchọpụta akara mmalite maka nchọpụta na mgbochi nke ọbara mgbali elu na ọrịa obi n'etiti ndị Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alta Schutte, PhD – George Clinical|url=https://www.georgeclinical.com/people/professor-alta-schutte|accessdate=2022-02-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228183459/https://www.georgeclinical.com/people/professor-alta-schutte}}</ref> Kemgbe ọ kwagara Australia na 2020, ọ na-arụ ọrụ idu ndú iji melite njikwa ọbara mgbali elu na mba ahụ na mba ụwa, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka Chief Investigator na ọtụtụ atụmatụ ego (dịka CIA nke Investigator Leadership Grant na Synergy Grant site na National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, na enyemaka nnwale ahụike site na Medical Research Future Fund of Australia). N'afọ 2023, The Australian depụtara ya dị ka onye nchọpụta Australia na-eduga na Vascular Medicine . <ref>{{Cite web|title=We delve deep into the data to reveal excellence|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/research-magazine/we-delve-deep-into-the-data-to-reveal-excellence/news-story/858367617e0925e28620100cb208172b|accessdate=2023-11-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115033947/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/special-reports/research-magazine/we-delve-deep-into-the-data-to-reveal-excellence/news-story/858367617e0925e28620100cb208172b|archive-date=2023-11-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọ natara onyinye Fiona Stanley Synergy Grant site na National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia maka onyinye Synergy kachasị elu enyere (AU $ 5 nde). <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNSW Academic Honoured in Annual NHMRC research awards|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/newsroom/news/2024/03/UNSW-academic-honoured-in-annual-NHMRC-research-awards|accessdate=2024-04-04}}</ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] proao1whbq0fcyil3xvobz34rpijole 0 60192 741894 208047 2026-10-29T07:41:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741894 wikitext text/x-wiki Ashleigh May Brewer (amuru 9 Disemba 1990) bu onye omekorita Australia. O nwere ọrụ ugboro ugboro na The Sleepover Club, tupu ọ sonye na nkedo nke H2O: Naanị Tinye Mmiri. Brewer rụrụ ọrụ nke Kate Ramsay na ogologo oge Australian soap opera Neighbors site na 2009 ruo 2014. She portrayed Ivy Forrester on the CBS Daytime soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful from 2014 ruo 2018. Ọ laghachiri na ikike ugboro ugboro na 2024. O sonyeere na nkedo nke ọnwa isii nke Chelsea na 2024. == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Brisbane, Brewer gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Forest Lake College na 2008. <ref name="Courier" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Melbourne, Brewer na onye agbata obi ibe ya bụ Margot Robbie bi n'otu ụlọ.<ref name="Courier" /> Na 15 Jenụwarị 2024, Brewer kwupụtara na ya na onye mmekọ ya, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Mark Bauch kwere nkwa ọlụlụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/bold-and-beautiful-alum-engaged/|title=Bold and Beautiful alum engaged!|author=Levinsky|first=Mara|work=[[Soap Opera Digest]]|date=15 January 2024|publisher=15 January 2024|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref> Ọ bụ enyi ha na onye bụbu onye Brewer bụ H2O: Just Add Water co-star Phoebe Tonkin mere ka ha mata ibe ha.<ref name="Ellis" /> == Ọrụ == Brewer pụtara na ọrụ Alana na The Sleepover Club mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/on-screen-neighbours-pair-ashleigh-brewer-and-lincoln-lewis-go-way-back/story-fn6mhd09-1226159547370|title=On-screen Neighbours pair Ashleigh Brewer and Lincoln Lewis go way back|date=5 October 2011|work=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-apụta obere na ''Blue Heelers'' na H2O: Just Add Water . <ref name="Courier">{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,25482487-3102,00.html|title=Teenager Ashleigh Brewer lands part with Neighbours|work=[[The Courier-Mail]]|first=Geoff|author=Shearer|date=14 May 2009|accessdate=22 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811092740/http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/brewer-loves-thy-neighbours/story-e6freoof-1225712350975|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShearer2009">Shearer, Geoff (14 May 2009). </cite></ref> Otu izu ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Brewer rutere Melbourne ịchọ ọrụ ime ihe.[1][2] Mgbe ọ nọ n'obodo ahụ, Brewer nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma maka ọrụ Kate Ramsay na-aga n'ihu na opera agbata obi na-adịte aka.[1] Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kwagara Melbourne maka ịse foto wee mee mpụta mbụ ya dị ka Kate na 15 Mee 2009.[1][2] N'afọ sochirinụ, a họpụtara Brewer maka ihe nrite Logie Talent Female New Kacha ewu ewu.[3] Na Julaị 2013, Brewer mere mmemme ịse ihe nkiri 1000. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel5.com/shows/neighbours/news/ashleigh-celebrates-1000-episodes|title=Ashleigh celebrates 1000 episodes|date=23 April 2013|work=[[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]]|accessdate=18 July 2013}}</ref> Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ise nke igwu egwu Kate, Brewer kwupụtara ọpụpụ ya na Neighbours na Nọvemba 2013. Brewer kpebiri ịhapụ ihe ngosi ahụ iji chụsoo ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ọhụrụ. <ref name="Quits">{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a530185/neighbours-kate-ramsay-actress-ashleigh-brewer-quits.html|title='Neighbours' Kate Ramsay actress Ashleigh Brewer quits|author=Harris|first=Jamie|date=11 November 2013|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref> O mere ihe nkiri ikpeazụ ya n'ọnwa na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/scoop/a532788/neighbours-christopher-milligan-kyle-will-fight-for-georgia.html|title='Neighbours' Christopher Milligan: 'Kyle will fight for Georgia'|author=Kilkelly|first=Daniel|date=21 November 2013|work=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref> E gburu àgwà Brewer ma kweta na ọ nwere obi ụtọ na akụkọ ọpụpụ Kate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tenplay.com.au/channel-eleven/neighbours/features/ashleigh-brewer-says-goodbye-to-erinsborough|title=Ashleigh Brewer says goodbye to Erinsborough|date=8 April 2014|work=[[Network Ten]]|accessdate=23 May 2014}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, a mara ọkwa na a tụbara Brewer n'ọrụ Ivy Forrester nke e mepụtara ọhụrụ na ihe nkiri ncha America The Bold and the Beautiful . Omume Brewer bụ nwa nwanne nwanyị nke onye ama ama Eric Forrester (John McCook). <ref name="BandB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2014/05/b-soap-nominated-for-9th-consecutive-tv-audience-award|title='B&B' Casts Australian Actress Ashleigh Brewer in Newly Created Contract Role; Soap Nominated for 9th Consecutive TV Audience Award|author=Lewis|first=Errol|date=22 May 2014|publisher=Soap Opera Network|accessdate=22 May 2014}}</ref> Brewer malitere ime ihe nkiri na 24 Mee. <ref name="Geoff">{{Cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/brisbane-actor-ashleigh-brewer-scores-role-in-us-soapie-the-bold-and-the-beautiful/story-fnihsrf2-1226930524595|title=Brisbane actor Ashleigh Brewer scores role in US soapie The Bold and the Beautiful|author=Shearer|first=Geoff|date=25 May 2014|work=[[The Courier-Mail]]|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref> O nwere nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ihe ngosi ahụ ma mee nke mbụ ya dị ka Ivy na July 2014. <ref name="BandB" /><ref name="Geoff" /> Brewer pụtara na ihe ngosi pụrụ iche na-eme emume ncheta afọ 30 nke ''Ndị agbata obi'' akpọrọ Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, nke gosipụtara na Australia na UK na Machị 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2015/02/airdate-neighbours-30th-the-stars-reunite.html|title=Airdate: Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite|author=Knox|first=David|date=28 February 2015|publisher=[[TV Tonight]]|accessdate=3 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s14/neighbours/news/a633173/neighbours-30th-anniversary-schedule-confirmed-by-channel-5.html|title=Neighbours 30th anniversary schedule confirmed by Channel 5|author=Kilkelly|first=Daniel|work=[[Digital Spy]]|date=4 March 2015|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2018, Brewer kwupụtara mkpebi ya ịhapụ The Bold and the Beautiful; na-akọwa mkpebi ya, Brewer kwuru na enyi ya Margot Robbie bụ ihe mkpali ya, na ọchịchọ nke ya iji nweta ohere ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Epstein|first=Jackie|title=''Neighbours'' star 'inspired' by Margot Robbie|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/former-neighbours-star-ashley-brewer-quit-the-bold-and-the-beautiful-to-focus-on-acting-career/news-story/9a3edf6d07d2ec6c668c0d5fb2eed0ec|accessdate=30 January 2018|work=[[Herald Sun]]|publisher=[[The Herald and Weekly Times]]|date=30 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gachara na The Bold and the Beautiful, a tụbara Brewer na ihe nkiri HBO My Dinner na Hervé.[1] Ọ sonyekwara na nkedo nke Home and Away ọnwa isii ka Chelsea Campbell.[2] A gwara Brewer ka ọ gbasaa nkwekọrịta ya na ihe nkiri ahụ, mana ọ nweghị ike wee laghachi Los Angeles.[3] Brewer ọzọ pụtara na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri telivishọn Tom Kapinos Lovestruck, n'akụkụ Rachel Bilson, Andie MacDowell na Richard Roxburgh.[4] Ọ pụtakwara na obere ihe nkiri 2020 na Edge nke abalị, [5] wee rụọ ọrụ enweghị nkwanye ùgwù nke Totally Hair Barbie na ihe nkiri 2023 Barbie.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelist.com/1378157/the-bold-and-the-beautiful-poison-ivy/|title=Whatever Happened To The Bold And The Beautiful's 'Poison Ivy'?|author=Geiser|first=Rebecca|date=28 August 2023|publisher=[[The List (website)|The List]]|accessdate=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Levinsky">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/ashleigh-brewer-returns-to-bold-and-beautiful/|title=Ashleigh Brewer returns to Bold and Beautiful!|author=Levinsky|first=Mara|date=26 March 2024|work=[[Soap Opera Digest]]|accessdate=27 March 2024}}</ref> Na 26 Machị 2024, a mara ọkwa na Brewer ga-emegharị ọrụ ya dị ka Ivy Forrester na The Bold and the Beautiful . <ref name="Levinsky" />Brewer mechara kwuo na ọ "nwere obi ụtọ ịlaghachi n'ụzọ dị egwu", dịka ndị na-emepụta ihe gosipụtara nwa nwanne Ivy Electra (Laneya Grace). <ref name="Ellis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowtolove.com.au/entertainment/ashleigh-brewer-returns-to-the-bold-and-the-beautiful/|title=Why Ashleigh Brewer is so happy to be returning to The Bold And The Beautiful|author=Ellis|first=Scott|date=4 November 2024|work=[[TV Week]]|accessdate=4 November 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEllis2024">Ellis, Scott (4 November 2024). </cite></ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ! scope="col" |Ihe edeturu |- | scope="row" |2003 |''Klọb Sleepover'' |Alana |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (oge 1) |- | scope="row" |2005 |''Blue Heelers'' |Lelah Burton |Ihe omume: "Face Value" |- | scope="row" |2006–2008 |''H<nowiki><sub id="mw9w">2</sub></nowiki>: Naanị Mgbakwunye Mmiri'' |Obiọma |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro |- | scope="row" |2009–2014 |''Ndị agbata obi'' |Kate Ramsay |Usoro a na-ahọpụta mgbe niile - Logie Award for Most Popular New Female Talent (2010) <br /> |- | scope="row" |2014-2018; 2024-dị ugbu a<br /> |''Ndị Obi Ike Na Ndị Mara Mma'' |Ivy Forrester |Usoro oge niile (2014-2018) Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro (2024-dị ugbu a) <br /> |- | scope="row" |2015 |''Ndị agbata obi nke iri atọ: The Stars Reunite'' |Ya onwe ya |Ihe nkiri |- | scope="row" |2018–2019 |''N'Ụlọ Na N'èzí'' |Chelsea Campbell |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro |- | scope="row" |2018 |''Nri M na Hervé'' |Camille Hagen |Ihe nkiri TV |- | scope="row" |2019 |''Nnụnụ hụrụ n'anya'' |Greta |Ihe nkiri TV |- | scope="row" |2020 |''N'Ọdịda Ọchịchị'' |Alexis |Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi |- | scope="row" |2023 |''Barbie'' |Barbie nwere ntutu isi zuru oke |Enweghị aha |} == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] swi49hzhnlp0lhror9ubwhuce363s4o 0 60356 741833 708211 2026-10-28T17:50:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741833 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ezikiel 36 bụ isi nke iri atọ na isii nke Akwụkwọ Ezikiel na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị e kwuru Ezikiel onye amụma, bụrụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma.[1][peeji chọrọ] Isiakwụkwọ a nwere amụma abụọ, otu na-enye “olileanya maka ugwu Israel” (amaokwu 1–15) na otu nke na-ekwupụta na e mesiri m ike na mweghachi nke Israel (amaokwu nke 16–38).[2] Onye na-akọwa Akwụkwọ Nsọ Susan Galambush jikọtara nke mbụ n'ime ndị a na okwu ọnụ na-akatọ Ugwu Sia dị n'Edọm n'isiakwụkwọ bu ụzọ.[3] == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ n’asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n’amaokwu iri atọ na asatọ. === Ndị akaebe ederede === Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ ndị gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008).[4] A hụrụ iberibe akwụkwọ mpịakọta ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n’ime Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, ya bụ, Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Ezikiel sitere na Masada (Mas 1d; MasEzek; 1–50 OA) nwere amaokwu 1–10, 13–14, 17–35.[1][2][3] E nwekwara nsụgharị n’asụsụ Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga TOA. Ihe odide ochie nke nsụgharị Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝐺 B; Narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝐺 A; Narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; 𝐺 Q; narị afọ nke 6).[8][a] == Amaokwu 1 == : ''"Ị nwa mmadụ, buru amụma gaa n'ugwu Izrel, sị,'' :: ''<nowiki/>'O ugwu nke Israel, gee ntị n'okwu Onyenwe anyị!""'' (NKJV) * "Nwa mmadụ" (Hibru: בן־ע -ā-ḏām): a na-eji ahịrịokwu a eme ihe ugboro 93 iji gwa Ezikiel okwu.[11] * "Ugwu nke Israel" (Hibru: הרי ישראל hā-rê yiś-rā-"êl): na-ezo aka na "ala Israel", nke a na-akpọ "ebe dị elu oge ochie" (amaokwu 2) dịka ugwu na ala ugwu dị n'etiti ala ya. == Amaokwu nke 2 == : ''Ya mere Onyenwe anyị kwuru, sị: "N'ihi na onye iro kwuru banyere gị,'' :: ''<nowiki/>'Aha! Ebe dị elu oge ochie aghọwo ihe onwunwe anyị,""'' (NKJV) * "Aha" (Hibru: <big>הֶאָ֔ח</big>, he-"āḥ): interjection iji gosipụta ọṅụ ma ọ bụ "mmasị maka ọdachi nke onye iro ma ọ bụ onye mmegide" dị ka dị na Aịsaịa 44:16; Abụ Ọma 35:21, 25; Abụ Ọma 40:16 na Ezekiel 25:3:3.[14][15] == Hụkwa == * Edọm * [[Israel]] * [[Jerusalem]] * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: Jeremaịa 31, Ndị Rom 11 == Ihe edeturu == a. Ezikiel adịghị na Codex Saịnaịtikọs dị ugbu a. [9] == Edensibia == 1. ↑ Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter’s Bible: Mpịakọta nke Isii. Nashville: Abingdon. 2.↑ Isiokwu nkebi na New International Version 3. ↑ Galambush, S., Ezikiel na Barton, J. na Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 na Wayback Machine, p. 556-7 4.↑ Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). Ntuziaka maka Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta. p. 149. <nowiki>ISBN 9780802862419</nowiki>. Ewetara February 15, 2019. 5. ↑ Akwụkwọ mpịakọta osimiri ndị nwụrụ anwụ - Ezikiel 6. ↑ ​​Mas 1d na Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library 7. ↑ Ezikiel 36:1 8. ↑ The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, Augmented Third Edition, New Revised Standard Version, Indexed. Michael D. Coogan, Marc Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, Ndị ndezi. Onye nkwusa: Oxford University Press, USA; 2007. p. 1231-1233 Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0195288810</nowiki> 9. ↑ Ezikiel 36:2{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bromiley|first=Geoffrey W.|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z|year=1995|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802837844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=%22an+awkward+and+an+ambiguous+expression+in+Greek%22&pg=PA574}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Francis|title=The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/browndriverbrigg00brow_0|year=1994|edition=reprint|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1565632066}} * {{Cite book|author=Clements|first=Ronald E|title=Ezekiel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&q=Ezekiel++By+Ronald+Ernest+Clements&pg=PA216|isbn=9780664252724}} * {{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=H. W. F.|title=Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.|url=https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewch0000gese_m9r4|year=1979|edition=7th|publisher=Baker Book House}} * {{Cite book|author=Joyce|first=Paul M.|title=Ezekiel: A Commentary|publisher=Continuum|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel|isbn=9780567483614}} * {{Cite book|title=The Nelson Study Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/nelsonstudybible0000unse_h7t6|year=1997|publisher=Thomas Nelson, Inc.|isbn=9780840715999}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1236.htm Ezikiel 36 Hibru na Parallel English] * [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16134 Ezikiel 36 Hibru na nkọwa Rashi] === Ndị Kraịst === * Ezekiel 36 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine {{Book of Ezekiel}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekiel 36}} e3gf14tf74qz6l4p2uy97kjfalci1wz 0 60374 741859 707401 2026-10-28T18:22:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741859 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ezikiel 38 bụ isi nke iri atọ na asatọ nke Akwụkwọ Ezikiel na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị ekwuru Ezikiel onye amụma/onye nchụaja, ma bụrụ otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma. Nke a na isiakwụkwọ na-esonụ bụ akụkụ nke na-ekwu banyere “Gọg, nke ala Megọg.”[1] == Ihe odide == Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere n’ọdịnala Akwụkwọ Nsọ Masoret, bụ́ nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (nke e dere na 895 OA), Codex Petersburg nke Ndị Amụma (nke e dere na 916 OA), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (nke e dere na 1008 OA) n’etiti nanị otu ihe odide Ezikiel.[2]: 35. Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere akụkụ ụfọdụ nke isiakwụkwọ a, nke a bụ Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Ezikiel sitere na Masada (Mas 1d; MasEzek; 1–50 OA) nke nwere amaokwu 38:1-4, 7-8.[1][2][3] E nwekwara nsụgharị n’asụsụ Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga TOA. Ihe odide ochie nke nsụgharị Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝐺 B; Narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝐺 A; Narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; 𝐺 Q; Narị afọ nke isii).[1]: 73–74 [a == Agha Ezikiel 38-39 == Akụkọ banyere Agha Ezikiel 38–39 ma ọ bụ Agha Gọg na Megọg nke dị n’isi nke 38 na 39 kọwara otú Gọg nke Megọg, nke pụtara “Gọg nke si n’ala Megọg” ma ọ bụ “Gọg nke si n’ala Gog” (okwu okwu ahụ e ji mee ihe kwekọrọ na “ala” [1]), na ìgwè ndị agha ya ndị si n’ebe ugwu ga-esi weghachi ala Izrel egwu ma buso ha agha. Isiakwụkwọ ndị ahụ na-akọwa otú Chineke ga-esi mee ka a mara ọnụnọ ya site n’ala ọma jijiji, meekwa ka oké mmiri ozuzo, akụ́ mmiri igwe, ọkụ, na sọlfọ—ma mesịa bibie Gọg na Megọg. Mgbe e meriri Gọg, Chineke ga-ehiwe ụlọ nsọ ọhụrụ ebe ya na ndị ya ga-ebi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi (Isi 40–48).[2] Ọkà mmụta okpukpe David Petersen na-ezo aka n'ozi nkà mmụta okpukpe dị n'okpuru, na ọbụnadị onye iro na-atụ egwu dị ka nke a dị n'ikpeazụ n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Chineke nke Israel, ebe ọ bụ na Chineke n'onwe ya na-agwa Gọg, "M ga-eme ka ị bịakwasị ala m"[3]. == Amaokwu nke 2 == : ''"Nwa mmadụ, tinye ihu gị megide Gọg, nke ala Magog, nwa eze nke Rosh, Mesek, na Tubal, ma buo amụma megide ya"'' (NKJV) * "Nwa mmadụ" (Hibru: בן־ע -ā-ḏām): a na-eji ahịrịokwu a eme ihe ugboro 93 iji gwa Ezikiel okwu.[11] * "Rosh" (Hibru: ראש rōsh: a pụkwara ịsụgharị ya dị ka "isi" (nke mmadụ na anụmanụ); "elu" (nke ugwu); "mmalite" (nke oge); "isi osimiri"; "onye isi" (dị ka "onye isi-prince", "onye isi nchụàjà", onyeisi ezinụlọ). [12][13] Na njikọ nke okwu bu ya ụzọ "prince", ọtụtụ Bible Bekee na-asụgharị ha dị ka "onye isi eze". == Hụkwa ==    * Amaokwu [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: Jenesis 10, Abụ Ọma 83 (na-akọwa agha yiri ya), Ezikiel 39, Mkpughe 20 == Ihe edeturu == a.↑ Ezikiel adịghị na Codex Saịnaịtikọs dị ugbu a. [6] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * [https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&q=A+history+of+prophecy+in+Israel++By+Joseph+Blenkinsopp <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Akụkọ banyere amụma n'Izrel" (Westminster John Knox Press, 1996)</nowiki>] * {{Cite book|first=Geoffrey W.|author=Bromiley|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z|year=1995|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802837844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=%22an+awkward+and+an+ambiguous+expression+in+Greek%22&pg=PA574}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Francis|title=The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/browndriverbrigg00brow_0|year=1994|edition=reprint|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1565632066}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=KabKHP4qZMIC&q=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Prophetic+Books++By+C.+Hassell+Bullock <nowiki>[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nkwupụta nke Akwụkwọ Amụma Agba Ochie" (Moody Press, 1986)</nowiki>] * {{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=H. W. F.|title=Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.|url=https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewch0000gese_m9r4|year=1979|edition=7th|publisher=Baker Book House}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo7imQ0UWj4C&q=%27Every+city+shall+be+forsaken%27:+urbanism+and+prophecy+in+ancient+Israel Grabbe, Lester L., na Robert Hakke (ed), "'A ga-ahapụ obodo ọ bụla': ime obodo na amụma n'Izrel oge ochie na Near East" (Sheffield Academic Press, 2001)] * {{Cite book|author=Joyce|first=Paul M.|title=Ezekiel: A Commentary|publisher=Continuum|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel|isbn=9780567483614}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Introduction+to+the+Prophets++By+Paul+L.+Redditt Redditt, Paul L. "Introduction to the Prophets" (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008)] == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1238.htm Ezikiel 38 Hibru na Parallel English] * [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16136 Ezikiel 38 Hibru na nkọwa Rashi] === Ndị Kraịst === * Ezekiel 38 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine {{Book of Ezekiel}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekiel 38}} k4kzua825u82ovywe26prbkrftbqshc 0 60375 741840 707579 2026-10-28T17:57:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741840 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ezikiel 30 bụ isi nke iri atọ nke Akwụkwọ Ezikiel na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị e kwuru Ezikiel onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma.[1] Onye na-akọwa Akwụkwọ Nsọ Susan Galambush kwuru na isi nke 29–32 nwere okwu asaa megide Ijipt, na-eme ka okwu asaa ahụ megide ndị agbataobi nta nke Israel na isi 25–28.[2]. Andrew Davidson kewara isiakwụkwọ a gaa n’amụma abụọ, “nke mbụ n’ime ha, amaokwu 1-19, n’ihe niile nwere ike ime bụ otu ụbọchị ahụ Ezikiel 29:1–16, ya bụ, ihe dị ka ọnwa asaa tupu ọdịda Jeruselem; na nke abụọ, amaokwu 20-26, e dere ụbọchị ọnwa anọ tupu e weghara obodo ahụ.”[2] == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ n’asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n’amaokwu iri abụọ na isii. === Ndị akaebe ederede === Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ nke gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[4] E nwekwara nsụgharị n’asụsụ Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BC. Ihe odide ochie nke nsụgharị Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; 𝐺 B; Narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; 𝐺 A; Narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; 𝐺 Q; narị afọ nke 6).[5][a] == Ụbọchị YHWH megide Ijipt (30:1-19) == Otu amaokwu ndị a na-edekọ okwu ikpe YHWH n'isi Ijipt n'akụkụ atọ:[7] # Amaokwu 1-5: YHWH mara ọkwa na ụbọchị YHWH (cf. Ezikiel 7:10) abịala maka Ijipt, ebe ọ bụ na a ga-ewepụ mma agha ya ma bibie Ijipt kpamkpam. # Amaokwu 6-12, akụkụ dị n'etiti nke oracle: na-akọwa Eze Nabucodonosor nke Babilọn (amaokwu 10) dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke YHWH na-ebibi Ijipt. # Amaokwu 13-19, ngalaba ikpeazụ: depụtara obodo ndị a ga-emeri n'oge agha na-aga nke ọma, na-egosi YHWH dị ka "Onye agha Chineke" nke na-emeri ha (n'ụzọ ndị eze oge ochie nke Near Eastern na-ebipụta ndepụta mmeri ha). [7] === Amaokwu nke 2 === : ''"Nwa nke mmadụ, buru amụma ma kwuo, 'Ya mere Onyenwe anyị Chineke kwuru:'' :: ''"Na-eti mkpu, 'Olee ụbọchị!'"'' * "Nwa mmadụ" (Hibru: בן־ע ] -ā-ḏām): a na-eji ahịrịokwu a eme ihe ugboro 93 iji gwa Ezikiel okwu.[9] * "Woe" (Hibru: <big>הָהּ</big> ''hāh''): "ala!"; interjection nke iru uju. [10][11] === Amaokwu nke 6 === : ''N'ihi ya, Onyenwe anyị kwuru, sị:'' : ''N'ezie, ndị na-akwado Ijipt ga-ada,'' :: ''na mpako nke ike ya ga-ada.'' : ''Site na Migdol gaa na Syene'' :: ''ha ga-eji mma agha daa n'ime ya,'' : ''ka Onyenwe anyị Chineke kwuru.'' * "Migdol" ma ọ bụ "ụlọ elu" == Aka Fero gbajiri agbaji na aka Nebukadneza siri ike (30:20-26) == N’okwu nke abụọ, nke e dekọrọ na nkebi a, YHWH kwughachiri ikpe ọmụma ya megide Fero (cf. isi 29) na ọkwa o tinye ‘mma agha Chineke nke ya n’aka Nebukadneza’ (cf. 30:10—11; isi 21). Ụbọchị nke okwu a (amaokwu 20), dị ka e kwukwara na Ezikiel 29:1 , na-etinye ọbịbịa nke amụma a mgbe Apries si na Jerusalem pụọ, bụ ebe YHWH na-azọrọ na ya agbajiworị otu n'ime ogwe aka Fero na n'oge na-adịghị anya 'ga-agbajikwa nke ọzọ', ebe n'ụzọ dị iche, Jehova ga-eji mma agha YHWH mee ka ogwe aka Nebukadneza mee ka ogwe aka Nebukadneza dị ike, mee ka mba nile nwee ike weghara 'Jehova. === Amaokwu 20 === : ''Ọ bịara mee n'afọ nke iri na otu, n'ọnwa mbụ, n'ụbọchị nke asaa nke ọnwa, na okwu Onyenwe anyị bịakwutere m, na-asị,'' Ụbọchị ahụ dabara na Eprel 29, 587 TOA, dabere na nyocha nke ọkà mmụta okpukpe German bụ Bernhard Lang.[1] === Amaokwu 21 === : ''"Nwa mmadụ, agbajiela m aka Fero eze Ijipt;'' : ''ma hụ, a naghị ekpuchi ya maka ọgwụgwọ, ma ọ bụ eriri e ji kee ya.'' : ''iji mee ka ọ sie ike iji jide mma agha."'' * "''Fero''" (Hibru: <big>פרעה</big> par-'ōh; Egyptian: pr-±o, "ụlọ ukwu"; Greek: Φαραω, Pharao): utu aha nke ndị eze Ijipt oge ochie, nke ụlọ eze, na (n'alaeze ọhụrụ) nke eze, ruo mgbe ndị Peshia wakporo.[17][18] == Hụkwa ==   * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: Aịsaịa 30, Jeremaịa 44, Ezikiel 17, Ezikiel 29 == Ihe edeturu == a. Ezikiel adịghị na Codex Saịnaịtikọs dị ugbu a. [6] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bromiley|first=Geoffrey W.|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z|year=1995|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802837844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&q=%22an+awkward+and+an+ambiguous+expression+in+Greek%22&pg=PA574}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Francis|title=The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/browndriverbrigg00brow_0|year=1994|edition=reprint|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1565632066}} * {{Cite book|author=Clements|first=Ronald E|title=Ezekiel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&q=Ezekiel++By+Ronald+Ernest+Clements&pg=PA216|isbn=9780664252724}} * {{Cite book|author=Galambush|first=J.|chapter=25. Ezekiel|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|date=2007|pages=533–562|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=H. W. F.|title=Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.|url=https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewch0000gese_m9r4|year=1979|edition=7th|publisher=Baker Book House}} * {{Cite book|author=Joyce|first=Paul M.|title=Ezekiel: A Commentary|publisher=Continuum|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel|isbn=9780567483614}} * {{Cite book|author=Kee|first=Howard Clark|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_d6j6|editor=Chilton|edition=2, revised|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=9780521691406}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1230.htm Ezikiel 30 Hibru na Parallel English] * [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16128 Ezikiel 30 Hibru na nkọwa Rashi] === Ndị Kraịst === * Ezekiel 30 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2017-04-20 at the Wayback Machine {{Book of Ezekiel}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekiel 30}} 9lhgxu9effwcybxde0ub6ndml2qtgtk 0 60400 741848 708161 2026-10-28T18:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741848 wikitext text/x-wiki   Aisaia 23 bụ isi nke iri abụọ na atọ nke Akwụkwọ Aịzaya na Baịbụl Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị e kwuru n’Aịzaya onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime Akwụkwọ Ndị Amụma. Isiakwụkwọ a na-ebu amụma mbibi nke Taịa n’ihi mpako ya (Aịsaịa 23:1-14), mbilite n’ọnwụ ya ọzọ (Aịsaịa 23:15-17), na nchigharị ya nye Chineke (Aịsaịa 23:18). == Ihe odide == [[Faịlụ:Tyr2.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|375x375px|Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Taịa]] [[Faịlụ:Tartessos.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Map nke Tartessos oge ochie (nke a maara dị ka Tarshish) ]] E ji asụsụ Hibru dee ihe odide mbụ ahụ. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n’amaokwu iri na asatọ. === Ndị akaebe ederede === Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ ndị gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[1] A hụrụ iberibe ihe ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n'ime Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ (narị afọ nke atọ BC ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị):[2] * 1Isaa<nowiki><sup id="mwNA">a</sup></nowiki>: zuru ezu * 1QIsa^b: amaokwu ndị dị ugbu a 1‐5 * 4QIs^a (4Q55): amaokwu ndị dị ugbu a 1‐12 * 4QIsa^c (4Q57): amaokwu 8‐18 dị ugbu a There is also a translation into [[:en:Koine_Greek|Koine Greek]] known as the [[:en:Septuagint|Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the [[:en:Septuagint|Septuagint]] version include [[:en:Codex_Vaticanus|Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>^B; 4th century), [[:en:Codex_Sinaiticus|Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[:en:Biblia_Hebraica_(Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>^S; 4th century), [[:en:Codex_Alexandrinus|Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>^A; 5th century) and [[:en:Codex_Marchalianus|Codex Marchalianus]] ('''Q'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math>^Q; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}} Akụkụ parashah e depụtara ebe a dabere na Codex Aleppo.[1] Isaiah 23 bụ akụkụ nke amụma nile gbasara Mba nile (Aịsaịa 13–23). {P}: parashah mepere emepe; {S}: parashah mechiri emechi. : 23:15-18 == Nkwupụta megide Taịa == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Ibu nke Taịa.'' :: ''Howl, unu ụgbọ mmiri nke Tarshish; n'ihi na a tụfuru ya, ka ọ ghara inwe ụlọ, ọ dịghị ịbanye:'' :: ''site n'ala Chittim a kpughere ha.'' * "Nrụgide" (Hibru: {{Lang|he|מַשָּׂ֖א}} mashā): okwu dị mkpa n'elu ihe odide maka ngụkọta nke ndị amụma itoolu yiri ya; ndị ọzọ bụ: [[Isaiah 21:11|11]]" href="./Isaiah_13:1" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Isaiah 13:1">Aịsaịa 13:1; 15:1; 17:1; 19:1; 21:1, 11, 13; 22:1.[6] * "Tyre" (Hibru: צָֹר Tsor e dere צו́ר na 1 Ndị Eze 5:15; Grik: Τυρος, ''Tyro''; Phoenician ''<nowiki/>'urru'', (nakwa na Tel Amarna); Egyptian ''Da- (ï) ra, Da-ru''.): obodo Phoenician a ma ama, nke e wuru n'oge ochie na "nkume" (ihe mbụ aha ya pụtara) n'ụsọ Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Obodo ahụ enweela ọganihu na narị afọ nke 14 BC dị ka nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. E wusiri ya ike ma n'ikpeazụ, a tụfuru ya mgbe Alexander Onye Ukwu meriri ya. Obodo nke oge a bụ ịga n'ihu nke mgbatị oge ochie nke obodo ahụ n'ime ala.<ref>Brown 1994 {{Lang|he|צֹר}}</ref><ref>Gesenius 1979 {{Lang|he|צֹר}}</ref> * "Tarshish" (Hibru: תרשיש Tar-shîsh): ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị anya, nke a na-akpọkarị "Tartessos" (Grik: Τα accidentσσός) na [[Spain]], nke dị n'ọnụ osimiri Guadalquivir, ebe a na-ekwu na Ndị Finishia guzobere ebe mbụ a na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ma na-ere ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa. Ohere ndị ọzọ gụnyere: Tarsus na Silisia, Tyrseni na Etruscan / Tuscany, ma ọ bụ Carthage na North Africa.<ref>Brown 1994 {{Lang|he|תרשיש}}</ref><ref>Gesenius 1979 {{Lang|he|תרשיש}}</ref> * "Chittim" (ma ọ bụ "Kittim"; Hibru: predים Kit-tîm): "Ndị obodo", "Ndị Saịprọs" ma ọ bụ "Ndị Saụprọs", ógbè Phoenicia na Citium (=Kition) , Saịpris. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ozuzu maka ebe ndị na-agafe Saịprọs, ruo na [[Greece|Gris]]. <ref>Brown 1994 {{Lang|he|כתים}}</ref><ref>Gesenius 1979 {{Lang|he|כתים}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: 1 Ndị Eze 5, Jeremaịa 47, Ezikiel 26, Joel 3, Amọs 1 == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Francis|title=The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/browndriverbrigg00brow_0|year=1994|edition=reprint|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1565632066}} * {{Cite book|author=Childs|first=Brevard S.|title=Isaiah|url=https://archive.org/details/isaiah0000chil_c7n9|year=2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=9780664221430}} * {{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=H. W. F.|title=Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.|url=https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewch0000gese_m9r4|year=1979|edition=7th|publisher=Baker Book House}} * {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1023.htm Aịsaịa 23 Hibru na Parallel English] === Ndị Kraịst === * [http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=0&b=27&c=23 Aịsaịa 23 Nsụgharị Bekee na Vulgate Latin] {{Book of Isaiah}}{{Books of the Bible}} 30w9qfm6ky7uik3s0990uemm1kmkx6k 0 60403 741846 706058 2026-10-28T18:03:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741846 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ezikiel 11 bụ isi nke iri na otu nke Akwụkwọ Ezikiel na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị e kwuru Ezikiel onye amụma, ọ bụkwa otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma.[1] N’isiakwụkwọ a, Ezikiel kpọsara “ndị ndụmọdụ ọjọọ” nke Jerusalem ikpe ma kwe nkwa na Chineke ga-eweghachi Izrel.[2] == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ n’asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n’amaokwu iri abụọ na ise. === Ndị akaebe ederede === Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ ndị gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008).[3] Ahụrụ iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n'ime akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke oke osimiri nke gụnyere 4Q73 (4QEzeka; 50–25 TOA) nwere amaokwu dị 1–3, 5–11; [4] Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ ndị gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), na Codex Leningradensis (1008).[3] Ahụrụ iberibe akwụkwọ ndị nwere akụkụ nke isiakwụkwọ a n'ime akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke oke osimiri nke gụnyere 4Q73 (4QEzeka; 50–25 TOA) nwere amaokwu dị 1–3, 5–11; [4] == Ihe ọjọọ n'ebe dị elu (11:1-12) == === Amaokwu 1 === : ''Mmụọ ahụ welitere m elu,'' :: ''O wee kpọga m n'ọnụ ụzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụlọ Onyenwe anyị, nke chere ihu n'ebe a.'' : ''lee n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá ndị ikom ise na iri abụọ.'' :: ''N'etiti ndị m hụrụ Jaazaniya nwa Azur,'' :: ''na Pelatiah nwa Benaaya, ndị isi nke ndị mmadụ.'' N’ọhụụ ya, Ezikiel si n’ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n’ebe ugwu nke ogige dị n’ime ụlọ nsọ ahụ gaa (Ezikiel 8:3, 14) gaa n’ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị ikom iri abụọ na ise ahụ e kpọkọtara n’ebe ahụ bụ “ihe dị ka ndị ikom iri abụọ na ise” bụ́ ndị gbakọtara n’ọnụ ụzọ ogige dị n’ime nke dị n’ebe ugwu (Ezikiel 8:16), [1] dị ka a mara òtù a ikpe maka ajọ ndụmọdụ ha ebe a katọrọ òtù mbụ ahụ ikpe maka ofufe anyanwụ. * "Jaazaniah, nwa Azur" ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na "Jaazaniya, nwa Saphan", nke a kpọtụrụ aha na Ezikiel 8:11. A chọtawo akara nke narị afọ nke asaa BC nke aha ya bụ "Jaazaniah", ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-esiri ike ịmata kpọmkwem nke Jaazaniah.[14] * "Pelatiah" (Hibru: פלטיהו flaṭ-yā-hū; Grik: Φαλτιας, Φαλεττι (α); Pelatyahu ma ọ bụ Pelatyah[15]): pụtara "onye Jehova nyere".[16] Ọnwụ ya, nke mere mgbe ọ nụrụ amụma Ezikiel, ka edere na Ezikiel 11:13. == Nkwa nke mweghachi (11:13-21) == === Amaokwu 13 === : ''Ugbu a, mgbe m na-amụma, na Pelatiah nwa Benaaya nwụrụ. Mgbe ahụ, m dara n'ihu m wee tie mkpu n'olu dara ụda, wee sị, "Ah, Onyenwe anyị Chineke! Ị ga-eme ka ihe fọdụrụ n'Izrel kwụsị kpamkpam?"'' * "Mgbe m na-amụma" a na-akọwa dị ka "mgbe m gwụchara" na Easy-to-Read Version. * "Pelatiah nwa Benaaya": A kpọtụrụ ya aha na Ezikiel 11:1 dị ka 'nwoke bụ isi n'etiti ndị isi iri abụọ na ise, bụ ndị mere ihe ọjọọ niile na Jerusalem' (cf. Ezikiel 11:2). Ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ka ọ bụ ọhụụ n'oge ahụ (dị ka igbu ndị ikom oge ochie na Ezikiel 9:6), mana ọ bụ amụma a ga-eme n'ezie, ya mere onye amụma ahụ chere nke a dị ka akụkụ nke mbibi a na-ahụkarị na ndị niile bi na Jerusalem, ọ 'mere ka ikpe ahụ siri ike ghara ịdị mma' (cf. Ezikiel 9:8). == Ebube Chineke hapụrụ Jerusalem (11:22-24) == === Amaokwu 22 === : ''Mgbe ahụ, ndị cherubim welitere nku ha, na wiil ndị dị n'akụkụ ha; ebube nke Chineke nke Izrel dịkwa n'elu ha.'' * A na-akọwa "Cherub" (Hibru; n'ọtụtụ: Cherubim) na ''Brown-Driver-Briggs'' dị ka "ụgbọ ịnyịnya dị ndụ nke Chineke theophanic".[22] Onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe Lutheran Wilhelm Gesenius kọwara ya dị ka "onye dị ebube na nke eluigwe".[23] === Amaokwu 23 === : ''Ebube nke Onyenwe anyị sikwa n'etiti obodo ahụ rịa elu.'' :: ''guzo n'elu ugwu nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ.'' * "Otú" (Hibru): n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ okwu Hibru pụtara, "ụba, akụ na ụba" ma ọ bụ "nkwanye ùgwù, ịma mma", nke na-eso ma ọ bụ na-agba gburugburu ọnụnọ Chineke (YHWH) dịka na Ọpụpụ 24:16; 1 Ndị Eze 8:11; Aịsaịa 6:3; Ezikiel 1:28, ma e jiri ya tụnyere Luke 2:9:9.[25][26] * "Ugwu nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ": New Oxford Annotated Bible kọwara ya dị ka "Ugwu Olive". === Amaokwu 24 === : ''Mgbe ahụ Mmụọ ahụ kpọlitere m n'ọhụụ site n'aka Mmụọ Chineke gaa na Kaldea, nye ndị a dọọrọ n'agha. Ọhụụ m hụrụ sikwa n'aka m.'' Ụfọdụ nsụgharị na-ezo aka na Babilọn kama Chaldia.[1] The International Standard Version na-akọwa na n'ebe a, "ọhụụ ahụ m nọ na-ekiri kwụsịrị", [2] na-emechi ihe ndekọ nke malitere n'isi nke 8.[3] == Hụkwa == * Cherub * Jaazaniya nwa Azur * [[Jerusalem]] * Pelatiya nwa Benaaya * Juda * Oche ebere * Shekinah * Ụlọ Nsọ Solomọn * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: [[Levitikọs 18]], Aịsaịa 6, Ezikiel 1, Luk 2, Rom 12Ndị Rom 12 == Ihe edeturu == a. ↑ Ezikiel adịghị na Codex dị adị Sinaiticus. [11] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bromiley|first=Geoffrey W.|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z|year=1995|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802837844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Francis|title=The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/browndriverbrigg00brow_0|year=1994|edition=reprint|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1565632066}} * {{Cite book|author=Clements|first=Ronald E|title=Ezekiel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC&pg=PA216|isbn=9780664252724}} * {{Cite book|title=A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|author=Fitzmyer|first=Joseph A.|authorlink=Joseph Fitzmyer|publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC|year=2008|isbn=9780802862419|location=Grand Rapids, MI|accessdate=February 15, 2019}} * {{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=H. W. F.|title=Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.|url=https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewch0000gese_m9r4|year=1979|edition=7th|publisher=Baker Book House}} * {{Cite book|author=Joyce|first=Paul M.|title=Ezekiel: A Commentary|publisher=Continuum|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C|isbn=9780567483614}} * {{Cite book|editor=Ulrich|title=The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants|year=2010|publisher=Brill|url=https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} == Njikọ mpụga == === Ndị Juu === * [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1211.htm Ezikiel 11 Hibru na Parallel English] * [http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16109 Ezikiel 11 Hibru na nkọwa Rashi] === Ndị Kraịst === * Ezekiel 11 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2017-03-08 at the Wayback Machine {{Book of Ezekiel}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ezekiel 11}} 5g629z6qkv5a4utsidja8dwu5l550q1 0 60449 741871 707930 2026-10-28T18:38:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741871 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ezikiel 45 bụ isi nke iri anọ na ise nke Akwụkwọ Ezikiel na Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru ma ọ bụ Agba Ochie nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Ndị Kraịst. [1] [2] Akwụkwọ a nwere amụma ndị e nyere Ezikiel onye amụma/onye nchụaja [3] ma bụrụ otu n’ime akwụkwọ ndị amụma. [4] [5] Akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Ezikiel, isi 40 ruo 48, na-enye ihe osise mara mma nke ụlọ nsọ ọhụrụ. Akwụkwọ Nsọ Jerusalem na-ezo aka na ngalaba nke a dị ka “Torah nke Ezikiel” [6] Karịsịa, isi 44-46 dekọtara iwu dị iche iche na-achịkwa emume na ndị ọrụ nke ebe nsọ, dị ka mgbakwunye na ọhụụ Ezikiel. Isiakwụkwọ a nwere ọhụụ Ezikiel banyere òkè ala e debere maka ebe nsọ (Ezikiel 45:1-5), maka obodo (amaokwu 6), na maka onye isi (amaokwu 7-8), na emume-nsọ nile nke onye isi (amaokwu 9-25). E nyesịrị ọhụụ ahụ na afọ iri abụọ na ise nke ọdịda nke Jerusalem na afọ iri na abụọ gachara mgbe ozi ikpeazụ gachara n'Isi nke 39. == Ihe odide == E dere ihe odide mbụ n’asụsụ Hibru. E kewara isiakwụkwọ a n’amaokwu iri abụọ na ise. === Ndị akaebe ederede === [[Faịlụ:Visionary_Ezekiel_Temple.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Atụmatụ ụlọ nsọ Ezikiel nke nwere ọhụụ nke onye France na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na ọkà mmụta Bible nke narị afọ nke 19 bụ Charles Chipiez sere]] Ụfọdụ ihe odide ndị mbụ nwere ihe odide nke isiakwụkwọ a n’asụsụ Hibru sitere na ọdịnala ndị Masoret, bụ́ ndị gụnyere Codex Cairensis (895), Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Aleppo Codex (narị afọ nke 10), Codex Leningradensis (1008). [11] E nwekwara nsụgharị n’asụsụ Grik Koine nke a maara dị ka Septuagint, nke e mere na narị afọ ole na ole gara aga BC. Ihe odide ochie nke ụdị Septuagint gụnyere Codex Vaticanus (B; BB, narị afọ nke anọ), Codex Alexandrinus (A; GA; narị afọ nke ise) na Codex Marchalianus (Q; GQ; narị afọ nke isii). == Nkewa nke ala (45:1-8) == Akụkụ a bụ ụdị mkpirisi nke ntụziaka dị na Ezikiel 48:8-22, nke na-akọwapụta ala e kenyere ndị nchụàjà, n’ihi na “ha agaghị enwe nna nna n’Izrel” (Ezikiel 44:28). [14] Ebe ala ahụ dị n'etiti ndị e kenyere ebo Juda na Benjamin, === Amaokwu 1 === Ọzọ, mb͕e unu nēkesa ala ahu n'ihe-nketa, unu gēwe-kwa-ra Jehova ókè-ala, bú òkè nsọ nke ala ahu: ogologo-ya gādi orú nnù cubit nnù abua na ọgu iri, obosara-ya gādi kwa nnù ise: ọ gādi nsọ n'ókè-ala-ya nile buruburu. * Cubit": ebe a bụ "ogologo cubit", ihe dị ka sentimita 21 (53), dị ka akọwara na Ezikiel 40:5,[10] * "25000 kubit": ihe dị ka kilomita iri na atọ.[17] * " Ogologo": nha ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ. [17] * "Obosara": n'ebe ugwu-ndịda nha. [17] === Amaokwu nke 2 === : ''"''N'ime nke a ka e nwere akụkụ anọ há nhata maka ebe nsọ ahụ, narị okporo osisi ise na narị ise, nke dị kubit iri ise n'akụkụ ya maka oghere sara mbara. (9) * mkpanaka e ji atụ ihe dị kubit isii n'ogologo, ihe dị ka sentimita 126 ma ọ bụ 10.5 ụkwụ (3.2 m).[10] == Ọrụ ndị isi (45:9-17) == N'akụkụ a, a dọrọ ndị isi aka ná ntị ka ha ghara itinye onwe ha n'elu iwu, kama, na-eme ka iwu kwadoro. [19] == Ịsacha ụlọ nsọ na ememme (45:18-25) == Nkebi a na-ahazi kalenda emume. [20] Amaokwu atọ mbụ (18-20) nke akụkụ a metụtara Ezikiel 43:18-27 banyere àjà ndị a na-achụ iji mee ka ụlọ nsọ dị ọcha, dị nnọọ ka e nyere iwu ka e mee ka ebe ịchụàjà dị ọcha. [21] A na-agbaso ntụziaka ahụ site n'ụkpụrụ maka ememme 2 kwa afọ, na a na-enye ndị nwoke niile toro eto iwu ka ha gaa njem njem, n'amaokwu nke 21-25. === Amaokwu 18 === Otú a ka Onye-nwe-ayi Jehova siri: N'ọnwa mbu, n'ubọchi mbu nke ọnwa mbu, i gēwere nwa-oke-ehi zuru okè, me ka ebe nsọ ahu di ọcha. A na-eji akara mmalite kalenda ememe ahụ akara site na ime ka ụlọ nsọ dị ọcha kwa afọ n’ụbọchị mbụ nke ọnwa mbụ (na-arụtụ aka n’afọ ọhụrụ (ụkọchukwu) n’oge opupu ihe ubi n’ọnwa Naịsan ), nke yiri Yom Kippur nke ọnwa nke asaa (Levitikọs 16), ma nwere ọdịiche abụọ dị ịrịba ama 1. Nsacha ahụ bụ naanị n'ogige na mpụta nke ụlọ nsọ 2.     ejikọta     sachaa             nyere ime Ememe Ngabiga izuụka abụọ gachara (15 Nisan; amaokwu nke 21-24 ), ọ bụghị [[Rosh Hashanah]] (afọ ọhụrụ nke obodo n'ụbọchị mbụ nke ọnwa nke asaa / [[Tishrei]]) ma ọ bụ ememe ocheeze.                           === Amaokwu 21 === : ''"''N’ọnwa mbụ, n’abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa ahụ, unu ga-eme ememme ngabiga, bụ́ ememme ụbọchị asaa; a ga-eri achịcha na-ekoghị eko.” [11] * Kalenda ememme e nyere Ezikiel mere ka “Passover” pụta ìhè (Ọpụpụ 12:6; Levitikọs 23:4-8), n’ime ememe abụọ ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha. === Amaokwu nke 25 === : ''"''N’ọnwa nke asaa, n’abalị iri na ise n’ọnwa ahụ, n’ememme ahụ, ọ ga-eme otú ahụ ruo ụbọchị asaa, dị ka àjà mmehie, àjà nsure ọkụ na àjà ọka na mmanụ, [12] * Kalenda ememme e nyere Ezikiel mere ka “Sukọt” (Levitikọs 23:33-36; Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 29:12-38; Diuterọnọmi 16:13-15) pụta ìhè, n’ime ememe abụọ ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha. [24] == Hụkwa == * Gerah * [[Israel]] * Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nke Jerusalem * Nisan (ọnwa mbụ na Kalenda Hibru) * Ememe Ngabiga * Sukkot * Ụlọ Nsọ nke Atọ * Tishrei (ọnwa nke asaa na Kalenda Hibru) * Akụkụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] ndị metụtara ya: Ọpụpụ 12, Levitikọs 23, Ọnụ ọgụgụ 29, [[Deuterọnọmi|Deuterọnọmi 16]], 1 Ndị Eze 6, 2 Ihe E Mere 3, Ezikiel 40, Ezikiel 43, Ezikiel 44, Mkpughe 21a. 1 Ezikiel adịghị na Codex Sinaiticus dị adị. [13] == Ihe odide == 1. 1 Halley, Henry H. Halley’s Bible Handbook an Abbreviated Bible Commentary. mbipụta 23. Ụlọ mbipụta akwụkwọ Zondervan 1962. 2.1 Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Holman Illustrated. Ndị nkwusa Bible Holman, Nashville, Tennessee, 2012. 3. 1 Galambush, S., Ezikiel na Barton, J. na Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 na Wayback Machine, p. 534 4. 1 J. D. Davis, 1960. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Baker 5. 1 Theodore Hiebert, et al. 1996. The New Interpreter’s Bible: Mpịakọta nke Isii. Nashville: Abingdon 6. 1 Jerusalem Bible (1966), isi okwu nke isi 40-48 na nkọwa ala ala peji a n’isi nke 40 7. Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, na Brown's Commentary on the Whole Bible 1871. Isiokwu a na-agụnye ederede sitere na ebe a, nke dị na mpaghara ọha. 8.1 Ezikiel 45:1 NKJV 9. 1 Ezikiel 45:29 NKJV 10. 1 Ezikiel 45:18 MEV 11. 1 Ezikiel 45:21 NKJV 12. 1 Ezikiel 45:25 NKJV{{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Bromiley|first=Geoffrey W.|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: vol. iv, Q-Z|year=1995|publisher=Eerdmans|isbn=9780802837844|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA574}} * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=Francis|title=The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/browndriverbrigg00brow_0|year=1994|edition=reprint|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers|isbn=978-1565632066}} * {{Cite book|author=Carley|first=Keith W.|title=The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofpropheteze0000unse_z2e2|series=Cambridge Bible Commentaries on the New English Bible|edition=illustrated|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1974|isbn=9780521097550}} * {{Cite book|author=Clements|first=Ronald E|title=Ezekiel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cB5WoWI3FRAC|isbn=9780664252724}} * {{Cite book|author=Coogan|first=Michael David|authorlink=Michael D. Coogan|title=The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48|editor=Coogan|edition=Augmented 3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=9780195288810|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|author=Galambush|first=J.|chapter=25. Ezekiel|title=The Oxford Bible Commentary|editor=Barton|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=first (paperback)|date=2007|pages=533–562|isbn=978-0199277186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ|accessdate=February 6, 2019}} * {{Cite book|author=Gesenius|first=H. W. F.|title=Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures: Numerically Coded to Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, with an English Index.|url=https://archive.org/details/geseniushebrewch0000gese_m9r4|year=1979|edition=7th|publisher=Baker Book House}} * {{Cite book|author=Joyce|first=Paul M.|title=Ezekiel: A Commentary|publisher=Continuum|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRepfsso2p0C&q=commentary+Ezekiel|isbn=9780567483614}} * {{Cite book|title=The Nelson Study Bible|url=https://archive.org/details/nelsonstudybible0000unse_h7t6|year=1997|publisher=Thomas Nelson, Inc.|isbn=9780840715999|ref={{harvid|The Nelson Study Bible|1997}}}} * {{Cite book|author=Würthwein|first=Ernst|authorlink=Ernst Würthwein|title=The Text of the Old Testament|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, MI|year=1995|isbn=0-8028-0788-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC|accessdate=January 26, 2019}} 0guwyi4toftadlae15p7t88v9n7ob4n 0 63508 741829 364645 2026-10-28T17:44:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741829 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Pain_de_mie.jpg|thumb|Achịcha achịcha]] Ogbe achịcha bụ ụdị '''achịcha''' a na-sei n'ime [[Achicha|achịcha]] ma ọ bụ tin.<ref name="CSD">{{Cite book|author=Robinson|first=Mairi|title=The Concise Scots Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/concisescotsdict0000robi_f4m8|year=1985|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|isbn=0-08-028492-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisescotsdict0000robi_f4m8/page/472 472]}}</ref><ref name="Caley Merc">{{Cite web|title=Useful Scots Words: Pan Loaf|url=http://caledonianmercury.com/2012/06/27/useful-scots-word-pan-loaf/0034577|work=Caledonian Mercury|accessdate=28 June 2012|archivedate=1 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701085055/http://caledonianmercury.com/2012/06/27/useful-scots-word-pan-loaf/0034577}}</ref> Ọ bụ ụdị a na-ahụkarị na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], ọ bụ ezie na okwu ahụ n'onwe ya bụ nke Scottish na Northern Irish iji mee ka ọ dị iche na achịcha nkịtị. Ogbe achịcha ahụ nwere eriri na-acha aja ájá dị nro na-akụkụ achịcha ahụ, n'adịghị ka ogbè achịcha dị larịị nke gbárá ọchịchịrị naanị n'elu na ala.<ref name="Caley Merc" /> == Ojiji nke asụsụ == A pan pan pan pan bụbu ihe dị oke ọnụ karịa n'oge ahụ.<ref name="CSD">{{Cite book|author=Robinson|first=Mairi|title=The Concise Scots Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/concisescotsdict0000robi_f4m8|year=1985|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|isbn=0-08-028492-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisescotsdict0000robi_f4m8/page/472 472]}}</ref> Ya mere, na Scots na Scottish English, iji olu dị ala kwuo okwu bụ ikwu okwu n'ụzọ dị mma ma ọ bụ nke metụtara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda olu pụrụ iche nke Kelvinside, Glasgow na Morningside, Edinburgh. <ref name="CSD" /> <ref name="Caley Merc">{{Cite web|title=Useful Scots Words: Pan Loaf|url=http://caledonianmercury.com/2012/06/27/useful-scots-word-pan-loaf/0034577|work=Caledonian Mercury|accessdate=28 June 2012|archivedate=1 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701085055/http://caledonianmercury.com/2012/06/27/useful-scots-word-pan-loaf/0034577}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/pan_n1_v|title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: pan n1 v}}</ref> == Edensibia == 88x604fnwvv2bnkjlcdno7eqynn22co 0 65871 741873 706468 2026-10-28T18:41:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Catharine Parr Traill (amụrụ '''Strickland'''; 9 Jenụwarị 1802 - 29 Ọgọst 1899) bụ onye odee na onye [[Kánada|Canada]] na-ede akwụkwọ gbasara ndụ na Canada, ọkachasị ihe bụ Ontario ugbu a (mgbe ahụ ógbè Upper Canada). N'afọ ndị 1830, Canada kpuchiri mpaghara pere mpe karịa taa. N'oge ahụ, ndị Europe enyochabeghị ọtụtụ n'ime Upper Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP7CH1PA3LE.html|title=The Countryside of the Two Canadas|date=2001|work=Canada: a people's history|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706075419/http://www.cbc.ca:80/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP7CH1PA3LE.html|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref> N'oge ndụ ya niile, Traill dere iji nweta ego iji kwado ezinụlọ ya. O dere akwụkwọ iri abụọ na anọ na-ekpuchi isiokwu site na ndụ ya dị ka onye bi na Ontario ruo akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọkachasị botany. A na-ewere Traill dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada. Site n'ihe odide ya, ọ kọrọ ahụmahụ nke ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị ma kọwaa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Upper Canada maka ndị na-agụ Bekee.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Scientists anonymous : great stories of women in science|url=https://archive.org/details/scientistsanonym0000fara|first=Patricia|author=Fara|date=2007|publisher=Icon|isbn=9781840468403|location=Thriplow|oclc=137222064}}</ref> A na-ewere Traill dị ka onye na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ, n'ihi na n'oge ahụ, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọrụ ọkachamara, nke a na-akwụ ụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780228013464|title=Flora's Fieldworkers|date=2022-08-09|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|doi=10.1515/9780228013464|isbn=978-0-2280-1346-4|editor=Shteir}}</ref> == Afọ ndị mbụ == A mụrụ Catharine Parr Strickland na mpaghara Rotherhithe na Southwark (mgbe ahụ na Surrey, taa akụkụ nke Greater [[London]]) na 1802, nwa nke ise n'ime asatọ, nke Thomas Strickland na Elizabeth Homer..Catharine nwere ụmụnne nwanyị anọ tọrọ - Elizabeth, Agnes, Sarah na Jane Margaret - na nwanne nwanyị nke nta, Susanna, yana ụmụnne abụọ ndị tọrọ, Samuel na Thomas. Nna Traill lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye njikwa Greenland Docks na River Thames wee kwaga ezinụlọ ya n'ime ime obodo dị na Suffolk, obere oge ka a mụsịrị ya.. Ọ tolitere na East Anglia, nke mbụ na nso Bungay, ma mesịa Southwold ma gụọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iblessyouinmyhea0000trai/page/3|title=I bless you in my heart : selected correspondence of Catharine Parr Traill|author=Traill|first=Catharine Parr Strickland|date=1996|publisher=University of Toronto Press|others=Ballstadt, Carl, 1931-, Hopkins, Elizabeth, BA., Peterman, Michael A., 1942-|isbn=0802008372|location=Toronto|pages=[https://archive.org/details/iblessyouinmyhea0000trai/page/3 3]|oclc=36640963}}</ref> Mgbe Thomas Strickland nwụrụ na 1818, Catharine na ụmụnne ya nwanyị tụgharịrị gaa n'ide akwụkwọ na ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ dị ka isi ihe na-eweta ego ezinụlọ.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Nwanne ndị otu ibe ya bụ Agnes Strickland, Jane Margaret Strickland, Susanna Moodie na Elisabeth Strickland, Traill bụ onye mbụ n'ime ụmụnne ya malitere ide ihe.. Ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ ụmụaka na 1818 mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị. Akwụkwọ mbụ Traill The tell tale: nchịkọta mbụ nke akụkọ omume na nke na-atọ ọchị pụtara n'amaghị aha na 1818; ọ dị naanị afọ iri na isii E dere akwụkwọ mbụ ya, dị ka Disobedience, ma ọ bụ Mind What Mama Says (1819) na "Happy Because Good", maka ụmụaka, ma na-ekwukarị banyere uru nke irubere nne na nna ya isi. Onye edemede na-emepụta ihe, ruo mgbe ọ lụrụ di, ọ na-enweta otu akwụkwọ kwa afọ. N'afọ 1832, ọ lụrụ Lieutenant Thomas Traill, onye ọrụ lara ezumike nká nke Agha Napoleon na enyi di nwanne ya nwanyị, John Moodie, n'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka ezinụlọ ya (ma e wezụga Susanna). N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ha lụsịrị, ha hapụrụ Upper Canada, biri nso Peterborough, ebe nwanne ya nwoke Samuel bụ onye nyocha. Nwanne ya nwanyị, Oriakụ Susanna Moodie, kwagara n'oge na-adịghị anya. Traill kọwara ndụ ọhụrụ ya n'akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma chịkọta ndị a na The Backwoods of Canada (1836), nke a na-aga n'ihu na-agụ dị ka isi iyi dị mkpa nke ozi gbasara mmalite Canada. Ọ na-akọwa ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime obodo, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Canada, ndị America, na Ndị obodo, ihu igwe, na osisi na anụmanụ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Traill gụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ a chọpụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, Canadian Crusoes (1851). Ọ chịkọtakwara ozi gbasara nkà dị mkpa maka onye ọhụrụ bi na ya, nke e bipụtara na The Female Emigrant's Guide (1854), nke e mechara kpọwa The Canadian Settler's Guide . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/719994672.html|title=The Canadian settler's guide|date=1855|publisher=publisher not identified|isbn=978-0-659-99467-7|location=Toronto?|language=English|oclc=1042017396|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> O dere "Pearls and Pebbles" na "Cot and Cradle Stories".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of world biography.|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo20gale|date=2004|publisher=Gale Research|others=Gale Research Inc.|isbn=0-7876-2221-4|edition=2nd|location=Detroit|oclc=37813530}}</ref> Mgbe ndakpọ akụ na ụba nke 1836, di Traill bụ Thomas sonyeere ndị agha na 1837 iji lụso Nnupụisi nke Upper Canada ọgụ. N'afọ 1840, n'enweghị afọ ojuju na ndụ dị na "azụ ọhịa", ma Traills na Moodies kwagara n'obodo Belleville, Ontario. Ọ bụ ezie na Susanna na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndụ ime obodo na nke obodo ukwu, Catharine nọrọ afọ ya na Belleville na-ede banyere gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-ese ihe osise banyere ndụ osisi nke Upper Canada, na-ebipụta Canadian Wild Flowers (1868), Studies of Plant Life in Canada (1885) na "Rambles in the Canadian Forest".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Charlotte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TuFQjQZEfwUC&q=%22catherine+parr+traill%22|title=Sisters in the Wilderness: The Lives of Susanna Moodie And Catherine Parr Traill|date=2008-06-03|publisher=Penguin Canada|isbn=978-0-14-318130-9|language=en|accessdate=21 October 2020}}</ref> O nwetara onyinye c. 1899 sitere na Royal Bounty Fund, nke agbakwunyere site na ndenye aha ndị enyi ya na Canada, nke Sir Sandford Fleming na-edu ya. Ọ nwụrụ n'ebe obibi ya, "Westove," na Lakefield, Ontario na 28 Ọgọst 1899.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Morgan|title=Types of Canadian Women and of Women who are or have been Connected with Canada|location=Toronto|publisher=Williams Briggs|date=1903|url=https://archive.org/details/typesofcanadianw01morguoft}}</ref> A na-edebe ọtụtụ albums ya nke nchịkọta osisi na National Herbarium nke Canada na Canadian Museum of Nature. === Nkwado === Mahadum Trent, nke dị na Peterborough, Ontario, kpọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ha n'etiti obodo aha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trentu.ca/colleges/traill|title=Catharine Parr Traill College - Colleges - Trent University|work=www.trentu.ca|accessdate=2020-02-16|archivedate=18 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918145404/https://www.trentu.ca/colleges/traill}}</ref> Catharine Parr Traill College bụ isi kọleji mahadum maka ọmụmụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. === stampụ e ji eme ncheta === Na 8 Septemba 2003, iji mee ncheta afọ 50th nke National Library of Canada, Canada Post wepụtara usoro ncheta pụrụ iche, "The Writers of Canada", nke Katalina Kovats mere ma gosipụta stampụ Bekee-Canadian abụọ na French-Canadian abụọ. Enyere stampụ nde atọ. E gosipụtara Traill na nwanne ya nwanyị Susanna Moodie n'otu stampụ Bekee-Canadian == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Akụkọ A Na-agwa - 1818<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=http://archive.org/details/telltaleoriginal00traiiala|title=The tell-tale : an original collection of moral and amusing stories|date=1823|publisher=London : Harris and Son, St. Paul's Church-Yard, Printed by Cox and Baylis, Great Queen Street)|others=University of California Libraries}}</ref> * ''Nnupụisi'' - 1819 * ''Ndozigharị'' - 1819 * Akụkọ ifo - 1821<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://archive.org/details/fablesfornursery00traiiala|title=Fables for the nursery: original and select|date=1846|publisher=Grant and Griffith, successors to J. Harris, corner of St. Paul's Churchyard|location=London|language=English|oclc=259977211}}</ref> * Little Downy - 1822<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moodie|first=Susanna|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/720297071.html|title=Little Downy, or, The history of a field-mouse: a moral tale.|date=1822|publisher=Printed for Dean and Munday|location=London|isbn=9780665421389|language=English|oclc=1042059412|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * ''Igbe okooko osisi'' - 1825 * ''E E E E Gbaghaara Ịkpọasị'' - 1826 * ''Ndị Na-eto Eto Na-akwaga'' - 1826<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://archive.org/details/youngemigrantsor00trai_0|title=The young emigrants, or, Pictures of Canada : calculated to amuse and instruct the minds of youth|date=1826|publisher=London : Harvey and Darton|others=Fisher - University of Toronto}}</ref> * Ndị Ntorobịa Chefuru M - 1827 * The Step Brothers - 1828<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://archive.org/details/stepbrotherstale00traiiala|title=The step-brothers, a tale|date=1828|publisher=Printed for Harvey and Darton, Gracechurch-street|location=London|language=English|oclc=263166195}}</ref> * Ndị Keepsake Guineas - 1828 * ''Mgbanwe'' - 1828 * Ihe osise sitere na Nature - 1830 * ''Akwụkwọ eserese nke Onye Ntorobịa'' Na-eto Eto - 1831 * ''Akụkọ banyere Okike'' - 1831 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100592646|title=Narratives of nature, and history book for young naturalists|publisher=Edward Lacey|series=History book for young naturalists.|location=London|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Strickland|first=Agnes|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/154731|title=Narratives of nature, and history book for young naturalists.|date=1845|publisher=E. Lacey|location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.154731|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * Osisi Backwoods nke Canada - 1836 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=https://archive.org/details/backwoodsofcanad00trai_1|title=The backwoods of Canada: being letters from the wife of an emigrant officer, illustrative of the domestic economy of British America. 4th Edition|date=1839|publisher=C. Knight|location=London|language=English|oclc=1041067827}}</ref> * Ndị Canada na-akpọ Crusoes - 1852 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/719932676.html|title=Canadian Crusoes: a tale of the Rice Lake plains|date=1859|publisher=A. Hall, Virtue|isbn=978-0-665-27539-5|location=London|language=English|oclc=1042007345|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * ''Akwụkwọ nduzi nke ụmụ nwanyị na-akwaga mba ọzọ - 1854 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/720293223.html|title=The female emigrant's guide, and hints on Canadian housekeeping|date=1854|publisher=Maclear|location=Toronto, C.W. [Ont.|isbn=9780665414176|language=English|oclc=1045375963|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref>'' * ''Lady Mary na Nọọsụ Ya'' - 1856<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/716928072.html|title=Lady Mary and her nurse, or, A peep into the Canadian forest|date=1856|publisher=A. Hall, Virtue|location=London|isbn=9780665187285|language=English|oclc=1042019985|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * Canadian Wild Flowers - 1868, na ihe osise nke Agnes Dunbar Moodie Fitzgibbon <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|title=North American wild flowers|publisher=J. Lovell|year=1868|isbn=9780665014482|location=Montréal|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.38665|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85987|accessdate=18 May 2021}}</ref> * Afar na Ọhịa; ma ọ bụ, Foto nke Ndụ na Ọhụrụ nke Canada - 1869 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100267258|title=Afar in the forest, or, Pictures of life and scenery in the wilds of Canada|date=1869|publisher=T. Nelson|isbn=978-0-665-37483-8|series=CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series <nowiki>=</nowiki> CIHM/ICMH collection de microfiches; no. 37483|location=London; Edinburgh|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * ''Nnyocha nke ndụ osisi na Canada, ma ọ bụ, Gleanings si n'oké ọhịa, ọdọ mmiri na ala dị larịị'' - 1885 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/66752|title=Studies of plant life in Canada wild flowers, flowering shrubs, and grasses /|date=1906|publisher=W. Briggs|isbn=978-0-665-86908-2|edition=New and rev.|location=Toronto|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.66752|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * Nkume na Nkume ma ọ bụ Ihe odide nke Onye Ọhụrụ Ochie - 1894<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr Strickland|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/55062|title=Pearls and pebbles; or, Notes of an old naturalist.|publisher=S. Low, Marston|year=1895|location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.55062|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> * Traill, Catherine Parr Strickland, (1996). ''Ana m gọzie gị n'obi m: akwụkwọ ozi ahọpụtara nke Catharine Parr Traill ''. Ballstadt, Carl, 1931-, Hopkins, Elizabeth, BA. , Peterman, Michael A., 1942-. Toronto: Mahadum nke Toronto Press. peeji nke 3. . OCLC 36640963.&nbsp;  * Cot na Cradle Stories - 1895<ref>{{Cite book|author=Traill|first=Catherine Parr|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/716988558.html|title=Cot and cradle stories|series=CIHM/ICMH Microfiche series (CIHM/ICMH collection de microfiches) no. 34022|date=1895|publisher=W. Briggs (Toronto); C.W. Coates (Montreal); S.F. Huestis (Halifax)|location=Toronto; Montreal; Halifax, Nova Scotia|isbn=9780665340222|language=English|oclc=1041975686|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Peterman|first=Michael A.|date=1989-11-30|title=Catharine Parr Traill|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRC&sw=w&issn=10968547&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CH1200004445&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Canadian Writers Before 1890|language=English|accessdate=9 February 2020}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060127230713/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/moodie-traill/index-e.html Information about Traill and her sister Moodie from the ''Libraries and Archives Canada''] Archived 27 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine * Works by Catharine Parr Strickland Traill at Project Gutenberg * Works by Catharine Parr Traill at Faded Page (Canada) * Works by or about Catharine Parr Traill at the Internet Archive * Works by Catharine Parr Traill at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) * Catharine Parr Traill at Find a Grave * Traill, Catherine Parr Strickland. ** [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055364673D&R=DC-37131055364673D The Canadian Crusoes; a tale of the Rice Lake plains]. New York : C.S. Francis & Co., 1853. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format. ** [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055380711D&R=DC-37131055380711D The female emigrant's guide, and hints on Canadian housekeeping] (also published under title: [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055419964D&R=DC-37131055419964D The Canadian settler's guide] (1855).). Toronto, C.W. : Maclear & Co., 1854. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format. ** [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDMDC-37131055359186D&R=DC-37131055359186D The Canadian emigrant housekeeper's guide]. Toronto : Lovell & Gibson, 1862. Accessed 18 July 2012, in PDF format. (Includes some of the material in The female emigrant's guide, with an appendix of official information and statistics to 1861.) * [http://chamberlin.library.utoronto.ca/%20%7CThe%20Chamberlin%20Digital%20Collection%20with%20botanical%20illustrations%20by%20Catherine%20Parr%20Traill The Chamberlin Digital Collection with books and botanical illustrations] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] g5irigjlsvtdxthf3zhyr4lbg5cps69 0 66135 741861 697755 2026-10-28T18:24:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741861 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Doris Benta Maria Löve,''' née Wahlén (amụrụ 2 Jenụwarị 1918 na Kristianstad - nwụrụ anwụ 25 February 2000 na San Jose, California) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke Sweden, ọkachasị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Arctic..<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Doris Löve na Kristianstad, Sweden. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum Lund na 1937. Ọ lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, Icelander Áskell Löve. Ọ nwetara PhD na botany na 1944. O lekwasịrị anya doctorate na mmekọahụ nke Melandrium. Mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Iceland. Ha kwagara Winnipeg na 1951, kwaga Montreal na 1955, na Boulder na 1965. Na mahadum ebe Áskell Löve kụziri ihe, Doris Löve apụghị ịbụ onye nkụzi n’otu oge na di ya. Ha mechara kwaga San Jose, California na 1974.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKaersvangWeberIves2000">Kaersvang, Lóa Löve; Weber, W.A.; Ives, J. D. (2000). [[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|"Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam"]]. ''Arctic and Alpine Research''. '''32''' (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>363. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375]]</span>. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1552536 1552536]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525313 218525313].</cite></ref> N'otu, Áskell na Doris Löve mere ọtụtụ nyocha banyere ọnụọgụ chromosome nke osisi na ojiji ha na usoro osisi. Ha bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ na mpaghara a, a na-ewerekwa ha dị ka ndị guzobere cytotaxonomy.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKaersvangWeberIves2000">Kaersvang, Lóa Löve; Weber, W.A.; Ives, J. D. (2000). [[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|"Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam"]]. ''Arctic and Alpine Research''. '''32''' (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>363. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375]]</span>. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1552536 1552536]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525313 218525313].</cite></ref> N'afọ 1962, ọ bụ onye nhazi nke nzukọ sayensị nwere mmetụta na ''North Atlantic Biota na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha'' na onyinye sitere n'aka Eric Hultén, Tyge W. Böcher, [[Hugo Sjörs]], John Axel Nannfeldt, Knut Fægri, Bruce C. Heezen na Marie Tharp. N'afọ 1974, a manyere di ya Áskell Löve, onye bụ prọfesọ zuru oke na onye isi oche nke ngalaba ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Mahadum Colorado Boulder, ịgba arụkwaghịm. N'afọ 1997, o dere akụkọ ezinụlọ ya, akụkọ ndụ dị peeji 86 nke na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ịgba arụkwaghịm di ya. E debere ihe ncheta a na Hunt Botanical Library na Pittsburgh na 1997 ma kwesiri ka a ghara ịhapụ ya ruo 2018.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == * Onye otu Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (IAAR) <ref name=":0" />{{Cite journal|author=Kaersvang|first=Lóa Löve|year=2000|title=Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_2000-08_32_3/page/360|journal=Arctic and Alpine Research|volume=32|issue=3|pages=360–363|doi=10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKaersvangWeberIves2000">Kaersvang, Lóa Löve; Weber, W.A.; Ives, J. D. (2000). [[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|"Doris Löve (1918–2000) In Memoriam"]]. ''Arctic and Alpine Research''. '''32''' (3): <span class="nowrap">360–</span>363. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375|10.1080/15230430.2000.12003375]]</span>. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1552536 1552536]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218525313 218525313].</cite></ref> * Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke Mahadum Colorado Museum Herbarium (COLO) == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==   === Akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ọkụkụ === * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1961|title=Chromosome numbers of central and northwest European plant species|series=[[Opera Botanica]] vol. 5|publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell|location=Stockholm|pages=1–581}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1966|title=Cytotaxonomy of the alpine vascular plants of Mount Washington|series=University of Colorado Studies. Series of Biology No. 24|publisher=University of Colorado|location=Boulder|pages=1–75}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1974|title=Cytotaxonomical atlas of the Slovenian flora|series=Cytotaxonomical Atlases vol. 1|publisher=J. Cramer|location=Vaduz|pages=1241}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1975|title=Cytotaxonomical atlas of the Arctic flora|url=https://archive.org/details/cytotaxonomicala0002love|series=Cytotaxonomical Atlases vol. 2|publisher=J. Cramer|location=Vaduz|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cytotaxonomicala0002love/page/598 598]}} * {{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1977|title=Cytotaxonomical atlas of the Pteridophyta|series=Cytotaxonomical Atlases vol. 3|publisher=J. Cramer|location=Vaduz|pages=398}} === Usoro nzukọ === * Nzukọ a lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta biogeographical nke continental drift.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite book|author=Löve|first=Á.|year=1963|title=North Atlantic Biota and their History: A symposium held at University of Iceland, Reykjavík July 1962|publisher=Pergamon Press|location=Oxford|url=https://archive.org/details/northatlanticbio00sk}} Ọrụ nkewa ya mere ka nwunye Kenneth Hare bụ Jocelyn jikọta ọnụ ụlọ ahịhịa sitere na Ugwu Kaumajet.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huneault|first=Kristina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjVhDwAAQBAJ|title=I'm Not Myself at All: Women, Art, and Subjectivity in Canada|date=2018-07-16|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-5403-0|language=en}}</ref> === Nsụgharị === * ''Nnyocha botanical nke Penny Highlands nke Baffin Island, Nsonaazụ nke njem Baffin nke abụọ site na Arctic Institute of North America (1953) n'okpuru nduzi nke Col. P.D. Baird'' <ref>{{Cite book|author=Schwarzenbach|first=Fritz Hans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yq2j5HhAMM0C|title=Botanical Observations on the Penny Highlands of Baffin Island|date=2010|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-8423-1884-7|language=en}}</ref> * Nikolai Vavilov, ''Mmalite na ọdịdị ala nke osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ, Archives of Natural History'', Jenụwarị 1994 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250229745|title=VAVILOV, N. I. Origin and geography of cultivated plants. (Translated by Doris Löve)|date=January 1994|work=Research Gate}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == {{Reflist}} 4w5quqw60nfv85tm4dk4r9gczg1gkfd 0 73724 741908 739721 2026-10-29T10:35:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 741908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Kanikkaran|nativename=கணிக்காரன்/കണ്ണിക്കാരൻ|states=[[India]]|region=[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kanyakumari District|Kanyakumari]]|speakers=19,000|date=2007|familycolor=Dravidian|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[South Dravidian languages|Southern I]]|fam4=Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]|fam5=Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]|fam6=Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]|fam7=Tamil–Irula|fam8=Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]|fam9=[[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]|fam10=[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalamoid]]|script=[[Tamil script]], [[Malayalam script]]|iso3=kev}} ''''''Kani'''''' ( []),a makwaara dị ka Kani, bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke ihe dị ka ndị agbụrụ Kanikkar 19,000 na-asụ na ndịda India <ref name=e25 /> . Ha na-ebi n'ime ọhịa na ugwu nke Thiruvananthapuram na mpaghara Kollam nke Kerala, yana mpaghara Kanyakumari na Tirunelveli nke Tamil Nadu. A na-akpọ ya malambhāsha, ma ọ bụ “asụsụ ugwu. ". <ref name=":0" /> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === Kanikkaran nwere ụdaume 5, /a, e, i, o, u/. Ọ na-egosipụta ogologo ụdaume dị iche iche.<ref name=":0" /> === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Ezé ezé !Alveolar !Retroflex !Palatal !Velar |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n̪ |n |ɳ |ɲ |ŋ |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghịolu</small> |p |t̪ | |ʈ |c |k |- !<nowiki><small id="mwXQ">kwuru okwu</small></nowiki> |b |d̪ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |ʋ | |l |ɭ |j | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | | |r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Flap | | |ɾ | | | |} Ha na-eji phoneme /l̩/ mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Shyam|first=S.K.|date=12 December 2017|title=Aspects of Life and Language of Kanikkar Tribal Community of Kerala –A Study|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html|journal=Language in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203013426/http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2017/syamlanguagekanikar1.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=18 March 2026|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShyam2017">Shyam, S.K. (12 December 2017). . ''Language in India''.</cite></ref> == Asụsụ == {| class="wikitable" ! !otu !ọtụtụ |- !Nke Mbụ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ |N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |- !Nke abụọ |Il |nīṇkaḷu |- !Nke atọ |avanu/avaḷu |avaru |} Asụsụ ahụ enweghị ike iji nkwụsị nke onwe, dịka Old Malayalam. Ihe atụ: ''Pova'' (ga ma ọ bụ gaa ma ọ bụ ka anyị gaa) na ''vārā'' (ga-abịa, ma ọ bụ "hụ gị").<ref name=":0"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 2nnhojl78zxohuguuhiw7hvdsfzd221 0 74348 741832 620674 2026-10-28T17:49:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Czechia.png|thumb|Ogologo ndụ a tụrụ anya ya mgbe a mụrụ ya na Czechia]] Mba Czech Republic nwere nke abụọ kachasị elu n'ọnụọgụgụ oke ibu na Yuropu n'afọ 2015. Pasentị 28.7 nke ndị toro eto nwere oke ibu nke 30 ma ọ bụ karịa..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ballas|first=Dimitris|title=The Human Atlas of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/socialatlasofeur0000dimi|date=2017|publisher=Policy Press|location=Bristol|isbn=9781447313540}}</ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} iadmlvapt9iasis2n0hjk5wl43w4k6h 0 74498 741827 621181 2026-10-28T17:40:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741827 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Greece.png|thumb|Ogologo ndụ ndụ mgbe a mụrụ na Gris]] Gris nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị ikom na-ese siga na Europe n'afọ 2015: 53% . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ballas|first=Dimitris|title=The Human Atlas of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/socialatlasofeur0000dimi|date=2017|publisher=Policy Press|location=Bristol|isbn=9781447313540}}</ref> Ntụnye ihe ikike mmadụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|accessdate=2023-05-01|work=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}</ref> na-achọpụta na Gris na-emezu 88.6% nke ihe ọ kwesịrị imezu maka ikike ahụike dabere na ọkwa ego ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Greece - Human Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|accessdate=2023-05-01|work=rightstracker.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315171721/https://rightstracker.org/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nlekọta ahụike na Gris * Ịṅụ sịga na Gris * Ibu oke ibu na Gris == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Europe topic|Health in}} pmsit7h94pr38ohwa4j3stx7v7l3d8v 0 75205 741898 673562 2026-10-29T09:13:44Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Uju_Onwudiwe.jpg|Uju_Onwudiwe.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 20 October 2026. 741898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uju Onwudiwe''', onye amara nke ọma dịka '''Igolo Njaba''', bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye otu ụlọ omeiwu Imo steeti. Ọ na-anọchi anya Njaba State Constituency na Owerri, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|date=2021-06-06|title=UJU ONWUDIWE: I never dreamt of going into politics|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/uju-onwudiwe-i-never-dreamt-of-going-into-politics/|accessdate=2026-04-12|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntọala agụmakwụkwọ == Uju Onwudiwe gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ ya na Queen's College, Enugu. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Akaụntụ na [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology|Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Enugu State]] (ESUT), ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Sayensị (B.Sc.). O nwetakwara nzere masta nke nchịkwa azụmaahịa (MBA) na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum Naịjirịa]], Enugu Campus (UNEC). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="Wix is a free website builder, meaning this is a self-published, user-generated blog or fan site. (April 2026)">achọrọ ntụaka</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Uju Onwudiwe arụọla ọrụ dịka onye nchịkwa na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ego, nwee ahụmịhe n'òtù dịka Arab Contractors, Mefor Systems Inc., na Nnamdi Nwakwesi & Co. Kemgbe e guzobere ya n'ụlọ omeiwu nke asatọ nke Imo State, o sonyekwala n'ọrụ iwu, gụnyere ịkwado ngagharịiwe na itinye aka na iwu ndị ahụ. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ihe ndị dị ka mbelata ịda ogbenye, mmepe akụ na ụba, na nchekwa ọha, ebe ọ na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-01-17|title=How I survived attacks from Biafrans over grazing bill — Imo Lawmaker|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/survived-attacks-biafrans-grazing-bill-imo-lawmaker/|accessdate=2026-04-13|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == Uju Onwudiwe anatala nkwanye ùgwù site n’aka òtù obodo na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Njaba nyere ya aha Igolo (“ìhè na-enwu enwu”). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=Politics provides me platform for elaborate service to all – Onwudiwe|url=https://www.newsecho.com.ng/features/politics-provides-me-platform-for-elaborate-service-to-all-onwudiwe/|accessdate=2026-04-13|work=News Echo|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3d4eaf6rayldxsalelamyylebdes597 0 75699 741870 706758 2026-10-28T18:35:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omenala ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-anwa ịmegharị ma kọwaa àgwà ọdịbendị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}</ref> A na-ejikwa okwu ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị akọwa echiche ndị na-akwado ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Kramarae 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kramarae|first=Cheris|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgeinterna0003unse_h2i7|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92090-2|doi=10.4324/9780203800942}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ịbụ nwanyị kewara site na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike mgbe ha jụrụ nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma laghachi n'Echiche dị mkpa banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị nke ha na-ewere ọdịdị nwanyị dị ka nke dị elu. <ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> <ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref><ref name="Evans 1995">{{Cite book|title=Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryto0000evan|author=Evans|first=Judy|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4462-6493-5|chapter=Cultural Feminism: Feminism's First Difference|oclc=874319830}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'adịghị ka radical ma ọ bụ socialist feminism, omenala feminism abụghị echiche nke ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwukarị kama ọ na-abụkarị akara ngosi nke ndị mmegide ya kwuru. Okwu a pụtara na mbido 1971, mgbe Frances Chapman, n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Off Our Backs, katọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Aphra dị ka onye "jere ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị omenala". [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Na 1972, nwanyị nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze Elizabeth Diggs, jiri akara “nwa nwanyị omenala” tinye n'ọrụ niile nke feminism radical. [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Brooke Williams bụ onye izizi kọwapụta “mwepu ọchịchị nke feminism radical” dị ka “Fedeminism omenala” na 1975. "Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị sitere na òtù ụmụ nwanyị siri ike, "ka Ellen Willis, onye guzobere Redstockings, kwuru, "ihe ndị dị n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ bụ ihe na-emegide onwe ha. " <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willis|first=Ellen|date=1984|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=Social Text|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|doi=10.2307/466537|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Rosemarie Tong bụ ndị na-echepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom dị ka echiche n'ime echiche siri ike. == Echiche == Omenala ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ nke usoro nna ochie kpebiri.<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> Linda Alcoff na-ekwu na "nchọpụta ọdịbendị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa passivity nke nwanyị dị ka udo ya, mmetụta ya dị ka ọchịchọ ya ịzụlite, subjectivity ya dị ka nghọta onwe ya dị elu".<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> A chọtara echiche yiri nke ahụ n'oge gara aga. [[Jane Addams]] na Charlotte Perkins Gilman kwuru na n'ịchịkwa steeti, imekọ ihe ọnụ, nlekọta, na enweghị ime ihe ike n'idozi esemokwu ọha mmadụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa site na omume ọma ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Ritzer 2007">{{Cite book|author=Ritzer|first=George|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarysoci0000ritz_w0o6|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=2007|isbn=978-0-07-299759-0}}</ref> Josephine Donovan na-ekwu na onye nta akụkọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ahụ maka [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|Ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị]], Margaret Fuller, malitere omenala ụmụ nwanyị na Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845). O kwusiri ike n'akụkụ mmetụta uche, nke ihe ọmụma ma gosipụta echiche ụwa nke dị nnọọ iche na echiche nke ndị na-ahụ maka nghọta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Levine|first=Amy-Jill|title=A Feminist Companion to the Acts of the Apostles|year=2004|publisher={{nowrap|T & T}} Clark|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-6252-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ akụkọ Alice Echols, "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement", nke mere ka a nakweere okwu ahụ iji kọwaa ndị inyom nke oge a, ọ bụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Dị ka Echols si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị omenala "na-ejikọta nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe na ichebe nke mmepụta ụmụ nwanyị". 35  Ihe atụ ya nke ndị inyom omenala bụ Kathleen Barry, Susan Brownmiller, Mary Daly, Andrea Dworkin, Susan Griffin, Robin Morgan, Janice Raymond, Adrienne Rich, na Florence Rush. Ndị inyom na-etinye aka na nkewapụ nwanyị, nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, na ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bịara na-ejikọta ya na omenala feminism n'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta omenala na akụ na ụba nke nwanyị lekwasịrị anya, nke Echols kọwara dị ka ịla azụ site na nna ochie kama ịkwatu ya. Mary Daly jikọtara "ike nwanyị", ma ọ bụ okwu ya Gyn/Ecology, na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị "nkwado, na-emepụta ndụ" dị ka ụmụ nwoke na-emegbu emegbu n'ihi "mgbochi". Adrienne Rich na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike "oke" nke ụmụ nwoke na-ebelata. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-akpọ oku ka e kee naanị ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-achị na ohere iji "na-ama aka na-adịghị mma nke okike". A katọrọ nkewa a n'ime omenala ụmụ nwanyị maka ileghara ụkpụrụ ndị nna ochie akatọ ndị nwoke n'otu n'otu maka mmegbu ha na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye na nkewa anụ ahụ, ndị inyom na-akpọ oku maka "nkewa na ụkpụrụ nwoke". A na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị kachasị mkpa na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. Daly kwusiri ike na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke njirimara, gụnyere agbụrụ na ọkwa bụ ìgwè ndị nwoke akọwapụtara, na ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa ha na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ekewa.<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> Ọgaranya na-ekwupụta "ibu ọrụ mmekọrịta" a na-etinye n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ukwuu ma dị mgbagwoju anya karịa ọbụna ibu ọrụ nke ịgba ohu. Ịmụ nne na ịmụ nwa bụ isiokwu ọzọ a ma ama na echiche ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị. Ọgaranya na-eche na nne dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, nke e wuru iji chịkwaa ụmụ nwanyị, nke dị iche na ezigbo nne. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwupụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nne na nwa nwanyị, ya mere, ndị nna ochie ebibiwo ma a ghaghị idozi ya.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, Carol Anne Douglas (onye nkatọ ogologo oge na Off Our Backs) gụnyere mmetụta nke akwụkwọ Susan Griffin na-ewu ewu Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her dị ka isi na mmepe nke ụdị echiche a.<ref name="Douglas 1990">{{Cite book|title=Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian Theories|url=https://archive.org/details/lovepoliticsradi0000caro|author=Douglas|first=Carol Anne|publisher=Ism Press|date=July 1990|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-910383-17-2}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, a na-akpọ isiakwụkwọ a nke akwụkwọ Douglas Male biology as a problem na nyocha nke echiche Griffin bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Woman the Natural . <ref name="Douglas 1990"></ref> == Nkatọ == Ethnographer Kristen Ghodsee na-akọwa ụdị nkatọ dị iche iche sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị kwenyere na "echiche nke ụmụnne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ehichapụ ọdịiche dị mkpa na ike na ịnweta ihe onwunwe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ, agbụrụ, na mba dị iche iche".<ref name="Ghodsee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|title=Feminism-by-Design: Emerging Capitalisms, Cultural Feminism, and Women's Nongovernmental Organizations in Post Socialist Eastern Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_spring-2004_29_3/page/n89|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|issn=0097-9740|date=2004|volume=29|issue=3|pages=772–753|doi=10.1086/380631}}</ref> :: 727  Nchegbu a na-ahụkarị, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, bụ na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na'etiti naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu, kama iburu ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba na ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'uche.<ref name="Ghodsee 2004" /> :: 727  [[Audre Lorde]] gosipụtara nchegbu a na "An Open Letter to Mary Daly", ebe Lorde kwupụtara mmechuihu na Daly wepụrụ ihe nketa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lorde na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Europe n'akwụkwọ ọdịbendị ya, mgbe ọ na-ahọrọ okwu ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke Europe iji gosipụta isi ihe ya na ịkọwa "mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|chapter=An Open Letter to Mary Daly|date=2022|title=This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color|edition=40th anniversary|pages=90–93|accessdate=|publisher=State University of New York Press|doi=10.1515/9781438488295-033|isbn=978-1-4384-8829-5}}</ref> [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2026)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Nchegbu ọzọ bụ nkwenye na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị "agbaghaghị nkọwa nke nwanyị kama ọ bụ naanị nkọwa nke ụmụ nwoke nyere" ma si otú a na-eme ka ọdịbendị dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Blumenthal|first=Dannielle|title=Women and Soap Opera: A Cultural Feminist Perspective|date=1997|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96039-1|url=https://archive.org/details/womensoapoperacu0000blum/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> Mgbe ndị na-akwado ọdịbendị na-ekwu na okwu ndị dị ka nna ochie na ndina n'ike bụ ihe sitere na nkà mmụta ihe ndị nwoke na omume, ohere ịkatọ ma na-ama usoro ndị dị n'azụ nsogbu ndị a. <ref name="Echols 1983" /> Ọzọkwa, nkọwa ndị dị mkpa nke "nwaanyị" na-eme ka mmegbu a chọrọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ibi ndụ ruo "onye a mụrụ 'nwaanyị' ha ga-ekpe ikpe".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Alice Echols kwuru na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị kwenyere iji lụso "omume rụrụ arụ" ọgụ, ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịchọ nkwanye ùgwù site n'igbochi mmekọahụ ha ma na-atụ aro "ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mmekọahụ".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 Ọ katọrọ echiche a maka ịnwa ịchịkwa ngosipụta mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji jide ụmụ nwanyị maka nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ na mmekọahụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 : 52  Nkwupụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ a na-egosipụtakwa echiche ndị inyom ọdịbendị banyere ụmụ nwanyị transgender. Echols na-akọwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị transgender na nwoke rapaciousness dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma na-akọwara na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-adịghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị Transgender maka ebubo na ha "na-emebi ịdị mkpa nke okike, ma na-ehichapụ ókèala dị n'etiti okike", na-eme ka ahụ nwanyị (nke ndị na-eme omenala na-ewere dị ka ụdị ndina n'ike), ma na-eyi egwu iwebata "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị fọdụrụ" n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na oghere ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> A na-ekwu na Trans-exclusionary radical femism nwere mmalite ya na omenala ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassi|first=Serena|date=2022|title=Introduction: TERFs, Gender-Critical Movements, and Postfascist Feminisms|journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=311–333|doi=10.1215/23289252-9836008|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> A katọwokwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị maka itinye aka na akụrụngwa, omume nke ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere na ọ na-emegide ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma na-emegiderịta onwe ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Iji mee ka nsogbu ndị inyom na-akwado akụrụngwa pụta ìhè, Echols nyochara mmejuputa, omume, na nsonaazụ nke Feminist Economic Network (FEN), azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị nke bu n'obi iji akụrụngwa mee ihe iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka imeri ihe mgbochi ndị nna ochie site na ịgbazinye ego site na ndị inyom credit unions na azụmaahịa ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bruneau|first=Camille|date=13 September 2018|title=How Do Patriarchy and Capitalism Jointly Reinforce the Oppression of Women?|url=https://www.cadtm.org/How-do-patriarchy-and-capitalism-jointly-reinforce-the-oppression-of-women|accessdate=14 January 2021|publisher=Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt|language=en}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na netwọk ahụ na-erigbu ndị ọrụ, jụ Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, otu, na ịza ajụjụ, ma kwado usoro ike n'ime azụmaahịa site n'ikwu na nwanne nwanyị na-eme ka o doo anya na ikike nke onye ọ bụla na-eduga n'ike nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Enwere ike ịgbasawanye nchọpụta Echols site na nkatọ nke omume azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị ọdịbendị na Off Our Backs. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akọwa na ụlọ ọrụ "ndị inyom" na-akwado ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado iji wepụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, ha bụ ndị isi, nwere obere ohere ịnweta mmetụta akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma bụrụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-egosi ntụpọ na mbọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-agba iji gbochie mmegbu site na ịbụ onye otu na usoro akụ na ụba mmegbu, iji echiche bootstrap, na ịgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ngwaahịa na ahịa nke na-ejere "nwoke" akụrụngwa ozi.<ref name="Off Our Backs 1976">{{Cite journal|date=1976|title=God, Mom & Apple Pie: 'Feminist' Businesses as an Extension of the American Dream|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=5|issue=11|pages=18–20|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Verta Taylor na Leila J. Rupp ekwuola na nkatọ nke ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-abụkarị mwakpo megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Taylor 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Verta|date=1993|title=Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-1993_19_1/page/32|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=19|issue=1|pages=32–61|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494861}}</ref> Nnyocha Suzanne Staggenbourg banyere Bloomington, Indiana mere ka o kwubie na itinye aka n'ihe omume ndị a na-akpọ omenala ụmụ nwanyị "na-enye obere ihe akaebe na omenala ụmụ nwoke dugara na mbelata nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staggenborg|first=Suzanne|date=2001|title=Beyond Culture versus Politics: A Case Study of a Local Women's Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gender-society_2001-08_15_4/page/n8|journal=Gender and Society|volume=15|issue=4|pages=507–530|issn=0891-2432|doi=10.1177/089124301015004002}}</ref> : 507 : 507  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Deegan|first=Mary Jo|title=Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918|url=https://archive.org/details/janeaddamsmenofc0000deeg|publisher=Transaction Books|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|chapter=Jane Addams and Cultural Feminism|isbn=978-0-88738-077-8|year=1988|pages=[https://archive.org/details/janeaddamsmenofc0000deeg/page/226 226]–230|doi=10.4324/9780203788073-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Balbert|first=Peter|title=D. H. Lawrence and the Phallic Imagination: Essays on Sexual Identity and Feminist Misreading|url=https://archive.org/details/dhlawrencephalli0000balb|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-333-43964-7|location=London}} * {{Cite book|author=Echols|first=Alice|title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975|url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo|date=1989|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9|location=Minneapolis}} * {{Cite journal|author=Roseneil|first=Sasha|date=1995|title=The Coming of Age of Feminist Sociology: Some Issues of Practice and Theory for the Next Twenty Years|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=191–205|doi=10.2307/591785|issn=0007-1315}} *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9v2mxhoomu0tkqmyzom3tgj8istexuw 0 75852 741853 706465 2026-10-28T18:14:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 1 book for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741853 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Anne Huré''' (amụrụ na '''Françoise-Anne Huré'''; 25 Ọktoba nafo 1918 - a na-che na ọ nwụrụ) bụ onye edemede France nke dere akwụkwọ akụkọ asatọ, nke mbụ n'ime ha bụ ''Les Deux moniales'' ("The Two Nun"), e weere ya dị ka onye a ma ama maka Prix Goncourt na 1962.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Anne Huré na Paris na 25 Ọktoba 1918. Ọ gụrụ nkà mmụta okpukpe, gụnyere Grik na Latin oge ochie, n'ụlọ obibi ndị Benedictine dị na Leuven, Belgium, ruo afọ atọ. N'oge a n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ, ọ ga-aga n'ihu ịkọwa ya n'ọtụtụ oge dị ka "enweghị obi ụtọ ... mana ọ bara uru ma na-enye ihe ọmụma".[1] Huré na-enwekarị nsogbu na ndị uwe ojii, nke ga-akpata esemokwu n'oge ọ na-ede akwụkwọ. Na 1954, ụlọ ikpe mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ asaa ma gbochie ya ịga Paris ruo ndụ ya niile maka izu ohi na ịgha ụgha nke akwụkwọ ego.[1][2] Huré nọrọ oge ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ise, nke ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ bụ Julliard kwadoro ibipụta.[1] A tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 20 Febụwarị 1961. Na Jenụwarị 1962, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Les Deux moniales''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huré|first=Anne|title=Les deux moniales|url=https://archive.org/details/lesdeuxmoniales0000anne|publisher=Julliard|year=1962|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> (''The Two Nuns''),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huré|first=Anne|title=The Two Nuns|url=https://archive.org/details/twonuns00hure|publisher=Sheed and Ward|year=1964|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref> ka o wee nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na azụmaahịa. Ndị juri Prix Goncourt họpụtara ya ka a tụlee ya. Agbanyeghị, tupu ndị juri emee mkpebi ha, e jidere Huré na Paris na 10 Mee 1962, mgbe otu Madame Dupeyroux nke Toulouse matachara ya mgbe ọ pụtara na mmemme telivishọn akwụkwọ ''Lectures pour tous''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1962-07-28|title=DEUX MOIS DE PRISON A LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ POUR TENTATIVE DE VOL|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1962/07/28/deux-mois-de-prison-a-la-romanciere-anne-hure-pour-tentative-de-vol_2373797_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> Madame Dupeyroux boro ebubo na Huré nwara izu ohi ọla ya n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ya na Jenụwarị 1961.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1962-05-09|title=LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ auteur des " Deux Moniales " RECHERCHÉE PAR LA POLICE|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1962/05/09/la-romanciere-anne-hure-auteur-des-deux-moniales-recherchee-par-la-police_2347372_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> Izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 27, na Toulouse, a mara Anne Huré ikpe maka ịnwa izu ohi. A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa abụọ na ntaramahụhụ 1,000-franc.<ref name=":2" /> Nsogbu iwu na-aga n'ihu kpalitere esemokwu n'etiti ndị nta akụkọ nke tinyere nrụgide n'ahụ ndị juri Prix Goncourt.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Norris|first=Anna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkZZroHpaeUC&q=%22deux+moniales%22+critique&pg=PA45|title=L'écriture du défi: textes carcéraux féminins du XIXe et du XXe siècles : entre l'aiguille et la plume|date=2003|publisher=Summa Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-883479-39-8|location=|pages=45–46|language=fr}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ dịka ''Le Figaro'' chere na ebubo mpụ ya kwesịrị igbochi ya ịtụle ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'ikpeazụ, naanị mmadụ anọ n'ime ndị juri iri ahụ tụrụ vootu maka akwụkwọ ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=1963-05-10|title=LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ A DISPARU|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/05/10/la-romanciere-anne-hure-a-disparu_2214521_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/05/10/la-romanciere-anne-hure-a-disparu_2214521_1819218.html "LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ A DISPARU"]. ''Le Monde.fr'' (in French). 1963-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> (E nyere Anna Langfus, onye lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ Ndị Poland, onyinye ahụ kama maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''bụ Les Bagages de Sable'', akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ncheta [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] site n'echiche nwa agbọghọ).<ref>{{Cite web|author=à 07h00|first=Par T. C. Le 28 novembre 2016|date=2016-11-28|title=Où est passé le nom d'Anna Langfus, prix Goncourt en 1962 ?|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/val-d-oise-95/ou-est-passe-le-nom-d-anna-langfus-prix-goncourt-en-1962-28-11-2016-6384198.php|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=leparisien.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị n'otu afọ ahụ, a kọrọ na Huré nwara igbu onwe ya.<ref name=":0" /> Na 1962, Huré bipụtara ''Entretiens avec Monsieur Renan'', ntụgharị uche dị ọhụrụ na omume Ndị Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huré|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvyGDwAAQBAJ&q=r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s+anne+hur%C3%A9&pg=PT13|title=Entretiens avec Monsieur Renan|date=1962-01-01|publisher=(Julliard) réédition numérique FeniXX|isbn=978-2-260-05143-5|language=fr}}</ref> Na 1963,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=1963-05-10|title=LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ A DISPARU|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/05/10/la-romanciere-anne-hure-a-disparu_2214521_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1963/05/10/la-romanciere-anne-hure-a-disparu_2214521_1819218.html "LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ A DISPARU"]. ''Le Monde.fr'' (in French). 1963-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> 1965,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1965-12-01|title=Un an de prison à la romancière Anne Huré pour vol et falsification de chèques|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1965/12/01/un-an-de-prison-a-la-romanciere-anne-hure-pour-vol-et-falsification-de-cheques_2193123_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> 1969,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1969-04-24|title=LE " MARTYRE " D'ANNE HURÉ|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1969/04/24/le-martyre-d-anne-hure_2439233_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> na 1971<ref>{{Cite news|date=1971-04-09|title=LA ROMANCIÈRE ANNE HURÉ EST ARRÊTÉE POUR ESCROQUERIE|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1971/04/09/la-romanciere-anne-hure-est-arretee-pour-escroquerie_2459984_1819218.html|accessdate=2020-06-16}}</ref> a nwụchiri ya maka aghụghọ, izu ohi, aghụghọ chek, na obere mpụ ndị ọzọ. Na 1963, Julliard bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ autobiographical Anne Huré ''En prison''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huré|first=Anne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SM1XDwAAQBAJ&q=en+prison+anne+hur%C3%A9|title=En prison|date=1963-01-01|publisher=Julliard (réédition numérique FeniXX)|isbn=978-2-260-03131-4|language=fr}}</ref> ("N'ụlọ mkpọrọ"). Mgbe esemokwu na-aga n'ihu gbasara onye dere akwụkwọ a gasịrị, Julliard ebipụtaghị akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ o dere.[1] Plon bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ o dere malite na Le péché sans merci ("Mmehie A Na-apụghị Ịgbaghara") na 1964 ruo nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, Tendresses d'été ("Oge Obi Ụtọ"), nke e bipụtara na 1968. Mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ a ma jide ya na 1971, e nwebeghị ihe ndekọ ọha ọzọ gbasara Anne Huré. Huré bụ onye a kpọrọ onwe ya onye na-echekwa echiche nke ọma.[1] A kọrọ na ọ na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "onye nwere oke obi ike, onye nwere oke aka nri nke na-akwado ọchịchị eze."[1] Ọrụ ya na-enyochakarị nkà mmụta okpukpe Katọlik. Ọ hụrụ onwe ya dị ka onye echiche Katọlik nke narị afọ nke 18 metụtara, karịsịa ọrụ nke Nicolas Malebranche. O nwekwara mmasị pụrụ iche n'ihe odide Plato na Dionysius nke Areopagite.[2] Jennifer Waelti Walters, prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ French na ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Victoria, British Columbia, kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya, Ụmụ nwanyị a na-akpọ ''Damned Women: Lesbians in French Novels'', na akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ mbụ nke Huré na-ekwu maka mmekọrịta ịhụnanya dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị abụọ bụ isi na enweghị ike ime ihe banyere mmetụta ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Waelti-Walters|first=Jennifer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7jlL347dYC&q=in+prison+anne+hur%C3%A9&pg=PA121|title=Damned Women: Lesbians in French Novel|date=2000-09-15|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2071-4|location=|pages=121|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Waelti-Walters, Jennifer (Rose) 1942- {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/waelti-walters-jennifer-rose-1942|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * ''Les Deux Moniales'', Paris: Julliard, 1962. * ''Entretiens avec Monsieur Renan'', Paris: Julliard, 1962. * ''En Mkpọrọ'', Paris: Julliard, 1963. * ''Le Péché sans merci'', Meaux: Plon, 1964. * ''Descente en enfer'', Meaux: Plon, 1966. * ''Le Haut Chemin'', Meaux: Plon, 1966. * ''Les Vendages'', Meaux: Plon, 1968. * ''Tendresses d'été'' (nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi), Meaux: Plon, 1968. == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2j99gkhz5yy6ciummwh4ll89bf7kv0p 0 81190 741839 741594 2026-10-28T17:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Add 2 books for (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 741839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Onye na-akwado udo nke bụ onye Liberia (a mụrụ na 1972)}} {{Infobox person | name = Leymah Gbowee <!-- do not add image icons such as Nobel Peace Prize; see [[WP:ICON]] --> | image = Leymah Gbowee no Fronteiras do Pensamento Porto Alegre 2013 (9730602149) (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Gbowee na 2013 | birth_name = Leymah Roberta Gbowee | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|02|01}} | birth_place = Central [[Liberia]] | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --> | death_place = | other_names = | known_for = [[Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace]] and ''[[Pray the Devil Back to Hell]]'' | occupation = [[Peace activist]] | education = [[Mother Patern College of Health Sciences]] (AA)<br> [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (MA) | awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] ([[2011 Nobel Peace Prize|2011]]) }} '''Leymah Roberta Gbowee''' (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị 1 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, afọ 1972) bụ onye Liberia na-akwado udo, onye duziri otu ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ udo n'ụzọ na-adịghị eme ihe ike, nke a maara dị ka "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace" (Mgbakọ Ụmụ Nwanyị Liberia maka Udo). Otu a nyeere aka n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ n'afọ 2003. Mgbalị ya na nke onye ha na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ, bụ [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], nyeere aka iweta oge udo ma mee ka e nwee ntuli aka n'efu na nke ziri ezi n'afọ 2005, nke Sirleaf meriri.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|title=African women look within for change|publisher=CNN|date=31 October 2009|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=10 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518201040/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/30/africa.women/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E nyere Gbowee na Sirleaf, tinyere Tawakkul Karman, ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2011 "maka mgba ha na-enweghị ime ihe ike iji chebe ụmụ nwanyị ma kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/press.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2011 – Press Release |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date=7 October 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |title=The Rabble Rousers |last=Conley |first=Kevin |date=2008 |website=[[O, the Oprah Magazine]] |language=en-us |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614004218/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/2#ixzz1bTSs28cd |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ndụ mbido== A mụrụ Leymah Gbowee na etiti [[Liberia]] na 1 February 1972. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, ya na nne na nna ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime atọ bi na [[Monrovia]] ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-18 |title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, Foundation, Accomplishments, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leymah-Gbowee |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> mgbe Agha obodo mbụ nke Liberia dara na 1989,<ref>{{cite web|title= Leymah Gbowee Biography and Interview |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/#interview}}</ref> nke tụbara mba ahụ n'ọgba aghara ruo 1996.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|15–25,50}} "Ka agha ahụ na-ebelata, ọ matara maka otu mmemme nke UNICEF na-elekọta... nke na-azụ ndị mmadụ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọrụ na-elekọta ọdịmma ọha, bụ ndị ga-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị agha kpatara oke nhụjuanya n'obi," ka Gbowee dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 2011, nke a na-akpọ ''Mighty Be Our Powers''.<ref name="MightyBe">{{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/mightybeourpower0000gbow |last1=Gbowee |first1=Leymah |last2=Mithers |first2=Carol |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}}</ref>{{rp|50}} Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ dị ọnwa atọ, nke mere ka ọ ghọta na nna ụmụ ya abụọ nta—nwa ya nwoke bụ Joshua "Nuku" na nwa ya nwanyị bụ Amber—na-emegbu ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|50}} N'ịchọ udo na ihe oriri maka ezinụlọ ya, Gbowee sooro di ya, akpọrọ Daniel n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, gaa Ghana ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (ọ mụrụ nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, Arthur) bi dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na-enweghị ebe obibi ma fọrọ nke nta ka agụụ gbụọ ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|59–68}} Ọ kpọrọ ụmụ ya atọ wee gbaa ọsọ, na-agba bọs n'ụgwọ ruo ihe karịrị otu izu "n'ihi na enweghị m otu mkpụrụ ego," laghachi n'ọnọdụ ọgba aghara dị na Liberia, ebe ndị mụrụ ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya ndị ọzọ ka bi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|69}} N'afọ 1998, n'ọchịchọ ya ịbanye n'usoro ọmụmụ maka nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (social work) na kọleji Mother Patern College of Health Sciences, Gbowee malitere ịrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'otu mmemme nke Chọọchị Lutheran dị na Liberia. A na-arụ ọrụ a n'ime ụlọ ụka St. Peter's Lutheran dị na Monrovia—ebe nne ya bụ onye ndu ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa ebe o ji oge uto ya niile biri. A na-akpọ mmemme ahụ 'Trauma Healing and Reconciliation Program' (THRP), ọ bụkwa ya malitere njem Gbowee n'ịghọ onye na-akwado udo:<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|80–82}} Ọfịs THRP ahụ dị ọhụrụ, mana mmemme ahụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ụlọ ụka dị na Liberia anọgidewo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịchọ udo kemgbe agha obodo malitere; n'afọ 1991, ndị ụkọchukwu Lutheran, ndị ndu ụka na-abụghị ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị nkuzi, na ndị ọrụ ahụike jikọrọ aka na Christian Health Association of Liberia iji gbalịa idozi mmebi uche na nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke agha ahụ kpatara.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|81}} Gbowee gụrụ akwụkwọ wee rụkwaa ụzọ ya gaa n'ọkwa mmụta nka, enyere ya na 2001,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|111}} ka ọ na-etinye n'ọrụ ihe ọ mụtara gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche na ime ka ndị mmadụ dịghachi ná mma, n'ịgbalị inyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bụbu ụmụaka a na-etinye n'agha n'òtù ndị agha Charles Taylor aka ịghọghachi ndị bara uru n'obodo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html |title=Leymah Gbowee Biography |website=Nobel Peace Prize Forum |access-date=31 October 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}[http://www.peaceprizeforum.org/gbowee_biography.html Leymah Gbowee Biography]{{dead link|date=October 2011 }}</ref> Ka ihe ngosi agha gbara ya gburugburu, ọ ghọtara na "ọ bụrụ na a ga-enwe mgbanwe ọ bụla n'ime ọha mmadụ, ọ bụ ndị nne ga-emerịrị ya".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gruberprizes.org/GruberPrizes/WomensRights_LaureateBio.php?id=86&awardid=53 |title=2009 Gruber Foundation Women's Rights Prize |publisher=Gruberprizes.org |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> Gbowee mụrụ nwa ya nwanyị nke abụọ, bụ Nicole "Pudu", nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nne ụmụ anọ, ka ọ na-amalite akụkụ ọzọ nke njem ndụ ya—ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Liberia ka ha kwụsị ime ihe ike ahụ na-ebibi ụmụ ha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415110612/http://niew-womenincrisis.org/?p=39|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 April 2011|title=Leymah Gbowee, Women in Peace and Security Network Africa — NIEW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2010<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> ==Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ== Gbowee nwetara nzere 'Associate of Arts' na ngalaba ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (n'afọ 2001) site na Mother Patern College of Health Sciences dị na Monrovia, Liberia, ma mesịa nweta nzere 'Master of Arts' na Conflict Transformation (n'afọ 2007) site na Eastern Mennonite University dị na Harrisonburg, Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Road |first=Copyright © 2006-2026 Eastern Mennonite University 1200 Park |last2=Harrisonburg |last3=Fax: 540-432-4444 |first3=Virginia 22802 Phone: 540-432-4000 |date=2011-10-07 |title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2011/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetakwara asambodo na ọzụzụ gbasara igbochi esemokwu na iwulite udo site n'aka United Nations Institute for Training, Healing Victims of War Trauma Center dị na Cameroon, na Non-Violent Peace Education dị na Liberia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee/ |title=Making Peace Work for Women |publisher=Womenpeacesecurity.org |date=26 October 2006|access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030031915/http://womenpeacesecurity.org/programs-events/peacebuilders/leymah_roberta_gbowee |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> ==Ọrụ== Gbowee bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, nke e hiwere na 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|title=US$50,000 Scholarship for Liberian Women, Gbowee Foundation Discloses|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514095525/http://www.liberianobserver.com/index.php/news/item/1972-us$50000-scholarship-for-liberian-women-gbowee-foundation-discloses|url-status=dead}}</ref> ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Monrovia, nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nke ịbụ ndị ndu na Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://gboweepeaceafrica.org/our-story |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa (GPFA) |language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Gbowee bụbu onye isi nchịkwa nke ''Women Peace and Security Network Africa'', nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Accra, [[Ghana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |title=Hunt Alternatives Fund, Directory of Women Experts |publisher=Huntalternatives.org |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201036/http://www.huntalternatives.org/pages/7352_leymah_gbowee.cfm |archive-date=1 October 2011 }}</ref> nke na-ewulite mmekọrịta n'ofe mpaghara West Africa iji kwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere igbochi, izere, na ịkwụsị esemokwu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu onye nhazi nke mmemme Women in Peacebuilding Program/West African Network for Peacebuilding (WIPNET/WANEP).<ref name="MightyBe" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye a họpụtara ịbụ kọmishọna maka Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta Udo na Liberia. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2013–2015, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara pụrụ iche (Distinguished Fellow) n'ihe gbasara ikpe ziri ezi n'ọha mmadụ na Barnard College nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |title=Barnard Welcomes Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee as Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice |publisher=Barnard.edu |access-date=2013-11-19 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203114218/http://barnard.edu/news/barnard-welcomes-nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-distinguished-fellow-social-justice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Site na afọ 2012 ruo 2014, Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ime Kọmitii Pụrụ Iche nke Ọkwa Elu maka International Conference on Population and Development, nke [[Joaquim Chissano]] na [[Tarja Halonen]] so duzie dị ka ndị isi oche.<ref>[https://www.icpdtaskforce.org/task-force-members/ Members] High-Level Task Force for the International Conference on Population and Development.</ref> Na 2013, ọ ghọrọ Onye nnọchiteanya Oxfam n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |title=Leymah Gbowee &#124; Oxfam International |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190159/http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gbowee na-enye okwu n'ọkwa mba ụwa iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yana udo na nchekwa. N'afọ 2016, Gbowee kwuru okwu n'oge ngagharị iwe nke otu a na-akpọ [[Women Wage Peace]] haziri; nke a bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite nkwekọrịta udo n'etiti Israel na Palestine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/these-israeli-women-marched-from-the-lebanese-border-to-jerusalem-heres-why/2016/10/19/a9b67618-b92c-4c7a-9ad8-d992477e7db1_story.html|title=These Israeli women marched from the Lebanese border to Jerusalem. Here's why.|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> Gbowee bụkwa onye na-akwado n'ihu ọha nzukọ anaghị achọ uru nke Ebenezer Norman, onye obodo Liberia ibe ya, nke a na-akpọ ''A New Dimension of Hope''—otu ntọala na-ewu ụlọ akwụkwọ na Liberia. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, o degaara ndị nyere aka n'ọrụ nchịkọta ego nzukọ ahụ na ikpo okwu Indiegogo akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe, ma kwuo okwu n'emume ha dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/News-Events-Media/News/2018/August/Nobel%20Prize.aspx|title=Regis University Welcomes 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner|website=www.regis.edu|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goodmenproject.com/featured-content/small-village-and-elementary-school-in-africa-destroyed-by-corrupt-goernment-wcz/|title=Small Village and Elementary School in Africa Destroyed by Corrupt Government|date=2016-06-14|website=The Good Men Project|language=en-US|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>New Dimension of Hope, [http://www.prlog.org/12455792-african-charity-launches-crowd-funding-campaign-to-build-school-in-liberia.html "African Charity Launches Crowd-funding Campaign to Build School in Liberia"], prlog.org, 13 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref><ref>Angelini, Anthony. [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/ndhope-s-school-building-project-in-liberia#/story "NDHope's School Building Project in Liberia"]. Indiegogo. New Dimension of Hope, 5 May 2015. Web. 26 May 2015.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Eprel afọ 2017, Gbowee na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Onye Isi Nchịkwa nke Mmemme Ụmụnwanyị maka Udo na Nchekwa (Women of Peace and Security Program) na AC4, nke dị n'ime Earth Institute nke Mahadum Columbia.<ref>[http://sps.columbia.edu/negotiation-and-conflict-resolution/news/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-direct-columbias-women-peace-and "Nobel Peace Prize Laureate to Direct Columbia's Women, Peace, and Security Initative"] [sic], Columbia SPS, 20 February 2017.</ref> Gbowee na-edekwara ''[[The Daily Beast]]'' ihe.<ref>{{cite news | url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/leymah-gbowee-wins-nobel-peace-prize | title =Leymah Gbowee Wins Nobel Peace Prize | date =October 7, 2011 | website =The Daily Beast |access-date =15 October 2017 |quote=Liberian peace activist and Daily Beast contributor Leymah Gbowee was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday for her "non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/leymah-gbowee.html | title =Leymah Gbowee | website =thedailybeast.com | date =15 December 2012 | publisher =The Daily Beast | access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref> ===Itinye aka na ọgwụgwọ mmerụ ahụ=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1999, mgbe Gbowee nọrọla na ọrụ ọgwụgwọ Trauma otu afọ,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|95}} onye na-elekọta ya, bụ́ Reverend Bartholomew Bioh "BB" Colley—onye bụ́ pastọ n'Ụka Lutheran dị na Liberia—gosiri ya n'ebe [[Samuel Gbaydee Doe]] nọ (onye na-enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na onye bụbu onye isi ala Liberia nwere otu aha mbụ na aha nna ahụ),<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|98}} onye Liberia nwere "ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na ọgụgụ isi"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107}} onye ka nwetara nzere 'master's' n'otu mahadum Ndị Kraịst dị na United States, nke gbadoro ụkwụ pụrụ iche n'ọmụmụ gbasara iwulite udo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Gbaydee Doe – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/sam-gbaydee-doe/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=emu.edu}}</ref> Doe bụ onye isi oche nke ọgbakọ udo mbụ mpaghara Africa, West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wanep.org |title=West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) |website=www.wanep.org |access-date=20 October 2011}}{{title missing|date=May 2022}}</ref> nke o so guzobe na 1998 na Ghana.<ref>Lynda Hollinger Janzen, "Africa-based peace initiative grows out of Liberian tragedy", ''Mennonite Weekly Review'', Vol. 82, No. 31, 2 August 2004, p. 7.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111175829/http://www.wanep.org/wanep/about-us-our-story/about-us.html |archive-date=2013-11-11 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=www.wanep.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> Site n'agba ume sitere n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran ọ na-akpọ "BB", Gbowee malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gbasara iwulite udo; karịsịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ''The Politics of Jesus'' nke ọkà mmụta okpukperechi Mennonite bụ John Howard Yoder dere, yana ọrụ ndị Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi, na onye edemede si Kenya bụkwa ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara esemokwu na ime ka udo dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ, bụ Hizkias Assefa, dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|88}} Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, "WANEP na-agba mbọ nke ukwuu itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ya, a kpọkwara m ka m gaa nzukọ na Ghana," ka Gbowee dere.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|101}} N'ọgbakọ WANEP ọzọ e nwere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2000, Gbowee zutere [[Thelma Ekiyor]] si Naịjirịa, onye "nwere ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ, bụrụkwa ọkaiwu ọkachamara n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi edozi esemokwu."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|107–108}} Ekiyor gwara Gbowee maka echiche ya ịgakwuru WANEP ka ha guzobe otu ụmụ nwanyị. "Thelma bụ onye na-eche echiche miri emi ma nwee ọhụụ, dịka BB na Sam. Mana ọ bụ nwanyị, dịka mụ onwe m."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|109}} N'ime otu afọ, Ekiyor nwetara ego nkwado site na WANEP ma hazie nzukọ mbụ nke Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET) na Accra, Ghana, nke Gbowee gara: <blockquote>Kedu ka a ga-esi kọwaa obi ụtọ dị na nzukọ mbụ ahụ...? E nwere ụmụ nwanyị si Sierra Leone, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal, Burkina Faso, na Togo – ya bụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba niile dị iri na isii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Site n'ụzọ dị jụụ mana nke gosipụtara ọgụgụ isi pụrụ iche, Thelma ji aka ya dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ọzụzụ ndị nhazi; akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ihe omume ndị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta n'ihu, tinye aka n'ihe a na-eme, mụta maka esemokwu na otu esi edozi ha, ma nyere ha aka ịghọta ihe mere o ji dị mkpa ka ha tinye aka n'idozi nsogbu ndị a.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|112}}</blockquote> N'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere ọmịiko ma na-achọkwa udo, Gbowee kọrọ akụkụ ndị na-ewute obi n'akụkọ ndụ ya nke mbụ ya; nke a gụnyere oge ya na nwa ya a mụrụ ọhụrụ nọrọ otu izu na-ehi ụra n'ala n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi na o nweghị ego ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa onye ga-enyere ya aka.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} "Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ n'Africa na-eme nke a: ilekwasị anya naanị n'ụmụ nwanyị na naanị n'iwulite udo."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|113}} Ekiyor ghọrọ onye nkuzi na enyi Gbowee. Ọ bụkwa ya kwupụtara mmalite nke WIPNET na Liberia ma họpụta Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi nke Liberian Women's Initiative.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|114–115}} Enwere ike ịsị na echiche Gbowee banyere "ụka na-akwado udo" sitere n'oge a – Thelma Ekiyor, Rev. "BB" Colley, Samuel Gbaydee Doe, na Hizkias Assefa nwere njikọ niile na Eastern Mennonite University dị na United States, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị gụburu akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ (n'ihe gbasara Assefa) dị ka onye nkuzi na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ ugbu a.<ref name=autogenerated9>[http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/nobel-prize-winner-connected-to-peace-church-tradition/ "Nobel Prize Winner Connected to Peace-Church Tradition"]. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</ref> ===Na-edu otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị=== N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2002, Gbowee na-arụ ọrụ n'ehihie iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche, ebe ọ na-ejikwa oge mgbede ya arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndu WIPNET na Liberia n'enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla. Ụmụ ya—gụnyere nwa nwanyị ọ nabatara aha ya bụ Lucia "Malou" (nke mere ka ọnụọgụ ụmụ ya ruo ise)—bi na Ghana n'okpuru nlekọta nwanne ya nwanyị.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|148}} Ka ọ na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs WIPNET n'otu abalị, o tetara na nrọ ebe o kwuru na Chineke gwara ya, sị: "Kpọkọtanụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kpee ekpere maka udo!"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|122}} Ụfọdụ ndị enyi nyeere ya aka ịghọta na nrọ ahụ abụghị maka ndị ọzọ dịka Gbowee chere; kama, ọ ghọtara na ọ dị mkpa ka ya onwe ya mee ihe banyere ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|122}}<ref name="podcastFaith">{{Cite podcast |url=https://emu.edu/now/podcast/2009/10/23/the-faith-of-a-peacebuilder-leymah-gbowee/ |title=The Faith of a Peacebuilder – Leymah Gbowee – Eastern Mennonite University Podcast |website=emu.edu |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> Na-esochi nkuzi WIPNET na Liberia,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|124}} Gbowee na ndị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere otu nwanyị Mandingo onye Alakụba aha ya bụ Asatu, malitere site n'ịga "n'ụlọ alakụba n'ehihie Fraịde mgbe ekpere gasịrị, n'ahịa n'ụtụtụ Satọde, nakwa n'ụlọ ụka abụọ kwa Sọnde."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|126}} Akwụkwọ ozi ha dere, sị: " Ike agwụla anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara igbu ụmụ anyị! Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara mmegbu a na-emegbu anyị!! Ụmụ nwanyị, teta n'ụra – unu nwere olu n'usoro iweta udo!" Ha nyekwara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-apụghị ịgụ akwụkwọ ihe osise dị mfe iji kọwaa ebumnuche ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|127}} Ka ọ na-erule oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2002, a ghọtara Gbowee dị ka onye na-ekwuru okwu na onye ndu na-akpali mmụọ maka otu "Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace"—otu a kọwara dị ka òtù na-akwado udo nke malitere mgbe ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ógbè ahụ malitere ikpe ekpere na ịbụ abụ n'ahịa azụ̀.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |title=2009 Peace warrior for Liberia |publisher=Odemagazine.com |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227090728/http://www.odemagazine.com/blogs/readers_blog/9001/leymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na-emegidekwa agha ahụ site n'ibu ọnụ na ịga n'ụlọ gọọmentị na-eme mkpọtụ.<ref name=":3" /> N'ịrụ ọrụ gafere oke okpukperechi na agbụrụ, Gbowee duziri ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba ka ha gbakọta na Monrovia ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa. Ha kpere ekpere maka udo site n'iji ụdị ekpere nke ndị Alakụba na nke Ndị Kraịst, ma mesịa mee ngagharị iwe na ọrụ ịnọdụ ala n'ebe ọha na eze kwa ụbọchị n'ụzọ na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na-emegide iwu sitere n'aka onye isi ala na-achị aka ike n'oge ahụ, bụ Charles Taylor.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|128,135}} Ha mere ngagharị iwe nke gụnyere iyi egwu nke [[Anasyrma|ọbụbụ ọnụ]] na [[mmekọahụ]]. Banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ, Gbowee kwuru, "Mgbagharị ahụ [mmekọahụ] dịgidere, na-aga n'ihu ma na-apụ, ruo ọnwa ole na ole. O nweghị mmetụta bara uru ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị, mana ọ bara nnukwu uru n'ịdọta uche anyị na mgbasa ozi."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|147}} N'ime ihe dị oke egwu ha mere, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mechara weghara otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ; ọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Tubman Boulevard, bụ́ ụzọ Charles Taylor na-esi aga ma na-alọta Capitol Hill ugboro abụọ kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|136}} Iji mee ka a mata ha nke ọma dị ka otu, ụmụ nwanyị niile yi uwe elu 'T-shirt' na-acha ọcha—nke na-anọchite anya udo—nke nwere akara WIPNET, ma jiri ihe e ji kee ntutu isi na-acha ọcha kee ntutu ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|136}} N'ikpeazụ, Taylor kwere ka e nwee nzukọ iji gee ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ntị n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ọchịchị ya, ọ bụ Gbowee ka a họpụtara ka ọ kọwaara ya okwu ha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|140}} Gbowee tụgharịrị ihu ya ka Taylor nwee ike ịhụ ya, mana ọ gwara [[Grace Minor]] okwu—onye bụ́ onyeisi ndị omeiwu nakwa naanị nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa gọọmentị nọ ebe ahụ: <blockquote>Ike agwụla anyị n'ihe gbasara agha. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-agba ọsọ ndụ. Ike agwụla anyị ịna-arịọ maka nri ọka wit (bulgur). Ike agwụla anyị ịhụ ka a na-edina ụmụ anyị n'ike. Ugbu a, anyị na-eme mkpebi a siri ike iji chekwaa ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị. N'ihi na anyị kwenyere na, dịka ndị na-elekọta ọha mmadụ, n'ọdịnihu ụmụ anyị ga-ajụ anyị sị, "Mama, gịnị ka ị rụrụ n'oge nsogbu ahụ?"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|141}}</blockquote> N'akwụkwọ ya, Gbowee kpughere na Grace Minor ji nwayọọ nye "nnukwu ego nke ya... n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọ tinyere onwe ya na ya" iji kwado ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|149}} Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ na-eme ngagharị iwe nwetara nkwa n'aka Onye isi ala Charles Taylor na ọ ga-aga nzukọ udo na [[Ghana]] iji soro ndị nnupụisi sitere na otu 'Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy' nwee mkparịta ụka<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Bio of Gbowee Leymah] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=March 14, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/Leymah-Gbowee-and-Abigail-Disney-Shoot-for-Peace-in-Liberia/5|title=The Rabble Rousers|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=13 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113193530/http://www.oprah.com/omagazine/leymah-gbowee-and-abigail-disney-shoot-for-peace-in-liberia/5|url-status=dead}}</ref> na otu ndị nnupụisi ọhụrụ ọzọ, MODEL.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|155}} N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2003, Gbowee duuru otu ndị inyom Liberia gaa Ghana iji tinye nrụgide n'akụkụ dị iche iche na-alụso ibe ha agha n'oge usoro mkparịta ụka udo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090314000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html Leymah Gbowee<!-- Both generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314222423/http://www.americanprogress.org/events/2008/11/inf/GboweeLeymah.html |date=14 March 2009 }}</ref> Na mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na-anọdụ ala kwa ụbọchị n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ndị mara mma ebe ndị na-eme mkparịta ụka na-ezukọ, na-akpali ka e nwee ọganihu n'okwu ahụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|154–156}} Mgbe mkparịta ụka ahụ gbatịpụrụ site na mmalite ọnwa Juun ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Julaị—n'enweghị ọganihu ọ bụla e nwetara ebe ime ihe ike ka na-aga n'ihu na Liberia—Gbowee duuru ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị (ndị mechara mụbaa ruo ọtụtụ narị mmadụ) banye n'ime ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ, ebe ha "dọdụrụ onwe ha ala n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ enyo bụ isi ụzọ mbata na-eduga n'ime ụlọ nzukọ ahụ."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|161}} Ha ji ihe ngosi ndị dere sị: "Ndị na-egbu ma na-agbapụta ọbara ndị Liberia -- Kwụsị!"<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|161}} Gbowee zigara onye isi na-ahazi mkparịta ụka udo, bụ [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|General Abubakar]] (onye bụbu onye isi ala Naịjirịa), ozi na ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-ejikọ aka ma nọdụ ala n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, na-egbochi ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ ịpụ ruo mgbe a ga-enwe nkwekọrịta udo. Abubakar, onye gosipụtara na ya nwere ọmịiko n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọ, ji ntakịrị ọchị kwuo okwu sị: "General Leymah na ndị agha ya ewegharawo ụlọ nzukọ udo a." Mgbe ụmụ nwoke ahụ nwara ịpụ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ, Leymah na ndị ya na ha jikọrọ aka yiri egwu na ha ga-adọpụ uwe ha: "N'Africa, ọ bụ ihe arụ dị egwu ịhụ ka nwanyị lụrụ di ma ọ bụ nwanyị meworo agadi ji aka ya kpughee ahụ ya n'ihu ọha."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|162}} Site n'enyemaka nke Abubakar, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ nọgidere n'èzí ụlọ mkparịta ụka n'ime ụbọchị ndị sochirinụ, na-ahụ na "ọnọdụ dị na mkparịta ụka udo gbanwere site na ihe nkiri gaa na ihe mwute."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|163}} Agha Liberia kwụsịrị izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị, site na mbinye aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra na 18 Ọgọstụ 2003.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|164}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110173005/http://www.usip.org/publications/peace-agreements-liberia|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2010|title=Retrieved 20 October 2011.|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> "Mana ihe anyị [ụmụ nwanyị] mere bụ mmalite nke njedebe."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|163}} Ewezuga inye aka n'ịkwụsị agha were afọ iri na anọ na Liberia, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị a dugara n'ịhọpụta [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Liberia n'afọ 2005; ọ bụkwa ya bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu obodo n'Africa. Sirleaf so na ndị natara ihe nrite Nobel Peace Prize n'afọ 2011, ya na Gbowee nakwa Tawakel Karman. E nyere ha atọ ahụ ihe nrite a "n'ihi mgba ha gbara n'ụzọ udo maka nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere isonye nke ọma n'ọrụ iwulite udo."<ref name=autogenerated5 /> N'oge mkpọsa ntuli aka nke ugboro abụọ nke Sirleaf na 2011, Gbowee kwadoro ya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011101208/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/liberia/8818053/Liberian-activist-endorses-Nobel-Peace-Prize-winner-for-president.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2011|title=Liberian activist endorses Nobel Peace Prize winner for president|access-date=13 December 2016|date=10 October 2011}}</ref> ===Ime ka udo sikwuo ike=== A na-amata ha ngwa ngwa site n'uwe elu ha na-acha ọcha nke nwere akara WIPNET; ndị Liberia nọ n'okporo ámá weere Gbowee na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe na Liberia dị ka ndị dike mba ruo ọtụtụ izu mgbe e binyere aka n'Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|167}} Ka o sila dị, Gbowee dere banyere nchegbu ha na-enwe mgbe niile banyere otú udo ha nyeere aka iweta si dị nro ma nwee ike ịkwụsị n'oge ọ bụla: <blockquote>Agha nke afọ iri na anọ anaghị akwụsị akwụsị. N'oge ahụ anyị nwere obi iru ala ilegharị anya, anyị zutere oke ihe mere na Liberia. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri ise nwụrụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụaka. Otu n'ime mmadụ atọ gbara ọsọ ndụ, mmadụ 350,000 bi n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ n'obodo ha, ndị ọzọ bikwa ebe ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịchọta ebe obibi. Otu nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke inwe nri na-adịghị mma, afọ ọsịsa, ọrịa measles na cholera n'ihi mmerụ ahụ dị n'olulu mmiri. Ihe karịrị pasentị 75 nke akụrụngwa anụ ahụ nke mba ahụ, okporo ụzọ anyị, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ anyị, emebiela.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|167}}</blockquote> Gbowee kwupụtara nchegbu pụrụ iche banyere "mmebi uche" nke ndị Liberia na-ata ahụhụ ya: <blockquote>Otu ọgbọ dum nke ụmụ nwoke amaghị onye ha bụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ejighị egbe n'aka. Ọtụtụ ọgbọ ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ anwụ, ndị e dinara n'ike, ndị hụrụ ka e dinara ụmụ ha nwanyị na ndị nne ha n'ike, nakwa ndị hụrụ ka ụmụ ha na-egbu mmadụ ma na-egbukwa ha onwe ha. Ndị agbata obi ghọrọ ndị iro ibe ha; ndị ntorobịa tụfuru olileanya, ebe ndị agadi tụfuru ihe niile ha ji nnukwu mgbalị nweta. Mmadụ niile nọ n'ọnọdụ oke nhụjuanya na mmerụ ahụ n'obi.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|168}}</blockquote> N'ajụjụ ọnụ e nwere maka International Women's Day, Gbowee kwupụtakwara ihe ndị a: <blockquote>Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-akwado udo gosiri ụwa na òtù ndị sitere n'aka ndị nkịtị n'ala ala obodo dị oke mkpa maka ịkwado udo; na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ndu bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'iweta udo; nakwa mkpa ọ dị inwe òtù na-alụso ikpe na-ezighị ezi ọgụ n'ụzọ dabara na omenala ndị mmadụ. Ahụmahụ Liberia bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nye ụwa na ụmụ nwanyị—karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka—nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-akwalite udo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/|title=International Women´s Day: Interview With Leymah Gbowee|access-date=13 December 2016|date=8 March 2014}}</ref></blockquote> N'etiti mbibi na mkpa na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, Gbowee tụrụ ụjọ maka mpako, amaghị ihe na enweghị mmasị n'omenala nke ụlọ ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu e zigara iji nyere aka napụta mba ahụ, idobe udo, guzobe usoro maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na ịmalite mgbalị iwughachi. "Ndị biri ndụ n'ọgba aghara dị egwu nwere ike ịnwe agụụ na enweghị olileanya, ''mana ha abụghị ndị nzuzu'' (Gbowee na-ekwusi ike). Ha na-enwekarị echiche dị mma gbasara otu udo ga-esi gbasaa, a chọkwara ka a jụọ ha."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|171}} Gbowee kwadoro ka etinye aka n'òtù ndị nkịtị dị na Liberia—karịsịa òtù ụmụ nwanyị—n'ọrụ iweghachi obodo ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Iwe were ya maka otu UN si na-emefu ọtụtụ nde dọla na Liberia, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ahụ na-aga n'ịkwụ ndị ọrụ ha ụgwọ na ihe ndị metụtara ha... A sị na ha nyere ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime ego ahụ, ọ gaara eweta ezigbo mgbanwe.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|173}} Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na oge oyi nke 2003-04, "ụwa nke idozi esemokwu, iwulite udo na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ" na-akpọ Gbowee ka o dee akwụkwọ, bịa na ogbako ma kọwaa ahụmịhe na echiche nke WIPNET. Thelma Ekiyor gbara Gbowee ume ka o merie enweghị ùgwù onwe onye ya n'etiti "ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi dị elu bụ ndị nwere nzere masta ma na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị ike" site n'ịgụ na ịmụ ihe karịa iji ghọta echiche ndị na-agbasa n'ụwa nke iwulite udo.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|177}} Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ndị a: "The Peace Book" nke Louise Diamond dere—onye a ma ama maka ịkwado usoro mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche (multi-track diplomacy)—yana "The Journey Toward Reconciliation" na "The Little Book of Conflict Transformation"; akwụkwọ abụọ a nke ikpeazụ bụ nke John Paul Lederach dere, onye bụkwa onye isi nchoputa nke Center for Justice and Peacebuilding na Eastern Mennonite University.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|177}} Ọ gara ọgbakọ USAID na New York, njem mbụ ya ịpụ Afrịka,<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|174–175}} gaa n'ọgbakọ na South Africa, nakwa na Switzerland, ebe ya na onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka mmemme UN na Liberia nwere mkparịta ụka ọrụ.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|174–176}} ===Nzere masta n'iwulite udo=== Na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2004, ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ ka e binyere aka na Nkwekọrịta Udo zuru oke nke Accra, Ghana, Gbowee kpebiri ịga gụọ akwụkwọ na mahadum n'ihe gbasara ngalaba ọ na-arụbu ọrụ na ya: "Anụla m banyere [[Eastern Mennonite University]] (EMU), mahadum dị na Amerịka nke nwere usoro ọmụmụ a ma ama n'ihe gbasara iwulite udo na idozi esemokwu. Ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst nke na-akwado mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na inye aka n'obodo; o nwere mmekọrịta dịte aka ya na WANEP, ma nweekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịnabata ndị Afrịka ka ha bịa gụọ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|178}} Oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na EMU—izu anọ n'ime mmemme kwa afọ a na-akpọ Summer Peacebuilding Institute—bụ "oge wetaara m mgbanwe dị ukwuu."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|178}} Gbowee so Hizkias Assefa mụọ ihe; ọ gụọla ihe ndị Assefa dere afọ ise tupu mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na St. Peter's Lutheran Church n'ihe gbasara ịgwọ ọnya mmetụta uche. Ọ sokwara Howard Zehr mụọ ihe, onye "kụziiri m echiche nke ikpe ziri ezi na-eweta mweghachi" (restorative justice)—usoro e si agwọ ọnya site na mgbalị nkwonkwo nke ndị e merụrụ ahụ na ndị mere mmerụ ahụ ahụ, iji dozie mmebi ndị ahụ e mepụtara.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|178}} O chere na ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe dị mkpa karịsịa n'Africa: "Ikpe ziri ezi maka imezi ihe bụ... ihe anyị nwere ike ịhụ dị ka nke anyị, ọ bụghị nke ndị ọdịda anyanwụ tinyere n'ọrụ aka. Anyị chọkwara ya, anyị chọrọ ịlaghachi n'ọdịnala ahụ. Omenala nke ntaramahụhụ juru ebe niile n'Africa. Ndị mmadụ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, na gọọmentị mere ihe ọjọọ mana a dịghị aza ha ajụjụ. Ihe karịrị ihe anyị chọrọ iji taa ha ahụhụ, anyị kwesịrị idozi mmebi ha mere.... Mgbe m hapụrụ EMU, amaara m na enwere ihe ndị ọzọ ebe a maka m. N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, m ga-achọta ụzọ m ga-esi laghachi."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|178–179}} Gbowee lọtara maka nzukọ mkparịta ụka gburugburu tebụl nke akpọrọ "Atụmatụ maka Ịgwọ Ọnya Mmetụta Uche na Iwulite Ike Iguzogide" n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2005, wee debanye aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ oge niile na-ebi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-achụso nzere masta na ngalaba "mgbanwe esemokwu na iwulite udo" na Center for Justice and Peacebuilding nke EMU n'afọ 2006-07:<ref name=autogenerated9 /> <blockquote>N'ụlọ akwụkwọ ngụsị akwụkwọ, enwere m ike ịhụ ka uche m na-agbasa, nghọta m na-esikwu ike. Aghọtara m na m nwere ike itinye aha a kpọrọ "iwulite udo dị mkpa," n'ihe m mere n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa na Liberia.... Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na EMU ebiela ndụ n'oge esemokwu, e nwekwara ahụ efe n'etiti ha.... Na Harrisonburg, obere obodo ochie dị na Ndagwurugwu Shenandoah, nke dị anya na Liberia na mwute ya na ndị na-atụ anya ihe n'aka m, ọ dịghị mkpa ka m sie ike. Mgbe ụfọdụ - dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe m hụrụ nne na ụmụ ya - m na-ebe ákwá. Ọ dịghị onye nọ na EMU chere na nke ahụ bụ ihe ijuanya. Ezutere m otu agadi nwoke nke furu ezinụlọ ya niile na mgbukpọ agbụrụ Rwanda.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|179}}</blockquote> N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, n'oge Gbowee na-amalite oge ọmụmụ zuru oke nke mbụ ya na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, ọ gara obodo New York ịgwa ndị otu UN okwu n'emume ncheta afọ ise nke nnabata Mkpebi 1325 (Resolution 1325). Mkpebi a lekwasịrị anya n'ichekwa ụmụ nwanyị pụọ n'ime ihe ike dabeere na okike, nakwa itinye ha n'ime mbọ udo nke UN na-akwado.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|179}} Mgbe ọ nọ na New York, ọ natara oku ekwentị site n'aka Abigail Disney—onye sitere n'ezinụlọ ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Walt Disney, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa onye na-enye onyinye ebere. Disney na onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, bụ́ Gini Reticker, chọrọ iso Gbowee kwurịta maka ebumnuche ha ime ihe nkiri akwụkwọ (documentary) gbasara otu ụmụ nwanyị Liberia si chịkọta onwe ha iji manye ụmụ nwoke ịkwụsị agha.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|212}} ===Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN)=== N'agbata afọ 2006 na 2007, Gbowee malitekwara iso Ekiyor na Ecoma Alaga (onye Naijiria, dị ka Ekiyor) kwurịta maka ikewapụ WIPNET na WANEP. O mere nke a n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa ego nzukọ nne ahụ, ọ chọkwara ka ha atọ nwee ikike zuru oke n'ilekọta ihe niile.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|187}} Onye guzobere WANEP, bụ́ Sam Gbaydee Doe—onye bụkwa ezigbo enyi Gbowee—kwadoro ọchịchọ ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ inwe nnwere onwe n'usoro nhazi ha, mana ọ hapụlarị WANEP iji gaa mba England gụọ akwụkwọ maka nzere PhD.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|189}} Onye na edu WANEP bụ onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na MA na mmemme mgbanwe esemokwu na EMU, Emmanuel Bombande bụ onye Ghana,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/cjp-alumni/emmanuel-bombande/.|title=» Emmanuel Bombande|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> onye na-ekwetaghị na ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ nwere alaka WIPNET nke WANEP, ya mere o kweghị ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|188–189}} N'ihi ya, Gbowee na ndị ọrụ ibe ya abụọ guzobere otu ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ Women in Peace and Security Network (WIPSEN), nke dịkwa na Accra, Ghana.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|189}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/who/founders/ |title=Founders |website=[[WIPSEN-Africa.org]] |access-date=19 January 2020 }}</ref> Abigail Disney tinyere aka inyere Gbowee aka ịchịkọta ego n'etiti ndị na-enye onyinye ebere na New York maka iwepụta WIPSEN, nke mere ka o nwee ike inweta $50,000 dị ka ego mbido.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|202}} ===Ndụ nkeonwe na ihe ịma aka dị iche iche=== Mgbe Gbowee gụchara ọmụmụ ihe ya na EMU n'ụbọchị 30 nke ọnwa Eprel afọ 2007, ma laghachi n'ebe ụmụ ya nọ na Liberia n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2007—ebe ndị mụrụ ya na-elekọta ha—ọ ghọtara na ọnwa itoolu ọ nọrọ n'ebe dị anya "fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bibie anyị niile."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|194}} Na Virginia, o biri na ọnọdụ "oyi na-adịghị apụ apụ," ọ nwekwara mmetụta "ụjọ, mwute, na oyi dị ka ọchịchịrị ojii na-agba okirikiri," ka ọ na-eche ihu "ikpe ndị bụbu enyi ya na WANEP kpọtere ya, n'ihi ọchịchọ anyị inyocha ụzọ ọhụrụ."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|200–201}} Ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu ọ na-achọ inweta (nke e nyere ya na ngwụcha afọ 2007), aha ya na-ewu ewu karịa, tinyere mgbanwe ndị ọzọ n'ụdị ndụ ya, kpatara esemokwu n'ime mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia aha ya bụ Tunde. Nwoke a, onye na-arụrụ òtù mba ụwa ọrụ, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nna nye ụmụ ya ruo afọ iri—malite n'oge mmalite nke mmegharị udo ụmụ nwanyị Liberia, ruo n'oge Gbowee nọ na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ogo agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na EMU<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|203–204}} (nke o kwụrụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|198}}). Ha kewapụrụ, ma n'oge mmalite afọ 2008, Gbowee nọ na mmekọrịta ya na otu nwoke si Liberia bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ ozi, onye ọ kpọrọ aha ya bụ James.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|205-205}} Ọ bụ nna nwa ya nke isii, bụ́ nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Jaydyn Thelma Abigail, onye a mụrụ na New York City n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, afọ 2009.<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|223}} N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008, mgbe ezinụlọ na ndị enyi Gbowee zukọrọ ime emume ncheta ọmụmụ nke nwa ya nwanyị nke mbụ, Amber, o doro anya na Gbowee enweela nnukwu nsogbu mmanya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Gbowee kọwara na ọ malitere ịṅụ mmanya ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri iji merie owu ọmụma nke ikewapụ onwe ya mgbe niile n'ezinụlọ ya, nsogbu ịda ogbenye na mmerụ ahụ agha kpatara, na nrụgide nke ihe ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'oge ya. N'oge emume ncheta ọmụmụ Amber, ụmụ Gbowee kwuru na ọ ṅụrụ iko mmanya iri na anọ. N'echi ya, ọ tụfuru onwe ya. Mgbe ọ matara onwe ya ọzọ, na-arịa ọnya afọ, ọ rịọrọ James ka ọ kpọga ya dọkịta: "Mgbe ahụ ahụrụ m ụmụaka ahụ ka ha gbakọtara gburugburu anyị, ihu ha na-atụ ụjọ, ndị na-enweghị enyemaka. Mgbe ha furu efu, nke a ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ. Mba. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Ọ nwere ike ịdị ka ihe dị mfe, mana nke ahụ bụ njedebe nye m. Anaghị m ehi ụra nke ọma, m ka na-eteta n'oge, mana anaghị m aṅụ mmanya ọzọ."<ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|208–209}} ==Echiche gbasara okpukperechi== N'oge Agha Obodo Liberia nke Abụọ, Gbowee jiri usoro okpukperechi na nke ime mmụọ dị iche iche mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu ndị agha ahụ kpatara. O kwuru na ya jiri egwu okpukperechi, egwu ọdịnala, yana egwu ndị ọzọ ndị otu ya n'obodo ndị Alakụba dị nso na-abụkwa mee ihe. Mgbe o meriri ihe nrite Nobel na 2011, o nyere ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ọ dị mkpa itinye okpukperechi n'ọrụ, yana mkpebi siri ike o nwere iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi weta udo na Liberia. Na Ọktoba 6, 2016, Gbowee nyere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School, ebe o kwuru okwu nwere isiokwu bụ "Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-akpali mmegharị dị iche iche—nke dabeere n'okpukperechi na ime mmụọ, ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile—iji weta udo na-adịgide adịgide."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can the Women Do Something? {{!}} Harvard Divinity Bulletin |url=https://bulletin.hds.harvard.edu/can-the-women-do-something/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women as Catalysts for Peace {{!}} Harvard Divinity School |url=https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206185537/https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2016/09/29/women-catalysts-peace |archive-date=2025-12-06 |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=www.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Gbowee jiri okpukperechi na mmụọ dị ka atụmatụ iji kwalite ụmụ nwanyị maka ịkwụsị agha obodo abụọ nke Liberia. Usoro ndị o ji dịka egwu okpukperechi na ọdịnala nyere aka ịmepụta obodo nke ga-ejikọ ya na ụmụ nwanyị ya. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, ''Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer, and Sex Changed a Nation at War; a Memoir,'' Mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta mmetụta nke nkwenkwe okpukperechi ya na atụmatụ maka iweghachi udo na Liberia. Mgbe agha obodo nke abụọ malitere na 1999, na-eme ka nsogbu dịlarị nke ndina n'ike na ime ihe ike na Liberia dịkwuo elu, Gbowee chere na ọ dị mkpa ka e mee oku maka ihe omume n'etiti okpukperechi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/laureate/leymah-gbowee/|website=Nobel Women's Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> Dị ka nzaghachi nye ebili nke abụọ a nke esemokwu na-egbu egbu, Gbowee guzobere otu njikọ maka iwulite udo nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba; nke a kpalitere mmegharị a ma ama a na-akpọ "Liberia Mass Action for Peace Movement."<ref name=":0" /> Site n'itinye aka n'ọnọdụ ndị a dị oke mkpa, Gbowee nwetara nkà ndu dị ukwuu, nke o jikọtara ya na nzụlite okpukperechi ya. N'oge LMAPM, ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-akwado mgbanwe haziri ọtụtụ nzukọ ekpere, na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ụdị ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike. Nzukọ ekpere ndị a kpọrọ oku maka ime udo n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ma chọọ ka e mee ihe doro anya iji kwụsị agha ahụ, n'oge mkparịta ụka udo dị iche iche na mpaghara West Africa.<ref name=":0" /> Gbowee, ya na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, dị ka [[Thelma Ekiyor]], jikọtara okpukperechi na omenala ọdịnala iji kọwaa usoro ha ji eleba anya n'ịgbanwe ọnọdụ esemokwu, iwulite udo, na nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thelma Ekiyor|url=https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|website=Rising Leadership Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203232323/https://risingleader.org/board/thelma-ekiyor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Okwukwe Gbowee nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi na ọrụ ọ na-arụ. Ekpere bụ isiokwu na-apụta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya na n'okwu ndị ọ na-ekwu. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa oge ndị e nwere mfu, ihe mgbu, iru újú, na nkụda mmụọ—ihe ndị mere ka ọ nwee obi abụọ banyere okwukwe ya—ọ na-egosi na ekpere bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'ime njem ya nke iweta udo. O dere sị, "Chineke na-eguzosi ike n'okwu ya mgbe niile, ọ na-ahụkwa n'anya mgbe niile; ọ na-anụ ekpere anyị."<ref name="MightyBe" /> O ji ekpere mee ihe dị ka isi iyi nke nchebe, olileanya, na nduzi n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'obodo. Gbowee na-ahụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst dị ka ihe bara uru nke ukwuu, nke dịkwa oke mkpa n'ihe gbasara ndụ mmekọrịta na omenala nke ndị Liberia. Gbowee kwenyere na iji nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ n'ọnọdụ esemokwu—karịsịa ndị o sonyere na ha—ekpere aghaghị ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa. Nke a bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke onye ọ bụ, dị ka onye na-akwado mgbanwe n'ụwa niile, ebe ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Isonye n'otu dị iche iche, dị ka 'Christian Women's Peace Initiative' (CWI), nyeere ya aka itinye akụkụ a nke okwukwe ya n'ọrụ iji weta udo, ma kụziere ndị ọzọ gbasara udo n'ime afọ ndị gara aga.<ref name=":0" /> Okpukperechi metụtara ụzọ Gbowee si ewulite udo dịka ụdị nne. N'ezie, ọ na-adọta olu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ okorobịa na-anaghị asọpụrụ bụ́ ndị na-ebu ibu agha. Gbowee ejirila okpukperechi mezuo ọtụtụ ọrụ ya n'oge njem na nkuzi ya n'ebe ọgwụgwọ. Ọrụ dị mkpa ya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị ike dịka Ekiyor, jiri okpukperechi mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwado iji zụlite ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ, na-achọ udo n'ime obodo ha, n'ụlọ ha, na mba ha.<ref name="MightyBe" /> Ikpe ekpere abụrụla akụkụ nke ndụ Gbowee, ọkachasị ná ndụ ịhụnanya ya. Iji ekpere maka ya bụ ngwa ọgwụgwọ nke nyeere ya aka imeri mmekọrịta mmegbu ya ma chebe ụmụ ya. Otu akụkụ nke Gbowee iji okpukperechi na okwukwe dị ka ụdị nne bụ site n'iji ya dị ka ihe enyemaka iji nyere onye ọ bụla ọ na-enyere aka inwe njikọ. O jiri okwukwe na nkwenkwe ya, karịsịa Baịbụl nyere ha aka ịghọta ahụmịhe ha na ihe mwute ha na-enwe. Na Septemba 2016, Gbowee mere ajụjụ ọnụ na Harvard Divinity School na "Religion and The Practice of Peace." O kwuru na Okpukperechi na ime mmụọ bụ ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị ná ndụ ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na Liberian Women's Mass Action for Peace. Nzukọ ime mmụọ ndị a bụ ihe o ji mee ihe n'obodo ya iji kwalite ma nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ime ihe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ha, ma nke onwe, nke ime mmụọ, ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru: "N'ime otu anyị, ihe mbụ anyị mere bụ inwe nzukọ ndụmọdụ ụbọchị atọ. N'ụbọchị mbụ anyị kpọtara naanị ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst, anyị wee laghachi na Baịbụl ịchọta ihe ndị ahụ dị na Baịbụl nke ụmụ nwanyị mere. Anyị chọrọ igosi ha (ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst) na Chineke nwere ụzọ isi jiri ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe nakwa na e nwere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga-anọ tụgharịa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ha. Ya mere, anyị kpọgara ha na Baịbụl, anyị wee jiri ụmụ nwanyị nwere okwukwe mee ihe atụ—Esta, Debora, Rehab, onye akwụna—ndị mere ihe dị ukwuu iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ahụ. Anyị jiri ụmụ nwanyị ndị ahụ mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite maka ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Women as Catalysts for Peace|url=https://rpp.hds.harvard.edu/news/women-catalysts-peace|website=rpp.hds.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> Okpukpe na Baịbụl nyere Gbowee aka ịkọwa ọhụụ ya nye ụmụ nwanyị Liberia nwere nkwenkwe dị iche iche. Iji wulite obodo ndị siri ike maka iwulite udo na ịkwalite ngagharị iwe gụnyere ijide otu okpukperechi ndị ọzọ, nke bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, maka Gbowee, iwulite obodo siri ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nke ga-etinye ha n'ihu n'ime nnukwu mmegharị ahụ maka njedebe agha na ịghara igbochi nkwenkwe ya naanị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, bụ usoro o kwadoro. N'ajụjụ ọnụ Harvard, o kwuru, "Ihe nke abụọ anyị mere bụ ịkpọkọta ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ma gafee otu usoro ahụ, mana na Qur'an... Anyị ga-ekwu okwu ma gụọ ụfọdụ nkọwa ndị na-ekwu maka otu esi emeso ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma bie ndụ na-enweghị ihe ike..."<ref name=":1" /> Iji okwukwe mee ihe jikọrọ ụmụ nwanyị niile ọnụ nyeere ha aka iwulite mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti ha n'ihe gbasara idu ndú. Gbowee si n'obodo e nwere ngwakọta nke okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ; ebe ndị mụrụ ya bụ Ndị Kraịst, mana ezigbo ndị enyi ha na ndị agbata obi ha bụ ndị Alakụba. Iji okpukperechi eme ihe iji kpọkọta ndị ntorobịa—karịsịa ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị—ghọrọ ebumnuche Gbowee. O ji nke a kwalite nkà idu ndú na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike site n'ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ, si otú a na-azụlite ndị ndú ọhụrụ maka ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=July 2026 |first=The ReligionStars Team-Modified on: 4 |title=Religion of Leymah Gbowee |url=https://religionstars.com/en/star/leymah-gbowee/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Religion Stars |language=en-US}}</ref> Gbowee rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-enye enyemaka maka ọgwụgwọ mmetụta uche—dị ka 'Trauma Healing Office'—ebe ọ gara n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia iji kụziere ndị mmadụ otu ha ga-esi merie ihe mgbu na mmerụ ahụ uche ha nwere. O chere na nke a bụ ọrụ Chineke kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ.<ref name="MightyBe" /> N'ihi oke agha ahụ na mgbalị ọ na-agba iji lekọta ezinụlọ ya, o ji okwukwe siri ike mee ihe iji nye ndị ọ na-enyere aka nkasi obi. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'inyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ike gwụrụ na ụmụ okorobịa ndị a manyere isonye n'ihe omume mbibi ahụ aka. Ọrụ nkwado ọ na-arụ n'obodo dị iche iche na Liberia sitere n'ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara n'ezinụlọ nke ya. O nweghị ike ilekọta ụmụ ya n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ, ya mere, ewezuga ụmụ ya, ihe kacha ya mkpa bụ ịghara ịhapụ okwukwe ya. Ndị o nyeere aka ma na Liberia ma na Ghana na-akpọ ya "Big Mama" (Nne Ukwu) ma ọ bụ "Nne nke Udo".<ref name="MightyBe" /> Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na ihe gbasara ime mmụọ dị oke mkpa n'ime atụmatụ iweta udo, yana n'ime usoro ọgwụgwọ maka mmadụ niile n'ebe ọ bụla ha nọ. O kwenyere na iji merie ajọ omume ndị na-emebi ndụ mmadụ na otu ha si ebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ dị mkpa inwe ndị kwere ekwe n'ezie.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Transforming Conflict through Nonviolent Coalitions|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=lecture_series|date=13 March 2013|website=University of San Diego Digital USD}}</ref> Dịka onye okpukperechi n'ọnọdụ ndị a, maka Gbowee, ime mmegwara abụghị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ kọwara na ya na-agụ Baịbụl ma na-achọ akụkọ dị iche iche na-akwado udo, kama ịkwado ụkpụrụ nke "anya maka anya."<ref name=":2" /> Maka Gbowee, okpukperechi na mkpa ọ bara na-enyere aka ịkụzi ọmịiko na ime omume mgbaghara—ihe ndị nyekwara aka n'ime ka ọrụ nkwado ya nwee ihe ịga nke ọma.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Leymah Gbowee on her faith, resilience, and channeling anger for good|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gspF9FKdq8M |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gspF9FKdq8M |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|date=13 October 2015|website=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> N'ọrụ ya na ndị iwe ji, bụ́ ndị gabigara ahụmahụ na-egbu mgbu sitere n'ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nakwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbaghara ghọrọ akụkụ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ na agụmakwụkwọ o bu n'obi inye ndị ọ na-elekwasị anya. Maka Gbowee, mgbaghara ejikọtaghị na otu okpukperechi pụrụ iche, kama ọ metụtara ọtụtụ okpukperechi dị iche iche. N'otu nzukọ gbasara udo, o kwuru sị, "N'ime njem ndụ m, ọ bụghị naanị Ndị Kraịst bịakwutere m. Ọ bụghịkwa naanị ndị Alakụba. Kama, ọ bụ ndị si n'okpukperechi dị iche iche."<ref name=":2" /> N'ihe gbasara onyinye o nyere n'otú e si aghọta ihe gbasara ime ihe ike, Gbowee jikwa okwukwe ya mee ihe iji mesie ike mkpa ọ dị iji ụzọ ndị na-adịghị agụnye ime ihe ike eme ihe. Nke a pụtara ìhè karịsịa n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị, nakwa n'ọrụ o rụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na otu 'Women in Peace-building Network' (WIPNET).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women in Peacebuilding Network {{!}} Liberian organization|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Women-in-Peacebuilding-Network|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> O ji ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere okwukwe siri ike, bụ́ ndị nwekwara ahụmahụ siri ike metụtara ime ihe ike—n'agbanyeghị na ihe ndị a mere n'ọnọdụ sara mbara karị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị so Gbowee rụọ ọrụ chere ụdị ime ihe ike dị iche iche ihu, gụnyere ime ihe ike metụtara mmekọahụ, ahụ́, mmetụta uche, na uche. E ji egwu na egwu ịgba nke okpukperechi ọdịnala mee ihe n'ime mgbalị ndị na-adịghị eji ime ihe ike, iji weta ọgwụgwọ na udo. A na-eji egwu na egwu ịgba ndị a akọ akụkọ. Gbowee na-egosipụta nraranye o nwere n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya. O ji okwu ndị a malite ngalaba ebe o ji kwupụta ekele n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya: "Otuto, ebube, na nsọpụrụ niile dịrị Chineke maka ịhụnanya na amara Ya na-adịgide adịgide o gosiri m."<ref name="MightyBe" />{{rp|245}} Ọ gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nọ n'ọgbakọ ofufe na EMU n'afọ 2009 sị: <blockquote>Ọ bụghị site n'ike nke m ka m ji ruo ebe a... ma ọ bụ site n'ihe ọ bụla m mere n'onwe m; kama, ọ bụ site n'amara na ebere Chineke.... O jidere m n'aka. N'oge ndị kacha sie ike, Ọ nọrọnyere m. E nwere otu egwu na-asị, "Duzie nzọụkwụ m n'ụzọ Gị, O Onyenwe anyị," kwa ụbọchị mgbe m tetara, nke ahụ bụkwa ekpere m. N'ihi na ọ gaghị ekwe omume mmadụ ịga njem a—dị ka onye na-eweta udo, ma ọ bụ onye na-eweta mgbanwe n'obodo ya—n'enweghị okwukwe.... Ka m na-aga n'ihu n'ime njem ndụ a, ana m echetara onwe m sị: Ihe niile m bụ, na ihe niile m nwere olileanya ịbụ, bụ n'ihi Chineke.<ref name=podcastFaith /></blockquote> Gbowee gwara ụmụ akwụkwọ EMU na ọ bụbu nne nwere ụmụ anọ, dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, onye iwe juru obi, na-enweghị ego, na-enweghịkwa ebe obibi kwụsiri ike—onye na-amaghịkwa ihe ga-abụ ọdịnihu ya—tupu ọ malite ige ntị n'olu Chineke n'afọ 1997. O kwuru na Chineke gwara ya okwu site n'ọnụ otu nwa nwoke dị afọ ise, nwa ọ kpọrọ aha njirimara bụ "Nuku". Ihe ndị Nuku kwuru mere ka ọ ghọta na ọ dara mbà n'obi nke ukwuu, na enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'onwe ya tinyere mmetụta nke enweghị enyemaka na-ebibi ezinụlọ ya—ezinụlọ nke agha obi ọjọọ na-eme na Liberia na-akpatakwa nnukwu nsogbu. Gbowee kwuru na ya malitere ime obere nzọụkwụ n'otu n'otu, na-arịọkwa Chineke ka o nyere ya aka na nzọụkwụ ọ bụla. O kwukwara na Chineke zitere ya ndị mmụọ ozi n'ụdị ụmụ mmadụ, ndị setịpụụrụ ya aka n'oge kpọmkwem ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ ma na-achọ enyemaka nke ukwuu.<ref name=podcastFaith /> Dị ka ọdịdị nke gụnyere okpukpe dị iche iche n'ime mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Liberia na-egosi, Gbowee kwuru na ndị ọzọ nwere ike inweta otu nkwado ahụ site n'okpukpe ndị dị iche na nke ya: <blockquote>Ọ nwere ike ịbụ Jizọs, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Muhammad, ọ nwere ike ịbụ Buddha; mana ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkpọta mgbanwe n'ime ndụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na e nweghị onye ị nwere ike ịdabere na ya—onye ahụ bụ "onye na-etinye aka site n'ike Chineke" ma ọ bụ "onye sitere n'ebe Chineke nọ"—onye ị nwere ike ịkpọku kwa ụbọchị... Chineke kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, n'agbanyeghị otu i si mara Ya... Mee nzọụkwụ nke okwukwe, Chineke ga-elekọtakwa ihe ndị fọdụrụ.<ref name=podcastFaith /></blockquote> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Odyssey Networks, Gbowee kwuru na a pụkwara ịkpọ Chineke "Ike Kasị Elu." O kwusiri ike na ọ bụrụ na Ike Kasị Elu a nọnyeere gị, ị nwere ike "ibili ma mee ihe ga-agbanwe ọnọdụ gị." O nyere ndụmọdụ sị: "Echela onye dị ka Gandhi, echela onye dị ka King, echela onye dị ka Mandela. 'Gị onwe gị' bụ Mandela nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Gandhi nke gị, 'gị onwe gị' bụ Eze nke gị."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|title=Odyssey Networks exclusive interview with 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Leymah Gbowee - Odyssey Networks<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111144546/http://www.odysseynetworks.org/video/Odyssey-Networks-exclusive-interview-with-2011-Nobel-Peace-Prize-Laureate-Leymah-Gbowee|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ== Gbowee bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ na onye isi ihe nkiri na 2008 ihe nkiri ''Pray the Devil Back to Hell'', nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na vidiyo sitere n'oge agha ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri kacha mma na Ememme Ihe nkiri Tribeca nke 2008 na New York. A na-agbasa ya na United States dịka akụkụ nke usoro ihe nkiri "Ụmụ nwanyị, Agha & Udo", nke a na-agbasa ihe karịrị ụbọchị ise n'usoro na Tuzdee na mmalite Nọvemba 2011 na ọdụ telivishọn ọha.<ref>"Women, War & Peace," www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/. Retrieved 20 October 2011.</ref> E jirila ''Ekpere'' mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado n'ebe ndị a na-alụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ ebe a lụchara ọgụ, dị ka Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq, South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Kenya, Cambodia, Russia, Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, na West Bank: "Mmeghachi omume ahụ yiri onwe ha nke ukwuu: n'agbanyeghị otú mba na ọha mmadụ dị iche iche si dị, ụmụ nwanyị ghọtara onwe ha, malitekwa ikwurịta otu ha ga-esi jikọọ aka iji dozie nsogbu nke ha."<ref>[http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ November 2009 MEDIAGLOBAL] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710093803/http://www.mediaglobal.org/article/2009-11-01/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell-documentary-serves-as-advocacy-tool-in-post-conflict-zones/ |date=10 July 2010 }}</ref><ref name="MightyBe"/>{{rp|214}} N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye nwere ike ịchị ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ ná ndụ, n'agbanyeghị ihe o birila: "Gbowee pụtara dị ka onye na-eme atụmatụ, onye na-adịghị mma, onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-akwalite obi ụtọ. Ọ bụghị ihe ọchị dịka balụn - achịcha-kọfị-kọfị-ndị na-eme ihe ọchị, kama ọ bụ ịdị n'otu na-akpali mmadụ inwe obi ụtọ. Ị na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị, na-eyi uwe mara mma, dị ka nduru, ị na-ahụkwa ọchị n'oge ịnọdụ ala na ngagharị iwe."<ref>Lisa Witter, "The Nobel Peace Prize: A Laughing Matter?" http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-witter/the-nobel-peace-prize-laughing_b_1023953.html. Retrieved 24 October 2011.</ref> ==Onyinye na nkwanye ugwu== [[File:Tawakkul Karman Leymah Gbowee Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Nobel Peace Prize 2011 Harry Wad.jpg|thumb|350px|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: [[Tawakkul Karman]], Leymah Gbowee, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] na-egosi ihe nrite ha n'oge a na-enye Onyinye Nobel maka Udo, n'ụbọchị 10 nke ọnwa Disemba, 2011.]] Mkpughe Gbowee na ntọala ọha mmadụ nke New York, nke Disney (onye ghọrọ ezigbo enyi) kwadoro<ref name="autogenerated7" /> mepeere ụzọ maka ọtụtụ onyinye. Nke mbụ, nke sitere na [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] dị na [[Harvard]], bịara na mmalite afọ 2006; mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha malitere ịbịa n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu ngwa ngwa: nkwanye ùgwù sitere n'aka [[Women's eNews]], [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]], [[John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award]], ihe nrite "Living Legends Award" maka ije ozi nye ụmụ mmadụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na Julaị 2011, [[Eastern Mennonite University|EMU]] kwupụtara na a họpụtara Gbowee dị ka "Onye Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Afọ" (Alumna of the Year) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-05 |title=Crossroads Summer 2011 - Alumni Magazine of Eastern Mennonite University |url=https://issuu.com/easternmennoniteuniversity/docs/crossroads_summer_2011 |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref> (Nwa nwoke mbụ Gbowee, bụ Joshua "Nuku" Mensah, banyere EMU dị ka nwa akwụkwọ afọ mbụ n'afọ 2010; n'oge ahụ, ọ nọrọ otu afọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na nwa nwanyị mbụ Sam Gbaydee Doe, bụ Samfee Doe, onye nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya n'oge ahụ.)<ref name=autogenerated9 /> Nsọpụrụ kachasị pụta ìhè bịara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011, mgbe Kọmitii Nobel nke Norway họpụtara Gbowee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ natara Ihe Nrite Nobel maka Udo (Nobel Peace Prize) nke afọ 2011. N'afọ 2022, Gbowee jere ozi dị ka onye otu 'Bartels World Affairs Fellows' na Mahadum Cornell, ebe o nyere nkuzi kwa afọ a na-akpọ 'Bartels World Affairs Lecture'. ===Onyinye=== * 2019 – Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] presented by Awards Council member [[Peter Gabriel]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2019 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2019/|quote= Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, addresses Academy delegates and members at a symposium at Four Seasons Hotel during the 53rd annual International Achievement Summit in New York City.}}</ref> * 2016 – [[Community of Christ International Peace Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Peace Award |url=https://cofchrist.org/international-peace-award/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Community of Christ |language=en}}</ref> * 2014 – Oxfam America Right the Wrong Award <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|title=Leymah Gbowee {{!}} Oxfam International|website=www.oxfam.org|language=en|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130330/https://www.oxfam.org/en/ambassadors/leymah-gbowee|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2013 – The [[New York Women's Foundation]] Century Award <ref>{{Cite AV media|medium=video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/bQOeNAaYIuE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Abigail Disney and Leymah Gbowee at the 2013 Celebrating Women Breakfast}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * 2013 – Barnard College Medal of Distinction <ref>{{cite web|url=http://barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|title=Nobel Laureate Leymah Gbowee to Address Barnard Graduates - Barnard College|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310042720/https://www.barnard.edu/news/nobel-laureate-leymah-gbowee-address-barnard-graduates|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2012 – Olympic flag bearer in the [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zucconi |first=Mike |date=2012-07-31 |title=Gbowee Carries Olympic Flag at Ceremony |url=https://emu.edu/now/news/2012/gbowee-carries-olympic-flag-at-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=EMU News |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2012 - [[Interfaith Center of New York|James Parks Morton Interfaith Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ICNY |date=2012-06-25 |title=The 2012 James Parks Morton Interfaith Awards Dinner {{!}} ICNY |url=https://interfaithcenter.org/the-2012-james-parks-morton-interfaith-awards-dinner/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2011 – [[List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Nobel Peace Prize laureate]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nobel Peace Prize 2011 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2011/gbowee/facts/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2011 – [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]] Greeley Scholar for Peace Studies<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx Greeley Scholar Challenges Listeners to 'Speak Up'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125171655/http://uml.edu/News/stories/2010-11/greeley_scholar_coverage.aspx |date=2011-11-25 }} Julia Gavin, 8 April 2011.</ref> * 2011 – Villanova Peace Award from [[Villanova University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildcat Newswire |url=https://newswire.villanova.edu/newswire/wildcatnewswire/graduate/09-09-2011.html |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=newswire.villanova.edu}}</ref> * 2011 – Alumna of the Year, [[Eastern Mennonite University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emu.edu/now/news/2011/10/emu-alum-wins-nobel-peace-prize/.|title=EMU Alum Wins Nobel Peace Prize - EMU News|date=7 October 2011|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> * 2010 – Living Legends Award for Service to Humanity<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|title=Pray the Devil Back to Hell* - Sandy Audio Visual LLC|date=7 October 2011|work=Sandy Audio Visual LLC|access-date=4 June 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918112920/http://www.savweb.com/2011/10/pray-the-devil-back-to-hell/|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2010 – John Jay Medal for Justice from the [[John Jay College of Criminal Justice]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |title=John Jay Justice Awards |publisher=Jjay.cuny.edu |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929043545/http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/3777.php |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> * 2010 – Joli Humanitarian Award from [[Riverdale Country School]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=9/10 Building |url=https://www.riverdale.edu/footnote-hill_campus-9_10_building/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=Riverdale Country School |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2009 – [[Gruber Prize for Women's Rights]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 Gruber Women's Rights Prize {{!}} Gruber Foundation |url=https://gruber.yale.edu/prize/2009-gruber-womens-rights-prize |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=gruber.yale.edu}}</ref> * 2009 – John F. Kennedy [[Profile in Courage Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/Events-and-Awards/Profile-in-Courage-Award/Award-Recipients.aspx|title=Award Recipients - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum|website=www.jfklibrary.org|access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> * 2009 – "Honor Award for Courageous Commitment for Human Rights of Women" by the Filmfestival Women's Worlds, TERRE DES FEMMES, Germany.{{Citation needed|date=October 2026}} * 2008 – [[Women's eNews]] Leaders for the 21st Century Award<ref>{{cite web|last=Seltzer |first=Sarah |url=http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/071224/seven-who-topple-tyrannies |title=2008 – Seven Who Topple Tyrannies |publisher=Womensenews.org |date=24 December 2007 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> * 2007 – Blue Ribbon for Peace from the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Honors Alumna – Peacebuilder Online |url=https://emu.edu/now/peacebuilder/2008/08/harvard-honors-alumna/ |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=emu.edu}}</ref> ===Nzere nsọpụrụ=== * 2024 – Honorary Doctorate, delivery of the [[Oliver Tambo]] lecture, [[Georgetown University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Ceremony & Oliver Tambo Lecture with Leymah Gbowee |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |website=Georgetown University |access-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213221743/https://www.georgetown.edu/event/honorary-degree-ceremony-oliver-tambo-lecture-with-leymah-gbowee/ |archive-date=13 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2018 – Honorary Doctorate of International Affairs from [[American University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |url=https://www.american.edu/commencement/honorary-degree-recipients.cfm |access-date=2026-10-06 |website=American University |language=en}}</ref> * 2012 – Honorary Doctorate by Rhodes University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ru.ac.za/graduationgateway/honorarydoctorates/2012/|title=Honorary Doctorates 2012 |date=12 March 2013 }}</ref> ==Ihe omume ndị ọzọ== * [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], Member of the Board of Trustees (kemgbe 2020)<ref>[https://www.carnegie.org/news/articles/carnegie-corporation-new-york-welcomes-three-new-trustees/ Carnegie Corporation of New York Welcomes Three New Trustees] [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]], press release of 22 June 2020.</ref> * [[Gulbenkian Prize|Calouste Gulbenkian Prize for Human Rights]], Member of the Jury (kemgbe 2018)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164902/https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prizes/the-jury/ Jury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164902/https://gulbenkian.pt/en/the-foundation/gulbenkian-prizes/the-jury/ |date=2018-11-18 }} [[Gulbenkian Prize|Calouste Gulbenkian Prize for Human Rights]]</ref> * Ara Pacis Initiative, Member of the Council<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arapacisinitiative.org/en/il-consiglio/8-membro-del-consiglio/67-leymah-roberta-gbowee |title=Leymah Roberta Gbowee |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140319190207/http://www.arapacisinitiative.org/en/il-consiglio/8-membro-del-consiglio/67-leymah-roberta-gbowee |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity|Aurora Prize]], Member of the Selection Committee (kemgbe 2015)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115146/https://auroraprize.com/en/aurora-prize/2018/selection_committee Selection Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909115146/https://auroraprize.com/en/aurora-prize/2018/selection_committee |date=2018-09-09 }} [[Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity|Aurora Prize]].</ref> * High Level Taskforce for the International Conference on Population and Development, Member<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icpdtaskforce.org/about/Leymah-Gbowee.html |title=Leymah Gbowee, Founder and President, Gbowee Peace Foundation Africa, Liberia - About the High-Level Task Force for ICPD |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319221715/http://www.icpdtaskforce.org/about/Leymah-Gbowee.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Nobel Women's Initiative, Member of the Board<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-the-laureates/leymah-gbowee/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711163520/http://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-the-laureates/leymah-gbowee/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 11, 2012|title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Leymah Gbowee, Nobel Women's Initiative|access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> * PeaceJam Foundation, Member of the Board<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peacejam.org/laureates/Leymah-Gbowee-13.aspx |title=Peacejam &#124; Leymah Gbowee |access-date=19 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028153007/http://peacejam.org/laureates/Leymah-Gbowee-13.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * World Refugee & Migration Council (WRMC), Member of the Council<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wrmcouncil.org/council-members/|title=Council Members, World Refugee & Migration Council |website=wrmcouncil.org |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> ==Ọrụ== * {{Cite book |title=Mighty Be Our Powers: How Sisterhood, Prayer and Sex Changed a Nation at War: A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/mightybeourpower0000gbow |last=(ya na Carol Mithers) |author-link1=Leymah Gbowee |date=2011 |publisher=[[Beast Books]] |isbn=978-0-9842951-5-9 |location=New York |oclc=751747258}} ==Hụkwa== * Enweghị nha anya n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị na Liberia * Ndị ojii natara ihe nrite Nobel * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị natara ihe nrite Nobel * Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado udo * Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị duziri nnupụisi ma ọ bụ ọgụ megide ọchịchị * Ọgbagha mmekọahụ * Lysistrata * [http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/international-women%C2%B4s-day-interview-leymah-gbowee/ Ụbọchị Ụmụ Nwanyị Mba Ụwa: Ajụjụ Ọnụ nke Leymah Gbowee] na * [http://www.globaleducationmagazine.com/ Global Education Magazine] ==Edensịbịa== {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Wikiquote|Leymah Gbowee}} * TED speaker ** [https://www.ted.com/talks/leymah_gbowee_unlock_the_intelligence_passion_greatness_of_girls "Unlock the intelligence, passion, greatness of girls" (TED2012)] * [http://www.wipsen-africa.org/wipsen/ WIPSEN-Africa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111009211616/http://www.gnwp.org/members/wipnet WIPNET] * [http://www.emu.edu/peacebuilding/leymah-gbowee Master's program alumni profile] * C-SPAN 63480 * Charlie Rose view 7276 * NYTtopic people/g/leymah_gbowee * [http://www.depauw.edu/news-media/latest-news/details/28190/ Ubben Lecture at DePauw University]; 15 February 2012 * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/women-war-and-peace/tag/leymah-gbowee/ Leymah Gbowee] at ''Women, War & Peace'' at [[PBS]] * [http://www.thirteen.org/insidethirteen/2011/10/06/leymah-gbowee-discusses-women-war-peace-on-tavis-smiley/ Leymah Gbowee Discusses Women, War & Peace on Tavis Smiley'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912010449/https://www.thirteen.org/insidethirteen/2011/10/06/leymah-gbowee-nobel-peace-prize/ |date=2019-09-12 }}, ''[[WNET]]'', full video of 5 October 2011 interview * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094520/http://www.universitiesnews.com/2012/05/29/nobel-peace-prize-laureate-leymah-gbowee-to-address-international-educators-conference-tomorrow/ Leymah Gbowee to Address International Educators Conference – NAFSA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020459/http://www.sgiquarterly.org/feature2011Jan-4.html Interview with Leymah Gbowee in SGI Quarterly "Unleashing the Power of Women"] * Nobelprize {{S-start}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[Liu Xiaobo]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Laureate of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]|with=[[Tawakel Karman]] and [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]|years=2011}} {{s-aft|after=[[European Union]]}} {{S-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gbowee, Leymah}} [[Category: Ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Category:Living people]] i3bxk4u4sy1i8sbq9k9wnv2malrfjl7 4 81247 741818 739786 2026-10-28T12:45:27Z Iwuala chisom 17246 741818 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Project Overview=== The project is expected to produce a collection of new and well-structured Igbo Wiktionary entries for words that are currently missing or inadequately represented. The entries will include relevant lexical information such as definitions, word classes, usage examples, etc. The project will also contribute to reducing gaps in Igbo lexical content, improving the quality and accessibility of Igbo language resources, and supporting the digital documentation and preservation of the Igbo language. The completed entries will provide useful resources for Igbo speakers, learners, students, educators, researchers, and other users of the language. ===Project Goals=== Igbo language learners, students, teachers, educators, researchers, linguists, Wikimedia contributors, and the general public interested in learning, studying, and using the Igbo language. === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words !Link |- |1. |Ekwurekwu | |- |2. |Mkpanaka eze | |- |3. |Ite ụrọ | |- |4 |Ọkpọ | |- |5. |Alaka | |- |6. |Ihe mkpuchi ihu | |- |7. |Nkudara | |- |8. |Ọhanwachi | |- |9. |Ezendiọha | |- |10. |Ikeamaghi | |- |11. |Ezechimeru | |- |12. |Ikeọzọgụ | |- |13. |Dikeofo | |- |14. |Nkujịike | |- |15. |Dikeochamara | |- |16. |Iheoha | |- |17. |Ozochukwu | |- |18. |Okeogu | |- |19. |Ezedike | |- |20. |Dikeọha | |- |21. |Agidi | |- |22. |Vidiyo | |- |23. |Ọnụawuchi | |- |24. |Ọkwa ọjị | |- |25. |Ụzọchukwu | |- |26. |Oche igwe | |- |27. |Elekere aka | |- |28. |Ọkụ aka | |- |29. |Akwa nhicha | |- |30. |Agiga | |- |31. |Nkume ìgwè nri | |- |32. |Matarasị | |- |33. |Elu ụlọ | |- |34. |Nnyo | |- |35. |Ore | |- |36. |Akwụkwọ nkwụ | |- |37. |Mkpụrụ nkwụ | |- |38. |Mkpọda ala | |- |39. |Echebiri | |- |40. |Ahuoku | |- |41 |Amawbia | |- |42 |Nise | |- |43. |Nnukwu ọkụkọ | |- |44. |Nike | |- |45. |Anayọchukwu | |- |46. |Chukwuchebem | |- |47. |Chidiomimi | |- |48. |Ọnwụkamike | |- |49. |Onyeaghanwanneya | |- |50. |Ajịrịja | |- |51. |Arịrị | |- |52. |Ogwumaagala | |- |53. |Ukachi | |- |54. |Unannka | | |- |55. |Eberechi | | |- |56. |Ọlachi | | |- |57. |Chichetam | | |- |58. |Ndakuonye | | |- |59. |Nwaohuji | | |- |60. |Elekere | | |- |61. | | | |- |62. | | | |- |63. | | | |- |64. | | | |- |65. | | | |- |66. | | | |- |67. | | | |- |68. | | | |- |69. | | | |- |70. | | | |- |71. | | | |- |72. | | | |- |73. | | | |- |74. | | | |- |75. | | | |- |76. | | | |- |77. | | | |- |78. | | | |- |79. | | | |- |80. | | | |- |81. | | | |- |82. | | | |- |83. | | | |- |84. | | | |- |85. | | | |- |86. | | | |- |87. | | | |- |88. | | | |- |89. | | | |- |90. | | | |- |91. | | | |- |92. | | | |- |93. | | | |- |94. | | | |- |95. | | | |- |96. | | | |- |97. | | | |- |98. | | | |- |99. | | | |- |100. | | | |- |101. | | |- |102. | | |- |103. | | |- |104. | | |- |105. | | |- |106. | | |- |107. | | |- |108. | | |- |109. |Chimkasị | |- |110. |Chimnagbaọgụ | |- |111. |Chizọba | |- |112. |Chimazuruoke | |- |113. |Adaụkwụ | |- |114. |Ezi ọhịa | |- |115. |Mmachi | |- |116. |Onye ozi | |- |117. |Kene | |- |118. |Mbam | |- |119. |Okereafor | |- |120. |Nnorom | |- |121. |Chikwendu | |- |122. |Nzeadibemma | |- |123. |Nwanza | |- |124. |Akumagwula | |- |125. |Nkwachukwukwere | |- |126. |Duruji | |- |127. |Nnabugo | |- |128. |Nwamaka | |- |129. |Ihejirika | |- |130. |Igwekala | |- |131. |Obichere | |- |132. |Ihezuo | |- |133. |Chimdi | |- |134. |Igolo | |- |135. |Ejeka | |- |136. |Nwajiuba | |- |137. |Edochie | |- |138. |Myiri | |- |139. |Ọnukwube | |- |140. |Nwaneri | |- |141. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |142. |Kanyitochi | |- |143. |Ezeonu | |- |144. |Kemdirim | |- |145. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |146. |Apịtị | |- |147. |Ihekoronye | |- |148. |Adachukwu | |- |149. |Chukwukere | |- |150. |Ikea | splylil2ouhbn6ddfakbruc376egged 741819 741818 2026-10-28T12:49:56Z Iwuala chisom 17246 741819 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Project Overview=== The project is expected to produce a collection of new and well-structured Igbo Wiktionary entries for words that are currently missing or inadequately represented. The entries will include relevant lexical information such as definitions, word classes, usage examples, etc. The project will also contribute to reducing gaps in Igbo lexical content, improving the quality and accessibility of Igbo language resources, and supporting the digital documentation and preservation of the Igbo language. The completed entries will provide useful resources for Igbo speakers, learners, students, educators, researchers, and other users of the language. ===Project Goals=== Igbo language learners, students, teachers, educators, researchers, linguists, Wikimedia contributors, and the general public interested in learning, studying, and using the Igbo language. === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words !Link |- |1. |Ekwurekwu | |- |2. |Mkpanaka eze | |- |3. |Ite ụrọ | |- |4 |Ọkpọ | |- |5. |Alaka | |- |6. |Ihe mkpuchi ihu | |- |7. |Nkudara | |- |8. |Ọhanwachi | |- |9. |Ezendiọha | |- |10. |Ikeamaghi | |- |11. |Ezechimeru | |- |12. |Ikeọzọgụ | |- |13. |Dikeofo | |- |14. |Nkujịike | |- |15. |Dikeochamara | |- |16. |Iheoha | |- |17. |Ozochukwu | |- |18. |Okeogu | |- |19. |Ezedike | |- |20. |Dikeọha | |- |21. |Agidi | |- |22. |Vidiyo | |- |23. |Ọnụawuchi | |- |24. |Ọkwa ọjị | |- |25. |Ụzọchukwu | |- |26. |Oche igwe | |- |27. |Elekere aka | |- |28. |Ọkụ aka | |- |29. |Akwa nhicha | |- |30. |Agiga | |- |31. |Nkume ìgwè nri | |- |32. |Matarasị | |- |33. |Elu ụlọ | |- |34. |Nnyo | |- |35. |Ore | |- |36. |Akwụkwọ nkwụ | |- |37. |Mkpụrụ nkwụ | |- |38. |Mkpọda ala | |- |39. |Echebiri | |- |40. |Ahuoku | |- |41 |Amawbia | |- |42 |Nise | |- |43. |Nnukwu ọkụkọ | |- |44. |Nike | |- |45. |Anayọchukwu | |- |46. |Chukwuchebem | |- |47. |Chidiomimi | |- |48. |Ọnwụkamike | |- |49. |Onyeaghanwanneya | |- |50. |Ajịrịja | |- |51. |Arịrị | |- |52. |Ogwumaagala | |- |53. |Ukachi | |- |54. |Unannka | |- |55. |Eberechi | |- |56. |Ọlachi | |- |57. |Chichetam | |- |58. |Ndakuonye | |- |59. |Nwaohuji | |- |60. |Elekere | |- |61. | | |- |62. | | |- |63. | | |- |64. | | |- |65. | | |- |66. | | |- |67. | | |- |68. | | |- |69. | | |- |70. | | |- |71. | | |- |72. | | |- |73. | | |- |74. | | |- |75. | | |- |76. | | |- |77. | | |- |78. | | |- |79. | | |- |80. | | |- |81. | | |- |82. | | |- |83. | | |- |84. | | |- |85. | | |- |86. | | |- |87. | | |- |88. | | |- |89. | | |- |90. | | |- |91. | | |- |92. | | |- |93. | | |- |94. | | |- |95. | | |- |96. | | |- |97. | | |- |98. | | |- |99. | | |- |100. | | |- |101. | | |- |102. | |- |103. | |- |104. | |- |105. | |- |106. | |- |107. | |- |108. | |- |109. |Chimkasị | |- |110. |Chimnagbaọgụ | |- |111. |Chizọba | |- |112. |Chimazuruoke | |- |113. |Adaụkwụ | |- |114. |Ezi ọhịa | |- |115. |Mmachi | |- |116. |Onye ozi | |- |117. |Kene | |- |118. |Mbam | |- |119. |Okereafor | |- |120. |Nnorom | |- |121. |Chikwendu | |- |122. |Nzeadibemma | |- |123. |Nwanza | |- |124. |Akumagwula | |- |125. |Nkwachukwukwere | |- |126. |Duruji | |- |127. |Nnabugo | |- |128. |Nwamaka | |- |129. |Ihejirika | |- |130. |Igwekala | |- |131. |Obichere | |- |132. |Ihezuo | |- |133. |Chimdi | |- |134. |Igolo | |- |135. |Ejeka | |- |136. |Nwajiuba | |- |137. |Edochie | |- |138. |Myiri | |- |139. |Ọnukwube | |- |140. |Nwaneri | |- |141. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |142. |Kanyitochi | |- |143. |Ezeonu | |- |144. |Kemdirim | |- |145. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |146. |Apịtị | |- |147. |Ihekoronye | |- |148. |Adachukwu | |- |149. |Chukwukere | |- |150. |Ikea | 9xbzhgf50du645u7ddrbzh5ihg6ar28 741820 741819 2026-10-28T12:51:26Z Iwuala chisom 17246 741820 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Project Overview=== The project is expected to produce a collection of new and well-structured Igbo Wiktionary entries for words that are currently missing or inadequately represented. The entries will include relevant lexical information such as definitions, word classes, usage examples, etc. The project will also contribute to reducing gaps in Igbo lexical content, improving the quality and accessibility of Igbo language resources, and supporting the digital documentation and preservation of the Igbo language. The completed entries will provide useful resources for Igbo speakers, learners, students, educators, researchers, and other users of the language. ===Project Goals=== Igbo language learners, students, teachers, educators, researchers, linguists, Wikimedia contributors, and the general public interested in learning, studying, and using the Igbo language. === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words !Link |- |1. |Ekwurekwu | |- |2. |Mkpanaka eze | |- |3. |Ite ụrọ | |- |4 |Ọkpọ | |- |5. |Alaka | |- |6. |Ihe mkpuchi ihu | |- |7. |Nkudara | |- |8. |Ọhanwachi | |- |9. |Ezendiọha | |- |10. |Ikeamaghi | |- |11. |Ezechimeru | |- |12. |Ikeọzọgụ | |- |13. |Dikeofo | |- |14. |Nkujịike | |- |15. |Dikeochamara | |- |16. |Iheoha | |- |17. |Ozochukwu | |- |18. |Okeogu | |- |19. |Ezedike | |- |20. |Dikeọha | |- |21. |Agidi | |- |22. |Vidiyo | |- |23. |Ọnụawuchi | |- |24. |Ọkwa ọjị | |- |25. |Ụzọchukwu | |- |26. |Oche igwe | |- |27. |Elekere aka | |- |28. |Ọkụ aka | |- |29. |Akwa nhicha | |- |30. |Agiga | |- |31. |Nkume ìgwè nri | |- |32. |Matarasị | |- |33. |Elu ụlọ | |- |34. |Nnyo | |- |35. |Ore | |- |36. |Akwụkwọ nkwụ | |- |37. |Mkpụrụ nkwụ | |- |38. |Mkpọda ala | |- |39. |Echebiri | |- |40. |Ahuoku | |- |41 |Amawbia | |- |42 |Nise | |- |43. |Nnukwu ọkụkọ | |- |44. |Nike | |- |45. |Anayọchukwu | |- |46. |Chukwuchebem | |- |47. |Chidiomimi | |- |48. |Ọnwụkamike | |- |49. |Onyeaghanwanneya | |- |50. |Ajịrịja | |- |51. |Arịrị | |- |52. |Ogwumaagala | |- |53. |Ukachi | |- |54. |Unannka | |- |55. |Eberechi | |- |56. |Ọlachi | |- |57. |Chichetam | |- |58. |Ndakuonye | |- |59. |Nwaohuji | |- |60. |Elekere | |- |61. | | |- |62. | | |- |63. | | |- |64. | | |- |65. | | |- |66. | | |- |67. | | |- |68. | | |- |69. | | |- |70. | | |- |71. | | |- |72. | | |- |73. | | |- |74. | | |- |75. | | |- |76. | | |- |77. | | |- |78. | | |- |79. | | |- |80. | | |- |81. | | |- |82. | | |- |83. | | |- |84. | | |- |85. | | |- |86. | | |- |87. | | |- |88. | | |- |89. | | |- |90. | | |- |91. | | |- |92. | | |- |93. | | |- |94. | | |- |95. | | |- |96. | | |- |97. | | |- |98. | | |- |99. | | |- |100. | | |- |101. | | |- |102. | | |- |103. | | |- |104. | | |- |105. | | |- |106. | | |- |107. | | |- |108. | | |- |109. |Chimkasị | |- |110. |Chimnagbaọgụ | |- |111. |Chizọba | |- |112. |Chimazuruoke | |- |113. |Adaụkwụ | |- |114. |Ezi ọhịa | |- |115. |Mmachi | |- |116. |Onye ozi | |- |117. |Kene | |- |118. |Mbam | |- |119. |Okereafor | |- |120. |Nnorom | |- |121. |Chikwendu | |- |122. |Nzeadibemma | |- |123. |Nwanza | |- |124. |Akumagwula | |- |125. |Nkwachukwukwere | |- |126. |Duruji | |- |127. |Nnabugo | |- |128. |Nwamaka | |- |129. |Ihejirika | |- |130. |Igwekala | |- |131. |Obichere | |- |132. |Ihezuo | |- |133. |Chimdi | |- |134. |Igolo | |- |135. |Ejeka | |- |136. |Nwajiuba | |- |137. |Edochie | |- |138. |Myiri | |- |139. |Ọnukwube | |- |140. |Nwaneri | |- |141. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |142. |Kanyitochi | |- |143. |Ezeonu | |- |144. |Kemdirim | |- |145. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |146. |Apịtị | |- |147. |Ihekoronye | |- |148. |Adachukwu | |- |149. |Chukwukere | |- |150. |Ikea | 7l67umreu18ntz6x56acvcj7jr7kqq2 741821 741820 2026-10-28T13:01:45Z Iwuala chisom 17246 741821 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Project Overview=== The project is expected to produce a collection of new and well-structured Igbo Wiktionary entries for words that are currently missing or inadequately represented. The entries will include relevant lexical information such as definitions, word classes, usage examples, etc. The project will also contribute to reducing gaps in Igbo lexical content, improving the quality and accessibility of Igbo language resources, and supporting the digital documentation and preservation of the Igbo language. The completed entries will provide useful resources for Igbo speakers, learners, students, educators, researchers, and other users of the language. ===Project Goals=== Igbo language learners, students, teachers, educators, researchers, linguists, Wikimedia contributors, and the general public interested in learning, studying, and using the Igbo language. === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words !Link |- |1. |Ekwurekwu | |- |2. |Mkpanaka eze | |- |3. |Ite ụrọ | |- |4 |Ọkpọ | |- |5. |Alaka | |- |6. |Ihe mkpuchi ihu | |- |7. |Nkudara | |- |8. |Ọhanwachi | |- |9. |Ezendiọha | |- |10. |Ikeamaghi | |- |11. |Ezechimeru | |- |12. |Ikeọzọgụ | |- |13. |Dikeofo | |- |14. |Nkujịike | |- |15. |Dikeochamara | |- |16. |Iheoha | |- |17. |Ozochukwu | |- |18. |Okeogu | |- |19. |Ezedike | |- |20. |Dikeọha | |- |21. |Agidi | |- |22. |Vidiyo | |- |23. |Ọnụawuchi | |- |24. |Ọkwa ọjị | |- |25. |Ụzọchukwu | |- |26. |Oche igwe | |- |27. |Elekere aka | |- |28. |Ọkụ aka | |- |29. |Akwa nhicha | |- |30. |Agiga | |- |31. |Nkume ìgwè nri | |- |32. |Matarasị | |- |33. |Elu ụlọ | |- |34. |Nnyo | |- |35. |Ore | |- |36. |Akwụkwọ nkwụ | |- |37. |Mkpụrụ nkwụ | |- |38. |Mkpọda ala | |- |39. |Echebiri | |- |40. |Ahuoku | |- |41 |Amawbia | |- |42 |Nise | |- |43. |Nnukwu ọkụkọ | |- |44. |Nike | |- |45. |Anayọchukwu | |- |46. |Chukwuchebem | |- |47. |Chidiomimi | |- |48. |Ọnwụkamike | |- |49. |Onyeaghanwanneya | |- |50. |Ajịrịja | |- |51. |Arịrị | |- |52. |Ogwumaagala | |- |53. |Ukachi | |- |54. |Unannka | |- |55. |Eberechi | |- |56. |Ọlachi | |- |57. |Chichetam | |- |58. |Ndakuonye | |- |59. |Nwaohuji | |- |60. |Elekere | |- |61. | | |- |62. | | |- |63. | | |- |64. | | |- |65. | | |- |66. | | |- |67. | | |- |68. | | |- |69. | | |- |70. | | |- |71. | | |- |72. | | |- |73. | | |- |74. | | |- |75. | | |- |76. | | |- |77. | | |- |78. | | |- |79. | | |- |80. | | |- |81. | | |- |82. | | |- |83. | | |- |84. | | |- |85. | | |- |86. | | |- |87. | | |- |88. | | |- |89. | | |- |90. | | |- |91. | | |- |92. | | |- |93. |Ejeka | |- |94. |Nwajiuba | |- |95. |Edochie | |- |96. |Myiri | |- |97. |Ọnukwube | |- |98. |Nwaneri | |- |99. |Ọbumneke | |- |100. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |101. |Kanyitochi | |- |102. |Ezeonu | |- |103. |Kemdirim | |- |104. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |105. |Apịtị | |- |106. |Ihekoronye | |- |107. |Adachukwu | |- |108. |Chukwukere | |- |109. |Chimkasị | |- |110. |Chimnagbaọgụ | |- |111. |Chizọba | |- |112. |Chimazuruoke | |- |113. |Adaụkwụ | |- |114. |Ezi ọhịa | |- |115. |Mmachi | |- |116. |Onye ozi | |- |117. |Kene | |- |118. |Mbam | |- |119. |Okereafor | |- |120. |Nnorom | |- |121. |Chikwendu | |- |122. |Nzeadibemma | |- |123. |Nwanza | |- |124. |Akumagwula | |- |125. |Nkwachukwukwere | |- |126. |Duruji | |- |127. |Nnabugo | |- |128. |Nwamaka | |- |129. |Ihejirika | |- |130. |Igwekala | |- |131. |Obichere | |- |132. |Ihezuo | |- |133. |Chimdi | |- |134. |Igolo | |- |135. |Ejeka | |- |136. |Nwajiuba | |- |137. |Edochie | |- |138. |Myiri | |- |139. |Ọnukwube | |- |140. |Nwaneri | |- |141. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |142. |Kanyitochi | |- |143. |Ezeonu | |- |144. |Kemdirim | |- |145. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |146. |Apịtị | |- |147. |Ihekoronye | |- |148. |Adachukwu | |- |149. |Chukwukere | |- |150. |Ikea | m3tp95kx89ta5lvqdge12lbc4jqfp24 741822 741821 2026-10-28T13:11:54Z Iwuala chisom 17246 741822 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Project Overview=== The project is expected to produce a collection of new and well-structured Igbo Wiktionary entries for words that are currently missing or inadequately represented. The entries will include relevant lexical information such as definitions, word classes, usage examples, etc. The project will also contribute to reducing gaps in Igbo lexical content, improving the quality and accessibility of Igbo language resources, and supporting the digital documentation and preservation of the Igbo language. The completed entries will provide useful resources for Igbo speakers, learners, students, educators, researchers, and other users of the language. ===Project Goals=== Igbo language learners, students, teachers, educators, researchers, linguists, Wikimedia contributors, and the general public interested in learning, studying, and using the Igbo language. === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !Igbo Words !Link |- |1. |Ekwurekwu | |- |2. |Mkpanaka eze | |- |3. |Ite ụrọ | |- |4 |Ọkpọ | |- |5. |Alaka | |- |6. |Ihe mkpuchi ihu | |- |7. |Nkudara | |- |8. |Ọhanwachi | |- |9. |Ezendiọha | |- |10. |Ikeamaghi | |- |11. |Ezechimeru | |- |12. |Ikeọzọgụ | |- |13. |Dikeofo | |- |14. |Nkujịike | |- |15. |Dikeochamara | |- |16. |Iheoha | |- |17. |Ozochukwu | |- |18. |Okeogu | |- |19. |Ezedike | |- |20. |Dikeọha | |- |21. |Agidi | |- |22. |Vidiyo | |- |23. |Ọnụawuchi | |- |24. |Ọkwa ọjị | |- |25. |Ụzọchukwu | |- |26. |Oche igwe | |- |27. |Elekere aka | |- |28. |Ọkụ aka | |- |29. |Akwa nhicha | |- |30. |Agiga | |- |31. |Nkume ìgwè nri | |- |32. |Matarasị | |- |33. |Elu ụlọ | |- |34. |Nnyo | |- |35. |Ore | |- |36. |Akwụkwọ nkwụ | |- |37. |Mkpụrụ nkwụ | |- |38. |Mkpọda ala | |- |39. |Echebiri | |- |40. |Ahuoku | |- |41 |Amawbia | |- |42 |Nise | |- |43. |Nnukwu ọkụkọ | |- |44. |Nike | |- |45. |Anayọchukwu | |- |46. |Chukwuchebem | |- |47. |Chidiomimi | |- |48. |Ọnwụkamike | |- |49. |Onyeaghanwanneya | |- |50. |Ajịrịja | |- |51. |Arịrị | |- |52. |Ogwumaagala | |- |53. |Ukachi | |- |54. |Unannka | |- |55. |Eberechi | |- |56. |Ọlachi | |- |57. |Chichetam | |- |58. |Ndakuonye | |- |59. |Nwaohuji | |- |60. |Elekere | |- |61. |Ite nkwụ | |- |62. |Ite ọla | |- |63. |Anuforo | |- |64. |Onyewuotu | |- |65. |Ọhanumma | |- |66. |Chimnadịndụ | |- |67. |Chimkasị | |- |68. |Chimnagbaọgụ | |- |69. |Chizọba | |- |70. |Chimazuruoke | |- |71. |Adaụkwụ | |- |72. |Ezi ọhịa | |- |73. |Mmachi | |- |74. |Onye ozi | |- |75. |Kene | |- |76. |Mbam | |- |77. |Okereafor | |- |78. |Nnorom | |- |79. |Chikwendu | |- |80. |Nzeadibemma | |- |81. |Nwanza | |- |82. |Akumagwula | |- |83. |Nkwachukwukwere | |- |84. |Duruji | |- |85. |Nnabugo | |- |86. |Nwamaka | |- |87. |Ihejirika | |- |88. |Igwekala | |- |89. |Obichere | |- |90. |Ihezuo | |- |91. |Chimdi | |- |92. |Igolo | |- |93. |Ejeka | |- |94. |Nwajiuba | |- |95. |Edochie | |- |96. |Myiri | |- |97. |Ọnukwube | |- |98. |Nwaneri | |- |99. |Ọbumneke | |- |100. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |101. |Kanyitochi | |- |102. |Ezeonu | |- |103. |Kemdirim | |- |104. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |105. |Apịtị | |- |106. |Ihekoronye | |- |107. |Adachukwu | |- |108. |Chukwukere | |- |109. |Chimkasị | |- |110. |Chimnagbaọgụ | |- |111. |Chizọba | |- |112. |Chimazuruoke | |- |113. |Adaụkwụ | |- |114. |Ezi ọhịa | |- |115. |Mmachi | |- |116. |Onye ozi | |- |117. |Kene | |- |118. |Mbam | |- |119. |Okereafor | |- |120. |Nnorom | |- |121. |Chikwendu | |- |122. |Nzeadibemma | |- |123. |Nwanza | |- |124. |Akumagwula | |- |125. |Nkwachukwukwere | |- |126. |Duruji | |- |127. |Nnabugo | |- |128. |Nwamaka | |- |129. |Ihejirika | |- |130. |Igwekala | |- |131. |Obichere | |- |132. |Ihezuo | |- |133. |Chimdi | |- |134. |Igolo | |- |135. |Ejeka | |- |136. |Nwajiuba | |- |137. |Edochie | |- |138. |Myiri | |- |139. |Ọnukwube | |- |140. |Nwaneri | |- |141. |Ukazuegbulam | |- |142. |Kanyitochi | |- |143. |Ezeonu | |- |144. |Kemdirim | |- |145. |Ezeahụrụkwe | |- |146. |Apịtị | |- |147. |Ihekoronye | |- |148. |Adachukwu | |- |149. |Chukwukere | |- |150. |Ikea | hyu5rdn0nsgmq856ecspwm9b3giik69 1728 81255 741910 741728 2026-10-29T10:38:46Z Philip Emeka 16124 /* Participation */ 741910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Igbo Wikimedia Awareness in University of Nigeria Enugu Campus''' aims to introduce the Wikimedia Movement and Igbo Wikimedia projects to students and lecturers at the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus (UNEC), where awareness of Wikimedia activities remains limited. A [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event:Igbo_Wikimedia_Awareness_in_University_of_Nigeria_Enugu_Campus previous awareness and training project] was held for students in the Faculty of Business Administration. Due to the large student population, the project was limited to that faculty. This second project will take the awareness to another department, while also inviting participants from the previous training to remain engaged. Through an on-site awareness session and hands-on training, participants will learn about the Wikimedia Movement, Igbo Wikimedia projects, and how to contribute to Igbo Wikipedia. The project will end with a translation edit-a-thon, where each participant will translate one English Wikipedia article into Igbo to apply and test the knowledge gained during the training. The project will help introduce new contributors, increase Igbo-language content online, and strengthen Wikimedia activities within UNEC. == Background == Awareness of Wikimedia activities and Igbo language projects is currently limited within the University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC). This initiative seeks to bridge that gap by engaging students and lecturers directly, equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed to contribute to Igbo Wikipedia and other Wikimedia platforms. == Objectives == * To introduce participants to the Wikimedia Movement * To create awareness about Igbo Wikimedia projects * To train new contributors on how to edit and contribute to Igbo Wikipedia * To support participants in creating their own Wikimedia user accounts * To increase Igbo language content online * To build a community of Wikimedia contributors within UNEC == Event Details == * '''Date:''' 26th, October 2026 * '''Format:''' Physical (In-person) * '''Location:''' University of Nigeria Enugu Campus (UNEC) == Activities == * Awareness session on Wikimedia and its projects * Introduction to Igbo Wikipedia and other Igbo Wikimedia platforms * '''Account creation session for new participants''' * Hands-on training on editing Wikipedia * Translation edit-a-thon == Account Creation == Participants who do not already have Wikimedia accounts will be guided through the process of creating their accounts. This will enable them to actively participate in editing activities during and after the event. == Edit-a-thon == Participants will take part in a translation edit-a-thon where they will work together to translate up to '''50''' English Wikipedia articles into Igbo. This activity is aimed at improving Igbo content online and giving participants practical editing experience. == Expected Outcomes == * Increased awareness of Wikimedia within UNEC * New Wikimedia user accounts created * New editors contributing to Igbo Wikipedia * Up to '''50''' articles translated into Igbo * Strengthened presence of Igbo Wikimedia projects == Target Audience == * Students of UNEC * Lecturers and academic staff * Individuals interested in Igbo language and open knowledge == Participation == Participants are expected to attend the physical session and actively engage in the training, account creation, and edit-a-thon. Participants are to sign their names here. Click on edit/edit source, then sign under the last person's name below using this code <code><nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki></code> #[[Ojiarụ:BlackHive|BlackHive]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:BlackHive|ṅkátá]]) 14:27, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Desco001|Desco001]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Desco001|ṅkátá]]) 14:29, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Nnabuko chinenye V|Nnabuko chinenye V]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Nnabuko chinenye V|ṅkátá]]) 14:33, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Desco001|Desco001]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Desco001|ṅkátá]]) 14:35, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Chukwuno Chinaza Clare|Chukwuno Chinaza Clare]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chukwuno Chinaza Clare|ṅkátá]]) 14:36, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Julies18|Julies18]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Julies18|ṅkátá]]) 14:37, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Precious Okeke|Precious Okeke]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Precious Okeke|ṅkátá]]) 14:39, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Okwara chidera.f|Okwara chidera.f]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Okwara chidera.f|ṅkátá]]) 14:40, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ọpụrụiche:Contributions/~2026-57180-35|~2026-57180-35]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:~2026-57180-35|talk]]) 14:48, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:EDWIN OBINNA|EDWIN OBINNA]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:EDWIN OBINNA|ṅkátá]]) 15:10, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) #[[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) 10:38, 29 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) ==WorkList== The following [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-Ag4YwXvAOLh6bSMIjCjtEQXVDvkJc22wpuTDA_Gp5A/edit?usp=sharing worklist] will be translated from English to Igbo by participants to test their knowledge. == Organizer== [[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]] == Photo Gallery== <gallery> </gallery> niilzoiwe4rw7tsmdxdkr2l1f9o53ag 1728 81266 741825 741814 2026-10-28T15:55:56Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Expanding Igbo verb entries on Wiktionary */ 741825 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6th-Novrmber 30th 6ju9m9x73647r2swdgv6897qi5p4okh 741826 741825 2026-10-28T17:09:11Z King ChristLike 13051 copy edit 741826 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 q5dim2g4juz3jcglufzipudalrnfpft 741876 741826 2026-10-29T00:42:37Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary */ 741876 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ʃ=== Project work list with links ===ʃ 89k8m65oe5fej25nlxif2b5hlin57sd 741877 741876 2026-10-29T00:48:11Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Timeline */ 741877 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ʃ=== Project work list with links ===ʃ {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link !{{Doing}} !- t21fyzrs7v01njt2v4u0mlkaj3ozzc9 118 81267 741902 741815 2026-10-29T09:45:05Z King ChristLike 13051 King ChristLike moved page [[Enyi nwanyị]] to [[Édēchághị́:Enyi nwanyị]]: moved to draftspace for more improvements, especially citations to be added 741815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Enyi nwanyị''' bụ [[nwanyị]] bụ enyi, onye maara ma ọ bụ onye mmekọ ya na onye na-ekwu okwu, nke na-abụkarị enyi nwanyị nke mmadụ na ya na-akpakọrịta n'ụzọ klaasị, n'ụzọ ịhụnanya, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ mmekọahụ. N'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, nke a na-egosipụtakarị mmekọrịta siri ike ebe ndị mmadụ na-akpa, mana ha alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye. Aha ndị ọzọ, dị ka "''[[nwunye]]''", na-egosikarị na ndị ahụ lụrụ di na nwunye n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Okwu yiri nke a maka ụmụ nwoke bụ "[[enyi nwoke]]". [[Category:Okwu ọhụrụ e mepụtara n'afọ ndị 1860]] [[Category:Mmekọrịta chiri anya]] [[Category:Okwu ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Category:Ụmụ agbọghọ]] 5rqnzwnx9bmpc1gaw0sxrtsfxeqlk2c 118 81269 741882 2026-10-29T03:47:45Z ~2026-57655-61 67350 Jiri '[[File:Mews House - geograph.org.uk - 911973.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ dị n'ogige ụlọ mews. Ọ bụ nke atọ n'ime ụlọ atọ yiri onwe ha, dị na Bruton Place—nke a na-akpọbu North Bruton Mews—nso na Berkeley Square, na mpaghara Mayfair, London W1. A pụrụ ịhụ ngwa e ji ebuli nri ịnyịnya n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ dị n'okpuru elu ụlọ.]] '''Mews''' bụ [[ogige]] ụlọ ndị e ji ebu ibu na ụlọ ndị e ji ebu ibu nke nwere ebe obibi n'elu...' kere ihü 741882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mews House - geograph.org.uk - 911973.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ dị n'ogige ụlọ mews. Ọ bụ nke atọ n'ime ụlọ atọ yiri onwe ha, dị na Bruton Place—nke a na-akpọbu North Bruton Mews—nso na Berkeley Square, na mpaghara Mayfair, London W1. A pụrụ ịhụ ngwa e ji ebuli nri ịnyịnya n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ dị n'okpuru elu ụlọ.]] '''Mews''' bụ [[ogige]] ụlọ ndị e ji ebu ibu na ụlọ ndị e ji ebu ibu nke nwere ebe obibi n'elu ha, nke e wuru n'azụ nnukwu ụlọ obodo tupu ụgbọala edochie ịnyịnya na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. A na-ahụkarị Mews n'ebe obibi, ebe e wuru ya iji lekọta ịnyịnya, ndị na-azụ ụgbọ ịnyịnya na ndị na-ejere ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ozi. Okwu ahụ bụ mews sitere na Royal Mews dị na [[London]], England—nke bụ́ ebe a na-edebe ịnyịnya eze, nke e wuru afọ 500 gara aga n'ebe a na-edebekwa ugo ndị eze n'oge gara aga. Ugbu a, a na-ejikarị okwu a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-asụ Bekee iji kọwaa ụdị ụlọ obibi dị n'obodo ukwu nke nwere nhazi yiri nke ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, e ji obere ụzọ dị warara dochie mews ndị ahụ, e wee jiri ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala dochie ebe a na-edebe ụgbọ ịnyịnya.{{citation needed}} == Ụlọ mews == A chọtara ihe ndekọ mbụ e ji okwu ahụ kọwaa ebe a na-edebe anụmanụ n'afọ 1548, mgbe e wuru ebe a na-edebe anụmanụ nke eze na Charing Cross, n'ebe a na-edebebu nnụnụ ndị eze ji achụ nta.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' online, accessed 17 February 2019</ref> E bufere ebe obibi anụmanụ ndị eze ahụ gaa n'okporo ụzọ Buckingham Palace Road n'afọ 1820. E nwekwara ebe obibi anụmanụ ndị eze na St James's Palace. == Ntụaka == [[Otú:Ụdị okporo ụzọ]] 4989yf9rel57ihkk5mtls8x4z0c3hri 741900 741882 2026-10-29T09:43:43Z King ChristLike 13051 King ChristLike moved page [[Mews]] to [[Édēchághị́:Mews]]: moved to draftspace for more improvements, especially citations to be added 741882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mews House - geograph.org.uk - 911973.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ dị n'ogige ụlọ mews. Ọ bụ nke atọ n'ime ụlọ atọ yiri onwe ha, dị na Bruton Place—nke a na-akpọbu North Bruton Mews—nso na Berkeley Square, na mpaghara Mayfair, London W1. A pụrụ ịhụ ngwa e ji ebuli nri ịnyịnya n'ihu ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ dị n'okpuru elu ụlọ.]] '''Mews''' bụ [[ogige]] ụlọ ndị e ji ebu ibu na ụlọ ndị e ji ebu ibu nke nwere ebe obibi n'elu ha, nke e wuru n'azụ nnukwu ụlọ obodo tupu ụgbọala edochie ịnyịnya na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. A na-ahụkarị Mews n'ebe obibi, ebe e wuru ya iji lekọta ịnyịnya, ndị na-azụ ụgbọ ịnyịnya na ndị na-ejere ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ozi. Okwu ahụ bụ mews sitere na Royal Mews dị na [[London]], England—nke bụ́ ebe a na-edebe ịnyịnya eze, nke e wuru afọ 500 gara aga n'ebe a na-edebekwa ugo ndị eze n'oge gara aga. Ugbu a, a na-ejikarị okwu a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-asụ Bekee iji kọwaa ụdị ụlọ obibi dị n'obodo ukwu nke nwere nhazi yiri nke ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, e ji obere ụzọ dị warara dochie mews ndị ahụ, e wee jiri ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala dochie ebe a na-edebe ụgbọ ịnyịnya.{{citation needed}} == Ụlọ mews == A chọtara ihe ndekọ mbụ e ji okwu ahụ kọwaa ebe a na-edebe anụmanụ n'afọ 1548, mgbe e wuru ebe a na-edebe anụmanụ nke eze na Charing Cross, n'ebe a na-edebebu nnụnụ ndị eze ji achụ nta.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'' online, accessed 17 February 2019</ref> E bufere ebe obibi anụmanụ ndị eze ahụ gaa n'okporo ụzọ Buckingham Palace Road n'afọ 1820. E nwekwara ebe obibi anụmanụ ndị eze na St James's Palace. == Ntụaka == [[Otú:Ụdị okporo ụzọ]] 4989yf9rel57ihkk5mtls8x4z0c3hri 4 81270 741883 2026-10-29T03:55:36Z Iggiesanding 67339 Jiri 'Enweghị ike iji aha ụfọdụ maka ibe n'ihi mmachi dị na ngwanrọ [[MediaWiki]]. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (dị ka aha ndị kwesịrị iji mkpụrụedemede nta malite, dị ka [[eBay]]), enwere ike itinye 'template' n'ime edemede ahụ ka isiokwu ya pụta n'ụzọ a chọrọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ (dị ka aha nwere mkpụrụedemede ma ọ bụ akara ndị a machibidoro iwu), ọ dị mkpa iji aha dị iche ma gosipụta ya kama nke mbụ ahụ. Ibe a...' kere ihü 741883 wikitext text/x-wiki Enweghị ike iji aha ụfọdụ maka ibe n'ihi mmachi dị na ngwanrọ [[MediaWiki]]. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (dị ka aha ndị kwesịrị iji mkpụrụedemede nta malite, dị ka [[eBay]]), enwere ike itinye 'template' n'ime edemede ahụ ka isiokwu ya pụta n'ụzọ a chọrọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ (dị ka aha nwere mkpụrụedemede ma ọ bụ akara ndị a machibidoro iwu), ọ dị mkpa iji aha dị iche ma gosipụta ya kama nke mbụ ahụ. Ibe a na-akọwa ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị isi jikwaa ọnọdụ ndị a. ==Mgbochi na ụzọ isi gafere ha== A depụtara ihe mgbochi gbasara aha peeji n'okpuru isiokwu bụ Ihe mgbochi na oke teknụzụ. Nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ na: *isiokwu enweghị ike iji mkpụrụedemede nta malite; *aha agaghị enwe mkpụrụedemede ụfọdụ amachibidoro. E nwere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi e nwere ike isi lebara ọnọdụ anya ebe aha a chọrọ inye peeji na-agaghị ekwe omume n'ụzọ teknụzụ: *Use the magic word [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] to change the way the title header is displayed on the page (although the stored page name is not affected). This is often done through a template, the most common one being {{tl|lowercase}}, which causes the title to be displayed with an initial lowercase letter, as in [[iPod]]. *If this is not possible (due to restrictions on DISPLAYTITLE), choose a different title for the page, and use a template such as {{tl|correct title}} to place a hatnote stating what the correct title should be. This is normally necessary in the case of restricted characters. These templates should never be [[Wikipedia:Template substitution|substituted (subst)]]. To see which articles have these naming problems you can click on "What links here" in the toolbox for each template. If the template is substituted, it will no longer be linked. Before declaring the current title to be "wrong" with the "correct title" template (or one of the more specific templates), please consider whether the title you are proposing as "correct" would really comply with Wikipedia conventions, particularly [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (capital letters)]] and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (trademarks)]]. In the case of a title which contains a restricted character or a restricted sequence of characters, a redirect that uses a character that [[unicode normalisation|normalizes]] to the restricted character should be created to facilitate searching. For example, typing "<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>" into the search bar will find [[Tilde Tilde Tilde]] because of the redirect [[～～～]]. Usually, the [[fullwidth]] characters <code>＃ ＜ ＞ ｜ ［ ］ ｛ ｝ ～ ： ． ／ ＿</code> are used for this purpose. ==Lowercase first letter== {{Shortcut|WP:NCLOWERCASEFIRST|WP:NCFIRSTLETTER}} The MediaWiki software is configured so that a page title on the English Wikipedia (as stored in the database) cannot begin with a lower-case letter, and links that begin with a lower-case letter are treated as if capitalized, i.e. <code><nowiki>[[foo]]</nowiki></code> is treated the same as <code><nowiki>[[Foo]]</nowiki></code>. Examples of articles affected by this problem are: *'''eBay''', located at [[EBay]] *'''{{nowrap|{{mvar|e}} (mathematical constant)}}''', located at {{nowrap|[[E (mathematical constant)]]}} *'''iOS''', located at [[IOS]] (and various articles beginning with: {{Search link|iOS}}) *'''man page''', located at [[Man page]] *'''pH''', located at [[PH]] *'''p:Machinery''', located at [[P:Machinery]] *'''uBlock Origin''', located at [[UBlock Origin]] *'''β-Carotene''', located at [[Β-Carotene]] *'''xkcd''', located at [[Xkcd]] Examples of categories affected by this problem are: *'''Category:x86 architecture''', located at [[Category:X86 architecture]] (and subcategories beginning with x86) Example of template affected by this problem: *'''Template:iPhone models''', located at [[:Template:IPhone models]] This also means that the page [[Long s]], on the character '''ſ''', cannot be moved to (or redirected from) [[ſ]], as it is a lowercase letter whose uppercase form is [[S]]. To fix this problem, you can place the {{tlx|lowercase title}} wiki markup at the top of the article, category or template page (and optionally at the top of their talk/discussion page). This will cause the page title to be displayed with the initial letter in lowercase, as at [[eBay]]. Note that it does not fix every occurrence, like Wikipedia search bar [[search suggest drop-down list]] feature and Search results, as well as the page history, edit, log pages, or the browser [[address bar]] (it only affects the page title on the rendered HTML page and tab/window title bars). ==Forbidden characters== {{Shortcut|WP:NCHASHTAG|WP:FORBIDDEN}} Due to clashes with various elements of the [[MediaWiki]] software, some characters (and "characters") are <em>not</em> allowed to be part of page titles (nor are they supported by [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]). ===Clashes with wiki markup/HTML syntax=== The following characters are forbidden due to clashes with [[Help:Wiki markup|wiki markup]] and [[HTML]] syntax: :<code># < > | [ ] { }</code> For articles about these characters, see [[number sign]], [[less-than sign]], [[greater-than sign]], [[vertical bar]], and [[bracket]] (covers several characters) respectively. If the desired title of an article contains any of these characters, then an alternative title must be used instead. Often, you can simply remove the characters (e.g. [[MARRS]] instead of ''M|A|R|R|S''). However, it may be necessary to spell out the character (e.g. [[C-sharp]] instead of ''C#'') or use another substitute. Note that the sharp sign ♯ (different from the keyboard # character) ''can'' be used, as in [[C♯ (musical note)]]. In any of these cases, a hatnote should be placed at the top of the article informing readers what the correct title is. This is done using one of the following template calls: *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}#}} for titles containing # *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}bracket}} for titles containing < > [ ] { } *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}vbar}} for titles containing |<br>Use {{tn|!}} to represent the | character within the correct title. *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''}} for cases not covered by any one of the above. Examples: * '''Song #3''' is located at [[Song 3]] * '''''Point #1''''' is located at ''[[Point No. 1]]'' * '''''Look Out for #1''''' is located at ''[[Look Out for Number 1]]'' * '''C# (programming language)''' is located at [[C Sharp (programming language)]] * '''Cygnus OB2 #12''' is located at [[Cygnus OB2-12]] * '''Red {an orchestra}''' is located at [[Red (an orchestra)]] * '''''[A→B] Life''''' is located at ''[[(A→B) Life]]'' * '''<|°_°|>''' is located at ''[[Robot Face]]'' * '''''While(1<2)''''' is located at ''[[While(1 Is Less Than 2)]]'' * '''''[title of show]''''' is located at ''[[Title of show]]'' (which displays as ''title of show'' thanks to partial support from DISPLAYTITLE) * '''''I am > I was''''' is located at ''[[I Am Greater than I Was]]'' * '''Minipops 67 [120.2]''' is located at ''[[Minipops 67 (120.2)]]'' ===Clashes with invalid-UTF-8 handling=== Titles cannot contain invalid [[UTF-8]] sequences (for our purposes, those that would decode to [[UTF-16]] [[Universal Character Set characters#Surrogates|unpaired surrogates]] or code points beyond U+10FFFF). Thus, titles like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%A0%80 %ED%A0%80] (contains a UTF-8 sequence decoding to code point U+D800, an unpaired surrogate) or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F6%80%80%80 %F6%80%80%80] (contains a UTF-8 sequence decoding to code point U+180000, beyond the U+10FFFF limit) are invalid. (These examples use percent-encoded URLs rather than wikilinks, as the "characters" themselves ''should'' be impossible to insert into wikitext without percent-encoding.) This also means that three ''valid'' UTF-8 sequences are forbidden in page titles (how these are displayed may vary depending on your browser and installed fonts): :<code>� � �</code> The first of these characters or "characters", the [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|replacement character]], is forbidden because the MediaWiki software uses the replacement character to represent invalid UTF-8 sequences, and cannot differentiate this use as a placeholder from an actual instance of the replacement character. The other two (the two [[Universal Character Set characters#Non-characters|noncharacters]] at the end of [[Plane (Unicode)|Unicode plane]] 0, the [[Plane (Unicode)#Basic Multilingual Plane|Basic Multilingual Plane]]) are forbidden because the MediaWiki software uses the replacement character as a placeholder for these, just as it does for invalid UTF-8 sequences. Note, however, that the other 64 Unicode noncharacters (a block of 32 from U+FDD0 through U+FDEF, plus the two at the end of each of planes 1 through 16 [totaling another 32]) are <em>not</em> forbidden in page titles, as can be seen in the following examples: :[[﷐|Noncharacter encoded at U+FDD0]] :[[􏿾|Noncharacter encoded at U+10FFFE]] ==Other problematic characters== ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|WP:NC-COLON|WP:NC-COLONS}} In general, article titles containing colons are fine, subject to the following exceptions: *Page names cannot begin with a colon. However, if the initial colon can be dropped to produce a satisfactory title, then this should be done, and the problem fixed with [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]. (This will not work with more than one initial colon.) This happens because an initial colon is used for the [[Help:Colon trick|colon trick]]. *Article titles should not begin with a standard [[WP:Namespace|namespace]] prefix ('''Talk:''', '''Help:''' etc.), as this will place them in the wrong namespace, which (among other problems) will exclude them from standard search results. In this case, another title must be found (it won't help to change the capitalization of the prefix or put spaces before or after the colon). For example, '''Help: A Day in the Life''' is located at [[Help!: A Day in the Life]]. A [[WP:Redirect|redirect]] is created at the original title (in this case at [[Help:A Day in the Life]], which is what the above title [[WP:Canonical|resolves]] to). *Article titles cannot begin with an [[Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki]] or [[Help:Interlanguage links|interlanguage]] prefix, or namespace [[Help:Namespace#Aliases|alias]]. Again, these are case-insensitive, and putting spaces before or after the colon will not help. Examples: **'''B: The Beginning''' is located at [[B – The Beginning]] ('''b:''' is a prefix for [[Wikibooks]]) **'''C:Real''' is located at [[C Real (Greek band)]] ('''c:''' is a prefix for [[Wikimedia Commons]]) **'''D:Ream''' is located at [[D Ream]] ('''d:''' is a prefix for [[Wikidata]]) **'''DK: King of Swing''' is located at ''[[DK King of Swing]]'' ('''dk:''' is one of the prefixes for the [[Danish Wikipedia]]; the other is '''da:''') **'''It: Welcome to Derry''' is located at ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' ('''it:''' is the prefix for [[{{#language:it|en}} Wikipedia]]) **'''Lad: A Dog''' is located at ''[[Lad, A Dog]]'' ('''lad:''' is the prefix for [[{{#language:lad|en}} Wikipedia]]) **'''Project: Mersh''' is located at [[Project Mersh]] ('''Project:''' is an alias for the [[Wikipedia:Project namespace|Wikipedia namespace]]) **'''Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!''' is located at [[Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!]] ('''q:''' is a prefix for [[Wikiquote]]) **'''TM:103 Hustlerz Ambition''' is located at [[TM103 Hustlerz Ambition]] ('''tm:''' is an alias for the [[Wikipedia:Template namespace|template namespace]] per {{Phab|T363757}}) **'''V: The New Mythology Suite''' is located at [[V – The New Mythology Suite]] ('''v:''' is a prefix for [[Wikiversity]]) **'''W:/2016Album/''' is located at ''[[:/2016Album/]]'', but displays as having the correct title ''W:/2016Album/'' ('''w:''' is a prefix for the [[English Wikipedia]]{{efn|Except on a foreign-language [[WP:SIS|sister projects]] where it links to the corresponding-language Wikipedia. See [[Help:Interwiki linking]].}}). :In the case of aliases a redirect can be created; as an example, "Project: Mersh" will be at [[Wikipedia:Mersh]], which is what it [[WP:Canonical|resolves]] to. Except in the case of initial colons and the w: and en: prefixes, DISPLAYTITLE will not work in the above situations. Use {{tlx|Correct title|''Correct title''|reason{{=}}:}}. ===Forward slashes and periods=== {{Shortcut|WP:NC-SLASH}}In [[WP:namespace|namespace]]s where the [[Help:Subpages|subpage feature]] is enabled, the forward slash (/) separates a subpage name from its main page name. However subpages are <em>disabled</em> in the [[WP:main namespace|main namespace]], so article names can contain slashes if appropriate, as in [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] – there is no need for such titles to be fixed. Be aware of the following side effects, however: * Subpages are still enabled in the talk namespace as they are widely used for archiving old discussions. Therefore, if an article has a forward slash in its name, its corresponding talk page may display an extraneous subpage level-up link at the top (for example, [[Talk:Providence/Stoughton Line]] has a link to [[Talk:Providence]] at the top). * If / is the first character of the title, then links to it from outside the main namespace will not work as expected (they will prepend the title of the current page); a workaround is to prepend a colon, or to use an HTML entity as the beginning of the link, e.g. <nowiki>[[:/pol/]]</nowiki>, <nowiki>[[&amp;#47;pol/]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[&amp;#x2f;pol/]]</nowiki> to get to [[:/pol/]]. {{Shortcut|WP:NC-PERIOD}}Page names consisting of exactly one or two periods (full stops), or beginning with '''./''' or '''../''', or containing '''/./''' or '''/../''', or ending with '''/.''' or '''/..''', are not allowed due to technical limitations.{{efn|A page name consisting of exactly one period and a disambiguator (e.g. [[. (album)]] or [[. (disambiguation)]]) is possible in principle. The [https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#target-size-minimum punctuation mark's small size] and [[WP:LINKCLARITY|potential ambiguity with]] sentence-ending full stops [https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#link-purpose-in-context in running text], however, are considered technical and [[WP:A11Y|accessibility limitations]] of their own. Discussion of one instance may be found at [[Talk:Period (album)]].}} As a result of this, the abbreviation of ''[[Slashdot]]'', '''''/.''''', does not redirect to the page. In most such cases [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] will not work, so {{tl|correct title}} should be used. This is done using one of the following template calls: *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''}}, or *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}.}} for softer wording. Examples: * '''''.'' (album)''' is located at [[Period (album)]]. ===Percent and encoded characters=== A title can normally contain the character %. However it cannot contain % followed by two [[hexadecimal]] digits (which would cause it to be converted to a single character, by [[percent-encoding]]). Similarly a title cannot contain [[HTML character entities]] such as <code>&amp;#47;</code> and <code>&amp;ndash;</code>, even if the character they represent is allowed. In the unlikely event of such sequences appearing in a desired title, an alternative title must be constructed (for example by inserting a space after the %, or omitting a semicolon), and the title with encoding should be redirected to the adjusted title. ===Question marks and plus signs=== There is no reason why titles should not include ? or +. However, with such titles, attention is required when typing URLs into the address bar of a browser. Here, ? is interpreted as beginning a [[query string]], and a + in a query string is interpreted as a space. In URLs, ? and + should be replaced by their corresponding [[escape code]]s, %3F and %2B. (The same technique is necessary for many other special characters, depending on browser.) ===Spaces and underscores=== In [[Help:Link|links]], spaces ({{char|&#32;}}) and underscores ({{char|_}}) are treated equivalently. Underscores are used in URLs, spaces in displayed titles. Leading and trailing spaces/underscores are stripped, consecutive spaces/underscores are reduced to a single one, and page names consisting of only spaces and underscores are not allowed at all. Titles affected by this behavior can generally be made to display correctly using the [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] magic word. However, this does not work for titles consisting of only spaces or underscores, which should use a parenthetical disambiguator e.g. [[_ (album)|''_'' (album)]] is located at [[(album)]]. Articles with underscores in titles are tracked in [[:Category:Articles with underscores in the title]]. ===Three or more consecutive tildes=== Titles cannot contain three or more consecutive [[tilde]]s (<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>), as four consecutive tildes are used to create standard editors' [[WP:Signatures|signatures]] on talk pages, while three consecutive tildes generates an undated signature. For this reason, '''<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>''' is located at ''[[Tilde Tilde Tilde]]''. When using {{tlx|Correct title}} and in all occurrences throughout the article, add nowiki tags around the sequence of tildes, as the software will otherwise convert these to a user-generated signature. ==Title length== {{Shortcut|WP:TITLELENGTH}} Titles, not including the namespace prefix, must be fewer than 256 bytes long when encoded in [[UTF-8]]. Therefore, the full titles of ''[[The Boy Bands Have Won]]'', ''[[Noisy Outlaws]]'', and ''[[When the Pawn...]]'' cannot be displayed properly, so they must be located under their common shorthand names. Non-ASCII characters can take up to 4 bytes to encode, so the total number of allowable characters may be lower. ==Italics and formatting== It is not possible for a title <em>as stored in the database</em> to contain formatting, such as italics or bolding. The double or triple apostrophes normally used to produce these effects in wiki markup are treated just as groups of apostrophes if they appear in titles. Other wiki markup or HTML-based formatting would require characters that are not permissible in titles (see [[#Forbidden characters|Forbidden characters]] above). It is technically possible to <em>display</em> formatting in titles using [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]. A template, {{tl|italic title}}, exists to display the title in italics. For guidance on when this technique should be used, see [[WP:ITALICTITLE]]. ==Pictorial names== Titles cannot contain images (which would require forbidden characters in order to be displayed), only [[Unicode]] characters. For example, the recycling symbol [[&#9842;]] is encoded in Unicode as U+2672, so it can be included, but the [[:File:Pictogram NDB.svg|non-directional beacon symbol]] is not a Unicode character and cannot appear in a page title. ==Browser support limitations== Use [[precomposed character]]s when possible. Use the [[Unicode normalization|text normalization]] "Normalization Form C" (often abbreviated NFC). For more information, see the <span class="plainlinks">[https://www.w3.org/TR/charmod-norm/ W3C's Character Model for the World Wide Web]</span> and <span class="plainlinks">[https://unicode.org/reports/tr15/ Unicode's normalization forms]</span>. ==Restrictions on usernames== {{see also|Wikipedia:Username policy}} Usernames are subject to the same technical restrictions as page titles (see [[#Forbidden characters|Forbidden characters]] above). In particular, the symbols <code># < > [ ] | { }</code> are not allowed. There are also additional restrictions: * The username must not already exist in the [[WP:SUL|single unified login]] system. * It may not contain any of the symbols <code>/ @ : =</code>. * It may not start with <code>~2</code>, as this is reserved for [[WP:Temporary accounts|temporary accounts]]. * It may not contain various control characters, unusual whitespace, or [[Private Use Area]] characters: U+0080–U+009F, U+00A0, U+2000–U+200F, U+2028–U+202F, U+3000, or U+E000–U+F8FF. * It may not be an IP address, nor may it look like an IP address (for example, "564.348.992.800" is not a valid IP address, but since it looks like one, it is an invalid username). * It may not be one of a [[Wikipedia:Reserved usernames|list of configured reserved usernames]] (e.g. "[[User:MediaWiki default|MediaWiki default]]"). * It may not be more than 85 bytes long. The [[WP:AntiSpoof|AntiSpoof]] extension also enforces the following restrictions on usernames: * Usernames may not contain Unicode characters that resemble the [[forward slash]] (/), such as U+2044 ( ⁄, "Fraction slash") and U+FF0F ( ／, "Fullwidth solidus"). * Usernames may not contain characters from unusual scripts, such as [[Runes|Runic]] and [[Ugaritic]]. * Usernames may not contain characters from more than one non-Latin script (with an exception for the Japanese and Korean languages, which are natively written in multiple scripts) * Usernames may not contain [[emoji]]. However, having emoji in [[WP:SIGNATURE|signatures]] is perfectly allowed * Usernames may not contain only numbers and punctuation. There are also restrictions placed by the [[meta:Title blacklist|global title blacklist]], both the normal blacklisting rules and those tagged by <code><nowiki><newaccountonly></nowiki></code>. The title blacklist blocks some usernames deemed inappropriate by the username policy, such as those implying advanced permissions (e.g. "admin") or impersonating high-profile users. ==Ntụaka== [[Category:Iwu maka inye aha na Wikipedia|Mgbochi teknụzụ]] ag4smxyqhgie7tgotbz9mfwgiyk6xgh 0 81271 741901 2026-10-29T09:43:43Z King ChristLike 13051 King ChristLike moved page [[Mews]] to [[Édēchághị́:Mews]]: moved to draftspace for more improvements, especially citations to be added 741901 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Édēchághị́:Mews]] lby01jnujpnprd2kxwgav8ng7d0ownm 0 81272 741903 2026-10-29T09:45:05Z King ChristLike 13051 King ChristLike moved page [[Enyi nwanyị]] to [[Édēchághị́:Enyi nwanyị]]: moved to draftspace for more improvements, especially citations to be added 741903 wikitext text/x-wiki #KÚFÙ [[Édēchághị́:Enyi nwanyị]] 470qcbziep630jewvo0hva77wbnlshc 4 81273 741906 2026-10-29T10:28:03Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Jiri '===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the...' kere ihü 741906 wikitext text/x-wiki ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== bld1gfavwgk1lq01lf3q2v1kg384ntg 741907 741906 2026-10-29T10:35:27Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project Overview */ 741907 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding Igbo verb entries on Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ʃ=== Project work list with links ===ʃ {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link ===Project Goals=== b8tfdaixfutxhe2ek119cq9w0w6fuyw 741909 741907 2026-10-29T10:36:08Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Expanding Igbo verb entries on Wiktionary */ 741909 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding Igbo verb entries on Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ʃ=== Project work list with links ===ʃ {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link o21wb50x42motp7bdd45837i2yzktgx 741911 741909 2026-10-29T10:39:08Z Geraldine Kene 23189 741911 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding Igbo verb entries on Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. === Project work list with links === {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link gy138hu8djtkcnxvi2luvrjoi794x92