Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7437 742340 734889 2026-11-02T19:20:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742340 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2015).png|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] '''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' ({{Audio|Ig-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.ogg|Audio}}; 15 September 1977) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ si na mba [[Nigeria]]. Amuru Adichie na obodo [[Enugu]]. Ọ gara akwụkwọ na [[Mahadum nke Nigeria]]. N'ebe ahụ, oji otu afọ na ọkara wee gụọ akwụkwọ gbasara ọgwụ. Ọ hapụrụ mba Naijiria gaba mba [[Amerika]] mgbe odi afo iri na-iteghete. Na mba Amerika, o bidoro akwụkwo na [[Drexel University]] nke di na [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Site n'ebe ahụ, ọgụkwara na [[Eastern Connecticut State University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], na [[Yale University]]. Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ Adichie degara nwere ngalaba obibi na [[Nsukka]] ebe azulitere ya na ntakiri. Ọbụ mgbe ọ na agụ akwụkwọ na mahadum ka obidoro debe akwụkwo. Ọ buru ụzọ dee akwukwo abụ ana-akpọ ''Decisions'' n'afọ 1997, nke n'eso ya bụ ''For Love of Biafra'' n'afọ 1998. Ọ turu ugo na mmara ndị mmadu mgbe ọdechara akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi ya bụ ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]''. Adichie akpọla [[Chinua Achebe]] na [[Buchi Emecheta]] ndị ndu ya na ihe odide. Ihe ndị odegoro gbasara ukwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ jikọtara ndị ọcha na ndị ojii okachasi site na [[Ndị Igbo|ala Igbo]]. Adichie ma ekwu okwu ọha. Ọnyekwala ọtụtụ okwu mmechi na mmeghe akwụkwo mahadum di iche iche nke gụnyere [[Williams College]] (2017), [[Harvard University]] (2018), na [[American University]] (2019). Ọnyere okwu ndị [[TEDx]] ana-akpọ "The Danger of a Single Story" n'afọ 2009 ya na "We Should All Be Feminists" n'afọ 2012. Ụfọdụ okwu ya ka onye na ede ma na eto egwu [[Beyoncé]] tinyere na egwu ya akpọrọ ''Flawless''. Adichie atụrụla ọtụtụ ugo na ngalaba ịgụ akwụkwọ na ide akwụkwọ dịka [[MacArthur Fellowship]] n'afọ 2008 ma nnabata na otu ndị [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] n'afọ 2017. == Ndụ na mmalite == Aha enyere Adichie mgbe amụrụ ya bụ aha bekee Grace.<ref name="punchng">{{Cite news |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2 January 2021 |title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie |url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ |access-date=25 March 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Amụrụ ya na 15 September n'afọ 1977 dika nwatakịrị nke ise na obodo [[Enugu]] nke Nigeria. Nne na nna ya bu [[ndi Igbo]].{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Akinyoade|2021}} Nna ya bụ [[James Nwoye Adichie]] onye Abba, obodo nke di na ora [[Anambra]]. Nne ya bụ Grace Odigwe, onye [[Umunnachi]].{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} Nna ya gụrụ mathematics na mahadum ana-akpọ [[University College, Ibadan]] ma tupu ọgụchaa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1957, ọ nụrụ Grace na 15 April n'afọ 1963,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} wee kpọrọ ya jee [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] ebe ọgụrụ akwụkwọ maka ngalaba PhD na [[University of California|Mahadum nke Kalifornia]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Mgbe ha nọ na mba Amerika, nne na nna Adichie mụtara ụmụaka nwaanyị abuo: ljeoma Rosemary na Uchenna.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Nna ya lotara mba Nigeria ma bido ọrụ nkụzi na [[University of Nigeria, Nsukka|Mahadum nke Naijiria]] n'afo 1966.{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}} Nne ya bidoro akwụkwọ mahadum nke ya n'afọ 1964 na [[Merritt College]] nke di na [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California ebe ọ nwetara ngalaba na agụmakwụkwọ sociology mechakwaa nwetakwa ngalaba anthropology nke sitere na Mahadum nke Naijiria.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Mgbe [[Agha Biafra]] bidoro n'afọ 1967, nna Adichie malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Biafran Manpower Directorate nke bu ụlọ ọrụ [[Biafra]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Nne na nna ukwu Adichie nwụrụ na agha ahu.{{sfn|Adichie|2006}} Mgbe agha ahu kwụsịrị n'afọ 1970, nna ya laghachiri na Mahadum nke Naijiria,{{sfn|''The Sun''|2020}}{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} ebe nne ya, onye ruru ọrụ na Enugu wee rue afọ 1973, bia bụrụ onye ọrụ na ndị isi ebe ahu; ọ mechara bụrụ [[Registrar (education)|registrar]] ma burukwa onye izi bu nwaanyị malitere ya bu ọrụ.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}}{{sfn|Martin|2014}} Adichie nọrọ n'ụlọ obibi Mahadum nke Naijiria, n'ụlọ odee akwụkwọ bụ [[Chinua Achebe]] biri ikpeazụ.{{sfn|Murray|2007}} Umunne ya bụ Ijeoma Rosemary, Uchenna "Uche", Chukwunweike "Chuks", Okechukwu "Okey", na Kenechukwu "Kene".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|''The Sun''|2019}} Dika nwatakịrị, Adichie gụrụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ edere na-asụsụ bekee ọ kachasị nke [[Enid Blyton]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Akwukwo ndị ọzọ ọgụrụ dika nwatakịrị gụnyere akwụkwọ ebe ndị akoro akụkọ ha bụ ndị ọcha, ma nwee anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ha niile bu maka mba Britain.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Mgbe o ruru afọ iri, ọ chọpụtara n'onwe ya akụkọ gbasara ndị [[Afrịka]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ dịka ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' nke Chinua Achebe,{{sfn|Murray|2007}} ''[[The African Child]]'' nke [[Camara Laye]],{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' nke [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] dere, na ''[[The Joys of Motherhood]]'' nke [[Buchi Emecheta]] dere.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} N'afọ iri na atọ ejiri mụọ ya, Adichie bidoro ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya degara gbasara [[Biafra]]. Na njem ha na eje kwa afọ na obodo ha bụ Abba, ọ hụgara ụlọ gbachara ọkụ na mkpụrụ egbe gbachara nchara jupụtara na ala; ihe niile a bụ ihe ga enyere ya aka iji dee ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Na nnata Sakramenti nke Nkwenye ana akpọ Konfameshọn na ụka Katoliki, Adichie zara Amanda. Ọbụ aha ahu k'ọzara n'akwụkwọ ya ndi mbu.<ref name="punchng"/>{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}}{{sfn|Anya|2005}} N'agụmakwụkwọ ya, a kụziiri Adichie ihe n'asụsụ Igbo ya na Bekee.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ Igbo abụghị ihe a ma ama, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ asụsụ ahụ n'oge niile ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Mahadum Nigeria, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta kacha elu nke sitere na otu [[West African Examinations Council]] (WAEC){{sfn|Anya|2005}} na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} A nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Nigeria, ebe ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na ọrụ ọgwụ (medicine and pharmacy) ruo otu afọ na ọkara.{{sfn|Agbo|2018b}} Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''The Compass'', nke bu magazin mahadum nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-elekọta.{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} N'afọ 1997, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, Adichie bipụtara ''Decisions'', nke bu nchịkọta uri, ma mesịa kwaga United States,{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} ka ọ gụọ maka ọmụmụ gbasara nkwukọrịta (Mass communications) na [[Drexel University]] dị na [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} N'afọ 1998, o dere egwuregwu a na-akpọ ''For Love of Biafra'', nke bụ mbọ mbụ o gbara iji nyochaa isiokwu gbasara agha.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} E dere ọrụ ndị a mbụ n'okpuru aha bụ́ Amanda N. Adichie.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023}} Afọ abụọ ka ọ kwagara United States, ọ gbanwere gaa [[Eastern Connecticut State University]] dị na [[Willimantic, Connecticut]], ebe ya na nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Ijeoma, onye nke bụkwa dọkịta, bi.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}} N'afọ 2000, Adichie bipụtara obere akụkọ ya akpọrọ "My Mother, the Crazy African",{{sfn|Adichie|2000}} nke na-atụle nsogbu ndị na-ebilite mgbe mmadụ na-ebi n'etiti omenala abụọ dị nnọọ iche n'ebe ibe ha nọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=297–298}} Mgbe ọ gụchara nzere mbụ ya na mahadum, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọmụmụ ihe ya ma na-achụkwa ọrụ ide ihe n'otu oge ahụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} Mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ ikpeazụ ya na Eastern Connecticut, ọ na-ede edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mahadum ahụ bụ ''Campus Lantern.''{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya n'ọkwa kachasị elu (nke a maara dị ka ''[[summa cum laude]]'') na ngalaba sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ya na ngalaba nkwukọrịta dị ka obere ngalaba ọmụmụ, n'afọ 2001.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Braimah|2018}} Ọ nwetara nzere mastas na ide akụkọ ifo (creative writing) site na [[Johns Hopkins University]] n'afọ 2003,{{sfn|Braimah|2018}}{{sfn|Krieger|2015}} ma n'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Hodder Fellow na [[Princeton University]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe gbasara mmalite ide akụkọ ifo.{{sfn|Tunca|2011}}{{sfn|''Business Day''|2016}} Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe na [[Yale University]], ma gụchaa nzere mastas nke abụọ na ngalaba ọmụmụ gbasara Afrịka (African studies) n'afọ 2008.{{sfn|Mullane|2014}}{{sfn|Tunca|2011}} N'otu afọ ahụ, Adichie nwetara onyinye [[MacArthur Fellowship]],{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} tinyere ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ohere mmemme [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University]] maka afọ 2011–2012.{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} == Ọrụ == ===2003: Mmalite odide akwụkwọ na mbipụta izizi=== Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na mba Amerịka, Adichie malitere odide akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''[[Purple Hibiscus]]''. {{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} mgbe ọ dechara ya, ozigara akwụkwọ edemede ya nye ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, ndị jụrụ ya ma ọ bụ rịọ ya ka ọ gbanwee ọnọdụ akwụkwọ ahụ site na Afrịka gaa na Amerịka, ka o wee mee ka ọ mara ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọma. N'ikpeazụ, Djana Pearson Morris, onye nnọchi anya odee akwụkwọ n'ihu ndị mbiputa akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ na Pearson Morris na Belt Literary Management, nabatara akwụkwọ edemede ahụ.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Ọ bụ ezie na Morris ghọtara na ahịa ga-esiri ike ebe Adichie bụ onye ojii mana ọ bụghị onye Africa-America ma ọ bụ onye Caribbean, o nyefere ya ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ ahụ ruo mgbe [[Algonquin Books]], obere ụlọ ọrụ nọọrọ onwe ya, nabatara ma bipụta ya na 2003. Na 2004, [[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na United Kingdom, ebe [[Kachifo Limited]] bipụtara ya na Naịjirịa.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} N'oge ahụ, Adichie were onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ Sarah Chalfant nke [[Andrew Wylie (onye nnọchi anya akwụkwọ)|Wylie Agency]] ka ọ nọchite anya ya. Atụgharịala ''Purple Hibiscus'' n'ihe karịrị asụsụ iri anọ.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} ===2006–2012: mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ na atọ=== Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya gasịrị, Adichie malitere ide nke abụọ ya ''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'', nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ya ruo afọ anọ. N'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gbasaara [[agha Biafra]],{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}}{{sfn|McGrath|2006}} Adichie jiri akụkọ nna ya gbasara ya bu agha, tinyere ịgụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Buchi Emecheta]] nke afọ 1982 nke ana-akpọ ''[[Ebe Biafra Na-aga]]''.{{sfn|McGrath|2006}}{{sfn|Busby|2017}} E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'afọ 2006 site n'aka [[Vintage Books|Anchor Books]], akara azụmaahịa nke [[Alfred A. Knopf]], onye wepụtakwara akwụkwọ ahụ n'okpuru akara Vintage nke di na Kanada. E bipụtara ya ọzọkwa na mba France dịka {{lang|fr|L'autre moitié du soleil}} n'afọ 2008 site n'aka [[Éditions Gallimard]].{{sfn|Madueke|2019|page=49}} Mgbe ọ na-emecha mmemme Hodder na MacArthur n'afọ 2008, Adichie malitere ịchịkọta akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi o bipụtalarị na magazin dị iche iche.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Akụkọ iri na abụọ ka chịkọtara n'akwụkwọ nke atọ ya na nchịkọta akụkọ obere akụkọ mbụ ya, ''[[The Thing Around Your Neck]]'', nke Knopf bipụtara n'afọ 2009.{{sfn|''Kirkus Reviews''|2009}} N'otu afọ ahụ, o nyere nkuzi ndi [[TED (conference)|TED]] nke akpọrọ "[[The Dangers of a Single Story]]".{{sfn|Wagner|2015}} Na 15 Maachị 2012, Adichie ghọrọ onye kacha nta n'ime ndị kacha nta n'ime [[Commonwealth Foundation|Commonwealth Lecture]].{{sfn|Calkin|2013}}{{sfn|Stephen-David|2013}} E mere ihe ngosi a na [[Guildhall, London|Guildhall]] na London, na-ekwu maka isiokwu bụ "Ịjikọ Omenala".{{sfn|Stephen-David|2013}} Na 2012 kwa, o kwuru okwu isiokwu ya bụ "[[Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụzọ Ụmụ Nwanyị (okwu)|Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụzọ Ụmụ Nwanyị]]" maka TEDxEuston na London.{{sfn|Wagner|2015}}{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=316}} ===2013–2019: ''Americanah'' na ''Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions''=== [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Nwanyị nọ ọdụ n'oche na-abịanye aka n'akwụkwọ, gbara ya gburugburu site na ìgwè mmadụ ndị ọzọ|Adichie n'oge ịgụ na ịbị aka n'akwụkwọ ọrụ ya ''[[Americanah]]'' na [[Berlin]], Germany (2014)]] Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke atọ Adichie dere by ''[[Americanah]]'' nke e bipụtara na 14 Mee n'afọ 2013 site n'aka Alfred A. Knopf.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} E bipụtara ya na France site n'aka [[Éditions Gallimard]] na 2015.{{sfn|''France 24''|2015}} Ọ bụ onye edemede nleta na [[Mahadum Michigan–Flint]] na 2014. Usoro nleta ndị edemede Afrịka a ma ama/Ndị nka Afrịka na ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ chọrọ ka ọ soro ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi si ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mahadum, ndị na-akwado ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị n'ógbè ahụ, na obodo ahụ dum na mkparịta ụka, ogbako, na nkuzi ndị tụlere ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Americanah'', na ahụmịhe ide ihe nkeonwe ya. E tinyere obere ihe nkiri sitere na okwu ya bụ "Ihe Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu" na "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe Ike n'Ụmụ Nwanyị" n'ụfọdụ ihe omume ma kparịta ya n'isiokwu ajụjụ na azịza mgbe e mechara ihe ngosi ya dị iche iche.{{sfn|Ememyonu|2017|p=3}} Na 2015, Adichie kwuru okwu mmalite maka [[Wellesley College]].{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}} O so hazie [[PEN World Voices|PEN World Voices Festival of International Literature]] nke 2015 na New York City, ya na onye nduzi ememme ahụ bụ Laszlo Jakab Orsos.{{sfn|Lee|2015}}{{sfn|Sefa-Boakye|2015}} O mechiri emume ahụ site na nkuzi ya bụ "Arthur Miller Freedom to Write" gbasara mmachibido iwu na mmegide megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} N'afọ 2015, Adichie dere ozi email nye enyi ya ma mechaa tinye ya na [[Facebook]] na 2016. Okwu ndị e kwuru gbasara post ahụ mere ka o kweta ịtụgharị post ahụ ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ, ''[[Dear Ijeawele, ma ọ bụ A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions]]'',{{sfn|Greenberg|2017}} nke e bipụtara na 2017.{{sfn|Bhuta|2018|p=319}} Na 2016, [[BBC]] kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa na ''[[Newsnight]]'' ma kwuo echiche ya gbasara ntuli aka nke [[Donald Trump]] nke 2016]. Mgbe ọ rutere na studio ahụ, a gwara ya na usoro ahụ ga-abụ arụmụka n'etiti ya na [[R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr.]], onye na-akwado Trump na [[onye nchịkọta akụkọ]] nke ''[[The American Spectator]]'', magazin nchekwa.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}}{{sfn|Cain|2016}} Mgbe ọ chọrọ ịpụ na ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, o kpebiri ịga n'ihu n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ịtụle echiche ya gbasara otu enweghị ikike akụ na ụba si mee ka Trump merie.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} Arụmụka ahụ ghọrọ ihe mmegide mgbe Tyrrell kwuru, sị: "Anaghị m azaghachi mmetụta uche dị ka nwanyị a,"{{sfn|Cain|2016}} wee kwupụta na "Trump abụghị onye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ".{{sfn|''Mgbọrọgwụ''|2016}} Adichie jụrụ okwu ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta Trump na Onyeikpe [[Gonzalo P. Curiel]] enweghị ike ịnọ n'ihu n'okwu ahụ ''[[Trump Mahadum#Low megide Mahadum Trump, LLC|Low megide Mahadum Trump]]'' n'ihi ihe nketa ya na Mexico.{{sfn |''Mkpọrọgwụ''|2016}} Mgbe arụmụka ahụ gasịrị, o dere na ibe Facebook ya na ọ dị ya ka BBC na-eche ya ihu, na ha "ji aghụghọ [na-agba ya] megide onye na-akwado Trump" iji mepụta ntụrụndụ mmegide. Na nzaghachi, BBC rịọrọ mgbaghara maka ịghara ịgwa ya ụdị ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ, mana o kwuru na ha chepụtara mmemme ahụ iji nye echiche ziri ezi.{{sfn|Cain|2016}} [[Faịlụ:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2020 (cropped).jpg|alt=Nwanyị guzoro n'elu ikpo okwu. E nwere mbadamba ihe n'elu ikpo okwu ebe ọ na-agụ ihe.|left|thumb|Adichie n'elu ikpo okwu onye na-ekwu okwu n'oge {{ill|Congreso Futuro|es}}, [[Santiago]], Chile, na 2020]] Adichie kwuru okwu Eudora Welty nke abụọ kwa afọ na 8 Nọvemba 2017 na [[Lincoln Theatre (Washington, D.C.)|Lincoln Theatre]] na Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Luckett|2018|p=155}} N'afọ ahụ, o kwukwara okwu na nnọkọ mba ofesi nke e mere na Mahadum Johns Hopkins gbasara adịghị ike nke olileanya n'ihu ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ugbu a.{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} Adichie na [[Hillary Clinton]] kwuru okwu PEN World Voices Festival nke 2018, Arthur Miller Freedom to Write Lecture na [[Cooper Union]] na Manhattan. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu a lekwasịrị anya n'ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na nnyocha, ajụjụ Adichie mere gbasara ihe mere profaịlụ Clinton [[Twitter]] ji malite site na "nwunye" kama ihe ndị o mere ghọrọ isi ihe ndị mgbasa ozi na-elekwasị anya, {{sfn|Abimbola|2018}}{{sfn|Grady|2018}}{{sfn|Adebayo|2018}} kpaliri Clinton ịgbanwe akụkọ ndụ ya na Twitter.{{sfn|Adebayo|2018}} Mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, o kwuru okwu na [[Frankfurt Book Fair]] na Germany gbasara imebi usoro nke na-eme ka olu ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịdị mma.{{sfn|Saeed|2018}} Na 2019, dịka akụkụ nke usoro nkuzi nke Chancellor, o kwuru okwu "Onye edemede, onye na-eche echiche, onye na-achọ ihe: onye na-egosi ndụ" na Langford Auditorium nke [[Vanderbilt University]]. Okwu ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ọganihu ya dịka onye na-akọ akụkọ, na ihe kpatara ya ji emeso enweghị nha anya n'usoro iji mepụta ụwa nke na-agụnye mmadụ niile.{{sfn|Gonçalves|2019}} Adichie abụrụla onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ogbako ụwa.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|pp=218–219}} Na 2018, o kwuru okwu na Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke Igbo nke asaa kwa afọ.{{sfn|Ekpo|2018}} O kwuru okwu na Mgbakọ Ọrụ Ndị Mmadụ nke Hilton nke [[Conrad N. Hilton Foundation]] na 2019.{{sfn|Rios|2019}} O kwuru okwu gbasara ime ihe ike na nkuzi Gabriel García Márquez nke mbụ na [[Cartagena, Colombia]] n'otu afọ ahụ.{{sfn|Rojas|2019}} Adichie bụ onye Afrịka mbụ kwuru okwu na Ụbọchị Klas nke [[Yale University]], ebe o kwuru okwu nkuzi n'afọ 2019.{{sfn|''Vanguard''|2019}} ===2020–ugbu a: Mbipụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka, mgbasa ọrụ=== Na 2020, Adichie bipụtara "Zikora", akụkọ dị mkpirikpi gbasara mmekọahụ na ịbụ nne na-alụbeghị di,{{sfn|Law|2020}} na edemede akpọrọ "Ndetu na Iru újú" na ''[[The New Yorker]]'', mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị. O gbasaa edemede ahụ ka ọ bụrụ [[Ndetu gbasara mwute|akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ]] nke [[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] bipụtara n'afọ sochirinụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2021a}}{{sfn|Lozada|2021}} N'afọ 2020, Adichie bipụtara ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' na mbipụta maka ụmụaka, nke Leire Salaberria sere.{{sfn|''Diario de Sevilla''|2020}} E nyere ikike maka ntụgharị ya maka mbipụta na asụsụ Croatian, French, Korean, Portuguese, na Spanish.{{sfn|''Foreign Rights Catalog''|2021|p=109}} O kwuru okwu isi okwu na 2020 {{ill|Congreso Futuro|es}} (Ọgbakọ Ọdịnihu) na [[Santiago]], Chile.{{sfn|Espinoza Cárdenas|2020}} Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'emume akwụkwọ mba ụwa nke Reykjavik nke afọ 2021 nke emere na sinima {{lang|is|Háskólbíó}} na [[Mahadum nke Iceland]], ma kwuo okwu ahụ bụ "In Pursuit of Joy: On Storytelling, Feminism, and Changing My Mind".{{sfn|''RIKK''|2021}} Na 30 Nọvemba 2022, Adichie kwuru okwu mbụ n'ime [[BBC]] nke afọ 2022 [[Reith Lectures]], nke sitere n'okwu [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] nke "[[Four Freedoms]]" kpaliri.{{sfn|BBC Radio|2022}} Adichie ji otu afọ na ọkara rụọ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya nke ụmụ ya, ''[[Mama's Sleeping Scarf]]'', nke e dere na 2019 ma bipụta ya na 2023 site na ya. [[HarperCollins]] n'okpuru aha njirimara "Nwa Grace na James".{{efn|Aha njirimara "Nwa Grace na James" bụ nraranye Adichie nyere ndị mụrụ ya, dịka Nwa pụtara "child" n'asụsụ bekee.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2022}}{{sfn|Ibeh|2022}}}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2022}} Ihe osise maka akwụkwọ a bụ nke Joelle Avelino, onye di mba Congo na Angola.{{sfn|Ibeh|2022}} N'afọ 2025, Adichie bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[Dream Count]]'', nke bụ akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị anọ si Africa, bụ ndị ndụ ha na-ejikọta ọnụ ka ha na-eche ihu ịhụnanya, mfu, na ntachi obi n'ofe Naịjirịa na Amerịka.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cummins |first=Anthony |date=2 Maachị 2025 |title=Dream Count nke Chimamanda Ngozi Nyocha Adichie - mkparịta ụka doro anya na ndị enyi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/02/dream-count-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-review-candid-conversations-with-friends |access-date=8 Maachị 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Mgbe ewepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a, Adichie malitere njem nleta ụlọ na Naịjirịa, yana mmemme ndị dị mkpa emere na Lagos (June 27), Abuja (Julaị 3), na Enugu (Julaị 5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Njem Nrọ Adichie nke Ịlaghachi n'Ụlọ: Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Foto |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/08/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-dream-count-homecoming-tour-a-photo-diary/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}</ref> Dịka akụkụ nke njem ya, Adichie jere ozi dị ka ọkà okwu dị mkpa na [[Things Fall Apart Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Egbejule |first=Eromo |last2=Chijioke |first2=Arinze |date=2025-07-09 |title=‘Anyị ga-adị n'otu’: Mkpu Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie na emume akwụkwọ Naịjirịa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/jul/09/we-must-unite-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigerian-literature-festival-igbo-culture |access-date=2026-07-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Adeduyite |first=Okiki |date=2025-05-14 |title=Chimamanda Adichie ga-abụ isi okwu maka emume Things Fall Apart nke 2025 na Enugu |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-to-headline-2025-things-fall-apart-festival-in-enugu/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụdị na isiokwu == === Ụdị ide ihe === Adichie ji ma Igbo ma Bekee mee ihe n'ọrụ ya,{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|pages=73–74}} yana ahịrịokwu Igbo e gosiri na italics, wee soro ya na ntụgharị Bekee.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|page=78}} Ọ na-eji ihe atụ iji kpalite ahụmịhe mmetụta uche,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=296}} dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbịbịa nke eze iji maa ndị ọchịchị na ndị ndú okpukpe aka na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na-anọchite anya [[Palm Sunday]].{{sfn|Dube|2019|page=225}} Ojiji ya nke asụsụ na-ezo aka na ''[[Things Fall Apart]]'' nke Achebe na-akpọku ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ncheta ọrụ ya.{{sfn|Dube|2019|pages=226–227}} N'otu aka ahụ, aha Kambili, agwa dị na ''Purple Hibiscus'', na-akpọ "{{lang|ig|i biri ka m biri}}" ("Dị Ndụ ma Ka Ndụ"), aha egwu nke onye egwu Igbo [[Oliver De Coque]].{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=7}} Iji kọwaa ọnọdụ tupu agha na mgbe agha gasịrị, ọ na-esi n'ezi ihe gaa n'ọkacha njọ dịka a hụrụ na ''Half of a Yellow Sun'', ebe otu n'ime ndị agwa ya malitere site n'imepe friji wee hụ oroma, biya, na "ọkụkọ na-egbuke egbuke". Ndị a dị iche na nke e mesịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe otu n'ime ndị agwa ya nwụrụ n'ihi agụụ, a manyekwara ndị ọzọ iri àkwá na ngwere ntụ ntụ.{{sfn|Mbah|2015|page=352}} Adichie na-ejikarị ebe ndị dị adị na ndị ama ama akụkọ ihe mere eme dọta ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'akụkọ ya.{{sfn|Ejikeme|2017|p=312}} N'ịmepụta agwa, Adichie na-ejikarị echiche ya eme ihe iji tụnyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala ọdịnala na nke ọdịda anyanwụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=295}} Akụkọ ya na-egosikarị omenala ndị dara ada, ọkachasị ndị na-ahapụ agwa ya n'ọnọdụ dị njọ n'etiti nhọrọ ọjọọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=305}} Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-emepụta agwa dị ka [[archetype]] nke akụkụ ụfọdụ nke omume omenala iji mepụta [[Foil (akụkọ)|foil]] maka agwa dị mgbagwoju anya karị.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=297}} ==== Omenala ndi Igbo ==== Adichie na-enye ndị odide ya aha a na-akpọkarị maka agbụrụ e bu n'obi, dịka [[Muhammad (aha)|Mohammed]] maka agwa Alakụba.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|pages=5–6}} Maka ndị Igbo, ọ na-emepụta aha ndị na-egosi omenala aha Igbo ma na-egosipụta àgwà, àgwà, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|pages=2–3}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'', aha agwa ahụ bụ Ọlanna pụtara n'ezie "Ọlaedo Chineke", mana Nwankwọ na-ekwu na "ọla" pụtara ihe dị oke ọnụ ahịa ebe "nna" pụtara Chineke nna ma ọ bụ nne na nna.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=5}} Site n'ịhapụ aha Igbo a ma ama, Adichie na-eme ka ndị odide ya nwee ọtụtụ agbụrụ, okike na ọtụtụ, zuru ụwa ọnụ. personas.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=3}} Ọ naghị eji aha Bekee eme ihe maka agwa Afrịka mana, mgbe ọ na-eme ya, ọ bụ ngwaọrụ iji gosipụta àgwà ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|p=4}} Adichie jiri ihe osise sitere na ọdịnala ọnụ Igbo mee ihe iji gosipụta eziokwu n'ụdị [[akụkọ ifo akụkọ ihe mere eme]].{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|pages=18–19}} Ọ na-emebi omenala n'ụzọ dị iche na akwụkwọ ọdịnala Afrịka, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ anaghị anọghị na Naịjirịa [[Canon (ụkpụrụ bụ isi)|akwụkwọ edemede]],{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=77}} na a na-elegharakarị ndị inyom anya ma ọ bụ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nkwado maka ndị ikom na-etinye aka na ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba nke obodo ahụ.{{sfn|Vanzanten|2015|pages=87–88}} Ụdị ejiji ya na-elekwasịkarị anya na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike ma na-agbakwụnye echiche nwoke na nwanyị na isiokwu ndị ndị edemede ndị ọzọ nyochaburu, dị ka ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị, okpukperechi, na mmekọrịta ike.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=80}}{{sfn|Vanzanten|2015|page=90}} Adichie na-ekewakarị ndị odide n'ime klaasị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji gosipụta enweghị nghọtahie na usoro ọdịnala.{{sfn|Ndula|2017|pp=32}}{{sfn|Sharobeem|2015|p=26}} Site n'iji akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị odide nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọha mmadụ, dịka ọ na-ekwughachi n'okwu TED ya, "Ihe Ize Ndụ nke Akụkọ Otu", ọ na-ezipụ ozi na enweghị otu eziokwu gbasara ihe gara aga.{{sfn|Ejikeme|2017|p=309}} Adichie na-agba ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha mata ọrụ nke ha nye ibe ha, na ikpe na-ezighị ezi dị n'ụwa.{{sfn|Carotenuto|2017|p=173}} Ọkà mmụta Naịjirịa bụ Stanley Ordu na-akọwa echiche nwanyị Adichie dị ka [[Nwanyị|onye na-achọ ụmụ nwanyị]] n'ihi na nyocha ya banyere usoro nna ochie gafere mmeso mmekọahụ megide ụmụ nwanyị na [[Misandry|onye na-achọghị nwoke]], kama ile anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. na nsogbu agbụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu iji lanarị ma soro ụmụ nwoke na-arụkọ ọrụ.{{sfn|Ordu|2021|pp=61–63}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Purple Hibiscus'', agwa Anti Ifeoma na-egosi echiche nwanyị site n'ime ka ndị ezinụlọ niile rụọ ọrụ dịka otu na nkwenye, ka e wee jiri talent onye ọ bụla mee ihe ruo n'ókè kachasị elu ha nwere.{{sfn|Ordu|2021|p=70}} N'ọrụ ya dịka ide ihe na ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha, Adichie tinyere ihe ọchị, ma jiri okwu [[anecdote]]s, okwu njakịrị na okwu mkparị mee ka otu echiche pụta ìhè.{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}}{{sfn|Anthony|2023}} Adichie etolitela echiche [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanist]] nke oge a gbasara okwu gbasara okike, na-ebelata mmasị n'ụzọ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ si ahụ Afrịka ma na-enwekwu mmasị n'otú Afrịka si ahụ onwe ya.{{sfn|Dabiri|2015}} === Isiokwu di iche iche === N'ime mkparịta ụka Adichie na onye edemede Kenya [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] na 2011, o kwuru na isi ihe dị n'ọrụ ya bụ ịhụnanya.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=111}} Site n'iji arụmụka ndị inyom "[[Onye ahụ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]]", ịhụnanya n'ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakarị site na njirimara omenala, njirimara onwe onye na ọnọdụ mmadụ, na otu esemokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si emetụta atọ ahụ.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=112}} Adichie na-enyochakarị njikọ nke klaasị, omenala, okike, (mgbe-) ọchịchị alaeze ukwu gasịrị, ike, agbụrụ na okpukperechi.{{sfn|Dube|2019|page=222}} Ọgụ bụ isiokwu kachasị mkpa n'akwụkwọ ndị Afrịka,{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=76}} ọrụ ya na-agbaso omenala ahụ site n'inyocha ezinụlọ, obodo, na mmekọrịta.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=79–80}} Nnyocha ya gafere esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgba maka ikike, ma na-enyochakarị ụmụ mmadụ.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=90}} Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya na-ekwu maka otu ndị odide ya si eme ka ha na ndị nwere mwute dị na ndụ ha{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=84}} na otu ha si agbanwe site n'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị olu na ndị na-enweghị olu gaa n'inwe ike onwe ha na inwe ike ịkọ akụkọ nke ha.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=85–86}} Ọrụ Adichie na-enyochakarị njirimara omenala,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|p=295}} karịsịa njirimara Igbo nke na-eme emume asụsụ Igbo na [[omenala Igbo|omenala]], ma na-egosi ịhụnanya mba Afrịka, n'ozuzu ya.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|p=74}} Ide ihe ya bụ mkparịta ụka ebumnobi ya na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, ebumnuche iweghachite ùgwù na mmadụ nke ndị Afrịka.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|p=111}} Isi okwu na-emegharị n'ọrụ Adichie bụ Agha Biafra. Agha ahụ bụ "oge doro anya" n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe ọchịchị Naịjirịa gasịrị, inyocha esemokwu ahụ na-egosi ụzọ e si hazie njirimara mba ahụ. ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'', ọrụ ya dị mkpa n'agha ahụ, na-egosi etu amụma, nrụrụ aka, nkwenye okpukpe na esemokwu si mee ka a chụpụ ndị Igbo wee manye ha ịbanyeghachi na mba ahụ.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=79}}{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}} Ihe abụọ a mere nwere ihe si na ya pụta, Adichie na-egosikwa agha ahụ dị ka ọnyá na-agwọbeghị n'ihi na ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anaghị achọ idozi nsogbu ndị kpalitere ya.{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=3}} Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka pụtara ọzọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Adichie iji gosi mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ n'ịzụlite mmụọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma gosipụta mkpali nke [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-African psychology]] na ọchịchọ maka nnwere onwe na ''Half of a Yellow Sun''. Ọ pụtara na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na ''Americanah'' dị ka ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eguzogide ọchịchị aka ike site na [[nnupụisi obodo]] na [[Mkpesa|nkwenye]].{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=20}} Mahadum ahụ na-akụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ọchịchị ma na-emepụta ụzọ isi lụso mgbagwoju anya ya ọgụ site na [[ihe ọmụma ọdịnala|ihe ọmụma ndị obodo]],{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=21}} site n'ịghọta na akwụkwọ ndị ọchịchị na-akọ naanị akụkụ nke akụkọ ahụ ma na-ebelata onyinye ndị Africa.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=22}} Adichie gosipụtara nke a na ''Ọkara Anyanwụ Odo'', mgbe onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ {{lang|ig|Odenigbo|italics=no}}, kọwara nwa okorobịa ya n'ụlọ, {{lang|ig|Ugwu|italics=no}}, na ọ ga-amụta n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na [[Niger] otu nwoke ọcha aha ya bụ [[Mungo Park (onye na-enyocha)|Mungo Park]] chọtara Osimiri]], ọ bụ ezie na ndị obodo ahụ azụọla azụ̀ n'osimiri ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ. Agbanyeghị, Odenigbo dọrọ Ugwu aka ná ntị na, ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ banyere nchọpụta Park bụ ụgha, ọ ghaghị iji azịza na-ezighi ezi mee ihe ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-ada ule ya.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|page=21}} Ọrụ Adichie gbasara [[ndị Africa bi na mba ọzọ]] na-enyocha isiokwu nke ịbụ onye otu, mgbanwe na ịkpa ókè mgbe niile.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=296}} A na-egosikarị nke a dị ka agụụ imekọ ihe ọnụ ma a na-egosipụta ya site na ndị odide na-agbanwe aha ha,{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=297}} isiokwu a na-ahụkarị na akụkọ ifo Adiche, nke na-egosi ihu abụọ.{{sfn|Tunca|2010|pages=299–300}} Site n'iji isiokwu nke mbata na ọpụpụ, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta mkparịta ụka gbasara otu esi agbanwe echiche na njirimara nke ndị odide ya site na ibi na mba ọzọ na izute omenala dị iche iche.{{sfn|Bragg|2017|p=130}} N'ime "Dear Ijeawele ma ọ bụ A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions" ọ tụlere isiokwu njirimara nke na-apụta na "Purple Hibiscus"', "Half of a Yellow Sun"', na "The Thing Around Your Neck" dịka echiche efu nke ọdịdị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ntutu isi ha na ihe ha na-eme.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=1–2}} "Dear Ijeawele" na-emesi ike mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iji aha ndị Africa eme ihe,{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=2–3}} ịjụ [[Mkpawa dabere na agba akpụkpọ ahụ|agba]],{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=3–4}} na-egosipụta nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'otú ha si eyi ntutu isi ha (gụnyere ịjụ ịchọ ịmata ihe gbasara ya){{sfn|Sebola|2022|p=5}} na izere [[commodification]], dị ka ule alụmdi na nwunye, nke Na-ebelata uru nwanyị gaa na nke ihe nrite, na-ahụ naanị uru ya dị ka nwunye nwoke.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|p=6}} Ndị inyom ya na-ajụkarị ka a kọwaa ha site na echiche ndị na-adịghị mma ma na-achọ ike ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Sebola|2022|pp=6–7}} Ọrụ Adichie na-ekwukarị banyere nchọpụta ezinụlọ n'etiti ọgbọ dị iche iche, na-enye ya ohere inyocha ahụmịhe dị iche iche nke mmegbu na nnwere onwe. Na ''Purple Hibiscus'' na "[[Onye Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme Isi]]", Adichie lere isiokwu ndị a anya site na iji ezinụlọ dị ka obere ihe nnọchianya nke ime ihe ike.{{sfn|Egbunike|2017|p=26}} Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị, ma n'ime mmekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye nna ochie na n'èzí alụmdi na nwunye, bụ isiokwu Adichie na-ejikarị enyocha mgbagwoju anya na ókèala ịhụnanya. Ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka nwoke idina nwoke n'ihe gbasara alụmdi na nwunye n'akụkọ dịka "Transition to Glory", na isiokwu ndị a machibidoro iwu dịka mmetụta ịhụnanya maka ndị ụkọchukwu na "Purple Hibiscus", yana ịrata enyi nwoke enyi ya na "Light Skin". Ịpụ nwa,{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=81}} ịbụ nne na nsogbu nke ịbụ nwanyị bụ isiokwu ndị na-apụta ìhè n'ọrụ Adichie, a na-enyochakwa ha mgbe niile n'ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, [[nna nna]], na atụmanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.{{sfn|Hewett|2005|p=80}}{{sfn|Roifah|2021|p=179}}{{sfn|Daniels|2022|p=54}} Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'akụkọ dị mkpirikpi "Zikora", ọ na-ekwu maka akụkụ ndị dị ndụ, omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịghọ nne na atụmanya ndị a na-atụ anya n'aka ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Roifah|2021|p=179}} Akụkọ ahụ na-enyocha ọdịda nke mgbochi ime na afọ ime a na-atụghị anya ya, ịhapụ onye òtù ọlụlụ ya, ịbụ nne na-alụbeghị di, nrụgide mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu njirimara Zikora, na mmetụta dị iche iche ọ na-enwe gbasara ịghọ onye nne.{{sfn|Roifah|2021|pp=182–183}} Isiokwu ndị na-apụtakarị bụ mgbaghara na aghụghọ, dịka ọ dị na ''Ọkara Anyanwụ Odo'', mgbe Olanna gbaghaara onye hụrụ ya n'anya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi, ma ọ bụ mkpebi Ifemelu ikewapụ onwe ya na enyi ya nwoke na ''Americanah''.{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=112}} Nnyocha Adichie banyere agha na-eme ka a mata otú akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ọ bụla si eme ihe ike na ọ dịghị akụkụ ọ bụla na-ata ụta maka ime ihe ike na-apụta. Akụkọ ya na-egosi na ihe ọmụma na nghọta nke klaasị na agbụrụ dị iche iche dị mkpa iji mepụta obodo dị iche iche nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche.{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}} Ụdị ime ihe ike ndị ọzọ bụ isiokwu ugboro ugboro na ''Purple Hibiscus'', ''Ọkara nke Anyanwụ Odo'' na ''Ihe Gbara Olu Gị'';{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=5}}{{sfn|Hewett|2005|pp=79–80}} isiokwu ndị a na-egosi ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma ọ bụ mmetụta na ngosipụta n'ime ọha mmadụ nke iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.{{sfn|Carotenuto|2017|p=173}} == Echiche == === Ejiji === [[File:Ms. magazine Cover - Summer 2014.jpg|thumb|alt=Front cover of a print magazine|Adichie on the cover of ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]'' in 2014]] Adichie, n'isiokwu e dere na 2014 maka ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'',{{sfn|Adichie|2014}} dere na "ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ka a na-ewere ha nke ọma kwesịrị igosi na ha dị mkpa site n'enweghị mmasị n'ọdịdị ha."{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=411}} Dịka o si kwuo, echiche ndị ọdịda anyanwụ dị iche na otú e si zụlite ya na Naịjirịa ebe nlebara anya mmadụ na ejiji na-adabere na oke ùgwù na nsọpụrụ ọha mmadụ ga-enye ya.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=216}} O kwuru na a na-ekpe ndị mmadụ ikpe otú ha si eyi uwe.{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=412}} N'ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịma mma, ejiji, ụdị na enweghị nha anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Adichie malitere ịkwado [[ahụ dị mma]] dị ka ụzọ isi nweta [[Agency (sociology)|agency]].{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=216}}{{sfn|Mannur|2017|p=412}} Agụnyere Adichie na ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''{{'}}s 2016 [[International Best Wressing Hall of Fame List|International Best-Wered List]], ma kpọọ [[Michelle Obama]] dị ka onye a ma ama n'ụdị ejiji ya.{{sfn|''Vanity Fair''|2016|p=144}}{{sfn|Safronova|2016}} N'afọ ahụ, [[Maria Grazia Chiuri]], onye nduzi okike nwanyị mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ejiji French [[Dior]], gosipụtara na nchịkọta mbụ ya uwe elu T-shirt nwere aha okwu TED nke Adichie, "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ihe Niile Ndị Na-eme Ihe Banyere Ụmụ Nwanyị".{{sfn|Brockes|2017}}{{sfn|Medrano|2016}} O juru Adichie anya mgbe ọ matara na Dior enwebeghị nwanyị na-achị ngalaba ihe okike ya ma kweta ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Chiuri, onye kpọrọ ya òkù dịka onye ọbịa a na-asọpụrụ ka ọ nọdụ n'ahịrị ihu nke ihe ngosi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2016 [[Izu Ejiji Paris]].{{sfn|Medrano|2016}}{{sfn|Brockes|2017}}{{sfn|Ryan|2017}} Ọkà mmụta Matthew Lecznar kwuru na Adichie na-amakarị echiche ndị na-adịghị mma gbasara ụmụ nwanyị aka site na ntụnyere na ejiji. O kwuru na ikwe ka Dior gosipụta ederede ya bụ ụzọ dị mma isi jiri ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche zie ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kamakwa ịzụlite aha ya dị ka "ihe ngosi transmedia" nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ ọgụgụ isi, akwụkwọ na ejiji.{{sfn|Lecznar|2017|p=168}} Ọ ghọrọ ihu nke [[Boots (ụlọ ọrụ)#Nke. 7 Protect & Perfect Intense Beauty Serum|Nke 7]], ngalaba ihe ịchọ mma nke ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ Britain [[Boots (ụlọ ọrụ)|Boots]].{{sfn|Weatherford|2016}} N'ozi Facebook ya nke afọ 2016 nke akpọrọ ''Dear Ijeawele, ma ọ bụ Ihe ngosi ụmụ nwanyị n'ime aro iri na ise'', Adichie rụrụ ụka na ibelata ịdị mma nwanyị na ngosipụta ya site na ejiji na etemeete bụ "akụkụ nke omenala nke ịkpa oke mmekọahụ".{{sfn|Safronova|2016}} Na 8 Mee 2017, Adichie kwupụtara mkpọsa "Wear Nigerian" ya na ibe Facebook ya.{{sfn|Idowu|2017}}{{sfn|Hobdy|2020}} O hiwere akaụntụ [[Instagram]] nke ụmụnne ya nwanyị Chisom na Amaka jisiri ike,{{sfn|Idowu|2017}} wee nweta ihe dị ka 600,000 Ndị na-eso ụzọ.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=218}} Dịka Adichie si kwuo, ebumnuche ya bụ inyere aka chebe ihe nketa omenala Naịjirịa site n'igosipụta ụdị ọrụ aka na ojiji nke usoro, ihe na ákwà ọhụrụ e ji aka rụọ nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na Naịjirịa na-eji.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=217}} O meriri [[Shorty Awards|Shorty Award]] na 2018 maka mkpọsa ahụ,{{sfn|Agbo|2018a}} na na 2019 ahọpụtara ya dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ga-apụta na mkpuchi nke ''[[British Vogue]]'' na mbipụta nke onye ọbịa deziri nke [[Meghan, Duchess nke Sussex]].{{sfn|''The Irish Times''|2019}} Na mkparịta ụka 2021 na [[Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus]] ya na onye bụbu Chancellor nke Germany, [[Angela Merkel]], na ndị nta akụkọ [[Miriam Meckel]] na [[Léa Steinacker]], Adichie kwuru na ọ na-ejikarị ejiji akụziri ndị mmadụ gbasara ụdịdị dị iche iche.{{sfn|Gopalakrishnan|2021}} === Nkwerechi === Ọ bụ ezie na a zụlitere Adichie dịka [[Ụka Katọlik|Katọlik]], ọ na-ewere echiche ya, ọkachasị ndị gbasara echiche ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka ihe na-emegide okpukperechi ya mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raised Catholic |url=https://www.chimamanda.com/external_articles/raised-catholic/ |access-date=3 Maachị 2026 |website=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ka esemokwu okpukperechi bilitere na Naịjirịa n'etiti Ndị Kraịst na Ndị Alakụba na 2012, ọ gbara ndị ndu ume ka ha kwusaa ozi udo na ịdị n'otu.{{sfn|Shariatmadari|2012}} Adichie kwuru na mmekọrịta ya na Katọlik dị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi na ọ na-amata omenala dịka Katọlik, mana ọ na-eche na ilekwasị anya na ego na ikpe ọmụma nke Chọọchị adabaghị na ụkpụrụ ya.{{sfn|Augoye|2021}} Na mmemme 2017 na [[Mahadum Georgetown]], o kwuru na ọdịiche dị n'echiche dị n'etiti ndị Katọlik na Ndị ndu [[Church Mission Society]] kpatara nkewa n'obodo Naịjirịa n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nakwa na ọ hapụrụ chọọchị ahụ n'oge e mere emume nhọpụta nke [[Pope Benedict XVI]] na 2005.{{sfn|Pongsajapan|2017}} O kwetara na ozizi [[Pope Francis]], onye a họpụtara na 2013, na ọmụmụ nwa ya nwanyị na 2016 dọtara ya azụ n'okpukpe Katọlik ma kpalie mkpebi ya ịzụlite nwa ya dị ka onye Katọlik.{{sfn|Pongsajapan|2017}} Ka ọ na-erule 2021, Adichie kwuru na ya bụ [[Onye Kraịst aha ya bụ onye Katọlik]] ma na-aga naanị [[Mass n'ime Chọọchị Katọlik|Mass]] mgbe ọ hụrụ [[Onye Kraịst na-aga n'ihu|obodo na-aga n'ihu]] nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ụmụ mmadụ. O mere ka o doo anya na "Echere m na m bụ onye na-enweghị ike ịmata ihe dị na ya ma na-ajụ ajụjụ".{{sfn|Augoye|2021}} N'afọ ahụ, e bipụtara echiche ya gbasara akwụkwọ ozi Pope Francis ''[[Fratelli tutti]]'' n'asụsụ Itali na mbipụta nke ise nke ọnwa Julaị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Vatican ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]''.{{sfn|Sarr|2021}}{{sfn|Adichie|2021}} N'isiokwu ya nke afọ 2021 bụ "{{lang|it|Sognare come un'unica umanità|italics=no}}" ("Ịrọ nrọ dị ka mmadụ na-alụbeghị di"), Adichie chetara na a na-akatọ ya n'olili nne ya maka ịkatọ ilekwasị anya na Chọọchị n'ego, mana o kwetakwara na emume Katọlik nyere ya nkasi obi n'oge iru újú ya.{{sfn|Sarr|2021}} === Ikike nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke === Adichie bụ onye na-akwado [[ikike LGBT na Afrịka]] ma na-akwado [[ikike LGBT na Naịjirịa]].{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=818}}{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} Mgbe Naịjirịa tinyere iwu megidere nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na 2014, ọ so n'ime ndị edemede Naịjirịa jụrụ iwu ahụ, na-akpọ ya ihe megidere iwu, ikpe na-ezighị ezi na "ihe dị ịtụnanya nye mba nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu n'ezie". O kwuru na ndị toro eto na-egosi ibe ha ịhụnanya emerụghị ọha mmadụ ahụ, kama na iwu ahụ "ga-eduga na mpụ ime ihe ike".{{sfn|Useni|2014}} Adichie bụ ezigbo enyi na onye edemede Kenya [[Binyavanga Wainaina]] onye pụtara n'ihu ọha na 2014.{{sfn|Malec|2017}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2019}} Onye edemede Bernard Dayo kwuru na [[ihe ọmụma]] Adichie gwara Wainaina na 2019 dọtara mmụọ nke "onye na-akwado LGBTQ [nke] ụwa akwụkwọ Africa ebe a ka na-emeso nwoke idina nwoke dị ka echiche dị nro."{{sfn|Dayo|2019}} === Ntinye nwoke na nwanyị site na nwoke === Kemgbe afọ 2017, Adichie na-akparịta ụka n'ihu ọha mgbe ụfọdụ gbasara okwu gbasara transgender, ụfọdụ na-ebokwa ya ebubo na ọ bụ [[transphobia]].{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} N'ajụjụ ọnụ [[Channel 4]] nke afọ 2017, Adichie kwuru na ahụmịhe nke nwanyị "biri ndụ dịka nwoke, nwere ihe ùgwù ụwa nyere ụmụ nwoke" abụghị otu ahụmịhe ahụ dịka "nwanyị nke, site na mbido, biri n'ụwa dịka nwanyị".{{sfn|Ring|2022}}{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} N'ihe o dere na Facebook, o dere na ụmụ nwanyị transgender na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ dị iche, mmadụ nwekwara ike ikweta ọdịiche ndị ahụ na-enweghị imebi ma ọ bụ belata ahụmịhe ndụ nke otu ọ bụla.{{sfn|Crockett|2017}} O mesiri ike na a na-eme ka ụmụ agbọghọ na-akpakọrịta n'ụzọ ndị na-emebi uru onwe ha, nke nwere mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide ná ndụ ha niile, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-erite uru site na uru nke ihe ùgwù nwoke, tupu mgbanwe.{{sfn|Crockett|2017}}{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=820}} Esemokwu ahụ pụtara ọzọ na 2020 mgbe Adichie kwupụtara nkwado maka [[J. Edemede K. Rowling]] gbasara okike na mmekọahụ, mgbe ọ kpọrọ ya "ihe ezi uche dị na ya" n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain, ''The Guardian''.{{sfn|Allardice|2020}}{{sfn|Okafor|2020}} Ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ kpalitere mmeghachi omume [[Twitter]] site n'aka ndị nkatọ echiche ya, nke gụnyere onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na otu n'ime [[Ọrụ Ndị Odee (ọrụ)|Ọrụ Ide Ihe]] nke Adichie, [[Akwaeke Emezi]].{{sfn|Akhabau|2020}}{{sfn|Okafor|2020}} Na nzaghachi, Adichie dere "Ọ Bụ Ihe Ọjọọ: Echiche Eziokwu n'Akụkụ Atọ" wee biputere ya na weebụsaịtị ya na June 2021, na-akatọ ojiji nke mgbasa ozi ọha iji kwupụta mkpesa.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2021b}}{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} Ihe ndị a N'ọnwa, ụmụ akwụkwọ obodo LGBT na [[Mahadum Cape Town]], South Africa, jụrụ ikwu okwu ihu ọha ya n'ogige ha.{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=354}} Adichie kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na [[Otosirieze Obi-Young]] na Septemba na "ihe mwute dị ukwuu" maka mmeghachi omume ahụ nakwa na n'oge esemokwu ahụ, ọ gụrụ ihe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ na isiokwu trans iji nyere ya aka ịghọta ihe na-eme.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Na ngwụcha afọ 2022, Adichie nwetara nkatọ ọzọ maka echiche ya mgbe ọ gbasịrị ajụjụ ọnụ ọzọ na "The Guardian" mgbe ọ sịrị, "Ya mere, onye yiri nwanne m nwoke—ọ na-asị, 'Abụ m nwanyị', wee banye n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụmụ nwanyị, otu nwanyị wee sị, 'Ị gaghị anọ ebe a', ọ nọkwa "Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-akpọ mmadụ asị?"{{sfn|Ring|2022}}{{sfn|Williams|2022}}{{sfn|Baska|2022}} Magazin ahụ ''[[PinkNews]]'' kwuru na Adichie "anaghị enwe mmetụta" nakwa na ọ na-eji "okwu ọjọọ".{{sfn|Baska|2022}} Ọkammụta Cheryl Stobie kwuru na Adichie kwadoro "echiche nkewa nke okike".{{sfn|Stobie|2021|p=355}} Onye nchọpụta B. Camminga kwuru na aha Adichie mere ka okwu ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị trans na-akpọ mmadụ asị dịkwuo elu ma mechie olu ụmụ nwanyị Africa ndị ọzọ, ma ndị trans na ndị cis, ọnụ.{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=819}} == Ndụ nkeonwe == Adichie bụ onye ụka [[Katọlik]].{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Na nwata, ya na ezinaulo ya na-eje ụka na St. Paul, Abba.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} Ọ bi na mba Amerika{{sfn|Pearce|2017}} ma nwekwa ụlọ na Naijiria.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} N'afọ 2009, ọ lụrụ Ivara Esege.{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Ha nwere ụmụ atọ; amụrụ nwa ha nwanyị n'afọ 2016,{{sfn|Chutel|2016}} ya na ejima nwoke n'afọ 2024 site na ụzọ surrogacy dịka Adichie si kwuo n'ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ''[[The Guardian]]'' jụrụ ya.{{sfn|Edwardes|2025}}{{sfn|Lee|2025}} Otu n'ime ejima ahụ nke aha ya bụ Nkanu Nnamdi nwụrụ na 7 January 2026 mgbe ọ dị ọnwa 21, mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa.{{sfn|Ige|2026}}{{sfn|Glynn|2026}} Adichie kwuru ihe kpatara ọnwụ nwa ya nwoke bụ nleghara anya ahụike nke ụlọọgwụ Euracare dị na Lagos, ebe anabatara Nkanu. Akụkụ nke nleghara anya ahụ, dịka ya si kwuo, gụnyere ịjụ ikuku, na ime ka nwatakịrị ahụ daa jụụ nke butere [[njide obi]]. N'agbanyeghi ulọọgwụ ahụ gosiri mwute ha na-eje onwu nwa Adichie nọ, ha ekwetaghi ebubo ndị ahụ.{{sfn|Okafor|2026}} A malitere nnyocha gbasara ọnwụ Nkanu na 14 Eprel 2026.{{sfn|Ewokor|2026}} Emesịri kwụsị ya bụ nyocha n'ihi ntinye aka nke aatụghị anya ya sitere n'aka ọkaiwu ukwu nke Steeti Lagos.{{sfn|Oduah|2026}} Na 2 Mee 2015, a tọọrọ nna Adichie ma mesịa tọhapụ ya ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.{{sfn|Lee|2015}} Nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa n'afọ 2020 ebe nne ya, n'oge ọrịa [[COVID-19]],{{sfn|Broom|2021}} nwụrụ n'afo 2021.{{sfn|''This Day''|2021}} == Ihe ncheta == === Mmetụta oha === [[Larissa MacFarquhar]] nke ''The New Yorker'' kwuru na Adichie "a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mkpa na nke mbụ n'ọgbọ ya".{{sfn|MacFarquhar|2018}} Asụgharịala ọrụ ya n'ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.{{sfn|Luckett|2018|p=155}} Obi-Young Otosirieze kwuru n'akụkọ mkpuchi ya gbasara Adichie maka magazin Naịjirịa ''[[Open Country Mag]]'' na Septemba 2021, na "akwụkwọ akụkọ ya... mebiri mgbidi n'akwụkwọ mbipụta. ''Purple Hibiscus'' gosiri na e nwere ahịa mba ụwa maka akụkọ ifo ndị Africa mgbe Achebe gasịrị [na] ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' gosiri na ahịa ahụ nwere ike ichebara akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị Africa echiche".{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}} N'isiokwu mbụ e bipụtara na ''[[Brittle Paper]]'', o kwuru na ''Half of a Yellow Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sun''{{'}}s wepụtara na 2006 rere mkpụrụ 500,000, ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa maka akwụkwọ, tupu Ọktoba 2009 na UK naanị.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2017}} Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ 'Americanah' rere mkpụrụ 500,000 na US n'ime afọ abụọ nke ewepụtara ya na 2013.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2017}}{{sfn|Germain|2015}} {{Ruo|2022}}, "The Danger of a Single Story" enwetala ihe karịrị nde 27.{{sfn|Kumolu|2022}} Ruo 1 Septemba 2023, okwu ahụ bụ otu n'ime mkparịta ụka TED 25 kachasị elele n'oge niile.{{sfn|Assheton|2023}} Dịka Lisa Allardice, onye nta akụkọ na-ede maka ''The Guardian'', Adichie si kwuo. ghọrọ "nwa agbọghọ mara mma maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a mgbe okwu TED Talk ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ 'Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Nwanyị' batara n'ọkwa dị iche iche ma kesaa ya n'ụdị akwụkwọ nye ụmụaka niile dị afọ 16 na Sweden".{{sfn|Allardice|2020}} Adichie aghọọla "onye ama ama n'ụwa niile maka ụmụ nwanyị" na "onye na-eche echiche ọha" dịka onye nta akụkọ Lauren Alix Brown si kwuo.{{sfn|Brown|2017}} Akụkụ nke okwu TEDx nke Adichie bụ́ "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Nwanyị" ka e tinyere n'abụ "[[Flawless (Abụ Beyoncé)|Flawless]]" nke [[Beyoncé]] dere na 13 Disemba 2013.{{sfn|Kiene|2016}} Adichie kwuru okwu megide ndị nkatọ bụ́ ndị mechara jụọ onye ọbụ abụ ahụ akwụkwọ ikike ịbụ onye inyom n'ihi na ọ na-eji mmekọahụ ya "eme ka anya nwoke na nwoke dị mma". N'ịgbachitere Beyoncé, Adichie kwuru, sị: "Onye ọ bụla kwuru na ha bụ ndị inyom nwere ọbara ọbara."{{sfn|Danielle|2014}} Ọkà mmụta Matthew Lecznar kwuru na ọkwa Adichie dị ka "otu n'ime ndị edemede na ndị inyom nwere ọtụtụ ihe a ma ama n'oge a" nyere ya ohere iji onye ama ama ya "gosipụta ike nke uwe ma nye ndị mmadụ ike site na ọnọdụ dị iche iche ịnakwere [ejiji]... nke nwere ihe niile metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke njirimara".{{sfn|Lecznar|2017|p=169}} Ndị ọkà mmụta Floriana Bernardi na Enrica Picarelli kwuru na nkwado ya maka ụlọ ọrụ ejiji Naịjirịa nyere aka itinye Naịjirịa "n'ihu" n'ime mmegharị iji ejiji dị ka usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama n'ụwa niile nke inye ike.{{sfn|Bernardi|Picarelli|2022|p=220}} [[Toyin Falola]], prọfesọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nyocha nke agụmakwụkwọ na Naịjirịa, katọrọ amụma nke ibuli ndị ọkà mmụta elu n'oge. O kwuru na agụmakwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ, kwesịrị ịma aka n'iwu na usoro iji mee ka nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ amaala na gọọmentị sikwuo ike. O tụrụ aro ka a na-elekwasị anya site n'ịkwado ndị ọkà mmụta bụ ndị na-emetụta ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ gaa n'ịkwado ndị ọkà mmụta na-eji nkà ha enyere steeti aka ma na-eje ozi dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ nye ndị ntorobịa Naịjirịa. Adichie so n'ime ndị o chere na ha ruru eru dị ka "ndị dike nwere ọgụgụ isi", bụ ndị "kwalitere ókè nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze".{{sfn|Olaopa|2022}} [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - mural Ciudad Lineal (cropped).jpg|thumb|287x287px|Adichie on the [[Concepción Feminist Mural]] in [[Madrid]], Spain]] E tinyere akwụkwọ Adichie nke akpọrọ "Half of a Yellow Sun" n'ime [[Half of a Yellow Sun (fim)|fim nke otu aha ahụ]] nke [[Biyi Bandele]] duziri na 2013.{{sfn|Felperin|2013}} Na 2018, e tinyere eserese Adichie na [[mgbidi mgbidi]] na Municipal Sport Center na [[Concepción (Madrid)|Concepción barrio]] nke [[Madrid]], ya na ụmụ nwanyị iri na anọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị agbata obi họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise ahụ iji gosipụta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ntolite ma jee ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke nha anya. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ meriri ihe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme iji wepụ ihe osise ahụ na 2021 site na mkpesa nke mbinye aka a nakọtara.{{sfn|''El Mundo''|2021}} Luke Ndidi Okolo, onye nkuzi na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe University]] kwuru:{{sfn|Okolo|2016|p=12}} {{Blockquote|text=Adichie dere na-akọwa isiokwu na isiokwu doro anya ma dị elu. Mana isiokwu na isiokwu abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka. Ihe dị iche na ihe dị iche na ihe osise Chimamanda Adichie nke Purple Hibiscus bụ ụdị ejiji ya - nhọrọ ya nke atụmatụ asụsụ na akwụkwọ, yana usoro ojiji nke atụmatụ ndị ahụ na njikọta dị egwu nke echiche na echiche nke ndị odide.}} Ọrụ Adichie enwetala otuto dị ukwuu na ọtụtụ ihe nrite.{{sfn|Ishaya|Gunn|2022|page=75}}{{sfn|Hewett|2005|page=75}} Ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ dịka Daria Tunca dere na ọrụ Adichie dị mkpa nke ukwuu ma kwuo na ọ bụ olu dị mkpa na [[Ọgbọ nke Atọ nke Ndị Ode Akwụkwọ Naịjirịa]],{{sfn|Tunca|2010|page=306}} ebe Izuu Nwankwọ kpọrọ atụmatụ aha Igbo ya mepụtara dị ka "ụdị nka", nke o mere ka ọ zuo oke n'ọrụ ya.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=3}} O toro ikike ya itinye asụsụ Igbo na ihe ọ pụtara na Ederede Bekee n'emeghị ka akụkọ ahụ ghara ịdị mma ma ọ bụ gbagọọ akụkọ ahụ.{{sfn|Nwankwọ|2023|page=8}} N'ikpe nke [[Ernest Emenyonu]], otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta kacha pụta ìhè na [[akwụkwọ Igbo]],{{sfn|Igwe|2017|p=7}} Adichie bụ "olu kacha elu ma na-adọrọ mmasị n'oge ya" ma ọ kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ kacha elu n'Africa".{{sfn|Abba|2021|p=2}} [[Toyin Falola]], prọfesọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, toro ya na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ, dị ka "ndị dike nwere ọgụgụ isi".{{sfn|Olaopa|2022}} Leslie Gray Streeter nke ''[[The Independent]]'' kwuru na echiche Adichie banyere iru újú "na-eme ka mmetụta uche a zuru ụwa ọnụ na-atọ ụtọ, nke bụkwa otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee ihe ọmụma zuru ụwa ọnụ. zere."{{sfn|Streter|2021}} A maara ya nke ọma dịka "ada akwụkwọ Chinua Achebe".{{sfn|Tunca|2018|page=109}} Jane Shilling nke ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' kpọrọ ya "onye na-eme ka akụkọ dị mfe dịka abụ nnụnụ".{{sfn|Shilling|2009}} Adichie enwetala otuto dị ukwuu maka okwu na nkuzi ya.{{sfn|Camminga|2020|p=818}}{{sfn|Anasuya|2015}}{{sfn|Wagner|2015}} Prọfesọ mgbasa ozi na nkwukọrịta Erika M. Behrmann, onye nyochachara okwu Adichie nke TEDxEuston, "Anyị Kwesịrị Ịbụ Ndị Na-eme Ihe n'Ụmụ Nwanyị" toro ya dịka "onye nwere onyinye n'akụkọ", onye nwere ike iso ya kparịta ụka nke ọma. ndị na-ege ntị.{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=315}} Agbanyeghị, Behrmann katọrọ enweghị mkparịta ụka n'okwu ahụ gbasara akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara ndị mmadụ na ntụkwasị obi Adichie na okwu abụọ (nwoke/nwanyị, nwoke/nwanyị, nwoke/nwanyị), nke hapụrụ "obere ohere iche echiche na inyocha otu ndị transgender na ndị na-eme ihe n'omume ụmụ nwanyị" si enye aka ma ọ bụ emetụta ha site na omume ụmụ nwanyị.{{sfn|Behrmann|2017|p=316}} Emenyonu kwuru na "okwu ya, blọgụ, echiche ya na mgbasa ozi ọha, edemede na nkọwa, nkuzi ogbako maka ndị edemede na-eto eto na mkparịta ụka nkuzi... gbasaa ma kọwaa ọrụ ya dị ka onye edemede".{{sfn|Ememyonu|2017|p=1}} Ọkà mmụta Grace Musila kwuru na akara Adiche gụnyere aha ya dị ka onye edemede, onye ọha na eze, na onye na-emepụta ejiji, nke mere ka ikike ya na echiche ya dịkwuo elu karịa agụmakwụkwọ. okirikiri.{{sfn|Musila|2020|p=807}} === Otito Ihe ndị odere === {{Main|Ndepụta ihe nrite na nhọpụta nke Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie natara}} Adichie nwetara [[MacArthur Fellowship]] na 2008,{{sfn|Irvine|2008}} ya na ihe nrite agụmakwụkwọ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere 2011–2012 Fellowship nke [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study na Harvard University]].{{sfn|Okachie|2011}} Na 2002, a họpụtara ya maka [[Caine Prize for African Writing]] maka akụkọ ya bụ "Ị nọ n'Amerịka".{{sfn|Anya|2005}}{{sfn|Caine Prize|2009}} O meririkwa asọmpi akụkọ mkpụmkpụ [[BBC World Service]] maka "That Harmattan Morning", ebe akụkọ mkpụmkpụ ya bụ "The American Embassy" meriri na 2003 [[O. Ihe nrite Henry]] na ihe nrite David T. Wong International Short Story Prize site na [[PEN International]].{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}} Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke afọ 2003, ''Purple Hibiscus'', nabatara nke ọma, wee nweta nyocha dị mma.{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} Akwụkwọ a rere nke ọma ma nye ya ihe nrite [[Commonwealth Foundation prize|Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] maka Akwụkwọ Kachasị Mma (2005), [[Hurston/Wright Legacy Award]], a kpọkwara ya aha maka [[Women's Prize for Fiction|Orange Prize for Fiction]] (2004).{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}}{{sfn|Obi-Young|2018}} ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' (2006) nwetara ihe nrite ọzọ otuto, gụnyere mmeri nke ihe nrite Orange maka akụkọ ifo na 2007,{{sfn|Majendie|2007}} [[International Nonino Prize]] (2009),{{sfn|Medeossi|2009}}{{sfn|Ogwude|2011|p=122}} na [[Anisfield-Wolf Book Award]].{{sfn|''Leadership''|2018}} Nchịkọta akụkọ Adichie ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' bụ onye nke abụọ na [[Dayton Literary Peace Prize]] maka 2010.{{sfn|Richardson|2011|pp=114–115}} Otu akụkọ sitere n'akwụkwọ ahụ, "Ceiling", gụnyere na ''[[The Best American Short Storys 2011]]''.{{sfn|Sam-Duru|2014}} ''Americanah'' e depụtara n'ime ''[[The New York Times]]'' "Akwụkwọ iri kacha mma nke 2013",{{sfn|''Nduzi''|2018}}{{sfn|''The New York Times''|2013}} wee merie [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] (2014),{{sfn|Obi-Young|2021}}{{sfn|''National Book Critics''|2014}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2014}} na [[One City One Book]] (2017).{{sfn|Weller|2017}} Akwụkwọ ya ''Dear Ijeawele'', nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French dị ka {{lang|fr|Chère Ijeawele, ou un manifeste pour une éducation féministe}}, meriri [[Madame Figaro#Grand Prix Littéraire (nnukwu ihe nrite akwụkwọ)|Le Grand Prix de l'Héroïne Madame Figaro]] dị na ngalaba akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma na 2017.{{sfn|''TheCable''|2017}}{{sfn|Chela|2017}} [[File:Chimamanda Adichie 11.09.10 (5248097626).jpg|220px|thumb|right|alt=A Black woman with short, curly hair speaks into a microphone in a warmly lit room. She is wearing a black and white striped dress and layered necklaces. Behind her are wooden-framed windows and decorative cobwebs on the wall. A water pitcher sits on the table in front of her, and there are people in the audience.|Adichie at an event related to her book ''[[The Thing Around Your Neck]]'', 2010]] Adichie so n'ime ndị ikpeazụ nke [[Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction]] (2014).{{sfn|Italie|2014}} O meriri [[Barnard Medal of Distinction]] (2016),{{sfn|Jaschik|2016}} na [[W. E. B. Du Bois Medal]] (2022), ihe nrite kachasị elu n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe ndị Afrịka na ndị Afrịka Amerịka site na [[Mahadum Harvard]].{{sfn|Edeme|2022a}} E depụtara ya na ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s "20 Under 40" ndị edemede na 2010, na 2014 ahọpụtara ya maka [[Africa39]], ọrụ nke [[Hay Festival] malitere.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 |title=Africa39: Otu anyị si họrọ ndị edemede maka Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014|first=Margaret|last=Busby|newspaper=The Guardian|date= 10 Eprel 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|''Nduzi''|2018}} A kpọrọ ya aha na ndepụta ''[[Oge 100]]''' na 2015,{{sfn|Jones|2015}} ma nọrọ na ndepụta ''[[Akụkọ Afrịka]]''{{'}}s nke "100 Ndị Afrịka Kachasị Kpatara Aka" na 2019.{{sfn|''Ventures Africa''|2019}} Na 2018, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye meriri na [[PEN Pinter Prize]], nke na-amata ndị edemede ọrụ akwụkwọ ha na-ekpughe eziokwu site na nyocha dị mkpa nke ndụ na ọha mmadụ. Onye natara ihe nrite ahụ ga-ahọpụta onye meriri ihe nrite ahụ, Pinter International Writer of Courage Award, nke Adichie kpọrọ [[Waleed Abulkhair]], ọkaiwu [[Saudi Arabia]] na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2018a}}{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2018b}} Ihe nrite ụmụ nwanyị maka akụkọ ifo, nke a maara na mbụ dị ka ihe nrite Orange, họpụtara mmadụ iri abụọ na ise maka onye meriri ya iji sọpụrụ emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise ya na 2020; "Half of a Yellow Sun" nke Adichie meriri ihe nrite ahụ.{{sfn|Iju Mmiri|2020}} Na 2017, a họpụtara Adichie dị ka otu n'ime ndị otu ọhụrụ 228 e tinyere n'ime klas nke 237 nke [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye Naijiria nke abụọ e nyere nsọpụrụ ahụ mgbe [[Wole Soyinka]] gasịrị.{{sfn|Ayo-Aderele|2017}} Ruo Maachị 2022, Adichie enwetala nzere nsọpụrụ 16 site na mahadum{{sfn|''Guardian Nigeria''|2022}} Onyeisiala Naịjirịa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] họpụtara ya dị ka onye natara [[Order of the Federal Republic]] na 2022,{{sfn | Ufuoma | 2022}} mana Adichie jụrụ ọkwa mba ahụ.{{sfn|Olaiya|2022}} Na 30 Disemba 2022, e nyere Adichie nsọpụrụ site n'inye [[ndị isi Naịjirịa|aha nke "Odeluwa"]], ọkwa onyeisi, site n'aka obodo ya bụ Abba na [[Anambra State]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ natara ọkwa onyeisi na Abba.{{sfn|Edeme|2022b}}{{sfn|Okogba|2023}} == Ndekọ akwụkwọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Purple Hibiscus]] |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |year=2003 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=London |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Half of a Yellow Sun]] |publisher=[[Fourth Estate (imprint)|Fourth Estate]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4000-4416-0 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=London |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Americanah]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2013 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Dream Count]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-0-593-80272-4 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[The Thing Around Your Neck]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2009 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Akwụkwọ ncheta === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Notes on Grief]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2021 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} === Akwụkwọ ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo === * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[We Should All Be Feminists]] |publisher=[[Anchor Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-101-91176-1 |edition=paperback 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=[[Dear Ijeawele, or A Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions]] |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=2017 |edition=hardcover 1st |location=New York |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} == Edensibia == ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Nrụtụ aka=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal |last1=Abba |first1=Abba A. |title=Remediating Biafra: Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun as a Symbolic Vehicle of Postwar Reconciliation |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Winter 2021 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.51.4.01 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/798051/pdf |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Indiana |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=9144124984 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite news |last=Abimbola |first=Oluwakemi |title=Chimamanda Adichie Tackles Hillary Clinton over Twitter Bio |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-tackles-hillary-clinton-over-twitter-bio/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=23 April 2018 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153337/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-tackles-hillary-clinton-over-twitter-bio/ |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Bukola |title=Hillary Clinton Has Changed Her Twitter Bio and It Does Not Start with Wife |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/24/africa/chimamanda-adichie-hillary-clinton-wife-africa/index.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153338/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/24/africa/chimamanda-adichie-hillary-clinton-wife-africa/index.html |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Adeduyite | first=Okiki | title=Chimamanda Adichie to headline 2025 Things Fall Apart festival in Enugu | website=[[The Punch]] | date=14 May 2025 | url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-to-headline-2025-things-fall-apart-festival-in-enugu/ | access-date=14 July 2026 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Adichie |first1=Amanda Ngozi |title=My Mother, the Crazy African |journal=In Posse Review |date=2000 |volume=Multi-Ethnic Anthology |url=http://www.webdelsol.com/InPosse/anthology_index.htm |publisher=Spectrum Publishers |location=San Francisco, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331193207/http://www.webdelsol.com/InPosse/anthology_index.htm |archive-date=31 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=Truth and Lies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/16/fiction.society |access-date=31 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |date=15 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331225357/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/16/fiction.society |archive-date=31 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozi |title=Why Can't a Smart Woman Love Fashion? |url=https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a12670/personal-essay-on-style-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle.com]] |date=20 February 2014 |publisher=[[Hearst Magazines|Hearst Magazines Digital Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407214558/https://www.elle.com/fashion/personal-style/a12670/personal-essay-on-style-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=7 April 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Adichie |first=Chimamanda Ngozie |title=Sognare come un'unica umanità |url=https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2021-07/quo-149/sognare-br-come-un-unica-umanita.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[L'Osservatore Romano]] |date=5 July 2021 |location=Vatican City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084417/https://www.osservatoreromano.va/it/news/2021-07/quo-149/sognare-br-come-un-unica-umanita.html |archive-date=26 November 2022 |language=Italian |trans-title=Dreaming as a Single Humanity |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |title=Chimamanda Adichie Wins Shorty Awards Literature Prize |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-wins-shorty-awards-literature-prize/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=19 April 2018a |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621050746/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-wins-shorty-awards-literature-prize/ |archive-date=21 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Agbo |first=Njideka |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The Fearless Writer |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-the-fearless-writer/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=26 September 2018b |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403164300/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-adichie-the-fearless-writer/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Akhabau |first=Izin |title=Akwaeke Emezi: Non-binary Author Shares Heartbreak at Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/books/2020/11/18/akwaeke-emezi-non-binary-author-shares-heartbreak-at-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]] |date=18 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201125215845/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/books/2020/11/18/akwaeke-emezi-non-binary-author-shares-heartbreak-at-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Akinyoade |first=Akinwale |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Reveals How She Came about the Name 'Chimamanda' |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-reveals-how-she-came-about-the-name-chimamanda/ |access-date=17 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=5 January 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425005651/https://guardian.ng/life/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-reveals-how-she-came-about-the-name-chimamanda/ |archive-date=25 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Allardice |first=Lisa |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'America under Trump felt like a personal loss' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-america-under-trump-felt-like-a-personal-loss |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201115211512/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-america-under-trump-felt-like-a-personal-loss |archive-date=15 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Anasuya |first=Shreya Ila |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Speaks as Well as She Writes, Maybe Better |url=https://scroll.in/article/735501/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-speaks-as-well-as-she-writes-maybe-better |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 June 2015 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605010346/https://scroll.in/article/735501/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-speaks-as-well-as-she-writes-maybe-better |archive-date=5 June 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Announcing the National Book Critics Awards Finalists for Publishing Year 2013 |url=http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists |access-date=14 January 2014 |website=bookcritics.org |publisher=[[National Book Critics Circle]] |date=14 January 2014 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115014055/http://bookcritics.org/blog/archive/announcing-the-national-book-critics-awards-finalists |archive-date=15 January 2014 |ref={{sfnref|National Book Critics|2014}} }} * {{cite news |last=Anthony |first=Joseph |title=Exploring the Literary Genius of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://heraldngr.com/2023/04/exploring-the-literary-genius-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=[[The Herald (Nigeria)|Herald Nigeria]] |date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327113929/https://heraldngr.com/2023/04/exploring-the-literary-genius-of-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Anya |first=Ike |title=In the Footsteps of Achebe: Enter Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |magazine=African Writer |date=15 October 2005 |publisher=African Writer Magazine |location=Williamstown, New Jersey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004131649/https://www.africanwriter.com/in-the-footsteps-of-achebe-enter-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Assheton |first=Richard |title=What the Outspoken Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Told Me at Dinner |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/what-the-outspoken-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-told-me-at-dinner-kgm3gtdjw |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Times]] |date=1 September 2023 |location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |title=Why I Stopped Attending Catholic Churches in Nigeria — Chimamanda Adichie |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434475-why-i-stopped-attending-catholic-churches-in-nigeria-chimamanda-adichie.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[Premium Times]] |date=2 January 2021 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509112927/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/434475-why-i-stopped-attending-catholic-churches-in-nigeria-chimamanda-adichie.html |archive-date=9 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Ayo-Aderele |first=Adesola |title=Chimamanda Elected into US Academy of Arts and Science |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-elected-into-us-academy-of-arts-and-science/ |access-date=8 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=12 April 2017 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126061829/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-elected-into-us-academy-of-arts-and-science/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=Baska |first=Maggie |title=Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Doubles Down on Anti-trans Views |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/01/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-trans-women/ |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=[[PinkNews]] |date=1 December 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131704/https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/12/01/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-trans-women/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Behrmann |first=Erika M. |title=Book and Media Reviews: Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi. 'We Should All Be Feminists', TEDxEuston Talk. |doi=10.1080/07491409.2017.1334456 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07491409.2017.1334456?scroll=top&needAccess=true |access-date=11 May 2024 |journal=[[Women's Studies in Communication]] |date=July 2017 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=315–316 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=0749-1409 |oclc=7082968906 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} *{{cite book |last1=Bernardi |first1=Floriana |last2=Picarelli |first2=Enrica |editor1-last=Paulicelli |editor1-first=Eugenia |editor1-link=Eugenia Paulicelli |editor2-last=Manlow |editor2-first=Veronica |editor3-last=Wissinger |editor3-first=Elizabeth |title=The Routledge Companion to Fashion Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Lo8EAAAQBAJ&dq=The%20Routledge%20Companion%20to%20Fashion%20Studies%2C%20adichie&pg=PT228 |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |chapter=[[DOI:10.4324/9780429264405-22|22. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as Fashion Icon: Addressing Nationalism and Feminism with Style]] |pages=215–222 |doi=10.4324/9780429264405-22 |isbn=978-0-367-20956-8 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bhuta |first1=Aishwarya |title=Book Review: Adichie, C.N., ''Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions'', London: Fourth Estate, 2017. 80 pages, ₹250. ISBN 978-0-00-824103-2 |journal=[[Indian Journal of Gender Studies]] |date=June 2018 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=319–323 |doi=10.1177/0971521518761445 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971521518761445 |access-date=9 May 2024 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0971-5215 |oclc=7651369612 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite journal |last1=Bragg |first1=Beauty |title=Racial Identification, Diaspora Subjectivity, and Black Consciousness in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah and Helen Oyeyemi's Boy, Snow, Bird |journal=[[South Atlantic Review]] |date=Winter 2017 |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=121–138 |jstor=90017450 |issn=0277-335X |oclc=9970616626}} * {{cite web |last=Braimah |first=Ayodale |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (1977–) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/adichie-chimamanda-ngozi-1977/ |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=[[BlackPast.org|BlackPast]] |date=13 February 2018 |publisher=BlackPast.org |location=Seattle, Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810173946/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/adichie-chimamanda-ngozi-1977/ |archive-date=10 August 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Brockes |first=Emma |author-link=Emma Brockes |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Can people please stop telling me feminism is hot?' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-stop-telling-me-feminism-hot |access-date=22 August 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 March 2017 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903133059/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-stop-telling-me-feminism-hot |archive-date=3 September 2019 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Broom |first=Sarah M. |author-link=Sarah M. Broom |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'My Madness Will Now Bare Itself' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/books/review/notes-on-grief-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502021205/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/09/books/review/notes-on-grief-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.html |archive-date=2 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Brown |first=Lauren Alix |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Sometimes it feels like the universe is conspiring against me' |website=Quartz |date=11 December 2017 |url=https://qz.com/quartzy/1133732/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-about-feminism-and-raising-her-daughter-in-a-gendered-world |access-date=14 May 2024 }} * {{cite web | last=Busby | first=Margaret | author-link=Margaret Busby | title=Africa39: how we chose the writers for Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014 | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=10 April 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2014/apr/10/port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-africa-39 | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Busby |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Busby |title=Buchi Emecheta Obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |access-date=14 November 2020 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=3 February 2017 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170204094646/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/03/buchi-emecheta-obituary |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Cain |first=Sian |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Slams BBC 'Ambush' with Trump Supporter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-slams-bbc-ambush-with-trump-supporter-newsnight |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2016 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-slams-bbc-ambush-with-trump-supporter-newsnight |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Calkin |first=Jessamy |title=Love in the Time of Cornrows: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on Her New Novel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/9968921/Love-in-the-time-of-cornrows-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-on-her-new-novel.html |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=6 April 2013 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207182012/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/authorinterviews/9968921/Love-in-the-time-of-cornrows-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-on-her-new-novel.html |archive-date=7 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Camminga |first=B. |title=Disregard and Danger: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the Voices of Trans (And Cis) African Feminists |doi=10.1177/0038026120934695 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0038026120934695 |access-date=8 May 2024 |journal=[[The Sociological Review]] |date=July 2020 |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=817–833 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |issn=0038-0261 |oclc=8643495664 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE Journals]]}} * {{cite book |last1=Carotenuto |first1=Silvana |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=12. 'A Kind of Paradise' Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Claim to Agency, Responsibility & Writing |pages=169–184 |chapter-url=https://unora.unior.it/retrieve/handle/11574/171405/29601/Companion%20to%20Chimamanda%20first%20proofs%20inc%20re-run%20Appendix-%20S%20Carotenuto.pdf |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Chela |first=Efemia |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Named a Nouvelle Héroïne of Literature in France |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-named-a-nouvelle-heroine-of-literature-in-france/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |magazine=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Ben Williams Publishing |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221180302/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/08/07/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-named-a-nouvelle-heroine-of-literature-in-france/ |archive-date=21 February 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Adichie – Quintessence of a Literary Icon |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808060087.html |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |agency=[[AllAfrica]] |date=5 August 2018 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |id={{Gale|A550692546}} |ref={{sfnref|''Leadership''|2018}} }} * {{cite magazine |title=Chimamanda Adichie Schools White Man: 'You Don't Get To Define Racism' |url=https://www.theroot.com/watch-chimamanda-adichie-schools-white-man-you-don-t-1790857702 |access-date=20 May 2024 |magazine=[[The Root (magazine)|The Root]] |date=12 November 2016 |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.theroot.com/watch-chimamanda-adichie-schools-white-man-you-don-t-1790857702 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Root''|2016}} }} *{{cite news |title=Chimamanda Adichie Wins French Literary Award |url=https://www.thecable.ng/chimamanda-adichie-wins-french-literary-award/ |access-date=15 May 2024 |work=[[TheCable]] |date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517085832/https://www.thecable.ng/chimamanda-adichie-wins-french-literary-award |archive-date=17 May 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''TheCable''|2017}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Makes History as First African to Speak at Yale's Class Day |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/chimamanda-makes-history-as-first-african-to-speak-at-yales-class-day/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=20 May 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181154/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/chimamanda-makes-history-as-first-african-to-speak-at-yales-class-day/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Vanguard''|2019}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, a Pride to Africa, a Treasure to the World |url=https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-a-pride-to-africa-a-treasure-to-the-world-2/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]] |date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323124934/https://businessday.ng/offduty/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-a-pride-to-africa-a-treasure-to-the-world-2/ |archive-date=23 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Business Day''|2016}} }} * {{cite | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Dream Count Homecoming Tour: A Photo Diary | date=5 August 2025 | url=https://brittlepaper.com/2025/08/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-dream-count-homecoming-tour-a-photo-diary/ |website=[[Brittle Paper]]| language=en-US | ref={{sfnref|''Brittle Paper''|2025}} | access-date=14 July 2026}} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda's Mother for Burial May 1 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/17/chimamandas-mother-for-burial-may-1/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=[[This Day]] |date=16 March 2021 |location=Apapa, Lagos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522165155/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/03/17/chimamandas-mother-for-burial-may-1/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''This Day''|2021}} }} * {{cite news |title=Chimamanda to Receive 16th Honorary PhD from the Catholic University of Louvain Belgium |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/chimamanda-to-receive-16th-honorary-phd-from-the-catholic-university-of-louvain-belgium/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=22 March 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322100849/https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/chimamanda-to-receive-16th-honorary-phd-from-the-catholic-university-of-louvain-belgium/ |archive-date=22 March 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Guardian Nigeria''|2022}} }} * {{cite news |last=Chutel |first=Lynsey |title=Award-Winning Author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Has Had a Baby, Not That It's Anyone's Business |url=http://qz.com/722822/award-winning-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-has-had-a-baby-not-that-its-anyones-business/ |access-date=3 July 2016 |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=3 July 2016 |publisher=[[G/O Media]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704125129/http://qz.com/722822/award-winning-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-has-had-a-baby-not-that-its-anyones-business/ |archive-date=4 July 2016 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Crockett |first=Emily |title=The Controversy over Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Trans Women, Explained |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/3/15/14910900/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-transgender-women-comments-apology |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325165825/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/3/15/14910900/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-transgender-women-comments-apology |archive-date=25 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Cummins | first=Anthony | title=Dream Count by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie review – candid conversations with friends | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=2 March 2025 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/mar/02/dream-count-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-review-candid-conversations-with-friends | access-date=14 July 2026 }} * {{cite magazine |title=Curriculum Vitae: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://magazine.krieger.jhu.edu/2015/11/curriculum-vitae-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=A & S Magazine |date=Fall 2015 |volume=13 |issue=1 |publisher=Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts & Sciences, [[Johns Hopkins University]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002220404/https://magazine.krieger.jhu.edu/2015/11/curriculum-vitae-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=2 October 2023 |ref={{sfnref|Krieger|2015}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Dabiri |first1=Emma |author-link=Emma Dabiri |editor1-last=Beyer |editor1-first=Theresa |editor2-last=Burkhalter |editor2-first=Thomas |editor3-last=Liechti |editor3-first=Hannes |title=Seismographic Sounds: Visions of a New World |date=2015 |publisher=Norient |location=Berne, Switzerland |chapter=Re-Imagining Gender in Nigeria |chapter-url=https://norient.com/stories/gender-in-nigeria?topic=97 |isbn=978-3-9524496-0-8}} * {{cite web |last=Danielle |first=Britni |date=2014-03-20 |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Defends Beyoncé: 'Whoever Says They're Feminist is Bloody Feminist' |url=http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ |website=Clutch Magazine Online |location=Houston, Texas |publisher=Sutton Media |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325224952/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ |archive-date=2014-03-25 |access-date=2026-04-25 |accessdate=2026-07-14 |archivedate=2014-04-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423173503/http://www.clutchmagonline.com/2014/03/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-defends-beyonce-asks-shouldnt-women-sexuality/ }} * {{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=Juliana |title=Alternative Feminism: Interrogating Marriage and Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie's ''Half of a Yellow Sun'' and ''Purple Hibiscus'' |journal=The International Journal of Humanities Education |date=2022 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=53–66 |doi=10.18848/2327-0063/CGP/v21i01/53-66 |publisher=Common Ground Research Network, [[University of Illinois]] |location=Champaign, Illinois |issn=2327-0063 |oclc=9695413750 |id={{ProQuest|2743806195}}}} * {{cite web |last=Dayo |first=Bernard |title=Read Chimamanda Adichie's Elegantly Moving Tribute to Binyavanga Wainaina and Cry with Us |url=https://ynaija.com/read-chimamanda-adichies-elegantly-moving-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-and-cry-with-us/ |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[YNaija]] |date=28 May 2019 |publisher=Generation Y! |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821225008/https://ynaija.com/read-chimamanda-adichies-elegantly-moving-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-and-cry-with-us/ |archive-date=21 August 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Dube |first=Musa W. |author-link=Musa Dube |title=Purple Hibiscus: A Postcolonial Feminist Reading |url=https://doaj.org/article/e1e37b7a0049415e8f108572b16ad66a |doi=10.7832/46-2-311 |journal=Missionalia |date=April 2019 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=222–235 |publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]] |location=Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa |issn=0256-9507 |oclc=8081262364 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |title=Chimamanda Adichie Receives Harvard's Highest Honour |url=https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-receives-harvards-highest-honour/ |access-date=5 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=7 October 2022a |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505231800/https://punchng.com/chimamanda-adichie-receives-harvards-highest-honour/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Edeme |first=Victoria |date=30 December 2022b |title=Pictorial: Chimamanda Adichie receives chieftaincy title in hometown |work=Punch |url=https://punchng.com/pictorial-chimamanda-adichie-receives-chieftaincy-title-in-hometown/ |access-date=11 October 2024 }} * {{cite news |last=Edwardes |first=Charlotte |date=15 February 2025 |title='Cancel culture? We should stop it. End of story': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on backlash, writer's block – and her new baby twins |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2025/feb/15/cancel-culture-we-should-stop-it-end-of-story-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-on-backlash-writers-block-and-her-two-new-babies |access-date=4 March 2025 }} * {{cite book |last1=Egbunike |first1=Louisa Uchum |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=1. Narrating the Past: Orality, History & the Production of Knowledge in the Works of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |pages=15–30 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite journal |last1=Ejikeme |first1=Anene |title=The Women of Things Fall Apart, Speaking from a Different Perspective: Chimamanda Adichie's Headstrong Storytellers |journal=Meridians |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=307–329 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/672856/pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=Durham, North Carolina |doi=10.2979/meridians.15.2.02 |issn=1536-6936 |oclc=8870766018 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite web |last=Ekpo |first=Nathan Nathaniel |title='British Women did not own properties, but Igbo Women could trade and own properties'—Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34094/british-women-did-not-own-properties-but-igbo-women-could.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=[[ModernGhana]] |date=7 May 2018 |publisher=Modern Ghana Media Communication Ltd. |location=Accra, Ghana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517181401/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/34094/british-women-did-not-own-properties-but-igbo-women-could.html |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |title=El madrileño barrio de la Concepción se une para exigir que no se toque un mural feminista |url=https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2021/01/24/600da5da21efa05b308b4641.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |agency=[[EFE]] |date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214712/https://www.elmundo.es/madrid/2021/01/24/600da5da21efa05b308b4641.html |archive-date=14 May 2024 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=The Madrid Neighborhood of la Concepción Unites to Demand That a Feminist Mural Not Be Touched |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''El Mundo''|2021}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Ememyonu |first1=Ernest N. |author-link=Ernest Emenyonu |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA3 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–14 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |title=Chimamanda Adichie Delivers Lecture at American University Commencement Ceremony |url=https://guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-delivers-lecture-at-american-university-commencement-ceremony/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=13 May 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181144/https://guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-delivers-lecture-at-american-university-commencement-ceremony/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Espinoza Cárdenas |first1=Natalia |title=El feminismo da el vamos a Congreso Futuro con charla de Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: "Hay que abrirse a conocer las otras historias" |url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2020/01/13/el-feminismo-da-el-vamos-a-congreso-futuro-con-charla-de-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-hay-que-abrirse-a-conocer-las-otras-historias/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[El Mostrador]] |date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514214710/https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2020/01/13/el-feminismo-da-el-vamos-a-congreso-futuro-con-charla-de-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-hay-que-abrirse-a-conocer-las-otras-historias/ |archive-date=14 May 2024 |location=Providencia, Chile |language=Spanish |trans-title=Feminism Kicks Off the Future Congress with a Talk by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'We have to be open to knowing the other stories' |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Ewokor | first=Chris | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Nigeria to hold inquest into death of author's toddler | website=[[BBC]] | date=26 February 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwygr2nzdp9o | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite web |last=Felperin |first=Leslie |title=''Half of a Yellow Sun'': London Review |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=11 October 2013 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120195053/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828/ |archive-date=20 November 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Wins US National Book Critics Circle Award |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-national-book-critics-circle-awards |access-date=7 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 March 2014 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116001615/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/14/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-national-book-critics-circle-awards |archive-date=16 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Wins PEN Pinter Prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wins-pen-pinter-prize |access-date=15 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 June 2018a |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104065757/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wins-pen-pinter-prize |archive-date=4 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Accepts PEN Pinter Prize with Call to Speak Out |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/09/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-accepts-pen-pinter-prize-with-call-to-speak-out |access-date=15 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2018b |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141640/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/oct/09/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-accepts-pen-pinter-prize-with-call-to-speak-out |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Binyavanga Wainaina, Kenyan Author and Gay Rights Activist, Dies Aged 48 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48 |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628153712/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/may/22/binyavanga-wainaina-kenyan-author-and-gay-rights-activist-dies-aged-48 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |location=London, UK |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Voted Women's Prize 'Winner of Winners' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-half-of-a-yellow-sun-voted-womens-prize-winner-of-winners |access-date=19 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=12 November 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105135522/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/12/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-half-of-a-yellow-sun-voted-womens-prize-winner-of-winners |archive-date=5 January 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie to Publish Memoir about Her Father's Death |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/11/Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-to-publish-memoir-about-her-fathers-death |access-date=27 February 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 February 2021a |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916054818/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/feb/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-to-publish-memoir-about-her-fathers-death |archive-date=16 September 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Flood |first=Alison |title='It is obscene': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Pens Blistering Essay against Social Media Sanctimony |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/16/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-social-media-sanctimony |access-date=30 June 2021 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 June 2021b |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629185700/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jun/16/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-social-media-sanctimony |archive-date=29 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Four Speakers to Deliver the BBC Radio 4 Reith Lectures 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-reith-lectures |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Media Centre |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=30 September 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323035233/https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/bbc-radio-4-reith-lectures |archive-date=23 March 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|BBC Radio|2022}} }} *{{cite news |last1=Germain |first1=Nicolas |title=Video: Nigerian Author's 'Americanah' Comes to France |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[France 24]] |date=23 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017231904/https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france |archive-date=17 October 2022 |location=Paris, France |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Glynn | first=Paul | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Nigerian author 'devastated' by death of young son | website=[[BBC]] | date=8 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62wx32re2po | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Gonçalves |first=Emily |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Feminism and Story-Telling |url=https://vanderbilthustler.com/2019/11/22/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-feminism-and-story-telling/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Vanderbilt Hustler]] |date=22 November 2019 |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |location=Nashville, Tennessee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507030142/https://vanderbilthustler.com/2019/11/22/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-talks-feminism-and-story-telling/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Manasi |title=Merkel Speaks with Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-and-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation/a-59131973 |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=9 September 2021 |location=Bonn, Germany |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009030959/https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-and-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-in-conversation/a-59131973 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Grady |first=Constance |title=Hillary Clinton and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talk Censorship, Feminism, and Pizzagate |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/4/24/17271638/hillary-clinton-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-arthur-miller-freedom-write-pen-america-world-voices |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=24 April 2018 |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518153327/https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/4/24/17271638/hillary-clinton-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-arthur-miller-freedom-write-pen-america-world-voices |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Zoe |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Blueprint for Feminism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/books/chimamanda-ngozi-adiche-dear-ijeawele.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032303/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/books/chimamanda-ngozi-adiche-dear-ijeawele.html |archive-date=15 June 2018 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hewett |first1=Heather |title=Coming of Age: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and the Voice of the Third Generation |journal=English in Africa |date=May 2005 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=73–97 |jstor=40239030 |issn=0376-8902 |oclc=5878056558}} * {{cite web |last=Hobdy |first=Dominique |title=Why 'Americanah' Author Chimamanda Ngozi Is All About Nigerian Designers |url=https://www.essence.com/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence.com]] |date=26 October 2020 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507151043/https://www.essence.com/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Ibeh |first=Chukwuebuka |title=Chimamanda Adichie Debuts Children's Book Under the Pseudonym Nwa Grace James |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2022/04/chimamanda-adichie-debuts-childrens-book-under-the-pseudonym-nwa-grace-james/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=7 April 2022 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401065833/https://brittlepaper.com/2022/04/chimamanda-adichie-debuts-childrens-book-under-the-pseudonym-nwa-grace-james/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Idowu |first=Torera |title=This Is Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is Only Wearing Nigerian Brands |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/09/africa/chimamanda-wear-nigerian-campaign/index.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |date=9 May 2017 |location=Atlanta, Georgia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507151042/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/09/africa/chimamanda-wear-nigerian-campaign/index.html |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Ige | first=Olugbenga | title=Chimamanda Adichie loses 21-month-old son | website=[[The Punch]] | date=8 January 2026 | url=https://punchng.com/breaking-chimamanda-adichie-loses-son/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} * {{cite journal |editor1-last=Igwe |editor1-first=Chidi |title=Profile: Professor Ernest Nneji Ememyonu |journal=ISA Newsletter |date=Winter 2017 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=7–10 |url=https://www.igbostudies.org/images/newsletter/isa-newsletter-winter-2017.pdf |access-date=2 May 2024 |publisher=Igbo Studies Association |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402022840/https://www.igbostudies.org/images/newsletter/isa-newsletter-winter-2017.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2024 |issn=2375-9720 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Irvine |first=Lindesay |title=Adichie Wins a $500,000 Genius Grant |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/24/fiction.awardsandprizes |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 September 2008 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322201112/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/24/fiction.awardsandprizes |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Ishaya |first1=Yusuf Tsojon |last2=Gunn |first2=Michael |title=Graphology as Style in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/view/224185/211488 |journal=LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research |date=March 2022 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=69–86 |publisher=Universal Academic Services |location=Beijing, China |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109035543/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/lwati/article/download/224185/211488 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |url-status=live |issn=1813-2227 }} * {{cite web |last=Italie |first=Hillel |title=Tartt, Goodwin Awarded Carnegie Medals |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2023957398_apxbookscarnegiemedals.html |access-date=1 July 2014 |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=30 June 2014 |location=Seattle, Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715012821/http://seattletimes.com/html/books/2023957398_apxbookscarnegiemedals.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 }} * {{cite news |title=James Nwoye Adichie (1932&nbsp;– 2020) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/james-nwoye-adichie-1932-2020/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=3 July 2020 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522165157/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/james-nwoye-adichie-1932-2020/ |archive-date=22 May 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Sun''|2020}} }} * {{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |title=Debate at Barnard over Selection of Commencement Speaker |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/29/debate-barnard-over-selection-commencement-speaker |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=[[Inside Higher Ed]] |date=28 February 2016 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507165545/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/02/29/debate-barnard-over-selection-commencement-speaker |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Jones |first=Radhika |author-link=Radhika Jones |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: The World's 100 Most Influential People |url=http://time.com/3823296/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-2015-time-100/ |access-date=14 December 2015 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 April 2015 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120210148/http://time.com/3823296/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-2015-time-100/ |archive-date=20 November 2015 }} * {{cite web |title=Keynote: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://rikk.hi.is/en/opinn-fyrirlestur-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=RIKK |date=7 September 2021 |publisher=Reykjavík Institute for Gender, Equality and Difference |location=Reykjavík, Iceland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517223941/https://rikk.hi.is/en/opinn-fyrirlestur-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|RIKK|2021}} }} *{{cite news |last=Kiene |first=Aimée |title=Ngozi Adichie: Beyoncé's Feminism Isn't My Feminism |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/boeken/ngozi-adichie-beyonce-s-feminism-isn-t-my-feminism~a4390684/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |url-access=subscription |work=[[De Volkskrant]] |date=7 October 2016 |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands }} * {{cite news |last=Kumolu |first=Charles |title=Chimamanda: From Pushing Boundaries to Harvard's Highest Honour |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=2 October 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/chimamanda-from-pushing-boundaries-to-harvards-highest-honour/ |access-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515170059/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/chimamanda-from-pushing-boundaries-to-harvards-highest-honour/ |archive-date=15 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Law |first=Katie |title=Zikora: A Short Story by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Review: A Taut Tale of Sexism and Single Motherhood |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/zikora-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-book-review-a4573312.html |access-date=6 November 2020 |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |date=29 October 2020 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407183223/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/books/zikora-by-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-book-review-a4573312.html |archive-date=7 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Lecznar |first1=Matthew |title=Texts, Talks and Tailoring: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fashion Politics |journal=[[Celebrity Studies]] |date=February 2017 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=167–171 |doi=10.1080/19392397.2016.1275324 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19392397.2016.1275324 |access-date=13 May 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=1939-2397 |oclc=7181681870 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}} * {{cite web | last=Lee | first=Helena | title=Dream Count by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: interview and release date | website=[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar UK|Harper's BAZAAR]] | date=5 March 2025 | url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/culture/a63957572/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-interview-dream-count/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=London, UK }} * {{cite news |last=Lee |first=Nicole |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'Fear of Causing Offence Becomes a Fetish' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-fear-causing-offence-a-fetish |access-date=23 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 May 2015 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102142352/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/may/11/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-fear-causing-offence-a-fetish |archive-date=2 November 2023 }} *{{cite news |title=Libros infantiles para celebrar el Día de la Mujer |url=https://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/Libros-infantiles-celebrar-Dia-Mujer_0_1443155914.html |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[Diario de Sevilla]] |date=6 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205144422/https://www.diariodesevilla.es/vivirensevilla/Libros-infantiles-celebrar-Dia-Mujer_0_1443155914.html |archive-date=5 December 2022 |location=Seville, Spain |language=Spanish |trans-title=Children's Books to Celebrate Women's Day |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Diario de Sevilla''|2020}} }} * {{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |author-link=Carlos Lozada (journalist) |title=In Grieving for Her Father, a Novelist Discovers the Failure of Words |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/06/adichiegrief/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |url-access=limited |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=6 May 2021 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618195627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/05/06/adichiegrief/ |archive-date=18 June 2021 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Luckett |first=Jeanne B. |title=Practical Matters |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/212/article/700238/pdf |access-date=20 May 2024 |doi=10.1353/ewr.2018.0012 |journal=Eudora Welty Review |date=Spring 2018 |volume=10 |pages=155–163 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |issn=1947-3370 |oclc=9983914051 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite magazine |last=MacFarquhar |first=Larissa |author-link=Larissa MacFarquhar |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Comes to Terms with Global Fame |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/06/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-comes-to-terms-with-global-fame |access-date=17 June 2021 |url-access=limited |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker.com]] |date=28 May 2018 |location=New York City, New York }} * {{cite journal |last=Madueke |first=Sylvia Ijeoma |title=On Translating Postcolonial African Writing: French Translation of Chimamanda Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun |url=https://doaj.org/article/70e665defd2c44a894279e67311f3d6a |doi=10.21992/tc29446 |journal=TranscUlturAl |volume=11 |issue=1 |date=August 2019 |pages=49–66 |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |location=Edmonton, Alberta |issn=1920-0323 |oclc=8615550149 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |last=Majendie |first=Paul |title=Nigerian Author Wins Top Women's Fiction Prize |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL0627938220070606/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=9 August 2007 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802141704/https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL0627938220070606 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Pays Touching Tribute to Binyavanga Wainaina: 'A great and rare and genuine talent' |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/07/26/the-jrb-daily-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-pays-touching-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-a-great-and-rare-and-genuine-talent/ |access-date=21 February 2021 |magazine=[[The Johannesburg Review of Books]] |date=26 July 2017 |publisher=Ben Williams Publishing |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202193256/https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/07/26/the-jrb-daily-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-pays-touching-tribute-to-binyavanga-wainaina-a-great-and-rare-and-genuine-talent/ |archive-date=2 December 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last=Mannur |first=Anita |title=The Danger of a Singular Fashion: Studies of Race, Fashion, and Beauty in American Studies |doi=10.1353/aq.2017.0034 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/663338/pdf |access-date=9 May 2024 |journal=[[American Quarterly]] |date=June 2017 |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=411–420 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore, Marylan |jstor=26360860 |issn=0003-0678 |oclc=7075078562 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required|via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite web |last=Martin |first=Michel |author-link=Michel Martin |title=Feminism Is Fashionable for Nigerian Writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=[[Tell Me More]] |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=18 March 2014 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928211656/https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker |archive-date=28 September 2019 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Mbah |first1=Victor Chukwudi |title=Themes and Techniques in African Novel: A Review of Ngozi Chimamanda Adichie's Half of a Yellow Sun |journal=Ansu Journal of Language and Literary Studies |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=345–359 |url=https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/215 |access-date=28 April 2024 |publisher=[[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] |location=Uli, Anambra, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116025502/https://ezenwaohaetorc.org/journals/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/215 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |issn=2465-7352 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=McGrath |first=Charles |author-link=Charles McGrath (critic) |title=No Life Away from Her Books |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/no-life-away-from-her-books-20061008-ge39zh.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The Age]] |agency=[[The New York Times|New York Times Agency]] |date=8 October 2006 |location=Melbourne, Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416174943/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/books/no-life-away-from-her-books-20061008-ge39zh.html |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Medeossi |first1=Paolo |title=Amore e guerraal tempo del Biafra |url=https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2009/01/29/news/amore_e_guerraal_tempo_del_biafra-4054228/ |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Messaggero Veneto]] |date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517131110/https://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2009/01/29/news/amore_e_guerraal_tempo_del_biafra-4054228/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |location=Udine, Italy |language=Italian |trans-title=Love and War in the Time of Biafra |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Medrano |first=Kastalia |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Continues To Be the Hero We Need |url=https://time.com/4587844/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-elle-fashion-week/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=1 December 2016 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220063359/https://time.com/4587844/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-elle-fashion-week/ |archive-date=20 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=Meghan Markle Puts Sinéad Burke on the Cover of Vogue's September Issue |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sin%C3%A9ad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604 |access-date=31 July 2019 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=29 July 2019 |location=Dublin, Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729141808/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/fashion/meghan-markle-puts-sin%C3%A9ad-burke-on-the-cover-of-vogue-s-september-issue-1.3970604 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Irish Times''|2019}} }} * {{cite book |last=Mullane |first=Janet |editor-last=Trudeau |editor-first=Lawrence J. |title=Contemporary Literary Criticism 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Emenyonu (editor), A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Woodbridge: James Currey (hb £30 – 978 1 84701 162 6; pb £17.99 – 978 1 84701 241 8). 2017, xii + 300 pp. |journal=[[Africa (journal)|Africa]] |date=August 2020 |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=805–807 |doi=10.1017/S0001972020000467 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A67F660512A187CF243A562962E5C76D/S0001972020000467a.pdf/ernest-e-emenyonu-editor-a-companion-to-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-woodbridge-james-currey-hb-pound30-978-1-84701-162-6-pb-pound1799-978-1-84701-241-8-2017-xii-300-pp.pdf |access-date=18 May 2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, Cambridgeshire |issn=0001-9720 |oclc=8639113471 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ndula |first1=Janet |editor1-last=Ememyonu |editor1-first=Ernest N. |editor-link=Ernest Emenyonu |title=A Companion to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |date=2017 |publisher=[[James Currey]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXkVvgAACAAJ&pg=PA18 |chapter=2. Deconstructing Binary Oppositions of Gender in ''Purple Hibiscus '': A Review of Religious/Traditional Superiority & Silence |pages=31–44 |isbn=978-1-84701-162-6}} * {{cite journal |last=Nwankwọ |first=Izuu |title=Traditions of Naming in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fiction |url=https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/2803/2612 |journal=Postcolonial Text |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=1–17 |date=2023 |publisher=[[Sorbonne Paris North University]] |location=Villetaneuse, France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330225125/https://www.postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/download/2803/2612 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |issn=1705-9100 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=As Sales Approach the Million Mark, Is Americanah Now Adichie's Signature Novel? |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/03/sales-approach-million-mark-americanah-adichies-signature/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=27 March 2017 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030356/https://brittlepaper.com/2017/03/sales-approach-million-mark-americanah-adichies-signature/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus Turns 15: The Best Moments of a Modern Classic |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/ |access-date=27 March 2024 |magazine=[[Brittle Paper]] |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=[[Ainehi Edoro]] |location=Chicago, Illinois |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327030329/https://brittlepaper.com/2018/10/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-purple-hibiscus-turns-15-the-best-moments-of-a-modern-classic/ |archive-date=27 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is in a Different Place Now |url=https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-sept-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-is-in-a-different-place-now/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |magazine=[[Open Country Mag]] |date=20 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602084010/https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-sept-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-is-in-a-different-place-now/ |archive-date=2 June 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |author-link=Otosirieze Obi-Young |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Children's Picture Book Coming in 2023 |url=https://opencountrymag.com/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-childrens-picture-book-coming-in-2023/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Open Country Mag |date=4 April 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401065834/https://opencountrymag.com/chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-childrens-picture-book-coming-in-2023/ |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Oduah | first=Henry | title=Coroner suspends inquest into death of Chimamanda's son | website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] | date=5 May 2026 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/05/coroner-suspends-inquest-into-death-of-chimamandas-son/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} *{{cite journal |last1=Ogwude |first1=Sophia O. |title=History and Ideology in Chimamanda Adichie's Fiction |journal=[[Tydskrif vir Letterkunde]] |date=February 2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=110–123 |doi=10.4314/tvl.v48i1.63824 |url=https://scielo.org.za/pdf/tvl/v48n1/v48n1a09.pdf |access-date=17 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Pretoria]] |location=Pretoria, South Africa |issn=0041-476X |oclc=923961739 }} * {{cite web |last=Okachie |first=Leonard |title=Chimamanda Selected as Radcliffe Fellow |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=[[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study News]] |date=19 May 2011 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180456/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=16 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180456/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/news/in-news/chimamanda-selected-radcliffe-fellow }} * {{cite web |last=Okafor |first=Chinedu |title=Chimamanda Adichie Comes under Same Fire as Rowling over Transphobia |url=https://ynaija.com/Chimamanda-Adichie-comes-under-same-fire-as-rowling-over-transphobia/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=[[YNaija]] |date=17 November 2020 |publisher=Generation Y! |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201120105742/https://ynaija.com/chimamanda-adichie-comes-under-same-fire-as-rowling-over-transphobia/ |archive-date=20 November 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Okafor | first=Makuochi | title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's family accuses Euracare Hospital of negligence over son's death | website=[[BBC]] | date=10 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0lx09e618yo | access-date=11 January 2026 }} * {{cite web | last=Okogba | first=Emmanuel | title=Chimamanda becomes first woman to receive chieftaincy title in hometown | website=Vanguard News | date=1 January 2023 | url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/chimamanda-becomes-first-woman-to-receive-chieftaincy-title-in-hometown/ | access-date=16 February 2025 }} * {{cite journal |last=Okolo |first=Luke Ndudi |title=Thematic and Stylistic Analysis of Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus |url=https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/236 |access-date=23 April 2024 |journal=Ansu Journal of Language and Literary Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=2016 |pages=1–13 |publisher=[[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University]] |location=Uli, Anambra, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324124655/https://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php/AJLLS/article/view/236 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |issn=2465-7352 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Olaiya |first=Tope Templer |title=Chimamanda Adichie Did Not Accept National Honour, Team Confirms |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-did-not-accept-national-honour-team-confirms/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian Nigeria]] |date=13 October 2022 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142103/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/chimamanda-adichie-did-not-accept-national-honour-team-confirms/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 }} * {{cite news |last=Olaopa |first=Tunji |title=An Encounter with Toyin Falola: Between Celebration and Canonization of Intellectuals |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/27/an-encounter-with-toyin-falola-between-celebration-and-canonization-of-intellectuals/ |access-date=4 December 2022 |work=[[This Day]] |date=27 November 2022 |location=Apapa, Lagos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204235846/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/11/27/an-encounter-with-toyin-falola-between-celebration-and-canonization-of-intellectuals/ |archive-date=4 December 2022 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | last=Olonilua | first=Ademola | title=ICYMI: My parents did not name me Chimamanda, says author, Adichie | website=[[The Punch]] | date=2 January 2021 | url=https://punchng.com/my-parents-did-not-name-me-chimamanda-says-author-adichie/ | access-date=14 July 2026 | location=Lagos, Nigeria }} * {{cite journal |last=Ordu |first=Stanley |title=Womanism and Patriarchy in Chimamanda Adichie's ''Purple Hibiscus'' |url=https://www.litinfinite.com/wp-content/uploads/7_Stanley-Ordu-_61_73.pdf |access-date=3 May 2022 |doi=10.47365/litinfinite.3.2.2021.61-73 |journal=Litinfinite Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |date=December 2021 |pages=61–73 |publisher=Supriyo Chakraborty Penprints Publications |location=Kolkata, India |issn=2582-0400 |oclc=9455975886 }} * {{cite news |last=Parnass |first=Larry |title=Nigerian Author Adichie Urges Williams Grads to Commit to Social Justice |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/archives/nigerian-author-adichie-urges-williams-grads-to-commit-to-social-justice/article_83ec0753-03f4-5353-abb9-9e2d01a8cc15.html |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The Berkshire Eagle]] |date=4 June 2017 |location=Pittsfield, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181145/https://www.berkshireeagle.com/archives/nigerian-author-adichie-urges-williams-grads-to-commit-to-social-justice/article_83ec0753-03f4-5353-abb9-9e2d01a8cc15.html |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pazzanese |first=Christina |title=Adichie: 'Protect and Value the Truth': Class Day Speaker Urges Graduating Seniors to Embrace That Principle in Their Own Lives |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvards-class-day-speaker-urges-students-to-protect-and-value-the-truth-in-their-own-lives/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[Harvard Gazette]] |date=24 May 2018 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181153/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/05/harvards-class-day-speaker-urges-students-to-protect-and-value-the-truth-in-their-own-lives/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pearce |first=Katie |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Politics, Race, and Writing at Johns Hopkins |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/09/chimamanda-adichie-fas-hopkins/ |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Hub |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |location=Baltimore, Maryland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505181145/https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/02/09/chimamanda-adichie-fas-hopkins/ |archive-date=5 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Pongsajapan |first=Robert |title=Award-Winning Author Adichie Explores Faith, Feminism at Georgetown Event |url=https://www.georgetown.edu/news/award-winning-author-adichie-explores-faith-feminism-at-georgetown-event/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=Georgetown University News |date=17 March 2017 |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001085251/https://www.georgetown.edu/news/award-winning-author-adichie-explores-faith-feminism-at-georgetown-event/ |archive-date=1 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Previous Winners |url=http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212075827/http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php |archive-date=12 December 2009 |website=[[Caine Prize]] |date=2009 |publisher=The Caine Prize for African Writing |location=London, UK |ref={{sfnref|Caine Prize|2009}} |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=12 August 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812074229/http://www.caineprize.com/winners_02.php }} * {{cite magazine |last=Richardson |first=Catherine |title=Dayton Literary Peace Prize |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA247445488 |access-date=7 May 2024 |magazine=[[Poets & Writers Magazine]] |volume=39 |issue=1 |date=January–February 2011 |publisher=[[Poets & Writers|Poets & Writers Inc.]] |location=New York City, New York |issn=0891-6136 |id={{Gale|A247445488}} }} * {{cite web |last=Ring |first=Trudy |title=Novelist Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Goes Anti-Trans Again |url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/12/02/novelist-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-goes-anti-trans-again |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|Advocate.com]] |date=2 December 2022 |publisher=Pride Media |location=Los Angeles, California |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510185048/https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/12/02/novelist-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-goes-anti-trans-again |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite magazine |last=Rios |first=Carmen |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Warns Humanitarians About the Danger of a Single Story |url=http://msmagazine.com/2019/10/21/the-danger-of-a-single-story-at-our-borders-and-in-our-movements/ |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]] |date=21 October 2019 |publisher=[[Feminist Majority Foundation|Liberty Media for Women, LLC]] |location=Arlington, Virginia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511180515/http://msmagazine.com/2019/10/21/the-danger-of-a-single-story-at-our-borders-and-in-our-movements/ |archive-date=11 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Roifah |first1=Miftahur |title=Becoming a Mother: The Transition to Motherhood in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's 'Zikora' |journal=Prosodi |date=October 2021 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=178–185 |doi=10.21107/prosodi.v15i2.12184 |url=https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/prosodi/article/view/12184 |access-date=3 May 2024 |publisher=[[University of Trunojoyo Madura]] |location=Bangkalan, Indonesia |issn=1907-6665 |doi-access=free }} *{{cite news |last1=Rojas |first1=Juan Carlos |title=Chimamanda vino al Hay Festival para reivindicar a la mujer negra |url=https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/chimamanda-vino-al-hay-festival-para-reivindicar-a-la-mujer-negra-de-cartagena-y-coloambia-322564 |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]] |date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201062218/https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/otras-ciudades/chimamanda-vino-al-hay-festival-para-reivindicar-a-la-mujer-negra-de-cartagena-y-coloambia-322564 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |location=Bogotá, Colombia |language=Spanish |trans-title=Chimamanda Came to the Hay Festival to Vindicate Black Women |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Lisa |title=Here's Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Is Wearing Only Nigerian Brands |url=https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian-fashion.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=8 May 2017 |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205212547/https://www.thecut.com/2017/05/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-wear-nigerian-fashion.html |archive-date=5 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Saeed |first=Saeed |title=Frankfurt Book Fair Discussions Focus on Female Authors, Diversity and Responsibility of Publishers |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/frankfurt-book-fair-discussions-focus-on-female-authors-diversity-and-responsibility-of-publishers-1.780496 |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=15 October 2018 |location=Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519161331/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/frankfurt-book-fair-discussions-focus-on-female-authors-diversity-and-responsibility-of-publishers-1.780496 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Safronova |first=Valeriya |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Talks Beauty, Femininity and Feminism |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-boots-no7-makeup.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=28 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210719/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/fashion/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-boots-no7-makeup.html |archive-date=22 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Sam-Duru |first=Prisca |title=Chimamanda Adichie, a Growing Literary Prodigy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=22 January 2014 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802142100/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/01/chimamanda-adichie-growing-literary-prodigy/ |archive-date=2 August 2023 |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last1=Sarr |first1=Lucie |title=African Feminist Reflects on 'Fratelli Tutti' in Vatican Paper |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/african-feminist-reflects-fratelli-tutti-vatican-paper |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=[[National Catholic Reporter]] |date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202110622/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/african-feminist-reflects-fratelli-tutti-vatican-paper |archive-date=2 December 2023 |location=Kansas City, Missouri |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sebola |first1=Moffat |title=Some Reflections on Selected Themes in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Fiction and Her Feminist Manifesto |journal=Literator |date=May 2022 |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.4102/lit.v43i1.1723 |url=https://literator.org.za/index.php/literator/article/view/1723 |access-date=4 May 2024 |publisher=Bureau for Scholarly Journals |location=Potchefstroom, South Africa |issn=0258-2279 |oclc=9627424976 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite web |last=Sefa-Boakye |first=Jennifer |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Co-Curates PEN World Voices Festival in NYC with Focus on African Literature |url=https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[PEN America]] |date=17 February 2015 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152943/https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=live |accessdate=14 July 2026 |archivedate=2 November 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102152943/https://pen.org/press-clip/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-co-curates-pen-world-voices-festival-in-nyc-with-focus-on-african-literature/ }} * {{cite news |last=Shariatmadari |first=David |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Religious Leaders Must Help End Nigeria Violence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/13/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigeria-leaders |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=13 January 2012 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129154612/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/13/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nigeria-leaders |archive-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Sharobeem |first1=Heba M. |title=Space as the Representation of Cultural Conflict and Gender Relations in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' |journal=Rocky Mountain Review |date=Spring 2015 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.1353/rmr.2015.a580802 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/143/article/580802/pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association |location=Pullman, Washington |issn=1948-2825 |oclc=7791796472 |url-access=subscription }}{{subscription required |via=[[Project Muse]]}} * {{cite news |last=Shilling |first=Jane |title=The Thing Around Your Neck by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Review |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094748/The-Thing-Around-Your-Neck-by-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-Review.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2 April 2009 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329094106/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/5094748/The-Thing-Around-Your-Neck-by-Chimamanda-Ngozi-Adichie-Review.html |archive-date=29 March 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |last=Stephen-David |first=Pembi |title=Chimamanda Adichie – Toeing the Line of Literary Giants |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201306070144.html |access-date=17 May 2024 |work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]] |agency=[[AllAfrica]] |date=7 June 2013 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |id={{Gale|A332826978}} }} *{{cite journal |last1=Stobie |first1=Cheryl |title=Taking wing: Vulnerability and queer/trans resistance in ''The Thirty Names of Night'' by Zeyn Joukhadar |journal=Safundi |date=October 2021 |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=353–374 |doi=10.1080/17533171.2022.2062173 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17533171.2022.2062173 |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire |issn=1543-1304 |oclc=9619990616 |url-access=subscription }} * {{cite news |last=Streeter |first=Leslie Gray |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Notes on Grief Captures the Bewildering Messiness of Loss – Review |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-notes-on-grief-b1846822.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=16 May 2021 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902021830/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-notes-on-grief-b1846822.html |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |title=The 10 Best Books of 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html |access-date=23 April 2024 |url-access=limited |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418002846/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The New York Times''|2013}} }} * {{cite magazine |title=The 2016 International Best Dressed List |url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/10/the-2016-international-best-dressed-list |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=1 October 2016 |pages=125–151 |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424093349/https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2016/10/the-2016-international-best-dressed-list |archive-date=24 April 2024 |issn=0733-8899 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Vanity Fair''|2016}} }} * {{cite web |title=The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Parents' Memoirs (2) Knowing Each Other before You Marry |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/the-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-parents-memoirs-2-knowing-each-other-before-you-marry/ |interviewer=Chika Abanobi |access-date=1 April 2024 |website=[[Sun News (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |date=14 September 2019 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401152741/https://sunnewsonline.com/the-chimamanda-ngozi-adichies-parents-memoirs-2-knowing-each-other-before-you-marry/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''The Sun''|2019}} }} * {{cite web |title=The Thing Around Your Neck: Stories |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews|Kirkus Reviews.com]] |date=1 May 2009 |publisher=Kirkus Media |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814121050/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie/the-thing-around-your-neck/ |archive-date=14 August 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Kirkus Reviews''|2009}} }} * {{cite web |title=Top 10 Nigerians in Africa Report's 100 Most Influential Africans |url=http://venturesafrica.com/top-10-nigerians-in-africa-reports-100-most-influential-africans/ |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=Ventures Africa |date=9 October 2019 |location=Maitama, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321064651/https://venturesafrica.com/top-10-nigerians-in-africa-reports-100-most-influential-africans/ |archive-date=21 March 2022 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Ventures Africa''|2019}} |last1=Africa |first1=Ventures }} * {{cite book |last=Tunca |first=Daria |editor1-last=Gyssels |editor1-first=Kathleen |editor2-last=Ledent |editor2-first=Bénédicte |title=Présence africaine en Europe et au-delà |trans-title=African Presence in Europe and Beyond |date=2010 |publisher=[[Éditions L'Harmattan]] |location=Paris, France |chapter=Of French Fries and Cookies: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Diasporic Short Fiction |chapter-url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/33339/1/Tunca_Adichie_African.pdf |pages=291–309 |isbn=978-2-296-12803-3}} * {{cite book |last=Tunca |first=Daria |editor1-last=Gates Jr |editor1-first=Henry Louis |editor1-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |editor2-last=Akyeampong |editor2-first=Emmanuel K. |editor2-link=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong |title=Dictionary of African Biography |volume=1: Abach-Brand |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, New York |chapter=Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (1977) |pages=94–95 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}} * {{cite journal |last1=Tunca |first1=Daria |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as Chinua Achebe's (Unruly) Literary Daughter: The Past, Present, and Future of 'Adichebean' Criticism |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Winter 2018 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=107–126 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.4.08 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.49.4.08 |hdl=2268/233956 |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=9969832851 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/233956/1/Tunca_Adichie_Achebe_RAL.pdf }} * Urujzian, Vero-Ekpris Gladstone. "Proverbs and metaphors as discursive strategies in selected novels by Achebe and Adichie." ''LWATI: A Journal of Contemporary Research'' 20, no. 1 (2023): 72–86. * {{cite web |last=Ufuoma |first=Vincent |title=Buhari to Confer National Honours on Chimamanda Adichie, 436 Others |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/buhari-to-confers-national-award-on-chimamanda-adichie-436-others/ |access-date=7 May 2024 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |date=2 October 2022 |location=Abuja, Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507165542/https://www.icirnigeria.org/buhari-to-confers-national-award-on-chimamanda-adichie-436-others/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news |editor-last=Useni |editor-first=Mohammed |title=Anti-Gay Law: Chimamanda Adichie Writes, 'Why can't he just be like everyone else?' |url=http://newswirengr.com/2014/02/19/anti-gay-law-chimamanda-adichie-writes-why-cant-he-just-be-like-everyone-else/ |access-date=21 February 2021 |agency=[[NewswireNGR]] |date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209073447/https://newswirengr.com/2014/02/19/anti-gay-law-chimamanda-adichie-writes-why-cant-he-just-be-like-everyone-else/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |last1=Vanzanten |first1=Susan |title='The Headstrong Historian': Writing with Things Fall Apart |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_research-in-african-literatures_summer-2015_46_2/page/85 |journal=[[Research in African Literatures]] |date=Summer 2015 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=85–103 |doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.85 |jstor=10.2979/reseafrilite.46.2.85 |issn=0034-5210 |oclc=5827202813}} * {{cite web | title=Video: Nigerian author's 'Americanah' comes to France | website=[[France 24]] | date=23 January 2015 | location=[[Paris]], France | url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223090705/https://www.france24.com/en/20150123-video-literature-nigerian-author-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-americanah-published-france | archive-date=23 December 2025 | url-status=live | ref={{sfnref|France 24|2015}} | access-date=23 December 2025 }} * {{cite magazine |last=Wagner |first=Erica |author-link=Erica Wagner |title=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'I Wanted To Claim My Own Name' |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novelist-ted-speaker-interview |access-date=10 May 2024 |magazine=[[British Vogue]] |date=3 November 2015 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018140532/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-novelist-ted-speaker-interview |archive-date=18 October 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weatherford |first=Ashley |title=Chimamanda Adichie Talks Black Hair and the Narrow Definition of Beauty |url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/chimamanda-adichie-on-black-hair-and-redefining-beauty.html |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=8 December 2016 |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130085834/https://www.thecut.com/2016/12/chimamanda-adichie-on-black-hair-and-redefining-beauty.html |archive-date=30 November 2023 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weller |first=Chris |title=New Yorkers Just Selected a Book for the Entire City to Read in America's Biggest Book Club |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=[[Business Insider|Business Insider UK]] |date=16 March 2017 |location=London, UK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024040152/http://uk.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3 |archive-date=24 October 2017 }} *{{cite journal |title='We Should All Be Feminists' |journal=Foreign Rights Catalog: Books for Kids and Teens |date=January–June 2021 |page=109 |url=https://www.penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/foreign-rights-kids-teens-2021-first-semester-penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.pdf |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |location=New York City, New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519184758/https://www.penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/foreign-rights-kids-teens-2021-first-semester-penguinrandomhousegrupoeditorial.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref|''Foreign Rights Catalog''|2021}} }} * {{cite news |last=Williams |first=Zoe |author1-link=Zoe Williams (writer) |title='I believe literature is in peril': Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Comes Out Fighting for Freedom of Speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-bbc-reith-lecture-freedom-truth-trans-rights |access-date=19 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 November 2022 |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319123047/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-bbc-reith-lecture-freedom-truth-trans-rights |archive-date=19 March 2024 |url-status=live }} {{Refend}} == Links n'aga n'ezi== {{commons|Category:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie}} * Website nke [http://chimamanda.com/ Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160403122325/http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/index.html The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Website] sitere na ngalaba asụsụ Bekee nke [[Mahadum nke Liège]] dị na mba [[Belgium]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] [[Otú:Odee akwụkwọ si Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Ndi Amerika]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria gụrụ akwụkwọ]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1977]] f4ertxss51413fkqw1vzc04jgvy3gj1 0 7956 742624 596391 2026-11-03T08:52:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Postpartum baby2.jpg|thumb|Ọmụmụ nwa]] {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Childbirth|synonyms=Labour and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|title=confinement – Definition of confinement in English by Oxford Dictionaries|dictionary=Oxford Dictionaries – English|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154402/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/confinement|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/confinement|title=Confinement – meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref>|image=Postpartum baby2.jpg|caption=Mother and [[neonate|newborn baby]] shown with [[vernix caseosa]] covering|field=[[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]]|symptoms=|complications=[[Obstructed labour]], [[postpartum bleeding]], [[eclampsia]], [[postpartum infection]], [[birth asphyxia]], [[Kangaroo care|neonatal hypothermia]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lunze K, Bloom DE, Jamison DT, Hamer DH | title = The global burden of neonatal hypothermia: systematic review of a major challenge for newborn survival | journal = BMC Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 24 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23369256 | pmc = 3606398 | doi = 10.1186/1741-7015-11-24 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Mar2014">{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard J. |last2=Fanaroff |first2=Avroy A. |last3=Walsh |first3=Michele C.| name-list-style = vanc |title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29537-6|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911003120/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|archive-date=11 September 2017|date=2014}}</ref><ref name="WHO2008Ed">{{cite book |title=Education material for teachers of midwifery: midwifery education modules |date=2008 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-4-154666-9 |edition=2nd |location=Geneva [Switzerland] |hdl=10665/44145}}</ref>|onset=|duration=|types=[[Vaginal delivery]], [[C-section]]<ref name=Mem2013/><ref name=Mart2015/>|causes=[[Pregnancy]]|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=[[Birth control]], [[elective abortion]]|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=135 million (2015)<ref name=CIA2015>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=30 July 2016|date=11 July 2016|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=live|accessdate=30 March 2024|archivedate=26 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/}}</ref>|deaths=500,000 [[maternal deaths]] a year<ref name=WHO2008Ed/>|alt=}}''''''ịmụ nwa'''''', nke a makwaara dị ka nkebi imu nwa, ịmụ nwa n'ahụ ịmụ nwa, bụ mmezu nke [[Afọ ime|ime ime]] ebe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ụmụ '''Ọrụ''' n'apụ n'ime ime [[nne]] site na ịmụ nwa ma ọ bụ akụkụ ịwa ahụ.<ref name="Mart2015">{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical l.p.Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968799-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en|year=2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, e nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 140.11 na [[ọmụmụ]] n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Number of births and deaths per year|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100|accessdate=24 June 2022|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=14 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614104952/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100}}</ref> &nbsp;Na Mba ndị mepere emepe, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Co-Operation|first=Organisation for Economic|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-05934-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref> ebe na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ihe ka ukwuu bụ ọmụmụ n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olsen|first=Ole|date=2023-03-08|title=Planned hospital birth compared with planned home birth for pregnant women at low risk of complications|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2023|issue=3|pages=CD000352|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000352.pub3|issn=1469-493X|pmid=36884026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Fossard|first=Esta de|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=Sage Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-758-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> Ụzọ a n' ahụkarị maka ịmụ nwa n'ụwa niile bụ ịmụ nwa site na ịkpụ.<ref name="Mem2013">{{Cite journal|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders|journal=Women's Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265–77; quiz 276–77|date=May 2013|pmid=23638782|doi=10.2217/whe.13.17}}</ref> Ọ n'agụnye usoro anọ nke ịmụ nwa: mkpụmkpụ na imeghe akpa nwa n'oge nke mbụ, ịrịda na ọmụmụ nwa n'ime nke abụọ, ịmụ nwa n'afọ n'oge ya nke atọ, na mgbake nke nne na nwa n'etiti nke anọ, nke a na-akpọ postpartum. Nzọụkwụ mbụ a na-ahụkarị site na mgbu afọ ma ọ bụ mgbu azụ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ azụ, nke na-adịkarị ọkara nkeji ma n'eme kwa nkeji 10 rụọ 30. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What Are the Different Types of Contractions?|url=https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/signs-of-labor/what-are-contractions/|accessdate=2024-03-16|work=Parents|language=en}}</ref> Nkwakorita ahụ na-eji nwayọọ na-esi ike ma na-adịkwu nso.<ref name="NIH2010">{{Cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|work=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=27 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|archivedate=28 July 2016|quote=The first stage begins with the onset of labour and ends when the cervix is fully opened. It is the longest stage of labour, usually lasting about 12 to 19 hours<br>..<br>The second stage involves pushing and delivery of your baby. It usually lasts 20 minutes to two hours.}}</ref> Kemgbe ufu sina imu nwa na-emetụta mgbu, ihe mgbu na-aghọwanye ihe mgbu ma sie ike ka ịmụ nwa n'ihu. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ na-agwụ mgbe a chụpụrụ nwa ọhụrụ ahụ kpamkpam. Nzọụkwụ nke atọ bụ nnyefe nke Placenta. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|issue=7|pages=CD004074|date=July 2013|pmid=23843134|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3}}</ref> Nzọụkwụ nke anọ nke ịmụ nwa na-agụnye mgbake nke nne, igbu oge ijide eriri umbilical, na nlekota nke Nwa ọhụrụ.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Stages of Labor|url=https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/programs-and-services/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/stages-of-labor|accessdate=30 June 2022|work=www.bidmc.org|language=en-us|archivedate=27 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527022112/https://www.bidmc.org/centers-and-departments/obstetrics-and-gynecology/programs-and-services/pregnancy/labor-and-delivery/stages-of-labor}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014 ụlọ ọrụ ahụike niile na-adụ ọdụ na ozugbo a mụsịrị nwa, n'agbanyeghị usoro ọmụmụ, ka etinye nwa ahụ n'obi nne (nke a na-akpọ njikọ akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ), na igbu oge usoro nwa ọhụrụ maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu awa ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe nwa ahụ nwere ara mbụ ya. <ref name="Medscape">{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9|title=Uninterrupted Skin-to-Skin Contact Immediately After Birth|work=Medscape|accessdate=21 December 2014|author=Phillips|first=Raylene|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403065140/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/806325_9|archivedate=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/131521/E79235.pdf|title=Essential Antenatal, Perinatal and Postpartum Care|publisher=WHO|work=Promoting Effective Perinatal Care|accessdate=21 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034812/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/131521/E79235.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Intrapartum Care">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3|title=Care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence|work=National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health|date=December 2014|accessdate=21 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212090530/http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg190/evidence/cg190-intrapartum-care-full-guideline3|archivedate=12 February 2015}}</ref> A na-atụkarị aro ka a mụọ nwa n'ahụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ mbụ. Akụkụ ịwa ahụ nwere ike ibute ohere dị ukwụụ nke nsogbụ na mgbake dị nwayọ. E nwekwara ọtụtụ urụ sitere n'okike nke ịmụ nwa n'ahụ nne na nwa. Ụzọ dị iche iche nwere ike inye aka na ihe mgbu, dị ka usoro ntụsara ahụ, opioids, na spinal blocks.<ref name="NIH2010"/> Ọ bụ omụme kachasị mma iji belata ọnụọgụ nke ntinye aka na-eme n'oge ịmụ nwa dịka ngalaba ịwa ahụ, agbanyeghị, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a ga-eme atụmatụ ngalaba ịwa ya maka ịmụ nwa na mgbake nke nne. Enwere ike ịtụ aro ịwa ahụ mberede ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya emee ma ọ bụ obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ọganihụ site na ọwa ọmụmụ na-ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} mq4xz0x192vc13mqt58q13n2wka84sh 0 9989 742376 724533 2026-11-03T02:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eseohe Arhebamen''' ma ọ bụ '''Eseohe Arhebamen-Yamasaki''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Edoheart''' (nke a mụrụ ka '''Obehioye Eseohe Ikhianose Oghomwenyenmwen Cleopatra Anne Arhebamen''' ), bụ onye na-ede abụ, onye na-agba egwu, onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-agụ egwú, onye na-arụpụta egwu, onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'ihu ọhaneze, na onye na-ese eserese. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demandafrica.com/entertainment/music/exclusive-inside-for-the-love-ep-with-nigerian-born-artist-edoheart/|title=Exclusive Interview Inside "For The Love – EP" With Nigerian Born Artist Edoheart|date=24 February 2020}}</ref> <ref name="EP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/466508|title=Viies esituskunsti festival Diverse Universe meenutab maailma mitmekesisust|date=24 April 2009}}</ref> <ref name="PP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parnupostimees.ee/?id=112386|title=Pärnu kunstihallis kohtusid nüüdisaegne tants ja macho-metal|date=28 April 2009}}</ref> <ref name="SIRP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sirp.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8743:ikka-teel&catid=6:kunst&Itemid=10&issue=3251|title=Ikka teel|date=8 May 2009}}</ref> <ref name="Hankooki">{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.hankooki.com/lpage/08_life/200809/wk20080903133924100510.htm|title=국내 최대 실험예술 축제 열린다|date=3 September 2008}}</ref> <ref name="12Q"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.akwaabamusic.com/blog/huuuuuuge-edoheart/|title=Huuuuuuge: Edoheart - Akwaaba Music|date=31 August 2010}}</ref> A mụrụ Eseohe na Zaria,nke [[Naijiria]] <ref name="TPBBC">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/talking_point_programme/4556215.stm|title=What's it like to live in Africa?|date=4 June 2005}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye ezinụlọ nke alaeze ukwu Benin . Nne nne Eseohe Arhebamen bụ Princess Theresa Maria Nodumwenben Osazuwa, adaeze ndị Edo . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm|title=Eseohe Arhebamen|date=2009|accessdate=2020-11-13|archivedate=2025-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120055431/http://www.performance.ee/2009/eseohe%20arhebamen.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200703030157.html|title=Nigeria: Help! Wicked People Have Sold Our Farmlands, Now We Have Nothing to Live On|date=3 March 2007}}</ref> Nna nna ochie Eseohe Arhebamen bụ Osazuwa Eredia, nna adaeze bụ Theresa Osazuwa, bụbu Oba N'Ugu na Enogie nke Umoghumwun, nke mere Eseohe Arhebamen nwa eze na adaeze. "Ntọala alaeze Ugu, ya na isi obodo ya dị na Umoghumwun a bụrụla nke achọpụtara isi na Okparaeze Idu, bụ ọkpara Oba Eweka I. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Evolution of Benin Chieftaincy Titles}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ == Eseohe Arhebamen bụ nwa nke mbụ nke ụmụnne ise ma na-arụkarị ọrụ nne na nna na nzụlite ha. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.softblow.org/arhebamen.html|title=Eseohe Arhebamen|last=Wong|first=Cyril|work=Softblow|date=November 2005|accessdate=5 April 2010|archivedate=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202104816/http://www.softblow.org/arhebamen.html}}</ref> ezinaụlọ Eseohe kwagara n'Amerịka were biri na [[Detroit]],na [[Michigan]] . Mgbe ọ dị afọ 17 ọ debara aha na Mahadum Michigan na Residential College. Agbanyeghị na a gbara ya ume ịchụ mmụta medịsịn dị ka ụzọ ọrụ, Eseohe gbasoro agụụ ya maka uri, asụsụ na nka. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ n'ogo bachelọ, Eseohe lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ edemede na ime ihe nkiri n'ihu ọhaneze dị ka ụzọ isi metụta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/2000/apr/04-07-2000/news/03.html|title="Night" march on Diag goes co-ed|last=Brill|first=Marta|work=The Michigan Daily|date=7 April 2000|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=12 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912095541/http://www.pub.umich.edu/daily/2000/apr/04-07-2000/news/03.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="EJ">{{Cite web|url=http://eji.snre.umich.edu/poetryslam.html|title=The Environmental Justice Poetry Slam Ann Arbor, MI|work=Environmental Justice Initiative|date=21 November 2002|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416194502/https://eji.snre.umich.edu/poetryslam.html|archive-date=16 April 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum nke Michigan, Eseohe nwetara akara nrite dị ebube maka edemede ya <ref name="12Q"/> <ref name="120WA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3474-students-share-more-than-120-000-in-writing-awards|title=Students share more than $120,000 in writing awards|last=Mendler|first=Janet Nellis|date=3 May 2000|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> ma sonye na ndị nrite University of Michigan Anthology of Hopwood Award. <ref name="THA">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hf7kPAVRZhkC&q=Eseohe+Arhebamen+hopwood+awards&pg=PA207|title=The Hopwood Awards: 75 Years of Prized Writing|first=Nicholas|last=Delbanco|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu, Eseohe nwetara ọkwá dịka Writer-in-Residence nnke InsideOut Literary Arts Project na [[Detroit]],dị na [[Michigan]], ma soro ụmụaka rụkọọ ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ime obodo dara ogbenye iji gbasaa nka agụmagụ ha. Mgbe ọ kwagachara New York n'afọ 2003, Eseohe guzobere ụlọ ọrụ EdoHeart edekwara dịka Edoheart nke ghọọrọ aha arụmọrụ ya. Eseohe Arhebamen na Edoheart bụ otu. Eseohe natara nzere bachelọ nke nka na Mahadum nke Michigan na Creative Writing na Literature n'ọnwa Ọgọst,afọ 2005, were gaa nara nzere nke nka na Studio Art ya na maịnọ na asụsụ bekee na [[:en:Hunter_College|Hunter College]]. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke New York nke nzere masta na Performance Studies, nke a kọwara dị ka ọ na-esite n'ọmụmụ pefọmịn aat, antropọlọji na soshịọlọji, echiche edemede, na agụmagụ maka iwu. Eseohe gụsikwara ị gba egwu Butoh na Yukio Waguri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html|title=Tisch Performance Studies Biography of Eseohe Arhebamen|publisher=New York University|date=7 August 2009|accessdate=30 September 2013|archivedate=12 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035837/http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị nyere mmasị na ọrụ nnwale Eseohe Arhebamen bụ ihe okike echepụtara maka gburugburu ọzọ, yana [[Ábu|abụ]] na olu okwu dị ka isi mmalite maka mmegharị. <ref name="12Q">{{Cite web|url=https://12questionslmp.wordpress.com/2011/04/04/eseohe-arhebamen/|title=Eseohe Arhebamen|date=4 April 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html|title=Eseohe Arhebamen : Tisch School of the Arts at NYU|date=September 2011|accessdate=5 October 2013|archivedate=12 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012035837/http://performance.tisch.nyu.edu/object/eseohearhebamen.html}}</ref> Ọ gbaala ma kuzie ma obu duzie n'ọgbakọ ọmụmụ nke gunyere ebe ndi a o nwere mmasi na The Living Theater na Columbia University 's Teacher's College. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dancingperfectlyfree.com/2009/08/07/butoh-workshop-at-the-living-theatre/|title=Butoh Workshop at The Living Theatre " Dancing Perfectly Free|last=Namerow|first=Evan|date=7 August 2009|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tc.columbia.edu/calendar/index.htm?EventID=6403|title=Teachers College - Columbia University: Calendar|last=Shieh|first=Eric|date=24 April 2009|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Eseohe Arhebamen a pụtala na televishọn na akụkọ ndị Koria na Amerịka,ma n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Amerịka, Estonia na Latvia. <ref name="EP"/> <ref name="PP"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://see.daum.net/clip/ClipView.do?clipid=10149269&q=%EA%B9%80%EC%84%9D|title=Daum tv팟 - 실험에술월드엑스포_Eseohe Arhebamen,김석환 홍대앞 퍼포머들 / 실험예술월드엑스포_Eseohe Arhebamen,김석환,더 벨리댄,들소리 4 - 동영상|date=6 September 2008|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/news/letters/2005/09/01/katrina_letters/index.html|title=Letters|last=Arhebamen|first=Eseohe|work=Salon|date=1 September 2005|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=14 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214164710/http://www.salon.com/news/letters/2005/09/01/katrina_letters/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/html/tv/nyctv_life_arttrek_episodes.shtml|title=NYC Media - NYC Life|date=January 2012|accessdate=5 October 2013|archivedate=6 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006052751/http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/html/tv/nyctv_life_arttrek_episodes.shtml}}</ref> N’afọ 2011, onye na-ese ihe Kalup Linzy họpụtara ya ka ọ pụta n’otu ihe nkiri gbasara ndị omenkà na New York. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kalup-linzy/and-then-there-were-five_b_1325724.html|title=Kalup Linzy: And Then There Were Five....|work=Huffington Post|date=8 March 2012|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/artintheair/2012/01/09/new-nyc-art-reality-show-debuts-tonight-with-kalup-linzy/|title=New NYC Art Reality Show Debuts TONIGHT, With Kalup Linzy|work=In the Air: Art News & Gossip|date=9 January 2012|accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> Eseohe Arhebamen na-apụtakwa na teepu vidio a gụnyere n'akwụkwọ abụ Anne Waldman a ma ama nke [[:en:University_of_Michigan|University of Michigan]] Special Collections Library zụtara. == Ihe nkiri abụ Butoh == Eseohe Arhebamen bụ onye amaala na nwa afọ a mụrụ Afrịka nke mbụ na-eme ihe ngosi butoh n'ihu ọhaneze. <ref name="SPalms">{{Cite web|url=http://swedishpalms.blogspot.com/2011/04/nigeriansk-butoh.html|title=Nigeriansk Butoh|author=Anna|publisher=Swedish Palms|date=30 April 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|archivedate=25 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825160657/http://swedishpalms.blogspot.com/2011/04/nigeriansk-butoh.html}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Eseohe Arhebamen bụ onye mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri n'ihu ọhaneze na-agbakọta egwu butoh na ịbụ abụ, ikwu okwu, mudra, asụsụ ogbi, okwu ọnụ, na nnwale olu mgbe ụdị egwu ọdịnala nke ndị Edo nke West [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] gachara. Ọ na-akpọ ụdị egwu a Ihe nkiri abụ Butoh. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vocal Styles: An Interview with Performance Artist Edoheart|url=http://www.claudiafriedlander.com/the-liberated-voice/2010/07/vocal-styles-an-interview-with-performance-artist-edoheart.html|publisher=The Liberated Voice|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref> Ụdị ihe nkiri abụ Butoh nke Eseohe Arhebamen na-esite na ọrụ ya na [[Ábu|uri]], egwu na ihe nkiri ọdịnala Edo nke ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-agba egwu ma na-abụ abụ n'otu oge, na nkwupụta nkwenye ya gosipụtara n'otu akụkọ asụsụ dị n'etiti ndị Edo nke Naijiria na ndị Japaan. . N'ụbọchị nke 26 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2010, Eseohe mere ihe nkiri na Yukio Waguri Intensive Workshop na-egosipụta ụdị ya nke ihe nkiri abụ Butoh nke ọ na-agba egwu butoh mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ [[:en:Willy_Wonka_&_the_Chocolate_Factory#Music|Pure Imagination]] nke Willy Wonka &amp;amp; Chocolate Factory . Kaarel Kressa kọwara ihe nkiri Eseohe mere nke ọma n'oge njem nke Fifth Diverse Universe dị ka nke gosipụtara ịdị mma na ịdị mma nke nwanyị; ji uri, ị gba egwu na abu ndi meriri obi ndi mmadu. <ref name="EP"/> Akpọọla ọrụ Eseohe "powerful ritual". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sirp.ee/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8742:mitmekesises-universumis-on-praegu-matriarhaat&catid=6:kunst&Itemid=10&issue=3251|title=Mitmekesises universumis on praegu matriarhaat|work=SIRP Eesti Kultuurileht Number 18 (3251)|date=8 May 2009|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> == Alụmdi na nwunye == N’afọ 2006, Eseohe lụrụ obi ụtọ kemgbe ya bụ Seth Yamasaki, nwa Taro Yamasaki onye na-ese foto nwetara ihe nrite Pulitzer Prize, na nwa nwa nke Minoru Yamasaki, onye omenkà bụ onye Japaan nakwa Amerịka a ma ama maka i se World Trade Center . Ha abụọ bi na Brooklyn,na [[Nú Yọk|New York]] . == Akwụkwọ uri == * 2010: Poems 1998-2009 (Lachị Mouse Press) * 2003: edinggha n'igwe ojii (Ornithology Press) == Egwu == * 2019: Okada 8000 (Edoheart & Nick Hook) * 2019: 1H (Edoheart) * 2018: Raw Cash Remix (Edoheart) * 2018: Na Fiya Ft. Masterkraft (Edoheart) * 2017: Majokko Olokun (Edoheart) * 2013: Edoheart - Sosomoneycockplease EP (Akwaaba Music) * 2012: Get As E Be - EP (Edoheart) * 2010: Shchedryk Avant Remix (Clinical Archives) * 2010: Monsoon in Ibadan (Clinical Archives) * 2010: Wa Domo Edo (Edoheart) * 2009: The Hunger Artist (Eseohe) == Ihe nkiri na vidio == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miC_zVIwi1Q "I'm That African" (2019)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnwlsBwcQP8 "Raw Cash Remix" (2018)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeE8bavfBxw "I No Send" (2018)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQIaM0VSuCs "Na Fiya Ft. Masterkraft" (2018)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iT-abIQ1UV8 "Sugar In A Plum" (2012)] * [http://vimeo.com/26835146 "Fire Butoh 4!" (2011)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W54I8bDDDhc "Sometimes (Take me away)" (2011)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFdKNDHXLb4 "Sosomoneycockplease (Video edit)" (2010)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrwyHgRxTns "Excerpt of Fire Butoh 3 for the Low Lives Exhibition" (2010)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEsFGCy2WJ0 "Blue Butterfly Butoh" (2009)] * [http://vimeo.com/channels/98263 "The Cement Factory" (2009)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1TEThGNVycs "# 18 / Number 18" (2009)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOFzL9AR_xE "eAir Butoh Sketch" (2009)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxNzfiYNXwc "Fire Butoh 3 Visuals" (2008)] * [http://vimeo.com/5309251 "Fire Butoh 3" (2008)] * [http://edoheart.org/fire-butoh-2-part-one-and-part-2.html "Fire Butoh 2" (2008)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3I1GcIbtLP0 "Es Su Casa" (2008)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olXFSOJFZ8k "Fire Butoh 1" (2007)] * The N Word (2007) == Antọlọjị na katalọgụ == * 2009: Diverse Universe Festival 2005–2009, Academia Gustaviana Selts Mty * 2009: Low Lives, Jorge Rojas * 2009: Kunsti Aastaraamat, Parnu Linnavalitsuse kultuuriosakond (Cultural Department of Parnu City Government), Printon Printing House * 2009: 세계 실험 예술 의 메카, 홍대 앞 - 인터넷 서점 인터파크 도서 * 2006: The Hopwood Awards: 75 Years of Prized Writing, University of Michigan Press * 2006: The New Spend Less Revolution, Harriman House == Ihe nrite == * 2012: Tisch School of the Arts Department Sponsored Tuition Award, New York University * 2006: Poet of the Day, Poets Against the Wa * 2002: Environmental Justice Initiative First Place Award, University of Michigan <ref name="EJ"/> * 2002: College Unions Poetry Slam Invitational National Champion First Place, University of Michigan Team<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the College Unions Poetry Slam Invitational|url=http://www.acui.org/content.aspx?menu_id=14&id=9852|work=acui.org|publisher=ACUI|accessdate=10 December 2014|archivedate=11 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211092640/http://www.acui.org/content.aspx?menu_id=14&id=9852}}</ref> * 2000: Writer-in-Residence, InsideOut Literary/Arts Project * 2000: Arthur Miller Award (Fiction) <ref name="120WA"/> * 2000: Jeffrey L. Weisberg Memorial Prize in Poetry * 2000: Hopwood Minor Poetry Award * 2000: Hopwood Underclassmen Fiction Award<ref name="HUA">{{Cite news|title=Hopwood Underclassmen awards announced|url=http://www.ns.umich.edu/new/releases/3307-hopwood-underclassmen-awards-announced|work=University of Michigan News|date=27 January 2000|accessdate=3 September 2016}}</ref> * 1998: Residential College Fellowship, University of Michigan == Nrụtụka == <references /> == Njikọ dị na mpụga == * [http://www.edoheart.org][http://www.edoheart.org/ Official Homepage] * [http://www.edoheart.org/teaching Edoheart - Teaching: Classes & Workshops] {{DEFAULTSORT:Edoheart}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwaanyị na-etị egwu]] [[Otú:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-agba egwu]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-eme nka]] 77r3jb20b8b7ybvay6o5cldkk9k4xz8 3 11338 742327 742299 2026-11-02T15:41:05Z MediaWiki message delivery 4554 /* Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #271: Errors and fallbacks in Abstract Wikipedia */ nkeji ohúrù 742327 wikitext text/x-wiki Abụ m Olugold ọ na-amasị m inye aka na ọrụ Wikimedia Foundation. == Have you voted in the UCoC enforcement guidelines ratification? == Hi! Olugold, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. Please vote and encourage other editors of Igbo Wikipedia to also vote. Regards, [[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|kwuo]]) 16:39, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) :Thank you so much [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 20:41, 11 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) == Stefania Turkewich == Thank you very much for this article, Olugold! [[Ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|Nicola Mitchell]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Nicola Mitchell|kwuo]]) 10:02, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) :Anytime!😊👍🏾 [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 11:38, 14 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) == [[:Òtù:Candidates for speedy deletion]] == Hi, can you please review these deletion requests? '''[[User:Rschen7754|Rs]][[User talk:Rschen7754|chen]][[Special:Contributions/Rschen7754|7754]]''' 23:58, 8 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) :Done! Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 07:20, 9 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[file:Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter, Introduction by Érica Azzellini, English, Nov 12, 2022.webm|thumb|320px|Ask Me Anything session introduction (12 November), presented by a Movement Charter Drafting Committee member.]] * MCDC members attended the “[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Ask Me Anything on Movement Charter sessions|'''Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter''']]” sessions to provide more information about the Movement Charter, its goal, why it matters and how it impacts the communities. Recordings of the presentations in different languages can be found [[m:c:Category:Movement_Charter_videos|here]]. * [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program''']]: Movement Charter Ambassadors (MCA) are individuals or groups interested in helping to ensure that their communities are fully engaged in community consultations. MCA are interested in supporting their communities to understand the content of the Movement Charter as well as ensuring that their communities can easily provide feedback. Anyone can become a MCA! [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/grant|Dedicated funds are available]] to support the MCA and their activities. Are you interested in becoming a Movement Charter Ambassador for your community? Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]! * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcements/Closing membership|'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee will close membership''']]: The  Committee decided not to add new members or replace those who step down after 1 January 2023, unless for exceptional reasons. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#October 2022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in October''']]:  The Committee released its regular monthly update from October 2022. It includes highlights about the Committee's progress in drafting the Movement Charter content, its upcoming community consultation and participation at Wikimedia events. '''Coming up''': * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#Community_consultation|Regional feedback conversations]]:''' The MCDC’s community consultations to collect feedback on the first three sections of the Movement Charter will take place between November 20 and December 18, 2022. You are invited to join one of the regional conversations planned for the eight regions (and various languages) of the Movement. Please note that interested people can share their feedback in different ways, including on the [[m:Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter/21 Movement Strategy forum], filling out a [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 survey] (anonymously) and sending an email to: [mailto:movementcharter@wikimedia.org movementcharter{{@}}wikimedia.org]. * '''Sign up [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|here]]''' to become a Movement Charter Ambassadors from your community and help ensure that your community is aware of the conversations around the Movement Charter!  <section end="content" /> </div> --13:37, 20 Novemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24094585 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfirst newsletter, covering November 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Activities''' * Current: Women in Climate Change editathon in various languages (1 December 2022 - 31 January 2023) (SDG 5 & 13) [17] * Past: Wikipedia and sustainability, how to increase knowledge on climate change? (SDG all) [1] * Past: Wikidata editathon in Swedish during COP 27 (SDG 13) [2] '''News''' * Wikimedia Nederland signed the Wikimedia Affiliates Environmental Sustainability Covenant (SDG all) [3] * WikiProject Govdirectory was featured as Digital Public Goods (SDG 16) [11] * The theme for Wiki Loves Africa 2023 has been revealed: Climate and weather (SDG 13) [16] '''Resources''' * Let's Connect learning report - pilot phase 2022 (SDG 17) [15] '''Research''' * Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing [SDG 15) [7] * A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles (SDG 5) [13] '''Videos''' * 10 Anos de Wikidata: Wikidata for Open Access to Cultural Heritage, por Susanna Ånäs (AvoinGLAM) (SDG 11) [14] '''New WikiProjects''' * Myosotis Pilot (SDG 15) [12] '''New Wikidata properties''' * Bank of information on the historical and cultural heritage of the Republic of Belarus (SDG 11) [4] * Louisiana Plant ID (SDG 15) [5] * DrugCentral ID (SDG 3) [8] * Probes And Drugs ID (SDG 3) [9] '''New Wikidata query examples''' * Map of water bodies in France (SDG 14) [6] * Gender balances of winners of literary awards (SDG 5) [10] '''Links''' * [1] https://www.wikimedia.nl/session_wikiconnl22/ * [2] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Sweden/Swedish_Riksdag_documents/Kopplingssprint_COP_27 * [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Affiliates_Environmental_Sustainability_Covenant * [4] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11184 * [5] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11189 * [6] https://w.wiki/5wCp * [7] https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.8.e97374 * [8] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11198 * [9] https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P11199 * [10] https://w.wiki/5$BR * [11] https://mailchi.mp/c3e4c371c62a/announcing-new-dpga-members-and-strengthening-dpi-12387620 * [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa/What_We%27ve_Done/Myosotis_Pilot * [13] https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wednesday-index * [14] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vgh5_oD1yec * [15] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Let%27s_Connect_learning_report_-_pilot_phase_2022.pdf * [16] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Africa_2023 * [17] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Climate_Change_2022 This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 22:05, 1 Disemba 2022 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24143847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Values and Principles presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Values & Principles chapter by MCDC member [[m:User:Geugeor|Georges Fodouop]].]] [[File:Wikimedia Movement Charter - Roles and Responsibilities presentation - November 2022.webm|thumb|256px|right|Presentation about the Roles and Responsibilities chapter (statement of intent) by MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]].]] * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#November%202022|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in November''']]''':''' As usual, the Committee released its regular monthly updates from November 2022. This month’s updates include highlights about the external facilitator hiring, next in-person meeting of the Committee and updates about the new drafting groups, among others. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|'''First community consultation period:''']] From mid November to mid December 2022 the Committee members took part in 8 regional feedback sessions. Committee members joined the sessions to provide clarifications and answer to questions that came from different language communities on the Movement Charter. ** Recordings of the presentations shared during the regional meetings are available [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Regional Conversations#Regional%20conversation|here]] for those interested. ** A list '''[[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Frequently Asked Questions|Frequently Asked Questions]]''' that came up in the calls is available on Meta. ** If you have not shared your feedback on the drafts of the Movement Charter yet, please do so by filling out this [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/743832 '''anonymous survey'''], which is open until '''January 2, 2023''' and is available in '''more than 12 languages'''. * [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|'''The Movement Charter Ambassador Program''']] received over 15 proposals. The ambassadors are currently putting their initiatives into action in various local communities. The Movement Charter Ambassadors Program will once again be opened for applications in the second quarter of 2023, in preparation for the next  round of Movement Charter consultations. Both individuals and organizations will be able to apply. Those interested in becoming Movement Charter Ambassadors are encouraged to [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/Join|sign-up]]. '''Coming up''': * '''Community Conversations summary:''' [[m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|The Movement Strategy and Governance]] team of the Wikimedia Foundation will prepare and publish the final summary report of the community feedback in January 2023. The report will be shared with the MCDC and the communities on different channels of communication. * '''Feedback on the Movement Charter:''' There will be additional ways to engage with the Movement Charter content, including the early feedback on the proposed ratification process and a new set of draft chapters in the second quarter of 2023. <section end="content" /> </div> --14:27, 22 Disemba 2022 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24275711 --> == Ihe nrite Onye Ntinyeaka == {| style="background-color: #CEF2D4; border: 10px solid Green;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Silverwiki 2 za zásluhy.png|100px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" | '''Onye ntụgharị Pụrụ iche n'afọ 2022''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" | Anyị n'ekele gị maka ọrụ ị na-arụ na <span class="plainlinks">[https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 Wikipidia Igbo]</span>. '''Daalụ maka ịtụgharị edemede karịrị nari abụọ'''. Ị mere nke ọma, jisie ike! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 10:48, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) |} :Obi dị mu ụtọ maka ihe nrite nke afọ a. Daalụ nke ukwu! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 20:55, 28 Disemba 2022 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 Jenụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''First Community Consultation:''' A concise summary of the community consultation on the initial three drafts of the Charter is now available for your review [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|on Meta]] and [[wmfblog:2023/02/07/movement-charter-community-consultation-summary/|on the Diff platform]]. In addition, you can read about MC Ambassadors are sharing about their experiences: ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/highlights-of-the-movement-charter-drafting-committees-first-community-consultation/|Highlights of the community consultation process, as well as about the Movement Charter Ambassador Program]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/10/igbo-wikimedians-communitys-participation-in-the-movement-charter-consultation/|The Igbo Wikimedia community’s participation in the MC consultation]]. ** [[wmfblog:2023/02/01/ambassadors-of-the-movement-charter-draft-committee-in-the-arabic-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|The experience of Arabic-speaking community members]]. * '''What’s next after the community feedback period?''' The Committee is currently reviewing the detailed feedback which consists of 59 pages of comments, in March the Committee will share their response to the comments. The detailed version of the feedback, which the Committee is reviewing, is also available [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|on this Meta page]]. * '''MCDC’s Virtual Working Session:''' The Committee gathered virtually from 3rd to 5th February to work on the drafts of the following new set of [[m:Movement Charter/Content|chapters of the Movement Charter]]: Global Council, Hubs, Decision Making, and Roles & Responsibilities. The Committee members worked in their smaller drafting groups first. The full Committee then convened, with representatives of each drafting group presenting the progress made so far, as well as about what type of support is needed for their future sessions. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#January 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in January''']]''':''' The update includes details of the meetings held by the Committee in the month of January 2023, stakeholder conversations, completed work as well as about the new drafting groups, creating glossary and independent legal review. '''Coming up:''' * '''Community feedback on the ratification methodology''' proposal of the future Movement Charter. The feedback was postponed until March 2023. The communities will be able to review the ratification methodology and share their early input on the open questions.   * '''The MCDC will soon announce a “Call for Advisors”.''' The call will be an invitation for interested individuals with relevant expertise and knowledge to participate in drafting the Charter. Advisors will be considered non-voting members. * '''Responses to the community consultation feedback''' by the MCDC. The Committee has been carefully reviewing feedback collected in the consultation from November & December 2022, and will publicly share responses to the feedback by March.   <section end="content" /> </div> --14:20, 22 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24476598 --> == A new Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions update is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-02-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: the latest changes in our development team, info about our participation at the latest Conversation with Trustees, links to the recordings of our last week's meetings, and the latest development updates. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:28, 27 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24618444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Maachị 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #106 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about deconstructing narratives around functions, links to the recordings of our last presentations, and the latest development updates. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1678127403 today at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:21, 6 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24664700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #107 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract_Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: an essay from Denny about where to store objects for Abstract Wikipedia (and relative problems with such issue) and the next appointment with the community. About the last point, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation workstream public meeting will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1679416242 March 21, at 16:30 UTC] on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 11:02, 17 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24726847 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|120px|right]] * '''Call for Advisors'''! Individuals interested to support the Drafting Groups or the Subcommittees of the MCDC in the role of an advisor can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform fill out the advisory application form] by May, 2023. The MCDC will be contacting interested individuals on a rolling basis. Do you want to know more about it? Please [[wmfblog:2023/02/21/movement-charter-drafting-committee-call-for-advisors/|read here for more information]]. The information is also available in [[wmfblog:ar/2023/03/02/لجنة-صياغة-ميثاق-الحركة-دعوة-مستشارين/|Arabic]], [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/01/comite-de-redaccion-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-convocatoria-de-asesores/|Spanish]], [[wmfblog:fr/2023/02/27/comite-de-redaction-de-la-charte-du-mouvement-appel-aux-conseillers/|French]], [[wmfblog:pt/2023/02/24/comite-de-redacao-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-chamada-para-pessoas-assessoras/|Brazilian Portuguese]], [[wmfblog:ru/2023/03/02/комитет-по-разработке-устава-движени/|Russian]] and [[wmfblog:zh-hant/2023/03/02/運動憲章起草委員會：徵求顧問/|Chinese]] languages respectively. * '''Movement Charter Ambassadors from the Latin America and the Caribbean region''' share their experiences of organizing community conversations on the Movement Charter. Please read the Diff blog [[wmfblog:pt/2023/03/12/programa-de-pessoas-embaixadoras-da-carta-do-movimento-wikimedia-na-america-latina-e-no-caribe/|in Brazilian Portuguese]] and in [[wmfblog:es/2023/03/16/programa-de-embajadores-de-la-carta-del-movimiento-wikimedia-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/|Spanish languages]]. * '''Casual updates''': The MCDC publishes regular casual updates after bi-weekly full Committee meetings, as well as after other drafting group and subcommittee meetings. If you are interested, please read casual updates [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates/Casual|here on Meta]] and on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-drafting-committees-casual-updates/2079 Movement Strategy Forum]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#February 2023|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in February''']]''':''' As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. The MCDC’s monthly updates are also [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charters-discussion-and-monthly-updates/363/20 shared on the multilingual Movement Strategy forum]. '''Coming up''' * '''[[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|MCDC Responses to the community feedback]]''': The MCDC published responses [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Summary|to the community feedback]] on the first set of drafts (collected during a consultation in November - December 2022). The response includes a [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|Summary]], as well as some [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|specific responses to the full community feedback]] (highlighted in orange). * '''Revised Movement Charter drafts:''' The MCDC will share in the coming month the revised versions of the first two chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|Preamble]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]] (including a newly-added glossary), and the revised [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities intentions statement]]. * '''Ratification methodology consultation''': The MCDC is working on a new proposal (not available yet) for a [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology]]. The proposal will be discussed through a community consultation process, including live meetings to provide feedback. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --11:34, 21 Maachị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24745150 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #108 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-03-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we announce [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-21780-7_6 a new paper] about Natural Language Generation by [https://www.cse.chalmers.se/~aarne/ Aarne Ranta], member of the Abstract Wikipedia NLG Special Interest Group and professor at the [[:w:en:University of Gothenburg|University of Gothenburg, Sweden]]. The paper is also accessible as a pre-print [https://www.grammaticalframework.org/~aarne/preprint-AAM-textgen.pdf here]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1680543035 April 3, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 10:50, 24 Maachị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 Eprel 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:MCDC_pre_work_at_New_York_BoT_retreat.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Committee's meeting in New York, in early March.]] * '''Starting conversations on how to ratify the Movement Charter:''' The Committee invites the Wikimedia movement to express opinions on the [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification|'''proposed Movement Charter ratification methodology''']] from April 10 to April 28. Everyone is invited to share feedback [[m:Talk:Movement Charter#Ratification methodology|on the Meta talk page]] or the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930 Movement Strategy forum]. Two community conversation hours are planned to take place: on '''April 18 at 10.00 UTC''' and '''April 24 at 17.00 UTC'''. Please [[m:Movement Charter/Ratification/Ratification methodology review launch|read the details here]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Responses|'''MCDC’s responses to the community feedback are now on Meta''']]''':''' The Committee has shared a summary of their responses and next steps based on the feedback from the first round of community consultation which took place late 2022. * '''What to read on Diff?''' ** [[wmfblog:2023/03/17/4-movement-charter-ambassadors-from-the-french-speaking-community-share-their-experience/|'''Learn more about the Movement Charter Ambassadors work''']]''':''' Movement Charter Ambassadors from the French-speaking community share their experience. ** MCDC member [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]] has written a blog post titled “[[wmfblog:2023/03/30/an-excerpt-from-my-life-movement-strategy-and-mcdc/|An excerpt from my life, movement, strategy and MCDC]]”. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#Meetings|'''Learn about Movement Charter Drafting Committee’s work in March''']]''':''' the monthly Committee’s updates include information about the coordination efforts with Wikimedia Germany, update on membership, submission to Wikimania 2023, participation at the Wikimedia Foundations Board of Trustees’ strategic retreat in New York in March 2023. '''Coming up:''' * '''Revised chapters:''' The Committee is preparing to publish the revised draft chapters of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Preamble|The Preamble]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content/Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement, based on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/2022|the community feedback]] received in November and December 2022. * '''Inviting advisors and experts:''' The Committee is preparing to welcome a number of advisors from outside the Committee. All interested Wikimedians were invited to apply earlier (you can still [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd2Fp9NxOox_nxjf9kgV8Q7InIPm4jO9rLmteNkUV34vSHatA/viewform apply here]!). Additionally, the Committee is planning and scheduling meetings with individuals with specific sets of expertise in various topics, including stewards, movement committees, Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate staff, and others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --19:18, 15 Eprel 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=24859561 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #109 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a reflection about implementation of functions, a [https://keet.wordpress.com/2023/03/14/some-reflections-on-designing-abstract-wikipedia-so-far/ reflection on Abstract Wikipedia] from [[User:Keet10|Prof. Maria Keet]], and a reminder about an in-person talk about Abstract Wikipedia in Sweden. Also, we remind you that the next Natural Language Generation special interest group public meeting will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682440206 April 25, 2023 at 16:30 UTC]''' on Jitsi ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Special guest of the meeting will be [https://github.com/olpa/multi-nlg Oleg Parashchenko], who will share his experience and thoughts about implementing a multilingual NLG system. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] 09:11, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #110 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-04-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: Wikimedia Endowment finances development of the project, and the team has published its manifesto, Objectives and Key Results (OKRs) and communications principles. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1683567008 May 8, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mee 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates:''' * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#April_2023_ratification_methodology_community_review|Charter Ratification Methodology proposal conversations]]''': The Movement Charter Drafting Committee recently held the first conversations regarding the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification|ratification methodology for the Movement Charter]]. The MCDC has received valuable feedback from different communities and the Committees during the community input period. The report of the community input will be shared in May, while the updated version of the ratification methodology will be presented between September and November 2023. * '''Communication evaluation''': The Communications sub-committee of the MCDC together with the support staff conducted an evaluation of the communications. The Communications sub-committee appreciates the time and input of the community members who shared their opinions during the interviews. Several recommendations are going to be implemented in the upcoming period based on the valuable input. * '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#April_2023|Learn about the MCDC’s work in April]]''': The MCDC continues to draft additional chapters: The Global Council, Hubs, Decision-making and Roles & Responsibilities. Alongside the drafting work, the MCDC is planning their in-person meeting scheduled for 2-4 June in Utrecht, Netherlands with the aim of advancing the charter's content. '''What’s coming up?''' * Participants of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiNusantara_2023|WikiNusantara 2023 in Banjarmasin, Indonesia]] are invited to join a [[m:WikiNusantara_2023/Acara/Selayang_Pandang_Arah_Strategis_Gerakan_Wikimedia:_Kolaborasi_WMF_dan_Komunitas|session on the topics around Wikimedia Movement Strategy and community collaboration]] on May 20. [[m:User:RamzyM_(WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] will provide updates, share about the Movement Charter Ambassadors Program and answer the questions. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25016423 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #111 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a new full stack software engineer joins the development team, and a presentation of a paper co-authored by Denny about the history of Wikidata. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:04, 15 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=24759040 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #112 and #113 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On May 17, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-17|thanked Julia]] for her work and we wished her well for her new work with the Trust & Safety team. On May 25, 2023, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-05-25|presented our new viewing and editing experience]] for Wikifunctions. Want to catch-up with the previous updates? Check [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 26 Mee 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #114 is out == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue: a very brief note about the Wikimedia Hackathon in Athens. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1685986233 June 5, 2023 at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Note: since last time we've had some network problems with Jitsi, <u>in case of new malfunctions</u> during next meeting we will provide on short notice a Google Meet link to the participants. Thanks for your understanding. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 07:08, 3 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #115 is out == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue we present the new interface for multilingual editing, and we discuss the results of our "fix-it week". Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:35, 9 Jụn 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25053227 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #116 and #117 are out == There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On June 22, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-22|summarised the results]] of our annual in-person meeting in Delft, The Netherlands. On June 28, we [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-06-28|thanked Cai and Allan]] for their work and we wished them well for their new endeavours. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1689010212 July 10, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.jit.si/AWVolunteersCorner link to the meeting]). Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:02, 4 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25213308 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletters #118 to #121 are out == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> There are new updates for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions! Please, come and read them! On July 20, we shared an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-20|update on our plans for the initial deployment of Wikifunctions]] in the next few weeks, what will be possible, and changes to the development in the last few weeks. Also, a request for suggestions on what should be the very first Function to be created in Wikifunctions. On July 17, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-17|grant from Google.org]]. On July 12, we announced a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-12|grant from The Rockefeller Foundation]]. On July 7, we welcomed a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-07|new Director of Product]] to the team. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 21:38, 20 Julaị 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25312292 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> [[File:Noun Scroll 308110.svg|180px|right]] ''This newsletter combines content from both June and July, due to a delay in sharing out the previous newsletter.'' '''Updates:''' * '''New Movement Charter content published:''' The Committee published new draft chapters on the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|'''Global''' '''Council''']], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|'''Hubs''']] and the [[m:Movement Charter/Content/Glossary|'''Glossary''']]. You are invited to share your feedback or ask any questions you may have to the Committee before September 1, 2023 on the following talk pages: ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Global Council|Share your feedback on The Global Council draft]] ** [[m:Talk:Movement Charter/Content/Hubs|Share your feedback on Hubs draft]] * [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft|'''Revised draft chapters published on Meta:''']] The Committee has shared the revised draft chapters: [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Preamble|Preamble]], [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Values & Principles|Values & Principles]], and [[m:Movement Charter/Content/One-page draft#Roles & Responsibilities|Roles & Responsibilities]] intentions statement. These revisions are based on the [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#November-December 2022 consultation|community feedback]] received in November-December 2022. * [[m:wmfblog:2023/06/02/how-will-the-wikimedia-movement-ratify-its-charter/|'''Ratification Methodology community feedback:''']] The summary of community feedback on the proposed methodology for the ratification of the Charter is on Diff. * Listen to the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jy_IQ_G1wEI '''WikiAfrica Hour #46: Africa and Movement Charter'''], where MCDC members [[m:User:Anass Sedrati|Anass Sedrati]] and [[m:User:Geugeor-WMF|Georges Foudoup]]  talk about Movement Charter, its aims and objectives, and the relevance to the African community. * MCDC member’s are busy participating in various community events to discuss Movement Charter. [[m:User:Manavpreet Kaur|Manavpreet Kaur]], a member of the Global Council and Roles and Responsibilities Drafting Groups [[m:EduWiki Conference 2023/Program/MCDC|joined the EduWikiConference 2023]].  The MCDC support staff [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|Ramzy Muliawan]] shared updates about the charter at [[m:WikiNusantara 2023|WikiNustantara 2023]] in Banjarmasin, Indonesia ([https://twitter.com/wikimediaid/status/1659772318913294336 @wikimediaid on Twitter]). The Wikimedia communities in Indonesia were engaged by [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|Movement Charter Ambassador]] [[m:User:Arcuscloud|Arcuscloud]] in the [[m:Grants:Project/MSIG/Arcuscloud/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program|last round of community conversations]]. * [[m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Updates#May 2023|'''Learn about MCDC’s work in May & June:''']] as usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''What’s coming up?''' * [[m:Movement Charter/Community Consultation#MCDC Live Launch Party|'''Join the live launch party''']]: The Drafting Committee is hosting a launch party on July 30th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1690725614 14.00 UTC] to celebrate the new drafts, introduce them to the community and give space for sharing thoughts and feedback. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZYsdOiurT0vHta6stHaiHHEyrwK3RUPveBR#/registration '''Register here to receive a Zoom link to the launch party.'''] * [[m:Movement Charter/Ambassadors Program/Grant|'''Movement Charter Community Conversation grants''']] are open for individuals or groups who want to organize conversations about the Charter content. Talk to us if you need any support on [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/c/ensure-equity-in-decision-making/movement-charter-ambassadors/38 the MS Forum]! Apply for a grant before Jul 30, 2023. * [[m:wmania:2023:Wikimania|'''Wikimania 2023''']]''':''' Wikimania 2023: Members of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee are excited to be attending Wikimania Singapore in August, to speak to and hear from you in person (and hybrid) about the four drafts and the Charter in general. * '''Community events:''' MCDC members will be present in the [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2023|CEE Meeting]] in September in Georgia to discuss the Charter content with the CEE and CA communities. In addition, the MCDC prioritizes participation in the conferences planned for 2023 to continue conversations on the content of the Charter with the communities: [[m:WikiConvention francophone/2023|WikiConvention Francophone]], [[m:WikiWomenCamp 2023|WikiWomen Camp]],  [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2023|WikiIndaba Morocco]], [[m:wikiconference:2023/Main_Page|WikiConference North America]], [[m:GLAM Wiki 2023|GLAM Wiki Conference]], among others. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> --12:25, 30 Julaị 2023 (UTC). <!-- Message sent by User:Abbad (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25275952 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #122 is out: Wikifunctions is live! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Main_Page Wikifunctions.org] is live (in read-only mode), we welcome a new member of the team, and we announce a new job opening. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:02, 31 Julaị 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25357486 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Charter Drafting Committee's monthly newsletter: August 2023</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content" /> '''Updates''' * '''Community consultation''': The community consultation on the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council|Global Council]], [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs|Hubs]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Content/Glossary|Glossary]] drafts is ongoing. We value your input, if you have not already, please take a moment to review the draft chapters and share your thoughts with the MCDC. We’ve posed open questions we would like your opinion on. Feel free to engage in a way that is most comfortable for you and your community. Learn more on our Diff blogs about the [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/13/a-global-council-for-our-movement/ Global Council] and [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/27/building-wikimedia-movement-hubs-together/ Hubs]. * '''Launch Party''': On July 30 we hosted a Launch Party to share the Global Council and Hubs draft chapters. It was an inspiring event where we had the opportunity to listen to your feedback and address some of your questions. If you missed it, you can catch the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SItWeX78tv8&list=LL&index=4 recording on YouTube]. * '''Community Conversations''': We want to hear from as many people as possible. On July 16, the SWAN meeting opened its doors and offered an opportunity to interact with the MCDC members regarding the new drafts of the charter. [[m:Strategic_Wikimedia_Affiliates_Network/2023_07#Notes|Notes are available here]]. On July 28, a regional conversation with the Francophone community was held. Here comes a [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Global_Council#Summary_of_the_feedback_from_the_francophone_conversation|short summary here in English and French]]. Additionally, on August 2 we had a fruitful conversation with the [[m:Talk:Movement_Charter/Content/Hubs#Summary_from_2_August_call|LATAM region]]. * '''[[m:Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Updates#July_2023|MCDC’s Work in July]]''': As usual, the update includes information about the meetings held by the Committee in this month, as well as about the work that was completed and the ongoing work & discussions. '''Upcoming''' * '''Join the MCDC at Wikimania''': Whether you’ll be at Wikimania 2023 in person or joining virtually, there are a few events that we would like to invite you to. Please drop by for a casual conversation. We would love to connect to workshop any ideas together. Drop in, get a sweet treat, and share your thoughts with us! [https://wikimania.wikimedia.org/wiki/2023:Registration Register] and see below for an overview of our time together: ** Tuesday, August 15 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 02:00|02:00 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/UVKSKQ/ '''Movement Strategy & Governance Connection track - Welcome and opening'''] (Room 325) *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-15 05:45|05:45 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/FJCXUP/ '''Movement Charter Drafting Committee: Open office hour'''] (Room 326) ** Wednesday, August 16 *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-16 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/EYGDHC/ '''Role Play the Future Roles and Responsibilities in the Movement'''] (Room 326) ** Thursday, 17 August *** {{zonestamp|2023-08-17 03:15|03:15 UTC}}: [https://pretalx.com/wm2023/talk/AWXHMA/ '''Movement Charter Content Discussions'''] (Room 310) * A '''[[m:Special:MyLanguages/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation#Regional_conversation:_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|regional call tailored for the MENA region]]''' will be conducted in Arabic on September 2 at 17.00 UTC. Kindly indicate your interest to attend this meeting. ''Subscribe to this newsletter [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Newsletter|on Meta-wiki]]'' <section end="content" /> </div> MCDC Support Team, 23:53, 14 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Newsletter/Subscribers&oldid=25458213 --> == Spam article == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Suraj Rana]] a blank page, requested for speedy deletion under the reason of "no useful content, spam page" [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/82.115.220.168|82.115.220.168]] 12:16, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 17:17, 20 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[Krishnam Kumar]] Reason : Language, written in english language in igbo wikipedia also, Telegram links are included in reference list, it indicates self promotion links. 2) [[Jhonnchefe]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like spotify, apple music, jaxta, YouTube. 3) [[Faaxy]] Reason : Language (English) 4) [[الشيخ محمد حمزة التميمي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 5) [[مسكنك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 6) [[إيجي سكاي]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 7) [[أراتوك]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content 8) [[كيرلس مجدي القمص]] Reason : Blank page, Test Page, Spam, No useful content [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:30, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thanks for this notification. Done! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:05, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam Articles (for speedy deletion) == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Again I'm here to show some spam articles, Pages that are requested for speedy deletion, I mentioned the link to the page & reason below : 1) [[اشرف عظيم وخبرته الواسعة في التسويق]] Reason : Language (English) 2) [[Mohamed Mohsen]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, TikTok, Instagram 3) [[Exclusive Movies (Streaming Platform)]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram 4) [[Iftkhar Mughal ( Actor )]] Reason : Language, Self Promotional links are included - Instagram 5) [[Vivek Tripathi - Actor]] Reason : Language (English) 6) [[Nitin Meena]] Reason : Language (English) 7) [[Kiddyong]] Reason : Language, Contains personal informations - "phone number, email adddress," also it is just a self promoting article even you can able to understand by seeing the first line of that article "Kiddyong The Naughty Kid"??? 7) [[Omar Yahya (actor)]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram, I couldn't find any real Movies of his and his biography is disorganized 8) [[King Media]] Reason : Language (English), Self Promotional links are included - telegram 9) [[Yahya Moussa]] Reason : Self Promotional links are included - telegram [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 18:10, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you once again for bringing these to my notice. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 21 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Welcome :) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 01:19, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Spam articles == @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] Once again here to show some spammy articles written in "Arabic language" with "Self promotional links" 1) [[محمد عتال]] Reason : Language (Arabic), Self Promotional Links - SoundCloud, Spotify Anghami 2) [[وسام شاهين]] Reason : Language (Arabic) 3) [[محمد جابر طه]] Reason : Language (Arabic) [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 14:55, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :Thank you so much! Do not hesitate to tag me for cleanup. I sincerely appreciate your efforts. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:27, 22 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) ::@[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] 2 more spammy articles too. This time I included reason and additional reasons. ::1) [[Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional Reason''' : I searched about this person and I can't even able to get a single result about this person. This article contains only one paragraph, it says that he is football coach, other than it doesn't includes any notable works about him. ::2) [[Ahmed ALshehri]] ::'''• Reason''' : Language (English), No useful content ::'''• Additional reason''' : as same as mentioned in the first article. :: Another info - [[Nitin Meena]] This page was previously deleted because of language and multiple issues, this article was re-created by the same person [[ 2401:4900:41E8:A08C:D5B9:C39B:83A4:2E9C]] and I noticed that he is the person who is creating autobiography on themself as you can see his message on here: [[Okwu:Nitin Meena]]. ::Also thank you for your each responses. [[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Quanteri|ṅkátá]]) 11:18, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) :::Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Quanteri|Quanteri]], I have responded accordingly.-- [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:13, 24 Ọgọọst 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #125 is out: Wikimania digest, CoSMo language, GFpedia demo, CCKS keynote == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-08-31|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we recap what happened at our sessions at Wikimania 2023, we talk about some new updates regarding our Natural Language Generation special interest group (NLG SIG), and we briefly speak about Denny's most recent keynote speech. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:35, 1 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #126 is out: Let's start building morphological paradigms! == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny proposes a call for action for creating morphological paradigms on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:25, 10 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25545271 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #127 is out: Renderers and parsers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to represent integers on Wikifunctions and its related challenges. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:07, 22 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25636326 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #128 is out: Serializers and deserializers for types == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-09-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, Denny introduces a discussion about how to make types easier to use, by discussing serializers and deserializers, and their role in Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:47, 29 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25669070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #129 is out: Arguments made easier == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the recent improvements that made it easy to reference arguments in functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 5 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25703700 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #130 is out: Running on WebAssembly == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our decision of rewriting the evaluator encapsulation service, in order to make it run on [[:w:en:WebAssembly|WebAssembly]]. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:31, 27 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25714201 --> == Crosswiki spam == Dear colleague, I have found your name at the page of sysop requests though I cannot figure out if you were elected eventually or not. But as you seem to be esteemed member of ig.wiki community, you know better what to do. It's about the article [[Hacktivist Vanguard]] which seems to be the last remnants of massive crosswiki spam and as such is the subject for speedy deletion. I'd be grateful if you take necessary steps according to the rules and habits of your local wiki. The best, [[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|ṅkátá]]) 19:51, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) :Dear@[[Ọbanife:Андрей Романенко|Андрей Романенко]] thanks for bringing this to my notice. Yes, I'm a sysop on the Wiki. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 21:02, 3 Novemba 2023 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #131 is out: Python on WebAssembly; Improved Object selector; Next volunteer's corner == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our latest technical improvements on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 6 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25809033 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #132 is out: Wikifunctions, the library of functions that anyone can use and edit == [[File:Anyone can edit Wikifunctions.png|center|alt=Wikifunctions can now be edited by anyone!|660x660px]] There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we finally announce that Wikifunctions is on general availability, and that functions can be run also by non-logged in users! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1699900200 November 13, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:50, 10 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25837034 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #133 is out: What types next? == There is [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss which new types of functions should we support and the latest changes to the software. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:10, 18 Novemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25859261 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #134 is out: Welcome, Grace and Miguel! Appointing Functioneers now by community == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-11-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two new members of the team, we discuss the latest changes in software, and we announce that Functioneer right will be now assigned by the community. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1701714600 December 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 1 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25909237 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #135 is out: Announcing Wikifunctions on the Wikimedia Foundation blog. Looking for feedback on the Function page proposal == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/12/05/introducing-wikifunctions-first-wikimedia-project-to-launch-in-a-decade-creates-new-forms-of-knowledge/ the latest blogpost] about us on WMF blog, and we invite you to share your feedback at the [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Function page proposal: looking for feedback|Wikifunctions' Project chat]] on the new proposed designs for the Function page. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 19:06, 7 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #136 is out: Looking back at 2023 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2023-12-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we look back at all the accomplishments that we achieved in 2023 and we thank you all for your help in achieving them. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! This will be the last newsletter for 2023, so see you again in 2024! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:49, 15 Disemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=25930840 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:14, 1 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #137 is out: Introducing our first new type: Lists == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our newest and much requested type of function, list. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1704738600 January 8, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:37, 5 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #138 is out: The Joy of Collaboration; Introducing the Function of the Week: reverse string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an essay from Denny and we introduce a new section of the newsletter, dedicated to the "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! We also wanted to note that we are in the process of moving the Updates from Meta to Wikifunctions. We'll keep you updated about it. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:27, 12 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26002740 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #139 is out: Refreshing the Function page; Function of the Week: ROT13 == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce a redesign and rewrite of the Function page and we present our first "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:05, 19 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26057555 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #140 is out: Getting debug information from code; Function of the Week: Wrap string == There is [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates/2024-01-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss debugging in implementations and we present our new "function of the week". Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:54, 26 Jenụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #141 is out: The Igbo Imperative! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we focus on language functions in Igbo, a language spoken by more than 44 million people in South-Eastern Nigeria. Also, we take a look at the latest software developments. Starting from this issue, the status updates will be hosted on Wikifunctions, instead of Meta. One more step towards maturation of the project! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|our archive (on Meta)]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1707157800 February 5, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:14, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #142 is out: Quarterly planning. Thank you, Nick! Function of the Week: is permutation == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss about the results of our last internal planning meeting, whose objective was to define what we will work on in this quarter. Also, we take a look at the latest changes in the team and the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:22, 8 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Question from [[User:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] (16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024) == Please what it all about --[[Ọbanife:Assuranc29|Assuranc29]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Assuranc29|ṅkátá]]) 16:16, 14 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #143 is out: Fix-it week == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-14|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we take a look at the latest software developments, after our monthly "fix-it week", where we work on technical debt and other issues that pile up in our daily work. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive on Wikifunctions]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Updates|also on Meta]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:19, 16 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26096332 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #144 is out: Updating the function model == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present the new documentation about our [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Function model|function model]] and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:55, 23 Febụwarị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26262834 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #145 is out: Type proposal for natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-02-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1709577000 March 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:40, 1 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #146 is out: Introducing our second new type: Natural numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the launch of the new natural numbers type, we talk about events we are taking part to, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:58, 8 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26316559 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 Maachị 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #147 is out: On identity == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the notion of identity and present our latest document about [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Representing identity|how we represent it]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:27, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26387944 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #148 is out: On the way to internationalizing numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with the implementation of renderers and parsers for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:11, 22 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26401651 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #149 is out: Creating tests is now much easier! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our progresses with tests and how it is easier to make them, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 29 Maachị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #150 is out: Product Update on Diff and Upcoming API Improvements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/27/wikifunctions-where-we-are-now-and-what-you-can-do/ our latest blog post on Diff], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1712615400 April 8, at 22:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:23, 4 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26500849 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #151 is out: New API for calling Wikifunctions and celebrating 1000 functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the new API for calling Wikifunctions, we celebrate our first 1,000 functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Also, there's [https://boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/5850672 a job opening] for joining our team! Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:57, 12 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26566985 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #152 is out: Welcome, Sharvani! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-04-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 22 Eprel 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Question from [[User:Henny17|Henny17]] (00:01, 26 Eprel 2024) == Hello I want to start editing --[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Henny17|ṅkátá]]) 00:01, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ọbanife:Henny17|Henny17]]! Are you in the community WhatsApp group? That's where must editing sessions and training are announced. You can also join the Igbo community hubs around your area. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:38, 26 Eprel 2024 (UTC) == Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]]! Aha mụ bụ [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma Ozurumba]], ana mụ arụrụ ndi WMF orụ. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi Igbo Wikimedians nọ na [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako|igwe nkata Wikipedia]]. Ebe ibu otu onye nime ndi na atughari edemede na Igbo Wikipedia, ọ ga amasi anyi ma [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|igụọ ozi anyi]] gbasara mgbanwe ndi otu [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] chọrọ ime na igwe ntughari okwu nke nọ na Igbo Wikipedia, ma gwa anyi ebumunobi gi maka ya. Daalụ sọ maka ọru gi nile na ikwado ọmumu ihe na asụsụ Igbo. [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:17, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]. Daalụ maka ozi a i zitere. A gụrụ m ozi ahụ ma tinye kwa ebumunobi [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia|ebe a]]. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:34, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #153 is out: Team meeting and Quarterly plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the results of our team meeting held in San Francisco, USA, as well as presenting the objectives that we will pursue in the next months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:57, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteer's Corner is on May 6 == We remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1715016600 May 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Apologies for the reaching out to you with a separate message. See you at the meeting! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:12, 4 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #154 is out: Flagship type for enumerations: Months of the Gregorian calendar == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our first proposal for a new type for enumerations and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:22, 13 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26599436 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #155 is out: Call for Functions: Spell out the number! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we call on you to help us doing new language functions about numbers and we also take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:01, 16 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26780875 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #156 is out: New type - Gregorian calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce our initial enumeration Type, Gregorian calendar months, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:18, 23 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26803534 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #157 is out: A single singular or a plurality of plurals? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the various implications of linguistic functions about singulars and plurals, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1717435800 June 3, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:17, 31 Mee 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 Jụn 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #158 is out: New Type: Sign == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, Sign, and we take a look at the latest software developments. We are also looking for feedback for our next new types. See [[:f:Wikifunctions:Project chat#Testing two new types|the announcement at the Project Chat]] for more information. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:59, 7 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia == Ndewo Nwa-ada @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], Imere otu ole? Enwerem olileanya na ahụ di gi nma. Biko, onwe ozi ndi WMF Language team zitere ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia maka ngwa ọrụ ha chọrọ itineyere anyi. Ọ ga-amasi anyi ma igụọ ihe gbasara [[Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako#Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia|'''ozi a''']], ma testia ngwa a, ma zaghachi anyi ebunuche gi gbasara itinye ngwa ọrụ a nke a na akpọ "MinT for Wiki Readers" na ịgbo Wiki. Inwekwara ike ime ka ndi otu Igbo Wikipedia ndi ọzọ mata maka ozi a ma gwa anyi uche ha igwe ozi. Daalụ sọ! [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:57, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #159 is out: New Type: Igbo calendar months == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new enumeration type, this time for the thirteen months of the [[:en:Igbo calendar|Igbo calendar]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:21, 14 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26847493 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #160 is out: New Type: Integers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we are happy to announce that we introduced another new type, [[:f:Z16683|integers]], that will increase our coverage of mathematical functions. Moreover, we take a look at the (many!) software developments we introduced in the last week. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:07, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Question from [[User:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] (21:51, 21 Jụn 2024) == Hello --[[Ọbanife:Kwinkate|Kwinkate]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kwinkate|ṅkátá]]) 21:51, 21 Jụn 2024 (UTC) :Hello [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 04:02, 22 Jụn 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #161 is out: Welcome, Daphne! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we ask for feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1719855000 July 1, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:20, 27 Jụn 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=26945737 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 Julaị 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #162 is out: Quarterly planning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our objectives and lines of work for this quarter, we remember to give your feedback about [[:f:Wikifunctions:Design/About widget improvements|our "About" widget designs]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1720459800 July 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 5 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27024810 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #163 is out: Type proposals for accessing Lexemes == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our current draft about Type proposals for accessing Lexemes, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:21, 12 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == First meet == Nnọọ @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], I came from English WP, and I am a bit interested with languages, since I am a seminarian, and often speak little Igbo. I presume many of our editors are on the English based. I will want you to keep good eye here since I will try creating, revamping, and tagging for deletion also. Asirim ka m gwa gi. It is also part of my learning to advance in it. [[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SafariScribe|ṅkátá]]) 14:30, 15 Julaị 2024 (UTC) :Ndewo @[[Ọbanife:SafariScribe|SafariScribe]]! It's really great to have you here.👍🏽 I see your works on the English Wikipedia, way to go! I started with the English Wikipedia, then moved to Igbo when I discovered it was available. Though I still edit the English Wikipedia sometimes...You are welcome and if you need assistance or anything you think I can help out with, please feel free to let me know. Obi dị m ụtọ na ị bịara ịnọnyere anyị, nnọọ! [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:00, 16 Julaị 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #164 is out: Research report on integrating Wikifunctions from Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the results of a research about how to integrate Wikifunctions and Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:33, 19 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27076454 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #165 is out: Wikimania 2024 coming soon! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-07-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our upcoming Wikifunctions events at Wikimania 2024, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:13, 29 Julaị 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27145131 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #169 is out: Limits on Name and Description Lengths == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the introduction of more stringent limits on the length of object names, input names, and descriptions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! You might be interested in the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-02|launch of our "About" widget]], a [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-16|summary of our experience at Wikimania 2024]], or the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-08-23|refinement of WasmEdge]]. Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725298200 September 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:04, 30 Ọgọọst 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Septemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Pages nominated for deletion == Hello @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] this are the pages with no information on Igbo wikipedia I told you about. Please help me delete them. 1 [[Innocent Anyanwu]] 2 [[Ikedi Ohakim]] 3 [[Iheanyi Uwaezuoke]] 4 [[Ifunanyachi Achara]] 5[[Ibezito Ogbonna|I bezito Ogbonna]] 6 [[Holmes Onwukaife]] 7 [[Henry Nwawuba]] 8 [[Francis Okaroh]] 9 [[Francis Arinze]] 10 [[Ezenwa Otorogu]] 11 [[Eric Obinna Chukwunyelu]] 12 [[Ephraim Ikeakor]] 13 [[Emmanuel Okala]] 14 [[Emmanuel Ekwueme]] 15 [[Edwin Ume-Ezeoke]] 16 [[Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi]] 17 [[Clarion Chukwura]] 18 [[Chukwuemeka Chikelu]] 19 [[Chima Anyaso]] 20 [[Chikelue Iloenyosi]] 21 [[Chijioke Ejiogu]] 22 [[Charles Chukwuma Soludo]] 23 [[Cedric Ogbuehi]] 24 [[Bruno Ibeh]] 25 [[Bonaventure Enemali]] 26 [[Augustine Nwagwu]] 27 [[Augustine Aniebo]] 28 [[Anyika Onuora]] 29 [[Jude Aneke]] 30 [[Kennedy Ihenacho]] 31 [[Kelvin Ebuka Nwamora]] 32 [[Kenechuhwu Uchenwa]] 33 [[Kennedy Nzechukwu]] 34 [[Kingsley Chibueze Onyeukwu]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186940|2]] 35 [[Louis Okoye]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186939|2]] 36 [[Maxwell Anikwenwa]][[Ihü kárírí:PermaLink/186938|2]] 37 [[Victoria Ohuruogu]] 38 [[Valerian Ume-Ezeoke]] 39 [[Obinna Nwaneri]] 40 [[Ugonna Ozurigbo]] 41 [[Ugonna Anyora]] 42 [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] 43 [[Steve Eboh]] 44 [[Rolland Ezuruike]] 45 [[Philomena Obiageliuwa Uyanwah]] 46 [[Obinna Eregbu]] 47 [[Osita Henry Chikere]] 48 [[Okwesilieze Nwodo]] 49 [[Okey Uzoeshi]] 50 [[Sikiratu Sindodo]] 51 [[Abba Moro]] 52 [[Ramatu Tijani Aliyu]] [[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Ogalihillary|ṅkátá]]) 13:04, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) :Thanks @[[Ọbanife:Ogalihillary|Ogalihillary]] thanks for this notification. I'll do the needful. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 16:08, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #171 is out: Dagbani Wikipedia will be our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-13|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce Dagbani Wikipedia as our first wiki for Wikifunctions integration, discuss the recent stability challenges we've had in the past few days, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:51, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27347529 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #172 is out: Introducing focus topic areas == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-20|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce focus topic areas for generating natural language texts and we update you on last week's site incident. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:30, 21 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #173 is out: Quarterly planning for October–December 2024 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you an overview of what we will focus on in the next three months, we discuss our presentation at [[:m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024|Celtic Knot conference 2024]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 26 Septemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27457443 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #174 is out: Focus topic: food == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss one of our next topics we will focus on for our work: food. We hope you have a good appetite for discussion. :) Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1728322200 October 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:42, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #175 is out: Wikidata Lexemes in Wikifunctions are coming soon == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a preview of our planned support for Wikidata lexemes in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:54, 11 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #176 is out: What could abstract content look like? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some thoughts by [[User:Mahir256]] about how abstract content could look like in the future, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:12, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27548252 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024) == How can I be promoted to administrative level here? --[[Ọbanife:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:51, 17 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #177 is out: Our goal for this Quarter: Agreement == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss our goal of building up phrases from Lexemes using linguistic agreement, i.e. accordance to number and gender when constructing a phrase. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:32, 25 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27638060 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #178 is out: Rewriting the backend == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how the team is working hard to rewrite Wikifunctions' backend, to overcome some of the limits we encountered with the current language. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730745000 November 4, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 2 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #179 is out: The dream of a Universal Language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about several presentation in and around the topics of languages and our work, we discuss the current refactoring of our functions catalogue and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:50, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #180 is out: New type: Rational numbers == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you our newest Type, [[:f:Z19677|rational numbers]], as well as the new renderer and parser for natural numbers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:40, 14 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27660634 --> == We need your help with Igbo Wikipedia Main Page == Ndewo Goody, Biko nyere anyi aka, mmadu mebisiri ihu mbu Igbo Wikipedia. A na m acho ka mweghachi ya mana okweghi. Biko nyere anyi aka. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 13:38, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #181 is out: New special page for missing labels, new type for Gregorian years, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new special page for objects with a missing label, we present two new types (Gregorian year and Wikidata statement rank), we showcase several contributions made by you volunteers, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 22 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27757932 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #182 is out: WordGraph release; New Special page: list functions by tests; new type for day of the year, and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the implications of the release of Google Zurich's WordGraph dataset, we introduce a new special page, support for other Wikidata statements and a new type (day of Roman year), and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:03, 28 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27872982 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disemba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on December 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733758200 December 9, at 15:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:46, 6 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (18:38, 13 Disemba 2024) == Hi, Olugold I have added Wikipedia pages for quick deletion. I hope to delete them as soon as possible and activate the deletion template on them, but they delete them over and over again. Thanks Olugold --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 18:38, 13 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #183 is out: Sketching a path to Abstract Wikipedia; Team offsite in Lisbon; and much more == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how natural language generation for Abstract Wikipedia might develop, and we share news on tools and types on Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:52, 16 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #184 is out: Function of the Week: age; Intros for year articles; New Type: Floating-point number == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-12-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the last issue for 2024, we discuss functions to create introductions for articles about years, we showcase one of the 23 functions with the Gregorian year type, we introduce a new type, and finally we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 19 Disemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=27889617 --> == Question from [[User:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] on [[Basil Raslan]] (22:11, 26 Disemba 2024) == Basil Raslan --[[Ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|Ahmedborar673]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Ahmedborar673|ṅkátá]]) 22:11, 26 Disemba 2024 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Would you join our editorial board? == Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], how are you doing? Would you join our community editorial board? This helps to record a resounding outcome. Thanks for your consideration. [[Ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|Onwuka Glory]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Onwuka Glory|ṅkátá]]) 16:22, 2 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on January 13 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next Volunteers' Corner, that will be held on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1736793000 January 13, at 18:30 UTC] ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:44, 10 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #185 is out: Happy Wikipedia day! Quarterly planning == The [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-15|first update of 2025]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions is out. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our plan for the upcoming quarter (January-March 2025), we suggest changes to our "Function of the week" section, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:34, 17 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #186 is out: Welcome, David! Naming conventions recommendations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome a new member of the team, we introduce our current discussion on naming conventions recommendations, we introduce a new section dedicated to the newest functions created, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:36, 23 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28062578 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #187 is out: With 2000 Functions into the new year: time for stats == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present some statistics about where we are as a project, we give some updates about our Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738607400 February 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:05, 30 Jenụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #188 is out: Invitation to the Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal to restructure our Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group (NLG SIG) meeting, we announce the creation of a new type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:17, 6 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28185757 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #189 is out: Restricting the World, redux == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we have an essay from Denny, we discuss the fix to the Byte Type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:19, 14 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28241947 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #190 is out: A proposal for types per language and part of speech == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a proposal for types to represent a part of speech in a language, we present some events that we have taken part to (or we are taking part to), and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:50, 20 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28271571 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">We would like to hear about your experiences with Temporary Accounts</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> [[File:Temporary Accounts - first edit popup.png|thumb]] '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_e2MNLeWJU89pNTo This survey should take no longer than 5 minutes to complete.]''' The Trust & Safety Product team recently made [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] available on 12 wikis. There are plans to expand this to a larger set of wikis in the coming weeks and months and then proceed with a complete deployment later this year. Your participation in this survey will be immensely valuable in helping us understand how well Temporary Accounts are working and what we can improve on going forward. The privacy policy for this survey may be [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Temp_Accounts_Minor_Pilots_Survey_Privacy_Statement|viewed at this link]]. By completing this survey, you agree to the terms set forward in the privacy policy. Thank you!<section end="body"/> </div> [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">ṅkátá</span>]]) 02:50, 27 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/8&oldid=28315571 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #191 is out: From things to words == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the deployment of the possibility of getting the right Lexeme given a Wikidata Item, we discuss the newest updates about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741026600 March 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:16, 28 Febụwarị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 Maachị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #192 is out: Recent Changes in the software, Recording of Volunteer’s Corner, and talks in London == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present two talks that will feature Denny as a speaker and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:12, 7 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28307629 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #193 is out: Upcoming NLG meeting, Recent Changes in the software == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to the next [[:f:Wikifunctions:NLG SIG|NLG SIG Meeting]], that will take place [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1739894400 on Tuesday March 18 at 16 UTC], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:39, 15 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #194 is out: Wikidata-based simple enumerations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about a new kind of enumeration type, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:06, 21 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #195 is out: It’s about time == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-03-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a discussion about how to support the creation of a type for time that is compatible with Wikidata, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:25, 28 Maachị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28399838 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[Ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:MediaWiki message delivery|ṅkátá]]) 09:28, 1 Eprel 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #196 is out: Quarterly Planning for April–June 2025; We are looking for a Senior Product Manager == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present our work plan for the upcoming quarter (April-June 2025), we publish a new job opening for joining the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744047000 April 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 6 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] (18:56, 9 Eprel 2025) == Riyad Hossain With over 05 years of experience in the field of journalism, Riyad Hossain heads the editorial operations of Mission Ki Awaaz as a Blogger. Lives from Bangladesh --[[Ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|Riyad hossain 89]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Riyad hossain 89|ṅkátá]]) 18:57, 9 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #197 is out: Quarter in review, and lots of material to watch == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we evaluate our work done for the recently closed quarter (January-March 2025), we present you a number of video and blogpost about us to watch and read, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1744732800 April 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:20, 11 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #198 is out: Wikifunctions integrated in Dagbani - and Wikifunctions; and the date of Easter == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that this week we switched on the ability to call Wikifunctions functions from within Dagbani Wikipedia (our first wiki to do so!), we discuss the functions related to calculating the dates of Easter, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 17 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28471753 --> == Question from [[User:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] on [[Legrek Parond]] (07:00, 25 Eprel 2025) == do all articles have to be written in igbo or can the articles be written in English. --[[Ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|Dr Ann Dangote]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Dr Ann Dangote|ṅkátá]]) 07:00, 25 Eprel 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #199 is out: Welcome, Gregory! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present a new member of the team, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:16, 28 Eprel 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28586963 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #200 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is a MacArthur 100&Change finalist == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-04-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that we reached the final stage of a grant competition, we introduce our next big conversation about where the content of Abstract Wikipedia will be located, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746466200 May 5, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:57, 1 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28628447 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #201 is out: Abstract Wikipedia and the Wikimedia AI Strategy == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss how Abstract Wikipedia ties in with the newly announced WMF's strategy for AI, we talk about the Wikimedia Hackathon and our community meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:27, 10 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mee 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #202 is out: Location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we invite you to our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:56, 16 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #203 is out: Ongoing consultation about the Location for Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we invite you again to [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|a consultation]] about where should the content of Abstract Wikipedia be stored, we present some updates about existing and new types, we remind you of our next online presentation, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:54, 23 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28661550 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #204 is out: Rolling out to five Wiktionaries; Calculating with today's date == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-05-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about our latest deployment on five Wiktionaries, we showcase a couple of functions about dates, we remind you of ongoing discussions and upcoming presentations, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1748885400 June 2, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:38, 29 Mee 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28780680 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #205 is out: Where will Abstract Content go? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we give you some updates on the discussion about where to store abstract content, we present you the recordings of our latest presentations and meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:38, 9 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28806388 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 Jụn 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #206 is out: Closing the consultation about the location of Abstract Content == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the closing of the discussion about where to store abstract content, we remind you about our current discussions about types and our next [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:NLG_SIG|NLG SIG meeting]], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:56, 16 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #207 is out: Quarterly Planning for July–September 2025 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-21|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we outline our priorities for the next quarter (July–September 2025), we give you some updates related to our new types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:38, 23 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #208 is out: How many people are needed to write an encyclopedia? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-06-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about writing an encyclopedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:38, 28 Jụn 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28860768 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 Julaị 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #209 is out: Coverage of 1298 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a short essay from Denny about how Wikipedias cover articles about years, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1751909400 July 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:39, 4 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28927185 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #210 is out: Length limits on labels and descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a measure to limit length of labels and descriptions, we show a video illustrating our work on front-end components, we share some news on new Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1752595200 July 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:46, 11 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #211 is out: Wikidata-based enumerations are here == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a new kind of Type (Wikidata-based enumerations), we remind you of our current sprint in fixing labels and descriptions that are too long, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:16, 19 Julaị 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=28960872 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #212 is out: “Wikipedia is an encyclopedia”; Two years of Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-26|the '''second anniversary update''']] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our work on functions that generate sentences and fragments in several languages, we celebrate our second anniversary, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:33, 26 Julaị 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29016422 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Question from [[User:Imborhope|Imborhope]] (16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025) == How do I write my perfect autobiography --[[Ojiarụ:Imborhope|Imborhope]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Imborhope|ṅkátá]]) 16:31, 15 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) :Writing an autobiography is not encouraged on Wikipedia. Learn more: [[en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|Wikipedia:Autobiography]]. If a person is notable, other editors will write a [[en:Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biography]] about the person. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 03:48, 16 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #215 is out: Accessing Wikidata items now possible from embedded function calls; Wikifunctions available on 65 Wikitionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to access Wikidata items from embedded function calls, we also inform that Wikifunctions is now available on 60 more Wiktionaries, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:57, 29 Ọgọọst 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Septemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner is tomorrow! == We remind you that our next '''Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers’ Corner''' will be '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1757352600 tomorrow, September 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Unless you have many questions, we will follow our usual agenda, giving updates on the upcoming plans and recent activities, having plenty of time and space for your questions, and building a Function together. See you at the Corner! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:39, 7 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #216 is out: Copying function calls from one Wikipedia to another == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-07|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that it is now possible to use natural languages as a default value in embedded function calls, we discuss the latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 8 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #217 is out: More than 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate reaching the milestone of 3,000 functions on Wikifunctions, we discuss our upcoming commitments in outreach, we share with you our latest blogpost, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:21, 12 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29173200 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #218 is out: Wikifunctions available on 123 Wiktionary languages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-19|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the recent Wikifunctions deployment on Wiktionaries, we introduce our new page for requesting cleanups, we update you on what's new on Types, we remind you of the upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758643200 September 23, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:26, 20 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29289969 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #219 is out: Accessing qualifiers in Wikidata statements == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-26|a new update]] for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling also qualifiers from Wikidata, we update you on the recent deployments of Wikifunctions and on the Wikifunctions presentations at Wikimedia events, we give you the recent updates on Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:46, 26 Septemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29319712 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #220 is out: Rich text now available in embedded function calls on 148 Wiktionaries and Incubator == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the latest functions and types you can create, we announce that functions are now available to call on 152 projects, we talk about our presentations at Wikimedia meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1759771800 October 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:55, 4 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #221 is out: Decision on location for abstract content and Quarterly Planning for October–December == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our plans and work for the upcoming quarter (October-December 2025), we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:47, 9 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29367070 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #222 is out: Kicking Off the Naming Contest for Abstract Wikipedia; Visualizing functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we kickstart our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we present a beautiful representation of functions by a community member, we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:04, 15 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29444338 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #223 is out: Welcome Zaree and Laura! Naming contest round 1 kicked off == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we welcome two new additions to the team, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we report on the next events we'll be part of, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 21:10, 23 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29491948 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #224 is out: Round 1 of “abstract content wiki” naming vote ending Monday; An example of short descriptions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-10-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we announce our first experimentation with short descriptions on Wikidata, we talk about our presentations at the upcoming WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 November 3, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:48, 30 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Novemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #225 is out: First round of voting for naming the wiki for abstract content closed; Calling for Wiktionary functions; Embedded Wikifunctions on Bengali Wikipedia and seven more Wiktionaries == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on the closing of the first phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we introduce a possible implementation of Wikifunctions for Wiktionaries, we talk about our latest outreach events, and we take a look at the latest Type and software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:06, 6 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #226 is out: Getting ready for second round of voting for naming the wiki with abstract content; Rewriting the backend: Why Rust? == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we summarise current discussion regarding the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss how we are rewriting the backend, we ask for help in substituting a function, we suggest you the recordings of Wikifunctions-related sessions at the WikidataCon 2025, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also we remind you that the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1763481600 November 18, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:42, 13 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #227 is out: Second round of voting for naming the wiki with language-independent content; Sharing function calls == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce the start of the second phase of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share the results of the MacArthur Foundation's 100&Change contest, we share the recording of the last NLG SIG meeting, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:11, 21 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #228 is out: Vote on the new wiki name! Finishing each other’s sentences == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-11-27|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we update you on our [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we discuss our progress on sentence creation with functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1762194600 December 1, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:38, 27 Novemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29511879 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disemba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #229 is out: And the name is Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-04|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the final results of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|naming contest for Abstract Wikipedia]], we share two demos about new Wikifunctions features, we talk about Wikidata components in Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:02, 4 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #230 is out: How to write better error messages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share an essay on how to write better error messages, on improving which we focused in the last months. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 12 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29735279 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #231 is out: We wish you a happy new Gregorian year! == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-12-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we showcase some templates using Wikifunctions functions on several projects, and we wrap up work for this Gregorian year, wishing you happy holidays. The updates will resume in the week of January 14, so if you feel like you want more, you can always read the previous updates in [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:01, 18 Disemba 2025 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29814552 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #232 is out: 25 years of Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In the first issue of 2026, we celebrate our incredible milestone of 25 years of Wikipedia and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 16 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29902635 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #233 is out: Quarterly plan for January–March 2026 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-22|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our work plans for the quarter that goes from January to March 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:01, 22 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #234 is out: Integrating Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-01-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share our ideas about the integration of Abstract Wikipedia with the existing Wikimedia projects, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:51, 30 Jenụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Next Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Volunteers' Corner will be on February 9 == Hi, we remind you that, if you have questions or ideas to discuss about Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia, you can participate to the next '''Volunteers' Corner''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1770661800 February 9, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). We hope to see you there! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 06:23, 6 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #235 is out: Finishing each other sentences: Starting things; Offsite in Istanbul == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share the results of our recent team offsite (meeting in person) in Istanbul, Türkiye, especially on creating sentence fragments in several languages. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:31, 13 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #236 is out: A sneak preview of Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we share a sneak preview of how Abstract Wikipedia will look like and work, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:15, 20 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=29963119 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #237 is out: Graceful overrides and fallbacks == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-02-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss different patterns in articles about years on different Wikipedias, we present the video of the Wikifunctions presentation by Nicolas Vigneron at the last Celtic Knot, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1772476200 March 2, at 18:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:18, 27 Febụwarị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 Maachị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #238 is out: Citations and Copy and Paste == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-06|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of creating a function that deals with references and a Wikifunctions internal clipboard, where you can temporarily store any piece of code in order to paste it somewhere else, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 17:28, 6 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30119120 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #239 is out: A new composition language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about the revamp of the composition language on Wikifunctions, with its potential for further improvements. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:19, 12 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Question from [[User:SamKel123|SamKel123]] (00:44, 19 Maachị 2026) == Hi, Olugold. I stopped Wiking a long time now. I want to get back, as a rewarding hubby. I need your help and push. --[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 00:44, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]], :How can I help you? Have you joined the Igbo Wikimedia community Whatsapp group? There are several Wiki activities organized by the [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]] that will help you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:17, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) ::Okay. I will join immediately. Thank you so much. [[Ojiarụ:SamKel123|SamKel123]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:SamKel123|ṅkátá]]) 08:37, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #240 is out: Abstract Wikipedia is now in Beta == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate the launch of the [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ preliminary Beta version of Abstract Wikipedia], and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 18:23, 19 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30229736 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #241 is out: First few days of Abstract Wikipedia Beta; Status of Composition Language v2 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the first early edits on [https://abstract.wikipedia.org/ Abstract Wikipedia], we share the status of Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 16:48, 26 Maachị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30289284 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 Eprel 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #242 is out: Request for Discussion: Syntactic tables == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce a proposal for Natural Language Generation, we introduce a page for function suggestions from Abstract Wikipedia, we inform you that there will be a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:37, 3 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #243 is out: Community proposals for capturing meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on three community proposals on syntactic approaches, we introduce a new Type (Complex numbers), we report on current hiccups on Abstract Wikipedia, we share more information about a presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776101400 April 13, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:35, 10 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #244 is out: Milestones; Some major issues hopefully resolved == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we celebrate 4000 functions on Wikifunctions and 1000 abstract articles on Abstract Wikipedia, we announce that we should have fixed some major issues with the websites, we inform you on our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:22, 17 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #245 is out: The Foundation's search for the perfect language == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-04-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present an academic paper about Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest Type created, and we take a look at the newest created functions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 25 Eprel 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 Eprel 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> :Thanks and duly noted. @[[Ojiarụ:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:45, 29 Eprel 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #246 is out: Request for input: what should we count for Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we ask you what would be the relevant metrics for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss our latest news on Composition Language v2, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:21, 2 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mee 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #247 is out: References from Wikidata now available == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we announce that is now possible to pass references in Wikidata statements, we introduce the [https://abstract-data.toolforge.org/ Abstract Data dashboard], we report you on the presentation about Abstract Wikipedia at WikiCon Australia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1778520600 May 11, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:16, 8 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30325620 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #248 is out: A higher meaning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss functions creating language fragments, we present our latest news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:36, 15 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Question from [[User:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] (14:26, 20 Mee 2026) == Hello, Please how does the editing role work? How are roles assigned to people on Wikimedia? Do I have to wait to follow a project or I can find one and start myself on the site? Is there a criteria to get started as well. --[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|ṅkátá]]) 14:26, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) :hello @[[Ojiarụ:Chizoba Amanambu|Chizoba Amanambu]]. You can choose to start editing Wiki projects such as Wikipedia, Wikiquote, Wiki commons, etc you can edit by adding more details, translating, or creating new articles. You can join communities to learn more during campaigns, events, etc. There are lot of communities like, language, regional, women, etc. You can participate in any of these communities. See [[m:Igbo Wikimedians User Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]], it's a language community. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 15:30, 20 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Question from [[User:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] (23:17, 22 Mee 2026) == Hi Olugold, My name is Goodmaraj, and I'm a Wikipedia user. I really enjoy editing and creating pages. I started over two years ago and have made more than 3,000 edits. I always run into the problem of seeing pages that don’t meet Wikipedia’s standards—pages promoting certain topics or featuring unknown people—and I can’t delete them. At first, I would ask administrators to delete them, but they usually take a long time to respond. That’s why I need this permission to delete articles directly—it will help me a lot and make my work much faster. Thank you --[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|ṅkátá]]) 23:17, 22 Mee 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]]! Thank you for all you do. I see that you have 2 accounts Goodymaraj and [[user:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]], kindly choose a preferred account and continue contributing with the preferred account to avoid blocks. :Your account Goodymeraj has being added to the auto patroller group. What this means is that, while logged in to the account on Igbo Wikipedia, you can: :*Go through newly created pages and mark them patrolled :*Tag pages for deletion :*Suggest deletion :*Report problematic pages. :You can ping user:King ChristLike as one of the active admins on the Igbo Wikipedia, to go through and delete the tagged pages. Thank you. -- [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:00, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]], this user is totally different from [[User:Goodymeraj]] whom you just granted the autopatroller rights. ::Secondly, while @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] has made some meaningful edits here, they're still not a native Igbo speaker or have a good understanding of the Igbo language, so their edits or page creations would still need to be patrolled to ensure accuracy and quality. Granting the autopatroller rights may not be advisable for now. I've had an off-wiki conversation with them about this. They can always tag or request for admins to delete non-notable articles. Every other request should follow through the normal process. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 13:48, 23 Mee 2026 (UTC) ::Good morning ma @[[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]]. Please, @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymaraj|Goodymaraj]] is an entirely different user from me @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]]. Thank you also for the rights granted me. I appreciate. It will go a very long way for me. [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 04:21, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) :::@[[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] and @[[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] thanks for the clarification. :::Goodymeraj showed interest in carrying out administrative task in the past, so when I saw this message, I honestly thought it was Goodymeraj. With the patrol right, he needs to tag admins to delete unwanted articles. In addition, he has a good understanding of the written and spoken Igbo language. :::Moving forward, nke a bụ Wikipedia Igbo, anyị kwesịrị iji asụsụ Igbo na-ekwurịta okwu ebe a. [[Ojiarụ:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 06:51, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #249 is out: Annual plan 2026-2027 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-23|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you the current draft of objectives for Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia in the WMF Annual Plan 2026-2027, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 25 Mee 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30536976 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #250 is out: Looking back and forward == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a recollection of our work so far, now that we celebrate our 250th newsletter, we share with you a summary of our latest outreach activities, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:04, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 Jụn 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #251 is out: The illustrated encyclopaedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our first function to import images on Abstract Wikipedia, we present our Functions of the Week, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780939800 June 8, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:14, 5 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #252 is out: Improved loading and display of Test results == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-12|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you an improvement in loading and display of Test results, we talk about our next events, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that Denny will lead a discussion on the [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-05-15#News in Types: way forward for natural language generation types|new NLG types]] in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1781625600 June 16, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:29, 12 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30606821 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #253 is out: The or not the, this is (the?) question == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-19|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we present you a delicate question regarding grammatical framework, we talk about our next events and about the results of our latest online meetings, we discuss news about Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:34, 19 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30701693 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #254: Working on Functions, together == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-06-26|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we report on new collaborative patterns emerging in our community, we discuss news in Types, we share some events that relate to Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:58, 27 Jụn 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30724999 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #255: Integration on test wiki and annual plan == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-01|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss integration of Abstract Wikipedia in Test Wiki and our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1783359000 July 6, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 08:22, 2 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; In the news * [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5) ; Events * 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) * 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]]. * 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:20, 3 Julaị 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30633243 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #256: Moving toward our first Abstract Wikipedia integration milestone == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-08|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss further our objectives for the new Wikimedia Foundation Fiscal Year, we show the latest community tool, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:43, 9 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #257: Beyond syntactic tables == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-16|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss syntactic tables and news in Types, we show some community blogposts and tools, we remind you of the Wikifunctions and Abstract Wikipedia events at Wikimania 2026, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! We also remind you that in the next weeks these newsletter reminders will be paused, and that they will resume in mid-August. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:55, 17 Julaị 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30755600 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #258: Abstract Wikipedia at Wikimania == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-07-29|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the presentations and workshops at Wikimania, including a features feedback request based on what we heard there, and highlight new features shipped this week including diffs for Wikifunctions. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! [[m:user:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] 19:05, 30 Julaị 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30870212 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 6, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/07/04/photowalk-at-the-purbachal-reserve-forest/|Photowalk at the Purbachal Reserve Forest]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/07/13/welcoming-women-into-wikimedia-tech-a-guide-based-on-lived-experiences/|Welcoming Women+ into Wikimedia Tech: A Guide Based on Lived Experiences]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/07/14/empowering-youth-through-knowledge-wikipedia-for-freedom-of-elections-in-armenia/|Empowering Youth Through Knowledge: “Wikipedia for Freedom of Elections” in Armenia]] (SDG 16) * [[diffblog:2026/07/19/water-for-life-knowledge-for-all-how-wikiverse-botswana-is-showcasing-africas-water-story-through-the-africa-wiki-challenge-2026/|Water for Life, Knowledge for All: How WikiVerse Botswana is Showcasing Africa’s Water Story Through the Africa Wiki Challenge 2026]] (SDG 6) * Wikimania: There were so many sessions and posters related to the SDGs, they can't all be listed here. But on [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions|this Wikimania page]] you can find them all and the session pages have links to the recordings. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 08:56, 4 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC)• [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30853204 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #259: Congratulations Jules*. An apple is a fruit == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-05|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we congratulate Wikimedian of the Year and we discuss his favourite article in relation to Abstract Wikipedia, we introduce a new Type of function on Wikifunctions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! We also remind you that in the next weeks these newsletter reminders will be paused, and that they will resume in mid-August. Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:19, 10 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30870212 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:17, 11 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #260: Shoutout to User:99of9 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-13|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we congratulate our own User:99of9 for his extensive work with the Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia communities, we discuss what happened at Wikimania, we introduce a document for interested communities to join Abstract Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:55, 13 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30870212 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #261: Mayors and the North == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-20|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we have an essay from Denny about accidental gaps in languages, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:41, 21 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30928401 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #262: Wikifunctions Object Reference == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-08-28|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss a new Type implemented after a community request, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:31, 28 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30951652 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit Virtual Meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Today, Saturday, August 29th, 2026, 01:00–02:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_2:_Saturday_29_August_2026,_01:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 13:30, 28 Ọgọọst 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Reminder: Starter Kit virtual meeting == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! This is a friendly reminder to attend the third [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit Starter Kit] virtual meeting. Date and time: '''Saturday, September 5th, 2026, 05:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1787965200 check your local time here]) Video call link: https://meet.google.com/eov-gbgn-rew This is a casual session where you can learn more about the Starter Kit tool, ask any questions, and share your thoughts; no need to have tried the tool beforehand. If you haven't signed up yet, you can do so here: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Session_3:_Saturday_5_September_2026,_05:00_UTC See you soon! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 23:44, 3 Septemba 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox/Invitation_to_try_the_Starter_Kit_Tool_message_list&oldid=30913073 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 4, 10, 11, 13 and 14.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/08/12/wiki-loves-fish-bringing-coastal-biodiversity-to-the-world-through-open-knowledge/|Wiki Loves Fish: Bringing Coastal Biodiversity to the World Through Open Knowledge]] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/08/19/making-rare-disease-knowledge-a-little-more-common-on-wikipedia/ Making rare disease knowledge a little more common on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [[diffblog:2026/08/26/the-pre-conference-on-information-integrity-in-climate-change-at-wikimania/|The Pre-Conference on Information Integrity in Climate Change at Wikimania]] (SDG 13) * [[diffblog:2026/08/29/beyond-wikipedia-a-technical-workshop-introducing-moroccan-teachers-to-wikidata-and-the-wikimedia-technical-ecosystem/|Beyond Wikipedia: A Technical Workshop Introducing Moroccan Teachers to Wikidata and the Wikimedia Technical Ecosystem]] (SDG&nbsp;4) * [[diffblog:2026/08/29/wiki-for-human-rights-nigeria-write-for-rights-and-july-virtual-session/|Wiki for Human Rights Nigeria: Write for Rights and July Virtual Session]] (SDG 10) ; Events * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2026|Wiki Loves Monuments]] (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 08:21, 4 Septemba 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30910094 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #263: 5,000 Functions, passing Z40000 == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-03|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we mark the 5,000th function on Wikifunction, we explore a new Type for functions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788802200 September 7, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:00, 4 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30951652 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #264: Your code can now call back to the Wikidata fetch functions == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-10|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the possibility of calling Wikidata fetch functions, we present a new Type, we celebrate more than 200 new functions this week, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:13, 11 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30951652 --> == The next Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting is tomorrow! == Hi all! A quick message to inform you that Denny will lead a quick first introduction to syntactic phrase functions in the next '''Natural Language Generation Special Interest Group meeting''', that will be held tomorrow, '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1789488000 September 15, at 16:00 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xzn-kqer-mah link to the meeting]). See you at the meeting! In case you can't join, the meeting will be recorded and made available on Commons. -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:27, 14 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30951652 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #265: More engaging error messages == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-18|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we explain how we reworked error messaging, we talk about our recent and upcoming meetings, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 12:59, 18 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30951652 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #266: Memoization arriving == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-09-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about storing a function call's result in a cache for easier recalling, we analyse how quickly one particular fact propagates through different Wikipedia language editions, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:54, 28 Septemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=30951652 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #267: Refreshing results == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-02|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we talk about two new capabilities addressing the issues of caching and freshness of function call results, we introduce our groundwork to support the first pilot communities for Abstract Wikipedia, we discuss news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 09:31, 2 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=31099195 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 11, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/The_little_coloured_bar_that_tells_you_a_species_is_disappearing_%E2%80%94_and_the_Australian_project_keeping_it_accurate The little coloured bar that tells you a species is disappearing — and the Australian project keeping it accurate] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/09/05/more-than-a-campaign-the-measurable-impact-of-celebrate-women-2026/|More than a campaign: the measurable impact of Celebrate Women 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/09/04/shesaid-2026-the-global-story-continues-one-voice-at-a-time/|SheSaid 2026: The Global Story Continues, One Voice at a Time]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/09/13/from-focus-group-to-skills-focus-a-new-programme-of-wiki-loves-women/|From Focus Group to Skills Focus: A New Programme of Wiki Loves Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/09/17/2387-photographs-237-participants-documenting-colombias-biodiversity-through-wiki-loves-earth-2026/|2,387 photographs, 237 participants: documenting Colombia’s biodiversity through Wiki Loves Earth 2026]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/09/20/more-programs-arent-enough-why-eduwiki-needs-stronger-infrastructure/|More Programs Aren’t Enough: Why EduWiki Needs Stronger Infrastructure]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/09/21/wiki-loves-earth-2026-in-bangladesh-3330-photographs-15-winners-and-one-snake-that-changed-the-rules/|Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in Bangladesh: 3,330 photographs, 15 winners, and one snake that changed the rules]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/09/23/from-open-knowledge-to-national-development-representing-wikimedia-botswana-at-the-un-consultation/|From Open Knowledge to National Development: Representing Wikimedia Botswana at the UN Consultation]] * [[diffblog:2026/09/25/from-university-research-to-free-knowledge-academics-discover-wikimedia/|From University Research to Free Knowledge: Academics Discover Wikimedia]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/09/26/after-the-storm-the-shoots-are-more-photogenic/|After the storm, the shoots are more photogenic]] (SDG 15) ; Events * Still ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2026|Wiki Loves Monuments]] (SDG 11) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:11, 2 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=31035794 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #268: Quarterly planning == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-09|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we discuss the work we have planned for this quarter (October-December 2026), we introduce news in Types, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Also, we remind you that if you have questions or ideas to discuss, the next '''Volunteers' Corner''' will be held on '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1791826200 October 12, at 17:30 UTC]''' ([https://meet.google.com/xuy-njxh-rkw link to the meeting]). Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:42, 10 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=31143368 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #269: Changes in evaluator representations == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-17|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce our latest changes in evaluator representations, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 10:46, 17 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=31162541 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #270: Wikiabstrak app == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-25|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we introduce the latest app created by a Wikimedia volunteer about Abstract Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest functions created by the community. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:28, 26 Ọktoba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=31162541 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our sixtieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/09/28/world-malaria-day-2026-promoting-public-health-on-malaria-on-wikipedia-and-wikidata/|World Malaria Day 2026: Promoting Public Health on Malaria on Wikipedia and Wikidata]] (SDG 3) * [[diffblog:2026/10/05/how-wiki-loves-earths-images-expressed-love-in-2026/|How Wiki Loves Earth’s images expressed love in 2026]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/10/06/climate-change-and-free-knowledge-workshops-for-editing-urgent-issues/|Climate Change and Free Knowledge: Workshops for Editing Urgent Issues]] (SDG 13) * [[diffblog:2026/10/10/from-india-to-uzbekistan-how-butterflies-brought-wikipedians-together/|From India to Uzbekistan: How Butterflies Brought Wikipedians Together]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/10/10/my-wikigap-2026-journey-in-uganda-amplifying-womens-stories-through-wikimedia/|My WikiGap 2026 Journey in Uganda: Amplifying women’s stories through Wikimedia]] (SDG 5) * [https://zenodo.org/records/23350108 Contributing plant-related knowledge to the Wikiverse - How and why to collaborate] (SDG 15) ; Events * Upcoming :* 11 November: [[w:en:Wikipedia:24hr editathon for COP31|24hr editathon for COP31]] (SDG 13) * On-going: :* [[m:Maritime_Silk_Road_Edit-a-thon|Maritime Silk Road Edit a Thon]] (SDG 17) * Past: :* [[m:Event:Writing_Wikipedia_in_ASL:_A_Deaf_Editor%27s_Perspective_on_SignWriting,_Linguistics,_and_Access_to_Knowledge|Writing Wikipedia in ASL]] (SDG 10) :* [[d:Event:Query_Service_Days_2026|Query Service Days 2026]] (SDG 9) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:58, 2 Novemba 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=31196080 --> == Wikifunctions & Abstract Wikipedia Newsletter #271: Errors and fallbacks in Abstract Wikipedia == There is [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-10-30|a new update]] for Abstract Wikipedia and Wikifunctions. Please, come and read it! In this issue, we address some key questions about errors and fallbacks on Abstract Wikipedia, and we take a look at the latest software developments. Want to catch up with the previous updates? Check [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates|our archive]]! Enjoy the reading! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:41, 2 Novemba 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:Ojiarụ:Olugold]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikifunctions_%26_Abstract_Wikipedia&oldid=31238554 --> rfy4z76mpzbc1fjv1fgai02egxybd63 0 11729 742783 742080 2026-11-03T11:57:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Logo9w.png|thumb|Google logo]] {{Infobox company|name=Google LLC|founders={{Unbulle{{Infobox company|name=Google LLC|founders={{Unbulleted list | [[Larry Page]] | [[Sergey Brin]] }}|website={{URL|https://www.google.com/|google.com}}|parent=[[Alphabet Inc.]]|products=[[List of Google products|List of products]]|key_people={{Unbulleted list | [[Sundar Pichai]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | [[Ruth Porat]] ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) | [[Thomas Kurian]] ([[Chief executive office|CEO]], [[Google Cloud Platform]]) | [[Prabhakar Raghavan]] ([[Senior Vice President|SVP]], search, ads, and e-commerce)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Langley |first=Hugh |date=11 May 2021 |title=Prabhakar Raghavan is the surprisingly powerful exec running Google's most important businesses. Insiders describe how he went from wonky Stanford professor to CEO Sundar Pichai's most trusted lieutenant at record speed. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-head-of-search-prabhakar-raghavan-ceo-sundar-pichai-alphabet-2021-5 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210511195507/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-head-of-search-prabhakar-raghavan-ceo-sundar-pichai-alphabet-2021-5 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> }}|area_served=Worldwide|hq_location_country=U.S.|hq_location_city=[[Mountain View, California]]|hq_location=[[Googleplex|1600 Amphitheatre Parkway]]|founded={{Start date and age|1998|09|04}}{{efn|Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Alex |date=September 4, 2014 |title=Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search' |url=https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175103/https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telegraph Reporters |date=September 27, 2019 |title=When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/ |archive-date=2022-01-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Andrew |date=September 27, 2019 |title=Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103548/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wray |first=Richard |date=September 5, 2008 |title=Happy birthday Google |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>}} in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]], United States|logo=Google 2015 logo.svg|industry={{Unbulle}}|area_served=Worldwide|hq_location_country=U.S.|hq_location_city=[[Mountain View, California]]|hq_location=[[Googleplex|1600 Amphitheatre Parkway]]|founded={{Start date and age|1998|09|04}}{{efn|Google was incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Alex |date=September 4, 2014 |title=Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search' |url=https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175103/https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Telegraph Reporters |date=September 27, 2019 |title=When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused? |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/ |archive-date=2022-01-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Andrew |date=September 27, 2019 |title=Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=February 24, 2022 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103548/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wray |first=Richard |date=September 5, 2008 |title=Happy birthday Google |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>}} in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]], United States|logo=Google 2015 logo.svg|industry={{Unbulleted list | [[Artificial intelligence]] | [[Advertising]] | [[Cloud computing]] | [[Computer software]] | [[Computer hardware]] | [[Internet]] }}|type=[[Subsidiary]] ([[Limited liability company|LLC]])|former_name=Google Inc. (1998–2017)|image_caption=Google's headquarters, the [[Googleplex]]|image_size=250px|image=Googleplex HQ (cropped).jpg|logo_caption=Logo {{as of|2015|lc=y|since=y}}|logo_alt=Each letter of "Google" is colored (from left to right) in blue, red, yellow, blue, green, and red.|logo_size=|footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2015 |title=Company – Google |url=https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116073513/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/ |archive-date=January 16, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |date=September 24, 2008 |title=Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!? |url=https://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-founded-by-sergey-brin-larry-page-and-hubert-chang!/d/d-id/1072309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231125/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678 |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |access-date=January 22, 2017 |website=[[InformationWeek]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Locations— Google Jobs |url=https://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930200600/http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |access-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref>}} [[Usòrò:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg|alt=Eric Schmidt, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page sitting together|thumb| Mgbe ahụ-CEO, na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Google Eric Schmidt ya na ndị ọrụ nhazi Sergey Brin na Larry Page (aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri) na 2008]] '''Gogulu LLC''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ mba Amerika nke na-ahụ maka ọrụ na ngwaahịa metụtara [[Intanet|ịntanetị,]] nke gụnyere “search engine” , teknụzụ mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị, igwe ojii, ngwanrọ na ngwaike. A na-ewere ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna Gogulu Alphabet Inc. dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ozi gbasara Big Five Amerika, n'akụkụ Amazon, Apulu, Meta na Maikrosoftu . E hiwere Gogulu na Septemba 4, 1998, site na Larry Page na Sergey Brin mgbe ha bụ Ph.D. ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Stanford dị na mba Kalifonia. Ha niile nwere ihe dịka 14% nke oha oke ahia depụtara n'ihu ọha ma na-achịkwa 56% nke ikike ịtụ vootu site na ngwaahịa ịtụ vootu. Ulo ọrụ ahụ gara ọha site na onyinye ọha mbụ (IPO) na 2004. N'afọ 2015, a haziri Gogulu ka ọ bụrụ ihe enyemaka nke Alphabet Inc. . Gogulu bụ enyemaka Alphabet kachasị na ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ejide ihe onwunwe na mmasị ịntanetị nke Alphabet. A họpụtara Sundar Pichai onye isi ala Gogulu na Ọktoba 24, 2015, nọchiri Larry Page, onye ghọrọ onye isi nke Alphabet. Na Disemba 3, 2019, Pichai ghọkwara onye isi ala Alphabet. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=3 December 2019|title=Larry Page steps down as CEO of Alphabet, Sundar Pichai to take over|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/03/larry-page-steps-down-as-ceo-of-alphabet.html|accessdate=16 June 2021|work=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> Na 2021, e hiwere Alphabet Workers Union, nke ndị ọrụ Gogulu mejupụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 4, 2021|title=Google employees are forming a union|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2021/01/04/google-employees-are-forming-a-union/|accessdate=January 25, 2021|work=Android Police}}</ref> Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebe ọ bụ na ntinye aha gụnyere ngwaahịa, nnweta, na mmekọrịta karịrị Gogulu isi search engine, (Gogulu Saachi). Ọ na-enye ọrụ emebere maka ọrụ na nrụpụta (Gogulu Doks ,Gogulu Shiits , na Gogulu Slaidis) , email ( Gmail ), nhazi oge na njikwa oge ( Gogulu kalenda ), nchekwa igwe ojii ( Gogulu draivu), ozi ngwa ngwa na nkata vidiyo ( Gogulu Duo, Chat Gogulu, na Nzukọ Gogulu ), nsụgharị asụsụ ( Gogulu transleti), maapụ na igodo ( [[Google Maps|Gogulu Maps]], Waze, Gogulu Earth, na View Street ), Bochum pọdkastị ( Pọdkastị Google ), nkesa vidiyo ( YouTube ), mbipụta blọgụ ( Blogger ), ihe ndetu ( Gogulu kiipu na jamboodu, na nhazi foto na edezi ( Foto Gogulu). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eduga mmepe nke sistemụ mkpanaka mkpanaka Android, ihe nchọgharị weebụ “Gogulu Kromu na Kromu OS (dị arọ, sistemụ arụmọrụ nke dabere na isi mmalite “Chromium OS”nke na-emepe emepe). Gogulu abanyela na-arịwanye elu n'ime ngwaike; site na 2010 ruo 2015, ya na ndị isi na-emepụta ngwá elektronik na mmepụta nke Gogulu Nexus ngwaọrụ, na ọ wepụtara otutu ngwaike ngwaahịa na 2016, gụnyere Gogulu pikzelakara nke ekwenti ulo Gogulu smart ọkà okwu, Gogulu Wifi ntupu wireless rawụta. Gogulu anwalelakwa ịghọ onye na-ebu ịntanetị (Google Fiber na Google Fi) Gogulu.com bụ webụsaịtị a kacha eleta n'ụwa niile. Ọtụtụ webụsaịtị Gogulu nwere nokwana nandepụta weebụsaịtị kachasị ewu ewu gụnyere “YouTube na Blogger”. <ref name="topsites">{{Cite web|title=The top 500 sites on the web|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites|publisher=[[Alexa Internet]]|accessdate=2022-02-24|archivedate=2015-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/https://www.alexa.com/topsites}}</ref> Nandepụta nke ụdị kachasị ọnụ ahịa, Gogulu na-ahọrọ nke abụọ site na Forbes <ref>{{Cite web|title=THE WORLD'S VALUABLE BRANDS|url=https://www.forbes.com/the-worlds-most-valuable-brands/|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> na nke anọ site na Interbrand. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BEST GLOBAL BRANDS|url=https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/|publisher=Interbrand}}</ref>O natala nnukwu nkatọ metụtara okwu ndị dị kanchegbu nzuzo,izere ụtụ isi, nnyocha,nnọpụiche ọchụchọ, mgbochi ntụkwasị obi na iji ọnọdụ naanị ya eme ihe. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Afọ mbụ === [[Usòrò:Google_page_brin.jpg|alt=|áká_èkpè|thumb| Larry Page na Sergey Brin n'afọ 2003]] Gogulu malitere na Jenụwarị 1996 dịka ọrụ nyocha nke Larry Page na Sergey Brin mere mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ PhD na Mahadum Stanford dị na mba Kalifonia. <ref name="howwestarted"/> <ref name="Coronabook">{{Cite book|author=Brezina|first=Corona|title=Sergey Brin, Larry Page, Eric Schmidt, and Google|url=https://archive.org/details/sergeybrinlarryp0000brez|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|year=2013|isbn=9781448869114|edition=1st|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sergeybrinlarryp0000brez/page/18 18]}}</ref> <ref name="milestones">{{Cite web|title=Our history in depth|url=https://www.google.com/about/company/history/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401005940/http://www.google.com/about/company/history/|archivedate=April 1, 2012|accessdate=July 15, 2017|work=Google Company}}</ref>Na mbu, oru a metụtara onye na-akwadoghị "onye nchoputa nke atọ", Scott Hassan, onye mmemme mbu onye dere ọtụtụ gbasara koduu maka mbụ “Google Search engine” , ma ọ hapụrụ tupu Gogulu enwe ntọala dị ka ụlọ ọrụ; <ref name="vanityfair">{{Cite web|author=Fisher|first=Adam|date=July 10, 2018|title=Brin, Page, and Mayer on the Accidental Birth of the Company that Changed Everything|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704184309/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/valley-of-genius-excerpt-google|archivedate=July 4, 2019|accessdate=August 23, 2019|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> Hassan gara n'ihu ịchụso ọrụ na “robotics” wee hiwe ụlọ ọrụ “Willow Garage” na 2006. <ref>{{Cite news|date=September 5, 2014|title=Willow Garage Founder Scott Hassan Aims To Build A Startup Village|work=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/view-from-the-valley/at-work/start-ups/willow-garage-founder-scott-hassan-aims-to-build-a-startup-village|accessdate=September 1, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=D'Onfro|first=Jillian|date=February 13, 2016|title=How a billionaire who wrote Google's original code created a robot revolution|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-look-back-at-willow-garage-2016-2|accessdate=August 24, 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na engines ọchụchọ ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ahọrọ nsonaazụ site n'ịgụ ugboro ole okwu ọchụchọ pụtara na ibe, ha chepụtara maka usoro ka mma nke nyochara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti weebụsaịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Page|first=Lawrence|authorlink=Larry Page|date=November 11, 1999|title=The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web|url=http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118014915/http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/|archivedate=November 18, 2009|work=Stanford University}}</ref> Ha na-akpọ nke a algọridim “PageRank” ; o kpebiri mkpaweebụsaịtịna ọnụọgụ ibe, yana mkpa nke ibe ndị ahụ jikọtara azụ na saịtị mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Helpful products. For everyone.|url=https://about.google/products/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210175913/http://www.google.com/corporate/tech.html|archivedate=February 10, 2010|work=Google, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Page|first=Larry|authorlink=Larry Page|date=August 18, 1997|title=PageRank: Bringing Order to the Web|url=http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/422/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020506051802/http://www-diglib.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/WP/get/SIDL-WP-1997-0072?1|archivedate=May 6, 2002|accessdate=November 27, 2010|work=Stanford Digital Library Project}}</ref> Page gwara Hassan echiche ya, onye malitere ide koduu iji mejuputa echiche Page. <ref name="vanityfair"/> Page na Brin kpọburu aha ihe nchọta ọhụrụ ahụ “BackRub”n'ihi na sistemụ ahụ lere “backlinks” iji chọpụta mkpa saịtị dị. <ref name="howwestarted"/> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Battelle|first=John|date=August 2005|title=The Birth of Google|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html|accessdate=October 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318175553/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.08/battelle.html|archive-date=March 18, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Backrub search engine at Stanford University|url=http://huron.stanford.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19961224105215/http://huron.stanford.edu/|archivedate=December 24, 1996|accessdate=March 12, 2011}}</ref> Page na Brin kpọrọ Hassan na Alan Steremberg dị ka ndị dị mkpa maka mmepe Gogulu. Rajeev Motwani na Terry Winograd mechara dekọọ Page na Brin akwụkwọ mbụ gbasara ọrụ ahụ, na-akọwa PageRank na ụdị mbụ nke igwe nchọta Gogulu, nke e bipụtara na 1998. A kpọtụrụ Héctor García-Molina na Jeff Ullman ka ndị nyere aka na ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="originalpaper">{{Cite journal|author=Brin|first=Sergey|authorlink=Sergey Brin|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|issn=0169-7552|accessdate=April 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927004511/http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|archive-date=September 27, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> PageRank na-emetụta otu ibe-nhazi na saịtị-akara algọridim na mbụ ejiri mee ihe maka RankDex, nke Robin Li mepụtara na 1996, na Larry Page's PageRank patenti gụnyere ntinye aka na patenti RankDex mbụ nke Li; Li mechara mepụta igwe nchọta ndị China Baidu . <ref>{{Cite web|title="About: RankDex"|url=http://www.rankdex.com/about.html|accessdate=September 29, 2010|archivedate=February 2, 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/659XSbLCF?url=http://www.rankdex.com/about.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Method for node ranking in a linked database|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US6285999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185034/http://www.google.com/patents/US6285999|archivedate=October 15, 2015|accessdate=October 19, 2015|publisher=Google Patents}}</ref> Ka ana aga, ha gbanwere aha ''Gogulu'' ; aha nke search engine bụ egwuregwu na okwu ''googol ,'' <ref name="howwestarted">{{Cite web|title=How we started and where we are today - Google|url=https://about.google/our-story/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200422134018/https://about.google/our-story/|archivedate=April 22, 2020|accessdate=April 24, 2021|work=about.google|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Koller|first=David|date=January 2004|title=Origin of the name "Google"|url=http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68ubHzYs7?url=http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html|archivedate=July 4, 2012|work=Stanford University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hanley|first=Rachael|date=February 12, 2003|title=From Googol to Google|work=The Stanford Daily|publisher=Stanford University|url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google|accessdate=February 15, 2010|archive-date=March 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327141327/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2003/02/12/from-googol-to-google|url-status=dead}}</ref> ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke edere '''10 ¹⁰⁰''' (1 sochiri 100 zeros), họrọ iji gosi na e bu n'obi na search engine iji nye nnukwu. ọnụọgụgụ ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google! Beta website|url=https://www.google.com/company.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990221202430/https://www.google.com/company.html|archivedate=February 21, 1999|accessdate=October 12, 2010|work=Google, Inc.}}</ref> Edebanyere aha ngalaba aha <code>www.google.com</code> na Septemba 15, 1997, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google.com WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info - DomainTools|url=https://whois.domaintools.com/google.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314084453/http://whois.domaintools.com/google.com|archivedate=March 14, 2016|work=[[WHOIS]]}}</ref> na ewebata ụlọ ọrụ na Septemba 4, 1998. Ọ dabere na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke Susan Wojcicki <ref name="milestones"/> na Menlo Park, Kalifonia Craig Silverstein, nwa akwụkwọ ibe PhD na Stanford, goro dị ka onye ọrụ mbụ. <ref name="milestones" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Craig Silverstein's website|url=http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991002122809/http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~csilvers/|archivedate=October 2, 1999|accessdate=October 12, 2010|work=Stanford University}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kopytoff|first=Verne|date=September 7, 2008|title=Craig Silverstein grew a decade with Google|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc.|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Craig-Silverstein-grew-a-decade-with-Google-3270079.php}}</ref> Gogulu nwetara ego mbụ site na ntinye ego nke August 1998 nke $100,000 sitere n'aka Andy Bechtolsheim, <ref name="howwestarted"/> ngalaba-nchoputa nke Sun Microsystems, izu ole na ole tupu Septemba 7, 1998, ụbọchị ewebatara Gogulu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Tony|date=September 7, 2007|title=Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check Says 'Google Inc.,' We're 'Google Inc.'|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/}}</ref> <ref name="Bechtolsheim">{{Cite news|author=Kopytoff|first=Verne|date=April 29, 2004|title=For early Googlers, key word is $|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/For-early-Googlers-key-word-is-Founders-2786378.php}}</ref> Gogulu nwetara ego n'aka ndị mmụọ ozi atọ ndị ọzọ na-etinye ego na 1998: Amazon.com nchoputa Jeff Bezos, Stanford University kọmputa sayensị prọfesọ David Cheriton, na entapirenua Ram Shriram . <ref name="endofworld">{{Cite book|author=Auletta|first=Ken|title=Googled: The End of the World as We Know it|url=https://archive.org/details/googledendofworl2009aule|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2010|isbn=9780143118046|edition=Reprint|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=515456623|quote=On September 7, 1998, the day Google officially incorporated, he [Shriram] wrote out a check for just over $250,000, one of four of this size the founders received.|authorlink=Ken Auletta}}</ref> N'etiti ndị mbụ tinyere ego, ndị enyi, na ezinụlọ Google welitere gburugburu $1,000,000, nke mere ka ha mepee ụlọ ahịa mbụ ha na Menlo Park, California . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hosch|first=William L.|title=Google Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220013941/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc|archivedate=February 20, 2019|accessdate=March 17, 2019|work=Britannica|publisher=Britannica}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ agbakwunyere, obere ntinye ego site na njedebe nke 1998 ruo mmalite 1999, <ref name="endofworld"/> a mara ọkwa ọhụrụ $ 25 nde nke ego na June 7, 1999, na nnukwu ndị na-etinye ego gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ isi obodo Kleiner Perkins na Sequoia Capital . <ref name="Bechtolsheim"/> ref>{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Tony|date=September 7, 2007|title=Sept. 7, 1998: If the Check Says 'Google Inc.,' We're 'Google Inc.'|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/09/dayintech-0907/}} === Otuto ya === Na Machị 1999, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwagara ụlọ ọrụ ya na Palo Alto, California, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Weinberger|first=Matt|date=October 12, 2015|title=Google's cofounders are stepping down from their company. Here are 43 photos showing Google's rise from a Stanford dorm room to global internet superpower|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819101107/http://www.businessinsider.com/google-history-in-photos-2015-10|archivedate=August 19, 2017|work=[[Business Insider]]|publisher=[[Axel Springer SE]]}}</ref> nke bụ ebe ọtụtụ mmalite teknụzụ Silicon Valley a ma ama. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A building blessed with tech success|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523115134/https://www.cnet.com/news/a-building-blessed-with-tech-success/|archivedate=May 23, 2017|accessdate=July 15, 2017|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, Gogulu malitere ire mgbasa ozi metụtara isiokwu ọchụchọ megide Page na Brin na mbụ megidere igwe nchọta ego mgbasa ozi kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stross|first=Randall|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC|title=Planet Google: One Company's Audacious Plan to Organize Everything We Know|date=September 2008|publisher=Free Press|isbn=978-1-4165-4691-7|location=New York|pages=3–4|chapter=Introduction|accessdate=February 14, 2010|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOk3EIUW9VgC}}</ref> <ref name="milestones"/> Iji jikwaa imewe ibe na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya, mgbasa ozi sitere naanị ederede. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 23, 2000|title=Google Launches Self-Service Advertising Program|url=https://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401005413/http://www.google.com/press/pressrel/pressrelease39.html|archivedate=April 1, 2012|accessdate=July 15, 2017|work=News from Google}}</ref> Na June 2000, a mara ọkwa na Gogulu ga-abụ onye na-eweta ihe nchọta nchọta maka Yahoo!, otu n'ime weebụsaịtị kachasị ewu ewu n'oge ahụ, nochiri Inktomi . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Naughton|first=John|date=July 2, 2000|title=Why's Yahoo gone to Google? Search me|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists|accessdate=January 30, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yahoo! Selects Google as its Default Search Engine Provider – News announcements – News from Google – Google|url=https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131041155/https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/06/yahoo-selects-google-as-its-default.html|archivedate=January 31, 2019|accessdate=January 30, 2019|work=googlepress.blogspot.com}}</ref> Na 2003, mgbe ha toro ebe abụọ ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbazitere ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ site na Silicon Graphics, na 1600 Amphitheater Parkway na Mountain View, California . <ref name="sgibldg">{{Cite news|author=Olsen|first=Stephanie|date=July 11, 2003|title=Google's movin' on up|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|url=http://news.cnet.com/Googles-movin-on-up/2110-1032_3-1025111.html|accessdate=February 15, 2010}}</ref> A bịara mara mgbagwoju anya dị ka Googleplex, egwuregwu na okwu googolplex, ọnụọgụgụ nke googol zeroes sochiri ya. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, Google zụtara ụlọ ahụ n'aka SGI maka $319&nbsp;nde. <ref name="googleplexpurchase">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2006|title=Google to buy headquarters building from Silicon Graphics|work=[[American City Business Journals]]|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/06/19/newscolumn3.html}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, aha "Google" abanyela n'asụsụ kwa ụbọchị, na-eme ka ngwaa " google " tinye na ''Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary'' na ''Oxford English Dictionary'', nke a kọwara dị ka: "iji Google search engine mee ihe. nweta ozi na ịntanetị." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Krantz|first=Michael|date=October 25, 2006|title=Do You "Google"?|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120530/http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2006/10/do-you-google.html|archivedate=May 30, 2012|accessdate=February 17, 2010|work=Google, Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bylund|first=Anders|date=July 5, 2006|title=To Google or Not to Google|url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20060707062623/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13720643/|archivedate=July 7, 2006|accessdate=February 17, 2010|work=msnbc.com}}</ref> Ojiji mbụ nke ngwaa na telivishọn pụtara na ihe omume October 2002 nke ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=June 27, 2014|title=The First Use of 'to Google' on Television? Buffy the Vampire Slayer|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/the-first-use-of-the-verb-to-google-on-television-buffy-the-vampire-slayer/373599/|accessdate=30 June 2021|work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, na 2001 ndi tinyere ego na gogulu chere na ọ dị mkpa inwe njikwa ime ụlọ siri ike, ha kwekọrịtara iwere Eric Schmidt dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi Gogulu <ref name="Google Inc">{{Cite web|author=Hosch|first=William L.|title=Google Inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220013941/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Google-Inc|archivedate=February 20, 2019|accessdate=March 17, 2019|work=Britannica|publisher=Britannica}}</ref> === Onyinye ọhaneze izizi === Na Ọgọst 19, 2004, Gogulu ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ọha site na onyinye mbụ ọha . N'oge ahụ Larry Page, Sergey Brin, na Eric Schmidt kwetara ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Google maka afọ iri abuo , ruo n'afọ 2024. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lashinsky|first=Adam|date=January 29, 2008|title=Google wins again|work=Fortune|publisher=Time Warner|url=https://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm|accessdate=January 22, 2011|archive-date=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022200031/http://money.cnn.com/2008/01/18/news/companies/google.fortune/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere oke ahia 19,605,052 na ọnụ ahịa $85 kwa òkè. <ref name="IPO">{{Cite web|title=GOOG Stock|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/stocks/goog-stock|publisher=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|year=2004|title=2004 Annual Report|url=http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/659XUbJTj?url=http://investor.google.com/pdf/2004_AnnualReport.pdf|archivedate=February 2, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2010|work=Google, Inc.}}</ref> A na-ere òkè na ntanetị n'ịntanetị site na iji usoro nke Morgan Stanley na Credit Suisse wuru, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ maka nkwekọrịta ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=La Monica|first=Paul R.|date=April 30, 2004|title=Google sets $2.7&nbsp;billion IPO|work=CNN Money|url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/|accessdate=February 19, 2010|archive-date=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022154717/http://money.cnn.com/2004/04/29/technology/google/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kawamoto|first=Dawn|date=April 29, 2004|title=Want In on Google's IPO?|url=http://www.zdnet.com/news/want-in-on-googles-ipo/135799|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/659XV2yME?url=http://www.zdnet.com/news/want-in-on-googles-ipo/135799|archivedate=February 2, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2010|work=ZDNet}}</ref> Ire nke ijeri $1.67 nyere Gogulu isi ahịa ahịa karịrị ijeri $23. <ref name="washpost">{{Cite news|author=Webb|first=Cynthia L.|date=August 19, 2004|title=Google's IPO: Grate Expectations|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14939-2004Aug19.html|accessdate=February 19, 2010}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 13, 2006, Gogulu nwetara YouTube maka ijeri $1.65 na ngwaahịa Gogulu, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Arrington|first=Michael|date=October 9, 2006|title=Google Has Acquired YouTube|url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024815/https://techcrunch.com/2006/10/09/google-has-acquired-youtube/|archivedate=March 16, 2017|accessdate=March 15, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sorkin|first=Andrew Ross|date=October 9, 2006|title=Google to Acquire YouTube for $1.65 Billion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/09cnd-deal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609080519/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/09cnd-deal.html|archivedate=June 9, 2017|accessdate=March 15, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Arrington|first=Michael|date=November 13, 2006|title=Google Closes YouTube Acquisition|url=https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316024500/https://techcrunch.com/2006/11/13/google-closes-youtube-acquisition/|archivedate=March 16, 2017|accessdate=March 15, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Auchard|first=Eric|date=November 14, 2006|title=Google closes YouTube deal|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-idUSWEN973120061114|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113147/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-idUSWEN973120061114|archivedate=March 16, 2017|accessdate=March 15, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]}}</ref> Na Maachị 11, 2008, Gogulu nwetara DoubleClick maka $3.1&nbsp;ijeri, na-ebufe na Gogulu mmekọrịta bara uru nke “DoubleClick”nwere na ndị mbipụta Weebụ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawsky|first=David|date=March 11, 2008|title=Google closes DoubleClick merger after EU approval|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-doubleclick-eu-idUSBFA00058020080311}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Story|first=Louise|date=April 14, 2007|title=Google Buys DoubleClick for $3.1 Billion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404014741/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/14/technology/14DoubleClick.html|archivedate=April 4, 2017|accessdate=March 9, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2011, Gogulu na-eji ihe dị ka ijeri 3 na-achọ ihe kwa ụbọchị. Iji jikwaa ọrụ a, Gogulu wuru ebe data 11 gburugburu ụwa nwere ọtụtụ puku sava na nke ọ bụla. Ebe data ndị a nyere Google aka ijikwa ọrụ na-agbanwe mgbe niile nke ọma. <ref name="Google Inc"/> Na Mee 2011, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọbịa pụrụ iche kwa ọnwa na Gogulu karịrị otu ijeri na nke mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Worstall|first=Tim|date=June 22, 2011|title=Google Hits One Billion Visitors in Only One Month|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2011/06/22/google-hits-one-billion-visitors-in-only-one-month/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Efrati|first=Amir|date=June 21, 2011|title=Google Notches One Billion Unique Visitors Per Month|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-22656}}</ref> Na Mee 2012, Gogulu nwetara Motorola Mobility maka $12.5&nbsp;ijeri, n'inweta ya kachasị ruo taa. <ref>{{Cite news|date=May 22, 2012|title=Google Completes Takeover of Motorola Mobility|publisher=[[IndustryWeek]]|url=https://www.industryweek.com/finance/governance-risk-compliance/article/21957658/google-completes-takeover-of-motorola-mobility}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsukayama|first=Hayley|date=August 15, 2011|title=Google agrees to acquire Motorola Mobility|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/faster-forward/post/google-agrees-to-acquire-motorola-mobility/2011/08/15/gIQABmTkGJ_blog.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility&nbsp;— Google Investor Relations|url=http://investor.google.com/releases/2011/0815.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817101741/http://investor.google.com/releases/2011/0815.html|archivedate=August 17, 2011|accessdate=August 17, 2011|work=Google}}</ref> Emere ịzụrụ ihe a n'otu akụkụ iji nyere Google aka inweta nnukwu patenti pọtụfoliyo nke Motorola na ekwentị mkpanaaka na teknụzụ ikuku, iji nyere aka chebe Gogulu na esemokwu patenti ya na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ihu, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Page|first=Larry|authorlink=Larry Page|date=August 15, 2011|title=Official Google Blog: Supercharging Android: Google to Acquire Motorola Mobility|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/supercharging-android-google-to-acquire.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69UHjJzgs?url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/08/supercharging-android-google-to-acquire.html|archivedate=July 28, 2012|work=Official Google Blog}}</ref> tumadi Apple na Microsoft, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Neil|date=August 15, 2011|title=Google CEO: 'Anticompetitive' Apple, Microsoft forced Motorola deal|url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/15/google_ceo_anticompetitive_apple_microsoft_forced_motorola_deal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210181127/http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/08/15/google_ceo_anticompetitive_apple_microsoft_forced_motorola_deal.html|archivedate=December 10, 2011|work=[[AppleInsider]]}}</ref> na ikwe ka ọ nweta ya. na-aga n'ihu na-enye gam akporo. <ref name="cnet">{{Cite web|author=Cheng|first=Roger|date=August 15, 2011|title=Google to buy Motorola Mobility for $12.5B|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20092362-94/google-to-buy-motorola-mobility-for-$12.5b/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006062539/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20092362-94/google-to-buy-motorola-mobility-for-$12.5b/|archivedate=October 6, 2011|accessdate=August 15, 2011|work=CNet News}}</ref> === 2012 gawa n'ihu === Na June 2013, Gogulu nwetara Waze, nkwekọrịta $ 966 nde. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kerr|first=Dara|date=July 25, 2013|title=Google reveals it spent $966 million in Waze acquisition|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216011658/https://www.cnet.com/news/google-reveals-it-spent-966-million-in-waze-acquisition/|archivedate=February 16, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=CBS Interactive}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Waze ga-anọgide na-enwere onwe ya, njirimara mmekọrịta ya, dị ka ikpo okwu ebe a na-enweta ya, bụ ọnụ ahịa bara uru n'etiti Waze na [[Google Maps]], ọrụ nkewa nke Gogulu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lunden|first=Ingrid|date=June 11, 2013|title=Google Bought Waze For $1.1B, Giving A Social Data Boost To Its Mapping Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706051802/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/11/its-official-google-buys-waze-giving-a-social-data-boost-to-its-location-and-mapping-business/|archivedate=July 6, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> Gogulu kwuputara mwepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ Calico, na Septemba 19, 2013, onye isi oche Apple Inc. Arthur Levinson ga-edu. Na nkwupụta ọha na eze, Page kọwara na ụlọ ọrụ "ahụike na ọdịmma" ga-elekwasị anya na "ihe ịma aka nke ịka nká na ọrịa ndị metụtara ya". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wakefield|first=Jane|date=September 19, 2013|title=Google spin-off Calico to search for answers to ageing|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24158924|accessdate=September 20, 2013}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 26, 2014, Gogulu kwuputara na ya ekwenyela inweta DeepMind Teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na-ejide onwe ya na [[London]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chowdhry|first=Amit|date=January 27, 2014|title=Google To Acquire Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/01/27/google-to-acquire-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind/|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref> Webụsaịtị akụkọ teknụzụ ''Recode'' kọrọ na a zụtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nde $400, mana ekpughere isi mmalite nke ozi ahụ. Onye nkwuchite ọnụ Gogulu jụrụ ikwu maka ọnụahịa ahụ. <ref name="Helgren- DeepMind">{{Cite news|author=Helgren|first=Chris|date=January 27, 2014|title=Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-deepmind-idUSBREA0Q03220140127|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Ribeiro- DeepMind">{{Cite news|author=Ribeiro|first=Jon|date=January 27, 2014|title=Google buys artificial intelligence company DeepMind|work=PC World|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2091500/google-acquires-artificial-intelligence-company-deepmind.html|accessdate=January 27, 2014}}</ref> Ịzụta ihe enyemaka DeepMind na uto Gogulu na-adịbeghị anya na ọgụgụ isi na obodo robotics. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Opam|first=Kwame|date=January 26, 2014|title=Google buying AI startup DeepMind for a reported $400 million|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708161602/https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/26/5348640/google-deepmind-acquisition-robotics-ai|archivedate=July 8, 2017|accessdate=March 9, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Interbrand's Best Global Brands si kwuo, Gogulu abụrụla akara nke abụọ kasị baa uru n'ụwa (n'azụ Apple Inc. ) na 2013, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings - 2013 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand|url=http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022013506/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2013/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archivedate=October 22, 2016|accessdate=October 23, 2016|work=Interbrand}}</ref> 2014, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings - 2014 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand|url=http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103140119/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2014/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archivedate=November 3, 2016|accessdate=October 23, 2016|work=Interbrand}}</ref> 2015, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings - 2015 - Best Global Brands - Interbrand|url=http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021100708/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archivedate=October 21, 2016|accessdate=October 23, 2016|work=Interbrand}}</ref> na 2016, na ọnụ ahịa nke $133. ijeri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rankings - 2016 - Best Global Brands|url=http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161220191226/http://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2016/ranking/#?listFormat=ls|archivedate=December 20, 2016|accessdate=October 23, 2016|work=Interbrand}}</ref> Na August 10, 2015, Gogulu kwupụtara atụmatụ ịhazigharị mmasị ya dị iche iche dị ka conglomerate aha ya bụ Alphabet Inc. Gogulu ghọrọ onye enyemaka Alphabet kacha na ụlọ ọrụ nche anwụ maka ọdịmma ịntanetị Alphabet. Mgbe emechara nhazigharị ahụ, Sundar Pichai ghọrọ CEO nke Gogulu, dochie Larry Page, onye ghọrọ CEO nke Alphabet. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Womack|first=Brian|date=August 10, 2015|title=Google Rises After Creating Holding Company Called Alphabet|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054841/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-10/google-to-adopt-new-holding-structure-under-name-alphabet-|archivedate=November 23, 2016|accessdate=November 22, 2016|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barr|first=Alistair|date=August 10, 2015|title=Google Creates Parent Company Called Alphabet in Restructuring|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-creates-new-company-alphabet-1439240645|accessdate=November 22, 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dougherty|first=Conor|date=August 10, 2015|title=Google to Reorganize as Alphabet to Keep Its Lead as an Innovator|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019164806/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/technology/google-alphabet-restructuring.html|archivedate=October 19, 2016|accessdate=November 22, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Na Ogost 8, 2017, Gogulu chụrụ onye ọrụ James Damore mgbe ọ kesasịrị akwụkwọ ozi n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ niile na-arụrịta ụka na-ezighị ezi na " Google's Ideological Echo Chamber " gbachiri echiche ha banyere ọdịiche dị iche iche na nsonye, nakwa na ọ bụkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọ bụghị ịkpa ókè naanị, na. na-eme ka nkezi nwanyị ghara inwe mmasị karịa ndị nwoke na ọnọdụ teknụzụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title="Google Fires Engineer Who Wrote Memo Questioning Women in Tech"|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 8, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html|author=Wakabayashi|first=Daisuke|accessdate=August 10, 2017}}</ref> Onye isi ala Gogulu Sundar Pichai boro Damore ebubo imebi iwu ụlọ ọrụ site na "ịkwalite echiche nwoke na nwanyị na-emerụ ahụ n'ebe ọrụ anyị", a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Contentious Memo Strikes Nerve Inside Google and Out|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 8, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/technology/google-engineer-fired-gender-memo.html|author=Wakabayashi|first=Daisuke|accessdate=August 10, 2017}}</ref> <ref>diversitymemo.com</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Friedersdorf|first=Conor|date=August 8, 2017|title=The Most Common Error in Media Coverage of the Google Memo|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808230220/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/the-most-common-error-in-coverage-of-the-google-memo/536181/|archivedate=August 8, 2017|accessdate=August 9, 2017|work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> N'etiti 2018 na 2019, esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ya na-arịwanye elu ka ndị ọrụ na-eme mkpesa na mkpebi ụlọ ọrụ na mmekpa ahụ n'ime ime mmekọahụ, Dragonfly, onye nyocha China na-enyocha, na Project Maven, onye “military drone artificial intelligence” isi, bụ nke a na-ahụ anya dị ka akụkụ nke ego ha nwetara. uto maka ụlọ ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bergen|first=Mark|date=November 22, 2019|title=Google Workers Protest Company's 'Brute Force Intimidation'|language=en|work=[[Bloomberg.com]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-22/google-workers-protest-company-s-brute-force-intimidation}}</ref> <ref name="Verge busting">{{Cite web|author=Hollister|first=Sean|date=November 25, 2019|title=Google is accused of union busting after firing four employees|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/25/20983053/google-fires-four-employees-memo-rebecca-rivers-laurence-berland-union-busting-accusation-walkout|accessdate=November 26, 2019|work=[[The Verge]]|language=en}}</ref> Na Ọktoba 25, 2018, ''akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' bipụtara ''ikpughe'', "Otu Gogulu si chebe Andy Rubin, 'Nna nke Android'". Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara kwupụta na "a chụrụ ndị ọrụ 48 n'ọrụ n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga" maka mmekọahụ rụrụ arụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Welch|first=Chris|date=October 25, 2018|title=Google says 48 people have been fired for sexual harassment in the last two years|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133020/https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/25/18024486/google-sexual-harassment-people-fired-rubin-2-years-ceo|archivedate=October 31, 2018|accessdate=October 31, 2018|work=The Verge}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 1, 2018, ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ Gogulu 20,000 na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta mere ngagharịiwe zuru ụwa ọnụ iji mee mkpesa maka njikwa ụlọ ọrụ na-eme mkpesa iyi egwu mmekọahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hamilton|first=Isobel Asher|date=November 1, 2018|title=PHOTOS: Google employees all over the world left their desk and walked out in protest over sexual misconduct|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102174328/https://www.businessinsider.com/google-walkout-live-pictures-of-protesting-google-workers-2018-11|archivedate=November 2, 2018|accessdate=November 6, 2018|work=Business Insider}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Segarra|first=Lisa Marie|date=November 3, 2018|title=More Than 20,000 Google Employees Participated in Walkout Over Sexual Harassment Policy|publisher=Fortune|url=http://fortune.com/2018/11/03/google-employees-walkout-demands/|accessdate=November 6, 2018}}</ref> Onye isi ala Sundar Pichai kwuru na ọ na-akwado ngagharị iwe a. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Liedtke|first=Michael|date=1 November 2018|title=Google workers walk out to protest sexual misconduct|publisher=Akron Beacon/Journal|url=https://www.ohio.com/news/20181101/google-workers-walk-out-to-protest-sexual-misconduct|accessdate=6 November 2018}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị na 2019, ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ boro ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebubo imegwara ndị na-eme ihe n'ime. [94] Na Machị 19, 2019, Gogulu kwupụtara na ọ ga-abanye n'ahịa egwuregwu vidiyo, na-ebupụta ikpo okwu egwuregwu igwe ojii akpọrọ Google Stadia . <ref name="unveils">{{Cite web|author=Warren|first=Tom|date=March 19, 2019|title=Google unveils Stadia cloud gaming service, launches in 2019|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319173136/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/19/18271702/google-stadia-cloud-gaming-service-announcement-gdc-2019|archivedate=March 19, 2019|accessdate=April 8, 2019|work=The Verge}}</ref> Na June 3, 2019, Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke United States kọrọ na ọ ga-enyocha Gogulu maka mmebi iwu mgbochi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google shares take a dive with reports of US DoJ 'competition' probe|url=https://www.theregister.com/2019/06/03/google_shares_take_a_dive_on_doj_reports/|work=www.theregister.com}}</ref> Nke a butere itinye akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe na-emegide ntụkwasị obi na Ọktoba 2020, n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ejirila ọnọdụ naanị ya mee ihe n'ahịa mgbasa ozi na ọchụchọ . <ref>{{Cite news|title=U.S. Files Antitrust Suit Against Google|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895658/u-s-files-antitrust-suit-against-google}}</ref> Na Disemba 2019, onye bụbu onye isi ọrụ PayPal Bill Ready ghọrọ onye isi azụmaahịa ọhụrụ nke Gogulu. Ọrụ njikere agaghị etinye aka na Google Pay . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=December 11, 2019|title=PayPal's exiting COO Bill Ready to join Google as its new president of Commerce|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/11/paypals-exiting-coo-bill-ready-to-join-google-as-its-new-president-of-commerce/|work=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> Na onwa Eprelu 2020, n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, Gogulu kwuputara ọtụtụ usoro mbelata ọnụ ahịa. Usoro ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ibelata ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ maka ihe fọdụrụ na 2020, ewezuga ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke mpaghara atụmatụ, na-emegharị elekwasị anya na usoro ntinye ego na mpaghara dị ka ebe data na igwe, na ahịa na njem na-abụghị azụmahịa dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 15, 2020|title=Bloomberg - Google to Slow Hiring for Rest of 2020, CEO Tells Staff|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/google-to-slow-hiring-for-rest-of-2020-ceo-pichai-tells-staff|accessdate=April 16, 2020|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> Mwepụ ọrụ Gogulu 2020 kwụsịrị ọrụ Gogulu otu n'August nke metụtara Gogulu draivu n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ọzọ na Nọvemba na-emetụta YouTube, na nke atọ na Disemba na-emetụta ngwa Gogulu dum. Emechara nkwụsị atọ ahụ n'ime awa ole na ole. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google services including Gmail hit by serious disruption|url=https://news.sky.com/story/google-services-including-gmail-hit-by-serious-disruption-12052892|work=Sky News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Li|first=Abner|date=November 12, 2020|title=YouTube is currently down amid widespread outage|url=https://9to5google.com/2020/11/11/youtube-tv-down-2/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2020|title=YouTube back online, all services restored as Google apologizes for 'system outage' &#124; TechRadar|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down|work=www.techradar.com|accessdate=February 23, 2022|archivedate=December 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214235555/https://www.techradar.com/amp/news/google-suite-youtube-and-other-services-are-down%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjT_qTet83tAhVJJzQIHcFXB-kQyM8BCCgwAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw0HFBmVnTnarPXLRK7ok2jE%26ampcf%3D1}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2021, Gọọmenti Australia tụpụtara iwu ga-achọ ka Gogulu na Fesibuuk kwụọ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ụgwọ maka ikike iji ọdịnaya ha. Na nzaghachi, Gogulu yiri egwu imechi ohere nchọta ya na mba Australia. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jose|first=Renju|date=January 22, 2021|title=Google says to block search engine in Australia if forced to pay for news|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-media-google-idUSKBN29R04O|accessdate=January 22, 2021}}</ref> Na Maachị 2021, Gogulu kwuru na ọ kwụrụ $20 nde maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Ubisoft na Google Stadia . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google reportedly paid $20m for Ubisoft ports on Stadia|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-03-01-google-reportedly-paid-usd20m-for-ubisoft-ports-on-stadia|accessdate=March 1, 2021|work=GamesIndustry.biz|language=en}}</ref> Gogulu mefuru "iriri nde dollar" iji nweta ndị mgbasa ozi dịka Ubisoft na Take-Two ka ha weta ụfọdụ nnukwu egwuregwu ha na Stadia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schreier|first=Jason|date=February 28, 2021|title=Google had big video game ambitions. Then reality hit|url=https://fortune.com/2021/02/27/google-stadia-video-game-streaming-reality-check-consoles/|accessdate=2022-02-03|work=Fortune|language=en}}</ref> Na onwa Eprel 2021, ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street Journal'' kọrọ na Gogulu mere mmemme ogologo afọ a na-akpọ 'Project Bernanke' nke jiri data sitere na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi gara aga iji nweta uru karịa ịsọ mpi maka ọrụ mgbasa ozi. Ekpughere nke a n'akwụkwọ gbasara akwụkwọ nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke steeti US iri gbara megide Gogulu na Disemba. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 11, 2021|title=Google's Secret 'Project Bernanke' Revealed in Texas Antitrust Case|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-secret-project-bernanke-revealed-in-texas-antitrust-case-11618097760|accessdate=April 13, 2021|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|language=en}}</ref> Na Septemba 2021, gọọmentị Australia kwupụtara atụmatụ igbochi ikike Gogulu ịre mgbasa ozi ezubere iche, na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike n'ahịa na-emerụ ndị mbipụta, ndị mgbasa ozi na ndị ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-28|title=Australian Government Plans to Curb Google's Capability to Sell Targeted Ads - September 28, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Daily News Brief|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004124647/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/09/28/australian-government-plans-to-curb-googles-capability-to-sell-targeted-ads/}}</ref> == Ngwaahịa na ọrụ == Gogulu na- edepụta ọtụtụ ijeri ibe weebụ iji nye ndị ọrụ ohere ịchọ ozi ha chọrọ site na iji mkpụrụokwu na ndị na -arụ ọrụ . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Arrington|first=Michael|date=July 25, 2008|title=Google's Misleading Blog Post: The Size Of The Web And The Size Of Their Index Are Very Different|url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/07/25/googles-misleading-blog-post-on-the-size-of-the-web/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312042335/https://techcrunch.com/2008/07/25/googles-misleading-blog-post-on-the-size-of-the-web/|archivedate=March 12, 2017|accessdate=March 9, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha ahịa comScore sitere na Nọvemba 2009, Google Search bụ igwe nchọta kachasị na ahịa United States, yana oke ahịa nke 65.6%. <ref name="comscore">{{Cite news|date=December 16, 2006|title=comScore Releases November 2009 U.S. Search Engine Rankings|url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2009/12/comScore_Releases_November_2009_U.S._Search_Engine_Rankings|accessdate=July 5, 2010}}</ref> Na Mee 2017, Gogulu mere ka taabụ "onwe" ọhụrụ na Google Search, na-ahapụ ndị ọrụ ịchọ ọdịnaya na ọrụ dị iche iche nke akaụntụ Gogulu ha, gụnyere ozi email sitere na Gmail na foto sitere na Google Photos . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schwartz|first=Barry|date=May 26, 2017|title=Google Adds Personal Tab To Search Filters|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-personal-tab-search-23912.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527140309/https://www.seroundtable.com/google-personal-tab-search-23912.html|archivedate=May 27, 2017|accessdate=May 27, 2017|work=Search Engine Roundtable|publisher=RustyBrick}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=May 26, 2017|title=Google adds new Personal tab to search results to show Gmail and Photos content|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/26/15701778/google-personal-tab-search-results-gmail-photos-images-maps-news-filter|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526215945/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/26/15701778/google-personal-tab-search-results-gmail-photos-images-maps-news-filter|archivedate=May 26, 2017|accessdate=May 27, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Gogulu malitere ọrụ Google News ya na 2002, ọrụ akpaaka nke na-achịkọta akụkọ akụkọ sitere na webụsaịtị dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Macht|first=Joshua|date=September 30, 2002|title=Automatic for the People|work=Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,356152,00.html|accessdate=June 7, 2010|archive-date=October 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022094519/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,356152,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gogulu na-akwado akwụkwọ Gogulu, ọrụ nke na-enyocha ederede dị n'akwụkwọ dị na nchekwa data ya ma na-egosi nleba anya nwere oke ma ọ bụ na akwụkwọ zuru ezu ebe a na-anabata ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Martin|first=China|date=November 26, 2007|title=Google hit with second lawsuit over Library project|url=http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/google-hit-second-lawsuit-over-library-project-722|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022853/http://www.infoworld.com/t/platforms/google-hit-second-lawsuit-over-library-project-722|archivedate=May 10, 2011|accessdate=July 5, 2010|publisher=[[InfoWorld]]}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi === Gogulu na-enweta ọtụtụ ego ya na mgbasa ozi. Nke a gụnyere ire ngwa, ịzụrụ ihe n'ime ngwa, ngwaahịa ọdịnaya dijitalụ na Gogulu na YouTube, gam akporo na ikikere yana ụgwọ ọrụ, gụnyere ụgwọ anatara maka onyinye Google Cloud. Pasent iri anọ na isii nke uru a sitere na clicks (ọnụahịa kwa clicks), ruru US $ 109,652 nde na 2017. Nke a gụnyere ụzọ atọ bụ isi, ya bụ AdMob, AdSense (dị ka AdSense maka Ọdịnaya, AdSense maka Ọchụchọ, wdg) na DoubleClick AdExchange. <ref name="agm2017">{{Cite book|url=https://abc.xyz/investor|title=Annualg report (Alphabet Inc.) - 2017|date=March 1, 2018|publisher=Alphabet Inc. Investor relations|accessdate=December 3, 2018}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na algọridim nke ya maka ịghọta arịrịọ ọchụchọ, Gogulu na-eji teknụzụ nweta DoubleClick, iji mepụta mmasị onye ọrụ na mgbasa ozi lekwasịrị anya na ọnọdụ ọchụchọ yana akụkọ onye ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nakashima|first=Ellen|date=August 12, 2008|title=Some Web Firms Say They Track Behavior Without Explicit Consent|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/11/AR2008081102270_pf.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Helft|first=Miguel|date=March 11, 2009|title=Google to Offer Ads Based on Interests|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328214358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/technology/internet/11google.html|archivedate=March 28, 2017|accessdate=March 9, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, Gogulu malitere " AdSense for Mobile ", na-eji uru ahịa mgbasa ozi ekwentị na-apụta. <ref name="adsense_mobile">{{Cite web|date=September 17, 2007|title=Google AdSense for Mobile unlocks the potential of the mobile advertising market|url=https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620042233/https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/annc/20070917_mobileads.html|archivedate=June 20, 2012|accessdate=February 26, 2010|work=Google, Inc.}}</ref> Nchịkọta Gogulu na-enye ndị nwe weebụsaịtị ohere soro ebe na otu ndị mmadụ si eji webụsaịtị ha, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na nyochaa ọnụego pịa maka njikọ niile dị na ibe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bright|first=Peter|date=August 27, 2008|title=Surfing on the sly with IE8's new "InPrivate" Internet|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312040931/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/surfing-on-the-sly-ie8s-inprivate-internet/|archivedate=March 12, 2017|accessdate=March 9, 2017|work=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye mgbasa ozi Gogulu na webụsaịtị ndị ọzọ na mmemme akụkụ abụọ. Mgbasa ozi Gogulu na-enye ndị mgbasa ozi ohere igosipụta mgbasa ozi ha na netwọk ọdịnaya Gogulu, site na atụmatụ ọnụ-otu-pịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Beal|first=Vangie|date=December 21, 2010|title=AdWords - Google AdWords|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629163240/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adwords.html|archivedate=June 29, 2017|accessdate=May 27, 2017|work=Webopedia|publisher=QuinStreet Inc.}}</ref> Ọrụ nwanne nwanyị, GoguluAdSense, na-enye ndị nwe webụsaịtị ohere igosipụta mgbasa ozi ndị a na webụsaịtị ha wee nweta ego mgbe ọ bụla pịnyere mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Beal|first=Vangie|date=December 20, 2010|title=AdSense - Google AdSense|url=http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502044751/http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/adsense.html|archivedate=May 2, 2017|accessdate=May 27, 2017|work=Webopedia|publisher=QuinStreet Inc.}}</ref> Otu n'ime nkatọ nke mmemme a bụ ohere nke ịpị wayo, nke na-eme mgbe mmadụ ma ọ bụ edemede na-akpaghị aka na-agbanye na mgbasa ozi na-enweghị mmasị na ngwaahịa ahụ, na-eme ka onye mgbasa ozi kwụọ Gogulu ego na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ na 2006 kwuru na ihe dịka 14 ruo 20&nbsp;Pasent nke ọpịpị bụ aghụghọ ma ọ bụ ezighi ezi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Mills|first=Elinor|date=July 25, 2006|title=Google to offer advertisers click fraud stats|work=news.cnet.com|publisher=[[CNET]]|url=http://news.cnet.com/Google-to-offer-advertisers-click-fraud-stats/2100-1024_3-6098469.html|accessdate=July 29, 2006}}</ref> Nchọgharị Ọchụchọ Gogulu (nke ewegharịrị site na Gogulu Webmaster Tools na Mee 2015) na-enye ndị na-ahụ maka webusaiti aka ịlele saịtị saịtị, ọnụego crawl, yana maka ihe nchekwa nke webụsaịtị ha, yana kwalite visibiliti webụsaịtị ha. === Ọrụ ndị ahịa === Gogulu na-enye Gmail maka email, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gayomali|first=Chris|date=April 1, 2014|title=When Gmail Launched On April 1, 2004, People Thought It Was A Joke|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018201644/https://www.fastcompany.com/3028513/when-gmail-launched-on-april-1-2004-people-thought-it-was-a-joke|archivedate=October 18, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|publisher=Mansueto Ventures}}</ref> Gogulu kalinda maka nhazi oge na nhazi oge, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Vincent|first=James|date=January 5, 2017|title=Google Calendar update makes it easier to track your New Year's fitness goals|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113025213/http://www.theverge.com/2017/1/5/14175830/google-calendar-track-fitness-goals-health-data|archivedate=January 13, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> [[Google Maps|Gogulu Maps]] maka eserese, igodo na ihe onyonyo satịlaịtị, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Broussard|first=Mitchel|date=March 22, 2017|title=Google Maps Introduces New Location Sharing Feature With Real-Time Friend Tracking|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327173708/https://www.macrumors.com/2017/03/22/google-maps-location-sharing/|archivedate=March 27, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[MacRumors]]}}</ref> Gogulu Draivu maka nchekwa igwe ojii nke faịlụ, <ref name="verge-drive-announced">{{Cite web|author=Sottek|first=T.C.|date=April 24, 2012|title=Google Drive officially launches with 5&nbsp;GB free storage, Google Docs integration|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226161807/http://www.theverge.com/2012/4/24/2971025/google-drive-official-launch-features|archivedate=December 26, 2016|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Gogulu Docs, Ibé akwụkwọ na Ihe mmịfe maka nrụpụta, <ref name="verge-drive-announced" /> Foto Gogulumaka nchekwa foto na nkekọrịta, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Perez|first=Sarah|date=May 28, 2015|title=Google Photos Breaks Free Of Google+, Now Offers Free, Unlimited Storage|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706135643/https://techcrunch.com/2015/05/28/google-photos-breaks-free-of-google-now-offers-free-unlimited-storage/|archivedate=July 6, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> Gogulu Nọgidenụ maka ndetu, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Graziano|first=Dan|date=March 20, 2013|title=Google launches Google Keep note-taking service [video]|url=http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154306/http://bgr.com/2013/03/20/google-keep-annnounced-388095/|archivedate=October 8, 2016|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[Boy Genius Report|BGR]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]]}}</ref> Gogulu Transleti maka ntụgharị asụsụ, YouTube maka ikiri vidiyo na ikesa, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hamedy|first=Saba|date=February 28, 2017|title=People now spend 1 billion hours watching YouTube every day|url=http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517233015/http://mashable.com/2017/02/27/youtube-one-billion-hours-of-video-daily/|archivedate=May 17, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> [[Google Maps|Gogulu My Business]] maka ijikwa ozi azụmahịa ọha, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Google My Business – Stand Out on Google for Free|url=https://www.google.com/business/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207151521/https://www.google.com/business/|archivedate=February 7, 2019|accessdate=February 6, 2019|work=www.google.com}}</ref> na Duo maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Na Machị 2019, Gogulu weputara ọrụ egwuregwu igwe ojii akpọrọ Stadia . <ref name="unveils"/> Ngwaahịa ọchụchọ ọrụ dịkwa adị kemgbe tupu 2017, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zakrasek|first=Nick|year=2017|title=Connecting more Americans with jobs|url=https://www.blog.google/products/search/connecting-more-americans-jobs/|work=blog.google}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Job Search on Google - Get Your Job Postings on Google Today|url=https://jobs.google.com/about|work=jobs.google.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Job Opportunities & Expand Career Skills|url=https://grow.google/job-seekers/|work=Grow With Google}}</ref> Gogulu maka Ọrụ bụ njirimara ọchụchọ emelitere nke na-achịkọta ndepụta sitere na bọọdụ ọrụ na saịtị ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ryan|first=Robin|year=2019|title=How To Use Google's Job Search Feature To Land A Job|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806144615/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinryan/2019/08/06/how-to-use-googles-new-job-search-feature-to-land-a-job/|archivedate=August 6, 2019|work=forbes.com}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ọrụ Gogulu adabereghị na webụ. Google Earth, nke ewepụtara na 2005, kwere ka ndị ọrụ hụ foto satịlaịtị dị elu sitere na ụwa niile n'efu site na ngwanrọ ndị ahịa ebudatara na kọmputa ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clarke, Philippa|year=2010|title=Using Google Earth to conduct a neighborhood audit: reliability of a virtual audit instrument|journal=Health & Place|volume=16|issue=6|pages=1224–1229|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.007|pmid=20797897}}</ref> ==== Ngwa ngwa ==== Gogulu na-emepụta sistemụ mkpanaka mkpanaka gam akporo, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schonfeld|first=Erick|date=November 5, 2007|title=Breaking: Google Announces Android and Open Handset Alliance|url=https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/05/breaking-google-announces-android-and-open-handset-alliance/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622140334/https://techcrunch.com/2007/11/05/breaking-google-announces-android-and-open-handset-alliance/|archivedate=June 22, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> yana smartwatch ya, <ref>{{Cite web|author=D'Orazio|first=Dante|date=March 18, 2014|title=Google reveals Android Wear, an operating system for smartwatches|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210034323/http://www.theverge.com/2014/3/18/5522226/google-reveals-android-wear-an-operating-system-designed-for|archivedate=February 10, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> telivishọn, ụgbọ ala <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ong|first=Josh|date=June 25, 2014|title=Google announces Android TV to bring 'voice input, user experience and content' to the living room|url=https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/06/25/android-tv-google-io-2014/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313130445/https://thenextweb.com/google/2014/06/25/android-tv-google-io-2014/|archivedate=March 13, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017|work=The Next Web}}</ref>, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilhelm|first=Alex|date=June 25, 2014|title=Google Announces Android Auto, Promises Enabled Cars By The End Of 2014|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/google-announces-android-auto-promises-enabled-cars-by-end-of-2014/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622135917/https://techcrunch.com/2014/06/25/google-announces-android-auto-promises-enabled-cars-by-end-of-2014/|archivedate=June 22, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> na ịntanetị nke ihe -enyere ụdị ngwaọrụ dị iche iche aka. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=December 13, 2016|title=Android Things is Google's new OS for smart devices|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13924996/android-things-announced-smart-home-iot-operating-system|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217131058/http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/13/13924996/android-things-announced-smart-home-iot-operating-system|archivedate=February 17, 2017|accessdate=April 4, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Ọ na-etolitekwa ihe nchọgharị weebụ Gogulu kromu, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pichai|first=Sundar|date=September 1, 2008|title=A fresh take on the browser|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315022315/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2008/09/fresh-take-on-browser.html|archivedate=March 15, 2016|accessdate=November 22, 2016|work=Official Google Blog}}</ref> na Kromu OS, sistemụ arụmọrụ dabere na Kromu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pichai|first=Sundar|date=July 7, 2009|title=Introducing the Google Chrome OS|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222918/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html|archivedate=November 22, 2016|accessdate=November 22, 2016|work=Official Google Blog}}</ref> ==== Akụrụngwa ==== Na onwa Jenụwarị 2010, Gogulu wepụtara Nexus One, ekwentị gam akporo mbụ n'okpuru akara nke ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Siegler|first=MG|date=January 5, 2010|title=The Droid You're Looking For: Live From The Nexus One Event|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054909/https://techcrunch.com/2010/01/05/nexus-one-event/|archivedate=November 23, 2016|accessdate=November 22, 2016|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]}}</ref> Ọ zụlitere ọtụtụ ekwentị na mbadamba n'okpuru akara " Nexus " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ion|first=Florence|date=May 15, 2013|title=From Nexus One to Nexus 10: a brief history of Google's flagship devices|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624004245/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/05/from-the-nexus-one-to-the-nexus-10-a-brief-history-of-nexus-devices/|archivedate=June 24, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 2016, jiri akara ọhụrụ akpọrọ Pixel dochie ya. <ref name="Pixel inside story">{{Cite web|author=Bohn|first=Dieter|date=October 4, 2016|title=The Google Phone: The inside story of Google's bold bet on hardware|url=https://www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106213353/http://www.theverge.com/a/google-pixel-phone-new-hardware-interview-2016|archivedate=January 6, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Na 2011, ewebata Akwukwo kromu nke na-agba na Kromu OS . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pichai|first=Sundar|date=May 11, 2011|title=A new kind of computer: Chromebook|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122222651/https://googleblog.blogspot.no/2011/05/new-kind-of-computer-chromebook.html|archivedate=November 22, 2016|accessdate=November 22, 2016|work=Official Google Blog}}</ref> Na Julaị 2013, Gogulu webatara Kromukastidongle, nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịkwanye ọdịnaya site na ekwentị ha na igwe onyonyo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Robertson|first=Adi|date=July 24, 2013|title=Google reveals Chromecast: video streaming to your TV from any device for $35|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226065215/http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/24/4552204/google-reveals-chromecast-tv-streaming|archivedate=December 26, 2016|accessdate=November 29, 2016|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=July 31, 2013|title=Google Chromecast takes on streaming content to TV|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129205929/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-23514400|archivedate=November 29, 2016|accessdate=November 29, 2016|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Na June 2014, Gogulu kwuputara Gogulu kaadiboodu , ihe nlele kaadiboodu dị mfe nke na-eme ka onye ọrụ tinye ekwenti ha na oghere ihu opụrụ iche iji lelee mgbasa ozi eziokwu (VR). <ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Toole|first=James|date=June 26, 2014|title=Google's cardboard virtual-reality goggles|url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129145138/http://money.cnn.com/2014/06/25/technology/innovation/google-cardboard/|archivedate=November 29, 2016|accessdate=November 29, 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kain|first=Erik|date=June 26, 2014|title=Google Cardboard Is Google's Awesomely Weird Answer To Virtual Reality|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/06/26/google-cardboard-is-googles-awesomely-weird-answer-to-virtual-reality/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129151747/http://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2014/06/26/google-cardboard-is-googles-awesomely-weird-answer-to-virtual-reality/|archivedate=November 29, 2016|accessdate=November 29, 2016|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> * Akwu, usoro nke onye enyemaka olu smart ọkà okwu nwere ike ịza ajụjụ olu, kpọọ egwu, chọta ozi sitere na ngwa (kalenda, ihu igwe wdg), yana jikwaa ngwa ụlọ smart nke ndị ọzọ (ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịgwa ya ka ọ gbanye ọkụ, maka ihe atụ). The Gogulu Nest ahịrị na-agụnye mbụ Gogulu Home <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bohn|first=Dieter|date=October 4, 2016|title=Google Home is smart, loud, and kind of cute|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007204916/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13156676/google-home-assistant-speaker-photos-video-device-hands-on|archivedate=October 7, 2016|accessdate=October 8, 2016|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> (mgbe e mesịrị na-aga nke ọma site Nest Audio ), na Gogulu Home Mini (mgbe e mesịrị na-aga nke ọma site Nest Mini, na Gogulu Home Max, Gogulu Home Hub (emesịa rebranded dị ka Nest Hub), na akwu Hub Max . * Nest Wifi (nke bụbu Gogulu Wifi), ihe ndị na-anya Wi-Fi ejikọrọ iji mee ka ọ dị mfe na ịgbatị mkpuchi Wi-Fi ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bohn|first=Dieter|date=October 4, 2016|title=The Google Wifi routers are little white pucks you can scatter throughout your house|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007180430/http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/4/13157680/google-wifi-router-photos-hands-on|archivedate=October 7, 2016|accessdate=October 8, 2016|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> === Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ === Google Workspace (nke bụbu G Suite ruo Ọktoba 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing Google Workspace, everything you need to get it done, in one location|url=https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/workspace/introducing-google-workspace/|accessdate=October 24, 2020|work=Google Cloud Blog}}</ref> ) bụ onyinye ịdenye aha kwa ọnwa maka ndị otu na azụmaahịa iji nweta mkpokọta ọrụ Google, gụnyere Gmail, Google Drive na Google Docs, Google Sheets na Google Slides, yana njikwa nhazi ndị ọzọ. ngwaọrụ, aha ngalaba pụrụ iche, yana nkwado 24/7. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Choose a Plan|url=https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212231639/https://gsuite.google.com/intl/en_ie/pricing.html|archivedate=December 12, 2016|accessdate=December 2, 2016|work=G Suite by Google Cloud}}</ref> == Ntinye ego AI na Africa == N'ọnwa Julaị 2025, Google na-etinye ego na AI, na mmemme nde $37 e mere iji mee ka mmepe ọgụgụ isi (AI) dị ngwa ngwa n'Africa, yana itinye ego site na nyocha obodo gaa na oru ngo na nlekota oru ugbo na ngbanwe nke teknụzụ na asụsụ Africa. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://afrique.le360.ma/afrique-australe/google-investit-37-millions-de-dollars-dans-le-developpement-de-lia-en-afrique_3AAIZ2DPL5HVJPMJ3BOAPUULBAs=Google na-etinye ego n'ime Afrịka | 360 Afrique |date=25 Julaị 2025| access-date=25 Julaị 2025}}</ref>. == Manazarta == <references responsive /> == Ihe ndetu == {{Notelist}} [[Òtù:Google]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c8w8kxlu8dolm3s1ucywcfuqfz2irjx 0 11959 742402 696357 2026-11-03T07:40:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox sportsperson|headercolor=darkseagreen|education=|pb='''400&nbsp;m''': 51.49 (2021)<br>'''200&nbsp;m''': 22.23 (2021, {{AthAbbr|NU20R|Nigerian}})|highestranking=|paralympics=|olympics=|nationals=|regionals=|team=|club=|collegeteam=[[LSU Lady Tigers track and field|LSU Lady Tigers]] (2021)|event=[[Sprint (running)|Sprints]]|sport=[[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]|country=Nigeria|website=|name=Favour Ofili|weight=|height=|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=|birth_date={{birth date and age|2002|12|31|df=yes}}|nickname=|fullname=Favour Chukwuka Ofili|birth_name=|caption=|imagesize=|image=|medaltemplates={{Medal|Sport | Women's athletics}} {{Medal|Country|{{flagu|Nigeria}}}} {{Medal|Competition|[[Athletics at the African Games|African Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games|2019 Rabat]]|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay|4×400&nbsp;m relay]]}} {{Medal|Silver|2019 Rabat|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's 400 metres|400&nbsp;m]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[African Youth Games]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 African Youth Games|2018 Algiers]]|400&nbsp;m}} {{Medal|Competition|[[African Youth Athletics Championships|African Youth Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2019 African U18 and U20 Championships in Athletics|2019 Abidjan]]|400&nbsp;m}} {{Medal|Gold|2019 Abidjan|200&nbsp;m}} {{Medal|Competition|[[World Athletics U20 Championships]]}} {{Medal|Gold|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 400 metres relay | 4x400 m]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 200 metres| 200m]]}} {{Medal|Bronze|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships|2021 Nairobi]]|[[2021 World Athletics U20 Championships – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay | 4x100 m]]}}}} '''Favor Chukwuka Ofili''' (amuru na ọnwa 31 Disemba na afọ 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu n'egwuregwu na ama ama ama n'agba ọsọ mita 200 na mita 400 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/favour-ofili-14756075|title=ATHLETE PROFILE Favour OFILI|work=[[World Athletics]]|accessdate=2021-06-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nwetara ọla ọcha n'egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2019 na mita 400. Ọ bụkwa onye mmeri nke ndị ntorobịa Afrịka nke afọ 2019 na 200 na 400 mita. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/04/19/ofili-chukwuma-strike-gold-on-day-4-of-african-u20-u18-championships/|title=Ofili & Chukwuma strike GOLD on Day 4 of African U20 & U18 Championships|author=Ogeyingbo|first=Deji|date=2019-04-19|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930192013/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/04/19/ofili-chukwuma-strike-gold-on-day-4-of-african-u20-u18-championships/|archive-date=2019-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị naanị 16, ọ nọchitere anya obodo ya na 2019 World Relays na Yokohama na-agba ọsọ na {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 100 m}} na {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} relays. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-medal-hopefuls-as-doha-world-championships-begin/|title=Nigeria medal hopefuls as Doha World Championships begin|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-30}}</ref> Akpọrọ ya aha onye na-eme egwuregwu nke nwanyị zutere na asọmpi 2019 African U18 na U20 na egwuregwu mgbe o meriri ma asọmpi mita 200 na 400. O wepụtara oge kacha mma na mmemme ya abụọ. Ọ gụchara nke abụọ n'azụ [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]] na asọmpi Naijiria 2019 wee gbaa ọsọ n'okpuru 52 s maka oge mbụ na 400 m. O mere akara ngosi a na egwuregwu Afrịka gụchara nke abụọ na nkeji 51.68 wee ruo eruo maka asọmpi mba ụwa nke 2019 IAAF na Doha. Ọ kpọchiri ndị otu Naijiria (Kemi Francis, [[Patience Okon George|Patience George]], Blessing Oladoye, Favor Ofili) nweta ihe nrite ọla edo n'asọmpị 4 x 400 nke ụmụ nwanyị gbara na egwuregwu Afrịka. Nke a nwetara ihe nrite nke abụọ maka onye na-eme egwuregwu na-eto eto.S Ọ na-asọmpi ugbu a na Mahadum steeti Louisiana . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Favour Ofili - 2021 - Track & Field|url=https://lsusports.net/sports/track-and-field/roster/favour-ofili/24844|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=LSU Tigers|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630033830/https://lsusports.net/sports/track-and-field/roster/favour-ofili/24844}}</ref> == Aha obodo == * 200 mita: 2019 == Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe == * 400m - 51.49 ( Baton Rouge 2021) * 200 m - 22.23 NU20R ( Nairobi 2021) == Edensịbịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Favour Ofili at World Athletics {{DEFAULTSORT:Ofili, Favour}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cqf0320btow83rum5yv4gw6lk9asaqj 0 12005 742323 720504 2026-11-02T15:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Blessing Okagbare-Otegheri''' ( amụrụ 9 Ọktoba 1988) bụ onye ama mbụ na Long jump na sprints . Ọ bụ onye pụrụ iche n'egwuregwu Olympic na mba ụwa n'ịwụ elu ogologo, na onye nrite ụwa na mita 200 . Ọ na-ejidekwa ndekọ egwuregwu Commonwealth 100 mita nke ụmụ nwanyị maka oge kachasị ọsọ na 10.85 sekọnd. Ọ na-eje ozi mmachibido iwu afọ iri ugbu a maka imebi ọtụtụ iwu mgbochi ịgba ọgwụ ike n'egwuregwu ụwa . Mmachibido iwu ya agwụla 30 Julaị 2031. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=https://twitter.com/aiu_athletics/status/1494677077672574983|url=https://twitter.com/aiu_athletics/status/1494677077672574983|accessdate=2022-02-18|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> 100&nbsp;m Ya kacha nke 10.79 mere ka ọ bụrụ onye njide ndekọ Africa maka emume ahụ ruo mgbe Murielle Ahouré kpuchiri ya na 2016. Na June 17, 2021 Okagbare gbara ọsọ enyemaka ikuku 10.63 100&nbsp;m. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220307103227/https://boxscorenews.com/nigerias-blessing-okagbare-runs-second-fastest-m-alltime-p161175-129.htm Nigeria's Blessing Okagbare runs second fastest 100m all-time ]. Boxscore World Sportswire (2021-06-18). Retrieved 2021-06-21.</ref> Ọ bụ onye ji ihe ndekọ Afrịka karịa 200m na nkeji 22.04 sekọnd n'afọ 2018, wee mee ya ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị Afrịka kachasị igba ọsọ karịa 200m n'azụ Christine Mboma bụ onye gbara ihe ndekọ Africa nke 21.78 sekọnd na 2021.&nbsp;Ọ bụ onye Africa 100&nbsp;m na onye mmeri ogologo jump na 2010. O nwetakwara ihe nrite na asọmpi Africa nile, IAAF Continental Cup na World Relays . A kwụsịtụrụ Okagbare ka ọ daa ule ọgwụ na 31 Julaị 2021 n'oge asọmpi Tokyo 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BLESSING OKAGBARE OF NIGERIA PROVISIONALLY SUSPENDED AFTER TESTING POSITIVE FOR HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE {{!}} Athletics Integrity Unit|url=https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-process/en/AIU-PRESS-RELEASE-BLESSING-OKAGBARE-OF-NIGERIA-PROVISIONALLY-SUSPENDED.pdf|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.athleticsintegrity.org}}</ref> Na 18 Febrụwarị 2022 ekwuputara na amachibidola ya n'egwuregwu egwuregwu afọ 10 malitere 30 Julaị 2021 maka ọtụtụ mmebi nke iwu mgbochi ime egwuregwu egwuregwu ụwa . <ref name=":0"/> Ka a nụchara okwu na ngalaba egwuregwu ịgba egwu nke chọpụtara na ọ ewerela ma hormone uto mmadụ na EPO ogologo oge, na ị kwadoghị nyocha ahụ, a machiri Okagbare ruo afọ iri, wee kwụsị ọrụ ịgba egwuregwu n'ụzọ dị irè na. ihere. == Ọrụ == === Ndụ mbido === N'ime ihe nketa Urhobo, <ref>[http://odili.net/news/source/2018/mar/27/803.html Urhobo union salutes Okagbare]. Odili (2018-03-27). Retrieved 2018-05-21.</ref> A mụrụ Okagbare na Sapele, Delta, na Nigeria. Nyere n'ụdị egwuregwu ya, ndị nkuzi na ezinụlọ gbara ya ume ịmalite egwuregwu. Na mbụ, ọ gbara [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na mgbe e mesịrị, na 2004, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na egwu na ubi . O tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ ọzụzụ n'oge mbụ, na-asọ mpi n'ịwụ elu ogologo, mwụli elu okpukpu atọ na elu elu na asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ Naijiria wee nweta ihe nrite na nke ọ bụla. N'elu ọkwa mba dị elu, ọ bụ onye mmeri ọla atọ na-awụlikwa elu na 2004 National Sports Festival . Ọpụpụ mba ụwa mbụ Okagbare bịara na asọmpi World Junior na 2006, ebe ọ rụrụ na asọmpi ntozu nke ma asọmpi ịwụ elu ogologo na okpukpu atọ. Na May 2007, na ule All-Africa Games na [[Lagos]], o guzobere ndekọ Naijiria nke mita 14.13 n'ịwụ elu atọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ohadugha is new record holder in triple jump|url=http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/algeria2072007.html|work=Daily Triumph|date=2007-07-20|accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref> N'egwuregwu Africa niile nke afọ 2007 ọ meriri nrite ọla ọcha na mwụ elu ogologo wee gụchaa nke anọ n'ọwụli elu atọ. N'asọmpi ikpeazụ ya bụ [[Chinonye Ohadugha]] meriri ndekọ ya na Naịjirịa, onye wụliri mita 14.21. === Ihe nrite Olympic na Africa === Dị ka onye dị afọ 19, ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla ọcha na mmemme mwụ elu ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi Summer 2008 na Beijing . <ref name="Women's long jump">{{Cite news|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/athletics/n214575494.shtml|title=Women's Long Jump: Maggi ends Lebedeva's reign|date=2008-08-22|publisher=Beijing 2008|accessdate=2008-08-22|archive-date=2008-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901183149/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/athletics/n214575494.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ asọmpi na 2009 World Championships na Athletics mana ọ maliteghị ma 100 ahụ.&nbsp;m ma ọ bụ ogologo ịwụ elu. Okagbare gbara otu narị&nbsp;m / ogologo na-awụlikwa elu okpukpu abụọ na NCAA Women's Outdoor Track and Field Championship maka Mahadum Texas na El Paso, na-emecha nchịkọta collegiate na-emerighi emeri maka UTEP Miners n'afọ ahụ. <ref>Dunaway, James (2010-06-13). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=57028.html Impressive doubles highlight NCAA championships]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-07-23.</ref> O meriri Naijiria otu narị&nbsp;m aha na 2010, na-agba ọsọ oge 11.04&nbsp;Sekọnd, ma kwuo na ọ na-apụ n'ọwụ elu ahụ iji chekwaa onwe ya maka asọmpi Africa na-abịa. <ref>Ouma, Mark (2010-06-27). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=100/newsid=57208.html Okagbare the standout in rainy Calabar – Nigerian championships]. [[IAAF]]. Retrieved on 2010-07-23.</ref> N'asọmpi Afrịka n'afọ 2010, o meriri ọla edo ọzọ n'ọwụ elu ogologo ya na anya nke 6.62.&nbsp;m mgbe onye ibe ya Comfort Onyali were ọlaọcha. Okagbare nwetakwara ọla edo na otu narị&nbsp;m anya na ọsọ nke 11.03&nbsp;s flat, ebe Ruddy Zang Milama nke Gabon na onye ibe ya bụ Oludamola Osayomi ji ọsọ 11.15s nweta ọlaọcha na ọla kọpa. na 11.22&nbsp;s n'otu n'otu . Ọ meriri ọla edo nke atọ ya na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ dịka akụkụ nke Nigeria 4×100&nbsp;m otu mgbagharị ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị otu Okagbare, Osayomi, [[Lawretta Ozoh]] na [[Agnes Osazuwa]] debere ndekọ asọmpi ọhụrụ na agba nke 43.43&nbsp;s, ihe karịrị nkeji zuru ezu n'ihu ndị Cameroonian na-emeri ọlaọcha nkeji anọ. Na 2011, Okagbare gara n'ihu na-ewuli elu na mbọ ya mbụ site n'itinye onwe ya dịka 100.&nbsp;m onye oso. Na 2011 World Championships na Daegu, Okagbare debere nke ise na 100&nbsp;m ikpeazụ na-agba ọsọ nke 11.12&nbsp;s. Otú ọ dị, ọ emeghị ya na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ogologo ọwụ elu dị ka 6.36 kachasị mma ya&nbsp;m ezughi oke iwepụta ya na otu ntozu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daegu2011.iaaf.org/ResultsByDate.aspx|title=iaaf.org - International Association of Athletics Federations|publisher=Daegu2011.iaaf.org|accessdate=2013-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829080700/http://daegu2011.iaaf.org/ResultsByDate.aspx|archivedate=2013-08-29}}</ref> O mechiri oge 2011 ya site na imeri nrite atọ na egwuregwu Africa niile na Maputo, Mozambique. Ọ meriri ọlaọcha na 100&nbsp;m n'azụ onye ibe ya Oludamola Osayomi ji ọsọ nke 11.01&nbsp;s na ọla edo na ogologo wụli elu na mwụli elu nke 6.50&nbsp;m. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke quartet Naijiria nke meriri ọla edo na 4 × 100 m na oge 43.34. 2012 bụ afọ ọrụ n'aka Ọkagbare. Ọ wụliri elu 6.97&nbsp;m n'ọwụ elu ogologo na [[Calabar]] n'oge asọmpi Naijiria. Ọ meriri ihe nrite kọntinent ọhụrụ na asọmpi 2012 nke Africa na Porto-Novo . N'afọ 100&nbsp;M Zang Milama meriri ya ka ọ bụrụ ọlaọcha, ebe n'ime ogologo wụli elu ọ zọọrọ ọla edo jiri mwụli elu 6.96.&nbsp;m. === London 2012 na 2013 World Championship === Na London 2012, Okagbare sonye na egwuregwu Olympic nke abụọ ya. Ịbanye n'egwuregwu Olympic ọ gbara ọsọ ngwa ngwa na 100&nbsp;m agbụrụ na e nwere nnukwu atụmanya na olile anya nke nrite. Agbanyeghị, asọmpi Olympic nke 2012 emeghị nke ọma maka Okagbare dịka ọpụpụ ya na 2008. O hibere onye kacha mma nke 10.92&nbsp;s na 100&nbsp;m ọkara ikpeazụ mana etinyere nke asatọ na nke ikpeazụ yana agba nke 11.01&nbsp;s. 2013 ga-abụ afọ na-emepe emepe maka Okagbare. N'April 2013, na Walnut, California, Blessing Okagbare debere ndekọ nke onwe ya na 200.&nbsp;m na oge nke 22.31&nbsp;s. Mgbe ahụ, na Julaị, ọ kwalitere ihe kacha mma nke onwe ya n'ịwụ elu ogologo site na mwụli elu nke 6.98&nbsp;m na Athletissima zutere na Lausanne, na 7.00&nbsp;m n'oge Monaco Herculis izute. Na 27 Julaị 2013, na London Anniversary Games, Okagbare debere ndekọ Africa ọhụrụ nke 10.86&nbsp;nọ na 100 ya&nbsp;m agbụrụ. O meriri agba ikpeazụ ihe dị ka otu awa ka e mesịrị, debere ndekọ ọhụrụ nke Africa nke 10.79, n'ọsọ ebe ọ meriri 100 na-achị achị.&nbsp;m Onye meriri ọla edo Olympic Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce . Ndekọ Okagbare kpuchiri ndekọ dị adị site n'aka onye [[Glory Alozie|ibe Glory Alozie]] nke 10.90&nbsp;s nke guzoro kemgbe 1998. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Aliogo|first=Ugo|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201308050458.html|title=Nigeria: Okagbare - Peaking Ahead of World Championship (Page 1 of 3)|publisher=allAfrica.com|date=2013-08-03|accessdate=2013-09-02}}</ref> Na 2013 World Championships na Moscow, Okagbare meriri nrite ọlaọcha na ogologo jump. Ọ wụliri elu 6.99&nbsp;m tinyere ya n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'azụ Brittney Reese nke United States na nanị sentimita abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/news/bolts-100m-gold-highlights-dramatic-evening-|title=Bolt's 100m gold highlights dramatic evening – Day 2 wrap, Moscow 2013|publisher=Iaaf.org|accessdate=2013-09-02}}</ref> N'afọ 100&nbsp;m ikpeazụ, o tinyere nke isii na ọsọ nke 11.04&nbsp;s ma tinyekwa nke atọ na 200&nbsp;m agbụrụ. === Egwuregwu Commonwealth 2014 === Okagbare sonyere n'ọsọ 100m na 200m. O mere ya ruo na njedebe nke 100m wee merie oge nke 10.85 sekọnd, na-emebi ndekọ egwuregwu nke 10.91 sekọnd nke Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie setịpụrụ afọ 12 tupu mgbe ahụ na 2002 Commonwealth Games na Manchester. Okagbare nwetakwara ihe nrite ọla edo na 200m, jiri nkeji nkeji iri abụọ na abụọ na abụọ na ise. N'ime nke a, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị nke anọ meriri 100m na 200m ugboro abụọ na asọmpi Commonwealth. === 2015 World Relays na Egwuregwu Africa === Ọ gbara ọsọ n'ụkwụ na 4 × 200 m na 2015 World Relays . Ndị otu nke gụnyere Okagbare, Regina George, Dominique Duncan na Christy Udoh, meriri n'ọsọ ahụ ma tinye akwụkwọ ndekọ Africa na usoro ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/women-4x200m-world-relays-2015|title=IAAF: Women's 4x200m – IAAF/BTC World Relays, Bahamas 2015{{!}} News {{!}} iaaf.org|author=Mulkeen|first=Jon|date=2015-05-03|work=iaaf.org|accessdate=2016-08-02}}</ref> Ọ pụtaghị na mita 200 na asọmpi mba ụwa IAAF ma ọ bụ asọmpi Africa niile n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ọ nwetara mgbe ọ gbasịrị ikpeazụ na ngwụcha nke otu narị mita na asọmpi mba ụwa . N'ọgwụgwụ oge ahụ, ọ sonye na asọmpi IAAF Diamond League, Weltklasse Zürich na Zurich, gụchara nke abụọ na 100 mita. Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa bụ Al Hassan Yakmu were iwe n'ihi ihe ahụ a na-eche na ọ na-agba ọsọ: Na mbụ a kọrọ na amachibidoro Okagbare ịnọchite anya Naijiria na asọmpi Olympic nke afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/2015/09/why-nigeria-banned-blessing-okagbare/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2016-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822102959/http://thenet.ng/2015/09/why-nigeria-banned-blessing-okagbare/|archivedate=2016-08-22}}</ref> Ndị otu egwuregwu Naịjirịa mechara gọnarị nkwupụta a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingofchamps.com/2015/09/09/blessing-okagbare-not-banned-from-2016-olympics-afn/|title=Blessing Okagbare NOT banned from 2016 Olympics – AFN|author=Maduewesi|first=Christopher|date=2015-09-09|work=Making of Champions|accessdate=2016-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808065047/http://www.makingofchamps.com/2015/09/09/blessing-okagbare-not-banned-from-2016-olympics-afn|archive-date=2016-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ kwụsịrị n'ihe omume onye ọ bụla n'egwuregwu All-Africa, ọ gbara ọsọ na 4 × 100 m relay wee nyere ndị otu Naijiria ( Cecilia Francis, Okagbare, Ngozi Onwumere na [[Lawretta Ozoh]] ) nweta ihe nrite ọla edo. === Rio Olympic nke 2016 === Blessing nwere ihe ngosi na-akụda mmụọ na Rio Olympics 2016 ka ọ gụchara na-enweghị otu nrite. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ mere ya na nke ikpeazụ mana ọ họọrọ 3rd na 100m semifinal agwụcha na 11.09s wee họrọ 8th ya na ndị otu ya na njedebe nke 4 × 100 m relay. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.get9jasports.blogspot.com.ng/2016/08/who-is-your-nigerias-best-athlete-at.html|title=Who is Your Nigeria's Best Athlete at the 2016 RIO Olympic? Check the List|date=22 August 2016|publisher=get9jasports.blogspot.com|accessdate=2016-09-01}}</ref> === 2020 Tokyo Olympics === Okagbare meriri okpomoku nke mbu ya na 100 mita na oge 11.05. Emechara kwụsịtụrụ ya na 31 Julaị 2021 ka ọ daa ule ọgwụ emere na 19 Julaị 2021, nke nwalere ihe dị mma maka homonụ uto mmadụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=BLESSING OKAGBARE OF NIGERIA PROVISIONALLY SUSPENDED AFTER TESTING POSITIVE FOR HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE {{!}} Athletics Integrity Unit|url=https://www.athleticsintegrity.org/downloads/pdfs/disciplinary-process/en/AIU-PRESS-RELEASE-BLESSING-OKAGBARE-OF-NIGERIA-PROVISIONALLY-SUSPENDED.pdf|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.athleticsintegrity.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Athletics-Nigerian sprinter Okagbare out of Tokyo Games after failing drugs test|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/sports/athletics-nigerian-sprinter-okagbare-banned-after-failed-drugs-test-2021-07-31/|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=www.reuters.com}}</ref> === Mmachibido iwu 2022 Egwuregwu Iguzosi Ike n'ezi Ihe (AIU). === Na Fraịde 18 February 2022, AIU kwupụtara na enyela Okagbare mmachibido iwu afọ iri maka "ọtụtụ mmebi nke iwu mgbochi doping". Otu egwuregwu ahụ kwuru na amachibidoro Okagbare afọ ise maka iji ọtụtụ ihe amachibidoro na-eme ihe na afọ ise ọzọ maka na ọ akwadoghị nyocha ahụ. N'abalị iri na itoolu nke ọnwa Febrụwarị, 2022, onye na-agba ọsọ Naịjirịa meghachiri omume n'amamikpe ndị otu Athletics Integrity Unit (AIU) dere site n'akwụkwọ ozi n'ibe Instagram ya enyochagoro na ndị ọkaiwu ya na-enyocha ebubo a ugbu a na ọ ga-agwa ndị mmadụ ka ọ ga-esi aga. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blessing Okagbare Reacts To 10-Year Ban For Doping|url=https://9jababa.com/blessing-okagbare-reacts-to-10-year-ban-for-doping/|accessdate=2022-02-19|work=www.9jababa.com|archivedate=2022-02-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219163055/https://9jababa.com/blessing-okagbare-reacts-to-10-year-ban-for-doping/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na Septemba 2014, ọ lụrụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria Igho Otegheri . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/11/africas-fastest-woman-blessing-okagbere-is-married-1st-photos/|title=Africa's Fastest Woman Blessing Okagbare is Married! &#124; 1st Photos|date=9 November 2014}}</ref> == Asọmpi mba ụwa == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- |rowspan=2|2006 |rowspan=2|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Beijing]], China |6th (q) |[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |5.97 m |- |8th (q) |[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump|Triple jump]] |12.81 m |- |rowspan=2|2007 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Algiers]], Algeria |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.46 m |- |4th |[[Athletics at the 2007 All-Africa Games – Women's triple jump|Triple jump]] |13.77 m |- |2008 |[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Beijing]], China |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.91 m |- |rowspan=5|2010 |rowspan=3|[[2010 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Nairobi]], Kenya |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.03 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.62 m |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2010 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.45 {{AthAbbr|CR|African Championships in Athletics}} |- |rowspan=2|[[2010 IAAF Continental Cup|Continental Cup]] |rowspan=2|[[Split, Croatia]] |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2010 IAAF Continental Cup – Results|100 m]] |11.14 |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2010 IAAF Continental Cup – Results|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.88 |- |rowspan=6|2011 |rowspan=3|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Daegu]], South Korea |5th |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.12 |- |9th (q) |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.36 m |- |6th |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |42.93 |- |rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |rowspan=3|[[Maputo]], Mozambique |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.01 {{AthAbbr|w}} |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.50 m {{AthAbbr|w}} |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.34 |- |rowspan=5|2012 |rowspan=2|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Porto-Novo]], Benin |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.18 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.96 m |- |rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |rowspan=3|[[London]], United Kingdom |8th |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.01 |- |7th (q) |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.34 m |- |4th |[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |42.64 |- |rowspan=3|2013 |rowspan=3|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |rowspan=3|[[Moscow]], Russia |6th |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.04 |- |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |22.32 |- |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.99 m |- |rowspan=6|2014 |[[2014 IAAF World Relays|World Relays]] |[[Nassau, Bahamas]] |4th |[[2014 IAAF World Relays – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |42.67 |- |rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |rowspan=3|[[Glasgow]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |10.85 {{AthAbbr|GR|Commonwealth Games}} |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |22.25 |- |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[Athletics at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |42.92 |- |rowspan=2|[[2014 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Marrakesh]], Morocco |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2014 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.00 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2014 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.56 |- |rowspan=4|2015 |rowspan=2|[[2015 IAAF World Relays|World Relays]] |rowspan=2|[[Nassau, Bahamas]] |7th |[[2015 IAAF World Relays – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |42.99 |- |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2015 IAAF World Relays – Women's 4 × 200 metres relay|4 × 200 m relay]] |1:30.52 |- |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Beijing]], China |8th |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.02 |- |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]] |[[Brazzaville]], Congo |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.10 |- |rowspan=3|2016 |rowspan=3|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |rowspan=3|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |3rd (sf) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.09 |- |5th (sf) |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |22.69 |- |8th |[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.21 |- |rowspan=2|2017 |rowspan=2|[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[London]], United Kingdom |4th (sf) |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.08 |- |8th |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's long jump|Long jump]] |6.55 m |- |rowspan=2|2018 |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]] |[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |42.75 |- |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]] |[[Asaba, Nigeria]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2018 African Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.77 |- |rowspan=3|2019 |rowspan=2|[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games|African Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Rabat, Morocco]] |4th (h) |[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's 100 metres|100 m]] |11.53¹ |- |1st (h) |[[Athletics at the 2019 African Games – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|4 × 100 m relay]] |43.49 |- |[[2019 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar]] | – |[[2019 World Athletics Championships – Women's 200 metres|200 m]] |DQ |}¹ Akwụsịla ya na ọkara ikpeazụ == Aha obodo == * Asọmpi egwuregwu Naịjirịa ** 100 mita: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 ** 200 mita: 2013, 2014, 2016 ** Ogologo elu: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 ** Mwụli okpukpu atọ: 2007, 2008 * NCAA Women's Division I Outdoor and Field Championship ** 100 mita : 2010 ** Ogologo ogologo : 2010 * NCAA Women's Division I Indoor Track and Field Championship ** 60 mita: 2010 == Sekit meriri == ; 100 m * Nzukọ Solidarietà : 2010 * London Grand Prix : 2012, 2013 * Herculis : 2012 * IAAF ụwa ịma aka Beijing : 2013 * Jamaica International òkù : 2014 * Shanghai Golden Grand Prix : 2015 * Nzukọ nke Atletismo Madrid : 2016 * Gyulai István Ncheta : 2016, 2017 * Nzukọ International Marseille : 2017 * Hanžeković Ncheta : 2017 * Relays Texas : 2018 ; 200 m * Mt. SAC Relays : 2013 * Grand Prix nke Britain : 2013 * Shanghai Golden Grand Prix : 2014 * Nzukọ Areva : 2014 * Michael Johnson Classic : 2016 * Folksam Grand Prix : 2016 * Abalị egwuregwu KBC : 2016 ; Ogologo elu * Gyulai István Ncheta : 2011 * Athletissima : 2013 * Herculis : 2013 * Shanghai Golden Grand Prix : 2014 == Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe == * 100 mita - 10.79 sekọnd (2013) * 200 mita – 22.04 sekọnd (2018) NR * Ogologo ogologo - 7.00 m ( Akara ya nke 14.13 m n'awụli elu okpukpu atọ bụ ndekọ Africa n'okpuru 20 . Nke kacha mma nke 10.79 n'ime 100&nbsp;m bụ ndekọ ndị isi nke Africa site na 27 Julaị 2013 ruo 11 June 2016, mgbe onye na-eme egwuregwu Ivorian Murielle Ahouré meriri ya . <ref>[https://www.athletics-africa.com/s/news/africa/nigeria/okagbare-shatters-onyali-22yr-200m-african-record-13607 Blessing Okagbare shatters Mary Onyali’s 22-year old 200m African Record in Texas]. Athletics Africa (2016-03-26). Retrieved 2018-05-21.</ref> == Ihe kacha mma n'oge == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Afọ ! 100 m ! 200 m ! Ogologo elu ! Ịwụ elu atọ |- | 2018 | 10.90 | '''22.04''' | |- | 2017 | 10.99 | 22.87 | 6.77 | |- | 2016 | 11.02 | 22.58 | 6.73 | |- | 2015 | 10.80 | 22.67 | 6.66 | |- | 2014 | 10.85 | 22.23 | 6.86 | |- | 2013 | '''10.79''' | 22.31 | '''7.00''' | |- | 2012 | 10.92 | 22.63 | 6.97 | |- | 2011 | 11.08 | 22.94 | 6.78 | |- | 2010 | 11.00 | 22.71 | 6.88 | 12.80 |- | 2009 | 11.16 | | 6.73 | 13.59 |- | 2008 | | 23.76 | 6.91 | 14.07 |- | 2007 | | | 6.51 | '''14.13''' |- | 2006 | | | 6.16 | 13.38 |} == Hụkwa == * 2018 na 100 mita * Ndepụta ndị meriri n'egwuregwu Olympic n'egwuregwu (ụmụ nwanyị) * Ndepụta nke ndị meriri n'egwuregwu Commonwealth n'egwuregwu (ụmụ nwanyị) * Ndepụta nke asọmpi mba ụwa na ndị na-eme egwuregwu egwuregwu (ụmụ nwanyị) * Ndepụta nke ndị meriri egwuregwu Africa n'egwuregwu (ụmụ nwanyị) * Ndepụta ndị mmeri n'asọmpị asọmpi Afrịka * Ndepụta nke ndị meriri ihe nrite n'egwuregwu Olimpik n'oge okpomọkụ 2008 * Ndepụta ndị egwuregwu Naịjirịa * 200 mita na World Championships na Athletics * Ma elu ogologo na Olympic == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} <references group=""></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Blessing Okagbare na World Athletics {{s-start}} {{s-ach|rec}} {{succession box|title=[[List of African records in athletics|Women's 100 m African Record Holder]]|years=27 July 2013 – 11 June 2016|before=[[Chioma Ajunwa]]|after=[[Murielle Ahouré]]}} {{succession box|title=[[List of African records in athletics|Women's 200 m African Record Holder]]|years=24 March 2018–|before=[[Evette de Klerk]]|after=Incumbent}} {{s-end}} {{Footer African Champions women's 100 metres}}{{Footer African Champions women's long jump}}{{Footer All-Africa Champions Long Jump Women}}{{Footer Commonwealth Champions 100 metres Women}}{{Footer Commonwealth Champions 200 metres Women}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okagbare, Blessing}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu Naịjirịa nọ n'ihe gbasara doping]] [[Òtù:Category:Ikpe doping na egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ogige) na Olympic Summer 2020]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu Commonwealth nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo n'egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri ọla ọcha Olympic maka Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ogige) na egwuregwu 2019 Africa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndi Urhobo]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ubi) na egwuregwu 2015 nke Africa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ogige) na 2011 All-Africa Games]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ubi) na 2007 All-Africa Games]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-egwu egwu egwu na ubi ụmụ nwanyị UTEP Miners]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri asọmpi egwuregwu Africa n'egwuregwu (egwu na ogige)]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị mmeri ọla ọcha n'egwuregwu Afrịka maka Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri n'egwuregwu Afrịka maka Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu asọmpi ụwa maka Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ubi) na egwuregwu Commonwealth 2018]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ubi) na egwuregwu Commonwealth 2014]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri egwuregwu Commonwealth n'egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri n'egwuregwu Commonwealth maka Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo nke asọmpi Commonwealth maka Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-enweta ihe nrite na Olympic Summer 2008]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ubi) na 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ogige) na Olympic Summer 2012]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu (egwu na ogige) na 2008 Summer Olympics]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị meriri ọlaọcha Olympic n'egwuregwu (egwu na ubi)]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị na-eme egwuregwu Olympic nke Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Olympic ogologo jumpers]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị na-agba ọsọ Olympic]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu si Delta State]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ndị na-agba okpukpu atọ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ogologo jumpers]] [[Òtù:Category:Ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-agba ọsọ]] [[Òtù:Category:1988 mụrụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] duzrpobj9tllo9bjnnks32ug9diu2kc 0 12016 742344 580067 2026-11-02T20:36:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chukwuebuka Cornnell Enekwechi''' (amuru n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Jenuarị afọ 1993, na Queens, New York ) bu onye Naijiria- [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|Amerika]] na-eme egwuregwu egwu na ama egwuregwu, ọpụrụ iche na mmemme ịtụ ihe. Ọ na-asọ mpi mba ụwa n'aha [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . Ọ bụ onye mmeri ọla ọcha nke egwuregwu Commonwealth nke afọ 2018 na onye mmeri Africa na-achị achị n'agba mmemme egwuregwu shotput . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/obiri-ta-lou-samaai-african-champs-day-2|title=Obiri and Ta Lou dominate, Samaai defeats Manyonga at African Championships in Asaba{{!}} News {{!}} iaaf.org|work=www.iaaf.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye mmeri egwuregwu mba Afrịka nke afọ 2019 na onye mmeri na-achị achị nke National Sports Festival nke Naijiria . == Nkeonwe == Nne na nna ya bụ Christian na Christiana Enekwechi bụ ndị Naijiria si [[Ọ̀hà Ọmambala|Anambra]] na Imo steeti n'otu n'otu. O nwere ụmụnne atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://purduesports.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=4062|title=2015-16 Track & Field Roster - Chukwuebuka Enekwechi|work=Purdue University Athletics|language=en|accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref> Enekwechi na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị West Lafayette . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jconline.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/03/28/former-purdue-all-american-coach-raises-bar-west-lafayette-throwers/466479002/|title=Former Purdue All-American raises bar for West Lafayette throwers|work=Journal & Courier|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/aag-2019-enekwechi-produces-another-stunner/|title=AAG 2019: Enekwechi produces another stunner|date=2019-08-16|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-20}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Dịka ọ na-asọ mpi n'aha Mahadum Purdue, ọ tụpụrụ ogbunigwe, discus , hama na ibu . Ọ gbara ọsọ na asọmpi NCAA nke 2016 na ogbunigwe na- onye nke isii na hama n'otu ụbọchị ahụ. Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke mmadụ iri dị elu n'ịtụ hama nke afọ 2014 na 2015 yana onye egwuregwu nke afọ 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigten.org/news/2015/5/19/big_ten_announces_men_s_outdoor_track_amp_field_individual_honors.aspx|title=Big Ten Announces Men's Outdoor Track & Field Individual Honors|work=bigten.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-28|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308025619/https://bigten.org/news/2015/5/19/big_ten_announces_men_s_outdoor_track_amp_field_individual_honors.aspx}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị nke Francis Lewis, ọ meriri asọmpi obodo ugboro abụọ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.purduesports.com/sports/c-track/mtt/chukwuebuka_enekwechi_785630.html|title=Archived copy|accessdate=3 March 2018|archivedate=3 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225149/http://www.purduesports.com/sports/c-track/mtt/chukwuebuka_enekwechi_785630.html}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye mmeri nke asọmpi ndị ntorobịa USATF nke afọ 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/events/2011/USAYouthOutdoorTFChampionships/results/F569.asp|title=USATF - Events - 2011 USA Youth Outdoor Track & Field Championships|accessdate=2022-03-08|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222081043/http://legacy.usatf.org/events/2011/USAYouthOutdoorTFChampionships/results/F569.asp}}</ref> === Mgbe o mechara kọleji === Enekwechi tụrụ ihe karịrị mita iri abụọ na egwuruegwu shot put nke mbụ n'afọ 2016. Ọ meriri aha mba mbụ ya na asọmpi Naijiria nke afọ 2016 na Sapele na anya nke mita 19.60. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/07/09/10922/|title=Official Results of 2016 Nigerian Olympic Trials|author=Olus|first=Yemi|date=2016-07-09|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024111104/http://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/07/09/10922|archive-date=2016-10-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ chụpụrụ agbapụ iru eru n'egwuregwu Olympic tinye akara nke mita 20.50 mana ọ jisiri ike nweta naanị mita 20.45 bụ ọkacha mma n'afọ ahụ. Ọ bụ n'afọ 2017 ka ọ nọchitere anya Naịjirịa na mba ụwa. Na [[2017 World Championship na egwuregwu|Asọmpi mba ụwa London]] , ọ pụtaghị na agba nke iru eru. <ref>https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5151/AT-SP-M-q----.RS6.pdf</ref> Ọ nọchikwara anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke ụwa nke afọ 2018 . Afọ 2018 bụ afọ pụrụ iche na ndụ Enekwechi. N'egwuregwu Gold Coast Commonwealth, ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla ọcha n'azụ Tom Walsh jiri ịtụ mita 21.14. N'oge ahụ, nke a bụ ọ kacha mma nke onwe ya. Enekwechi gakwara n'ihu nweta mmeri n'asọmpi Afrịka n'Asaba n'ime afọ ahu. Akara mmeri ya nke mita 21.08 bụ ndekọ nke asọmpi Africa. Dị ka onye mmeri nke Africa a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Africa na iko kọntinent Ostrava . N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2018, o meriri ma shot put na hamma n'ememme egwuregwu mba nke iri na itoolu na [[Abuja]] . O debere ndekọ ememme egwuregwu mba nke mita 20.36 iji merie agbapụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saveoursports.ng/top-5-nigerian-athletes-who-came-to-limelight-in-2018/|title=Top 5 Nigerian Athletes who came to limelight in 2018|date=2018-12-25|work=Save Nigeria Sport|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-28|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308035624/https://saveoursports.ng/top-5-nigerian-athletes-who-came-to-limelight-in-2018/}}</ref> Ọ malitere oge egwuregwu nke èzí ya n'afọ 2019 site na iji egwuregwu shotput tinye ọ kacha mma onwe nke mita 21.28 na òkù Taylor George Glass. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crossroadstiming.com/results/2019/TaylorInvit/index.html|title=2019 Taylor George Glass Invitational {{!}} MeetPro by DirectAthletics|work=crossroadstiming.com|accessdate=2019-04-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trackandfieldnews.com/world-mens-list-2019/|title=World Men's List — 2019|work=Track & Field News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-26}}</ref> Akara a nọgidere bụrụ otu n'ime ihe iri kachasị elu n'ụwa ruo mgbe ọ mere karịa ya na Grande Premio Brasil Caixa de Atletismo nzukọ ịma aka mba ụwa . O debere ndekọ Naijiria ọhụrụ nke mita 21.77 iji merie mmemme ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-challenge/grande-premio-brasil-de-atletismo-6542/results/men/shot-put/final/result#resultheader|title=Shot Put Result {{!}} Grande Premio Brasil de Atletismo {{!}} iaaf.org|work=www.iaaf.org|accessdate=2019-04-28}}</ref> Ndekọ a mere ka ndekọ gara aga Stephen Mozia nwere nke bụ mita 21.76.  <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/aag-2019-enekwechi-produces-another-stunner/|title=AAG 2019: Enekwechi produces another stunner|date=2019-08-16|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-20}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://athleticsafrica.blogspot.com/2019/04/enekwechi-sets-new-nigerian-shot-put.html|title=Enekwechi sets new Nigerian Shot Put record in Bragança Paulista - IAAF World Challenge 2019|work=Enekwechi sets new Nigerian Shot Put record in Bragança Paulista - IAAF World Challenge 2019|accessdate=2019-09-20}}</ref> Enekwechi nọchitere anya Naijiria na egwuregwu mba Afrịka nke afọ 2019 . N'ịbanye n'asọmpi ahụ, ọ mere ka ndekọ obodo ya dịkwuo mma site na ịtụba mita 21.80 ma obere ihe karịrị otu izu tupu egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriaathletics.com/weekend-wrap-enekwechis-monstrous-throw-erases-nr-as-amusan-impressively-takes-3rd-in-birmingham/|title=Weekend Wrap: Enekwechi's huge throw erases NR, as Amusan impressively takes 3rd in Birmingham|date=2019-08-19|work=Nigeria Athletics|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-20|archivedate=2020-08-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812172217/https://nigeriaathletics.com/weekend-wrap-enekwechis-monstrous-throw-erases-nr-as-amusan-impressively-takes-3rd-in-birmingham/}}</ref> N'igosi nguzosi ike dị egwu, ọ meriri emume ahụ site n'itụ mita 21.48, nke bụkwa ndekọ egwuregwu Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/08/27/team-nigeria-review-african-games-day-12-tuesday-august-27th/|title=Team Nigeria Review – African Games Day 12 (Tuesday, August 27th)|author=Ogeyingbo|first=Deji|date=2019-08-27|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920145831/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/08/27/team-nigeria-review-african-games-day-12-tuesday-august-27th/|archive-date=2019-09-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ikom Naijiria nke atọ meriri asọmpi n'asọmpi egwuregwu mba Afrịka. Ọ ga-anọchi anya Naịjirịa na asọmpi mba ụwa nke afọ 2019 na Doha . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/09/19/okagbare-oduduru-amusan-top-nigerias-entry-list-for-2019-world-champs/|title=Okagbare, Oduduru & Amusan top Nigeria's entry list for 2019 World Champs|author=Maduewesi|first=Christopher|date=2019-09-19|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921001049/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2019/09/19/okagbare-oduduru-amusan-top-nigerias-entry-list-for-2019-world-champs/|archive-date=2019-09-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ịbanye n'asọmpi, ọ ka nọ n'ọkwa nke iri kacha elu n'ụwa. == Aha obodo == * Shot put e mere: 2016 <ref name=":0"/> == Ọ kacha mma nkeonwe == '''N'èzí''' * Shot put - 21.80 ( Schifflange 2019) '''Ime ụlọ''' * Shot put - 21.09 ( Notre Dame 2019) == Ebensidee == <references group=""></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Chukwuebuka Enekwechi at World Athletics * Chukwuebuka Enekwechi on Twitter * Chukwuebuka Enekwechi on Instagram {{Footer African Champions men's shot put}}{{Footer All-Africa Champions Shot Put Men}}{{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Enekwechi, Chukwuebuka}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu Olympic na Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu nke ama egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ nke olympic nke afọ 2020]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị nrite ọla edo nke egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ nke Afrịka]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị mmeri nke Asọmpi mba Afrịka]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị mmeri egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ nke egwuregwu mba Afrịka nke afọ 2019]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ritere ihe n'egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ihe nrite ọla edo nke Naijiria n'egwuregwu Afrịka]] [[Òtù:Category:Nddị ihe nrite ọla ọcha nke Naijirịa na egwuregwu Common wealth]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ritere ihe n'egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ na egwuregwu Common wealth]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị mmeri egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ nkemba ụwa n'okpuru Naijirịa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwuịgba ọsọ si New york City]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ikom n'atụ ibu]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ikom Naijirịa n'atụ discus]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ikom Naijirịa n'atụ shot put]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị si n'obodo Queens, New York]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1993]] f29fbbueu94cpl8zk9rr8tpc3l6ct1l 0 12410 742367 623991 2026-11-03T00:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ejowvokoghene Divine Oduduru''' (amuru n'ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ1996) bu onye egwuregwu ịgba oso Naijiria nke nwere ọkachamara n'ịgba ọsọ 100-mita na 200-mita . <ref name="IAAFProfile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/ejowvokoghene-oduduru-14579422|title=ATHLETE PROFILE Divine ODUDURU|publisher=[[World Athletics]]|accessdate=30 April 2021}}</ref> Ọ na-ejide ihe kacha mma nke sekọnd 9.86 na ọsọ 100 mita nakwa sekọnd 19.73 na 200m. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/nigerian-athletes-who-could-break-fasubas-14-year-old-african-record/|work=guardian.ng|accessdate=2020-05-26|title=Nigerian athletes who could break Fasuba's 14-year-old African record|date=4 April 2020|archivedate=2020-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501212257/https://guardian.ng/sport/nigerian-athletes-who-could-break-fasubas-14-year-old-african-record/}}</ref> Nke ikpeazụ bụ ndekọ obodo Naijiria . <ref name=":0" /> N'asọmpi otu afọ, ọ bụ onye mmeri ugboro abụọ na asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke Africa, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Olympians Oduduru, Erayokan confirmed for Top Sprinter 2016|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/09/20/olympians-oduduru-erayokan-over-450-others-confirmed-for-top-sprinter-2016/|author=Olus|first=Yemi|date=2016-09-20|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804234020/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/09/20/olympians-oduduru-erayokan-over-450-others-confirmed-for-top-sprinter-2016/|archive-date=2020-08-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> onye mmeri nke Ọkwa nkendị obere nke Africa ugboro ise n'ịgba ọsọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oduduru: I worked For My 100/200m Feats At Michael Johnson Invitational|url=https://www.completesports.com/oduduru-i-worked-for-my-100-200m-feats-at-michael-johnson-invitational/|author=Ezekute|first=Nnamdi|date=2019-04-21|work=Complete Sports|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2020-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905113022/https://www.completesports.com/oduduru-i-worked-for-my-100-200m-feats-at-michael-johnson-invitational/}}</ref> nakwa 200&nbsp;mita onye nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi Asọmpi mba ụwa nke afọ 2014 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oduduru wins 200m World Junior Silver with wind-assisted 20.25s, equalling 5th fastest Nigerians all-time!|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2014/07/26/oduduru-wins-200m-world-junior-silver-with-wind-assisted-20-25s-equalling-5th-fastest-nigerians-all-time/|author=Akani|first=Bambo|date=2014-07-26|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209080741/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2014/07/26/oduduru-wins-200m-world-junior-silver-with-wind-assisted-20-25s-equalling-5th-fastest-nigerians-all-time/|archive-date=2023-12-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ nọchitere anya obodo ya dị ka onye isi egwuregwu n'egwuregwu Commonwealth nke afọ 2014 na Asọmpi mba Afrịka n'egwuregwu nke afọ 2014 , tupu ya emerie ma nweta ihe nrite ọla ọcha n'ịgba ọsọ 200.&nbsp;mita n'egwuregwu mba Afrịka nke afọ 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oduduru sets new 200m PB of 20.13s to win Triple titles in Texas|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2018/05/14/oduduru-sets-new-200m-pb-of-20-13s-to-win-triple-titles-in-texas/|author=Maduewesi|first=Christopher|date=2018-05-14|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528202602/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2018/05/14/oduduru-sets-new-200m-pb-of-20-13s-to-win-triple-titles-in-texas/|archive-date=2023-05-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mmeri mba Naijiria ugboro abụọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Oduduru: I was frustrated with the AFN|url=https://www.thecable.ng/oduduru-i-was-frustrated-with-the-afn|date=2019-10-02|work=TheCable|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye mmeri oge anọ NCAA na asọmpi kọleji America, na-agba ọsọ maka Texas Tech Red Raiders . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Visa welcomes Nigerian track and field sprinter Divine Oduduru to their Tokyo 2020 cohort|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/team-visa-welcomes-nigerian-track-and-field-sprinter-divine-oduduru-to-their-tokyo/rf839tf|date=2020-01-23|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Puma na-akwado ya. == Ọrụ == === Asọmpi ndị erubeghị afọ iri abụọ === Ọ bụ onye nwere ihe nrite ọla edo na 100 mita na mita 200 Mita na Asọmpi egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa Afrịka nke afọ 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanathletics.org/?p=2170|title=African Athletics » Nigeria's Oduduru all fired up for Ouagadougou next week|work=www.africanathletics.org|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu onye n'ime ndị ruru agba ikpeazụ na 200 mita na asọmpi ndị Asọmpi ndị ntorobịa mba ụwa nke afọ 2013 na egwuregwu . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=VIDEO: I worked for it and I got it, says world best sprinter Divine Oduduru|url=https://punchng.com/video-i-worked-for-it-and-i-got-it-says-world-best-sprinter-divine-oduduru/|work=Punch Newspapers|date=21 April 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Ọ meriri 200 mita na Asọmpi agba ndị obere nke afọ 2013 <ref name=":1" /> ma bụrụkwa onye so na ihe nrite ọla edo meriri 4 × 100 mita relay quartet. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/ethiopian-and-nigerian-athletes-impress-at-af|title=IAAF: Ethiopian and Nigerian athletes impress at African Junior Champs{{!}} News {{!}} iaaf.org|work=iaaf.org|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> Ọ gbachitere aha 200 mita ya nke ọma na asọmpi agba ndị obere nke afọ 2015 ma tinyekwa ihe nrite ọla edo 100 mitana 4 × 100 mita n'ọnụọgụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/african-junior-championships-2015-kejelcha|title=IAAF: 5000m double for hosts Ethiopia at African Junior Championships{{!}} News {{!}} iaaf.org|work=iaaf.org|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ onye mmeri nke ndị ntorobịa Afrịka ugboro ise. A mara Oduduru maka ajụjụ ọnụ ya, na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na asọmpi asọmpi egwuregwu ntorobia mba ụwa nke afọ 2013 na -enweta owuwu n'etiti ndị hụrụ ya n'anya, gụnyere okwu ya bụ 'ụbọchị ọnwụ'. Emepụtara ihe onyonyo na ihe nkiri dị iche iche site na iji nzaghachi ya nye ndị nta akụkọ. Ọ kwara arịrị maka nkwado ezughị oke maka ndị egwuregwu Naijiria ma rịọ maka nkwado n'oge asọmpi Naijirịa nkeafọ 2016. N'afọ 2014, ọ dabara n'okpuru 21 sekọnd maka oge mbụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye mmeri mba Naijiria na 200 mita. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://makingofchampions.net/2014/08/08/divine-oduduru-200m-world-junior-silver-medallist-vying-for-african-crown/|title=Divine Oduduru, 200m World Junior Silver Medallist vying for African Crown!|date=2014-08-08|work=Making of Champions|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> Mgbe ịtọsịrị PB nke 20.66 s na osote agba nkeikpeazụ na Asọmpi agba ndị obere nkemba ụwa n'afọ 2014, ọ gara n'ihu nweta nrite ọla ọcha na oge ikuku 20.25 s n'azụ Trentavis Friday nke US. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Day four report: TGI Friday for sprint fans – IAAF World Junior Championships, Oregon 2014{{!}} News|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/day-four-report-iaaf-world-junior-championshi|work=www.worldathletics.org|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> === Ọrụ Agadi === Ọ duru ndị otu egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ mita 4x100 nke Naijiria na Egwuregwu Commonwealth nke afọ 2014, otu ndị na -eme egwuregwu America mbụ, Monzavous Edwards na Mark Jelks kwadoro, bụ ndị na-agba ọsọ maka Nigeria na agba ọsọ mbụ ha na mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1021992/ejowvokoghene_oduduru.html|title=Glasgow 2014 - Ejowvokoghene Oduduru Profile|work=g2014results.thecgf.com|accessdate=2016-07-20|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080910/http://g2014results.thecgf.com/athlete/boxing/1021992/ejowvokoghene_oduduru.html}}</ref> N'ihi ọrịa, ọ kwụsịrị na asọmpi Naijiria nke 2015 ma ọ nweghị ike ịgbachitere aha 200 m ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ laghachiri azụ maka egwuregwu Mba Afrika niile na Brazzaville . Oduruduru gbara okanma nke onwe nke swekọnd 20.45 n'ime ikuku isi nke 1.2&nbsp;m/s iji nweta ihe nrite ọla ọcha n'azụ onye egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ Ivory coast, Hua Wilfried Koffi . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/2015-all-africa-games-day-5|title=IAAF: Kenya's 4x400m men finish off the All-Africa Games in style{{!}} News {{!}} iaaf.org|work=iaaf.org|accessdate=2016-07-20}}</ref> Onye otu ya na onye mmeri Naijiria 2015 Tega Odele debere nke atọ. A họpụtara Oduruduru maka 200mita na asọmpi Afrịka nke afọ 2016 na Durban . Mgbe o biputere oge nke abụọ kachasị ọsọ na semifinals, ọ gbaghị ọsọ na njedebe n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/07/09/divine-oduduru-storms-200m-title-nigerian-trials-sapele/|title=Divine Oduduru storms to 200m title at Nigerian Trials in Sapele|author=Olus|first=Yemi|date=2016-07-09|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|publisher=|accessdate=2016-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713084749/http://www.makingofchamps.com/2016/07/09/divine-oduduru-storms-200m-title-nigerian-trials-sapele/|archive-date=2016-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2018 Mkpọkọ Michael Johnson na Waco, Texas, Divine kwalitere ihe kacha mma nke ya na 100&nbsp;mita ruo sekọnd10.10&nbsp;, kwalite ndekọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Texas Tech site na 0.01&nbsp;s. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flotrack.org/articles/6186230-ncaa-weekend-in-review-josh-kerr-sets-ncaa-record-teetee-terry-breaks-out|title=NCAA Weekend In Review: Josh Kerr Sets NCAA Record, TeeTee Terry Breaks Out|author=Johanna Gretschel|work=flotrack.org|publisher=FloTrack|date=23 April 2018|accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="100mSchoolRecord">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/news/20180421/tech-sports-roundup-oduduru-sets-school-record-in-100-meters|title=Tech sports roundup: Oduduru sets school record in 100 meters|work=lubbockonline.com|publisher=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]|date=21 April 2018|accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> Otu afọ ka e mesịrị na otu nzukọ ahụ, ọ kwalitere ihe kacha mma nke onwe ya ma debe oge na-eduga n'ụwa nke 9.94&nbsp;s na 19.76&nbsp;s, na 100&nbsp;m na 200&nbsp;m n'otu n'otu. <ref name="2019MJI">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/more/nigerian-sprinter-divine-oduduru-runs-2019-world-fastest-time-in-100m-and-200m/rffq1m8|title=Nigerian sprinter Divine Oduduru runs 2019 world fastest time in 100m and 200m|author=Dede, Steve|work=pulse.ng|publisher=Pulse (Nigeria)|date=22 April 2019|accessdate=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004242/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/more/nigerian-sprinter-divine-oduduru-runs-2019-world-fastest-time-in-100m-and-200m/rffq1m8|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oge ya na 200&nbsp;m mebiri ndekọ obodo nke 19.84&nbsp;[[Francis Obikwelu]] setịpụrụ n'afọ 1999. <ref name="2019MJI2">{{Cite web|url=https://economywatchng.com/2019/04/how-divine-oduduru-broke-nigerias-sprint-jinx/|title=How Divine Oduduru Broke Nigeria's Sprint Jinx|author=Umunna, Isaac|work=economywatchng.com|publisher=Economy Watch Nigeria|date=22 April 2019|accessdate=23 April 2019|archivedate=24 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424005331/https://economywatchng.com/2019/04/how-divine-oduduru-broke-nigerias-sprint-jinx/}}</ref> N'ime afọ 2019, o lekwasịrị anya na asọmpi kọleji. O setịpụrụ ihe kacha mma nkeonwe na dash 60-mita na asọmpi ime ụlọ Big12 n'afọ 2019, na-agba ọsọ 6.52 sekọnd maka anya iji merie aha mpaghara. Ọ merikwara 200&nbsp;mita Big 12 Ime ụlọ. <ref name="Big12Champs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lubbockonline.com/news/20190223/texas-tech-men-win-big-12-track-title-in-runaway|title=Texas Tech men win Big 12 track title in a runaway|author=Don Williams|work=lubbockonline.com|publisher=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]|date=23 February 2019|accessdate=25 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Big12Champs2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/duplantis-collegiate-record-holloway-fayettev|title=Brazier clocks 600m world best in New York, Lisek and Kendricks clear 5.93m world lead in Clermont Ferrand: Weekend indoor round-up|author=Jon Mulkeen|work=iaaf.org|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=25 February 2019|accessdate=25 February 2019}}</ref> Na 2019 NCAA Division I Indoor Track and Field Championship ọ meriri 200&nbsp;mita aha ma tinye nke asaa na 60&nbsp;m ikpeazụ. Na Big 12 Outdoor Championship ọ meriri 100&nbsp;m na 9.99 sekọnd, na-agbajisịrị ihe mgbochi nke 10 nke abụọ maka oge mbụ na nnọkọ ịkpọ òkù Michael Johnson mbụ. Ọ nyekwara Texas Tech Red Raiders aka na aha mgbagharị 4 × 100 m. Na 2019 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championship, o meriri sprint okpukpu abụọ na 100&nbsp;m na 200&nbsp;m, yana ewere nke atọ na ntụgharị 4 × 100 m. 100 ya&nbsp;m oge nke 9.86 sekọnd bụ nke kasị ọsọ n'ụwa n'oge nke oge na 200 ya.&nbsp;m oge nke 19.73 sekọnd bụ ndekọ asọmpi. <ref>Jordon, Roy (2019-06-09). </ref> Oduduru mere mpụta mbụ ya na sekit IAAF Diamond League 2019 na nzukọ Herculis 2019, mana ọ gwụchara na ebe ikpeazụ. <ref name="IAAFProfile"/> == Ọnụọgụ == * Ozi sitere na profaịlụ egwuregwu egwuregwu ụwa . <ref name="IAAFProfile"/> === Ihe kacha mma nkeonwe === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ihe omume ! Oge ! Ebe ! Ụbọchị ! Ihe ndetu |- | 60m | 6.52 | Lubbock, Texas, Njikota Obodo Amerika | Febụwarị 23, 2019 | |- | 100 m | 9.86 | Austin, Texas, Njikota Obodo Amerika | 7 June 2019 | align="left" | <small>+ 0.8&nbsp;m/s ifufe</small> <ref name="2019NCAADouble">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/sports/college/2019/06/07/oduduru-leads-texas-tech-track-first-ever-mens-ncaa-championship/1376497001/|title=Oduduru leads Texas Tech track to first-ever men's NCAA championship|author=Bret Bloomquist|publisher=[[El Paso Times]]|date=7 June 2019|accessdate=8 June 2019}}</ref> <ref name="2019NCAADouble2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/oduduru-holloway-ncaa-championships|title=ODUDURU BLASTS TO 100/200 DOUBLE AT NCAA CHAMPIONSHIPS, HOLLOWAY SIZZLES 12.98|author=Roy Jordan|work=iaaf.org|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=8 June 2019|accessdate=8 June 2019}}</ref> |- | 200 m | 19.73 | Austin, Texas, Njikota Obodo Amerika | 7 June 2019 | align="left" | <small>+ 0.8&nbsp;m/s ifufe</small>, NR <ref name="2019NCAADouble" /> <ref name="2019NCAADouble2" /> <ref name="19.73NR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/333926-divine-oduduru-becomes-second-fastest-african-sets-new-nigerian-record.html|title=Divine Oduduru becomes second fastest African, sets new Nigerian record|author=Tunde Eludini|work=premiumtimesng.com|publisher=[[Premium Times]]|date=8 June 2019|accessdate=8 June 2019}}</ref> |- | Ime ụlọ 200&nbsp;m | 20.08 | Lubbock, Texas, Njikota Obodo Amerika | Febụwarị 23, 2019 | align="left" | <small>#3 oge niile</small>, WL, NR <ref name="Big12Champs"/> <ref name="Big12Champs2"/> |- | 4 × 100 m relay | 38.45 | Austin, Texas, Njikota Obodo Amerika | 7 June 2019 | |} === Ihe kacha mma n'oge ===    {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" !Afọ ! 100 mita ! 200 mita |- | 2013 | 10.61 | 21.13 |- | 2014 | 10.39 | 20.66 |- | 2015 | 10.37 | 20.45 |- | 2016 | 10.25 | 20.34 |- | 2017 | 10.09&nbsp;w | 20.45&nbsp;w |- | 2018 | 10.10 | 20.13 |- | 2019 | '''9.86''' | '''19.73''' |- | 2020 | 10.10 | 20.22 |- | 2021 | 10.05 | 19.88 |} === Asọmpi mba ụwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+Representing {{flagu|Nigeria}} !Year !Competition !Venue !Position !Event !Time !Wind (m/s) !Notes |- | rowspan="8" |2013 | rowspan="3" |African Youth Championships | rowspan="3" |Warri, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]], Nigeria | bgcolor="gold" |1st |100&nbsp;m |10.62 | +0.7 | |- | bgcolor="gold" |1st |200&nbsp;m |21.56 |−1.5 |{{AthAbbr|PB}} |- | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd | data-sort-value="800 relay medley" |Medley relay | data-sort-value="114.58" |1:54.58|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|PB}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webcaa.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1031&Itemid=35|title=Full results of the 1st African Youth Championships|work=webcaa.org|publisher=[[Confederation of African Athletics]]|date=31 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605082940/http://www.webcaa.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1031&Itemid=35|archivedate=5 June 2013|accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |World Youth Championships | rowspan="3" |Donetsk, Ukraine |21st |100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAVw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |11.05 |−1.3 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4874/AT-100-M-sf----.RS4.pdf?v=-368943897|title=100 Metres Boys - Semi-Final|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=11 July 2013|accessdate=27 February 2021}}</ref> |- | data-sort-value="7th alternate" |1st (semi&nbsp;2) | data-sort-value="800 relay medley" |Medley relay | data-sort-value="112.90" |1:52.90|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|Q}}{{refn|The team qualified for the final with Oduduru in the semis,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4874/AT-MEAD-M-h----.RS6.pdf?v=1413055233 |title=Medley Relay Boys - Round 1 |publisher=[[IAAF]] |date=13 July 2013 |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> but he was replaced in the final with another runner; The squad that ran in the final finished 7th.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/4874/AT-MEAD-M-f----.RS6.pdf?v=-1284702026 |title=Medley Relay Boys - Final |publisher=[[IAAF]] |date=14 July 2013 |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|group=note}}, {{AthAbbr|PB}} |- |6th |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAXI">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |21.37 |−1.0 | |- | rowspan="2" |African Junior Championships | rowspan="2" |Réduit, [[Mauritius]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100&nbsp;m relay |40.36|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|PB}} |- | bgcolor="gold" |1st |200&nbsp;m |21.19 |−3.6 | |- | rowspan="5" |2014 | rowspan="2" |World Junior Championships | rowspan="2" |Eugene, [[Oregon]], U.S. | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAZQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.25&nbsp;{{AthAbbr|w}} | +2.3 |Wind-assisted |- |5th | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAZ4">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay |39.66|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|PB}} |- |Commonwealth Games |Glasgow, Scotland |6th | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAas">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay |40.17|| {{n/a}} | |- | rowspan="2" |African Championships | rowspan="2" |Marrakesh, Morocco | bgcolor="gold" data-sort-value="1st alternate" |1st (semi&nbsp;1) | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAbg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay |39.51|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|Q}}{{refn|The team qualified for the final with Oduduru in the semis, but he was replaced with another runner in the final; The squad that ran in the final finished first, earning the team gold medals.|group=note|name=Q}}, {{AthAbbr|PB}} |- |6th |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAcQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.81 |−0.8 | |- | rowspan="6" |2015 | rowspan="3" |African Junior Championships | rowspan="3" |[[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia | bgcolor="gold" |1st |100&nbsp;m |10.44 |−1.1 |{{AthAbbr|SB}} |- | bgcolor="gold" |1st |200&nbsp;m |21.22 |−2.3 | |- | bgcolor="gold" |1st | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100&nbsp;m relay |39.99|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |World Relays |Nassau, Bahamas | bgcolor="f5a9a9" |{{AthAbbr|DQ}} (semi&nbsp;1) | data-sort-value="800 relay" |4×200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAe4">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay | data-sort-value="9999" |—|| {{n/a}} |Passing outside zone<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5676/AT-4X2-M-h----.RS6.pdf?v=1036902164|title=Results 4 x 200 Metres (2 laps) Men - Round 1|work=iaaf.org|publisher=[[IAAF]]|date=3 May 2015|accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |African Games | rowspan="2" |Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo | data-sort-value="8th alternate" |1st (semi&nbsp;2) | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAf0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay |38.97|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|Q}}{{refn|The team qualified for the final with Oduduru in the semis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brazzaville2015.microplustiming.com/pdf/AT/CLS-ASM-4x100-1ERTOUR-02.PDF |title=4 x 100 Relay - Men - First Round |publisher=[[African Games]] |date=14 September 2015 |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> but he was replaced with another runner in the final; The squad that ran in the final was disqualified.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brazzaville2015.microplustiming.com/pdf/AT/CLS-ASM-4x100-FINALE-01.PDF |title=4 x 100 Relay - Men - Final |publisher=[[African Games]] |date=16 September 2015 |access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>|group=note}}, {{AthAbbr|PB}} |- | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAgk">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.45 |−1.2 |{{AthAbbr|PB}} |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |African Championships |Durban, South Africa | data-sort-value="8th DNS" |1st (semi&nbsp;3) |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAhg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.48 | +1.6 |{{AthAbbr|Q}}{{refn|Qualified for the final, but did not start ({{AthAbbr|DNS}}) in it.|group=note|note=Q2}} |- |Olympic Games |[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |20th |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAic">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.59 |−0.3 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-mens-200m|title=Men's 200m - Standings|publisher=[[Rio 2016]]|accessdate=27 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820183641/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athletics-standings-at-mens-200m|archivedate=20 August 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="2" |African Championships | rowspan="2" |Asaba, Delta, Nigeria | bgcolor="silver" |2nd | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAjY">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay |38.74|| {{n/a}} |{{AthAbbr|PB}}<ref name="2018AfricanChamps" /> |- | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAkE">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.60 | data-sort-value="+99.9" |{{AthAbbr|NWI}} |<ref name="2018AfricanChamps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africathle.com/2018/08/01/african-championships-asaba-nigeria-1-5082018/|title=African championships, Asaba (Nigeria) 1-5/08/2018|work=africathle.com|publisher=Africathle|date=5 August 2018|accessdate=28 February 2019|archivedate=24 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424221033/http://www.africathle.com/2018/08/01/african-championships-asaba-nigeria-1-5082018/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/u-s-based-sprinter-oduduru-spits-fire-alleges-neglect-by-government/|title=U.S.-based sprinter, Oduduru spits fire, alleges neglect by government|author=Gowon Akpodonor|work=guardian.ng|publisher=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]|date=29 August 2018|accessdate=28 February 2019|archivedate=1 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074532/https://guardian.ng/sport/u-s-based-sprinter-oduduru-spits-fire-alleges-neglect-by-government/}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2019 | rowspan="2" |African Games | rowspan="2" |Rabat, Morocco | bgcolor="silver" |2nd | data-sort-value="400 relay" |4×100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAlM">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m relay |38.59|| {{n/a}} | |- | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |200<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAls">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>m |20.54 |−0.8 | |} === Asọmpi mba === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+Na-anọchite anya Texas Tech Red Raiders (2018 &#x2013; 2019) ! Afọ ! Asọmpi ! Ebe ! Ọnọdụ ! Ihe omume ! Oge ! Ikuku (m/s) ! Ihe ndetu |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | Asọmpi Naijiria | rowspan="2" | [[Calabar]], [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River]], Nigeria | 6th | 100&nbsp;m | 10.54 | -2.3 | |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 200&nbsp;m | 20.87 | -1.3 | |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | rowspan="2" | Asọmpi Naijiria | rowspan="2" | Sapele, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]], Nigeria | bgcolor="silver" | Nke abụọ | 100&nbsp;m | 10.25 | 0.0 | PB |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 200&nbsp;m | 20.51 | 0.0 | |- | rowspan="5" | 2018 | rowspan="2" | Ngalaba NCAA<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwApk">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>I Asọmpi ime ụlọ | rowspan="2" | Ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji, [[Texas]], US | 6th | 60&nbsp;m | 6.62 || {{n/a}} | |- | bgcolor="silver" | Nke abụọ | 200&nbsp;m | 20.21 || {{n/a}} | |- | rowspan="3" | Ngalaba NCAA<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAq0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>I Asọmpi | rowspan="3" | Eugene, [[Oregon]], Njikota Obodo Amerika | 11th | 100&nbsp;m | 10.12 | + 1.2 | |- | 13th | data-sort-value="400 relay" | 4 × 100&nbsp;m relay | 39.37 || {{n/a}} | |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 200&nbsp;m | 20.28 | 0.0 | |- | rowspan="5" | 2019 | rowspan="2" | Ngalaba NCAA<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAsk">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>I Asọmpi ime ụlọ | rowspan="2" | Birmingham, [[Alabama]], Njikota Obodo Amerika | 7th | 60&nbsp;m | 6.62 || {{n/a}} | |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 200&nbsp;m | 20.49 || {{n/a}} | |- | rowspan="3" | Ngalaba NCAA<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAt0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>I Asọmpi | rowspan="3" | Austin, Texas, Njikota Obodo Amerika | bgcolor="cc9966" | Nke atọ | data-sort-value="400 relay" | 4 × 100&nbsp;m relay | 38.45| {{n/a}} | PB |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 100&nbsp;m | 9.86 | + 0.8 | WL, PB <ref name="2019NCAADouble"/> <ref name="2019NCAADouble2"/> |- | bgcolor="gold" | 1st | 200&nbsp;m | 19.73 | + 0.8 | NR, CR, PB <ref name="2019NCAADouble" /> <ref name="2019NCAADouble2" /> <ref name="19.73NR"/> |} * Nsonaazụ NCAA sitere na Sistemụ mkpesa nsonaazụ Track & Field. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tfrrs.org/athletes/6166402|title=DIVINE ODUDURU TEXAS TECH|work=tfrrs.org|publisher=Track & Field Results Reporting System|accessdate=29 August 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * 2019 na 100 mita == Ihe ndetu ==   == Ebensidee == <references group=""></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Divine Oduduru * Divine Oduduru * [https://texastech.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=7814 Divine Oduduru] bio at Texas Tech Red Raiders * [https://twitter.com/odudurudivine1 Divine Oduruduru] on Twitter {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu (Ntụwara ụzọ na ubi) na Olimpik oge okpomọku afọ 2020]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu (Ntụwara ụzọ na ubi) na egwuregwu mba Afrịka nke afọ 2019]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu (Ntụwara ụzọ na ubi) na egwuregwu mba Afrịka nke afọ 2015]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ụmụ nwoke egwuregwu Ntụwara ụzọ na ubi nke Texas Tech Red Raiders]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị nwetara ihe nrite na egwuregwu mba Afrịka (Ntụwara ụzọ na ubi)]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị nwetara ihe nrite ọla ọchamaka Naijirịa n'egwuregwu mba Afrịka]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu (Ntụwara ụzọ na ubi) n'egwuregwu commonwealth nke afọ 2014]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị mere Asọmpi egwuregwu commonwealth na Naijirịa]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu Olimpik na Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị ntorobia n'agbara Naijirịa ọsọ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị egwuregwu si Delta Steeti]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1996]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Oduduru, Divine}} 4bvvow0f93l5rj01kmgmk08oky74b8q 0 12647 742608 719377 2026-11-03T08:49:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ọgbakọ Ukwu Nke '''United 22² Nations maka Ngbanwe Ịrụ igwe''' hiwere nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa iji luso "ntụnye aka dị n ize ndụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na usoro ihu igwe ", n' otu akụkụ Drsite na ịkwado mkpokọta gas griin na ikuku. <ref name="art2">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf|title=Article 2|work=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref> Mba dị otú narị na iri ịse na anọ bịanyere aka na ya na ogbako Mba ndị nọ n 'Otu United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), nke a na-akpọkarị Nzukọ mba Ụwa, nke emere na [[Rio de Janeiro]] site na abali atọ rue abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Junn n' afọ otu puku, narị itolu na iri itolu na abụọ. O hiwere isi ụlọ ọrụ Sekteret na Bonn wee malite ọrụ n' ọzụzụ na mgbe ọnwa Maachị gbàrà nkpuru ubọchi iri abụo na otu n' afọ otu puku, nari itolu na iri itolu na anọ. <ref name="Framework">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)|url=https://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/unfccc/en/|accessdate=22 October 2020|work=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ na- akpọ maka nyoocha sayensị , n' ịnwe nzukọ mgbe nile, ngụkọta uche, mkparịta ụka,na nkwekọrịta nkwenyere na usoro ọdịnihu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ịnabata na ị kwenyere mgbanwe ịrụ ìgwè, iji hụ na iko pụta ìhè oriri enweghị ihe ọ bụla bụ ihe ị maka n' iru iji mee mkpụrụ ụbọchị ka usoro ihe mmepeụzo na akụ ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref name="Framework" /> <ref name="Policy">{{Cite web|author=H.K.|first=Jacobson|date=2001|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Climate Policy: International|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change|accessdate=22 October 2020|work=Science Direct}}</ref> N' Ihe banyere Kyoto Ptotocol, nke a bịanyere aka na ya n' afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa, ma rụọ ọrụ malite na afọ puku abụọ na ise rue n' afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ bụ nke mbụ mmejuputa usoro n'okpuru UNFCCC. Nkwekọrịta Paris dochie Protocol Kyoto, nke malitere na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii <ref>{{Cite web|title=About UNFCCC|url=https://www.ungm.org/Shared/KnowledgeCenter/Pages/UNFCCC|accessdate=22 October 2020|work=United Nations Global Market place (ungm)}}</ref>. Malite n' afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ UNFCCC nwere pati steeti otú narị na iri itolu na asaa . Òtù na-eme mkpebi ya kachasị elu, bụ nzukọ nke Ndị otu (COP), na-ezukọ kwa afọ iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name="climate-leaders.org"/> Nkwekọrịta ahụ wepụtara ọrụ dị iche iche maka mpaghara atọ nke mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ. Ndị a bụ mba ndị mepere emepe, mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọrụ ego pụrụ iche na mba ndị nke ka na -emepe emepe . <ref name="Policy"/> Mba ndị mepere emepe, nke a na-akpọkwa mba Annex 1, nwere steeti iri atọ na asatọ na mbụ, iri na atọ n'ime ha bụ steeti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] na mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n' akụ na ụba, azum ahịa, yana European Union . Ha niile bụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ Akụ na ụba na mmepe (OECD). A na-akpọ mba Annex (1) ka ha nakwere atumatu mba wee mee usoro Nkwekọrịta na mbelata mgbanwe iru igwe site na ịmachi ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin ha na ịkọ akụkọ usoro ewepụtara n'ebum n' obi nke ịlaghachi n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ njikọtaọnụ na ọkwa ikuku nke afọ otu puku na narị itolu na iri itolu ha. <ref name="Policy" /> Mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọrụ ego pụrụiche nke na-akpọkwa mba Annex II. Ha gụnyere mba Annex I niile ma ewezuga ndị na-agbanwe na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na akụ n' ụba na ahịa. A na-akpọ mba Annex II ka ha weta ego tọrọ atọ na mgbakwunye ego iji gboo ụgwọ ndị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-enweta na irube isi n'ọrụ ha imepụta ngwaahịa mba nke ihe ọkụkụ ha site na isi mmalite yana mwepụ ha site na sinks maka ikuku griin na-adịghị achịkwa nke Montreal Protocol . . <ref name="Policy" /> Mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-ebufe ngwa ahịa ha n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC. <ref name="Policy" /> N'ihi na steeti ndị isi bịanyere aka na ya anaghị erube isi na nkwa nke onye ọ bụla, a katọrọ UNFCCC dị ka enweghị ike ịga nke ọma n'ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide kemgbe ejiri hiwe ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=The Kyoto Protocol: Hot air|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-11-29_491_7426/page/656|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/491656a|pmid=23192127|year=2012|author=Schiermeier|first=Quirin|volume=491|issue=7426|pages=656–658}}</ref> == Nkwekọrịta == Emepụtara ederede nke ọgbakọ Fremewok n'oge nzukọ nke Kọmitii Mkparịta uka Ọchịchị na New York site na abalị iri atọ n' ọnwa Eprel ruo abalị itoolu nke ọnwa Mee na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ. A nakweere Ọgbakọ a n' abali itoolu na ọnwa Mee n' afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, wee mepee maka mbinye aka na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, nkea abịa nyere aka n' ya site n'aka Otú United Nations conferensi na Evironment na Development (UNCED) na [[Rio de Janeiro]] (nke aha ya na-ewu ewu, bụ Mba Ụwa Summit ). N' abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ, mba otu narị na iri ise na anọ bịanyere aka na UNFCCC, nke na nkwado nke gọọmentị ndị mbinye aka kwadoro iji belata ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin na ebumnuche nke "igbochi nnyonye anya dị n' ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe ụwa". Nkwenye a ga-achọ mbelata nke ukwuu na ikuku ikuku griin haus (lee akụkụ nke ọzọ, "Nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas griin haus" ). <ref name="art2"/> Ndị otu a na-ezukọ na ọgbakọ ahụ kwa afọ site na afọ nke otú na ọgbakọ nke Paties (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe . <ref name="climate-leaders.org"/> Nkeji edemede 3 (1) nke ọgbakọ a na-ekwu na ndị otu a kwesịrị ime ihe iji chebe usoro ihu igwe na ndabere nke "ọrụ nkịtị ha dị iche iche na ike dị iche iche", na mba ndị mepere emepe kwesịrị 'ibu ụzọ' n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe. . N'okpuru edemede nke anọ ndị otu niile na-ekwe nkwa n'ozuzu ha iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya site, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na ime mgbanwe maka mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emesịa. Nkeji edemede 4 (7) kwuru: <blockquote>Ogologo mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-emejuputa nkwa ha nke ọma n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-adabere na mmejuputa nke ọma site na mba ndị mepere emepe Parties nke nkwa ha n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nke metụtara akụ ego na ịnyefe nkà na ụzụ ma ga-eburu n'uche na mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye bụ ihe mbụ na ihe kacha mkpa nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe Pati.</blockquote>Nkwekọrịta Fremewok ahụ na-akọwapụta ebumnobi nke Annex I Paties na-eme ka ikuku na ikuku griin haus guzosie ike ( carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ anthropogenic griin haus anaghị ahazi n'okpuru (Montreal Protocol) na okpuru otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu ka ọ na-erule afọ puku abụọ . "UNFCCC" bụkwa aha nke United Nations Secreteretna-ahụ maka ịkwado ọrụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ, na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Haus Carstanjen, na UN Campus (nke amaara dị ka Langer Eugen ) na Bonn, [[Jémanị|Germany]] . Site na afọ puku abụọ na iri ruo n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii onye isi nke odeakwụkwọ bụ Christiana Figueres . Na ọnwa Julaị afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, Patricia Espinosa meriri Figueres. Ụlọ ọrụ Secretariat, nke agbakwunyere site na nyirịta mbọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), bu n'obi inweta nkwenye site na nzụkọ na nkparịta ụka nke atụmatụ dị iche iche. Kamgbe ebi nyere aka na nkwekọrịta UNFCCC, ọgbakọ ndị otu (COPs) atụlewo ka a ga-esi mezuo ebumnuche nkwekọrịta ahụ. === Kyoto Protocol ===   Nzukọ nke mbụ nke ndị otu (COP-1) kpebiri na ebumnuche nke Annex I Parties na-eme ka ikuku ha guzosie ike bụ ụkpụrụ nfesasi na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, na afọ puku abụọ nfesasi bụ "ezughị oke", na nmkparịta ụka ndịọzọọ na nnọkọ ndị ọzọ mere ka ehiwe Kyoto Protocol na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa . E kwubiri na Kyoto Protocol wee guzobe ọrụ na-ejikọta iwu n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa, maka mba ndị mepere emepe iji belata ikuku na ikuku griin ha n'ime afọ puku abụọ na asatọ rue na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ <ref name="climate-leaders.org">{{Cite web|year=2009|title=What is the UNFCCC & the COP|url=http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142028/http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archivedate=27 March 2009|accessdate=5 December 2009|work=Climate Leaders|publisher=Lead India}}</ref> Ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ puku abụọ na iri weputara nkwekọrịta na-ekwupụta na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọdịnihu ga-ejedebe n'okpuru 2.&nbsp;Celsius C (3.6&nbsp;°F) n'ihe gbasara ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. Protocol Kyoto nwere oge nkwa abụọ, nke mbụ sitere na afọ puku abụọ na asatọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Emeziri ụkpụrụ ahụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ ka ọ gbasaa nke abụọ maka oge afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na Ndezigharị Doha. <ref name="Art2.1">Art. 2.1 (a) of Paris Agreement: Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;</ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ UNFCCC tọhapụrụ bụ maka mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado ka ha guzobe akụrụngwa ikuku griin haus (GHG) na mwepụ na mkpochapụ, nke ejiri mepụta ọkwa benchimak na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, maka ịbanye mba Annex I na Protocol Kyoto na maka ntinye aka nke mba ndị ahụ na mbelata GHG. Mba Annex I ga-etinyerịrị ngwa ahịa e mepụtara kwa afọ. [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States of Amerika]] akwadoghị Kyoto Protocol, ebe Canada katọrọ ya na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Ndị ọzọ niile nke Annex I ọzọ kwadoro Protocol Kyoto. Ndị otu Annex I niile, ewezuga Mba United States of Amerika sonyere na oge nkwado Kyoto nke mbụ. Obodo iri ato na asaa na Mba Annex I na European Union kwenyere na mbuso Kyoto agba nke abụọ. Mba ndị a bụ Australia, ndị niile so na European Union, Belarus, [[Iceland]], Kazakhstan, Norway, [[Switzerland]], na Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan na Ukraine kwuru na ha nwere ike ịpụ na Protocol ma ọ bụ ghara itinye n'ike iwu ndezigharị na ebumnuche nke abụọ. Japan, New Zealand na Rọshịa sonye na agba nke mbụ nke Kyoto mana ha etinyeghị ebumnobi ọhụrụ n'ime oge nkwa nke abụọ. Mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe na-enweghị ebumnuche agba nke abụọ bụ Canada (nke wepụrụ na Protocol Kyoto na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ na United States. Mba niile fọdụrụ na-eso na Protocol Kyoto zutere ebumnobi oge mbụ ha chọrọ. <ref>Igor Shishlov, Romain Morel & Valentin Bellassen (2016) Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period, Climate Policy, 16:6, 768-782, DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658</ref> === Nkwukọrịta nke mba na mba === "Nkwukọrịta mba" bụ ndị akụkụ nke mba ndị kwadoro nkwekọrịta United Nations Fremework Convention na Climate Change (UNFCCC) nyefere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/the-big-picture/what-is-transparency-and-reporting|title=What is transparency and reporting?|work=UNFCCC|accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Achọrọ mba ndị mepere emepe ka ha nyefee nkpakorita ụka mba na mba kwa afọ anọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwesịrị ime ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-reports-annex-i-parties/submitted-national-communications-from-annex-i-parties|title=Seventh National Communications - Annex I {{!}} UNFCCC|work=unfccc.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports-non-annex-i-parties/national-communication-submissions-from-non-annex-i-parties|title=National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties {{!}} UNFCCC|work=unfccc.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework|url=https://unfccc.int/enhanced-transparency-framework#eq-3|accessdate=2020-11-10|work=unfccc.int}}</ref> Ụfọdụ mba ndị dị nta n' imepe emepe n'ime afọ ise rue na afọ iri na ise gara aga, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports-non-annex-i-parties/national-communication-submissions-from-non-annex-i-parties|title=National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties {{!}} UNFCCC|work=unfccc.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-29}}</ref> n'ihi oke ike. Akụkọ nzikọrịta ozi mba na mba adịkarị ọtụtụ narị peeji n'ogologo wee kpuchie usoro obodo iji belata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ yana nkọwa nke adịghị ike na mmetụta ya sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lesnikowski|first=Alexandra C.|date=2015-02-01|title=How are we adapting to climate change? A global assessment|journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=277–293|doi=10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x|issn=1573-1596}}</ref> A na-akwado nzikọrịta ozi mba dịka ntuziaka nke ọgbakọ ndị otu na UNFCCC kwadoro. Ntụnye aka (NDC) nke mba dị iche iche bụ ntọala nke nkwekọrịta Paris dị mkpụmkpụ na obere nkọwa mana na-agbaso usoro ahaziri ahazi ma dabere na nyocha teknụzụ sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara. === Nkwekọrịta Paris ===   [[Usòrò:CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg|thumb| Mgbapụta carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ikike (dị ka nke 2015)]] Ndị otu a zutere na Durban, South Africa n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu wee kwupụta "oke nchegbu" na mbọ a na-eme iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2 ma ọ bụ 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C, n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ, pụtara ezughị oke. Ha kwadoro iwepụta nsonaazụ ekwenyela na ikike iwu n'okpuru Mgbakọ dị n'akụkụ niile. Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise UN Climate Change Conference na Paris n'oge ahụ otu narị na iri itoolu na isii pati kwetara ime ka ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2.&nbsp;Celsius C, ma gbalịa ịmachi mmụba na 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C. <ref>{{Cite web|title=COP21 {{!}} United nations conference on climate change|url=http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/|work=www.cop21.gouv.fr|accessdate=2015-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210193240/http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/|archivedate=10 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Art2.1">Art. 2.1 (a) of Paris Agreement: Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;</ref> Nkwekọrịta nke Paris batara na abalị anọ nke Novemba, n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii na mba ndị kwadoro Nkwukọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ kwadoro Nkwekọrịta kemgbe. === Ntụnye ekpebiela n'obodo ===   Na nnọkọ nke iri na itoolu nke Nzukọ nke ndị otu na Warsaw na afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ , UNFCCC mepụtara usoro maka ntinye aka na-ekpebisi ike nke mba (INDCs) na-aga n'ihu na nnọkọ nke iri abụọ na otu nke Nzukọ nke Paties na Paris (COP21). na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc/|title=INDC - Climate Policy Observer|work=Climate Policy Observer|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-01-23|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211202251/http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enyere mba dị iche iche nnwere onwe na mgbanwe iji hụ na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a na atụmatụ imeghari dabara adaba na mba. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161001232319/http://climateobserver.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/l05.pdf Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action Second session, part seven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001232319/http://climateobserver.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/l05.pdf|date=1 October 2016}},'' UNFCCC, Geneva, 12 December 2014</ref> Mgbanwe a, ọkachasị gbasara ụdị omume a ga-eme, nyere mba ndị ka n' emepe emepe ohere ịhazi atụmatụ ha dabere na mkpa mgbanwe ha na mbelata ha, yana maka mkpa ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:Panorama-_UNFCCC_'Family'_photo_shoot-_We_Will_Move_Ahead_COP22_(31074469326).jpg|thumb| "Foto ezinụlọ" nke Greenpeace haziri, n'ọnụ ụzọ United Nations, nke nwere ọkọlọtọ na-agụ "Anyị ga-aga n'ihu"]] N'ikpeazụ nke COP21, ndị INDC ndị a ghọrọ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ka obodo ọ bụla kwadoro Nkwekọrịta Paris, ma ọ bụrụ na edobere NDC ọhụrụ n'aka UNFCCC n'otu oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/Pages/Home.aspx|title=NDC Registry|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref> Nzukọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke Nzukọ nke Ndị otu (COP22) na Marrakesh lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke mba ndị a na mmejuputa ha, mgbe nkwekọrịta Paris malitere na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Novemba na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|language=EN|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref> Ihe banyere Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) kere ntuziaka maka mmejuputa NDC, maka ojiji nke ndị na-eme mkpebi na mba ndị mepere emepe. N'ime ntuziaka a, CDKN chọpụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu mba na-enwekarị na mmejuputa NDC, gụnyere otu esi eme: * wulite mmata maka mkpa, na abamuru nke ime ihe n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe, gụnyere ndị isi gọọmentị; * isi na itinye mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime usoro nhazi na mmepe obodo; * wuzie njikọ dị n'etiti atụmatụ ọchịchị mba na mba na mgbanwe ihu igwe; * wulite ikike iji nyochaa, ịzụlite na nmejuputa atumatu ihu igwe; * guzobe iwu maka ịhazi ihe omume gburu gburu NDC na ịkwọ ụgbọ ala mmejuputa ha; na * dozie ihe mgbochi akụrụngwa maka ịzụlite na nmejuputa atumatu mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdkn.org/ndc-guide/|title=Planning for NDC implementation: A Quick-Start Guide|work=www.cdkn.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref> === Mkpebi ndị ọzọ === Na mgbakwunye na Protocol Kyoto (na mmezi ya) na nkwekọrịta Paris, ndị otu na Convention ekwenyela na ha ga-emekwu nkwa n'oge ọgbakọ UNFCCC nke ndị otu. Ndị a gụnyere Bali Action Plan nke afọ puku abụọ na asaa , ya na Copenhagen Accord nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu , nkwekọrịta Cancún nke afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ , na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (puku abụọ na iri na abụọ ). ; Atụmatụ mmemme Bali Dị ka akụkụ nke Bali Action Plan, nakweere na afọ puku abụọ na asaa, mba niile mepere emepe Parties ekwenyela na " quantified emission mmachi na mbelata ebumnobi, na-ahụ na ntunyere nke mgbalị n'etiti ha, na-eburu n'uche ihe d'iche iche n' akpa ha n' ọnọdụ." Ndị otu mba na-emepe emepe kwenyere na "[mba] n'ime usoro mbelata kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọnọdụ mmepe na-adigide, nke teknụzụ na-akwado ma na-enyere aka site na nkà na ụzụ, ego na iwulite ikike, n'ụzọ enwere ike ịlele, nke a na-akọ na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya." <ref name="cop bali action plan">Decision 1/CP.13, in {{harvnb|COP|2008|p=3}}</ref> Mba iri anọ na abụọ mepere emepe enyefelambelata n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC, <ref></ref> dị rụrụ mba iri ise na asaa na-emepe oup Africa (otu mba dị na United N). <ref></ref> ; Nkwekọrịta Copenhagen na Cancún Dị ka akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu n' afọ puku abụọ na itoolu Copenhagen, ọtụtụ mba mepụtara nkwekọrịta Copenhagen. Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ kwesịrị ịbụ n'okpuru 2.0&nbsp;Celsius C (3.6&nbsp;°F). <ref name="copenhagen accord p5">{{harvnb|COP|2010|p=5}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ akọwapụtaghị ihe ntọala bụ maka ebumnuche ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ndị a (dịka ọmụmaatụ, gbasara tupu ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nke afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu. (di ka UNFCCC si kwuo) , ebumnuche ndị a na-emetụta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. Mba otu narị na iri na anọ kwetara na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC na-ekwu na "Ụfọdụ ndị otu ... kwuru na nzikọrịta ozi ha nye ndị odeakwụkwọ nkọwa gbasara ọdịdị nke nkwekọrịta ahụ na ihe ndị metụtara ya, dabere na nke ha kwenyeworo na [Accord]." Ọgbakọ nke otu dị iche iche anabataghị nkwekọrịta ahụ. Kama, ndị COP "debanyere nkwekọrịta Copenhagen." <ref name="copenhagen accord p5" /> Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, ndị otu mba iri na asaa mepere emepe na EU- iri abụọ na na asaa nyefere ebumnuche mbelata, dị ka otu mba iri anọ na ise na-emepe emepe mere. Ụfọdụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwuru mkpa ọ dị maka nkwado mba ụwa na atụmatụ ha. Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta Cancún, mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe nyefere atụmatụ mbelata na UNFCCC. Ejikọtara atụmatụ ndị a na ndị emere dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ Bali Action Plan. ; Mgbapụta Ọsọ-na-efu nke otu United Nations Na nzukọ kwa afọ nke puku abụọ na iri abụọ na otu (UNFCCC) weputara 'UN Race-to- Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. Ebum n' uche nke mgbasa ozi a bụ ịgbanwe ngalaba iri abụọ nke akụ na ụba iji nweta ikuku na ikuku griin na efu. Opekatampe iri percent abụọ nke ngalaba ọ bụla kwesịrị ịme usoro akọwapụtara, yana ngalaba iri kwesịrị ịgbanwe tupu COP<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>26 na Glasgow. Dị ka ndị nhazi ahụ si kwuo, iri percent abụọ bụ ihe nkwụsịtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, akụkụ ahụ dum na-amalite ịgbanwe agbanwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Launch of UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs|url=https://unfccc.int/news/launch-of-un-race-to-zero-emissions-breakthroughs|work=United Nations Climate Change|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Transforming our systems together|url=https://racetozero.unfccc.int/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs-Transforming-Our-Systems-Together.pdf|work=Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref> ; Mba ndị na-emepe emepe Na Berlin, Cancún, na Durban, e kwughachiri mkpa mmepe nke otu mba na-emepe emepe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Durban Platform kwadoro na: <ref name="durban development">{{harvnb|COP|2012|p=9}}</ref> [...] Ihe na nbawanye nke akụ n'ụba na mkpochapụ nke ubiam bụ nke mbụ ya na ọkacha kacha na ọchịchọ nke ọganiru nke mba Paties nke oganiru n' obodo o n' emepe emepe nke Paties ke na enwemaghiusoro nke opupu nke bụ isi nyere idebe ọganiru ya na nkekorita nke opupu nke ụwa niile geto wee zute ihe atụrụ anya na aka ya na nmepe na otuto. === Ntụgharị asụsụ aticlu (2) ===   Ebumnobi kachasị nke ọgbakọ Fremewok bụ "nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku ọjọọ nke ga-egbochi nnyonye anya dị ize ndụ anthropogenic [ya bụ, mmadụ kpatara] na usoro ihu igwe". <ref name="art2"/> Nkeji edemede 2 nke mgbakọ ahụ na-ekwu na nke a "kwesịrị ime n'ime oge zuru ezu iji mee ka usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe, iji hụ na mmepụta nri agaghị agwu na iji mee ka mmepe akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị". <ref name="art2" /> <gallery widths="200px"> Usòrò:Climate change mitigation scenarios (IIASA). Global greenhouse gas emissions 2000-2100.png|Mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe: ihe a na-eme n'ụwa na-emepụta gas griin haus, afọ 2000 ruo 2100 Usòrò:Climate change mitigation scenarios (IIASA). Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations 2000-2100.png| Ọnọdụ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe: mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na mkpokọta ikuku griin haus, afọ 2000 ruo 2100 Usòrò:Climate change mitigation scenarios (IIASA). Global mean temperature - 2000-2100.png|Mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe: ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ a tụrụ atụ, afọ 2000 ruo 2100 </gallery> Iji mee ka mkpokọta GHG dị na mbara igwe kwụsie ike, ihe ọkụkụ GHG nke mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-arị elu wee daa (lee mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ). Ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala ga-achọ ka ikuku ga-arị elu ma daa na mbụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. <ref name="stabilize conc">[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-4.html Section 5.4 Emission trajectories for stabilisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127224337/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-4.html|date=27 November 2014}}, in: Synthesis Report, in: {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}</ref> Eserese dị n'elu na-egosi mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na mwepụta GHG zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ (atụnyere na CO ₂ -dakọrọ) maka ọnọdụ nkwụsi ike dị iche iche. Eserese abụọ ndị ọzọ na-egosi mgbanwe ndị emetụtara na mkpokọta GHG ikuku (na CO ₂ -equivalents) yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ọnọdụ ndị a. A na-ejikọta ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala na ogo dị ala nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. <ref name="stabilize conc" /> Enwere ejighị n'aka maka otú mkpokọta GHG na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-esi gbanwee na nzaghachi nke ikuku anthropogenic (lee nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ihu igwe ). Eserese nke dị iche na-egosi mgbanwe okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 2100 maka ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ikuku, gụnyere atụmatụ ejighị n'aka. ; nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ  Enwere echiche dịgasị iche iche maka ọkwa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ. Nyocha sayensị nwere ike inye ozi gbasara ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, mana ikpebi ihe ize ndụ dị ize ndụ chọrọ ikpe ikpe bara uru. Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke merelarị na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nye ụfọdụ sistemu mmadụ na eke (dịka ọmụmaatụ, coral reefs). Oke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abawanye ohere nke mmetụta ọjọọ. Dị ka Field ''et al.'' (2014), <ref name="climate change impacts">Field, C.B., ''et al''., Section B: FUTURE RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADAPTATION, in: [https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf Technical summary] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073024/https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf|date=18 October 2014}}), pp.59-84, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}</ref> ihe egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ "dị oke egwu" yana 1 ruo 2&nbsp;Celsius C nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. 4&nbsp;Okpomọkụ Celsius C ga-eduga n'ihe egwu dị elu nke ukwuu, yana mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime gụnyere mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche yana ibelata nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara. <ref name="climate change impacts" /> Amụma mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibute ụgwọ ndị metụtara isiokwu 2. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, atumatu siri ike iji chịkwaa ikuku GHG nwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ka njọ, mana ọ nwekwara ike ịdị oke ọnụ iji mejuputa ya. ; Atụmatụ Enwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka maka mgbanwe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ikuku GHG anthropogenic, oke ikuku GHG, na mgbanwe ihu igwe jikọtara ya. Na-enweghị atumatu mbelata, ịba ụba ume ike na iji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe nke ukwuu nwere ike ibute okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) nke 3.7 ruo 4.8&nbsp;Celsius C dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ (2.5 ruo 7.8&nbsp;Celsius C gụnyere ejighị n'aka ihu igwe). Iji nwee ohere nke ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) ka ọ dị n'okpuru 2&nbsp;Celsius C, mkpokọta GHG ga-adị mkpa ka amachi ya na gburugburu 450 ppm CO ₂ -eq. Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke ikuku n' ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ adịghị ka ọ dabara na ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'okpuru 1.5 ma ọ bụ 2&nbsp;Celsius C. === Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapụ anya === N'ime mkpebi, a na-atụle ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya mgbe achọpụtara ihe omume dị ize ndụ, enweghị mgbagha, ma ọ bụ ọdachi, mana nyocha sayensị nke nwere ike imebi ejighị n'aka (Toth ''et al'' ., 2001, p.&nbsp;655–656). <ref name="2001 toth precautionary principle">{{Cite book|year=2001|chapter=10.4.2.2 Precautionary Considerations|title=Chapter 10. Decision-making Frameworks|series=Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|editor=B. Metz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Toth, F.L.|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/437.htm|archive-date=2012-04-12|access-date=2022-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412121951/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/437.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na-egosi imesi ike na mkpa ọ dị igbochi mmetụta ọjọọ dị otú ahụ. Ejikọtara ejighị n'aka na njikọ ọ bụla nke ihe kpatara mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku GHG n'ọdịnihu bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, dịkwa ka mmebi mgbanwe ihu igwe dị. Agbanyeghị, n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ akpachara anya, ejighị n'aka abụghị ihe kpatara enweghị ọrụ, nke a na-ekwenye na Nkeji edemede 3.3 nke UNFCCC (Toth ''et al'' ., 2001, p.&nbsp;656). <ref name="2001 toth precautionary principle"/> == Ndị otu == [[Usòrò:UNFCCC_parties.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Ndị otu UNFCCC]]   N'ihe dị ka afọ 2015, UNFCCC nwere pati 197 gụnyere mba ndị otu United Nations niile, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN na-abụghị ndị otu Niue na Cook Islands na European Union supranational Union. <ref name="unfcc">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php|title=Status of Ratification of the Convention|accessdate=2013-06-25|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref> <ref name="partiesobservers">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php|title=Parties to the Convention and Observer States|accessdate=2013-06-25|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705201620/http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php|archivedate=5 July 2013}}</ref> Holy See abụghị onye otu, kama ọ bụ onye na-ekiri ihe. <ref name="partiesobservers" /> === Nhazi nke ndị otu na nkwa ha === A na-ekewa ndị otu UNFCCC dị ka: * '''Annex I''' : Enwere akụkụ 43 na UNFCCC depụtara na Annex I nke mgbakọ ahụ, gụnyere European Union. <ref name="anexIlist">{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/annex_i/items/2774.php|title=List of Annex I Parties to the Convention|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=2014-05-15}}</ref> A na-ekewa akụkụ ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe (mepụtara) yana " akụnụba na mgbanwe " (EITs). 14 EIT bụ akụ na ụba nke Russia na Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe echerebu ( Soviet ). * '''Annex II''' : N'ime nnọkọ ndị e depụtara na mgbakwunye I nke mgbakọ ahụ, e dekwara 24 na Annex II nke mgbakọ ahụ, gụnyere European Union. Ndị otu a bụ ndị otu Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Ndị otu a bụ ndị otu OECD na 1992 ma ewezuga [[Turkéy|Turkey]], yana EU. A na-achọ ka Annex II Parties inye nkwado ego na nka na ụzụ EIT na mba ndị ka na -emepe emepe iji nyere ha aka ibelata ikuku ikuku griin ha (mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe) na jikwaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ( mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe ). <ref name="unfccc parties and observers">{{citation | title=Parties & Observers | url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php | publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2014-05-15}}</ref> * Mba ndị kacha '''emepe emepe''' (LDC): Ndị otu 49 bụ LDCs, a na-enyekwa ha ọkwa pụrụ iche n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ihi oke ikike ha nwere ime mgbanwe na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name="unfccc parties and observers" /> * '''Ndị na-abụghị Annex I''' : Ndị otu UNFCCC edepụtaghị na Annex I nke mgbakọ ahụ bụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere obere ego . <ref name="unfccc parties and observers" /> Mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere ike wepụta onwe ha ka ha bụrụ mba Annex I mgbe ha mepụtara nke ọma. === Ndepụta oriri na ọṅụṅụ === === obodo ndị nọ na Annex I === Enwere 43 Annex I Paties gụnyere European Union. <ref name="anexIlist"/> A na-ekewa mba ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe na akụ na ụba na mgbanwe. N'ime ndị a, 24 bụ Annex II Paties, gụnyere European Union, na 14 bụ Economy na Transition. [[Usòrò:UNFCCC_Annex_I_Parties,_OECD,_EU.svg|thumb| Ndị otu: Annexes, EU, OECD, EITs <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/figure-13-2.html|title=Based on Höhne et al. (2005). in AR4 of the UNFCCC.|accessdate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103101035/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/figure-13-2.html|archivedate=3 November 2018}}</ref>]] == Nzukọ nke ndị otu Paties ==   Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations bụ ọgbakọ ndị a na-eme kwa afọ n'usoro nke UNFCCC. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ nzukọ nke UNFCCC Parties ( ''Conferences of the Parties'' ) (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe, na malite n'etiti 1990s, iji kparịta usoro Kyoto iji guzobe ọrụ iwu kwadoro maka mba ndị mepere emepe. belata ikuku ikuku ikuku ha. <ref name="climate-leaders.org"/> Ebe ọ bụ na 2005 ọgbakọ ndị ahụ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) na ebe ọ bụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii ka ọgbakọ a na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties na Paris Agreement (CMA). Emere ọgbakọ mbụ nke (COP1) na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na ise na Berlin. Emere ọgbakọ nke 3 (COP3) na Kyoto wee rụpụta ụkpụrụ Kyoto, nke emeziri n'oge ọgbakọ Doha na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ (COP18, CMP 8). Emere ọgbakọ COP21 (CMP11) na Paris wee rụpụta nnabata nke Agreement Paris . Emere COP26 (CMA3) na Glasgow, Scotland, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] . == Òtù enyemaka == Otu enyemaka bụ kọmitii na-enyere ọgbakọ ndị otu a aka. Ndị enyemaka gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php|title=Glossary of climate change acronyms|work=Essential Background|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> * Na-adịgide adịgide: ** Òtù enyemaka nke ndụmọdụ sayensị na nkà na ụzụ (SBSTA) bụ nke edemede 9 nke mgbakọ ahụ hiwere iji nye ọgbakọ nke ndị otu na, dịka o kwesịrị ekwesị, ndị enyemaka ya ndị ọzọ nwere ozi oge na ndụmọdụ gbasara sayensị na nkà na ụzụ gbasara mgbakọ ahụ. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka njikọ n'etiti ozi na ntule nyere site ọkachamara isi mmalite (dị ka IPCC) na COP, nke na-elekwasị anya na ịtọ atumatu. ** Ndị enyemaka nke mmejuputa iwu (SBI) na-eguzobe site na Nkeji edemede 10 nke mgbakọ ahụ iji nyere ọgbakọ nke ndị otu aka aka na nyocha na nyocha nke mmejuputa iwu nke ọma. Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara amụma na okwu mmejuputa iwu na COP yana, ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ya, nye ndị otu ndị ọzọ. * Nwa oge: ** Otu Ad hoc na edemede 13 (AG13), na-arụ ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1998; ** Otu Ad hoc na iwu Berlin (AGBM), na-arụ ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1997; ** Otu Ad Hoc na-arụ ọrụ na nkwa ndị ọzọ maka ndị ọzọ Mgbakwunye n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), nke ndị otu na-ahụ maka Kyoto kwadoro na 2005 iji tụlee nkwa ndị ọzọ nke mba ndị mepere emepe n'okpuru Protocol Kyoto maka oge gafere 2012; ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na 2012 mgbe CMP nakweere Ndezigharị Doha ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6409.php|title=What is the AWG-KP?|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> ** Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), nke e hibere na Bali na 2007 iji duzie mkparita uka banyere nkwekorita mba uwa siri ike banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe; ** Ad Hoc Working Group na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), nke e guzobere na COP 17 na Durban na 2011 "iji mepụta ụkpụrụ, ngwá ọrụ iwu ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe nkwekọrịta kwadoro na ikike iwu n'okpuru nkwekọrịta dị n'akụkụ niile." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf#page=2|title=Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action|work=Decision 1/CP.17|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> ADP kwubiri ọrụ ya na Paris na 5 Disemba 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php|title=What is the ADP?|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> [[Usòrò:2014-06-12_Altes_Abgeordnetenhochhaus,_Bonn_IMG_5597.jpg|thumb| UN Campus, Bonn, oche nke odeakwụkwọ]] Ọrụ n'okpuru UNFCCC bụ onye odeakwụkwọ dị na Bonn, Germany kwadoro ya. E hiwere odeakwụkwọ n'okpuru edemede asatọ nke ọgbakọ ahụ. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na-eduzi ya. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ugbu a, Patricia Espinosa, ahọpụtara na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Mee na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. site n'aka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Ban Ki-moon wee were ọrụ na na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Julaị n' afọ puku abụọ na iri isii. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Executive Secretary|url=http://unfccc.int/secretariat/executive_secretary/items/1200.php|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri Christiana Figueres onye ji ọfịs kemgbe afọ puku abụọ na iri . Ndị ode akwụkwọ nchịkwa mbụ bụ Yvo de Boer site na afọ puku abụọ na isii ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri, Joke Waller-Hunter n' afọ puku abụọ na abụọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na ise na Michael Zammit Cutajar na afọ otu puku na ise ruo na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ.{{Clear|left}} == Ihe Omume maka ike ihu igwe ==   Ihe omume maka ike ihu igwe.bụ okwu UNFCCC nakweere n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, inwe aha dị mma maka isiokwu a karịa "Akụkụ 6". Ọ na-ezo aka na Nkeji edemede 6 nke ihe odide mbụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ , na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ isii dị mkpa: agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, mmata ọha na eze, ntinye aka ọha na eze, ohere ọhaneze nweta ozi, na nkwado mba ụwa n'okwu ndị a. Achọpụtala mmejuputa mpaghara isii niile dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka onye ọ bụla ịghọta na isonye na idozi nsogbu ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta. ACE na-akpọ gọọmentị ka ha zụlite ma mejuputa mmemme mmụta na ọha mmadụ, zụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ aka na njikwa, kwalite ohere ịnweta ozi, na ịkwalite nsonye ọha na eze n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya. Ọ na-agbakwa mba dị iche iche ume ka ha gbakọọ aka na usoro a, site n'ịgbanwe omume ọma na nkuzi a mụtara na ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mba. A n' eduzi ọtụtụ ọrụ a site n'ebumnobi dị iche iche nke, ọnụ, a n'ahụta dị ka ihe dị oke mkpa maka imejuputa mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọma na omume mbelata, yana iji nweta ebumnobi kachasị nke UNFCCC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246435e.pdf|title=Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public|author=UNESCO and UNFCCC|publisher=UNESCO and UNFCCC|year=2016|isbn=978-92-3100-182-6|pages=6}}</ref> == Ozi dị gbasara nkwa ndị a == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Climate Action NAZCA|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/|work=Global Climate Action Portal|accessdate=22 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063906/https://climateaction.unfccc.int/|archivedate=9 October 2019}}</ref>Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, UN na Peru na France kere Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA maka ide na ịlele nkwa ihu igwe niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=global climate action portal NAZCA, About|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/about.html|work=global climate action portal NAZCA|accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa na nyocha == === Nkatọ nke usoro UNFCCC === Ufodu katọrọ nche anwụ na usoro niile nke UNFCCC na Kyoto Protocol a nakweere na ha enwetabeghị ebumnobi ha ekwuru na ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide (onye bụ isi na-ebute oke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 21st senchuri. <ref name=":1"/> N'okwu e nyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Todd Stern - onye nnọchiteanya US mgbanwe ihu igwe - kwuputara ihe ịma aka ndị dị na usoro UNFCCC dị ka ndị a: "Mgbanwe ihu igwe abụghị ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.&nbsp;. . . Ọ na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile nke akụ na ụba steeti, ya mere ọ n' eme ka mba dị iche iche na-atụ egwu maka uto na mmepe. Nke a bụ okwu gbasara akụ na ụba n'ihi na ọ bụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi." Ọ gara n'ihu kọwaa na United Nations Fremewok Convention on Climate Change bụ òtù dị iche iche na-eche banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe ma nwee ike bụrụ usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ịmepụta amụma mba ụwa. N'ihi na usoro a gụnyere ihe karịrị mba otu narị na iri itoolu na n'ihi na a na-achịkwa mkparịta ụka site na nkwenye, obere ìgwè nke mba nwere ike igbochi ọganihu. <ref>{{Cite news|title="Voices" speaker talks climate change|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2012/08/03/news/climate|work=The Dartmouth|accessdate=29 November 2012|archive-date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324150915/http://thedartmouth.com/2012/08/03/news/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọdịda iji nweta ọganihu bara uru na iru CO dị irè - ịbelata nkwekọrịta amụma n'etiti ndị otu ahụ n'ime afọ iri na asatọ gara aga emewo ka ụfọdụ mba dị ka United States kwụsị ịkwado nkwekọrịta kachasị mkpa nke UNFCCC - Kyoto Protocol - na nnukwu akụkụ n'ihi na Nkwekọrịta ahụ ekpuchighị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe bụ nke gụnyere ugbu a nke kachasị ikuku CO . Otú ọ dị, nke a emeghị n'uche ma ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mgbanwe ihu igwe kemgbe mmepụta ihe, nke bụ okwu esemokwu na mkparịta ụka, yana ọrụ maka ikuku sitere na oriri na mbubata ngwaahịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Which nations are most responsible for climate change?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/21/countries-responsible-climate-change|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2013|first=Duncan|author=Clark|date=21 April 2011}}</ref> O mekwara ka Canada pụọ na Kyoto Protocol na afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu n'ihi ọchịchọ ịghara ime ka ụmụ amaala ya kwụọ ụgwọ ntaramahụhụ nke g' eme ka ebufe akụ na ụba na Canada. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/12/12/pol-kent-kyoto-pullout.html|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> Ma US na Canada na-eleba anya atụmatụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ afọ ofufo dị n'ime iji gbochie ikuku carbon dioxide na-abụghị Usoro Kyoto. <ref>{{Cite news|title=U.N. Global Warming Summit: Heading Over the Climate Cliff|url=http://science.time.com/2012/11/27/u-n-global-warming-summit-heading-over-the-climate-cliff/#ixzz2DcXQP6Zp|work=Time|accessdate=29 November 2012|date=27 November 2012|archive-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130071342/http://science.time.com/2012/11/27/u-n-global-warming-summit-heading-over-the-climate-cliff/#ixzz2DcXQP6Zp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Echiche a na-eche na enweghi ọganihu emewokwa ka mba ụfọdụ chọọ na ilekwasị anya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị oke ọnụ ahịa dị ka ịmepụta nke Climate na Clean Air Coalition iji belata mmetọ ikuku na-adị mkpụmkpụ nke na-achọ ịchịkwa mmetọ ndị dị mkpirikpi dị ka methane, ojii . Carbon na hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), bụ ndị a kwenyere na ha ga aza ihe ruru otu n'ime uzo atọ nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a mana nke iwu ya adịghị emejupụta na mmetụta na mmegide akụ na ụba buru ibu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Secretary Clinton To Announce a Climate and Clean Air Initiative To Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/02/184011.htm|publisher=US Dept of State|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> Na afọ puku abụọ na iri , Japan kwuru na ọ gaghị edebanye aha ya na ọkwu abụọ nke Kyoto , n'ihi na ọ ga-amachibidoro ya n' abụghị ihu isi ya n'asọmpi akụ na ụba, China, [[Ndia|India]] na Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan derails climate talks by refusing to renew Kyoto treaty|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/japan-derails-climate-talks-by-refusing-to-renew-kyoto-treaty-2148769.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=29 November 2012|first=Michael|author=McCarthy|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> Onye isi ala New Zealand nyere ihe ngosi yiri nke ahụ na Nọvemba n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=NZ backs off Kyoto climate change route|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10846305|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=29 November 2012|date=10 November 2012|archive-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117225959/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10846305|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na ọgbakọ nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ , mmegide ikpeazụ nke nkeji na ọgbakọ nke Russia, [[Yukrain|Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] na [[Kazakhstan]] leghaara ndị ọrụ nchịkwa anya, ha egosiwokwa na ha ga ewepụ ma ọ bụ ghara ịkwado nkwekọrịta ahụ. Nrụrụ aka ndị a na-etinyekwu nrụgide na usoro UNFCCC nke ụfọdụ n' ahụ dị ka ihe siri ike ma dị oke ọnụ: na UK naanị, ngalaba mgbanwe ihu igwe ejirila ụgbọ elu puku atọ n'ime afọ abụọ na-ere ihe karịrị £otu ijeri na narị puku atọ (British pounds sterling). <ref>{{Cite web|title=UK climate change department takes over 3000 flights at a cost of over £1.3m|url=http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1920/uk_climate_change_department_takes_over_3000_flights_at_a_cost_of_over_1_3m|publisher=The Commentator|accessdate=29 November 2012|archivedate=28 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028165337/http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1920/uk_climate_change_department_takes_over_3000_flights_at_a_cost_of_over_1_3m}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, UNFCCC (karịsịa n'oge protocol Kyoto) emeghị ka ịnyefe teknụzụ dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi (SETs) nke bụ usoro eji ebelata adịghị ike nke agbụrụ mmadụ megide mmetụta adịghị mma nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị bụ isi mmalite ume ọhụrụ. UNFCCC kere ahụ "usoro teknụzụ" nke ga-ekesa ihe ndị a na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe; Otú ọ dị, nkesa a adịchaghị mma yana, ejikọtara ya na mmejọ nke nkwa mbụ ahụ {{Cite web|author=Ediboglu|first=Ezgi|title=Effectiveness Analysis of the United Nations Climate Change Regime|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/blog/effectiveness-analysis-of-the-united-nations-climate-change-regime/|work=university of Aberdeen|publisher=university of Aberdeen|accessdate=28 February 2018}} <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEdiboglu">[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/blog/effectiveness-analysis-of-the-united-nations-climate-change-regime/ "Ntụle arụmọrụ nke usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations"] . ''mahadum nke Aberdeen'' . mahadum nke Aberdeen <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite> <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEdiboglu"><span class="reference-accessdate">eweghachiri <span class="nowrap">28 Febụwarị</span> 2018</span> .</cite> oge nke Kyoto protocol, na-eduga na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwenye dị ala maka ntinye aka nke abụọ (nke kpatara na ọ gaghị aga n'ihu). Tupu 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, magazin <nowiki><i id="mwAvI">National Geographic</i></nowiki> gbakwụnyere na nkatọ ahụ, na-ede, sị: "Kemgbe 1992, mgbe mba ụwa kwetara na Rio de Janeiro iji zere 'nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe,' ha ezutewo ugboro 20. na-enweghị ịkwagharị agịga na ikuku carbon. N'ime oge ahụ, anyị atụkwasịla ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ carbon na ikuku dị ka anyị mere na narị afọ gara aga." <ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2015/11/climate-change/introduction-text Fresh Hope for Combating Climate Change], National Geographic, November 2015, page 14 of print edition</ref> === Benchmarking === Benchmarking bụ ntọala ebumnuche amụma dabere n'ụdị ntụaka ụfọdụ. Ọmụmaatụ nke benchmarking bụ ebumnuche mbụ UNFCCC nke Annex I Parties na-amachi ikuku ikuku griin ha na ọkwa 1990 n'afọ 2000. Goldemberg ''et al.'' (1996) kwuru banyere mmetụta akụ na ụba nke ebumnuche a. Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnuche ahụ metụtakwara otu akụkụ Annex I niile, ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke imezu ebumnuche ahụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'etiti ndị otu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mba ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ike dị elu na mbụ nwere ike ịhụ na ọ dị ọnụ ahịa iji mezuo ebumnuche karịa mba ndị nwere obere ike ịrụ ọrụ ike. Site n'echiche a, e nwere ike ile ebumnuche UNFCCC anya ka enweghị oke, ya bụ, ezighi ezi. A tụlekwara Benchmarking n'ihe gbasara ebumnuche mgbanaka nke mbụ akọwapụtara na Protocol Kyoto (lee echiche na Protocol Kyoto na Protocol Kyoto na mmemme gọọmentị ). === Azụmahịa mba ụwa === Ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ isiokwu nke 3(5) nke mgbakọ ahụ, nke na-ekwu na ekwesịrị izere usoro ihu igwe ọ bụla nke ga-egbochi azụmahịa mba ụwa.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} == Ntinye aka nke ndi obodo == Ndị na-ahụ maka ọha na eze n'okpuru UNFCCC ahazila onwe ha n'otu ndị rụrụ arụ, na-ekpuchi ihe dịka 90% nke ụlọ ọrụ niile anabatara. Ụfọdụ otu na-anọpụ iche na-anọghị n'otu ndị a sara mbara, dị ka otu okwukwe ma ọ bụ ndị omeiwu nke mba. <ref name="constituencies">[https://unfccc.int/files/parties_and_observers/ngo/application/pdf/constituencies_and_you.pdf UNFCCC: ''Non-governmental organization constituencies'', about 2014, (pdf)].</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Aha ! Mbiri ! Ekwetara kemgbe |- | Ndị NGO nke azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ | BINGO | 1992 |- | NGO gburugburu ebe obibi | ENGO | 1992 |- | Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na ndị ọchịchị obodo | LGMA | COP1 (1995) |- | Òtù ụmụ amaala | [https://web.archive.org/web/20220401004140/http://www.iipfcc.org/ IPO] | COP7 (2001) |- | Nyocha na ndị NGO nọọrọ onwe ha | [https://ringosnet.wordpress.com/ RINGO] | COP9 (2003) |- | NGO ndị otu ahia | TUNGO | Tupu COP 14 (2008) |- | Ụmụ nwanyị na okike | [http://womengenderclimate.org/ WGC] | Obere oge tupu COP17 (2011) |- | NGO ndị ntorobịa | [https://web.archive.org/web/20200919142408/https://youthclimatemovement.wordpress.com/youngo/ YOUNGO] Archived | Obere oge tupu COP17 (2011) |- | Ndị ọrụ ugbo | Ndị ọrụ ugbo | (2014) |} {| class="wikitable" !Aha ! Mbiri |- | Ụlọ ọrụ dabere na okwukwe | Ndị FBO |- | Ọzụzụ na Nwube ikike na NGO dị iche iche | ECONG |- | Ndị omeiwu |} {{portal|Politics|Environment|Ecology|Weather|Global warming|World|border=no}} * Sistemụ nlele ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ * Ụkpụrụ ihu igwe * Ụgwọ ihu igwe * Omume onye ọ bụla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe * Ndepụta nke nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa * Mkparịta ụka Post–Kyoto Protocol na mpụta ikuku griin haus * Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịlụso ọzara ọgụ * Keeling usoro * Mpaghara Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị steeti maka ihe omume ihu igwe (NAZCA). == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Refbegin}} * {{Free-content attribution|title=Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public|author=UNESCO and UNFCCC|publisher=UNESCO|page numbers=6, 14-18, 26, 28|source=UNESCO|documentURL=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246435e.pdf|license statement URL=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246435&set=0058D93867_2_29&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1|license=CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0}} * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}}{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. 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[http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006313 Library record.] * {{Citation}}. * {{Citation}}. * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=FCCC/TP/2012/5#beg Library record.] * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600007348 Library record.] * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}} *{{Citation}} *{{Citation}}. Archived (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821023807/http://www.pbl.nl/node/46765 21 August 2014]). {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ngmu69fibdrbgw2x36q06mtwzx9ncol 742671 742608 2026-11-03T09:02:51Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ọgbakọ Ukwu Nke '''United 22² Nations maka Ngbanwe Ịrụ igwe''' hiwere nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa iji luso "ntụnye aka dị n ize ndụ nke ụmụ mmadụ na usoro ihu igwe ", n' otu akụkụ Drsite na ịkwado mkpokọta gas griin na ikuku. <ref name="art2">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf|title=Article 2|work=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref> Mba dị otú narị na iri ịse na anọ bịanyere aka na ya na ogbako Mba ndị nọ n 'Otu United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), nke a na-akpọkarị Nzukọ mba Ụwa, nke emere na [[Rio de Janeiro]] site na abali atọ rue abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Junn n' afọ otu puku, narị itolu na iri itolu na abụọ. O hiwere isi ụlọ ọrụ Sekteret na Bonn wee malite ọrụ n' ọzụzụ na mgbe ọnwa Maachị gbàrà nkpuru ubọchi iri abụo na otu n' afọ otu puku, nari itolu na iri itolu na anọ. <ref name="Framework">{{Cite web|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)|url=https://www.who.int/globalchange/climate/unfccc/en/|accessdate=22 October 2020|work=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ na- akpọ maka nyoocha sayensị , n' ịnwe nzukọ mgbe nile, ngụkọta uche, mkparịta ụka,na nkwekọrịta nkwenyere na usoro ọdịnihu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ịnabata na ị kwenyere mgbanwe ịrụ ìgwè, iji hụ na iko pụta ìhè oriri enweghị ihe ọ bụla bụ ihe ị maka n' iru iji mee mkpụrụ ụbọchị ka usoro ihe mmepeụzo na akụ ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref name="Framework" /> <ref name="Policy">{{Cite web|author=H.K.|first=Jacobson|date=2001|title=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: Climate Policy: International|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change|accessdate=22 October 2020|work=Science Direct}}</ref> N' Ihe banyere Kyoto Ptotocol, nke a bịanyere aka na ya n' afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa, ma rụọ ọrụ malite na afọ puku abụọ na ise rue n' afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ bụ nke mbụ mmejuputa usoro n'okpuru UNFCCC. Nkwekọrịta Paris dochie Protocol Kyoto, nke malitere na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii <ref>{{Cite web|title=About UNFCCC|url=https://www.ungm.org/Shared/KnowledgeCenter/Pages/UNFCCC|accessdate=22 October 2020|work=United Nations Global Market place (ungm)}}</ref>. Malite n' afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ UNFCCC nwere pati steeti otú narị na iri itolu na asaa . Òtù na-eme mkpebi ya kachasị elu, bụ nzukọ nke Ndị otu (COP), na-ezukọ kwa afọ iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name="climate-leaders.org"/> Nkwekọrịta ahụ wepụtara ọrụ dị iche iche maka mpaghara atọ nke mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ. Ndị a bụ mba ndị mepere emepe, mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọrụ ego pụrụ iche na mba ndị nke ka na -emepe emepe . <ref name="Policy"/> Mba ndị mepere emepe, nke a na-akpọkwa mba Annex 1, nwere steeti iri atọ na asatọ na mbụ, iri na atọ n'ime ha bụ steeti [[Owuwa Anyanwu Obodo Beke|Eastern Europe]] na mgbanwe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n' akụ na ụba, azum ahịa, yana European Union . Ha niile bụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Njikọ Akụ na ụba na mmepe (OECD). A na-akpọ mba Annex (1) ka ha nakwere atumatu mba wee mee usoro Nkwekọrịta na mbelata mgbanwe iru igwe site na ịmachi ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin ha na ịkọ akụkọ usoro ewepụtara n'ebum n' obi nke ịlaghachi n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ njikọtaọnụ na ọkwa ikuku nke afọ otu puku na narị itolu na iri itolu ha. <ref name="Policy" /> Mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ọrụ ego pụrụiche nke na-akpọkwa mba Annex II. Ha gụnyere mba Annex I niile ma ewezuga ndị na-agbanwe na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na akụ n' ụba na ahịa. A na-akpọ mba Annex II ka ha weta ego tọrọ atọ na mgbakwunye ego iji gboo ụgwọ ndị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-enweta na irube isi n'ọrụ ha imepụta ngwaahịa mba nke ihe ọkụkụ ha site na isi mmalite yana mwepụ ha site na sinks maka ikuku griin na-adịghị achịkwa nke Montreal Protocol . . <ref name="Policy" /> Mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-ebufe ngwa ahịa ha n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC. <ref name="Policy" /> N'ihi na steeti ndị isi bịanyere aka na ya anaghị erube isi na nkwa nke onye ọ bụla, a katọrọ UNFCCC dị ka enweghị ike ịga nke ọma n'ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide kemgbe ejiri hiwe ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=The Kyoto Protocol: Hot air|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-11-29_491_7426/page/656|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/491656a|pmid=23192127|year=2012|author=Schiermeier|first=Quirin|volume=491|issue=7426|pages=656–658}}</ref> == Nkwekọrịta == Emepụtara ederede nke ọgbakọ Fremewok n'oge nzukọ nke Kọmitii Mkparịta uka Ọchịchị na New York site na abalị iri atọ n' ọnwa Eprel ruo abalị itoolu nke ọnwa Mee na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ. A nakweere Ọgbakọ a n' abali itoolu na ọnwa Mee n' afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, wee mepee maka mbinye aka na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu, iri itoolu na abụọ, nkea abịa nyere aka n' ya site n'aka Otú United Nations conferensi na Evironment na Development (UNCED) na [[Rio de Janeiro]] (nke aha ya na-ewu ewu, bụ Mba Ụwa Summit ). N' abalị iri na abụọ nke ọnwa junn na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ, mba otu narị na iri ise na anọ bịanyere aka na UNFCCC, nke na nkwado nke gọọmentị ndị mbinye aka kwadoro iji belata ikuku na ikuku nke ikuku griin na ebumnuche nke "igbochi nnyonye anya dị n' ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe ụwa". Nkwenye a ga-achọ mbelata nke ukwuu na ikuku ikuku griin haus (lee akụkụ nke ọzọ, "Nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas griin haus" ). <ref name="art2"/> Ndị otu a na-ezukọ na ọgbakọ ahụ kwa afọ site na afọ nke otú na ọgbakọ nke Paties (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe . <ref name="climate-leaders.org"/> Nkeji edemede 3 (1) nke ọgbakọ a na-ekwu na ndị otu a kwesịrị ime ihe iji chebe usoro ihu igwe na ndabere nke "ọrụ nkịtị ha dị iche iche na ike dị iche iche", na mba ndị mepere emepe kwesịrị 'ibu ụzọ' n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe. . N'okpuru edemede nke anọ ndị otu niile na-ekwe nkwa n'ozuzu ha iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya site, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na ime mgbanwe maka mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-emesịa. Nkeji edemede 4 (7) kwuru: <blockquote>Ogologo mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-emejuputa nkwa ha nke ọma n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-adabere na mmejuputa nke ọma site na mba ndị mepere emepe Parties nke nkwa ha n'okpuru nkwekọrịta nke metụtara akụ ego na ịnyefe nkà na ụzụ ma ga-eburu n'uche na mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye bụ ihe mbụ na ihe kacha mkpa nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe Pati.</blockquote>Nkwekọrịta Fremewok ahụ na-akọwapụta ebumnobi nke Annex I Paties na-eme ka ikuku na ikuku griin haus guzosie ike ( carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ anthropogenic griin haus anaghị ahazi n'okpuru (Montreal Protocol) na okpuru otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu ka ọ na-erule afọ puku abụọ . "UNFCCC" bụkwa aha nke United Nations Secreteretna-ahụ maka ịkwado ọrụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ, na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Haus Carstanjen, na UN Campus (nke amaara dị ka Langer Eugen ) na Bonn, [[Jémanị|Germany]] . Site na afọ puku abụọ na iri ruo n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii onye isi nke odeakwụkwọ bụ Christiana Figueres . Na ọnwa Julaị afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, Patricia Espinosa meriri Figueres. Ụlọ ọrụ Secretariat, nke agbakwunyere site na nyirịta mbọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), bu n'obi inweta nkwenye site na nzụkọ na nkparịta ụka nke atụmatụ dị iche iche. Kamgbe ebi nyere aka na nkwekọrịta UNFCCC, ọgbakọ ndị otu (COPs) atụlewo ka a ga-esi mezuo ebumnuche nkwekọrịta ahụ. === Kyoto Protocol ===   Nzukọ nke mbụ nke ndị otu (COP-1) kpebiri na ebumnuche nke Annex I Parties na-eme ka ikuku ha guzosie ike bụ ụkpụrụ nfesasi na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, na afọ puku abụọ nfesasi bụ "ezughị oke", na nmkparịta ụka ndịọzọọ na nnọkọ ndị ọzọ mere ka ehiwe Kyoto Protocol na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na asaa . E kwubiri na Kyoto Protocol wee guzobe ọrụ na-ejikọta iwu n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa, maka mba ndị mepere emepe iji belata ikuku na ikuku griin ha n'ime afọ puku abụọ na asatọ rue na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ <ref name="climate-leaders.org">{{Cite web|year=2009|title=What is the UNFCCC & the COP|url=http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142028/http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-change-resources/india-at-cop-15/unfccc-cop|archivedate=27 March 2009|accessdate=5 December 2009|work=Climate Leaders|publisher=Lead India}}</ref> Ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ puku abụọ na iri weputara nkwekọrịta na-ekwupụta na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ọdịnihu ga-ejedebe n'okpuru 2.&nbsp;Celsius C (3.6&nbsp;°F) n'ihe gbasara ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. Protocol Kyoto nwere oge nkwa abụọ, nke mbụ sitere na afọ puku abụọ na asatọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Emeziri ụkpụrụ ahụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ ka ọ gbasaa nke abụọ maka oge afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ na Ndezigharị Doha. <ref name="Art2.1">Art. 2.1 (a) of Paris Agreement: Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;</ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ UNFCCC tọhapụrụ bụ maka mba ndị bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado ka ha guzobe akụrụngwa ikuku griin haus (GHG) na mwepụ na mkpochapụ, nke ejiri mepụta ọkwa benchimak na afọ otú puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu, maka ịbanye mba Annex I na Protocol Kyoto na maka ntinye aka nke mba ndị ahụ na mbelata GHG. Mba Annex I ga-etinyerịrị ngwa ahịa e mepụtara kwa afọ. [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States of Amerika]] akwadoghị Kyoto Protocol, ebe Canada katọrọ ya na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. Ndị ọzọ niile nke Annex I ọzọ kwadoro Protocol Kyoto. Ndị otu Annex I niile, ewezuga Mba United States of Amerika sonyere na oge nkwado Kyoto nke mbụ. Obodo iri ato na asaa na Mba Annex I na European Union kwenyere na mbuso Kyoto agba nke abụọ. Mba ndị a bụ Australia, ndị niile so na European Union, Belarus, [[Iceland]], Kazakhstan, Norway, [[Switzerland]], na Ukraine. Belarus, Kazakhstan na Ukraine kwuru na ha nwere ike ịpụ na Protocol ma ọ bụ ghara itinye n'ike iwu ndezigharị na ebumnuche nke abụọ. Japan, New Zealand na Rọshịa sonye na agba nke mbụ nke Kyoto mana ha etinyeghị ebumnobi ọhụrụ n'ime oge nkwa nke abụọ. Mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe na-enweghị ebumnuche agba nke abụọ bụ Canada (nke wepụrụ na Protocol Kyoto na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ na United States. Mba niile fọdụrụ na-eso na Protocol Kyoto zutere ebumnobi oge mbụ ha chọrọ. <ref>Igor Shishlov, Romain Morel & Valentin Bellassen (2016) Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period, Climate Policy, 16:6, 768-782, DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2016.1164658</ref> === Nkwukọrịta nke mba na mba === "Nkwukọrịta mba" bụ ndị akụkụ nke mba ndị kwadoro nkwekọrịta United Nations Fremework Convention na Climate Change (UNFCCC) nyefere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/the-big-picture/what-is-transparency-and-reporting|title=What is transparency and reporting?|work=UNFCCC|accessdate=2019-11-10}}</ref> Achọrọ mba ndị mepere emepe ka ha nyefee nkpakorita ụka mba na mba kwa afọ anọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwesịrị ime ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-reports-annex-i-parties/submitted-national-communications-from-annex-i-parties|title=Seventh National Communications - Annex I {{!}} UNFCCC|work=unfccc.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports-non-annex-i-parties/national-communication-submissions-from-non-annex-i-parties|title=National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties {{!}} UNFCCC|work=unfccc.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Moving Towards the Enhanced Transparency Framework|url=https://unfccc.int/enhanced-transparency-framework#eq-3|accessdate=2020-11-10|work=unfccc.int}}</ref> Ụfọdụ mba ndị dị nta n' imepe emepe n'ime afọ ise rue na afọ iri na ise gara aga, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/reporting-and-review-under-the-convention/national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports-non-annex-i-parties/national-communication-submissions-from-non-annex-i-parties|title=National Communication submissions from Non-Annex I Parties {{!}} UNFCCC|work=unfccc.int|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-29}}</ref> n'ihi oke ike. Akụkọ nzikọrịta ozi mba na mba adịkarị ọtụtụ narị peeji n'ogologo wee kpuchie usoro obodo iji belata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ yana nkọwa nke adịghị ike na mmetụta ya sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lesnikowski|first=Alexandra C.|date=2015-02-01|title=How are we adapting to climate change? A global assessment|journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change|language=en|volume=20|issue=2|pages=277–293|doi=10.1007/s11027-013-9491-x|issn=1573-1596}}</ref> A na-akwado nzikọrịta ozi mba dịka ntuziaka nke ọgbakọ ndị otu na UNFCCC kwadoro. Ntụnye aka (NDC) nke mba dị iche iche bụ ntọala nke nkwekọrịta Paris dị mkpụmkpụ na obere nkọwa mana na-agbaso usoro ahaziri ahazi ma dabere na nyocha teknụzụ sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara. === Nkwekọrịta Paris ===   [[Usòrò:CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg|thumb| Mgbapụta carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ikike (dị ka nke 2015)]] Ndị otu a zutere na Durban, South Africa n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu wee kwupụta "oke nchegbu" na mbọ a na-eme iji belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2 ma ọ bụ 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C, n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ, pụtara ezughị oke. Ha kwadoro iwepụta nsonaazụ ekwenyela na ikike iwu n'okpuru Mgbakọ dị n'akụkụ niile. Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise UN Climate Change Conference na Paris n'oge ahụ otu narị na iri itoolu na isii pati kwetara ime ka ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-erughị 2.&nbsp;Celsius C, ma gbalịa ịmachi mmụba na 1.5&nbsp;Celsius C. <ref>{{Cite web|title=COP21 {{!}} United nations conference on climate change|url=http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/|work=www.cop21.gouv.fr|accessdate=2015-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210193240/http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/|archivedate=10 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Art2.1">Art. 2.1 (a) of Paris Agreement: Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5&nbsp;°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;</ref> Nkwekọrịta nke Paris batara na abalị anọ nke Novemba, n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii na mba ndị kwadoro Nkwukọrịta na mba ndị ọzọ kwadoro Nkwekọrịta kemgbe. === Ntụnye ekpebiela n'obodo ===   Na nnọkọ nke iri na itoolu nke Nzukọ nke ndị otu na Warsaw na afọ puku abụọ na iri na atọ , UNFCCC mepụtara usoro maka ntinye aka na-ekpebisi ike nke mba (INDCs) na-aga n'ihu na nnọkọ nke iri abụọ na otu nke Nzukọ nke Paties na Paris (COP21). na afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc/|title=INDC - Climate Policy Observer|work=Climate Policy Observer|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-01-23|archive-date=2017-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211202251/http://climateobserver.org/open-and-shut/indc|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enyere mba dị iche iche nnwere onwe na mgbanwe iji hụ na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ndị a na atụmatụ imeghari dabara adaba na mba. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161001232319/http://climateobserver.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/l05.pdf Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action Second session, part seven] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001232319/http://climateobserver.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/l05.pdf|date=1 October 2016}},'' UNFCCC, Geneva, 12 December 2014</ref> Mgbanwe a, ọkachasị gbasara ụdị omume a ga-eme, nyere mba ndị ka n' emepe emepe ohere ịhazi atụmatụ ha dabere na mkpa mgbanwe ha na mbelata ha, yana maka mkpa ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:Panorama-_UNFCCC_'Family'_photo_shoot-_We_Will_Move_Ahead_COP22_(31074469326).jpg|thumb| "Foto ezinụlọ" nke Greenpeace haziri, n'ọnụ ụzọ United Nations, nke nwere ọkọlọtọ na-agụ "Anyị ga-aga n'ihu"]] N'ikpeazụ nke COP21, ndị INDC ndị a ghọrọ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) ka obodo ọ bụla kwadoro Nkwekọrịta Paris, ma ọ bụrụ na edobere NDC ọhụrụ n'aka UNFCCC n'otu oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/Pages/Home.aspx|title=NDC Registry|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref> Nzukọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke Nzukọ nke Ndị otu (COP22) na Marrakesh lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke mba ndị a na mmejuputa ha, mgbe nkwekọrịta Paris malitere na abalị anọ nke ọnwa Novemba na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|language=EN|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref> Ihe banyere Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) kere ntuziaka maka mmejuputa NDC, maka ojiji nke ndị na-eme mkpebi na mba ndị mepere emepe. N'ime ntuziaka a, CDKN chọpụtara ọtụtụ nsogbu mba na-enwekarị na mmejuputa NDC, gụnyere otu esi eme: * wulite mmata maka mkpa, na abamuru nke ime ihe n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe, gụnyere ndị isi gọọmentị; * isi na itinye mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ime usoro nhazi na mmepe obodo; * wuzie njikọ dị n'etiti atụmatụ ọchịchị mba na mba na mgbanwe ihu igwe; * wulite ikike iji nyochaa, ịzụlite na nmejuputa atumatu ihu igwe; * guzobe iwu maka ịhazi ihe omume gburu gburu NDC na ịkwọ ụgbọ ala mmejuputa ha; na * dozie ihe mgbochi akụrụngwa maka ịzụlite na nmejuputa atumatu mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdkn.org/ndc-guide/|title=Planning for NDC implementation: A Quick-Start Guide|work=www.cdkn.org|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-01-23}}</ref> === Mkpebi ndị ọzọ === Na mgbakwunye na Protocol Kyoto (na mmezi ya) na nkwekọrịta Paris, ndị otu na Convention ekwenyela na ha ga-emekwu nkwa n'oge ọgbakọ UNFCCC nke ndị otu. Ndị a gụnyere Bali Action Plan nke afọ puku abụọ na asaa , ya na Copenhagen Accord nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu , nkwekọrịta Cancún nke afọ puku abụọ na iri abụọ , na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (puku abụọ na iri na abụọ ). ; Atụmatụ mmemme Bali Dị ka akụkụ nke Bali Action Plan, nakweere na afọ puku abụọ na asaa, mba niile mepere emepe Parties ekwenyela na " quantified emission mmachi na mbelata ebumnobi, na-ahụ na ntunyere nke mgbalị n'etiti ha, na-eburu n'uche ihe d'iche iche n' akpa ha n' ọnọdụ." Ndị otu mba na-emepe emepe kwenyere na "[mba] n'ime usoro mbelata kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọnọdụ mmepe na-adigide, nke teknụzụ na-akwado ma na-enyere aka site na nkà na ụzụ, ego na iwulite ikike, n'ụzọ enwere ike ịlele, nke a na-akọ na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya." <ref name="cop bali action plan">Decision 1/CP.13, in {{harvnb|COP|2008|p=3}}</ref> Mba iri anọ na abụọ mepere emepe enyefelambelata n'aka ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC, dị rụrụ mba iri ise na asaa na-emepe oup Africa (otu mba dị na United N). ; Nkwekọrịta Copenhagen na Cancún Dị ka akụkụ nke mkparịta ụka nke afọ puku abụọ na itoolu n' afọ puku abụọ na itoolu Copenhagen, ọtụtụ mba mepụtara nkwekọrịta Copenhagen. Nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ kwesịrị ịbụ n'okpuru 2.0&nbsp;Celsius C (3.6&nbsp;°F). <ref name="copenhagen accord p5">{{harvnb|COP|2010|p=5}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ahụ akọwapụtaghị ihe ntọala bụ maka ebumnuche ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ndị a (dịka ọmụmaatụ, gbasara tupu ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ nke afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu. (di ka UNFCCC si kwuo) , ebumnuche ndị a na-emetụta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. Mba otu narị na iri na anọ kwetara na nkwekọrịta ahụ. Ndị odeakwụkwọ UNFCCC na-ekwu na "Ụfọdụ ndị otu ... kwuru na nzikọrịta ozi ha nye ndị odeakwụkwọ nkọwa gbasara ọdịdị nke nkwekọrịta ahụ na ihe ndị metụtara ya, dabere na nke ha kwenyeworo na [Accord]." Ọgbakọ nke otu dị iche iche anabataghị nkwekọrịta ahụ. Kama, ndị COP "debanyere nkwekọrịta Copenhagen." <ref name="copenhagen accord p5" /> Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, ndị otu mba iri na asaa mepere emepe na EU- iri abụọ na na asaa nyefere ebumnuche mbelata, dị ka otu mba iri anọ na ise na-emepe emepe mere. Ụfọdụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe kwuru mkpa ọ dị maka nkwado mba ụwa na atụmatụ ha. Dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta Cancún, mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe nyefere atụmatụ mbelata na UNFCCC. Ejikọtara atụmatụ ndị a na ndị emere dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ Bali Action Plan. ; Mgbapụta Ọsọ-na-efu nke otu United Nations Na nzukọ kwa afọ nke puku abụọ na iri abụọ na otu (UNFCCC) weputara 'UN Race-to- Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. Ebum n' uche nke mgbasa ozi a bụ ịgbanwe ngalaba iri abụọ nke akụ na ụba iji nweta ikuku na ikuku griin na efu. Opekatampe iri percent abụọ nke ngalaba ọ bụla kwesịrị ịme usoro akọwapụtara, yana ngalaba iri kwesịrị ịgbanwe tupu COP<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>26 na Glasgow. Dị ka ndị nhazi ahụ si kwuo, iri percent abụọ bụ ihe nkwụsịtụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, akụkụ ahụ dum na-amalite ịgbanwe agbanwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Launch of UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs|url=https://unfccc.int/news/launch-of-un-race-to-zero-emissions-breakthroughs|work=United Nations Climate Change|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Transforming our systems together|url=https://racetozero.unfccc.int/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs-Transforming-Our-Systems-Together.pdf|work=Race-to-Zero-Breakthroughs|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2021-02-21}}</ref> ; Mba ndị na-emepe emepe Na Berlin, Cancún, na Durban, e kwughachiri mkpa mmepe nke otu mba na-emepe emepe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Durban Platform kwadoro na: <ref name="durban development">{{harvnb|COP|2012|p=9}}</ref> [...] Ihe na nbawanye nke akụ n'ụba na mkpochapụ nke ubiam bụ nke mbụ ya na ọkacha kacha na ọchịchọ nke ọganiru nke mba Paties nke oganiru n' obodo o n' emepe emepe nke Paties ke na enwemaghiusoro nke opupu nke bụ isi nyere idebe ọganiru ya na nkekorita nke opupu nke ụwa niile geto wee zute ihe atụrụ anya na aka ya na nmepe na otuto. === Ntụgharị asụsụ aticlu (2) ===   Ebumnobi kachasị nke ọgbakọ Fremewok bụ "nkwụsi ike nke mkpokọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku ọjọọ nke ga-egbochi nnyonye anya dị ize ndụ anthropogenic [ya bụ, mmadụ kpatara] na usoro ihu igwe". <ref name="art2"/> Nkeji edemede 2 nke mgbakọ ahụ na-ekwu na nke a "kwesịrị ime n'ime oge zuru ezu iji mee ka usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe, iji hụ na mmepụta nri agaghị agwu na iji mee ka mmepe akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị". <ref name="art2" /> <gallery widths="200px"> Usòrò:Climate change mitigation scenarios (IIASA). Global greenhouse gas emissions 2000-2100.png|Mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe: ihe a na-eme n'ụwa na-emepụta gas griin haus, afọ 2000 ruo 2100 Usòrò:Climate change mitigation scenarios (IIASA). Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations 2000-2100.png| Ọnọdụ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe: mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na mkpokọta ikuku griin haus, afọ 2000 ruo 2100 Usòrò:Climate change mitigation scenarios (IIASA). Global mean temperature - 2000-2100.png|Mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe: ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ a tụrụ atụ, afọ 2000 ruo 2100 </gallery> Iji mee ka mkpokọta GHG dị na mbara igwe kwụsie ike, ihe ọkụkụ GHG nke mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-arị elu wee daa (lee mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe ). Ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala ga-achọ ka ikuku ga-arị elu ma daa na mbụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. <ref name="stabilize conc">[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-4.html Section 5.4 Emission trajectories for stabilisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127224337/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains5-4.html|date=27 November 2014}}, in: Synthesis Report, in: {{harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}</ref> Eserese dị n'elu na-egosi mgbanwe a tụrụ anya na mwepụta GHG zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ (atụnyere na CO ₂ -dakọrọ) maka ọnọdụ nkwụsi ike dị iche iche. Eserese abụọ ndị ọzọ na-egosi mgbanwe ndị emetụtara na mkpokọta GHG ikuku (na CO ₂ -equivalents) yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ọnọdụ ndị a. A na-ejikọta ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị ala na ogo dị ala nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa nkwụsi ike dị elu. <ref name="stabilize conc" /> Enwere ejighị n'aka maka otú mkpokọta GHG na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-esi gbanwee na nzaghachi nke ikuku anthropogenic (lee nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ihu igwe ). Eserese nke dị iche na-egosi mgbanwe okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 2100 maka ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ikuku, gụnyere atụmatụ ejighị n'aka. ; nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ  Enwere echiche dịgasị iche iche maka ọkwa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ. Nyocha sayensị nwere ike inye ozi gbasara ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, mana ikpebi ihe ize ndụ dị ize ndụ chọrọ ikpe ikpe bara uru. Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke merelarị na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nye ụfọdụ sistemu mmadụ na eke (dịka ọmụmaatụ, coral reefs). Oke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-abawanye ohere nke mmetụta ọjọọ. Dị ka Field ''et al.'' (2014), <ref name="climate change impacts">Field, C.B., ''et al''., Section B: FUTURE RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADAPTATION, in: [https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf Technical summary] (archived {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073024/https://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-TS_FINAL.pdf|date=18 October 2014}}), pp.59-84, in {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG2 A|2014}}</ref> ihe egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ "dị oke egwu" yana 1 ruo 2&nbsp;Celsius C nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ. 4&nbsp;Okpomọkụ Celsius C ga-eduga n'ihe egwu dị elu nke ukwuu, yana mmetụta ndị nwere ike ime gụnyere mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche yana ibelata nchekwa nri zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara. <ref name="climate change impacts" /> Amụma mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibute ụgwọ ndị metụtara isiokwu 2. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, atumatu siri ike iji chịkwaa ikuku GHG nwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ka njọ, mana ọ nwekwara ike ịdị oke ọnụ iji mejuputa ya. ; Atụmatụ Enwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka maka mgbanwe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ikuku GHG anthropogenic, oke ikuku GHG, na mgbanwe ihu igwe jikọtara ya. Na-enweghị atumatu mbelata, ịba ụba ume ike na iji mmanụ ọkụ eme ihe nke ukwuu nwere ike ibute okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) nke 3.7 ruo 4.8&nbsp;Celsius C dabere na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ (2.5 ruo 7.8&nbsp;Celsius C gụnyere ejighị n'aka ihu igwe). Iji nwee ohere nke ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ (na 2100) ka ọ dị n'okpuru 2&nbsp;Celsius C, mkpokọta GHG ga-adị mkpa ka amachi ya na gburugburu 450 ppm CO ₂ -eq. Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke ikuku n' ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ adịghị ka ọ dabara na ịmachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ n'okpuru 1.5 ma ọ bụ 2&nbsp;Celsius C. === Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapụ anya === N'ime mkpebi, a na-atụle ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya mgbe achọpụtara ihe omume dị ize ndụ, enweghị mgbagha, ma ọ bụ ọdachi, mana nyocha sayensị nke nwere ike imebi ejighị n'aka (Toth ''et al'' ., 2001, p.&nbsp;655–656). <ref name="2001 toth precautionary principle">{{Cite book|year=2001|chapter=10.4.2.2 Precautionary Considerations|title=Chapter 10. Decision-making Frameworks|series=Climate Change 2001: Mitigation: Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|editor=B. Metz|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Toth, F.L.|url=http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/437.htm|archive-date=2012-04-12|access-date=2022-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412121951/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/437.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na-egosi imesi ike na mkpa ọ dị igbochi mmetụta ọjọọ dị otú ahụ. Ejikọtara ejighị n'aka na njikọ ọ bụla nke ihe kpatara mgbanwe ihu igwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku GHG n'ọdịnihu bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka, dịkwa ka mmebi mgbanwe ihu igwe dị. Agbanyeghị, n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ akpachara anya, ejighị n'aka abụghị ihe kpatara enweghị ọrụ, nke a na-ekwenye na Nkeji edemede 3.3 nke UNFCCC (Toth ''et al'' ., 2001, p.&nbsp;656). <ref name="2001 toth precautionary principle"/> == Ndị otu == [[Usòrò:UNFCCC_parties.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Ndị otu UNFCCC]]   N'ihe dị ka afọ 2015, UNFCCC nwere pati 197 gụnyere mba ndị otu United Nations niile, United Nations General Assembly observer State of Palestine, UN na-abụghị ndị otu Niue na Cook Islands na European Union supranational Union. <ref name="unfcc">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php|title=Status of Ratification of the Convention|accessdate=2013-06-25|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}</ref> <ref name="partiesobservers">{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php|title=Parties to the Convention and Observer States|accessdate=2013-06-25|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705201620/http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/items/2352.php|archivedate=5 July 2013}}</ref> Holy See abụghị onye otu, kama ọ bụ onye na-ekiri ihe. <ref name="partiesobservers" /> === Nhazi nke ndị otu na nkwa ha === A na-ekewa ndị otu UNFCCC dị ka: * '''Annex I''' : Enwere akụkụ 43 na UNFCCC depụtara na Annex I nke mgbakọ ahụ, gụnyere European Union. <ref name="anexIlist">{{Cite web|url=https://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/annex_i/items/2774.php|title=List of Annex I Parties to the Convention|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|accessdate=2014-05-15}}</ref> A na-ekewa akụkụ ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe (mepụtara) yana " akụnụba na mgbanwe " (EITs). 14 EIT bụ akụ na ụba nke Russia na Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe echerebu ( Soviet ). * '''Annex II''' : N'ime nnọkọ ndị e depụtara na mgbakwunye I nke mgbakọ ahụ, e dekwara 24 na Annex II nke mgbakọ ahụ, gụnyere European Union. Ndị otu a bụ ndị otu Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Ndị otu a bụ ndị otu OECD na 1992 ma ewezuga [[Turkéy|Turkey]], yana EU. A na-achọ ka Annex II Parties inye nkwado ego na nka na ụzụ EIT na mba ndị ka na -emepe emepe iji nyere ha aka ibelata ikuku ikuku griin ha (mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe) na jikwaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ( mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe ). <ref name="unfccc parties and observers">{{citation | title=Parties & Observers | url=http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php | publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date=2014-05-15}}</ref> * Mba ndị kacha '''emepe emepe''' (LDC): Ndị otu 49 bụ LDCs, a na-enyekwa ha ọkwa pụrụ iche n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ihi oke ikike ha nwere ime mgbanwe na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. <ref name="unfccc parties and observers" /> * '''Ndị na-abụghị Annex I''' : Ndị otu UNFCCC edepụtaghị na Annex I nke mgbakọ ahụ bụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere obere ego . <ref name="unfccc parties and observers" /> Mba ndị na-emepe emepe nwere ike wepụta onwe ha ka ha bụrụ mba Annex I mgbe ha mepụtara nke ọma. === Ndepụta oriri na ọṅụṅụ === === obodo ndị nọ na Annex I === Enwere 43 Annex I Paties gụnyere European Union. <ref name="anexIlist"/> A na-ekewa mba ndị a dị ka mba mepere emepe na akụ na ụba na mgbanwe. N'ime ndị a, 24 bụ Annex II Paties, gụnyere European Union, na 14 bụ Economy na Transition. [[Usòrò:UNFCCC_Annex_I_Parties,_OECD,_EU.svg|thumb| Ndị otu: Annexes, EU, OECD, EITs <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/figure-13-2.html|title=Based on Höhne et al. (2005). in AR4 of the UNFCCC.|accessdate=26 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103101035/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/figure-13-2.html|archivedate=3 November 2018}}</ref>]] == Nzukọ nke ndị otu Paties ==   Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations bụ ọgbakọ ndị a na-eme kwa afọ n'usoro nke UNFCCC. Ha na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ nzukọ nke UNFCCC Parties ( ''Conferences of the Parties'' ) (COP) iji chọpụta ọganihu n'imeso mgbanwe ihu igwe, na malite n'etiti 1990s, iji kparịta usoro Kyoto iji guzobe ọrụ iwu kwadoro maka mba ndị mepere emepe. belata ikuku ikuku ikuku ha. <ref name="climate-leaders.org"/> Ebe ọ bụ na 2005 ọgbakọ ndị ahụ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties of the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) na ebe ọ bụ na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii ka ọgbakọ a na-ejekwa ozi dị ka Nzukọ nke Parties na Paris Agreement (CMA). Emere ọgbakọ mbụ nke (COP1) na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na ise na Berlin. Emere ọgbakọ nke 3 (COP3) na Kyoto wee rụpụta ụkpụrụ Kyoto, nke emeziri n'oge ọgbakọ Doha na afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ (COP18, CMP 8). Emere ọgbakọ COP21 (CMP11) na Paris wee rụpụta nnabata nke Agreement Paris . Emere COP26 (CMA3) na Glasgow, Scotland, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] . == Òtù enyemaka == Otu enyemaka bụ kọmitii na-enyere ọgbakọ ndị otu a aka. Ndị enyemaka gụnyere: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php|title=Glossary of climate change acronyms|work=Essential Background|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> * Na-adịgide adịgide: ** Òtù enyemaka nke ndụmọdụ sayensị na nkà na ụzụ (SBSTA) bụ nke edemede 9 nke mgbakọ ahụ hiwere iji nye ọgbakọ nke ndị otu na, dịka o kwesịrị ekwesị, ndị enyemaka ya ndị ọzọ nwere ozi oge na ndụmọdụ gbasara sayensị na nkà na ụzụ gbasara mgbakọ ahụ. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka njikọ n'etiti ozi na ntule nyere site ọkachamara isi mmalite (dị ka IPCC) na COP, nke na-elekwasị anya na ịtọ atumatu. ** Ndị enyemaka nke mmejuputa iwu (SBI) na-eguzobe site na Nkeji edemede 10 nke mgbakọ ahụ iji nyere ọgbakọ nke ndị otu aka aka na nyocha na nyocha nke mmejuputa iwu nke ọma. Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ gbasara amụma na okwu mmejuputa iwu na COP yana, ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ya, nye ndị otu ndị ọzọ. * Nwa oge: ** Otu Ad hoc na edemede 13 (AG13), na-arụ ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1998; ** Otu Ad hoc na iwu Berlin (AGBM), na-arụ ọrụ site na 1995 ruo 1997; ** Otu Ad Hoc na-arụ ọrụ na nkwa ndị ọzọ maka ndị ọzọ Mgbakwunye n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), nke ndị otu na-ahụ maka Kyoto kwadoro na 2005 iji tụlee nkwa ndị ọzọ nke mba ndị mepere emepe n'okpuru Protocol Kyoto maka oge gafere 2012; ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na 2012 mgbe CMP nakweere Ndezigharị Doha ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6409.php|title=What is the AWG-KP?|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> ** Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), nke e hibere na Bali na 2007 iji duzie mkparita uka banyere nkwekorita mba uwa siri ike banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe; ** Ad Hoc Working Group na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), nke e guzobere na COP 17 na Durban na 2011 "iji mepụta ụkpụrụ, ngwá ọrụ iwu ọzọ ma ọ bụ ihe nkwekọrịta kwadoro na ikike iwu n'okpuru nkwekọrịta dị n'akụkụ niile." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf#page=2|title=Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action|work=Decision 1/CP.17|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> ADP kwubiri ọrụ ya na Paris na 5 Disemba 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php|title=What is the ADP?|publisher=UNFCCC.int|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref> [[Usòrò:2014-06-12_Altes_Abgeordnetenhochhaus,_Bonn_IMG_5597.jpg|thumb| UN Campus, Bonn, oche nke odeakwụkwọ]] Ọrụ n'okpuru UNFCCC bụ onye odeakwụkwọ dị na Bonn, Germany kwadoro ya. E hiwere odeakwụkwọ n'okpuru edemede asatọ nke ọgbakọ ahụ. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na-eduzi ya. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ugbu a, Patricia Espinosa, ahọpụtara na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Mee na afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. site n'aka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Ban Ki-moon wee were ọrụ na na abalị iri na asatọ nke ọnwa Julaị n' afọ puku abụọ na iri isii. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Executive Secretary|url=http://unfccc.int/secretariat/executive_secretary/items/1200.php|work=unfccc.int|accessdate=28 August 2016}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri Christiana Figueres onye ji ọfịs kemgbe afọ puku abụọ na iri . Ndị ode akwụkwọ nchịkwa mbụ bụ Yvo de Boer site na afọ puku abụọ na isii ruo na afọ puku abụọ na iri, Joke Waller-Hunter n' afọ puku abụọ na abụọ ruo na afọ puku abụọ na ise na Michael Zammit Cutajar na afọ otu puku na ise ruo na afọ puku abụọ na abụọ.{{Clear|left}} == Ihe Omume maka ike ihu igwe ==   Ihe omume maka ike ihu igwe.bụ okwu UNFCCC nakweere n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, inwe aha dị mma maka isiokwu a karịa "Akụkụ 6". Ọ na-ezo aka na Nkeji edemede 6 nke ihe odide mbụ nke ọgbakọ ahụ na afọ otu puku, narị itoolu na iri itoolu na abụọ , na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ isii dị mkpa: agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, mmata ọha na eze, ntinye aka ọha na eze, ohere ọhaneze nweta ozi, na nkwado mba ụwa n'okwu ndị a. Achọpụtala mmejuputa mpaghara isii niile dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka onye ọ bụla ịghọta na isonye na idozi nsogbu ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta. ACE na-akpọ gọọmentị ka ha zụlite ma mejuputa mmemme mmụta na ọha mmadụ, zụọ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọrụ aka na njikwa, kwalite ohere ịnweta ozi, na ịkwalite nsonye ọha na eze n'ịgbasa mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya. Ọ na-agbakwa mba dị iche iche ume ka ha gbakọọ aka na usoro a, site n'ịgbanwe omume ọma na nkuzi a mụtara na ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mba. A n' eduzi ọtụtụ ọrụ a site n'ebumnobi dị iche iche nke, ọnụ, a n'ahụta dị ka ihe dị oke mkpa maka imejuputa mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ọma na omume mbelata, yana iji nweta ebumnobi kachasị nke UNFCCC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246435e.pdf|title=Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public|author=UNESCO and UNFCCC|publisher=UNESCO and UNFCCC|year=2016|isbn=978-92-3100-182-6|pages=6}}</ref> == Ozi dị gbasara nkwa ndị a == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Climate Action NAZCA|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/|work=Global Climate Action Portal|accessdate=22 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009063906/https://climateaction.unfccc.int/|archivedate=9 October 2019}}</ref>Na afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, UN na Peru na France kere Global Climate Action Portal NAZCA maka ide na ịlele nkwa ihu igwe niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=global climate action portal NAZCA, About|url=https://climateaction.unfccc.int/views/about.html|work=global climate action portal NAZCA|accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa na nyocha == === Nkatọ nke usoro UNFCCC === Ufodu katọrọ nche anwụ na usoro niile nke UNFCCC na Kyoto Protocol a nakweere na ha enwetabeghị ebumnobi ha ekwuru na ibelata ikuku carbon dioxide (onye bụ isi na-ebute oke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 21st senchuri. <ref name=":1"/> N'okwu e nyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Todd Stern - onye nnọchiteanya US mgbanwe ihu igwe - kwuputara ihe ịma aka ndị dị na usoro UNFCCC dị ka ndị a: "Mgbanwe ihu igwe abụghị ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.&nbsp;. . . Ọ na-emetụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile nke akụ na ụba steeti, ya mere ọ n' eme ka mba dị iche iche na-atụ egwu maka uto na mmepe. Nke a bụ okwu gbasara akụ na ụba n'ihi na ọ bụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi." Ọ gara n'ihu kọwaa na United Nations Fremewok Convention on Climate Change bụ òtù dị iche iche na-eche banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe ma nwee ike bụrụ usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ịmepụta amụma mba ụwa. N'ihi na usoro a gụnyere ihe karịrị mba otu narị na iri itoolu na n'ihi na a na-achịkwa mkparịta ụka site na nkwenye, obere ìgwè nke mba nwere ike igbochi ọganihu. <ref>{{Cite news|title="Voices" speaker talks climate change|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2012/08/03/news/climate|work=The Dartmouth|accessdate=29 November 2012|archive-date=24 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324150915/http://thedartmouth.com/2012/08/03/news/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọdịda iji nweta ọganihu bara uru na iru CO dị irè - ịbelata nkwekọrịta amụma n'etiti ndị otu ahụ n'ime afọ iri na asatọ gara aga emewo ka ụfọdụ mba dị ka United States kwụsị ịkwado nkwekọrịta kachasị mkpa nke UNFCCC - Kyoto Protocol - na nnukwu akụkụ n'ihi na Nkwekọrịta ahụ ekpuchighị mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe bụ nke gụnyere ugbu a nke kachasị ikuku CO . Otú ọ dị, nke a emeghị n'uche ma ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mgbanwe ihu igwe kemgbe mmepụta ihe, nke bụ okwu esemokwu na mkparịta ụka, yana ọrụ maka ikuku sitere na oriri na mbubata ngwaahịa. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Which nations are most responsible for climate change?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/21/countries-responsible-climate-change|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2013|first=Duncan|author=Clark|date=21 April 2011}}</ref> O mekwara ka Canada pụọ na Kyoto Protocol na afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu n'ihi ọchịchọ ịghara ime ka ụmụ amaala ya kwụọ ụgwọ ntaramahụhụ nke g' eme ka ebufe akụ na ụba na Canada. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Canada pulls out of Kyoto Protocol|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/12/12/pol-kent-kyoto-pullout.html|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> Ma US na Canada na-eleba anya atụmatụ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ afọ ofufo dị n'ime iji gbochie ikuku carbon dioxide na-abụghị Usoro Kyoto. <ref>{{Cite news|title=U.N. Global Warming Summit: Heading Over the Climate Cliff|url=http://science.time.com/2012/11/27/u-n-global-warming-summit-heading-over-the-climate-cliff/#ixzz2DcXQP6Zp|work=Time|accessdate=29 November 2012|date=27 November 2012|archive-date=30 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130071342/http://science.time.com/2012/11/27/u-n-global-warming-summit-heading-over-the-climate-cliff/#ixzz2DcXQP6Zp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Echiche a na-eche na enweghi ọganihu emewokwa ka mba ụfọdụ chọọ na ilekwasị anya na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị oke ọnụ ahịa dị ka ịmepụta nke Climate na Clean Air Coalition iji belata mmetọ ikuku na-adị mkpụmkpụ nke na-achọ ịchịkwa mmetọ ndị dị mkpirikpi dị ka methane, ojii . Carbon na hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), bụ ndị a kwenyere na ha ga aza ihe ruru otu n'ime uzo atọ nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ugbu a mana nke iwu ya adịghị emejupụta na mmetụta na mmegide akụ na ụba buru ibu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Secretary Clinton To Announce a Climate and Clean Air Initiative To Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/02/184011.htm|publisher=US Dept of State|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> Na afọ puku abụọ na iri , Japan kwuru na ọ gaghị edebanye aha ya na ọkwu abụọ nke Kyoto , n'ihi na ọ ga-amachibidoro ya n' abụghị ihu isi ya n'asọmpi akụ na ụba, China, [[Ndia|India]] na Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Japan derails climate talks by refusing to renew Kyoto treaty|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/japan-derails-climate-talks-by-refusing-to-renew-kyoto-treaty-2148769.html|work=The Independent|accessdate=29 November 2012|first=Michael|author=McCarthy|date=2 December 2010}}</ref> Onye isi ala New Zealand nyere ihe ngosi yiri nke ahụ na Nọvemba n' afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=NZ backs off Kyoto climate change route|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10846305|work=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=29 November 2012|date=10 November 2012|archive-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117225959/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10846305|url-status=dead}}</ref> Na ọgbakọ nke afọ puku abụọ na iri na abụọ , mmegide ikpeazụ nke nkeji na ọgbakọ nke Russia, [[Yukrain|Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] na [[Kazakhstan]] leghaara ndị ọrụ nchịkwa anya, ha egosiwokwa na ha ga ewepụ ma ọ bụ ghara ịkwado nkwekọrịta ahụ. Nrụrụ aka ndị a na-etinyekwu nrụgide na usoro UNFCCC nke ụfọdụ n' ahụ dị ka ihe siri ike ma dị oke ọnụ: na UK naanị, ngalaba mgbanwe ihu igwe ejirila ụgbọ elu puku atọ n'ime afọ abụọ na-ere ihe karịrị £otu ijeri na narị puku atọ (British pounds sterling). <ref>{{Cite web|title=UK climate change department takes over 3000 flights at a cost of over £1.3m|url=http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1920/uk_climate_change_department_takes_over_3000_flights_at_a_cost_of_over_1_3m|publisher=The Commentator|accessdate=29 November 2012|archivedate=28 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028165337/http://www.thecommentator.com/article/1920/uk_climate_change_department_takes_over_3000_flights_at_a_cost_of_over_1_3m}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, UNFCCC (karịsịa n'oge protocol Kyoto) emeghị ka ịnyefe teknụzụ dị mma gburugburu ebe obibi (SETs) nke bụ usoro eji ebelata adịghị ike nke agbụrụ mmadụ megide mmetụta adịghị mma nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị bụ isi mmalite ume ọhụrụ. UNFCCC kere ahụ "usoro teknụzụ" nke ga-ekesa ihe ndị a na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe; Otú ọ dị, nkesa a adịchaghị mma yana, ejikọtara ya na mmejọ nke nkwa mbụ ahụ {{Cite web|author=Ediboglu|first=Ezgi|title=Effectiveness Analysis of the United Nations Climate Change Regime|url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/blog/effectiveness-analysis-of-the-united-nations-climate-change-regime/|work=university of Aberdeen|publisher=university of Aberdeen|accessdate=28 February 2018}} <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEdiboglu">[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/law/blog/effectiveness-analysis-of-the-united-nations-climate-change-regime/ "Ntụle arụmọrụ nke usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations"] . ''mahadum nke Aberdeen'' . mahadum nke Aberdeen <span class="reference-accessdate">.</span></cite> <cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEdiboglu"><span class="reference-accessdate">eweghachiri <span class="nowrap">28 Febụwarị</span> 2018</span> .</cite> oge nke Kyoto protocol, na-eduga na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwenye dị ala maka ntinye aka nke abụọ (nke kpatara na ọ gaghị aga n'ihu). Tupu 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, magazin <nowiki><i id="mwAvI">National Geographic</i></nowiki> gbakwụnyere na nkatọ ahụ, na-ede, sị: "Kemgbe 1992, mgbe mba ụwa kwetara na Rio de Janeiro iji zere 'nnyonye anya anthropogenic dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe,' ha ezutewo ugboro 20. na-enweghị ịkwagharị agịga na ikuku carbon. N'ime oge ahụ, anyị atụkwasịla ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ carbon na ikuku dị ka anyị mere na narị afọ gara aga." <ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2015/11/climate-change/introduction-text Fresh Hope for Combating Climate Change], National Geographic, November 2015, page 14 of print edition</ref> === Benchmarking === Benchmarking bụ ntọala ebumnuche amụma dabere n'ụdị ntụaka ụfọdụ. Ọmụmaatụ nke benchmarking bụ ebumnuche mbụ UNFCCC nke Annex I Parties na-amachi ikuku ikuku griin ha na ọkwa 1990 n'afọ 2000. Goldemberg ''et al.'' (1996) kwuru banyere mmetụta akụ na ụba nke ebumnuche a. Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnuche ahụ metụtakwara otu akụkụ Annex I niile, ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke imezu ebumnuche ahụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'etiti ndị otu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mba ndị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ike dị elu na mbụ nwere ike ịhụ na ọ dị ọnụ ahịa iji mezuo ebumnuche karịa mba ndị nwere obere ike ịrụ ọrụ ike. Site n'echiche a, e nwere ike ile ebumnuche UNFCCC anya ka enweghị oke, ya bụ, ezighi ezi. A tụlekwara Benchmarking n'ihe gbasara ebumnuche mgbanaka nke mbụ akọwapụtara na Protocol Kyoto (lee echiche na Protocol Kyoto na Protocol Kyoto na mmemme gọọmentị ). === Azụmahịa mba ụwa === Ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ isiokwu nke 3(5) nke mgbakọ ahụ, nke na-ekwu na ekwesịrị izere usoro ihu igwe ọ bụla nke ga-egbochi azụmahịa mba ụwa.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} == Ntinye aka nke ndi obodo == Ndị na-ahụ maka ọha na eze n'okpuru UNFCCC ahazila onwe ha n'otu ndị rụrụ arụ, na-ekpuchi ihe dịka 90% nke ụlọ ọrụ niile anabatara. Ụfọdụ otu na-anọpụ iche na-anọghị n'otu ndị a sara mbara, dị ka otu okwukwe ma ọ bụ ndị omeiwu nke mba. <ref name="constituencies">[https://unfccc.int/files/parties_and_observers/ngo/application/pdf/constituencies_and_you.pdf UNFCCC: ''Non-governmental organization constituencies'', about 2014, (pdf)].</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Aha ! Mbiri ! Ekwetara kemgbe |- | Ndị NGO nke azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ | BINGO | 1992 |- | NGO gburugburu ebe obibi | ENGO | 1992 |- | Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na ndị ọchịchị obodo | LGMA | COP1 (1995) |- | Òtù ụmụ amaala | [https://web.archive.org/web/20220401004140/http://www.iipfcc.org/ IPO] | COP7 (2001) |- | Nyocha na ndị NGO nọọrọ onwe ha | [https://ringosnet.wordpress.com/ RINGO] | COP9 (2003) |- | NGO ndị otu ahia | TUNGO | Tupu COP 14 (2008) |- | Ụmụ nwanyị na okike | [http://womengenderclimate.org/ WGC] | Obere oge tupu COP17 (2011) |- | NGO ndị ntorobịa | [https://web.archive.org/web/20200919142408/https://youthclimatemovement.wordpress.com/youngo/ YOUNGO] Archived | Obere oge tupu COP17 (2011) |- | Ndị ọrụ ugbo | Ndị ọrụ ugbo | (2014) |} {| class="wikitable" !Aha ! Mbiri |- | Ụlọ ọrụ dabere na okwukwe | Ndị FBO |- | Ọzụzụ na Nwube ikike na NGO dị iche iche | ECONG |- | Ndị omeiwu |} {{portal|Politics|Environment|Ecology|Weather|Global warming|World|border=no}} * Sistemụ nlele ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ * Ụkpụrụ ihu igwe * Ụgwọ ihu igwe * Omume onye ọ bụla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe * Ndepụta nke nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ụwa * Mkparịta ụka Post–Kyoto Protocol na mpụta ikuku griin haus * Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka ịlụso ọzara ọgụ * Keeling usoro * Mpaghara Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị steeti maka ihe omume ihu igwe (NAZCA). == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Refbegin}} * {{Free-content attribution|title=Action for climate empowerment: Guidelines for accelerating solutions through education, training and public|author=UNESCO and UNFCCC|publisher=UNESCO|page numbers=6, 14-18, 26, 28|source=UNESCO|documentURL=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002464/246435e.pdf|license statement URL=http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246435&set=0058D93867_2_29&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1|license=CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0}} * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}}{{dead link|date=April 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. Available as a [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600000318 PDF] in the official UN languages. * {{Citation}}. Reference: FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1. * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600005735 Library record.] * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600007316 Library record.] * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-56854-4}}) * {{Citation}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0-521-70598-1}}). Archived . * {{Citation}}. * {{Citation}}. Archived * {{Citation}}. Archived * {{Citation}} PDF version is also [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113033748/http://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Climate-Negotiations-report_Final.pdf available] * {{Citation}}. * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006178 Library record.] * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600006313 Library record.] * {{Citation}}. * {{Citation}}. * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&symbol=FCCC/TP/2012/5#beg Library record.] * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600007348 Library record.] * {{Citation}} * {{Citation}} *{{Citation}} *{{Citation}}. Archived (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821023807/http://www.pbl.nl/node/46765 21 August 2014]). {{Refend}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9hxi65rt955lfiv6tu3xx23aks4ylwv 0 12869 742356 673996 2026-11-02T21:48:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cäcilia (Cillie) Rentmeister (a mụrụ n'afọ 1948 na Berlin) bụ onye mba [[Jémanị|Germany]] na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịbendị na onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ọnọdụ ọdịbendị nke ụmụnwanyị na nke nwoke na nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye na ịmụ ihe dị iche iche nke ụmụnwoke na ụmụnwanyị bi na ya, ọ na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọchịchị nwanyị. == Akụkọ ndụ == Rentmeister gụrụ akwụkwọ na Free University of Berlin na University of Cologne Art History, Archeology na American Studies. O nwetara PhD ya n'afọ 1980 na Mahadum Bremen . Rentmeister bi na Berlin na Brandenburg, ebe ọ bụ n'afọ 1994 na-akụzi na Mahadum nke Applied Sciences Erfurt [de] na ngalaba nke Applied Social Sciences "Cross-cultural Gender Studies" na "Interactive Media". Rentmeister tinyere aka kemgbe mmalite afọ 1970 dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike na nke abụọ nke ụmụnwanyị. Site n'afọ 1974, o dere isiokwu na edemede banyere akụkọ nka nke ụmụnwanyị, nkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọmụmụ ọdịbendị, nke e bipụtakwara n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/other-languages/|title=Other Languages &#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/english/|title=English &#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=1985-03-05|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> Site na 1977 gaa n'ihu, ọ kụziri ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka, kọleji ndị nkụzi na mahadum dị na Berlin, Hamburg, na Bremen. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị malitere mmemme oge okpomọkụ nke ụmụnwanyị ("Frauen Sommeruniversität") na Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Berlin na Mahadum Free University Berlin, nke ihe dị ka ụmụnwanyị 30,000 gara site na 1976 ruo 1983, ma nye ume na-adịgide adịgide maka ọmụmụ ụmụnwanyị na nyocha nwoke na nwanyị na ọzụzụ sayensị niile.<ref>Inge v. Bönninghausen, on Rentmeister and other lecturers of the summer Universities, in: Ariadne 37-38, Kassel 2000, S.130, „Persönliche Denkgeschichten“ (Personal Stories of Remembering); for overview of the women's summer programs and interviews with some of the founders cf. www.feministberlin.de (German language)</ref> [[Usòrò:Flcover.jpg|thumb|Cover from the LP of the Flying Lesbians]] Cäcilia Rentmeister bụ keyboardist nke Flying Lesbians, ndị inyom mbụ rock band na kọntinent Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flying-lesbians.de|title=flying-lesbians.de|publisher=flying-lesbians.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>In 1976 [[Monique Wittig]] und [[Sande Zeig]] emphasized their pioneering role in a dictionary article devoted to the Flying Lesbians: ''FLYING LESBIANS. Tribe of companion lovers who, as their name indicates, are wanderers. The Flying Lesbians come from Germany and have companion lovers everywhere. Singers and musicians, they owe their celebrity to the fact that they were the first group of wandering lesbians in the raving that began the Glorious Age.'' Monique Wittig and Sande Zeig: Lesbian Peoples. Material for a Dictionary. New York 1979 (First published Paris 1976)</ref> O gosipụtara mkpa egwu ụmụnwanyị pụtara n'ihe odide ya banyere emume na ememme<ref>in English cf. Cillie Rentmeister "7 Passages Between Life and Death: Rituals Doing Gender", Lecture with Pictures and Video-Documentaries, held August 25, 2000 at “ifu – international women´s university”, World Expo 2000, Hannover, Germany, [http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/english/ full text] Cecilia Rentmeister: Rituale als soziales Drama – Zur Bedeutung von Ritualen im menschlichen Leben (Rituals as Social Drama – The Meaning of Rites in Human Life), in: Scheiblich, Wolfgang (Hrsg.): Bilder – Symbole – Rituale, Freiburg 1999, S.69-99</ref> ụmụnwanyị.<ref>Cillie Rentmeister: ''Frauenfeste als Initiationsritual'' (''Women´s festivals as Rites of Passage and Initiation''), in: Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Feministisches Institut (Hrsg.): Wie weit flog die Tomate? Eine 68erinnen-Gala der Reflexion, Berlin 1999</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970 nakwa 1980, Rentmeister bipụtakwara edemede dị oke mkpa banyere ọdịdị nwanyị na nka ụmụnwanyị, na-akpalite esemokwu, nke ya na Valie Export, Marlite Halbertsma [nl] [https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlite_Halbertsma], Ulrike Rosenbach na Lucy Lippard na mkparịta ụka na mkparịta ụka na mkparịta ụka nke De Appel "Feministische Kunst International" haziri na Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/neue-frauenbewegung/|title=Neue Frauenbewegung – Wissenschaft, Sommerunis, Kunst, Gebärstreik, Frauenfeste &#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030223301/http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/neue-frauenbewegung/|archivedate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/122/|title=home - de Appel|publisher=Deappel.nl|date=2014-01-01|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607011124/http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/122/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/160/|title=home - de Appel|publisher=Deappel.nl|date=2014-01-01|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220242/http://www.deappel.nl/exhibitions/e/160/}}</ref><ref>Another critical essay by Rentmeister ''Frauen, Körper, Kunst. Mikrophysik der patriarchalischen Macht'' (''Women, Bodies, The Arts: Microphysics of Patriarchal Power'') mentioned in Flynn, Caryl: The New German Cinema. Music, History, and the Matter of Style, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 2004 </ref> N'afọ ndị 1980, o bipụtara dị ka onye edemede sayensị maka redio ọha na eze nke Germany, - n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ gbasara ebumnuche ndị nna ochie nke mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a, na otú New Age movement. Kemgbe afọ 1973, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye edemede Cristina Perincioli na-arụ ọrụ. Ha dere ihe nkiri maka "Anna na Edith" - ihe nkiri mbụ banyere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na telivishọn German ZDF n'afọ 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.queer.de/detail.php?article_id=10985/|title=Lesbenklassiker: Anna und Edith (mit Galerie)|publisher=Queer.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziegler-film.com/produktionen/tv/produktion/anna-und-edith.html/|accessdate=July 6, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621014949/http://www.ziegler-film.com/produktionen/tv/produktion/anna-und-edith.html|archivedate=June 21, 2011|title=TV Produktionen: Ziegler Film}}</ref> Site na 1985 na Rentmeister na Perincioli tụgharịrị gaa n'isiokwu "kọmputa na okike". Ha mepụtara ihe nlereanya maka ọrụ nka na agụmakwụkwọ na multimedia, bipụtara ma kụziere echiche ndị a n'ebumnobi ịmasị ụmụ nwanyị maka teknụzụ dijitalụ ọhụrụ, ebe n'afọ ndị 1980 na ụlọ akwụkwọ German, àgwà kọmputa na-enyo enyo ka dị.<ref>cf. Perincioli, Rentmeister: Computer und Kreativität: Ein Kompendium für Computer-Grafik, – Animation, -Musik und Video, Köln 1990</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://on1.zkm.de/zkm/stories/storyReader$6761|title=ZKM &#124; MultiMediale 1|publisher=On1.zkm.de|date=1989-10-30|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120065534/http://on1.zkm.de/zkm/stories/storyReader%246761|archivedate=2009-11-20}}</ref> Site n'afọ ndị 1990 Rentmeister rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye njikwa ọrụ nke weebụsaịtị na isiokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Cristina Perincioli dere ma mepụta (Abụọ n'ime ha dịkwa na nsụgharị Bekee)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.4uman.info|title=4uman.info|publisher=4uman.info|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gewaltschutz.info|title=gewaltschutz.info|publisher=gewaltschutz.info|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230159/http://www.gewaltschutz.info/|archive-date=2014-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.save-selma.de|title=save-selma.de|publisher=save-selma.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ava2.de|title=ava2.de|publisher=ava2.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spass-oder-gewalt.de/|title=spass-oder-gewalt.de|publisher=spass-oder-gewalt.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517173001/http://www.spass-oder-gewalt.de/}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọelu nke onwe ya na onye otu ụmụnwanyị na-anya ụgbọelu Ninety Nines International Organisation na ''Federation of German Women Pilots''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pilotinnen.net/|title=pilotinnen.net|publisher=pilotinnen.net|date=2013-08-31|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> Rentmeister na-agba mbọ ịkwalite ọganihu nke ụmụagbọghọ na ụmụnwanyị na ụgbọelu, site na nkuzi, mgbasa ozi na site n'ịhazi ihe omume maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na Ụbọchị Ụmụagbọghọ.<ref name="Cillie-rentmeister.de">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/zur-person-cv/|title=zur Person – CV &#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/pilotinnen-und-technikkultur/|title=Pilotinnen & Technikkultur &#124; Cillie (Cäcilia) Rentmeister: Publikationen|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=2010-08-09|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125174303/http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/themen/pilotinnen-und-technikkultur/|archivedate=2011-01-25}}</ref> Melanie Katzenberger na-ede, sị: "Ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke mbara igwe bụ ndị akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, na-akpọ Caecilia Rentmeister. ''...Ụmụ agbọghọ aghaghị inwe mmetụta: Ọ bụrụ na o nwere ike, enwere m ike...''"<ref name="Cillie-rentmeister.de" /> == Ihe nrite == * N'afọ 2010, Rentmeister natara onyinye nkuzi nke Mahadum nke Applied Sciences Erfurt maka nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ya "Political and Institutional Conditions of Social Work", na ọmụmụ ya "Gender - Gender Relations: Differences, Equality, Equal Rights".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news389157|title=Lehrpreis 2010 an Prof. Dr. Cäcilia Rentmeister|publisher=Idw-online.de|date=2010-09-30|accessdate=2014-06-05|archivedate=2014-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230905/http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news389157}}</ref> == Ọchịchị Ụmụnwanyị: ụzọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke Rentmeister == N'ihe banyere mwughachi ihe mgbe ochie nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke matriarchies, ọkachasị dị ka egosiri na nnabata narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Rentmeister mepụtara ''usoro echiche'' ya dị oke mkpa. Otu ihe atụ maka usoro a ziri ''ezi'' - na-emegide ndị esoteric - bụ edemede ya na "Why Are There So Many Allegories Female?" site na 1976.<ref>Cäcilia Rentmeister: ''Berufsverbot für die Musen - Warum sind so viele Allegorien weiblich?'', in: “Ästhetik und Kommunikation”, Nr. 25/1976, S. 93. English Summary: ''The Muses, Banned From Their Occupations: Why Are There So Many Allegories Female'', in: Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift, Nr.4. 1981, Lund, Sweden, p.87; as [http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/english-translations/ PDF]</ref> N'ime edemede ọzọ dị oke egwu, ọ jụrụ n'afọ 1980: "Olee otú e si eji echiche nke ọchịchị Ụmụnwanyị nke a kpọrọ matriarchy n'asụsụ bekee mee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị?" ma katọọ, n'aka nke ọzọ, ịgọnahụ matriarchy site n'aka ndị European feminists nke oge a.<ref name="matriarchatsthesen1980">''Das Rätsel der Sphinx – Matriarchatsthesen und die Archäologie des nicht-ödipalen Dreiecks'', in: Brigitte Wartmann (Hrsg.): Männlich – Weiblich. Berlin 1980</ref> N'isiokwu ya "The Squaring of the Circle. The Seizure of Power by Men over Architectural Forms", nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1979 na ihe pụrụ iche na "Women in Architecture - : Women's Architecture?" na mba German ''bauwelt'', Rentmeister wughachiri ụkpụrụ ụlọ-igwe nke matriarchies na Europe oge ochie. N'ime edemede ọzọ ọ jụrụ n'afọ 1980: "Olee otú e si eme ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na echiche nke matriarchy?" ma katọọ, n'aka nke ọzọ, ịgọnahụ matriarchy site n'aka ndị nkwado ụmụnwanyị nke mba European nke oge a.<ref name="matriarchatsthesen1980" /> A sụgharịrị ihe odide ihe ndị a na ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ nke Rentmeister sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ; a tụlere ha ma zoo aka na ha na okwu mba ụwa na nke dị iche iche nke afọ 1970 nakwa 1980, gụnyere ndị na-ewu ụlọ dị ka Margrit Kennedy<ref>[[Margrit Kennedy]]: Zur Wiederentdeckung weiblicher Prinzipien in der Architektur“, in: bauwelt 1979, H. 31-32, p.1283; [http://www.kennedy-bibliothek.info/index.php?id=2 full text of this bauwelt edition]</ref> na Paola Coppola Pignatelli, na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ dị ka Christa Wolf .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://w3.uniroma1.it/lama/Paola_Coppola/publicazioni.html|title=Paola Coppola Pignatelli: Spazio e Immaginario: maschile e femminile in architettura, Roma 1982, pp. 203-206|publisher=W3.uniroma1.it|accessdate=2014-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320091621/http://w3.uniroma1.it/lama/Paola_Coppola/publicazioni.html|archivedate=2012-03-20}}</ref><ref>[[Christa Wolf]]: Voraussetzungen einer Erzählung: Kassandra. Darmstadt/Neuwied 1983, p.80, p.159</ref> Sabine Herzog na-akọwa ụzọ Rentmeisters “”: Ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Cillie Rentmeister bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ihe gbasara akụkọ ọdịbendị nwanyị na nkatọ ọdịbendị. N'akwụkwọ ya ''Women's Worlds - Men's Worlds'' of 1985, ọ na-akọwa ọdịiche dị iche iche nke matriarchy n'oge gara aga na ugbu a. Ya mere, nkọwa nwere ike igosi naanị usoro matriarchal bụ isi. Rentmeister ... depụtara ụfọdụ njirimara nke matriarchies: Na mgbakwunye na matrilineality na matrilocality na avunculate na akụ na ụba ezinụlọ agbatị bụ njirimara, yana ikpebi onwe onye nke ụmụnwanyị n'elu ahụ ha...”<ref>Sabine Herzog: Das Matriarchat als geschlechtssymmetrische Herrschaftsform (Matriarchy as Gendersymmetric Rule), Münster 2001, p.17.</ref> Rentmeister kọwara n'oge 1980 okwu ahụ bụ "matriarchy" n'ụzọ doro anya ọ bụghị dị ka ''usoro ntụgharị maka patriarchy''.<ref>"...I use it here in the literal and meaningful translation of mother-beginning - not the mother's rule.", c.f. Cäcilia Rentmeister: ''Das Rätsel der Sphinx – Matriarchatsthesen und die Archäologie des nicht-ödipalen Dreiecks'' (''The Riddle of the Sphinx – Theses on Matriarchies and the Archaeology of the Non-Oedipal Triangle''), in: Brigitte Wartmann (Ed.): Männlich – Weiblich. Berlin 1980, p.155</ref> Dị ka Rentmeister si kwuo “... e nwere ma nwee n'ezie ọtụtụ ụdị nke matriarchy, dị ka e nwere ugbu a - na n'otu oge ahụ - ụdị nke patriarchy. '"<ref>Cillie Rentmeister: Frauenwelten – Männerwelten, Opladen 1985, p.32; For more recent references to Rentmeister's definitions see Becker/Kortendieck/Budrich 2004</ref> N'afọ 1985, ọ na-ekwusi okwu a ike banyere nchọpụta agbụrụ.<ref>Cillie Rentmeister: Frauenwelten – Männerwelten (Women's Worlds – Men's Worlds), Opladen 1985, p.31; see also Rentmeister in Wartmann 1980, op.cit., p.155</ref> N'afọ 1988, Rentmeister nyochara "Debate on Matriarchy" nke narị afọ abụọ gara aga na Germany, ọkachasị na ihe ha pụtara maka afọ iri na ise mbụ nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị ''nke abụọ'' na Europe. Ọ na-eme ka ọdịiche dị iche, n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, oge atọ n'etiti afọ 1973–1988, na - nke njem ya na obodo ndị nne na nna n'afọ 1980s - ụfọdụ "anụ ọkụ n'obi maka matriarchy" na "mmelite nke emume matriarchal" na mba Germany. Ajụjụ banyere ịdị adị n'ezie nke oge a, matriarchies nke oge a mere ka Rentmeister site n'afọ 1980 ruo ugbu a iji lekwasị anya na nchọpụta nchọpụta anthropological. Ọ gara leta obodo ndị nne na nna, gụnyere Minangkabau na West Sumatra na Nayar na Kerala, South [[Ndia|India]]. N'ebe ahụ, ọ natara - n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nsogbu - nkwupụta nkwenye na obi ike nke ụmụ amaala nke àgwà pụrụ iche, ọbụnakwa uru na nkewa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụlọ ọrụ nne na ụzọ ndụ maka nwoke na nwanyị. Otú uru ndị a si ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọkwa dị elu na Human Development-Indicators and Reproductive Health, Rentmeister na-akọwa 2007 na edemede ya "Development is female".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cillie-rentmeister.de/entwicklung-ist-weiblich/|title=''Entwicklung ist weiblich. Über den Zusammenhang zwischen Gleichberechtigung, Reproduktiven Rechten und Menschlicher Entwicklung'' (''Development is Female. On Correlations between Equality of Sexes, Reproductive Rights and Human Development''), in: Rehklau/Lutz (Eds.): Sozialarbeit des Südens, Band 1, S. 91-122, with illustrations, Oldenburg 2007. Full text version|publisher=Cillie-rentmeister.de|date=1984-02-15|accessdate=2014-06-05}}</ref> N'ihe atụ nke obodo Minangkabau na Nayar, ọ na-egosi na ike, agụmakwụkwọ na ihe onwunwe n'aka ụmụnwanyị na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ịmụ nwa dị ala, na - ma e jiri ya tụnyere obodo ndị nna ochie dị nso - obere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, na maka ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ya enwere ike ịhụ obere ịda ogbenye na ọnọdụ ahụike ka mma. == Akwụkwọ == * ''Kọmputa na okike'', ya na Cristina Perincioli dere, Cologne 1990 * ''Frauenwelten - Männerwelten'' (Women ́s Worlds - Men ́s Worlds), Opladen 1985 * ''Gender in Teaching and Didactics - Gender in Lehre und Didaktik'' (Co-Editor), Bern, Berlin, Brussels, Frankfurt/M., New York, Oxford, Vienna 2003 == Ebensidee ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website publications in full text, several in English, and in other languages * Literature by and about Cäcilia Rentmeister in the German National Library catalogue * {{IMDb name|3572203}} * Library of Congress Online Catalog, Rentmeister Cillie; Library of Congress Online Catalog, Rentmeister Cäcilia (Cillie) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] su98fch6h9ms5fpfobr9lgg3xxpji8p 0 12917 742546 719359 2026-11-03T08:14:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na ịgba akwụna nke ụmụaka bụ okwu dị mkpa na Philippines, nke ndị omempụ haziri ahazi na-achịkwakarị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6507495.stm|date=April 1, 2007|title='Chairman' reveals seedy world of trafficking|work=BBC News|accessdate=November 25, 2007}}</ref><ref name="r03103001">{{Cite web|title=Quick Facts: Human Trafficking in the Philippines|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/340851/newstv/reeltime/quick-facts-human-trafficking-in-the-philippines|accessdate=December 21, 2013|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134141/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/340851/newstv/reeltime/quick-facts-human-trafficking-in-the-philippines}}</ref> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ bụ mpụ megide ụmụ ụwa nile. N'ịgbalị imeri nsogbu ahụ, ndiPhilippines gafere R.A. 9208, Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003, iwu ntaramahụhụ megide ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, njem mmekọahụ, ịgba ohu mmekọahụ na ịgba akwụna ụmụaka.<ref name="chanrobles.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9208.html|title=REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9208 – AN ACT TO INSTITUTE POLICIES TO ELIMINATE TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN, ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF TRAFFICKED PERSONS, PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR ITS VIOLATIONS, AND FOR OTHER|author=RONALD ECHALAS DIAZ, Office Manager|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=March 30, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330044008/http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno9208.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, a kọrọ na mmanye iwu enweghị nkwekọrịta.<ref name="IrishRevealed">{{Cite web|title=Revealed: In Cities and Towns All Over the Philippines, Irishmen Pay to Have Sex with Children|url=http://www.tribune.ie/article.tvt?_scope=TribuneFTF&id=77709|date=September 24, 2006|work=[[The Sunday Tribune]]|publisher=Tribune Newspapers PLC|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5OzhDYYFa?url=http://www.tribune.ie/article.tvt?_scope=TribuneFTF&id=77709|archivedate=May 21, 2007}}</ref> Mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, Ụlọ ọrụ Ngalaba Steeti nke United States na-enyocha ma na-alụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ etinyela mba ahụ na "Tier 1" (n'ụzọ zuru oke na ụkpụrụ kacha nta nke Iwu Nchedo Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ịzụ ahịa nke United States).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archivedate=June 28, 2017|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements|work=www.state.gov|language=en-US|accessdate=December 1, 2017}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ == Otu akụkọ e mere na 1997 kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka ndị a na-agba akwụna merụrụ na 75,000 na Philippines, na atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu ihe ruru 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvasia.htm|title=Confronting Trafficking and Prostitution in Asia – The Struggle for Survival and Dignity, Making the Harm Visible, Global Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls, Speaking Out and Providing Services|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220181215/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/mhvasia.htm|archivedate=December 20, 2015}}</ref> The United Nations Children's Fund (Unicef) mere atụmatụ na 60,000 ruo 100,000 nọ na Philippines na-etinye aka na ịgba akwụna.<ref name="unicef-undated">[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ipulocaltrafficking.doc Factsheet: Child Trafficking in the Philippines (undated), UNICEF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117130109/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/ipulocaltrafficking.doc |date=November 17, 2008 }},</ref> Dị ka International Labour Organization (ILO) si kwuo, ihe {{As of|2009}} ụmụaka 100,000 na-agba akwụna na 2009 [Mmelite].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.speroforum.com/a/19268/Philippines-Four-million-child-slaves|title=Philippines: Four million child slaves|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=April 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173115/http://www.speroforum.com/a/19268/Philippines-Four-million-child-slaves}}</ref> E nwere nnukwu omume nke ịgba akwụna ụmụaka na mpaghara ndị njem nleta. A na-amanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka a na-amaghị ama ịrụ ọrụ mmegbu. E mere atụmatụ na 1995 na Philippines bụ mba nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anọ kachasị elu nke ụmụaka a manyere ịgba akwụna, ndị ọchịchị achọpụtala mmụba nke ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka na-aga Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Figures|url=http://www.childprotection.org.ph/factsfigures/index.html|work=Child Protection in the Philippines|publisher=Philippine Resource Network|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000920071334/http://www.childprotection.org.ph/factsfigures/index.html|archivedate=September 20, 2000}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web|author=Murphy|first=Padraic|title=Journey to despair|url=http://www.ecpat.org.nz/whatsnew-pacific10122003.html|accessdate=June 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118011636/http://www.ecpat.org.nz/whatsnew-pacific10122003.html|archivedate=January 18, 2007}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, e mere atụmatụ na e nwere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ 375,000 na-azụ ahịa mmekọahụ na Philippines, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị n'agbata afọ 15 na 20, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ dị afọ 11.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite news|title=Fact sheet about the sex trade in the Philippines|url=http://www.cbc.ca/thelens/heaven_facts.html}}</ref> International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies kwuru n'afọ 2003 na e nwere ihe karịrị nde ụmụaka 1.5 n'okporo ámá na Philippines na ọtụtụ na-ejedebe na ịgba akwụna na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ebe ndị dị ka Manila na Angeles City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifrc.org/ar/nouvelles/nouvelles/asia-pacific/philippines/street-children-valued-partners-in-the-philippines/|title=Street children: valued partners in the Philippines|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=April 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124701/http://www.ifrc.org/ar/nouvelles/nouvelles/asia-pacific/philippines/street-children-valued-partners-in-the-philippines/}}</ref> Gọọmentị na NGO na-eme atụmatụ na 2007 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị a na-azụ ahịa sitere na 300,000 ruo 400,000 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka a na-azụ ahịa sitere na 60,000 ruo 100,000.<ref name="philippinestoday.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philippinestoday.net/archives/607|title=Coercion of victim key in human trafficking|work=Philippines Today|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072351/http://www.philippinestoday.net/archives/607}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ gọọmentị US si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka ndị e gburu na Philippines sitere na 20,000 ruo 100,000, na ndị njem nleta si mba ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị Eshia ndị ọzọ, dị ka ndị omekome.<ref name="philippinestoday.net" /> N'afọ 2010, e mere atụmatụ na ụmụaka 60,000 ruo 100,000 nọ na Philippines tinyere aka na ịgba akwụna, dị ka Minette Rimando, onye na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ United Nations International Labour Organization nke Manila si kwuo.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/19/angeles.philippines/index.html|work=CNN|title=Filipino group helps women find life outside of trafficking - CNN.com|accessdate=May 4, 2010|date=February 22, 2010}}</ref> Otu isiokwu nke afọ 2006 kọrọ na dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Visayan Forum Foundation nyere, ọtụtụ ndị metụtara dị n'agbata afọ iri na abụọ na afọ iri abụọ na abụọ. A na-ahọpụta Philippines n'okpuru ọkwa 2 Ndepụta nlele na 2009 Trafficking in Persons Report of the United States (US) State Department n'ihi ebubo gọọmentị Philippines egosighi ihe akaebe nke ọganihu n'ịkpagbu ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa, ọkachasị ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụ ahịa ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, a na-ahọpụta Philippines dị ka Tier 1 na Trafficking in Persons Report nke United States (US) State Department mgbe nnukwu mgbalị gasịrị. == Mpaghara nsogbu na akụkọ ihe mere eme == Otu akụkọ nke Vatican bipụtara na 2004 kwuru: Philippines nwere nnukwu nsogbu ịzụ ahịa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-abanye n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta maka mmegbu mmekọahụ. Ebe ndị dị n'ime mba ahụ bụ Metro Manila, Angeles City, Olongapo City, obodo ndị dị na Bulacan, Batangas, Cebu City, Davao na Cagayan de Oro City na ebe ndị njem nleta mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ dị ka Puerto Galera, nke a ma ama, Pagsanjan, Laguna, San Fernando Pampanga, na ọtụtụ ebe ntụrụndụ n'ụsọ osimiri na mba ahụ. Nkwa nke ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ọrụ mara mma na mba ma ọ bụ na mba ofesi, kama a na-amanye ha ma na-amanye ha ma na-achịkwa ha n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ maka ndị njem nleta. === Puerto Galera === Enwere ọtụtụ ikpe gbasara mmetọ ụmụaka nke akọpụtala na Puerto Galera, ebe ntụrụndụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Mindoro Island awa atọ n'ebe ndịda Manila. Mpaghara a bụ ọkacha mmasị maka ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka si mba ọzọ na-achọ ụmụaka. A kọwara Puerto Galera na 1997 dị ka otu n'ime ebe ise kachasị elu na Philippines maka ịgba akwụna ụmụaka<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|title=PHILIPPINES-CHILDREN: Scourge of Child Prostitution|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/10/philippines-children-scourge-of-child-prostitution/|date=October 12, 1997|accessdate=June 11, 2013|archivedate=December 30, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230231707/http://www.ipsnews.net/1997/10/philippines-children-scourge-of-child-prostitution/}}</ref> === Obodo Angeles === N'afọ 1991, mgbawa ugwu nke Ugwu Pinatubo mere ka a gbapụ ma bibie ọtụtụ n'ime Clark Air Base, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha United States dị kilomita iri anọ (60 km) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Manila, nke mechiri obere oge mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime azụmahịa mmekọahụ gburugburu ntọala ahụ mechiri n'otu oge ahụ n'ihi ọnwụ nke ndị ahịa GI.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,SOF_0904_Slavery1,00.html|title=The Modern Scourge of Sex Slavery|author=Martin Brass|year=2004|accessdate=June 11, 2013|journal=|archive-date=May 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515123411/http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,SOF_0904_Slavery1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia|author=Lin Lean Lim|year=1998|publisher=International Labour Organization|isbn=978-92-2-109522-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFNKZbL1jWwC&q=%22prostitution%22+%22Angeles+City%22&pg=PA102|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref> Onye isi obodo Alfredo Lim gara n'ihu mebie ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ fọdụrụ na Manila, na-eme ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a kwaga na Angeles City, nke dị n'akụkụ ntọala mechiri emechi, ma na-aghọ ebe ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu karịsịa na ndị bụbu GIs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/reform/reform67/ALRCR67CONFRONTINGSEXUALE.html|title=ALRC Reform Issue 67 – Gender issues: CONFRONTING SEXUAL EXPLOITATION|accessdate=February 4, 2007|archivedate=July 19, 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120719045712/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/alrc/publications/reform/reform67/ALRCR67CONFRONTINGSEXUALE.html}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị afọ ndị 1990, UNICEF mere atụmatụ na e nwere ụmụaka 60,000 na-agba akwụna na Philippines, na-akọwa ụlọ akwụna Angeles City dị ka "ndị a ma ama" maka inye ụmụaka mmekọahụ. N'afọ 1997, BBC kọrọ na UNICEF mere atụmatụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ akwụna 200 dị na obodo Angeles a ma ama na-enye ụmụaka maka mmekọahụ.<ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/08/0830/phil.shtml|title=BBC Politics 97|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=January 25, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091928/http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/news/08/0830/phil.shtml}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, ndị uwe ojii jidere ndị mba ọzọ na ndị Filipino wee napụta ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise nke ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na mgbanaka ịntanetị na Angeles City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trafficking.org.ph/v5/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1160&Itemid=56|title=Online porno ring in Angeles busted – -- NO to Trafficking --|author=ripchord|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=April 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124447/http://trafficking.org.ph/v5/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1160&Itemid=56}}</ref> Azụmahịa [oge?] ugbu a bụ nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ mmanya Australia na-achịkwa ma ndị njem nleta na-achọ mmekọahụ dị ọnụ ala na-akwado ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n3/Preda.htm|title=Australian charged with child abuse in Angeles City|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=April 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405183054/http://cpcabrisbane.org/Kasama/2003/V17n3/Preda.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Sociology of Tourism|author=Yiorgos Apostolopoulos|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-13508-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C4QuDjrVToC&q=%22prostitution%22+%22Angeles+City%22&pg=RA4-PA271|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref> N'ụlọ mmanya na-enyekarị ụmụ nwoke si mba ọzọ nri, a na-ere ụmụ agbọghọ maka "ụgwọ ụlọ mmanya".<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Ọnọdụ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ obi ọjọọ Ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-abanye n'ime ụlọ ọrụ site na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye site na nkwa ego na nlekọta, ma debe ha n'ebe ahụ site na iyi egwu, ịgba ohu ụgwọ na egwu ịda ogbenye.<ref name="time106430">{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,106430,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123175954/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,106430,00.html | archive-date=January 23, 2007 | magazine=Time | title=The Forgotten Angels | date=April 23, 2001 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> Obodo Angeles bụ otu n'ime ebe ndị njem nleta mmekọahụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na ihe karịrị puku ụmụ nwanyị iri na ise na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ ya dị iche iche (ụlọ akwụna, ụlọ mmanya na vidiyo). === Pagsanjan === CNN kwuru n'afọ 2010 na "Afọ iri gara aga, Pagsanjan, nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri isii n'ebe ndịda Manila, bịara mara ya dị ka ebe a ma ama maka ụmụ nwoke na-achọ ndị akwụna nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe ha. "<ref name="cnn960831">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9608/31/pedophile/index.html|work=CNN|title=Child sex trade plagues Filipino resort|accessdate=May 4, 2010}}</ref> Pagsanjan malitere ịdọta ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka. "N'afọ '80s, akwụkwọ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na nwanyị na mba ụwa kwupụtara Pagsanjan dị ka paradaịs maka ha, paradaịs nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe ha, ebe nchekwa maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha," ka Dr. Sonia Zaide, onye na-eme ihe ike nke na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa site na mmụba nke azụmahịa mmekọahụ nke obodo ahụ gụnyere ụmụaka, ọkachasị ụmụ nwoke na-eto eto.<ref name="cnn960831" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_82544_1988.html|title=G.R. No. 82544|accessdate=March 15, 2015|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130641/http://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1988/jun1988/gr_82544_1988.html}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130415172615/http://www.preda.org/main/archives/1989-90-91-92/r9102031.htm Preda Foundation, Inc. NEWS/ARTICLES: "Success Against Child Abuse (Harvey, Mark)"]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Barker|first=Louis|title=Child rights center helps uncover Norwegian Pedophile ring – four charged in Oslo|url=http://www.preda.org/main/archives/1999/r9902191.htm|accessdate=June 11, 2013|work=Asian Report}}</ref> Magazin Time kọrọ na 1993 na Pagsanjan bụ ebe kachasị amasị ndị njem nleta mmekọahụ na-achọ ụmụaka. Gọọmentị Filipino malitere ịwakpo ụlọ ọrụ mmekọahụ ụmụaka na Pagsanjan ma jide mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke mba dị iche iche. Ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka si mba ọzọ na-eji ịda ogbenye eme ihe, ebe nne na nna ha na-ejikarị ụmụaka eme ihe dị ka ego mmekọahụ.<ref name="JubileeStreet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jubileeaction.co.uk/reports/STREET%20CHILDREN%20IN%20THE%20PHILIPPINES.pdf|title=Street Children In The Philippines|publisher=Jubilee Action|accessdate=January 27, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209182527/http://www.jubileeaction.co.uk/reports/STREET%20CHILDREN%20IN%20THE%20PHILIPPINES.pdf|archivedate=February 9, 2006}}</ref> The World Bank World Development Report maka 1995 kọrọ na obodo Pagsanjan site na omume obodo belatara ịgba akwụna ụmụaka n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sqmujbxq9jr44oibqqt4ptlviwg7em9 0 12974 742636 725607 2026-11-03T08:54:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute mmiri''' bụ ọnọdụ (nke pụtara mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ, dị ka ọnwụ, nkwarụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ nsogbu) nke ihe kpatara ya bu kirikiri nje ndị a na-ebute na [[mmiri]].<ref name="Marcos">{{Cite journal|author=Von Sperling|first=M.|date=2015|title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal|url=https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/|journal=Water Intelligence Online|language=en|volume=6|pages=9781780402086|doi=10.2166/9781780402086|issn=1476-1777}}</ref> Nnyocha nke nje pathogenic bụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ n'ilekwasị anya n'ụwa niile dị ka isiokwu dị ngwa ngwa nke nyocha.<ref name=":6" /> Enwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa ndị a mgbe ị na-asa ahụ, ịsa ihe, mgba a na-aṅụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ site na iri nri e ji mmiri rụrụ arụ wee si.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-14|title=Water-Borne Diseases|url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Water-Borne-Diseases.aspx|accessdate=2021-10-27|work=News-Medical.net|language=en}}</ref> Ha bụ okwu dị mkpa n'ime ime obodo n'etiti mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụ ezie na [[afọ ọsịsa]] na ịgbọ agbọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà a na-akọkarị banyere ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri, mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye akpụkpọ ahụ, ntị, iku ume, ma ọ bụ nsogbu anya.<ref name=":0"/> Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute mmiri na-emetụta akụ na ụba mba ma na-emetụtakwa akụ na ụba site n'ịdị oké ọnụ iji dozie ya. Umu nje na-akpata ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè gụnyere protozoa na nje bacteria, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nje eriri afọ, ma ọ bụ na-awakpo anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ usoro mgbasa ozi site na mgbidi nke usoro nri. Ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche a na-ebute na mmiri bụ nke nje virus kpatara. (N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nkà ihe ọmụma metụtara ịkọwa nje dị ka "ụmụ nje," ọ dị irè ma dị mma ile ha anya dị ka ụmụ nje na njikọ a.) N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ bụ nje [[Animal|metazoan]] na-akpata ụdị ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke mmiri. Ihe atụ ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere ụfọdụ Nematoda, ya bụ "roundworms". Dị ka ihe atụ nke ọrịa Nematode na-ebute mmiri, otu ọrịa nematode dị mkpa nke mmiri bụ Dracunculiasis. A na-enweta ya site na ilo mmiri nke ụfọdụ copepoda dị na ya nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ebute Nematoda. Onye ọ bụla na-eloda copepod nke butere Nematode larvae na genus Dracunculus, na-ebute ọrịa. Ụmụ irighiri na-akpata ọrịa Guinea worm.<ref name="isbn0-697-26071-2">{{Cite book|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology|url=https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0000robe|publisher=Wm. C. Brown|location=Dubuque, Iowa|year=1996|isbn=978-0-697-26071-0}}</ref> Klas ọzọ nke nje [[Animal|metazoan]] a na-ebute na mmiri bụ ụfọdụ ndị otu Schistosomatidae, ezinụlọ nke ọbara flukes. Ha na-ebutekarị ndị na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ na mmiri.<ref name="isbn0-697-26071-2"/> Ọbara flukes bụ nje na-akpata [[Skistosomiasis|Schistosomiasis]] nke ụdị dị iche iche, na-emetụta ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite book|title=CDC Health Information for International Travel 2012. The Yellow Book|chapter=Chapter 3|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976901-8|year=2011|author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ)|url=https://archive.org/details/cdchealthinforma0000unse}}</ref> == Usoro okwu == A na-echekwa okwu ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmetụta ahụ ma ọ bụ oriri nke mmiri nke meturu. Enwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ọrịa site na nje ma ọ bụ nje ndị, ikekwe n'ihi ọnọdụ pụrụ iche, banyere na mmiri. Otú ọ dị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na enwere ike ibute ọrịa mgbe ụfọdụ apụtaghị na ọ bara uru ịhazi ọrịa ahụ dị ka "nke mmiri na-ebute". Ọ bụghịkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na-ezo aka na ọrịa ndị dị ka [[Iba|ịba]] dị ka "nke mmiri na-ebute" naanị n'ihi na anwụnta nwere oge ha na-anọ na mmiri n'usoro ndụ ha, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ịgwọ mmiri ha bi na ya bụ atụmatụ dị irè iji chupu anwụnta bụ ndị na-ebute ya. Okwu metụtara ya bụ "ọrịa metụtara mmiri" nke a kọwara dị ka "mmetụta ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama ma ọ bụ gbasaa na ahụike mmadụ, dị ka ọnwụ, nkwarụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ nsogbu, nke ọnọdụ ahụ kpatara kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọ bụla. A na-ejikọta ọrịa ndị metụtara mmiri dịka usoro nnyefe ha si dị: nke mmiri na-ebute, ịdị ọcha mmiri, nke dabeere na mmiri na nke metụtara mmiri. Isi ụzọ mbufe maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri bụ ịñụ mmiri na-emerụ ahụ.<ref name="Marcos"/><ref name="Marcos" /> == Ihe kpatara ya == Enweghị mmiri dị ọcha, adịghị ọcha bụ isi ihe na-akpata mgbasa nke ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri n'obodo. Ụzọ nsị na ọnụ bụ ụzọ mbufe ọrịa maka ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri. Ida ogbenye na-ewelite ihe ize ndụ nke obodo na-emetụta ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa akụ na ụba nke obodo na-emetụta ikike ha ịnweta mmiri e kpochapụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2020|title=Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review|url=|journal=Environmental Research|volume=192|pages=110309|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309|pmid=33045227}}</ref> E nwere obodo ndịda Eshia na-enweghị nkwụsi ike akụ na ụba iji nye mmiri dị ọcha.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=2012-06-30|title=Water-borne diseases, cost of illness and willingness to pay for diseases interventions in rural communities of developing countries|journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health|volume=41|issue=6|pages=39–49|pmid=23113192}}</ref> Inwe ego dị ala metụtara ezinụlọ na-emefu obere ego na mmiri.<ref name=":3" /> Socio-economics na-ejikọta obere agụmakwụkwọ, nke na-ejikọta na obere ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.<ref name=":3" /> Mpaghara ndị mepere emepe dị ka Saggian enweghị paịpụ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ zuru ezu iji nye mmiri ma ọ bụ usoro ebe mmiri sị aga.<ref name=":3" /> Mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri mana mpaghara ndị mepere emepe nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ maka ntiwapụ ọrịa na-ebute mmiri.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=December 2006|title=Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2006-12_134_6/page/1141|journal=Epidemiology and Infection|volume=134|issue=6|pages=1141–9|doi=10.1017/S0950268806006406|pmid=16690002}}</ref> Mmiri na-abịa site na mmiri nke onwe nwere ohere dị elu nke igbasa ọrịa dịka gastroenteritis karịa mmiri ọha na eze (gọọmenti na-achịkwa).<ref name=":4" /> == Ọrịa site n'ụdị pathogen == === Protozoa === {| class="wikitable" !Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2011|title=Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010|journal=Water Research|volume=45|issue=20|pages=6603–14|doi=10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013|pmid=22048017}}</ref> !Onye na-ahụ maka nje !Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri !Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu |- |Acanthamoeba keratitis (ịcha lenses kọntaktị na mmiri rụrụ arụ) |<nowiki><i id="mwdA">Acanthamoeba</i></nowiki> spp. (''A''. castellanii na A. polyphaga) |amoebae na-ebi ndụ n'efu nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ụdị gburugburu mmiri, gụnyere mmiri elu, mmiri pọmpụ, ọdọ mmiri igwu mmiri, na ngwọta lens kọntaktị |Ihe mgbu anya, anya na-acha uhie uhie, ọhụụ na-adịghị mma, mmetụta nke ìhè, mmetụta nke ihe dị n'anya, na oke ịdọka |- |Amoebiasis (aka na ọnụ) |Protozoan (''Entamoeba histolytica'') (ọdịdị dị ka cyst) |Mmiri nsị, mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị edozi, ijiji na mmiri, nnyefe ọnụ mmiri (ọ bụrụ na onye nke ọzọ nwere ọrịa ahụ) |Ahụ erughị ala n'afọ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu arọ, [[afọ ọsịsa]], ịba ụba, ahụ ọkụ |- |Cryptosporidiosis (ọnụ) |Protozoan (''Cryptosporidium parvum'') |Na-anakọta na nzacha mmiri na membranes nke a na-enweghị ike ikpochapụ, nsị anụmanụ, mmiri mmiri na-asọpụ n'oge. |Ihe mgbaàmà ndị yiri flu, afọ ọsịsa mmiri, enweghị agụụ, nnukwu ọnwụ nke ibu, ịba ụba, mmụba gas, ọgbụgbọ |- |Cyclosporiasis |Protozoan parasite (''Cyclospora cayetanensis'') |Mmiri nsị, mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị edozi |ọnyá, ọgbụgbọ, agbọ, ahụ mgbu, ahụ ọkụ, na ike ọgwụgwụ |- |Giardiasis (fecal-oral) (aka-to-mouth) |Protozoan (''Giardia lamblia'') Ihe kachasị na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ |Mmiri a na-agwọghị agwọ, ikpochapụ nje na-adịghị mma, nkwụsị paịpụ, ịgbapụta, mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala, ogige ebe ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa na-eji otu isi iyi mmiri. Beavers na muskrats na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri maka Giardia. |Afọ ọsịsa, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ, ịba ụba, na flatulence |- |Microsporidiosis |Protozoan phylum (''Microsporidia''), mana o nwere njikọ chiri anya na fungi |Achọpụtala ''Encephalitozoon intestinalis'' na mmiri dị n'ime ala, mmalite nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ<ref name="ewpcw">{{Cite journal|date=June 2004|title=Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all?|url=http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=175–80|doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010|pmid=15193323|accessdate=2007-08-09|archive-date=2008-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307190853/http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Afọ ọsịsa na ịla n'iyi n'ime ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe. |- |Naegleriasis (primary amebic meningoencephalitis [PAM]) (nasal) |Protozoan (''Naegleria fowleri'') (ọdịdị dị ka cyst) |Egwuregwu mmiri, mmiri na-abụghị chlorinated |Isi ọwụwa, ịgbọ agbọ, mgbagwoju anya, enweghị nguzozi, mmetụta ìhè, ọhụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ọnwụ ibu, ahụ ọkụ, na coma |} === Bacteria === {| class="wikitable" !Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi<ref name="swdo">{{Cite journal|date=December 2006|title=Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries|volume=55|issue=12|pages=1–30|pmid=17183230}}</ref><ref name="mmuawg">{{Cite journal|date=October 2006|title=Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections|url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-clinical-microbiology_2006-10_25_10/page/609|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=10|pages=609–13|doi=10.1007/s10096-006-0201-4|pmid=17047903}}</ref> !Onye na-ahụ maka nje !Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri !Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu |- |Botulism |''Clostridium botulinum'' |Bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ọnyá na-emeghe site na isi iyi mmiri rụrụ arụ. Nwere ike ịbanye na eriri afọ site na ịṅụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ (nke a na-ahụkarị) nri |Ọnụ akọrọ, ọhụụ na / ma ọ bụ ọhụụ abụọ, ihe isi ike ilo, adịghị ike muscle, nsogbu iku ume, okwu na-adịghị mma, agbọ na mgbe ụfọdụ [[afọ ọsịsa]]. Ọnwụ na-abụkarị site na nsogbu iku ume. |- |Campylobacteriosis |Ọ bụ ''Campylobacter jejuni'' na-akpatakarị ya |Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke nsị merụrụ ahụ |Ọ na-emepụta ihe mgbaàmà dị ka ọbara ọgbụgba tinyere nnukwu ahụ ọkụ. Ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-10. |- |Ọgba ọgbụgbọ |Gbasaa site na nje ''Vibrio cholerae'' |Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke nje bacteria merụrụ ahụ |N'ụdị siri ike, a maara na ọ bụ otu n'ime ọrịa ndị na-egbu ngwa ngwa a maara. Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere afọ ọsịsa mmiri, ọgbụgbọ, ọnyá, ọbara imi, ngwa ngwa, agbọ, na hypovolemic shock (n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike), n'oge ahụ ọnwụ nwere ike ime n'ime awa 12–18. |- |Ọrịa E. coli |Ụfọdụ ụdị ''Escherichia coli'' (nke a na-akpọkarị E. coli) |Mmiri nke nje bacteria merụrụ ahụ |Karịsịa afọ ọsịsa. Nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ n'ime ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị agadi n'ihi ụkọ mmiri site na ọrịa ogologo oge. |- |Ọrịa M. marinum |''Mycobacterium marinum'' |Dị ka ọ na-emekarị na mmiri, ọtụtụ ọnọdụ site na ikpughe na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ karịa aquariums; ọrịa na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebute ndị nwere ọrịa mgbochi ọrịa |Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere ọnyá na-adịkarị n'ikpere aka, ikpere, na ụkwụ (site na ọdọ mmiri) ma ọ bụ ọnyá n'aka (aquariums). Ọnyá nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-enweghị mgbu ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu. |- |Dysentery |Ihe kpatara ya bụ ọtụtụ ụdị n'ụdị Shigella na ''Salmonella'' na nke kachasị bụrụ ''Shigella'' dysenteriae |Mmiri nke nje bacteria merụrụ ahụ |Ọ na-agafe nsị ugboro ugboro na ọbara na / ma ọ bụ ute na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ịgbọ ọbara. |- |Legionellosis (ụdị abụọ dị iche iche: ọrịa Legionnaires na Pontiac fever) |Ọ bụ nje bacteria nke Legionella kpatara ya (90% nke ikpe ndị ''Legionella'' pneumophila kpatara) |Legionella bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ; mana ọ na-akpata ọrịa siri ike mgbe a na-eme ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|title=Legionnaires' Disease eTool: Facts and FAQs|work=www.osha.gov|accessdate=29 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083526/https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/legionnaires/faq.html|archivedate=15 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|title=Legionella - Causes and Transmission - Legionnaires - CDC|date=8 December 2017|work=www.cdc.gov|accessdate=29 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023304/http://www.cdc.gov/legionella/about/causes-transmission.html|archivedate=25 March 2016}}</ref> |Pontiac fever na-emepụta mgbaàmà dị nro nke yiri nnukwu influenza na-enweghị pneumonia. Ọrịa Legionnaires nwere mgbaàmà siri ike dị ka ahụ ọkụ, oyi, oyi n'ahụ (na ọgbụgbọ nke na-emepụta sputum mgbe ụfọdụ), ataxia, anorexia, muscle aches, malaise na mgbe ụfọdụ afọ ọsịsa na vomiting |- |Leptospirosis |N'ihi nje bacteria nke genus ''Leptospira'' |Mmiri nke urine anụmanụ na-ebute nje bacteria merụrụ |Ọ na-amalite site na mgbaàmà yiri flu wee dozie. Nkeji nke abụọ na-emezi nke gụnyere [[Meninjaịtis|meningitis]], mmebi imeju (na-akpata jaundice), na ọdịda akụrụ |- |Otitis Externa (ntị onye na-egwu mmiri) |Ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na fungal kpatara ya. |igwu mmiri n'ime mmiri nke nje ndị na-akpata ya merụrụ |Ọwa ntị na-afụ ụfụ, na-akpata ihe mgbu na nro na mmetụ aka |- |Salmonellosis |Ihe kpatara ọtụtụ nje bacteria nke genus ''Salmonella'' |Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke nje bacteria metọrọ. A na-ahụkarị dị ka ọrịa na-ebute nri. |Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere [[afọ ọsịsa]], ahụ ọkụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na afọ mgbu |- |Ọrịa Typhoid fever |<nowiki><i id="mwAWg">Salmonella typhi</i></nowiki> |Inye mmiri nke nsị nke onye butere ọrịa |E gosipụtara ya site na ahụ ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide ruo 40 ° C (104 ° F), ọsụsọ dị ukwuu; afọ ọsịsa, ahụ mgbu, ike ọgwụgwụ, na ọgbụgbọ nwere ike ime. Ihe mgbaàmà na-aga n'ihu na delirium, na spleen na imeju na-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya. N'okwu a, ọ nwere ike ịdịru izu anọ ma kpatara ọnwụ. Ụfọdụ ndị nwere ọrịa typhoid fever na-enwe ọnyá a na-akpọ "rose spots", obere ntụpọ uhie n'afọ na obi. |- | Ọrịa Vibrio |''Vibrio vulnificus'', ''Vibrio alginolyticus'', na ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus'' |Nwere ike ịbanye na ọnyá site na mmiri rụrụ arụ. A na-enwetakwa ya site n'ịṅụ mmiri rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ iri oysters a na-esighị esi. |Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere nro afọ, ọgba aghara, oche ọbara, oyi, mgbagwoju anya, ihe isi ike ịṅa ntị (nlebara anya), delirium, ọnọdụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọhụụ, ọbara imi, ike ọgwụgwụ siri ike, nwayọ, umengwụ, mmetụta ịda mbà, adịghị ike. |} === Nje virus === [[Usòrò:Hepatitis_A_virus_01.jpg|alt=Hepatitis A is one of waterborne diseases and its symptoms are only acute. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, etc.|thumb|197x197px|'''Hepatitis A''' virusHepatitis A bụ otu n'ime ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri na mgbaàmà ya dị oke njọ. Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere ike ọgwụgwụ, ahụ ọkụ, wdg.]] {| class="wikitable" !Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi<ref name="ewpcw"/><ref name="ciasuv">{{Cite journal|date=September 2005|title=Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection|url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=71|issue=9|pages=5633–6|doi=10.1128/AEM.71.9.5633-5636.2005|pmid=16151167}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Guidelines for drinking-water quality.|others=World Health Organization|year=2017|isbn=9789241549950|edition=Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum|location=Geneva|oclc=975491910}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2015|title=Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water|journal=PLOS Pathogens|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e1004867|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867|pmid=26110535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hepatitis A|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-a|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> !Onye na-ahụ maka nje !Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri !Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu |- |[[Ọrịa mamịrị A|Ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya A]] |Hepatitis A virus (HAV) |Nwere ike igosipụta onwe ya na mmiri (na nri) |Ihe mgbaàmà dị oke njọ (ọ dịghị ọkwa na-adịghị ala ala na nje ahụ) ma na-agụnye ike ọgwụgwụ, ahụ ọkụ, ọrịa, mgbu afọ, ọgbụgbọ, afọ ọsịsa, ọnwụ arọ, itching, jaundice, na ịda mbà n'obi. |- |Hepatitis E (fecal-oral) |Hepatitis E virus (HEV) |Ọ na-abanye na mmiri site na nsị nke ndị butere ọrịa |Ihe mgbaàmà nke ịba ọcha n'anya (ọrịa imeju), gụnyere ahụ ọkụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, enweghị agụụ, ọgbụgbọ, agbọ, mgbu afọ, jaundice, urine gbara ọchịchịrị, nsị na-acha ụrọ, na mgbu nkwonkwo |- |Ọrịa afọ siri ike [AGI] ( nsị-ọnụ; gbasaa site na nri, mmiri, mmadụ na onye, na fomites) |Norovirus |Ọ na-abanye na mmiri site na nsị nke ndị butere ọrịa |[[Afọ ọsịsa]], agbọ, ọgbụgbọ, mgbu afọ |- |Poliomyelitis (Polio) |Poliovirus |Ọ na-abanye na mmiri site na nsị nke ndị butere ọrịa |90-95% nke ndị ọrịa adịghị egosi mgbaàmà ọ bụla, 4-8% nwere obere mgbaàmà (n'iji ya tụnyere) na delirium, isi ọwụwa, ahụ ọkụ, na njide mgbe ụfọdụ, na nkwarụ spastic, 1% nwere mgbaàmà nke meningitis aseptic na-abụghị paralytic. Ndị ọzọ nwere mgbaàmà siri ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ |- | Ọrịa Polyomavirus |Abụọ nke Polyomavirus: nje JC na nje BK |N'ọtụtụ ebe, nwere ike igosipụta onwe ya na mmiri, ~ 80% nke ndị bi na ya nwere nje Polyomavirus |Nje BK na-emepụta obere ọrịa iku ume ma nwee ike ibute akụrụ nke ndị ọrịa na-egbochi ọrịa. Nje JC na-ebute usoro iku ume, akụrụ ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịkpata leukoencephalopathy na-aga n'ihu na ụbụrụ (nke na-egbu egbu). |} === Algae === {| class="wikitable" !Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2015|title=Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after a traumatic freshwater injury|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_the-new-england-journal-of-medicine_2015-03-05_372_10/page/982|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=10|pages=982–4|doi=10.1056/NEJMc1401816|pmid=25738686}}</ref> !Onye na-ahụ maka nje !Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri !Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu |- |Ọrịa Desmodesmus |desmodesmus armatus |Dị ka ọ na-eme na mmiri. Nwere ike ịbanye na ọnyá mepere emepe. |Yiri ọrịa fungal. |} === Nkpuru nje === {| class="wikitable" !Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi<ref name="isbn0-697-26071-2"/><ref name=":0"/> !Onye ọrụ !Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri !Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu |- |Dracunculiasis [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water) |''Dracunculus medinensis'' |Nwanyị ikpuru na-apụta site na akpụkpọ anụ ma na-ewepụta larvae na mmiri. |Obere ahụ ọkụ, ọzịza, ọgbụgbọ, agbọ, [[afọ ọsịsa]], isi ọwụwa, na-esote ịmepụta blister na-egbu mgbu (nke a na-emekarị na akụkụ ahụ dị ala) |} == Mgbochi == Ịnweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha bụ ụzọ ndị bụ isi e ji gbochie ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web|title=Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213190013/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html|archivedate=February 13, 2014|accessdate=April 5, 2014|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Ebumnuche ya bụ imebi ụzọ nsị na ọnụ nke ibufe ọrịa. == Epidemiology == Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri na-eme atụmatụ 3.6% nke ngụkọta DALY (afọ ndụ a gbanwere nkwarụ) ibu ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma na-akpata ihe dị ka otu nde mmadụ na pụkụ narị ise na-anwụ kwa afọ. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-eme atụmatụ na pasent iri ise na asatọ nke ibu ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ pụkụ narị asatọ na pụkụ iri anọ na abụọ kwa afọ, bụ n'ihi enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma, ịdị ọcha (nke a chịkọtara dị ka WASH).<ref name="WHO"/> === United States === Usoro Nlekọta Ọrịa Mmiri na Ọrịa (WBDOSS) bụ isi nchekwa data eji achọpụta ndị na-akpata ya, ụkọ, usoro mmiri, na isi mmalite ndị metụtara ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri na ntiwapụ na United States. Kemgbe afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC), Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), na US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) edebewo usoro nyocha a maka ịnakọta na ịkọ data banyere "ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri na ntiwapụ metụtara mmiri ntụrụndụ, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ikpughe mmiri a na-amaghị ama. "<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-16|title=Waterborne Disease & Outbreak Surveillance Reporting {{!}} Water-related Topics {{!}} Healthy Water {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/index.html|access-date=2018-12-07|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Methods for the investigation and prevention of waterborne disease outbreaks; EPA/600/1-90/005A|date=2004|publisher=Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|oclc=41657130}}</ref> "Data sitere na WBDOSS akwadola mgbalị EPA iji mepụta ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma nye nduzi maka ọrụ mmiri ntụrụndụ nke CDC. "<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> WBDOSS na-adabere na data zuru ezu na nke ziri ezi site na ngalaba ahụike ọha na eze na steeti, ókèala, na ikike ndị ọzọ nke United States gbasara ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri na ọrụ mgbawa. N'afọ 2009, ịkọ akụkọ na WBDOSS gbanwere site n'ụdị akwụkwọ gaa na kọmputa National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS).<ref name=":1" /> E bipụtara akụkọ nyocha kwa afọ ma ọ bụ nke afọ abụọ nke data ndị WBDOSS chịkọtara na akụkọ CDC site na 1971 ruo 1984; kemgbe 1985, e bipụtara data nyocha na Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).<ref name=":1" /> WBDOSS na ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji leba anya n'ihe kpatara mmiri rụrụ arụ na-eduga na ntiwapụ ọrịa na-ebute mmiri ma na-enwe ntiwapụ ndị ahụ. Ha na-eme nke a site n'ime ka ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze nyochaa ntiwapụ ahụ na WBDOSS nata akụkọ ndị ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> == Society na omenala == === Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba, na mpaghara yana mba ụwa. Ndị na-ebute ọrịa ndia a na-ebute na mmiri na-enwekarị ụgwọ ndị metụtara ya ma na-abụkarị nnukwu ibu ego. Nke a bụ okwu karịsịa na mba ndị mepere emepe. A na-akwụkarị mmefu ego site na ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike na ọgwụ, ụgwọ maka njem, nri pụrụ iche, na site na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ aghaghị ire ala ha iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Na nkezi, ezinụlọ na-emefu ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ego ezinụlọ kwa ọnwa kwa onye butere ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schnabel|first=Bastian|title=Drastic consequences of diarrhoeal disease|url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/drastic-consequences-diarrhoeal-disease|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213627/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/drastic-consequences-diarrhoeal-disease|archivedate=2015-09-23}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E nwere mgbe a kọwara ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi site n'echiche miasma, echiche na ikuku ọjọọ na-akpata mgbasa nke ọrịa.<ref name="Juuti_20072">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZDbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103|title=Environmental History of Water|date=2007-02-01|publisher=IWA Publishing|isbn=978-1-84339-110-4|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=ESSAI {{!}} College Publications {{!}} College of DuPage|url=https://dc.cod.edu/essai/?utm_source=dc.cod.edu/essai/vol16/iss1/18&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages|accessdate=2020-11-24|work=dc.cod.edu}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị mmadụ malitere ịchọta njikọ dị n'etiti ịdị mma mmiri na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri, nke dugara n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ịsacha mmiri, dị ka nzacha ájá na ịgwọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ha. Ndị guzobere microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek na Robert Hooke, jiri igwe nyocha ahụ mepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji hụ obere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a kwụgidere na mmiri, wee tọọ ntọala maka nghọta nke nje ndị na-ebute mmiri na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History|url=http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/microscope-in-water.html|accessdate=2012-12-17|archivedate=2019-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908101350/http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/microscope-in-water.html}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ọrịa ikuku * Microbiology nri * Ọrịa amebic na-ebi ndụ n'efu * Ndepụta nke ọrịa ndị mmetọ mmiri kpatara * Ahụike ọha na eze * Vector (epidemiology) * Ọdịdị mmiri * Zoonosis == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ọrịa ndị metụtara mmiri, ihe na-emerụ ahụ, na mmerụ ahụ Ndepụta nke ọrịa ndị metụtara mmiri, ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na mmerụ ahụ na ndepụta mkpụrụ edemede, ndepụta site n'ụdị ọrịa (bacterial, parasitic, wdg) na ndepụta site na mgbaàmà kpatara (ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, akpụkpọ ahụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ) gụnyere njikọ na ihe ndị ọzọ (CDC's Healthy Water site) * [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases-risks/diseases/diarrhoea/en/ Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) "Ọrịa Ndị metụtara Mmiri"] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ikaymz1yuaub0skucw4d6i9gb5wfdiz 0 13101 742559 95571 2026-11-03T08:41:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Regional Human Rights Administration == African Union (AU) bụ njikọ aka ike nke mejupụtara steeti Africa iri ise na atọ. Atụrụ ntọala na afọ 2001, ebumnobi AU bụ inye aka chekwa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Afrịka, ikike mmadụ na akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide, ọkachasị site n'iweta esemokwu dị n'etiti Africa na ịmepụta ahịa nkịtị dị irè. Akụkọ ikike Afirika na ndi mmadu na ndi mmadu ziri ezi bụ isi akụrụngwa ikike mmadụ wee pụta n'okpuru ngalaba nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka ịdị n'otu Africa (OAU) (ebe ọ bụ na African Union nọchiri anya ya). Ekwuputara ebumnobi i wepụta Charter on Human and People's 'African Charter on Human and People's' na afọ 1979 na otu olu kwadoro Charter na Mgbakọ OAU nke 1981. Dabere na ya N'ikwekọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ 63 ya (nke ọ ga-abụ "ịba n'ọrụ ọnwa atọ mgbe onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ngwá ọrụ nke ratification ma ọ bụ nrube isi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe" nke mba ndị otu OAU), Charter African Charter on Human and People's' Ikike malitere abalị iri abụo na otu na onwa nke iri, na afọ 1986 - iji sọpụrụ abalị nke iri abuo na otu na onwa nke iri maka ya bụ "Ụbọchị Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Afrịka." Kọmishọna Afirika na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ (ACHPR) bụ ngalaba na-ahụ maka ikpe nke African Union nyere ọrụ ịkwalite na ichekwa ikike mmadụ na mkpokọta (ndị mmadụ) na mpaghara Afrịka yana ịkọwa akwụkwọ Charter na Human na Africa. Ikike ndị mmadụ na ịtụle mkpesa onye ọ bụla maka mmebi nke akwụkwọ ikike. Kọmishọna ahụ nwere akụkụ atọ sara mbara nke ọrụ: * Ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ * Ichekwa ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ * Ịtụgharịrị akwụkwọ Charter na ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ N'ịchụso ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a, a na-enye ndị ọrụ ahụ iwu ka ha "ịchịkọta akwụkwọ, na-eme nnyocha na nyocha banyere nsogbu Africa n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ na ndị mmadụ, ikike, hazie nzukọ ọmụmụ, symposia na nnọkọ, gbasaa ozi, gbaa ụlọ ọrụ mba na mpaghara ume metụtara ụmụ mmadụ. na ikike nke ndị mmadụ na, ọ bụrụ na ikpe ahụ bilitere, nye echiche ya ma ọ bụ mee ka ndị ọchịchị kwadoro" (Charter, Art. 45).<ref name="mandate" /> Site n'ịmepụta Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Ndị Mmadụ (n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke Charter nke a kwadoro na 1998 wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na Jenụwarị 2004), kọmitii ahụ ga-enwekwu ọrụ nke ịkwado okwu maka ntinye aka na ikike nke Ụlọikpe. Na mkpebi onwa nke asaa, na afọ 2004, Mgbakọ AU kpebiri na a ga-ejikọta Ụlọikpe Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Ndị Mmadụ n'ọdịnihu na Ụlọikpe Ikpe nke Afirika. Ebum n'obi na Ụlọikpe nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke African Union ka ọ bụrụ "isi ngalaba ikpe nke Union" (Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2). N'agbanyeghị na e guzobebeghị ya, e bu n'obi weghara ọrụ nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Ndị Mmadụ n'Africa, yana ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ikpe kacha elu nke African Union, na-akọwa iwu na nkwekọrịta niile dị mkpa. Usoro gọọmentị ma ọ bụ usoro iwu na-achịkwa ihe omume steeti ma ọ bụ oge ọchịchị guzobere Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Afrịka malitere na Jenụwarị 2004 mana njikọ ya na Ụlọikpe Ikpe Ziri Ezi egbula oge nguzobe ya. Usoro gọọmentị ma ọ bụ usoro iwu na-achịkwa ihe omume steeti ma ọ bụ oge ọchịchị na-eguzobe Ụlọikpe Ikpe Ziri Ezi ga-amalite ịdị irè mgbe mba iri na ise kwadoro ya. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} ah5in7flw7ikawysvxlioi4oawvydze 0 13788 742320 725065 2026-11-02T13:49:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Beatrice Agyeman Abbey''' bụ onye isi ndị isi Ghana na onye isi njikwa nke Media General bụ ndị nwe TV3, Onua FM, 3FM, Connect FM, Akoma FM na MG Digital si mba Ghana .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Omega|first=Kwesi|date=2018-09-14|title=Media General Appoints Beatrice Agyemang Abbey As New Group C.E.O.|url=https://gbafrica.net/media-general-appoints-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-as-new-group-c-e-o/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=GBAfrica|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702000435/https://gbafrica.net/media-general-appoints-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-as-new-group-c-e-o/|archive-date=2022-07-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-06|title='Grow from average to exceptional’ - CEO of Media General to UPSA graduates|url=https://upsa.edu.gh/grow-from-average-to-exceptional-ceo-of-media-general-to-upsa-graduates/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=UPSA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Media General celebrates all farmers|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Media-General-celebrates-all-farmers-1101754|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Truth must never take a back seat in the serious business of reporting - Media General Group CEO|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Truth-must-never-take-a-back-seat-in-the-serious-business-of-reporting-Media-General-Group-CEO-895690?gallery=1|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=MyNewsGH|date=2018-09-13|title=CEO of TV3 RESIGNS; Beatrice Agyemang takes over in acting capacity|url=https://www.mynewsgh.com/ceo-of-tv3-resigns-beatrice-agyemang-takes-over-in-acting-capacity/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=MyNewsGh|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana's Most Beautiful 2019 launched in Kumasi|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/?view=article&id=139789:ghana-s-most-beautiful-2019-launched-in-kumasi&catid=261|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-18|title=Ghana’s Most Beautiful 2019 Launched|url=https://dailyguidenetwork.com/ghanas-most-beautiful-2019-launched/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=DailyGuide Network|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, e nyere ya onyinye dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi nke afọ na Ghana Entrepreneur and Corporate Executive Awards.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Editor 1|date=2021-05-23|title=[Video] Media General’s Beatrice Agyemang is the Outstanding Broadcast Media CEO of the year|url=https://3news.com/video-media-generals-beatrice-agyemang-is-the-outstanding-broadcast-media-ceo-of-the-year/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=3news|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424155747/https://3news.com/video-media-generals-beatrice-agyemang-is-the-outstanding-broadcast-media-ceo-of-the-year/}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Beatrice nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na nzere masta ya na GIMPA.<ref name="news.thedistin.com">{{Cite web|title=From A News Anchor To Being TV3's CEO, The Inspiring Story Of Beatrice Agyemang Abbey {{!}} Photos – Thedistin|url=https://news.thedistin.com/2021/02/12/from-a-news-anchor-to-being-tv3s-ceo-the-inspiring-story-of-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-photos/|accessdate=2021-08-11|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114700/https://news.thedistin.com/2021/02/12/from-a-news-anchor-to-being-tv3s-ceo-the-inspiring-story-of-beatrice-agyemang-abbey-photos/}}</ref> == Onodu oru == Beatrice malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 2000 dị ka onye nta akụkọ, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbasa ozi na onye na-ahụ maka akụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-02|title=Beatrice Agyemang Abbey – The “Ink” of a Media Success Story, Akwaaba Woman of Excellence, 2020|url=https://www.inewsghana.com/beatrice-agyemang-abbey-the-ink-of-a-media-success-story-akwaaba-woman-of-excellence-2020/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=inewsghana|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114659/https://www.inewsghana.com/beatrice-agyemang-abbey-the-ink-of-a-media-success-story-akwaaba-woman-of-excellence-2020/}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchikota maka Media General. Ọ bụ onye isi nke Media General Digital ruo ihe karịrị otu afọ na onye isi nchikota nke Media General Radio maka oge ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-13|title=Ghana: Media General Group CEO Steps Down|url=https://newsofafrica.org/ghana-media-general-group-ceo-steps-down.html|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=News of Africa - Online Entertainment - Gossip - Celebrity Newspaper - Breaking News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811114655/https://newsofafrica.org/ghana-media-general-group-ceo-steps-down.html}}</ref> Ọ gbara ndị ama ama ajụjụ ọnụ dịka John Agyekum Kufuor, John Mahama, na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dịka BBC, Sky TV, Citizen TV, CNN, VOA, na Kiss TV na [[Kenya]].<ref name="news.thedistin.com" /> == Ihe nrite == Na Septemba 2020, e nyere ya onyinye maka Ọkachasị na Mgbasa Ozi na Ghana Women of the Year. Ọ bụ Glitz Africa haziri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nartey|first=Laud|date=27 September 2020|title=Group CEO of Media General Beatrice Agyemang Abbey honoured at Ghana Women of the Year event|url=https://3news.com/group-ceo-of-media-general-berla-mundi-honoured-at-ghana-women-of-the-year-event/|accessdate=11 August 2021|work=3news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007234321/https://3news.com/group-ceo-of-media-general-berla-mundi-honoured-at-ghana-women-of-the-year-event/|archivedate=2020-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Group CEO of Media General Beatrice Agyemang Abbey honoured|url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/TV3/1/97110/|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=www.modernghana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Women of the Year Honours 2020 – Here are the honourees – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2020-here-are-the-honourees/|accessdate=2021-08-11|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513183145/https://www.glitzafrica.com/ghana-women-of-the-year-honours-2020-here-are-the-honourees/}}</ref> N'ọnwa ise afọ 2021, e nyere ya onyinye dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi nke afọ na Ghana Entrepreneur and Corporate Executive Awards. Ọ bụ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220628160551/https://efghana.org.gh/ ndị]<ref name=":0" /> Entrepreneurs Foundation of Ghana (EFG) haziri ya. == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Agyeman Abbey, Beatrice}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ba79tptwakjso4zf9bs1mrgik7in2nv 0 14204 742358 623515 2026-11-02T21:55:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742358 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Mthokozisi Khathi''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 24 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1976) nke a maara aha ya bụ '''DJ Tira''', bụ onye South Afrika DJ, onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ na onye na-ese Kwaito.<ref name="briefly">{{Cite web|author=Julie Kwach|url=https://briefly.co.za/34847-dj-tira-biography-age-wife-songs-instagram-cars-net-worth.html|title=Dj Tira biography: age, wife, best songs, Instagram, cars, and net worth|publisher=briefly.co.za|date=9 August 2019}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Hlabisa, Tira kwagara Durban mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ n'afọ 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DJ Tira's biography|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=17614|work=TVSA|accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta nke chọpụtara ụdị egwu Gqom. Ọrụ egwu ya malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ n'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ na-aga Mahadum nke KwaZulu-Natal wee bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ ma wepụta album nchịkọta Real Makoya n'afọ 2001. Khathi ghọrọ onye ama ama mgbe o meriri asọmpi Smirnoff SA DJ Knockout n'afọ 2000. E wezụga ọrụ naanị ya, a makwaara ya dị ka onye otu egwu South Africa Durbans Finest . Tira bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ na Kalawa Jazmee na afọ 2005 wee guzobe akara ndekọ nke ya Afrotaiment na afọ 2007, abọm mbụ ya Ezase Afro Vol:1 (2008), bụ ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa. Abọm nke anọ nke Tira bụ 21 Years Of DJ Tira (2020), nke ndị Recording Industry of South Africa (RiSA) kwadoro platinum Abọm ahụ gụnyere chaatị kachasị elu "Nguwe" na "Uyandazi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/68015-dj-tira-celebrates-a-whopping-21-years-mzansi-music-industry.html|title=DJ Tira celebrates a whopping 21 years in the Mzansi music industry|first=Nonkululeko|author=Ngqola|date=June 16, 2020|work=Briefly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/dj-tiras-milestone-career-21-years-of-dj-tira-album-goes-platinum-46283661-6293-4f40-a26b-d78d1758a580|title=DJ Tira's milestone career '21 Years Of DJ Tira' album goes platinum|work=www.iol.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fakazanews.com/2021/01/18/21-years-of-dj-tira-album-is-certified-platinum/|title="21 Years of Dj Tira" album is certified platinum &#124; Fakaza News|date=January 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/nguwe-feat-nomcebo-zikode-joocy-prince-bulo-dj-tira|title=Nguwe (feat. Nomcebo Zikode, Joocy & Prince Bulo)|work=www.top-charts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/uyandazi-feat-berita-dj-tira|title=Uyandazi (feat. Berita)|work=www.top-charts.com}}</ref> Abọm studio nke ise ya bụ ''Rockstar Forever'' (2021), debuted nọmba 1 na chaatị iTunes. Khathi mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya pụtara dị ka onye ọka ikpe ọbịa na ihe ngosi telivishọn nke ''1 na'' nke 2 (2021). == Mmalite ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Khathi na obodo KwaHlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Durban na afọ 1979.<ref name="zalebs">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://zalebs.com/dj-tira/dj-tira-biography-age-family-education-career-wife-controversy-cars|title=DJ Tira Biography: Age, Family, Education, Career, Awards, Wife, Controversy,Cars|publisher=zalebs.com|date=11 April 2020|accessdate=7 June 2022|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228104453/https://zalebs.com/DJ-Tira/dj-tira-biography-age-family-education-career-wife-controversy-cars}}</ref> Khathi gara Mlokothwa High School ma debanye aha ya na afọ 1995, na-amụ akụ na ụba mmadụ na Mahadum Natal nke a maara ugbu a dị ka UKZN .<ref name="zalebs" /><ref name="briefly" /> === 1996-2001: Mmalite ọrụ na DJ Tira === Ọ malitere inwe mmasị ịbụ DJ mgbe ọ ka nọ na varsity mgbe ọ malitere igwu egwu dị ka DJ, N'afọ 1996.<ref name="thenation">{{Cite web|author=Joseph Nkosi|url=https://thenation.co.za/bio/dj-tira-biography/|title=DJ Tira Biography, Age, Wife,Songs, Car, Contact Details, Wedding & Sons|publisher=thenation.co.za|date=|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2022-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629073920/https://thenation.co.za/bio/dj-tira-biography/}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2001, o wepụtara ndekọ mbụ ya aha ya bụ Real Makoya, nke bụ album nchịkọta ya na DJ Khabzela.<ref name="briefly" /> N'afọ 2005, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndekọ ya na Kalawa Jazzmee .<ref name="zalebs" /> Ọ rụrụ n'okpuru otu aha ya bụ ''Tzozo En Prọfesọ'' ma mesịa mepụta ''Durbans Finest'' ya na DJ Sox nke dịkwa n'okpuru Kalawa Jazmee Records. O nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na Oskido dị ka onye bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta egwu mbụ ya, kemgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ kpakpando.<ref name="zalebs" /> O guzobere Ezase Afro nke dara n'okpuru Kalawa mgbe e mesịrị bụrụ naanị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Durban’s finest music architect|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/dj-tira-durbans-finest-music-architect-12203627|work=IOL Entertainment|accessdate=18 April 2018}}</ref> Tira na Sox ọnụ ha wepụtara usoro nchịkọta albums aha ya bụ n'okpuru ''Durbans Finest'' . N'afọ 2007, Ọ malitere ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ya ''Afrotainment'' ma bịanye aka na DJ Cndo dị ka onye mbụ na-ese ihe na akara ndekọ ya.<ref name="zalebs" /> Ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmepụta nke ya, ọ ghọrọ onye na-emepụta egwu. Mgbe e mesịrị n'otu afọ ahụ, DJ Tira bịanyere aka na otu kwaito Big Nuz mgbe o si Johannesburg kwaga ebe ha si, Durban. N'afọ 2008, DJ Tira dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ pụtara na egwu abụọ na chaatị redio obodo na chaatị ụlọ ahịa egwu n'akụkụ "Ubala Lolo" nke Big Nuz na "Mahamba Yedwa" nke DJ Clock. === 2008:Ezase Afro Vol:1 === N'afọ 2008, o wepụtara ọrụ izizi ya n'okpuru akara ndekọ ya aha ya bụ Ezase Afro Vol:1. Ncedo Mbundwini, onye si Ugwu Frere bụ onye na-emepụta ọtụtụ egwu kachasị egwu na abọm a. A na-akwado abọm ahụ site na ndị ọbịa nke Bricks, Daddy, Big Nuz na Joocy nke Afrosoul . Ezase Afro vol 1 ghọrọ abọm na-ewu ewu ma mee ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ahịa ka ọ rere ihe karịrị puku iri abụọ.<ref name="briefly" /> === 2019-2020: ''Ikhenani'', ''Afọ 21 nke DJ Tira'' === Na ọnwa Machị afọ 2019, ewepụtara egwu ya "Amachankura" nke gosipụtara TNS dị ka egwu mbụ nke abọm. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2019, ewepụtara egwu nke abụọ "Thank You Mr DJ" nke gosipụtara Joocy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DJ Tira to release a new single, Thank You Mr DJ, featuring Joocy {{!}} JustNje|url=https://justnje.com/dj-tira-to-release-a-new-single-thank-you-mr-dj-featuring-joocy/|publisher=JustNje|accessdate=11 July 2019|archivedate=12 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712064309/https://justnje.com/dj-tira-to-release-a-new-single-thank-you-mr-dj-featuring-joocy/}}</ref> Tira wepụtara ''Ikhenani'' na Septemba 13, na afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DJ Tira releases his much anticipated album, Ikhenani {{!}} JustNje|url=https://justnje.com/dj-tira-releases-his-much-anticipated-album-ikhenani/|publisher=JustNje|accessdate=13 September 2019|archivedate=27 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175629/https://justnje.com/dj-tira-releases-his-much-anticipated-album-ikhenani/}}</ref> ''Ikhenani'' meriri Best Kwaito Album na mmemme nke iri abụọ na isii nke South African Music Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here’s a List of the 2020 South African Music Awards (SAMAs) Winners - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/heres-a-list-of-the-2020-south-african-music-awards-samas-winners/186098|publisher=OkayAfrica|first=Nobantu|author=Shabangu|accessdate=August 16, 2020}}</ref> Na August 24, afọ 2020, ewepụtara abọm studio nke anọ ya 21 Years of DJ Tira na South Africa, na-eme ememe ''afọ'' iri abụọ na otu na ụlọ ọrụ egwu. Ụlọ ọrụ na-edekọ ihe na South Afrika (RiSA) kwadoro album ahụ na platinum. Na Machị afọ 2021, ọ na-akwado asọmpi SABC 1 nke a na-akpọ ''1 na 2'' oge 6.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speedsta And DJ Tira Join 1s And 2s Season Six - ZAlebs|url=https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/dj-zinhle/speedsta-and-dj-tira-join-1s-and-2s-season-six|date=March 14, 2021|work=Zalebs|accessdate=June 7, 2022|archivedate=October 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025223530/https://zalebs.com/top-of-the/dj-zinhle/speedsta-and-dj-tira-join-1s-and-2s-season-six}}</ref> === 2021–ugbua: ''Rockstar Forever'' === Na June 25, na afọ 2021, o wepụtara abọm studio nke ise ya ''Rockstar Forever'', nke ewepụtara na South Afrika. Abọm ahụ nwere Q Twins, Makhadzi, Western Boyz, Jumbo, Prince Bulo, Biza Wethu, Mampintsha, Joocy, Ntencane, Proffesor, Beast, Worst Behaviour, Dladla Mshunqisi, BlaQRythm, Mtebza & Khazozo .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=DJ Tira drops a new album ' Rockstar Forever '|url=https://www.djsproduction.co.za/dj-tira-drops-a-new-album-rockstar-forever/|accessdate=2021-06-26|work=DJs Production|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801052515/https://www.djsproduction.co.za/dj-tira-drops-a-new-album-rockstar-forever/|archive-date=2021-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Rockstar Forever'' ọkwa nọmba 1 na iTunes chaatị South Afrika. [citation mkpa] == Ndụ onwe onye == DJ Tira lụrụ Gugu Khathi ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ na otu nwa nwanyị Junior, Chase na Chichi Khathi.<ref name="thenation" /> DJ Tira na nwunye ya mere emume Umabo n'ụlọ ya na KwaHlabisa, KwaZulu-Natal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/dj-tira-introduces-wife-to-ancestors-20170728|title=DJ Tira introduces wife to ancestors|first=Qhama|author=Dayile|work=Drum}}</ref> == Discography == === Ndepụta nke abọm studio === {| class="wikitable" !Aha abọm !Nkọwapụta abọm !Asambodo |- |''Ezase Afro Vol:1'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 12 Disemba 2013 * Label: Afrotainment * Ụdị: CD, Digital download | |- |''Ezase Afro Vol:2'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 2012 * Label: Afrotainment * Ụdị: CD, Digital download | |- |''Ikhenani'' | style="" | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 13 Septemba 2019 * Label: Afrotaiment * Format: digital download, CD | |- |''Afọ 21 nke DJ Tira'' | style="" | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 24 Ọgọstụ 2020 * Label: Afrotaiment * Format: nbudata dijitalụ |(RiSA):Platinum |- |''Rockstar Forever'' | style="" | * A tọhapụrụ ya: June 2021 * Label: Afrotaiment * Format: nbudata dijitalụ | |} === Albọm nchịkọta === {| class="wikitable" !Aha abọm !Nkọwapụta abọm |- |''Real Makoya (ya na DJ Khabzela)'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 2001 * Ụdị: CD |- |''Durbans Finest Vol:1 (ya na Sox na Ncedo M)'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 2004 * Ụdị: CD |- |''Durbans Finest Vol:2 (na Sox)'' | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 2005 * Ụdị: CD |- |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Emume Nrite !Nrite !Ọrụ / Onye nnata !Nsonaazụ !Ref. |- ! rowspan="1" |<div align="center">2004</div> !AMFMA |Abọm nchịkọta kacha mma |"Durbans Finest Vol:1" | {{Won}} | |- !<div align="center">2018</div> !DMASA |Best Live Act | rowspan="3" |Ya onwe ya | {{Nom}} | |- !2019 !SAMA |Ihe ndekọ nke Afọ |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bona.co.za/2019-sama-record-of-the-year-nominees/|title=2019 SAMA Record of the Year nominees|first=Kwanele|author=Mathebula|date=May 31, 2019|accessdate=June 7, 2022|archivedate=September 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922071405/https://www.bona.co.za/2019-sama-record-of-the-year-nominees/}}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" |2020 !26th SAMA |Best Kwaito/Gqom/Amapiano |{{Nom}} | |- |1st KZN Entertainment Awards |Ihe nrite pụrụ iche |Ya onwe ya |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Talent overload: All the winners from the first KZN Entertainment Awards|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/entertainment/winners-knz-entertainment-awards/|work=The South African}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tira, DJ}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dfhr21icfs3gwfefizonc6uabnyuy0u 0 14299 742313 705054 2026-11-02T12:35:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ayo Akínwándé''' (amụrụ na [[Lagos]], Nigeria) bụ onye [[Naijiria]] na-ese ihe n'oge a, onye nlekọta, na onye odee. A maara ya maka eserese multimedia ya doro anya ma rụọ ọrụ na mpempe akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayo Akínwándé|url=https://lecube-art.com/artiste/ayo-akinwande/?lang=en|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=Le Cube|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Take Me Somewhere – Theatre SCOTLAND|url=https://www.theatrescotland.com/take-me-somewhere/|accessdate=2021-08-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=douw|title=African Crossroads / The journey to the future - ART AFRICA magazine|url=https://artafricamagazine.org/african-crossroads-journey-future/|accessdate=2021-08-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ayo Akínwándé ma zụlite ya na [[Lagos]], Naijiria. Ọ gụrụ Architecture na Covenant University Nigeria .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=Ayọ̀ Akínwándé|url=https://www.tique.art/artists/ayo-akinwande/|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=Tique {{!}} publication on contemporary art|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Page|url=https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=The Gallow Gate|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153644/https://www.thegallowgate.art/kobionyameversus|archive-date=2021-08-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Editors|first=T. S. A.|date=2020-05-17|title=Diary of an Artist During COVID-19 Pandemic: Ayọ̀ Akínwándé|url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/diary-of-an-artist-during-covid-19-pandemic-ayo-akinwande/|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=The Sole Adventurer|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153644/https://thesoleadventurer.com/diary-of-an-artist-during-covid-19-pandemic-ayo-akinwande/}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ naanị ha: * ''Power Show III - The God-Fathers Must Be Crazy'', Darling Foundry Montreal Quebec, Canada 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MutualArt.com - The Web's Largest Art Information Service.|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Exhibition/Ay%E1%BB%8D-Akinwande--Power-Show-III---The-God-/904C475C2A67DC76|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=www.mutualart.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''Power Show II'': The God-Fathers Are Not To Blame, ''Revolving Art Incubator'', Lagos (Nigeria) 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2019-02-08|title=Lagos, City of Hustle, Builds an Art ‘Ecosystem’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/arts/design/lagos-nigeria-art-x-art.html|accessdate=2021-08-10}}</ref> * ''Power Show I'', ''Omenka Gallery'', Lagos (Nigeria) 2018. * ''Deaf vs Dumb II'', National Museum, Lagos 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fonderie Darling {{!}} Akínwándé, Ayọ̀|url=https://fonderiedarling.org/en/Akinwande-Ayo|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=fonderiedarling.org}}</ref> * == Mbipụta == * “2019Victor Ehikhamenor: From the Village to the World, and Back Again”, The Art Momentum.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Momentum|first=The Art|date=2019-09-02|title=Victor Ehikhamenor: From the Village to the World, and Back Again|url=https://theartmomentum.com/victor-ehikhamenor/|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=The Art Momentum|language=en-GB}}</ref> * 2018 ''Na-eche ihu n'eziokwu Naijiria na-enweghị ngwọta'' na Ngosipụta 'Salvage Therapy' The Sole Adventurer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-21|title=Confronting an Unaddressed Nigerian Reality in the Exhibition 'Salvage Therapy' {{!}} By Ayò Akínwándé|url=https://thesoleadventurer.com/confronting-an-unaddressed-nigerian-reality-in-the-exhibition-salvage-therapy-by-ayo-akinwande/|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=The Sole Adventurer|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153644/https://thesoleadventurer.com/confronting-an-unaddressed-nigerian-reality-in-the-exhibition-salvage-therapy-by-ayo-akinwande/}}</ref> * 2020 "''Who Art Exhibition Epp?''", People's Stories Project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who art exhibition ‘epp’? {{!}} People's Stories Project|url=https://www.psp-culture.com/art/who-art-exhibition-epp/|accessdate=2021-08-10|work=www.psp-culture.com|archivedate=2021-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153645/https://www.psp-culture.com/art/who-art-exhibition-epp/}}</ref> == Leekwa == * [[Lemi Ghariokwu]] * [[Ade Adekola]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * [https://ayoakinwande.com Ayo Akinwande Official website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 45hq1n7f828u66vrnhzupnxfduliwu2 0 15073 742324 720511 2026-11-02T15:11:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} == Ọrụ == Gosani bidoro na magazin Drum dị ka onye ozi mana mgbé na-adịghị anya ọ kwagara na ngalaba foto ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-enyere Jürgen Schadeberg aka n'ụlọ ọchịchịrị. O mechara bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto kacha mma nke Drum. Schadeberg kwuru na "Gosani pụtara ìhè n'ihi na na mbido afọ 1950 ndị na-ese foto ojii na ndị na-ede foto na akwụkwọ akụkọ karịsịa bụ ndị a na-anụtụbeghị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jacqui Masiza and Mothobi Mutloatse|title=Tauza - Bob Gosani's People|publisher=Struik|location=Cape Town|year=2005|pages=18|isbn=978-1-77007-177-3}}</ref> Ọtutu n'ime foto ya aghọwo ihe oyiyi nke afọ 1950s na South Africa dịka foto nke ''ụmụ nwanyị n'oge'' Defiance Campaign n'afọ 1952, Nelson Mandela na-alụ ọgụ na onye na-akụ ọkpọ nke klọb ịkụ ọkpọ ya n'oge ahụ, Jerry Moloi (nke e weere n'elu ụlọ ọrụ South African Associated Newspapers na Johannesburg) na [[Nelson Mandela]] n'èzí ụlọ ikpe n'afọ 1958, (nke nwere mmeri n'ihi na ndị ọkàiwu wepụrụ ebubo na Trial Treason).<ref name="Struggle">{{Cite news|title=Women's struggle in South Africa|publisher=[[South African History Online]]|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/womens-struggle/struggle6.htm|work=SA History|accessdate=2007-12-03}}</ref><ref name="Sparring">{{Cite news|title=Freedom of Joburg for Mandela|url=http://www.southafrica.info/what_happening/news/mandela-joburg.htm|work=SouthAfrica.info|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref><ref name="Court">{{Cite news|first=Glenn|author=Frankel|title=Long Walk to Freedom|date=2006-12-24|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/21/AR2006122101288.html|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=2007-04-22}}</ref> Ikekwe usoro foto ya kachasị ama bụ usoro o mere nke ịgba ''egwu Tauza'' na-eweda ala na nke na-emebi emebi nke a manyere ndị mkpọrọ gba ọtọ ka ha mee n'ogige ụlọ mkpọrọ Johannesburg a ma ama, The Fort, na Hillbrow. Egwú a bụ ụzọ ihere iji hụ na ndị mkpọrọ anaghị etinye ngwá agha ma ọ bụ ihe iwu na-akwadoghị n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ ha ógè ha rụchara ọrụ ike otu ụbọchị. Ọ na-agụnye n'ụzọ bụ isi ịkwanye eriri afọ ha n'ime ikuku banyere nyocha nke ndị na-elekọta. Gosani jisiri ike see foto ịgba egwu Tauza na nzuzo site na ala dị n'elu ụlọ ndị nọọsụ na-ele ụlọ mkpọrọ anya. N'ihi foto ndị a na-ebipụta na Drum, e nwere mkpesa ọha na eze ma manye gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ime ihe.<ref name="Tauza">{{Cite news|title=Tauza - Bob Gosani's People|publisher=Struik|url=http://www.struik.co.za/People%2C%20Art%20%26%20Culture/book.book.detail.action?id=1994&curcat=31|accessdate=2007-04-23|archive-date=2006-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924204534/http://www.struik.co.za/People%2C%20Art%20%26%20Culture/book.book.detail.action?id=1994&curcat=31|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tauza dance">{{Cite news|first=Mark|author=Gevisser|title=Constitution Hill|date=2003-06-01|publisher=Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research|url=http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wiserinbriefjune2003.pdf|work=WISER newsletter|accessdate=2007-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819040104/http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wiserinbriefjune2003.pdf|archive-date=2007-08-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ Gosani bipụtara === * ''Tauza - Ndị Bob Gosani''. Bedfordview: Mutloatse Arts Heritage Trust, 2005. . Ọ bụ Mothobi Mutloatse, Jacqui Masiza na Lesley Hay-Whitton chịkọtara ma dezie ya. === Akwụkwọ ndị Gosani nyere === * Drum: a Venture na Africa ọhụrụ. London: Collins, 1956. Nke Anthony Sampson dere. Foto nke Gosani na Jurgen Schadeberg. ** Drum: imepụta magazin. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2005.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781868422111|9781868422111]]. * In/sight: Ndị na-ese foto n'Afrịka, 1940 ruo ugbu a. New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780810968950|9780810968950]]. Site na mmeghe nke Clare Bell na edemede nke [[Okwui Enwezor]], [[Olu Oguibe]], na Octavio Zaya. Foto nke Gosani, Cornélius Yao Azaglo Augustt, Oladélé Ajiboyé Bamgboyé, Zarina Bhimji, Gordon Bleach, Nabil Boutros, Cloete Breytenbach, Salla Casset, Mody Sory Diallo, Mohammed Dib, Kamel Dridi, Touhami Ennadre, Mathew Faji, [[Rotimi Fani-Kayode]], [[Samuel Fosso]], Jellel Gaye, Meïssa Gaye, Christian Gaye, Siddé, Man Man Man Manid, Maid, Maley, Maidop, Maid Gaye, Maid. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi e mere na Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, May São September, 1996. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 5dqirsi43676l2pcbh7lewrnbg8e3up 0 15488 742350 696937 2026-11-02T21:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Conor Matthew Mccreedy''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị 1987 na Johannesburg, South Africa) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'oge a, ónyé na-echekwa ihe na ónyé na-anakọta ihe na [[Switzerland]]. Na atụmatụ ego ruru ihe dị ka dollar irí asaá nde. Agba na-acha anụnụ anụnụ pụtara ìhè n'ọrụ ya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Wohnrevue|url=https://www.wohnrevue.ch/fokus/conor-mccreedy/|work=Wohnrevue website}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Mccreedy na Johannesburg, South Africa na 1987. Ọ bụ nwá nwà nke Sir Theophilus Shepstone, ónyé ọchịchị Britain. Nnà ya bụ ónyé French-Irish Ancestry, nné ya bụ ónyé South African architect na ónyé na-ese ihe n'ime ụlọ. Mccreedy na-echeta ise ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ site na iji brọsh na kọfị nne ya.<ref name="Fairlady South Africa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.recreate.za.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/artcastmay-FAIR-LADY.pdf|title=Fairlady|date=May 2011|work=Recreate.za.net|accessdate=2017-08-27}}</ref> Ka ógè na-eto eto, ọ ghọrọ ónyé na-ese ejiji, na-arụ ọrụ màkà ụlọ ejiji gụnyere Calvin Klein.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-432163|title=Conor Mccreedy: Outliers at the Core|work=CNN iReport|accessdate=29 September 2014|archivedate=6 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073043/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-432163}}</ref><ref name="fand">{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-284270155.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921210109/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-284270155.html|archivedate=21 September 2014|title=Young SA artist paints the blues in the Big Apple Millionaire swops golf clubs for brushes ".|work=Highbeam.com|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref> Ọ gakwara Hilton College.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SA artist gets bite of Big Apple|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/article1000556.ece/SA-artist-gets-bite-of-Big-Apple|work=Times Live Magazine}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, Mccreedy nwetara agụmakwụkwọ golf iji gaa Barton College na North Carolina.<ref name="Entrepreneur Magazine">{{Cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/snapshots/conor-mccreedy/|title=Conor Mccreedy &#124; Entrepreneur|publisher=Entrepreneurmag.co.za|date=14 January 2013|accessdate=3 June 2014|archivedate=2 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201149/http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/snapshots/conor-mccreedy//}}</ref> Mccreedy hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na Pratt Institute na New York City iji chụsoo ọrụ nka onwé ya na 2007.<ref name="Conor Mccreedy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/snapshots/conor-mccreedy/|title=Conor Mccreedy|work=Entrepreneur|accessdate=29 September 2014|archivedate=6 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091711/http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/snapshots/conor-mccreedy/}}</ref><ref name="Young Entrepreneur">{{Cite web|url=http://www.youngentrepreneur.com/blog/from-starving-artist-to-young-entrepreneur-conor-mccreedy-on-making-creativity-pay/|title=Where Young Entrepreneurs Meet and Start Up &#124; Entrepreneur.com|publisher=Young Entrepreneur|accessdate=3 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730022309/http://www.youngentrepreneur.com/blog/from-starving-artist-to-young-entrepreneur-conor-mccreedy-on-making-creativity-pay/|archivedate=30 July 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, SA Style Awards kpọrọ Mccreedy "Ónyé kachasị mma" na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myjoburg.com/glamour-and-glitz-at-the-sa-style-awards/|title=Glamour and Glitz at the SA Style Awards - My Joburg. Your News. Your Community. Online|work=myjoburg.com|accessdate=27 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015951/http://myjoburg.com/glamour-and-glitz-at-the-sa-style-awards/|archivedate=28 August 2017}}</ref> A na-ewu ebe ngosi nka nke ga-egosipụta nchịkọta nke ya na-eto eto nke ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nke ya.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a81e8c7bff2004c0b14b469/t/5da97fedda5d5c5fdd6bf18b/1571389434522/Conormccreedy-PRESTIGE_Worldwide_Digital_02_2019%28verschoben%29.pdf|title=Prestige Magazine|work=Prestige website|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2022-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406203912/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a81e8c7bff2004c0b14b469/t/5da97fedda5d5c5fdd6bf18b/1571389434522/Conormccreedy-PRESTIGE_Worldwide_Digital_02_2019%28verschoben%29.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbè ọ hapụsịrị kọleji, Mccreedy malitere ire ihe osise ya n'okporo ámá Union Square na New York City.<ref name="Young Entrepreneur"/> Mgbe onye na-ahụ màkà ahịa bụ Mick Rock chọpụtara ọrụ Mccreedy na gallery, ọ gbara ya ume ka ya na Aldon James Jr., ónyé isi oche nke National Arts Club, klọb onwé ónyé kwurịta okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Suthentira Govender|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/entertainment/article1000556.ece/SA-artist-gets-bite-of-Big-Apple|title=SA artist gets bite of Big Apple|publisher=Times LIVE|date=3 April 2011|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref> Mccreedy mèrè ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'onwe ya ebe a, nke akpọrọ Outliers, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe kachasị ọhụrụ nwere ihe ngosi nke onwé ya n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Oprah">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oprahmag.co.za/live-your-best-life/relationships/o-chats-to-artist-conor-mccreedy|title=O Chats to Artist Conor Mccreedy - O, The Oprah Magazine|work=Oprahmag.co.za|accessdate=29 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083430/http://www.oprahmag.co.za/live-your-best-life/relationships/o-chats-to-artist-conor-mccreedy|archivedate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="Entrepreneur Magazine"/> Ihe ngosi ahụ nwere foto anụ ọhịa nke o sere na South Africa na ihe osise ndị metụtara safari Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/blogs/niteside/Wildlife-Painter-Conor-McCreedy-Attracts-A-Fashion-Forward-Crowd--89572807.html|title=Wildlife Painter Conor McCreedy Attracts A Fashion-Forward Crowd|work=NBC New York|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Time Warner nyere ya ọrụ ka o see ụdị akara ngosi ya màkà nnọkọ mmalite site na iji agba "Mccreedyblue" ya.<ref name="Entrepreneur Magazine"/> Agba eji mee ihe n'ihe osise ya niile bụ ngwakọta nke ihe ise dị iche iche na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref name="blue">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/video/conor-mccreedy-who-is-the-south-african-artist-km2M0RLeRMSgDFnhvBUU6A.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195848/http://www.bloomberg.com/video/conor-mccreedy-who-is-the-south-african-artist-km2M0RLeRMSgDFnhvBUU6A.html|archivedate=10 September 2014|title=Conor Mccreedy: Who Is the South African Artist?: Video|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=29 September 2014}} </ref> N'afọ 2012 o mepụtara ihe ngosi "Oké Osimiri Africa" na Charles Bank Gallery, dị ka akụkụ nke Witness Hilton Arts Festival na Hilton College, na Selected Works, 2006-2012, na Ernie Els' Estate na Stellenbosch N'afọ 2013 ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi otu na Everard Read Gallery, Johannesburg.<ref name="Oprah"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/23/conor-mccreedy-african-ocean_n_1370839.html|title=Conor Mccreedy's 'African Ocean' Opens in New York (PHOTOS)|date=23 March 2012|work=HuffPost|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=87769|title=The Witness|work=The Witness|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301389776.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323165901/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-301389776.html|archivedate=23 March 2015|title=Top Artists Exhibit at Hilton Arts Fest|work=Highbeam.com|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Conor Mccreedy"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liveoutloud.co.za/magazine/conor-mccreedy/|title=Conor McCreedy is a South African artist based in New York. - LIVEOUTLOUD - Luxury Lifestyle Magazine|work=Liveoutloud.co.za|accessdate=29 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105054/http://www.liveoutloud.co.za/magazine/conor-mccreedy/|archivedate=6 October 2014}}</ref> Ọrụ nke ọrụ Mccreedy gụnyere murals e sere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị na New York City dị ka Soho House Hotel na penthouse nke Bowery Hotel.<ref name="sand">{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-288892372.html|title=SA boy gets the blues in golden Manhattan.|work=Highbeam.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921210102/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-288892372.html|archivedate=21 September 2014|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="fand"/> N'afọ 2014 o nwèrè ihe ngosi onwé ya na Gallery Proarta .<ref name="blue" /> == Ihe ngosi == Ihe ngosi onwe onye: * "Outliers" National Arts Club. New York City, 2009. * "Oké Osimiri Africa" Elizabeth Street, Charles Bank Gallery New York City, 2012. * "Ihe osise Splash" ProArta Galerie, Zurich, 2014 * "Mccreedyblue Abstract" Cat Street Gallery, Hong Kong, 2015. * "Chiaroscuro Abstract Portraits" HG Guggenheim Contemporary, New York City, 2016. * "Splash Paintings" Askeri Gallery, Moscow, 2017. * "Splash Paintings" Askeri Gallery, Moscow, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guestofaguest.com/new-york/galleries/2012/march/conor-mccreedy-african-ocean-exhibition-opening/647464%7C|title=Afrcian Ocean}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọrụ ọhụrụ ya guzobere ihe ngosi ''Mccreedyblue'', nke emere na [[Hong Kong]], [[China]] na Cat Street Gallery. O mekwara ihe ngosi onwé ya na Zurich na Palm Beach. John Cole-Morgan nke South Africa kwuru màkà ihe ngosi ya na Hong Kong na ọrụ Mccreedy bụ "ike, ike na n'ezie hypnotic".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/south-african-artist-conor-mccreedy-takes-over-hong-kongs-art-scene/|title=South African artist Conor McCreedy takes over Hong Kong's art scene|publisher=The South African|date=5 May 2015|author=John Cole-Morgan}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Amber Genuske kọwara ihe osise ya na Huffington Post dị ka ihe na-egosi "mmegharị na-agagharị agagharị" na "ihe okike na-egosipụta onwé ya".<ref name="Huffington Post">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/23/conor-mccreedy-african-ocean_n_1370839.html|title=Conor Mccreedy's 'African Ocean' Opens in New York (PHOTOS)|work=HuffPost|date=23 March 2012|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref> O kwuru n'ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na Pablo Picasso bụ otu n'ime mmetụta kachasị ukwuu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rocketlist.me/videos/conor-mccreedy/|title=Kuato Studios – Inspiring the Future of Learning|publisher=Rocketlist.me|accessdate=3 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215926/http://rocketlist.me/videos/conor-mccreedy/|archivedate=4 October 2013}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị o dere sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ónyé bụbu ónyé isi ala South Africa bụ [[Nelson Mandela]] na njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyartbeat.com/event/2012/1054|title=NYAB Event – Conor Mccreedy "African Ocean"|publisher=Nyartbeat.com|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2013, e zuru ihe osise Mccreedy n'ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri dị na New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23085571|title=The hunt for stolen Mandela painting|publisher=BBC|date=28 June 2013|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref> Otu n'ime ihe ndị e zuru bụ onyinyo nke Nelson Mandela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-06-24-mandela-painting-stolen-from-sa-born-artist-in-new-york|title=Mandela painting stolen from SA-born artist in New York &#124; Mail & Guardian|work=Mail & Guardian|date=24 June 2013|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref> E meghere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'Eshia n'afọ 2015. A na-ere ihe osise ya rụọ dollar otu narị puku na iri ise.<ref name="blue"/> "Mcreedyblue" nke Mccreedy bụ ngwakọta nke ihe ise na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Blue Renaissance|url=http://www.projectluxury.com/single-post/2016/04/21/CONOR-MCCREEDYS-THE-BLUE-RENAISSANCE|work=Project Luxury Magazine|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2021-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730105032/https://www.projectluxury.com/single-post/2016/04/21/conor-mccreedys-the-blue-renaissance}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Mccreedy na-akwado ọtụtụ ọrụ ebere. N'oge Art Basel, Switzerland na 2017, o nyèrè obere ụlọ omebe iwu ya, ihe osise [[London]] ya na UNAIDS, ntọala United Nations. A na-ere ihe osise ahụ n'oge oriri oriri abalị na Basel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=De Pury|url=http://de-pury.com/lot/785|accessdate=5 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040625/http://de-pury.com/lot/785|archivedate=6 April 2018}}</ref> Mccreedy bụ onye guzobere Protecting African Lions, NPO e guzobere iji chebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ọdụm ọhịa na-ebelata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protecting African Lions|url=https://protectingafricanlions.org|work=protect lions website|access-date=2022-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601055640/https://protectingafricanlions.org/|archive-date=2022-06-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ego sitere na ire obere 'Splash Painting' ya na nso nso a gara n'ihe kpatara ọrịa ụbụrụ, akụkụ nke Gracious Hearts Foundation. A kpọrọ ihe osise ahụ 'Feelings' A na-ere ya na Christie's na [[London]] ma Simon de Pury na-ere yango.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbes Gracious Hearts|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/felicitycarter/2018/03/25/gracious-heart-charity-auction-at-christies-in-london/|work=Forbes}}</ref> O nyèrè obere 'Angel Painting' na Ellerman House, Art Angels Foundation. Ntọala ahụ dị na mbà ya. South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art Angels|url=http://www.artangelsinitiative.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ART-ANGELS_FINAL.pdf|work=Art Angels catalogue|accessdate=2022-06-17|archivedate=2016-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910032900/http://www.artangelsinitiative.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/ART-ANGELS_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ oriri ọrụ ebere kwa afọ iji baara Click Foundation uru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=click foundation|url=http://clickfoundation.co.za|work=click foundation website}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Mccreedy esorowo Bulgari na Rolex rụkọọ ọrụ. O meela ihe osise a na-akpọ "My Blue Heaven".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shots.media/people/2016/conor-mccreedy-blaues-luxusbett-geht-auf-weltreise/3704|title=Conor Mccreedy: Blaues Luxusbett geht auf Weltreise|work=Shots.media|accessdate=27 August 2017|archivedate=5 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705155433/http://www.shots.media/people/2016/conor-mccreedy-blaues-luxusbett-geht-auf-weltreise/3704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bgfashion.net/article/12860/5/Stylish-artist-and-businessman-Conor-Mccreedy-presents-Blue-Heaven#popup2|title=Stylish artist and businessman Conor Mccreedy presents 'Blue Heaven'|publisher=Be Global Fashion Network|accessdate=27 August 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite web|title=Conor Mccreedy website|url=http://conormccreedy.com/}} * {{Cite web|title=Instagram website|url=https://www.instagram.com/conormccreedy/}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ez1sewh0kp0tr324gyg2olf356ay0gw 0 15725 742330 655077 2026-11-02T16:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buhlebezwe Siwani''' (amụrụ na 1987 na Johannesburg) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe dị ichè íchè nke a maara màkà ọrụ ya na nka arụmọrụ, ntinye, na foto foto.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.buhlebezwesiwani.com/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=buhlebezwesiwani|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Buhlebezwe Siwani tolitere na Johannesburg, ma bírí na Eastern Cape na KwaZulu Natal.<ref name="africanah">{{Cite web|author=Candice Allison|date=2016-12-05|title=Buhlebezwe Siwani|url=https://africanah.org/buhlebezwe-siwani-2/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=AFRICANAH.ORG|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Siwani gụsịrị BAFA (Hons) ya na Wits School of Arts na Johannesburg na 2011 na MFA ya na Michaelis School of Fine Arts na 2015 ébé ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ cum laude.<ref name=":0" /> Siwani na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na usoro arụmọrụ na ntinye, ma na-agụnye foto foto na vidiyo nké ụfọdụ arụmọrụ. Siwani na-eji vidiyo na ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ ányà dị ka ihe na-anọchi ányá ahụ ya nke na-adịghị na oghere ahụ.<ref name="africanah" /> A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka "ihe na-ekpughe" na " ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", na-agụnye isiokwu nke nwanyị ojii na ime mmụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scott|first=Chadd|title=What If Every Art Museum Looked Like The Rubell Art Museum In Miami?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chaddscott/2021/01/27/what-if-every-art-museum-looked-like-the-rubell-art-museum-in-miami/|accessdate=2021-02-08|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Spence|first=Rachel|date=2020-10-02|title=Zoé Whitley — bringing spirituality to Frieze Viewing Room|url=https://www.ft.com/content/370e720d-1c02-4e98-8c4d-e62e177dd337|accessdate=2021-02-08|work=www.ft.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nauja paroda MO muziejuje – ar drobė gali būti veidrodžiu?|url=https://www.15min.lt/kultura/naujiena/vizualieji-menai/nauja-paroda-mo-muziejuje-ar-drobe-gali-buti-veidrodziu-929-1182898|accessdate=2021-02-08|work=15min.lt|language=lt}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * ''Dedisa ubumnyama'', Cairns Art Gallery, Cairnes (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dedisa Ubumnyama (Turn the darkness away) - What's On - Exhibitions - Cairns Art Gallery|url=https://www.cairnsartgallery.com.au/whats-on/exhibitions/buhlebezwe-Siwani|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=www.cairnsartgallery.com.au}}</ref> * ''ukuqhaqha'', Ọrụ Camera, Palazzo Rasponi, Ravenna (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-09|title=%%title%% {{!}} Festival Internazionale di Fotografia|url=https://photopenup.com/esposizione/ukuqhaqha/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Photo Open Up|language=it-IT|archivedate=2021-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016181427/https://photopenup.com/esposizione/ukuqhaqha/}}</ref> * ''Ike nke Aka m. Africa(s): Ndị inyom na-ese ihe'' Musée d'Art Moderne nke Paris, Paris, France (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|author=agence|first=GAYA-La nouvelle|title=The Power of My Hands|url=https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/expositions/exposition-power-my-hands|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=www.mam.paris.fr|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027071201/https://www.mam.paris.fr/fr/expositions/exposition-power-my-hands|archive-date=2021-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Chi nwanyị nke Ọgwụgwọ'', Mbassy, Hamburg (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=GODDESSES OF HEALING — M.Bassy|url=https://m-bassy.org/programm/goddesses-of-healing|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=m-bassy.org|language=de}}</ref> * Casablanca Biennial, Casablanca (2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Participants|url=https://www.biennalecasablanca.net/participants-1|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Biennale internationale de Casablanca|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016174421/https://www.biennalecasablanca.net/participants-1}}</ref> * Ịdị ndụ, ịgbaghara, Ịcheta Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbè Ochie Arnhem, Arnhem، Netherlands (2020-2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Living, Forgiving, Remembering {{!}} Museum Arnhem|url=https://www.museumarnhem.nl/en/tentoonstellingen/living-forgiving-remembering|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=www.museumarnhem.nl}}</ref> * Ónyé akaebe: Afro Perspectives si na Jorge M. Pérez Collection 〜 El Espacio 23, Miami, USA (2020-2021);<ref>{{Cite web|title=El Espacio 23 {{!}} WITNESS: Afro Perspectives from the Jorge M. Pérez Collection|url=https://elespacio23.org/2020/06/06/witness-afro-perspectives-from-the-jorge-m-perez-collection/|accessdate=2021-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ụlọ ngosi ọbọdọ nke Almada, Almada (2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artshell|url=https://app.artshell.eu/exported-events/5ee8d835daf46f001b947ee5/5ee8d837daf46f001b947eec|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=app.artshell.eu}}</ref> * ''14th Curitiba Biennial'', [[Curitiba]] (2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=14ª Curitiba International Biennial of Contemporary Art|url=http://bienaldecuritiba.com.br/bienal14/index-en.html|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=bienaldecuritiba.com.br|archivedate=2021-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517192550/http://bienaldecuritiba.com.br/bienal14/index-en.html}}</ref> * ''Ihe onwunwe'', Iziko National Gallery, Cape Town (2020);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Matereality {{!}} Iziko|url=https://www.iziko.org.za/exhibitions/matereality|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=www.iziko.org.za}}</ref> * Othunjiweyo South Galeria Madragoa, Lisbon (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhlebezwe Siwani: othunjiweyo|url=https://contemporaryand.com/exhibition/buhlebezwe-siwani-othunjiweyo/|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> * Njem ugbu a: South site na Southeast, Osage Art Foundation, Hong Kong (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-20|title=One Land and One Humanity: Present Passing at Osage Hong Kong|url=https://www.cobosocial.com/dossiers/one-land-and-one-humanity-present-passing-at-osage-hong-kong/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=COBO Social|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016174422/https://www.cobosocial.com/dossiers/one-land-and-one-humanity-present-passing-at-osage-hong-kong/}}</ref> * Bamako Encounters, Mali (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bamako Encounters - African Biennale of Photography: Streams of Consciousness - Announcements - e-flux|url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/278260/bamako-encounters-african-biennale-of-photographystreams-of-consciousness/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=www.e-flux.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''Ngoma'': Art and Cosmology, Johannesburg Art Gallery, Johannesburg (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ngoma: Art and Cosmology|url=https://friendsofjag.org/news-stories/ngoma-art-and-cosmology|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=#FRIENDSOFJAG|language=en-US}}</ref> * Cosmopolis #2: Rethinking the Human, Centre Pompidou, Paris (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cosmopolis #2|url=https://cosmopolis.centrepompidou.fr/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=cosmopolis.centrepompidou.fr|language=en}}</ref> * The Third Bank, Bienal Ano Zero, Coimbra (2019);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anozero’19|url=http://anozero-bienaldecoimbra.pt/2019/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=anozero-bienaldecoimbra.pt}}</ref> * N'ihi ya, ọ dịghị ụlọ ọrụ nka mmadụ, Netherlands (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=iNcence {{!}} Buhlebezwe Siwani|url=https://www.nomansart.com/exhibitions/goluboy-2nrht-9mp4f-sgg9l-w6b3x|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=NO MAN'S ART GALLERY|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130090052/https://www.nomansart.com/exhibitions/goluboy-2nrht-9mp4f-sgg9l-w6b3x}}</ref> * Qab'Imbola na-ekwu na ọ dị na Cape Town (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qab'Imbola {{!}} WHATIFTHEWORLD/ GALLERY|url=https://www.whatiftheworld.com/exhibition/qabimbola-2/|accessdate=2021-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> * Tell Freedom, KaDE Museum, Amsefoort (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tell Freedom. 15 South African artists|url=https://www.kunsthalkade.nl/en/exhibitions/tell-freedom-15-south-african-artists|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Tell Freedom. 15 South African artists &mdash; Kunsthal KAdE|language=en}}</ref> * White blood blue night, Centre d'art contemporain d'Alfortville, Alfortville (2018);<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHITE BLOOD, BLUE NIGHT {{!}} Cnap|url=https://www.cnap.fr/white-blood-blue-night|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=www.cnap.fr|archivedate=2021-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016174421/https://www.cnap.fr/white-blood-blue-night}}</ref> * ''Imụgbọ yenkaba'', Galeria Madragoa, Lisbon (2017);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imfazwe yenkaba – Madragoa|url=https://www.galeriamadragoa.pt/exhibitions/60756c7dba50a8663daf96a4|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=www.galeriamadragoa.pt}}</ref> * Deep Memory, Kalmar Art Museum, Kalmar (2017);<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deep memory {{!}} Kalmar Art Museum|url=https://www.kalmarkonstmuseum.se/en/exhibition/deep-memory/|accessdate=2021-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref> * Art/Africa, The Louis Vuitton Foundation, Paris (2017); * ''Ingxowa yeGqwirhakazi'' bụ ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri, Cape Town (2016)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ingxowa yeGqwirhakazi {{!}} WHATIFTHEWORLD/ GALLERY|url=https://www.whatiftheworld.com/exhibition/ingxowa-yegqwirhakazi/|accessdate=2021-02-06|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ihe'' ngosi nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Michaelis Galleries, Cape Town (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imfihlo, 2015|url=https://www.buhlebezwesiwani.com/imfihlo-2015|accessdate=2021-02-06|work=buhlebezwesiwani|language=en}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == * Het Vijfde Seizoen, Amersfoort (2017)<ref name=":0" /> * Rote Fabrik, Pro Helvetia, Zurich, Switzerland (2016)<ref name=":0" /> * Lelee ma kwuo okwu, Theater Spektakel, Zurich, Switzerland (2015)<ref name=":0" /> * Cite Des Arts, Paris (2020)<ref name=":0" /> == Ònyìnyé == * Standard Bank Young Artist Award maka Visual Arts (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buhlebezwe,Siwani|url=http://sponsorships.standardbank.com/sbgs/sponsorship/arts-and-culture/young-artist-award/Buhlebezwe,Siwani|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=sponsorships.standardbank.com|language=en|archivedate=2021-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024053925/https://sponsorships.standardbank.com/sbgs/sponsorship/arts-and-culture/young-artist-award/Buhlebezwe,Siwani}}</ref> * Ihe nrite [[Bisi Silva]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Rencontres de Bamako Awards 8 Prizes|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/les-rencontres-de-bamako-awards-8-prizes/|accessdate=2021-10-16|work=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> * Katrine Harries Print Cabinet Purchase Award (2015)<ref name=":0" /> * Ihe nrite Martienssen (2010)<ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwé ónyé == Buhlebezwe bi ma na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti Amsterdam na Cape Town. == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0p7hkl5sy6phvf5c6fo09bc17i8sxda 0 19911 742370 705854 2026-11-03T00:56:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=DreamStar FC Ladies|image=|fullname=DreamStar FC Ladies|nickname=The Galacticas|founded={{start date and age|February 29th, 2012}}|ground=[[Agege Stadium]]|capacity=4,000|website=|owner=Dream Stars Sports Development Organisation|chairman=AbdulRahmon Abolore|manager=Sheriff Tajudeen|league=[[Nigerian Women Premier League]]|season=2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021|position=}}{{Databox}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> '''DreamStar FC Ladies''' bụ otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke dị na Surulere [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] State, Nigeria na onye otu Nigerian Women Football League (NWFL). Ha asọọla mpi na Nigeria Women Premier League, nkega kachasị elu maka egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị na mba ahụ, kemgbe oge 2018/2019, ebe ha nwetara nkwalite na league ndị ama ama site na mmeri egwuregwu niile nke ngalaba ha dị ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brila.net/dream-stars-ladies-unveil-players-for-2018-2019-nwpl-season/|title=Dream Stars Ladies Unveil Players For 2018/2019 NWPL Season|first=Seyi|author=Alao|date=July 23, 2019|accessdate=September 16, 2022|archivedate=March 20, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320070240/https://www.brila.net/dream-stars-ladies-unveil-players-for-2018-2019-nwpl-season/}}</ref> A maara ha dị ka Dream Stars Ladies, ruo n'ọnwa Eprel 2020, DreamStar FC Ladies nwere ọdịiche nke ịbụ naanị otu egwuregwu a na-enyeghi goolu na 2nd Division Pro league n'oge 2017/2018 na Northern na Southern Conferences. DreamStar FC Ladies bụ otu nwanyị ọkachamara kachasị mma, ndị otu nke Dream Stars Sports Development Organisation, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe bọọlụ nke na-enye mmemme mmepe zuru oke site na ụlọ akwụkwọ bọọlụ ya maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na ọkwa ọkachamara. The Dream Stars Sports Development Organisation, academy ya, na klọb ka onye guzobere na onyeisi oche, AbdulRahmon Abolore mepụtara na 29 nke Febụwarị 2012. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == DreamStar FC Ladies gbara na Southern Conference nke ngalaba dị ala nke NWFL Pro League na oge 2017/2018, wee bulie nkewa ahụ, n'emeghị ka ọ daa. Nke a mere ka ha nweta nkwalite na Premier Division nke NWFL maka oge 2018/2019. Oge izizi na Premier League enweghị ihe ịma aka ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edekọ ihe ụfọdụ a na-agaghị echefu echefu dịka ịgba goolu kachasị maka akụkụ ọ bụla (4-0 megide Heartland Queens) na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke NWPL (nke abụọ kachasị elu maka klọb ọ bụla na Bayelsa Queens ' 5 - 1 trouncing nke Kaduna Queens), na mmeri NWFL Goal of the Season Award 2018/2019, nke onye na-agbachitere, Oluwabunmi Oladeji, DreamStar FC Ladies mechara na ala tebụl ha. Iji nọgide n'ọnọdụ ha na Premier League, DreamStar FC Ladies sonyere na play-offs megide klọb atọ ndị ọzọ na-agbadata site na ìgwè atọ ndị ọzọ. Ndị mbata (nke a maara n'oge ahụ dị ka Dream Stars Ladies) meriri Invincible Angels 4 - 2 na penalties mgbe ha gbara 1 - 1 na Fifa Goal Project pitch, MKO Stadium, iji zere relegation. Ndị otu ahụ nwetara ọganihu na nkeji nke iri abụọ na otu nke egwuregwu ahụ, dịka Anuoluwapo Salisuʹa na-agba ọsọ n'akụkụ chọtara Judith Nwaogu, onye bọọlụ isi ya meriri onye na-edebe goolu nke Heartland Queen. Otú ọ dị, akụkụ nke [[Ȯra Benue|Benue]] State lụrụ ọgụ na ọkara nke abụọ ma mee ka ihe dị mma na nkeji nke ịrị asatọ na anọ site na Kafayat Bashiru tupu oge zuru ezu, mana emesịa tụgharịa na igba penalti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ie/news/dream-stars-ladies-osun-babes-retain-nigeria-women-premier/1m3236j1a4c9712bemtivjth94|title=Dream Stars Ladies, Osun Babes retain Nigeria Women Premier League status &#124; Goal.com|work=www.goal.com}}</ref> == Oge 2019/2020 == Na 2019/2020 NWPL gbanwere usoro otu anọ ya ka ọ bụrụ otu abụọ, iji mee ka asọmpi dị elu. DreamStar FC Ladies abanyela n'otu A, tinyere Pelican Stars FC, Nasarawa Amazons FC, [[Sunshine Stars F.C.|Sunshine Stars FC]], Bayelsa Queens FC, Abia Angels FC, Confluence Queens FC, na Edo Queens FC. Ndị otu abụọ kachasị elu site na otu ọ bụla ga-eru eru na-akpaghị aka maka Super Cup nke ụmụ nwanyị Nigeria (nke a makwaara dị ka The Super 4 Championship), ebe ndị otu ikpeazụ sitere na otu abụọ ahụ ga-agbadata na NWFL - 2nd Division Pro League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/2020-season-of-nigerias-womens-league-to-kick-off-on-march-18/fl8kdlv|title=2020 season of Nigeria’s women’s league to kick off on March 18|date=February 19, 2020|work=Pulse Nigeria|access-date=September 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920180800/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/2020-season-of-nigerias-womens-league-to-kick-off-on-march-18/fl8kdlv|archive-date=September 20, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Oge 2020/2021 == Usoro egwuregwu 2020-2021: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Egwuregwu league niile na 2020-2021 Season (egwuregwu niile na-egwu na 4.00pm GMT+1) |- !Onye mmegide !Ebe Obibi/Ụzọ !Ebe a na-anọ !Ụbọchị egwuregwu |- |Delta Queens FC |N'èzí |Agbor Stadium, Delta State |9 Disemba 2020 |- |Edo Queens FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |16 Disemba 2020 |- |Abia Angels FC |N'èzí |Ogige Egwuregwu Umuahia Township |23 Disemba 2020 |- |Ibom Angels FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |6 Jenụwarị 2021 |- |Osun Babes FC |N'èzí |Osogbo Township Stadium |13 Jenụwarị 2021 |- |Pelican Stars FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |20 Jenụwarị 2021 |- |Royal Queens FC |N'èzí |Ogige Egwuregwu Warri Township |27 Jenụwarị 2021 |- |FC Robo Queens |N'èzí |Ihe Nketa Pitch [[Lagos]] |3 Febụwarị 2021 |- |Rivers Angels FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |10 Febụwarị 2021 |- |[[Sunshine Stars F.C.|Sunshine Stars FC]] |N'èzí |Akure Township Stadium |17 Febụwarị 2021 |- |Nasarawa Amazons FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |24 Febụwarị 2021 |- |Bayelsa Queens FC |N'èzí |Ogige Egwuregwu Samson Siasia |3 Machị 2021 |- |Mgbakọta Queens FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |10 Machị 2021 |- ! colspan="4" |Ọgwụgwụ nke agba nke mbụ / Mid-season Transfer Window |- |Mgbakọta Queens FC |N'èzí |Confluence Stadium [[Lokoja]] |14 Eprel 2021 |- |Bayelsa Queens FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |21 Eprel 2021 |- |Nasarawa Amazons FC |N'èzí |Ogige Egwuregwu Lafia |28 Eprel 2021 |- |[[Sunshine Stars F.C.|Sunshine Stars FC]] |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |5 Mee 2021 |- |Rivers Angels FC |N'èzí |Sharks Stadium Port Harcourt |12 Mee 2021 |- |FC Robo Queens |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |19 Mee 2021 |- |Royal Queens FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |26 Mee 2021 |- |Pelican Stars FC |N'èzí |U. J. Esuene Stadium |2 June 2021 |- |Osun Babes FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |9 June 2021 |- |Ibom Angels FC |N'èzí |Godswill Akpabio Stadium (Ọzụzụ Pitch) |16 June 2021 |- |Abia Angels FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |23 June 2021 |- |Edo Queens FC |N'èzí |Uniben Sports Complex |30 June 2021 |- |Delta Queens FC |Ebe Obibi |Agege Stadium [[Lagos]] |7 Julaị 2021 |- |} == Ndị otu egwuregwu == '''Oge egwuregwu 2022''' Ndepụta ndị otu maka oge egwuregwu 2020-2021 dị ka n'okpuru ebe a:   {| border="0" | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable football-squad nogrid" style="display:inline-table;" |+ id="285" | ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Position">Pos.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |Nation ! scope="col" style=";" |Player |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |1 | style="text-align: center" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|<abbr title="Goalkeeper">GK</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Shukurat Ayomide Bakare]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |2 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Joy Onyedikachi Samson]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |3 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Confidence Uchendu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |4 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Tosin Ogundeko]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |5 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Chima Nwadigo]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |6 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Naomi Omotine Afemikhe]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |7 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Hembefan Roseline Ayatsea]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |8 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Olamide Adugbe]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |9 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Opeyemi Dorcas Akanbi]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |10 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Grace Anuoluwapo Salisu]]</span> ''([[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]])'' |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |11 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Favour Kalu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |12 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Juliet Chika Emereole]]</span> ''([[Captain (association football)|captain]])'' |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |13 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Nenrot Galadima Kitka]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |14 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Bukola Owoseni]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |15 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Rashidat Ajoke Ijaola]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |16 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Abosede Shoroye]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |17 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Bright Ifesinachi Nnaji]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |18 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Kafayat Folakemi Shittu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |19 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Zainab Funke Olayiwola]]</span> |} | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable football-squad nogrid" style="display:inline-table;" |+ id="528" | ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Position">Pos.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |Nation ! scope="col" style=";" |Player |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |20 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Opeyemi Ajakaye]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |21 | style="text-align: center" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|<abbr title="Goalkeeper">GK</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Christiana Hussaini]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |22 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Sofiat Omotoyosi Bankole]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |23 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Olayemi Barakat Oladipupo]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |24 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Obiageri Orizu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |25 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Dorcas Effiong]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |26 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Tumininu Adeshina]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |27 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Zainab Pelumi Yinusa]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |28 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Judith Odinaka Nwaogu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |29 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Zulfah Enitan AbdulAzeez]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |30 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Olamide Isiaka]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |31 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Mavis Nicholas]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |32 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Mary Abosede Salami]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |33 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Endurance Eniola Omoraka]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |34 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Ayotunde Rebecca Omiyoola]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |35 | style="text-align: center" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|<abbr title="Goalkeeper">GK</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Ugonnia Miracle Okafor]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |38 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Omolola Rachael Asha]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |39 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Hope Olehi]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |40 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Precious Obasi]]</span> |} |} '''Oge egwuregwu 2019-2020''' Ndepụta ndị otu 2019-2020 dị ka ndị njikwa klọb wepụtara:   {| border="0" | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable football-squad nogrid" style="display:inline-table;" |+ id="778" | ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Position">Pos.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |Nation ! scope="col" style=";" |Player |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |1 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Alice Zwalbong Poney]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |3 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Aishat Animashaun]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |4 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Esther Kareem]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |6 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Rahmat Damilola Omotosho]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |7 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Ngozi Blessing Ukwuoma]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |8 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Olamide Adugbe]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |9 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Rachael Omolola]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |10 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Grace Anuoluwapo Salisu]]</span> ''([[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]])'' |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |12 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Tosin Ogundeko]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |13 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Nenrot Galadima Kitka]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |14 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Bukola Owoseni]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |15 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Oluwabunmi Oladeji]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |16 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Naomi Omotine Afemikhe]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |18 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Abosede Hawa]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |19 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Elizabeth Zirike]]</span> |} | style="background-color:#FFFFFF;vertical-align:top;" | {| class="wikitable football-squad nogrid" style="display:inline-table;" |+ id="972" | ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |<abbr title="Position">Pos.</abbr> ! scope="col" style=";" |Nation ! scope="col" style=";" |Player |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |20 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Hope Olehi]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |21 | style="text-align: center" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|<abbr title="Goalkeeper">GK</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Faith Omilana]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |22 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Sofiat Bankole]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |23 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Desire Iberaan Orlu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |24 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Lola Agnes Ajibade]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |25 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Dorcas Effiong]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |27 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Judith Ada Osuagwu]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |28 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Judith Odinaka Nwaogu]]</span> ''([[Captain (association football)|captain]])'' |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |29 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Rosemary Ochulor]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |30 | style="text-align: center" |[[Forward (association football)|<abbr title="Forward">FW</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Gift Emmanuel]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |31 | style="text-align: center" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|<abbr title="Goalkeeper">GK</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Onyekachi Egobirioku Eze]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |32 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Rukewe Lucky]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |33 | style="text-align: center" |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|<abbr title="Goalkeeper">GK</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Shukurat Ayomide Bakare]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |37 | style="text-align: center" |[[Midfielder|<abbr title="Midfielder">MF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Celestina Adaobi Ogunwa]]</span> |- class="vcard agent" | style="text-align: center" |40 | style="text-align: center" |[[Defender (association football)|<abbr title="Defender">DF</abbr>]] | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|link=|alt=Nigeria|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Nigeria Football Federation|NGA]]</span> | style="padding-right:15px;" |<span class="fn">[[Precious Obasi]]</span> |} |} == Ọganihu Azụmaahịa == DreamStar FC Ladies na onye nwe ha, Dream Stars Sports Development Organisation, bụkwa ndị nwere nsogbu a na-ahụkarị na-awakpo klọb bọọlụ ndị nweere onwe ha n'Africa - ego ezughi oke. Iji mee ka DreamStar FC Ladies bụrụ ezigbo klọb ọkachamara nke mba ụwa, onye nwe ya achọtala enyemaka nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmepe egwuregwu iji weghachite onyinyo ya ma wuo akara a na-ahụ anya, na ebumnuche nke igosi ndị na-akwado ya na ndị mmekọ na klọb ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ dị egwu maka ịnọgide n'ọgbọ egwuregwu bọọlụ kachasị elu na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]], kamakwa na ọ na-ezube ịnọgide na-abụ otu n'ime klọb kachasị mma ma na-aba uru. Dị ka mmalite nke oge 2019-2020, ndị nwe klọb ahụ emeela mgbanwe abụọ dị ịrịba ama. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Mgbanwe !Oge Ochie !Ihe Ọhụrụ |- |Mgbanwe na aha klọb | rowspan="1" |Dream Stars Ladies | rowspan="1" |DreamStar FC Ụmụ nwanyị |- |Mgbanwe na akara ngosi klọb | rowspan="1" |<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ihe ngosi klọb ochie site na Febụwarị 2012 ruo Machị 2020 | rowspan="1" |<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ihe ngosi klọb ọhụrụ site na Eprel 2020 |} Ewezuga mgbanwe ndị edepụtara, klọb ahụ nwere usoro ime na mgbanwe njikwa otu nke na-emetụta njikwa na mmelite teknụzụ. Ihe ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-emeziwanye ihe gụnyere imepụta ebe weebụsaịtị ọkachamara na nke na-adọrọ mmasị, imezigharị na ime ka ibe mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta kwekọọ, ịhazi ọzụzụ teknụzụ na mmepe nkà maka ndị na-azụ ndị nkuzi, iwulite nkà mmụta uche otu gburugburu ọhụụ nke klọb ahụ, yana ịmepụta ihe nlereanya klọb ndị na-akwado iji kwalite iguzosi ike n'ihe n'etiti ndị na-agba ọsọ Lagos. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165203/https://www.kick442.com/covid-19-dream-stars-ladies-proceed-on-break/ COVID-19: Dream Stars Ladies proceed on Break] cukx68orjcuxvkk4kta5z7ogiir5x55 0 19932 742393 637737 2026-11-03T05:14:08Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Cadbury_logo_new.jpg|Cadbury_logo_new.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 26 October 2026. 742393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Cocoa_-_all_about_it_(IA_b21529590).pdf|thumb|Cadbury Nigeria Plc]] '''Cadbury Nigeria Plc''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ nri, ihe na-atọ ụtọ na ihe ọṅụṅụ nke nwere isi na [[Lagos]], [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] ma na-ere ahịa na Nigerian Stock Exchange. '''Cadbury Nigeria Plc''' bụ enyemaka nke Mondelez International, otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ snacking n'ụwa. Ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Bournvita ma na-asọ mpi na ụdị sitere na Nestle, GlaxoSmithKline na Promasidor.<ref>Cadbury Nigeria in Hot Drinks (Nigeria). Euromonitor International. 2017</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Akụkọ Cadbury Schweppes na Naịjirịa malitere na afọ 1950 há mgbe ọ malitere inweta koko na mbubata ngwaahịa buru ibu ma tinye ya n'ime ite maka ire ere na mba ahụ. Mgbe ha mechara chọta ohere ahịa na mba ahụ, otu ahụ guzobere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na Jenụwarị, na afọ 1965.<ref name="georgie">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/760937386|title=Impact of culture on the transfer of management practices in former British colonies : a comparative case study of Cadbury (Nigeria) Plc and Cadbury Worldwide|author=James.|first=George, Olusoji|date=2011|publisher=Xlibris|isbn=9781456833770|location=[United Kingdom]|pages=109-119|oclc=760937386}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'ihu ọha na afọ 1976 mgbe Cadbury Schweppes rere 20% nke mmasị ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ntinye ego nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na njikọta nke usoro nnyefe ya dugara n'ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ntụgharị sorghum na Stanmark Industries na Ondo, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi koko. Stanmark na-enye ihe ndị a na-emepụta maka ngwaahịa ya dị mkpa, Bournvita ma bụrụ isi iyi nke ego mba ọzọ site na mbupụ ngwaahịa koko. N'afọ 2006, ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ahụ na-edozi tọn 15,000 nke akị bọta akị bekee, mmanya akị bọọlụ na ntụ akị bọrọ. N'afọ 2006, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara nkwupụta na-ekpughe mmejọ ego n'ọtụtụ akụkọ kwa afọ gara aga.<ref name="sup">{{Cite web|url=http://superbrands.s3.amazonaws.com/AAA%20MASTER%202%20PAGE%20PDF%20Case%20Studies/Nigeria/Nigeria%20Edition%201/Nigeria%20Edition%201%20Cadbury.pdf|title=Cabdury Nigeria|author=Superbrands|date=2007}}</ref> Ozugbo ekpughere ya, onye isi na onye isi ego gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ha. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara kwupụta na ọ ga-ewere ụgwọ ihe pụrụ iche na akwụkwọ ndekọ ego ya n'ihi nkwupụta na-ezighi ezi.<ref name="georgie" /> Isi ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Bournvita na Tom Tom. E webatara nke mbụ na mba ahụ na afọ 1960 na nke ikpeazụ na afọ 1970. Mgbe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe na afọ 1965, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mefuru ego na mgbasa ozi Bournvita, ma n'ime usoro ahụ mụbaa òkè ahịa nke akara ahụ. Bournvita mechara bụrụ onye ndu ahịa na ngalaba ya. Iji melite mkpa nri na-edozi ahụ, na afọ 1994, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere vitamin na mineral dị mkpa na Bournvita.<ref name="sup" /> Ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere Cadbury Eclairs, Malta sweets, Trebor na Peppermint mbụ.<ref name="sup" /> Ihe ọṅụṅụ nyere 58% nke ego ọ na-enweta na afọ 2018 na ihe na-atọ ụtọ nyere 26%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beverageindustrynews.com.ng/index.php/2018/10/24/cadbury-nigeria-rebounds-to-profit-on-higher-sales-cost-cutting/|title=Cadbury Nigeria rebounds to profit on higher sales, cost cutting|date=2018-10-24|work=Beverage Industry News (NG)|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-11-02|archivedate=2018-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116233814/http://beverageindustrynews.com.ng/index.php/2018/10/24/cadbury-nigeria-rebounds-to-profit-on-higher-sales-cost-cutting/}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-ere Creme Rollers, Chocki, Hall Take 5 na Bubba Gum.<ref name="georgie" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} j0wa0u70xgzv1o7apturonkqf778jcf 0 21291 742613 100088 2026-11-03T08:50:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742613 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọkọlọtọ nke Ethiopia (Amharic) bụ '''ọkọlọtọ''' mba nke [[Ethiopia]]. Ọ na-agụnye tricolour na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo, na ọbara ọbara na Akara mba, pentagram ọla edo na diski na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke a na-etinye n'etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo, na ọbara ọbara na njikọta nwere ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala mmalite narị afọ nke iri na asaa, Menelik nke Abụọ nabatara ụcha atọ nke oge a na 11 Ọktoba 1897, na ọkọlọtọ dị ugbu a na 31 Ọktoba 1996.<ref name="mhgfg A1"/><ref name="A2"/> == Agba == [[Usòrò:ET-Ethiopian_flags.JPG|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/ET-Ethiopian_flags.JPG/220px-ET-Ethiopian_flags.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọkọlọtọ mba na nke mpaghara nke Ethiopia]] A na-eji ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo na ọbara ọbara mee ihe maka ọkọlọtọ nke Alaeze Ukwu Etiopia na 1914.<ref name="mhgfg A1">{{Cite book|title=Firefly Guide to Flags of the World|date=2003|publisher=Firefly Books|isbn=9781552978139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jIrAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=11 September 2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7jIrAQAAIAAJ ''Firefly Guide to Flags of the World'']. Firefly Books. 2003. p.&nbsp;74. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781552978139|<bdi>9781552978139</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1897, otu afọ mgbe Etiopia meriri alaeze Ịtali n'agha nke Adwa, eze ukwu Menelik nke Abụọ nyere iwu ka a jikọta ọkọlọtọ atọ ahụ na tricolour rectangular site n'elu ruo n'ala nke ọbara ọbara, odo, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke aha ya (akwụkwọ Amharic "ም") na eriri etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ethiopia|title=Flag of Ethiopia &#124; Britannica}}</ref><ref name="A2">{{Cite book|title=Flag Bulletin, Volume 27|date=1988|publisher=Flag Research Center|pages=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jIrAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=11 September 2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7jIrAQAAIAAJ ''Flag Bulletin, Volume 27'']. Flag Research Center. 1988. p.&nbsp;11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="A3">{{Cite book|author=Lentakis|first=Michael B.|title=Ethiopia: A View from Within|date=2005|publisher=Janus Publishing Company Lim|isbn=9781857565584|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCqtpPyZPZ0C|pages=11|accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="A4">{{Cite book|author=Mitchell|first=W.|title=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard|date=1897|publisher=W. Mitchell|pages=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzcwAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="vexilolog">{{Cite journal|title=Vlajky a znaky Etiopie|journal=Vexilolog|date=2003|issue=8|url=http://vexilologie.cz/vexilolo/noxx.php?n=08|language=cs}}</ref> E wepụrụ akwụkwọ ozi nke aha Menelik na ọkọlọtọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1913. N'ihi ihe ndị a na-amaghị ihe kpatara ya, a tụgharịrị usoro agba ahụ - na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'elu, ọbara ọbara n'ala, na odo fọdụrụ n'ọnọdụ.<ref name="mhgfg A1" /> Atụmatụ agba atọ nke ọkọlọtọ ahụ adịla kemgbe mmalite narị afọ nke 19, na agba uhie, odo, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere mkpa pụrụ iche tupu nke ahụ.<ref name="Pankhurst_ed">Manoel Barradas, "Tractatus Tres Historico-Geographici: (1634); A Seventeenth Century Historical and Geographical Account of Tigray, Ethiopia", Elizabet Filleul, trans., Richard Pankhurst, ed., in ''Aethiopistische Forschungen 43''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1996, p. 59.</ref> Iji cheta nnabata ya na 1897, Etiopia na-eme emume Ụbọchị Ọkọlọtọ na Mọnde mbụ nke ọnwa Tikimt (Septemba rue Oktọba).<ref name="ena_10_10">{{Cite news|title=National Flag Day to be Observed on Monday|url=https://www.ena.et/en/?p=10064|accessdate=22 December 2020|date=10 October 2019}}</ref> Ọkọlọtọ eze na-egosipụtakarị ihe nnọchianya nke ọdụm nke Juda, ọdụm e kpu okpueze na-ebu obe dị n'etiti etiti odo nke ọkọlọtọ ahụ. A na-aghọta ọkọlọtọ ahụ dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti Chọọchị Ọtọdọks Tewahedo nke Etiopia, ndị mmadụ, na mba ahụ dị n'otu. Obe nke ọdụm buuru bụ ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ akara nke Etiopia ma na-ejikwa ya eme ihe kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala mmalite narị afọ nke iri na asaa.<ref>Barradas, pp. 70–71.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosi ọbara ọbara ugbu a na ala nke tricolour dị larịị, a gbanwere nke a ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Ihe agba na-anọchi anya dịgasị iche dabere na echiche. Otú ọ dị, n'ozuzu, ọbara ọbara na-anọchite anya ọbara a wụsara n'ichebe Etiopia; odo na-anọchi anya udo na nkwekọrịta n'etiti agbụrụ na okpukpe dị iche iche nke Etiopia; a na-ekwukwa na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-anọchikarị olileanya, ma ọ bụ ala na ọmụmụ ya. [ihe dị mkpa] Chọọchị Etiopia ejirila agba ndị ahụ mee ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme tupu a nabatara ha dị ka agba nke steeti maka a na-amaghị ama, mana o yikarịrị ha dị mfe imepụta ma bụrụ ihe a na ha.<ref name="Chojnacki1963">{{Cite journal|author=Chojnacki|first=S.|title=Some Notes on the History of the Ethiopian National Flag|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|date=1963|volume=1|issue=2|pages=49–63}}</ref> Ndị njem France abụọ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, Ferret na Joseph Galinier, kwuru na "red, green na yellow bụ isi agba nke ihe odide".<ref>70. P. V. Ferret and J. Galinier, Voyage en Abyssinie dans les provinces du Tigre, du Samen et de l'Ambara (Paris, 1847-48), II, 390</ref> Mgbe ha nwetara nnwere onwe site n'ọchịchị ndị na-achị ha, ọtụtụ mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ na mba Afrịka nabatara agba atọ a iji kwanyere nguzogide Etiopia megide ndị mba ọzọ. Mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pan-Afrika na òtù nabatara maka ọrụ ha, a na-akpọkarị agba ndị ahụ dị ka agba Pan-Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/|title=About this Collection &#124; Country Studies &#124; Digital Collections &#124; Library of Congress|work=Library of Congress}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(Blank).svg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg.png|thumb|Ọkọlọtọ omenala nke Etiopia (na-enweghị akara), nke ndị Etiopia na-ejikarị eme ihe na mmemme obodo, site na ụfọdụ ndị otu mmegide gọọmentị, n'oge ezumike Ndị Ọtọdọks nke Etiopia, na gọọmentị mgbanwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Man speaks during a vigil at Nathan Philips Square in Toronto,...|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/man-speaks-during-a-vigil-at-nathan-philips-square-in-news-photo/1132638525|work=Getty Images|accessdate=7 February 2021|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tefera|first=G.W.|title=Flag Politics in Ethiopia and the Ethio-American Diaspora|journal=Journal of International and Global Studies|date=2016|volume=8|issue=1|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311825295|accessdate=7 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Alfa Shaban|first=Abdur Rahman|title=Ethiopia's ex-rebel group Ginbot 7 returns from Eritrea base|url=https://www.africanews.com/2018/09/03/ethiopia-s-ex-rebel-group-ginbot-7-returns-from-eritrea-base/|work=Africanews|accessdate=7 February 2021|language=en|date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia:Two prominent opposition parties form coalition ahead of election|url=https://borkena.com/2020/03/06/ethiopia-two-prominent-opposition-parties-form-a-coalition-ahead-of-election/|work=Borkena Ethiopian News|accessdate=7 February 2021|date=7 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia celebrates new year after 'God's wrath'|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2020/09/11/Ethiopia-celebrates-new-year-after-God-s-wrath-|work=Al Arabiya English|accessdate=7 February 2021|language=en|date=11 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Carrington|first=Daisy|title=Holy water washes away sins at Ethiopia's Timket festival|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/ethiopia-timket-holy-water/index.html|work=CNN|accessdate=7 February 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Chapman|first=Mark|title=Come & join the Timkat celebration in a Village in Ethiopia|url=https://www.tesfatours.com/come-join-the-timkat-celebration-in-a-village-in-ethiopia/|work=Tesfa Tours|accessdate=7 February 2021}}</ref>]] === Nnọchianya === *  Pantone 347C *  Pantone Yellow C *  Pantone 032C == Akara == Tupu afọ 1996, a na-ejikarị ọkọlọtọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo na ọbara ọbara eme ihe dị ka ọkọlọtọ obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị jiri ọtụtụ ihe nnọchianya dị iche iche mee ihe kemgbe 1974, a na-ejikarị ọkọlọtọ nwere ihe nnọchi anya eme ihe n'ihu ọha na-abụghị nke gọọmentị. Ihe osise agba bụ isi anọgidewo na-adịgide adịgide. Kpakpando ahụ na-acha odo odo na diski na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke na-ekpuchi akara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọbara ọbara. Kpakpando ahụ na-agba akaebe maka ọdịnihu dị mma nke Etiopia, ebe ụzarị odo nke ọ na-ewepụta dị n'otu ma na-ekwu na ọ na-anọchite anya nha nhata nke ndị Etiopia niile n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, nkwenkwe, ma ọ bụ okike. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, gọọmentị Etiopia ejirila mbọ mee ka ojiji nke ọkọlọtọ na akara ahụ dịkwuo ukwuu, nke a hụrụ nke na-erughị tricolour. Dị ka a na-eji tricolour nkịtị eme ihe ma na-ahụkarị karịa ọkọlọtọ nke Derg ma ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ ọdụm nke Juda, a na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. N'afọ 2009, Nzukọ Ndị Omebeiwu nke Ethiopia weputara Nkwupụta 654/2009 (Nkwupụta Folaga Federal), nke machibidoro nke mbụ n'etiti ndokwa 23 ndị ọzọ "iji [nke] ọkọlọtọ na-enweghị ihe nnọchianya ya", yana "ịmebi ọkọlọtọ site na ide ma ọ bụ igosi ihe ịrịba ama, [sic], ihe nnọchi anya ma ọ bụ foto [sic]", ma ọ bụ "kwadebe ma ọ bụ jiri ọkọlọtọ ahụ na-enweghị usoro kwesịrị ekwesị nke agba ya na nha ya ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchi ya".<ref name="FNG0908">{{Cite journal|title=Proclamation No. 654/2009 – The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Flag Proclamation|journal=Federal Negarit Gazeta|date=28 August 2009|pages=4843–4855|url=https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/flag.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ata ọtụtụ mmejọ ahụhụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ "3000 birr ma ọ bụ mkpọrọ siri ike ruo otu afọ," mmejọ mbụ, na-enye iwu ka e jiri ihe nnọchianya ahụ mee ihe, nwetara ntaramahụhụ dị elu nke "5000 birr maọbụ mkpọrọ siri ike ruru otu afọ na ọnwa isii. "<ref name="FNG0908" /> Nke a nọchiri 1996 Flag Proclamation, nke ekwughị banyere mmejọ ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ. == Ọkọlọtọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   == Hụkwa ihe ndị a == * Ihe nnọchianya nke Etiopia * Flag na ihe nnọchianya nke mpaghara Etiopia == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụgara == * Ethiopia at Flags of the World * [http://www.rbvex.it/africapag/etiopia.html Flag nke Etiopia] * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia.html Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ụwa] ght1e51wcrhd3wh7ao6t5jeqfouvvv2 0 21488 742614 596389 2026-11-03T08:50:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742614 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Marche_du_23_septembre_2017_contre_le_coup_d'État_social_-_Appel_à_la_démission_d'Ali_Bongo_01.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Marche_du_23_septembre_2017_contre_le_coup_d%27%C3%89tat_social_-_Appel_%C3%A0_la_d%C3%A9mission_d%27Ali_Bongo_01.jpg/220px-Marche_du_23_septembre_2017_contre_le_coup_d%27%C3%89tat_social_-_Appel_%C3%A0_la_d%C3%A9mission_d%27Ali_Bongo_01.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ọkọlọtọ Gabon]] Ọkọlọtọ nke Gabon (French: drapeau du Gabon) bụ tricolour nke nwere atọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo na acha anụnụ anụnụ. A nabatara ya na 1960 iji dochie ọkọlọtọ ndị ọchịchị gara aga nke nwere French Tricolour na canton, ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ nke Gabonese [[Gabon|Republic]] kemgbe mba ahụ nwetara nnwere onwe n'afọ ahụ. Nhazi nke ọkọlọtọ dị ugbu a gụnyere iwepụ Tricolour na ịgbasawanye akara odo n'etiti. == Akụkọ mere eme == Ndị France nwetara ikike nke Gabon nke oge a na 1839, mgbe onye isi obodo nyere ha ikike nke ala ya.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|date=15 January 2014|title=Gabon profile|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13376514|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> Nzukọ Berlin nke 1885 mere ka ikike France nwere n'ókèala ahụ sie ike site na nkwenye nke mba na mba, ọ mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke French Equatorial Africa na 1910.<ref name="LP">{{Cite web|title=History of Gabon|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/gabon/history|accessdate=4 September 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet|archivedate=24 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724024348/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/gabon/history}}</ref><ref name="BBC" /> N'okpuru ọchịchị ndị France na-achị Gabon, ndị ọchịchị machibidoro ógbè ahụ iji ọkọlọtọ nke ya pụrụ iche. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ha na-echegbu onwe ha na nke a nwere ike ịbawanye mmetụta nke ịhụ mba n'anya ma mee ka a kpọọ maka nnwere onwe. Otú ọ dị, site na ịrị elu nke mmegharị nke nnwere onwe n'Africa, a manyere ndị France inye Gabon ikike onwe ya dị nta dị ka mba na-achị onwe ya n'ime Obodonta French. E nyere nke a na 1958 mgbe e mere ntuli aka iji kwado atụmatụ ahụ.<ref name="BBC" /> A na-ewere mba Gabon dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-aga n'ihu" n'ime ógbè ndị France na-achị. Ozugbo ahụ, ha chepụtara atụmatụ maka ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ, nke a nabatara n'ụzọ iwu otu afọ ka e mesịrị na 1959.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Whitney|last=Smith|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Flag of Gabon|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355240/flag-of-Gabon|date=19 July 2013|access-date=3 September 2014|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030100556/https://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355240/flag-of-Gabon|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="complete">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8gcL2PBOVIC&pg=PA92|title=Complete Flags of the World|publisher=Penguin|date=6 January 2009|author=Kindersley Ltd.|first=Dorling|isbn=9780756654863}}</ref> Ọ gosipụtara tricolour dị larịị yiri ọkọlọtọ dị ugbu a, mana ya na akara odo dị n'etiti dị warara karịa akara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na acha anụnụ anụnụ gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="complete" /> French Tricolour dị na canton nke ọkọlọtọ ahụ, na-eme ka Gabon bụrụ naanị mba France na-achị onwe ya iji gosipụta "njikọ ihe atụ" a na France.<ref name="EB" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Brooke|first=James|date=23 February 1988|title=Gabon Keeps Strong Links With France|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/23/world/gabon-keeps-strong-links-with-france.html|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref> N'abalị iteghete n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1960, ihe karịrị otu izu tupu Gabon aghọọ mba nwere onwe ya n'ụbọchị iri na asaa n'ọnwarị, a gbanwere ọkọlọtọ ahụ. Mgbanwe ahụ gụnyere iwepu Tricolour na canton ma gbasaa eriri odo n'etiti, si otú a na-enye ya otu obosara na band abụọ ndị ọzọ. == Ndozi == === Nnọchianya === The colours and symbols of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The yellow alludes to the Equator – which cuts across the country – and also symbolizes the sun.<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web|title=Gabon|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon/|accessdate=3 September 2014|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318205257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea}}</ref> The green epitomizes the natural resources of Gabon,<ref name="complete"/><ref name="CIA" /> as well as its "extensive forested area"<ref name="EB" /> that the Gabonese people are economically dependent on in the form of lumber.<ref name="EB" /><ref name="complete" /> The blue represents the sea,<ref name="complete" /><ref name="CIA" /> specifically the [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|South Atlantic Ocean]] along which the country has an "extensive coast".<ref name="EB" /> While Whitney Smith in the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Dorling Kindersley's ''Complete Flags of the World'' describe the centre band as solely yellow,<ref name="EB" /><ref name="complete" /> ''The World Factbook'' characterizes it as both yellow and gold.<ref name="CIA" /> === Ihe pụrụ iche === Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọkọlọtọ Gabon bụ 3:4.<ref name="complete"/> Ọdịdị ọkọlọtọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke iwu Gabonese kwadoro, bụ nke ọkọlọtọ nke mba atọ ndị ọzọ na-ekerịta (ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ 2:3), Papua New Guinea<ref>{{Cite web|title=PNG Flag and National Anthem|url=http://www.pngembassy.org/flag.html|accessdate=September 3, 2014|work=Embassy of Papua New Guinea to the Americas|publisher=Government of Papua New Guinea|archivedate=February 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222115637/http://pngembassy.org/flag.html}}</ref> na San Marino.<ref name="complete" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3633|title=Europa World Year|publisher=Taylor & Francis Group|year=2004|isbn=9781857432558}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọkọlọtọ mba ahụ anaghị eji agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo na ọbara ọbara nke Pan-Africanist movement, n'adịghị ka mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu. N'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ bụbu ndị France na-achị n'Afrika, ọkọlọtọ ahụ nwere tricolour dị larịị, kama nke kwụ ọtọ nke e mere ka ọ dị ka ọkọlọtọ nke France. == Ọkọlọtọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme == {| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" ! width="110" |Flag ! width="100" |Ogologo oge ! width="250" |Ojiji ! width="250" |Nkọwa |- |[[Usòrò:Flag_of_Gabon_1959-1960.svg|border|100x100px]] |1959-1960 |Flag nke [[Gabon]] |Akara na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nkewapụrụ site na eriri odo dị nro n'etiti, na French Tricolour na canton. |- |[[Usòrò:Flag_of_the_President_of_Gabon_(1960–1990).svg|border|104x104px]] |1960-1990 |Ụkpụrụ Onye isi ala nke Gabon |Ubi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere okirikiri odo atọ na-eme ka nke atọ dị n'elu. Akụkụ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ala nwere oghere odo, na galleon na-efe ọkọlọtọ nke Gabon na azụ ụgbọ mmiri na-aga n'oké osimiri na ebili mmiri atọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. |- |[[Usòrò:Presidential_Standard_of_Gabon_(1990-2016).svg|border|100x100px]] |1990 2016 |Ụkpụrụ Onye isi ala nke Gabon |Akara na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke a na-ekewa site na eriri odo n'etiti, na uwe agha n'etiti. |} == Mpaghara dị iche iche == <gallery> Flag of Estuaire Province, Gabon.svg|[[Estuaire Province|Ọwara Mmiri]] Flag of Haut-Ogooué Province, Gabon.svg|[[Haut-Ogooué Province|Ugwu Ogooué]] Flag of Moyen-Ogooué Province, Gabon.svg|[[Moyen-Ogooué Province|Ebe Ọdịda Ugwu]] Flag of Ngounié Province, Gabon.svg|[[Ngounié Province|Ngounié]] Flag of Nyanga Province, Gabon.svg|[[Nyanga Province|Nyanga]] Flag of Ogooué-Ivindo Province, Gabon.svg|[[Ogooué-Ivindo Province|Ogooué-Ivindo]] Flag of Ogooué-Lolo Province, Gabon.svg|[[Ogooué-Lolo Province|Ogooué-Lolo]] Flag of Ogooué-Maritime Province, Gabon.svg|[[Ogooué-Maritime Province|Ogooué-Maritime]] Flag of Woleu-Ntem Province, Gabon.svg|[[Woleu-Ntem Province|[en→ig]Woleu-Ntem]] </gallery> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Njikọ mpụgara == * Flag of Gabon at Flags of the World * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221012154126/http://www.worldflags101.com/g/gabon-flag.aspx Flag nke Gabon] na World Flags 101 5p92mzogo1olg7cx2ygnsxcv13lnisr 0 21489 742616 596390 2026-11-03T08:50:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742616 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:GambiaRoots039_(5418487604).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/GambiaRoots039_%285418487604%29.jpg/220px-GambiaRoots039_%285418487604%29.jpg|thumb|Ọkọlọtọ nke Gambia na Kunta Kinteh Agwaetiti]] Ọkọlọtọ nke Gambịa bụ '''ọkọlọtọ''' mba nke [[The Gambia|Gambia]]. O nwere eriri atọ na-acha uhie uhie, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nke na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke akara abụọ na-acha ọcha kewara. A nabatara ya na 1965 iji dochie British Blue Ensign mebiri emebi na ogwe aka nke Gambia Colony na Protectorate, ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ nke Republic of the [[The Gambia|Gambia]] kemgbe mba ahụ nwetara nnwere onwe n'afọ ahụ. Ọ nọgidere na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime afọ asaa Gambia na Senegal. == Akụkọ ihe ndị mere eme == [[Usòrò:Flag_of_The_Gambia_(1889–1965).svg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_The_Gambia_%281889%E2%80%931965%29.svg.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọkọlọtọ nke Gambia Colony na Protectorate (1889 1910).]] Ndị Britain rutere na Gambịa nke oge a ugbu a na 1661, mgbe ha meriri James Island. Ha gara n'ihu na-ewu ụlọ elu gburugburu njikọ nke Osimiri Gambia na [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa nchịkwa ha n'elu mmiri. Mpaghara a ghọrọ onye nchebe na 1820s n'okpuru ikike nke Sierra Leone, ma mesịa pụta dị ka onye ọchịchị dị iche nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] n'ime alaeze ya na 1888.<ref name="LP">{{Cite web|title=History of The Gambia|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/the-gambia/history|accessdate=May 21, 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet|archivedate=September 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918001345/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/the-gambia/history}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọhụrụ a nyere Gambịa ọkọlọtọ "dị iche" nke ya. Nke a bụ n'ihi na e nyere ndị na-achị ala ahụ ikike iji British Blue Ensign mee ihe ma jiri ngwá agha nke ókèala ahụ mebie ya n'okpuru Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865. Aka nke Gambịa n'oge ahụ nwere okirikiri na-egosi enyí, nkwụ na ugwu, ya na mkpụrụedemede "G" na-eguzo maka mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke aha ala ahụ.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Whitney|last=Smith|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Gambia, flag of The|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355244/flag-of-the-Gambia|access-date=May 21, 2014|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|archive-date=May 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523031152/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1355244/flag-of-the-Gambia/|url-status=live}}'''{{subscription required}}'''</ref> E nyere Gambịa ọchịchị onwe onye na 1963.<ref name="LP"/> A nọgidere na-eji ọkọlọtọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ eme ihe ruo mgbe e nyere ya nnwere onwe zuru oke na 1965. [1] Louis Thomasi, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego, mepụtara atụmatụ mmeri maka ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIpEAQAAIAAJ&q=flag+of+the+gambia+louis+thomasi|title=The voice of the people: the story of the PPP, 1959–1989|publisher=Baroueli|year=1992|author=Dabo|first=Bakary|accessdate=May 22, 2014|quote=… Mr. Louis Thomasi, a private accountant, was selected as most suitable.}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọkọlọtọ [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] ole na ole na-ejighị agba nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eduga na mba ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na atụmatụ ya "enweghị ihe ndabere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". [1] [2] E bu ụzọ bulie ya n'etiti abalị na Febụwarị 18, 1965, ụbọchị Gambịa ghọrọ mba nwere onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=1965: Countdown to Gambian independence|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/17/newsid_2546000/2546949.stm|work=BBC On This Day|publisher=BBC|accessdate=May 21, 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1982, Gambịa na Senegal guzobere njikọ aka, nke were afọ asaa tupu ya agbasa n'afọ 1989.<ref name="LP" /> Otú ọ dị, njikọ a dị nso emeghị ka mgbanwe nke akara mba, a nọgidekwara na-efe ọkọlọtọ Gambịa n'oge a. == Ndozi == [[Usòrò:NAY_6421_(15035609037).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/NAY_6421_%2815035609037%29.jpg/220px-NAY_6421_%2815035609037%29.jpg|thumb|Ogidi ndị e sere na agba ọkọlọtọ Gambịa]] === Nnọchianya === Agba nke ọkọlọtọ ahụ nwere ihe ọdịbendị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mpaghara pụtara. Ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ezo aka na Osimiri Gambia, nke bụ isi ihe dị na mba ahụ na nke mba ahụ nwetara aha ya. Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-echetara anyanwụ n'ihi na Gambịa dị nso na Equator<ref name="EB" /> nakwa savanna, [1] ebe obere akara na-acha ọcha na-anọchite anya "ịdị n'otu na udo".<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web|title=Gambia, The|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/|accessdate=May 22, 2014|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|archivedate=April 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/}}</ref><ref name="EB" /><ref name="CIA" /> Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosipụta ọhịa [1] na ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo nke ndị GambỊa na-adabere na ya nke ukwuu, ma maka mbupụ na iji onwe ha eme ihe.<ref name="EB" /> === Myiri ya === Atụmatụ agba nke ọkọlọtọ nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-eji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha ọcha bụ otu ihe ahụ gosipụtara na uwe agha nke Gambia. === Akwụkwọ owuwu ===   == Ihe ndị ọzọ eji ya eme == Mgbe ntuli aka 2013 gasịrị na Luxembourg, e guzobere njikọ atọ n'etiti [[Luxembourg]] Socialist Workers' Party (LSAP), Democratic Party (DP) na The Greens.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Luxembourg Parties Strike Deal Paving Way for New Government|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304355104579234381327270004|date=December 2, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2014|first=Laurence|author=Norman|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref name="EV">{{Cite news|title=Bettel to lead three-party 'Gambia' coalition in Luxembourg|url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/bettel-to-lead-three-party-gambia-coalition-in-luxembourg/4|date=December 4, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2014|first=Simon|author=Taylor|work=European Voice}} '''{{subscription required}}'''</ref> A na-akpọ ya "Gambia coalition", n'ihi na agba nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị atọ ahụ yiri nke dị na ọkọlọtọ nke Gambịa ː red (LSAP), blue (DP) na Green (The Greens).<ref name="EV" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Three-way "Gambia Coalition": a first for Luxembourg|url=http://www.wort.lu/en/luxembourg/three-way-gambia-coalition-a-first-for-luxembourg-52668327e4b0ff388169e7db|date=October 22, 2013|accessdate=May 22, 2014|work=Luxemburger Wort}}</ref> == Ọkọlọtọ na akara ndị agha == ỌKọlọto na akara ndị agha nke Gambịa na-agbaso omume ndị Britain mana dị iche na ọkọlọtọ na ensignes ndị agha Britain. [citation needed] == Hụkwa ihe ndị a == * Akara agha nke Gambia == Edensibịa == '''Ihe edeturu n'ala ala peeji'''{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}'''Akwụkwọ Akụkọ'''   == Njikọ mpụgara == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220110357/http://www.worldflags101.com/g/gambia-flag.aspx Flag nke Gambia] na World Flags 101 jdulc5y6ue2bssp6z83kdb2wka1bky3 0 22437 742615 451881 2026-11-03T08:50:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742615 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Liberia,_West_Africa_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liberia%2C_West_Africa_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Liberia%2C_West_Africa_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg|thumb|Ọkọlọtọ nke Liberia]] [[Usòrò:Liberian_Capitol_Building.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Liberian_Capitol_Building.jpg/220px-Liberian_Capitol_Building.jpg|thumb|A rụgharịrị ọkọlọtọ na mabul na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ụlọ Capitol]] Ọkolọto nke Liberia ma ọ bụ okọlọto '''Liberia''', mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Lone Star, yiri nnọọ '''ọkọlọtọ nke''' United States, na-anọchite anya ntọala [[Liberia]] site n'aka ndị bụbu ndị ohu ojii si United States na Caribbean.<ref name="allafrica">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908270369.html|title=Liberia: Flag Day Reflections - All Hail the Lone Star, All Hail!|publisher=[[AllAfrica]]|date=27 August 2019|accessdate=8 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="">{{Cite book|author=Rozario|first=Paul|date=2003|title=Liberia|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Liberia/SV4X6TaetGEC?hl=en&gbpv=0|language=English|location=|isbn=9780836823660|publisher=Gareth Stevens}}</ref><ref name="AFP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105163105/http://www.fcnl.org/issues/item.php?item_id=731&issue_id=75|archivedate=5 November 2007|title=Background on conflict in Liberia|quote=Paul Cuffee advocated settling formerly enslaved African Americans in Africa. He gained support from free black leaders in the US, and members of Congress for an early emigration plan. From 1815 to 1816, he financed and captained a successful voyage to British-ruled Sierra Leone, where he helped a small group of [[African-American]] immigrants establish themselves. Cuffee believed that African-Americans could more easily "rise to be a people" in Africa than in the US, where slavery and legislated limits on black freedom were still in place. Although Cuffee died in 1817, his early efforts to help repatriate African-Americans encouraged some free blacks and the [[American Colonization Society]] (ACS) to lead further settlements. Some free blacks in the [[Upper South]] created independent institutions dedicated to the idea of repatriation to Africa. The ACS was made up mostly of Friends (often called [[Quakers]]) and slaveholders, who disagreed on the issue of slavery but found common ground in support of repatriation. Friends opposed slavery but believed blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the US. The White Americans slaveholders opposed freedom for blacks but saw repatriation as a way of avoiding rebellions}}</ref> Ọkọlọtọ nke Liberia nwere akara uhie na nke ọcha yiri ya, ya na square na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na kpakpando ọcha na canton. A nabatara ya na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ime ọnwa August 1847.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Liberia: Open Door to Travel and Investment|date=1967|publisher=Liberia. Department of Information and Cultural Affairs|quote=This symbol of Negro liberty was first unfurled on August 24, 1847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/liberia.htm|title=Liberia Flag and Description|date=24 February 2021}}</ref> == Akụkọ mere eme == Kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị asaa haziri ma jiri aka dụkọta ọkọlọtọ Liberia. Onye isi oche kọmitii ahụ bụ Susannah Elizabeth Lewis. Ndị ọzọ so na kọmitii ahụ gụnyere Matilda Newport, Rachel Johnson, Mary Hunter, Mrs. J. B. Russwurm, Colonette Teage Ellis, na Sara Draper. A mụrụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na United States, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị nwunye nke ndị ikom a ma ama na Liberia.<ref name="allafrica"/><ref name="press">{{Cite book|author=Burrowes|first=Carl Patrick|date=2004|title=Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Power_and_Press_Freedom_in_Liberia_1830/FaEs88IpUzEC?hl|language=English|location=|isbn=9781592212941|pages=97|publisher=Africa World Press}}</ref> Lewis bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Colston Waring, nwanne nwanyị nke nwanyị mbụ nke Republic, Jane Roberts, na nwunye John N. Lewis, otu n'ime ndị bịanyere aka na nkwupụta nnwere onwe Liberia.<ref name="aabio">{{Cite book|author=Gates|first=Henry Louis and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham|date=2008|title=The African American National Biography: Moore, Lenny-Romain|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_African_American_National_Biography/yCoOAQAAMAAJ|language=English|location=|isbn=978-0-19-516019-2|pages=620–621|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="journal">{{Cite book|author=American Colonization Society|date=1873|title=The African repository and colonial journal 49|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwrcd2|language=English|location=|isbn=|pages=336–337}}</ref><ref name="past">{{Cite book|author=Richardson|first=Nathaniel R.|date=1959|title=Liberia's Past and Present|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Liberia_s_Past_and_Present/sf2RAAAAIAAJ|language=English|location=|isbn=|publisher=Diplomatic Press and Publishing Company}}</ref> A nabatara ọkọlọtọ ha mepụtara na 24 August 1847, ihe dị ka otu ọnwa mgbe Liberia kwupụtara nnwere onwe na 26 July 1847.<ref name="allafrica" /> N'ụbọchị a nabatara ọkọlọtọ ahụ, mba ahụ mere emume na Monrovia. N'ebe ahụ, a na-emeghe ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'ihu ọha na nke mbụ ya, Susannah Lewis kwukwara okwu ịhụ mba n'anya. Ememe ahụ gosipụtakwara okwu nke ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Liberia ama ama na ndị isi okpukpe, yana ntụrụndụ n'ụdị egwu egwu.<ref>Burrowes, ''Power and Press Freedom in Liberia, 1830-1970'', pp. 59–60.</ref> N'afọ 1850 na 1860, Eusibia N. Roye ghọrọ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke Liberia gosipụtara ọkọlọtọ na New York City na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Liverpool. Ọ bụ Edward James Roye nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="diction">{{Cite book|author=Dunn|first=Elwood D.|date=2000|title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Liberia/qt0_RrW8ghkC|language=English|location=|isbn=9781461659310|publisher=Scarecrow Press}}</ref> N'afọ 1860, e gosipụtara ọkọlọtọ Liberia na stampụ mbụ a maara nke gọọmentị Liberia wepụtara.<ref>Dunn; Beyan; Burrowes; ''Historical Dictionary of Liberia'', pp. 308.</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1915, Onye isi ala Daniel Edward Howard bịnyere aka n'iwu nke kwupụtara ụbọchị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwarị dị ka ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ, ezumike mba.<ref name="allafrica"/> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1974, ndị omeiwu nke Liberia wepụtara iwu na-enye onye isi ala ikike iguzobe kọmitii iji tụlee mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ime na ọtụtụ akara mba, gụnyere ọkọlọtọ na ukwe mba. McKinley Alfred Deshield Sr. duziri kọmitii ahụ. Kọmitii ahụ chọrọ inyocha akara ndị ahụ, ma wepụ akụkụ nkewa ha. Onye isi ala William Tolbert họpụtara ndị otu 51 na Commission on National Unity. A na-akpọkwa kọmitii ahụ Deshield Commission, n'aha nwoke duziri ya. Kọmitii ahụ nyere akụkọ ha na mkpụrụ ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ime ọnwa Jenụwarị 1978. Akụkọ ahụ mechara tụọ aro ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe ọkọlọtọ ahụ.<ref>Dunn; Beyan; Burrowes; ''Historical Dictionary of Liberia'', pp. 107–109.</ref> A na-ahụ ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu ụwa ka Liberia na-enye ndebanye aha n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eme nke a iji zere ụtụ isi na ihe mgbochi nke mba ndị ọzọ na-etinye n'ọrụ. Dịka ọkọlọtọ nke abụọ kachasị ewu ewu (mgbe ọkọlọtọ Panama gasịrị), a na-eme atụmatụ na ụgbọ mmiri 1,700 nke mba ọzọ na-efe ọkọlọtọ Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3072983|title=Liberian shipping draws scrutiny|date=11 August 2003|work=NBC News}}</ref> Nke a na-eweta ọtụtụ n'ime ego mba ahụ na-enweta.<ref name="world"/> == Nnọchianya == Akara iri na otu na-anọchi anya ndị bịnyere aka na nkwupụta nnwere onwe nke Liberia na ọbara ọbara na ọcha na-anọchite anya obi ike na omume ọma. Kpakpando na-acha ọcha na-anọchite anya mba mbụ nwere onwe ya n'Africa, n'elu square na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya kọntinent [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]]. A na-eṅomi ọkọlọtọ Liberia ma yie ọkọlọtọ United States n'ihi na ndị nweere onwe ha na ndị isi ojii si United States na Caribbean na-agba ohu na ndị isi ndị bụbu ndị ohu na-agba ndị isi ojii na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na ndị America Colonization Society (ACS), otu nzuzo raara onwe ya nye iwepụ ndị nweere isi ojii si n'ofe North America. Oge ụfọdụ mgbe ndị Africa America malitere ịbịa na Liberia na 1822, a bịara mara ha dị ka "Americo-Liberians" na mgbalị nke ikewapụ ha na ndị obodo na ndị ohu Afrịka napụtara n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref name="world">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104080701/http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx|archivedate=4 November 2018|title=Liberia Flag- Liberian Flags|publisher=World Flags 101}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181104080701/http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx "Liberia Flag- Liberian Flags"]. World Flags 101. Archived from [http://www.worldflags101.com/l/liberia-flag.aspx the original] on 4 November 2018.</cite></ref> == Ihe owuwu == Debe ogologo otu narị na iri nkeji na obosara dị ka narị abụọ na itoolu nkeji. Akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke canton bụ nkeji 50, square nke kpakpando 5 nwere akụkụ 30 niile na etiti ya bụ nkeji 25 site n'aka ekpe na elu nke ọkọlọtọ nke canton / ọkọlọtọ. [citation needed] == Ọkọlọtọ ndị ọzọ == <gallery> Usòrò:Flag of Liberian Customs.svg|Flag nke Liberian Customs Service Usòrò:Flag of the President of Liberia.svg|Ụkpụrụ nke [[President of Liberia|Onye isi ala nke Republic of Liberia]] Usòrò:Flag of the United States (1837-1845).svg|A na-eji ọkọlọtọ nke United States (18371845), nke nwere kpakpando 26 / steeti mee ihe na gọọmentị mbụ nke Commonwealth nke Liberia ruo Satọdee, 26 Eprel 1845 Usòrò:Flag of Liberia (1827–1847).svg|Flag nke [[American Colonization Society]] Usòrò:Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg| Flag nke [[Republic of Maryland|Republic]] of Maryland site na 1854 ruo 1857 </gallery> == Ọkọlọtọ nke obodo == E kewara Liberia na mpaghara iri na ise, nke ọ bụla nwere ikike ịnwe ọkọlọtọ nke ya. Ọkọlọtọ mpaghara ọ bụla nwere ọkọlọtọ mba Liberia na canton. A na-efegharị ọkọlọtọ obodo ahụ n'ọfịs mpaghara ma jikọta ya gburugburu ọkọlọtọ mba Liberia n'obí onye isi ala. William Tubman webatara ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'afọ 1965 maka ebumnuche nke ịkwalite mpaghara dị ka ụlọ ọrụ bara uru. Nhazi ha sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke omenala akwa akwa nke Liberia. Ndị otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe mkparị n'ịntanetị na-akwa ọkọlọtọ n'elu ikpo okwu mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta dịka Reddit na Facebook, mana onye na-ahụ Maka ihe mkparikpi Steven A. Knowlton na-ekwu na mkparịta ụka ndị a na-egosi enweghị nghọta banyere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke ọkọlọtọ na ihe eji ewu ọkọlọtọ site na akwa karịa ihe okike dijitalụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Knowlton|first=Steven A.|title=Liberian County Flags in Historical and Cultural Context|journal=[[Raven: A Journal of Vexillology]]|date=2021|volume=28|pages=57–90|url=https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/knowltonliberianflags.pdf}}</ref><gallery> Usòrò:Flag of Bomi County.svg| Flag nke Bomi County Usòrò:Flag of Bong County.svg| Flag nke Bong County Usòrò:Flag of Gbarpolu County.svg| Flag nke [[Gbarpolu County]] Usòrò:Flag of Grand Bassa County.svg| Flag nke Grand Bassa County Usòrò:Flag of Grand Cape Mount County.svg| Flag nke [[Grand Cape Mount County]] Usòrò:Flag of Grand Gedeh County.svg| Flag nke Grand Gedeh County Usòrò:Flag of Grand Kru County.svg| Flag nke Grand Kru County Usòrò:Flag of Lofa County.svg| Flag nke Lofa County Usòrò:Flag of Margibi County.svg| Flag nke Margibi County Usòrò:Flag of Maryland County.svg| Flag nke [[Maryland County]] Usòrò:Flag of Montserrado County.svg| Flag nke Montserrado County Usòrò:Flag of Nimba County.svg| Flag nke Nimba County Usòrò:Flag of Rivercess County.svg| Flag nke Rivercess County Usòrò:Flag of River Gee County.svg| Flag nke River Gee County Usòrò:Flag of Sinoe County.svg| Flag nke Sinoe County </gallery> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Mpụga njikọ == Liberia at Flags of the World [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tm51owfdsoojfya5h99w4m1e5mdorui 0 23250 742513 697959 2026-11-03T08:08:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742513 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} E nweela akụkọ ihe mere eme nke '''ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa''', nke hụrụ òkè dị ukwuu n'ahia ohu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/modern-slavery-nigeria-ranks-highest-in-africa/|title=Modern slavery: Nigeria ranks highest in Africa|date=23 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto5">Akor, Linus. “TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND THE WAY FORWARD.” Corvinus Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 2.2 (2011): 89–110. Print.</ref> Ịgba ohu bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ugbu a na mba ụwa na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto5" /> Otú ọ dị, a na-elegharakarị iwu na omenala ọdịbendị dị iche iche dịbu, nke na-ele omume ụfọdụ anya n'ụzọ dị iche.<ref name="auto5" /> Na Na Naijiria, omenala ụfọdụ na omume okpukpe emeela ka "mmekọrịta a na-apụghị izere ezere n'etiti omenala, omenala, na omume okpukpe yana iwu mba n'ọtụtụ steeti [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]]" nke nwere ike ịchịkwa ọtụtụ ndụ na-akpata ịgba ohu nke oge a.<ref>Sarich, J., Olivier, M., & Bales, K. (2016). Forced marriage, slavery, and plural legal systems: An african example. Human Rights Quarterly, 38(2), 450-476,542-544.</ref> Ụdị ịgba ohu nke oge a na Naịjirịa bụ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụaka.<ref name="auto5" /> N'ihi na ịgba ohu nke oge a siri ike ịmata, Ò siri ike ịlụso omume a ọgụ n'agbanyeghị mbọ mba ụwa na nke mba.<ref name="auto5" /> == Akụkọ banyere ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa == Azụmaahịa ohu ọdịnala na Ndịda Nigeria bu ụzọ tupu mbata nke mmetụta Europe, ma gaa n'ihu n'ógbè ogologo oge mgbe e wepụrụ ịgba ohu n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Nwaubani|first=Adaobi Tricia|date=2020-07-19|title='My Nigerian great-grandfather sold slaves'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53444752|accessdate=2020-07-19}}</ref> Site na mbata nke ahia ohu gafere Atlantic, ndị na-ere ahịa ohu ọdịnala na [[Igboland|ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa]] ghọrọ ndị na-ewetara ndị na-azụ ahịa ohu na Europe.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọchịchị Britain machibidoro ịgba ohu n'ógbè ahụ site n'etiti afọ 1880, ha hapụrụ ya ka ọ gaa n'ihu ruo n'afọ ndị 1930, na-agwụ kpamkpam naanị n'afọ 1940.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=Afigbo, A. E. (Adiele Eberechukwu)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256735611|title=The abolition of the slave trade in southeastern Nigeria, 1885-1950|date=2006|publisher=University of Rochester Press|isbn=978-1-58046-668-4|location=Rochester, NY|oclc=256735611}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Northrup|first=David|date=September 2007|title=A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002020600001165/type/journal_article|journal=African Studies Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=228–229|doi=10.1353/arw.2007.0116|issn=0002-0206}}</ref> N'afọ 1961, mba Naịjirịa Mbụ nweere onwe ya kwadoro Nkwekọrịta Ịgba Ohu nke 1926. === Igbo ===   Ndị Igbo na-ejigide [[Osu caste system|usoro]] Osu nke okpukpe [[Odinạnị|Odinani]]. Osu bụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị dị ala n'ụzọ ime mmụọ, a na-ekewapụkwa ha na ndị Igbo nkịtị. A na-edebe Osu dị ka ndị ohu ma ọ bụ ree ha n'ahịa ohu. Na 2020, ụmụ Osu ka na-eche ịkpa ókè n'etiti ndị Igbo ihu. Ndị na-eme mkpọsa megide ịkpa ókè n'ógbè ahụ ejikọtala onwe ha na Black Lives Matter zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-eji mmeso ụmụ ohu na Naịjirịa na mmeso ndị isi ojiì na United States tụnyere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=June 29, 2020|title=Nigeria's Slave Descendants Hope Race Protests Help End Discrimination|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerias-slave-descendants-hope-race-protests-help-end-discrimination|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-07-19|work=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> === Caliphate nke Sokoto === Caliphate nke Sokoto bụ caliphate Sunni Muslim caliphate nwere ike na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke isi obodo ya bụ [[Sokoto]] dị n'ebe ugwu Nigeria Caliphate wetara ọtụtụ iri afọ nke uto akụ na ụba n'ógbè ahụ dum. E jidere ndị ohu na-abụghị ndị Alakụba nde 1-2.5 n'oge Agha Fulani.<ref name="History_of_World_Societies-755">{{Cite book|title=A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NF-mWCNY_boC&q=%22islamic+revival%22+slavery&pg=PA755|publisher=Macmillan|author=McKay|first=John P.|year=2011|isbn=9780312666934}}</ref> Ndị ohu na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo ma enwere ike inye ha nnwere onwe ma ọ bụrụ na ha gbanwee gaa na Islam.<ref name="Lovejoy1978">{{Cite journal|author=Lovejoy|first=Paul E.|title=Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1978_19_3/page/341|journal=The Journal of African History|year=1978|volume=19|issue=3|pages=341–368|doi=10.1017/s0021853700016200}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, Sokoto nwere "ọ dịkarịa ala 1 nde na ikekwe ihe ruru nde 2.5 ndị ohu".<ref name="History_of_World_Societies-755" /> === Yoruba === Ịgba ohu dị n'etiti [[Ndi Yoruba|ndị Yorụba]] tupu ndị Britain ewepụ ya n'ụzọ iwu na 1893, n'oge ọchịchị.<ref name="ey">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Yoruba|date=2016|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-0253021441|author=Falola|first=Toyin}}</ref> Inwe ndị ohu bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọnọdụ na obodo Yorụba. Onye Yorụba nke nwere ndị ohu gosipụtara ihe ịrịba ama nke ịbụ onye bara ọgaranya na onye nwere mmetụta.<ref name="ey" /> A na-ejikarị ndị ohu eme ihe n'oge mmụba ala na agha n'ime na n'etiti agbụrụ.<ref name="ey" /> Ọ bụrụ na otu obodo weghaara nke ọzọ n'agha, ndị e jidere ga-abụ ndị ohu nke ndị jidere ha.<ref name="ey" /> Ndị ohu na-arụkarị ọrụ maka ndị isi dị ike nke obodo Yoruba, a na-enyekwa ha ọrụ ugbo, ịsacha ala, ma ọ bụ ebumnuche onwe ònye ndị ọzọ.<ref name="ey" /> Mmekọrịta ya na ndị álákuba na ndị Europe mere ka ịgba ohu bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị Yoruba.<ref name="ey"/> Ndị Yoruba dị ka ndị agha, ndị eze dị ike, ndị isi, na ndị ahịa bara ọgaranya malitere isonye na ahia ohu n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe na-aba uru.<ref name="ey" /> Ndị ahịa mba ọzọ nyere ndị mmekọ azụmahịa Yoruba ngwá agha dị ike dịka égbè iji gbanwere ndị ohu.<ref name="ey" /> Ndị Yoruba jiri ngwá agha ndị a merie ndị iro ha ma ree ha n'ahịa ohu.<ref name="ey" /> ==== Ụdị ndị ohu ==== E nwere ụdị ndị ohu atọ n'etiti ndị Yoruba: ndị a dọtara n'agha, na ndị omempụ.<ref name="ey"/> Okwu ahụ bụ 'nyàfà' n'ezo aka ''n'ohu'' ndị otu ezinụlọ ji aka ha nyefee onye ọzọ dị ka ihe nkwado iji kwụọ ụgwọ. Ohu na-arụkarị ọrụ maka nna ha ukwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na akwụghị ụgwọ ahụ. Ndị na-eme ihe onwunwe nwere ịke ịnwe ihe onwunwa ma gaa leta ezinụlọ ha, mana ndị nwe ha nọgidere na-egbòchi nnwere onwe ha. Ndị a dọtara n'agha bụ ụdị ọzọ.<ref name="ey"/> Ndị agha meriri n'agha na-ewetakarị ndị isi na ndị eze dị mkpa, ndị mere ha ohu ma manye ha ịrụ ọrụ n'ugbo ha ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ n'azụmahịa. Mmeso a na-emeso ndị ohu dabere na àgwà nke ndị nwe ha, na ómume nke ndị ohu n'onwe ha. [[Efunsetan Aniwura]], Iyalode nke [[Ibadan]], bụ onye a maara dị ka onye ohu obi ọjọọ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị ohu pụtara dị ka ndị isi ezinụlọ ha ma ọ bụ mechaa nweta nnwere ónwe. == Ụdị ịgba ohu nke oge a na Naịjirịa == === Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ === Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-agụnye na-anwa ịnakọta na ibugharị ndị mmadụ (ma nwoke ma nwanyị) n'ime ma ọ bụ gafee ókèala.<ref name="auto5"/> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ bụ ụdị ịgba ohu na-eto ngwa ngwa.<ref name="auto4">Balarezo, C. A. (2013). Selling humans: The political economy of contemporary global slavery (Order No. 3648153). Available from Worldwide Political Science Abstracts.</ref> A n'amanye ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a manyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ịbanye n'ahịa mmekọahụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmanye.<ref name="auto4" /> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-eweta mmetụta na-emebi akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto7">Ahmed O Ogunwale. “The Nexus Between Perception and Human Trafficking Prevalence in Nigeria.” International Journal of Law, Psychology and Human Life 4.1 (2017): 1–7. Print.</ref> E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto7" /> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naịjirịa na-abawanye na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime ụlọ na mba ụwa.<ref name="auto7" /> Naijiria aghọwokwa ụzọ njem nke ndị na-ere ahịa na-ebugharị ndị ha na-egbu na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name="auto7" /> ==== Ihe kpatara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ==== Enweghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị maka mgbe ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naịjirịa malitere mana ọ malitere ịrị elu na Naịjarịa na mbido afọ 1990 site na mmụba nke ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na Advanced Fee Fraud (419).<ref name="auto5"/> E nweela ọkwa dị iche iche nke ịmara banyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ yana ọdịiche dị n'otú agbụrụ dị iche iche Naijiria si anabata omume nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.<ref name="auto7"/> N'ihi ọdịiche dị n'echiche nke omume a, gọọmentị Naijiria enweela ihe ìsi ike n'ịhazi ihe onwunwe iji kpochapụ egwu na mba ahụ.<ref name="auto7" /> Ọ na-esikwa ike ịchọpụta ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ụdị ịzụ ahịa yana enweghị ọzụzụ banyere otu èsi amata ndị a na ya.<ref name="auto4"/> ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'èzí ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'èzí, ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa mba ụwa, na-agụnye ịzụ ahịa ndị mmadụ gafee "n'ókèala mba, kọntinent na mba ụwa maka ebumnuche nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụaka na ọrụ ụlọ ìji gbanwere ụgwọ ọrụ ego.<ref name="auto5"/> N'ofe ókèala mba ụwa kwa afọ, a na-ere ahịa n'etiti mmadụ puku narị asato na Ano nde ebe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị.<ref name="auto12">Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE MODERN DAY SLAVERY OF THE 21ST CENTURY. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119.</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka Naijiria ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ na-emecha na-ere ha na Europe, ọkachasị [[Italy|Ịtali]]. Middle East na North America bụkwa ebe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị a na-ere ahịa site na Naijiria iji mechie "maka ebumnuche nke nkuchi, ọrụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo, na maka ire akụkụ ahụ mmadụ ha".<ref name="auto12"/> A na-ere ụmụaka ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ site na Naịjirịa na Naịjarịa ma ọ bụ mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.<ref name="auto12" /> Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ bụ mpụ dị ịrịba ama na mba ụwa, nke a na-ahụ dị ka ihe yiri ahịa ohu nke oge a.<ref name="auto12" /> E dekọrọ steeti Edo ka ọ nwere pasent kachasị elu nke ndị a na-ere ahịa na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto7"/> Ihe kachasị ewù ewù nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'èzí maka ebumnuche mmegbu bụ na Edo (20.4%), Rivers (8.6%), Cross River (7.1%), Anambra (6.8%), Delta (6.4%), Bayelsa (5.7%), Ebonyi (5.4%), na Imo (3.2%).<ref name="auto7"/> isi obo gọọmenti etiti (5.7%) na Borno steeti (5.0%).<ref name="auto7" /> ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'ime obodo ==== Ịzụ ahịa n'ime obodo, ma ọ bụ ịzụ ahịa n'ụlọ bụ ịnakọta na ibugharị ndị mmadụ n'ime ókèala nke mba, ma ọ bụrụ na site n'ime ime obodo gaa n'obodo ukwu ma ọ bụ site n'otu steeti gaa na nke ọzọ, maka ebumnuche nke ọrụ mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụaka, ma ọ ọ bụ ọrụ ụlọ.<ref name="auto5"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ime ụlọ maka ọrụ na-eme na Benue (16.4%), Akwa Ibom (13.2%), Kogi (9.5%), Kano (4.1%), [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa]] (4.1%), Borno (3.6%), Edo (3.6), Kaduna (3.6%), Kwara (3.6%) na Niger (3.6%) steeti.<ref name="auto7"/> === Ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị === A na-ere ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria ahịa maka ebumnuche nke mmegbu mmekọahụ.<ref name="auto8">Baarda, C.S. “Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The Role of Voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network.” European Journal of Criminology 13.2 (2016): 257–273. Web.</ref> A na-ere ahịa ha n'èzí.<ref name="auto8" /> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Naijiria na-ere ahịa mmadụ bụ otu n'ime ndị kachasị elu na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe.<ref name="auto8"/> ==== Ihe kpatara ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị ==== Nsogbu ịzụ ahịa a na Naịjirịa sitere na ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Okpukpe, nke nwere ọtụtụ ndị Alakụba na North na ọtụtụ ndị Kraịst n'ndịda arụwokwa ọrụ dị mkpa na esemokwu na Naịjirịa niile nke kpatara ịda ogbenye.<ref name="Ngwe, J. E. 2012">Ngwe, J. E., PhD., & Elechi, O. O. (2012). Human Trafficking: The Modern Day Slavery of the 21st Century. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies : AJCJS, 6(1), 103-119. Retrieved from {{ProQuest|1467253780}}</ref> ==== Juju ==== Juju na-ebikọ na Naijiria tinyere [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] na ndi alakụba.<ref name="auto8"/> Juju na-emetụta ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Naijiria ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na onye ụkọchukwu nwere njikọ na ụlọ nsọ voodoo nwere ike ịchịkwa nsonaazụ na ndụ ndị mmadụ.<ref name="auto8" /> Enwere oke nchịkwa n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị site na emume juju.<ref name="auto8" /> Ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị omempụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Naịjirịa, ọbụna ndị omempaka na-akwụ ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchụ ụgwọ.<ref name="auto8" /> Ya mere, nke a na-eduga n'ịchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ siri ike ebe ọ bụ na ndị mafia na-eyi ndị ahụ na ezinụlọ ha egwu ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ emeghị ihe jikọrọ aka.<ref name="auto8" /> Ndị Mafia Naijiria na-ejikwa akwụkwọ njem na njem gaa Europe ma site n'ebe a, ndị madams na-azụta ụmụ agbọghọ maka ọrụ.<ref name="auto2">SIDDHARTH KARA. Modern Slavery: A Global Perspective. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017. Web.</ref> ==== Ọrụ nke ndị inyom ==== Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ n'achịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="auto3">Quirk, Joel., and Darshan. Vigneswaran. Slavery, Migration and Contemporary Bondage in Africa /[edited by] Joel Quirk and Darshan Vigneswaran. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2013. Print.</ref> Ndị a n'emegbu n'abịa site na 'madams', ndị na-eme dị ka ndị na-ere ahịa nwanyị, ma na-abụkarị ndị bụbu ndị akwụna.<ref name="auto3" /> Ndị madam ndị a nwere ụmụ nwanyị ruo mgbe ha kwụrụ ụgwọ ha.<ref name="auto8"/> Ndị Madams na-akwụ ụgwọ maka njem nke nwa agbọghọ ha na-anakọta.<ref name="auto8" /> Ihe na-akpali ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a bụ ohere ọdịnihu nke inweta ego dị ka onye nwe ụlọ, na-akpata usoro mmegbu.<ref name="auto8" /> Nke a bụ omume a ma ama na Naịjirịa taa, ebe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị abịakwutewo nwanyị tupu.<ref name="auto2"/> ==== Boko Haram ==== Boko Haram na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa site n'ịtọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ ma manye ha ịbụ ndị ohu.<ref>CNN, Stephanie Busari. "UNICEF: Boko Haram has kidnapped more than 1000 children in Nigeria". ''CNN''. Retrieved 2020-11-17.</ref> Boko Haram atọrọla ihe karịrị ụmụaka out puku na Naịjirịa kemgbe afọ 2013 dị ka UNICEF si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stephanie Busari|title=UNICEF: Boko Haram has kidnapped more than 1000 children in Nigeria|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/13/africa/boko-haram-children-abduction-intl/index.html|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=CNN|date=13 April 2018}}</ref> Otu n'ime ntọrọ ndị isi, nke a maara dị ka ntọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ụlọ akwụkwọ Chibok, mere na Borno [[Ȯra Borno|Steeti]] ebe Abubakar Shekau wepụtara vidiyo na-ekwu na ọ "ga-ere ụmụ agbọghọ Naijiria 276 ka ha bụrụ ndị ohu".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Boko Haram: Spotlight on Human Trafficking – World Policy|url=http://worldpolicy.org/2014/05/22/boko-haram-spotlight-on-human-trafficking/|accessdate=2020-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịgba ohu ụmụaka === Na Na Naịjirịa, e nwere ụdị ịgba ohu ụmụaka abụọ: ọrụ mmanye na iji mmekọahụ eme ihe n'ụzọ azụmahịa.<ref name="auto4"/> O siri ike ịmata ịgba ohu ụmụaka na Naịjirịa n'ihi mgbagwoju anya dị n'etiti ọrụ na ọrụ ezinụlọ.<ref name="auto">Okpalaobi, B. Nkechi. “Children and Modern Day Slavery.” African research review 10.1 (2016): 17–. Web.</ref> ==== Ọrụ mmanye ==== A na-amanye ụmụaka Naijiria ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị ọrụ gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, ịgba ohu n'ụlọ, ime kapet, ime ọla, ime uwe, ịnya kamel, n'agha (dị ka ụmụaka ndị agha).<ref name="auto4"/> A na-amanye ụmụaka Naijiria ka ha banye n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala ebe a na-etinye ha n'ihe ize ndụ dị oke egwu n'ihi ọrụ siri ike achọrọ.<ref name="auto"/> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== Ọ yiri ka enwere njikọ dị elu n'etiti mmetọ mmekọahụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na ịgba akwụna ụmụaka na Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto4"/> Ụdị ịgba ohu ụmụaka a nwere ike ịgụnye "ịgba akwụna, ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, njem mmekọahụ, mgbaaka mmekọahụ, ịgba egwú ọtọ ma ọ bụ ime ihe ngosi, na iji ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ eme ihe n'ụzọ mmekọahụ.<ref name="auto4" /> == Mgbalị ndị e mere iji lụso ịgba ohu nke oge a ọgụ == Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ siri ike ịlụso ọgụ n'ihi na ọ naghị adị mfe ịmata ya.<ref name="auto4"/> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, e nweela mgbalị iji lụso ịgba ohu nke oge a ọgụ.<ref name="Developing Nations 1992">"Developing Nations: Conference on Third World Women." Infobase, February 25, 1992. Accessed September 30, 2020.</ref> === Mgbalị ndị e mere n'ụlọ === Gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwenyere na mpụ nke ịzụ ahịa ndị mmadụ na-eweta nnukwu ihe egwu maka mmepe na nkwụsi ike nke Naịjirị, nakwa na ọ na-ewetara nnukwu ihe egwu nye ụkpụrụ ya na akụ na ụba mba.<ref name="auto12"/> Ya mere, e meela ọtụtụ mgbalị iji lụso nsogbu a ọgụ. E guzobere National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons ([[National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons|NAPTIP]]) iji lụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ 2003.<ref name="auto12" /> Ụlọ ọrụ a na-etinye aka na-ntaramahụhụ nke ndị na-ere mmadụ, nyocha nke ndị uwe ojii, na iweghachi ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ n'ime ọha mmadụ.<ref name="auto12" /> Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa nke Naịjirịa bịanyere aka na ya gụnyere: Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu megide Mpụ Transnational, Nkwekome megide Ịgbapụ Ndị Mgbasa Ozi site na Ala, Oké Osimiri na Ụgbọ Mmiri, Nkwupụta iji gbochie, gbochie ma nye ntaramahụhụ Ịzụ ahịa na Ndị Mmadụ, na Nkwekọrọ megide Imepụta Iwu na Ịzụ ahịa égbè.<ref name="auto12"/> === Mgbalị mba ụwa === E nweela mgbalị mba ụwa eji dozie nsogbu nke ịgba ohu nke oge a na Naịjirịa.<ref name="Developing Nations 1992"/> Na Geneva, Switzerland, ndị eze nwanyị 70 na ndị nwunye nke ndị isi ala, tinyere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na mba ụwa, gara nzukọ banyere nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na mba ụwa nke atọ, na-enwe olileanya idozi nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu.<ref name="Developing Nations 1992"/> Ịgba ohu nke oge a nwere ike ime n'ihi ụgwọ ụfọdụ mba Afrịka nwere, gụnyere Naịjirịa. Otu mgbalị iji dozie nke a bụ site n'aka ọchịchị Bush site n'ịkwụsị ụgwọ nke mba 18, gụnyere Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto6">Woods, E. (2007). Slavery persists. (). Washington: Inter-Hemispheric Resource Center Press.</ref> Ndị Jubilee Movement kagbukwara ụgwọ nke mba 50 ma ọ bụ karịa, gụnyere Naịjirịa.<ref name="auto6"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 4ksknfkux4k0pmjp0o3nec93z2yget0 0 23347 742399 123464 2026-11-03T05:46:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ese Brume MON''' (amuru 20 Jenuarị 1996) bu onye egwuregwu nke Naijiria amara nke oma na ogologo ịma elu . Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke Commonwealth ugbu a na onye mmeri ọkaibe nke Afrịka ugboro atọ n'ime ogologo ime elu, ma jide nke kacha mma nke 7.17m<templatestyles src="Fraction/styles.css"></templatestyles> <span class="frac" role="math"><span class="den">6</span> <span class="sr-only">+</span> <span class="num">1⁄4</span> &#x2044;</span>in) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/08/all-hail-ese-brume-africas-emerging-long-jump-queen/|title=All hail Ese Brume, Africa's emerging Long Jump queen|date=10 August 2019|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/nigeria/ese-brume-283687|title=Ese BRUME {{!}} Profile {{!}} iaaf.org|work=www.iaaf.org|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> O ji ugbu a ndekọ egwuregwu Commonwealth, ndekọ nke obere na Afrịka na ndekọ na mmemme ahụ na Afrịka. <ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/464768-new-african-record-still-feels-like-dream-to-me-ese-brume.html.|title=|work=www.premiumtimesng.com|accessdate=28 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye meriri ugboro abụọ n'asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa, onye meriri ọla nchara n'Olimpik ma burukwa onye mmeri ugboro ise n'egwuregwu nke obere ndị Afrika. Ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ onye nwe nturugo n'egwuregwu ogologo ima elu ugboro atọ n'usoro n'asompi Afrịka yana onye Afrịka mbụ nwetara nrite ogologo ima elu abụọ na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa <ref name="makingofchamps.com">{{Cite web|title=Brume makes history as 1st African with two Long Jump medals at the World Championships|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/07/25/brume-makes-history-as-1st-african-with-two-long-jump-medals-at-the-world-championships/|accessdate=2022-07-28|work=Making Of Champions|date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322102642/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/07/25/brume-makes-history-as-1st-african-with-two-long-jump-medals-at-the-world-championships/|archive-date=2025-03-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> Brume bụ onye nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo n'egwuregwu ogologo ima elu n'asọmpị egwuregwu ụmụaka nke Afrịka nke afọ 2013, Egwuregwu Commonwealth 2014, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210912112102/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/athletics/1014526/e_brume.html Ese Brume].</ref> 2014 African Senior Athletics Championship na 2015 African Junior Athletics Championship . Ọ nọchikwara anya Naịjirịa n'asọmpi ndị ntorobịa ụwa egwuregwu n'afọ 2014. Brume nọchitere Naijiria na asọmpi Olympik nke afọ 2016 ebe o gbara onye nke ise n'egwuregwu ogologo ima elu ikpeazụ jiri mmali elu 6.81m <ref>[https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/rio-2016-olympic-games-women-long-jump-final IAAF – Olympic Long Jump Final]. </ref> Brume meriri ihe nrite ọla n'ihe omume ogologo ima elu na asọmpi egwuregwu mba ụwa nke 2019 na Doha, jiri mwụli elu 6.91 m na asọmpi Olimpik summer 2020 na Tokyo, jiri mwụli elu 6.97 m. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics: Ese Brume Wins Nigeria's First Medal|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/08/03/tokyo-olympics-ese-brume-wins-nigerias-first-medal/|accessdate=2022-03-25|work=Channels Television}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme wụliri akara anọ n'iwu karịa 7.00m <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ese Brume- the Nigerian sure bet for an international medal|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/08/08/ese-brume-the-nigerian-sure-bet-for-an-international-medal/|work=Making Of Champions|date=8 August 2022|publisher=Christopher Maduewesi|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925052857/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/08/08/ese-brume-the-nigerian-sure-bet-for-an-international-medal/|archive-date=25 September 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Commonwealth Games: Ese Brume wins gold for Nigeria with new Games Record|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/547437-commonwealth-games-ese-brume-wins-gold-for-nigeria-with-new-games-record.html|work=Premium times ng|date=7 August 2022|publisher=Tunde Eludini}}</ref> manogc4zsol7fs7c7xe5ndjgaexd9ii 0 23380 742369 393471 2026-11-03T00:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Dorothy Udeme Ufot''' SAN bụ onye ọka iwu Naịjịria nwere ọkachamara na iwu azụmahịa. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ si [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom Steeti]] ka e buliri ya n'ọkwa onye isi ọka iwu nke Naịjirịa (SAN).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dorothy Ufot|url=http://akwaibomcelebrates.com/team/dorothy-ufot/|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=Akwa Ibom Celebrates|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423114021/http://akwaibomcelebrates.com/team/dorothy-ufot/}}</ref> Dorothy bụ onye guzobere Dorothy Ufot & Co. ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu zuru oke na Naịjịria ebe ọ na-eduzi ngalaba ikpe na ikpe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Dorothy bụ ọkachamara na ikpe mba ụwa, ikpe na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke ngwọta esemokwu, gụnyere ikpe nkwekọrịta itinye ego, itinye ego na nkwekọrịta ikpe mba ọzọ, ndụmọdụ itinye ego, iwu ụlọ ọrụ na azụmahịa.<ref name="Dorothy Ufot">{{Cite web|title=Dorothy Ufot|url=http://whoswholegal.com/dorothy-udeme-ufot-san|accessdate=2021-05-11|work=Whoswholegal|language=en-US}}</ref> Dorothy bụ onye otu Court of Arbitration nke Casablanca International Mediation and Arbitration Centre (CIMAC) [[Morocco]], kemgbe 2016. A họpụtara Dorothy ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ isii na panel nkè ndị omebe iwu nke International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes na Febụwarị 2017. Ọ bụbu osote onye isì oche ụwa nke ICC Commission on Arbitration na ADR, ma ugbu a ọ bụ onye otu kansụl nke ICC Institute of World Business Law na osote onye oche nke arbitration na ADD commission nke ICC Nigeria yana onye na-ahụ maka akụ nke ICC Nigeria National Committee.<ref name="Dorothy Ufot"/> Dorothy bụ onye otu ICC International Court of Arbitration na Paris ma bụrụ osote onye isí oche nke ICC Commission on Arbitration. N'afọ 2000, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Chartered Institute of Arbitrators [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorothy Udeme Ufot|url=http://www.casablancaarbitrationdays.com/dorothy-udeme-ufot/?lang=en|accessdate=2021-04-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020205537/http://www.casablancaarbitrationdays.com/dorothy-udeme-ufot/?lang=en}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dorothy Ufot na Ikwa-ibom steeti, Nigeria. Dorothy bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Calabar, [[Calabar]], Naịjịria; nwere nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1983. O mechara nweta LL.B degree site na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] na 1988. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria n'afọ 1989. N'afọ 1996, Dorothy gụsịrị nzere masta ya na Law (LL.M) ma nweta Advanced Diploma na Commercial Law and Practice na Mahadum Lagos, Nigeria na 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ifeoma|first=Peters|title=Legal Luminary Profile: Dorothy Udeme Ufot SAN - DNL Legal and Style|url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/legal-luminary-profile-dorothy-udeme-ufot-san/|accessdate=2021-04-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615170311/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2018/legal-luminary-profile-dorothy-udeme-ufot-san/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Legalnaija|title=Profile: Dprothy Ufot SAN {{!}} Legal Naija|date=9 September 2014|url=https://legalnaija.com/profile-of-week-dorothy-ufot-san/|accessdate=2021-04-08|language=en-US}}</ref>Dorothy Ufot lụrụ Maazị Udeme Ufot ma nwee ụmụ. == Ọrụ iwu == Dorothy malitere ọrụ iwu ya mgbe a kpọrọ ya n'ụlọ ikpe Naịjịria n'afọ 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorothy Ufot, SAN|url=https://www.dangotecement.com/about-us/board-of-directors/dorothy-ufot-san/|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=Welcome to Dangote Cement Plc.|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417053020/https://www.dangotecement.com/about-us/board-of-directors/dorothy-ufot-san/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọkachamara na ikpe azụmahịa na ikpe. N'afọ 2009, Dorothy ghọrọ nwanyị ọka iwu mbụ si Akwa Ibom Steeti na-eyi uwe silk.<ref name=":0"/> Ewezuga ọrụ iwu ya, Dorothy arụwokwa ọrụ dị iche iche na Nigerian Stock Exchange, Chevron Oil PLC, na MRS Oil PLC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Prize For Leadership|url=https://npl.ng/team_members/dorothy-udeme-ufot/|accessdate=2021-04-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928002354/https://npl.ng/team_members/dorothy-udeme-ufot/}}</ref> == Onyinye == N'afọ 2020, African Arbitration Association nyere Dorothy African Arbitrator of the Year, maka onyinye ya na Arbitration na Commercial Law. A makwaara ya dị ka onye otu Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (UK) (CIArb) na onye na-eme mkpebi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-04|title=Mrs. Dorothy Ufot SAN|url=https://iccng.org/mrs-dorothy-ufot-san/|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=ICC Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416203322/https://iccng.org/mrs-dorothy-ufot-san/|archive-date=2021-04-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorothy Udeme Ufot SAN|url=https://whoswholegal.com/dorothy-udeme-ufot-san|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=whoswholegal|language=En}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọka iwu mbụ gburugburu ụwa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c5pb3tbq1f1kzvuea36d2b5hvbp1w2l 0 24077 742368 720927 2026-11-03T00:25:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dominique Lynn Duncan''' (amụrụ na 7 Mee 1990) bụ [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|onye]] America-Naijirịa na-agba ọsọ nke ruru eru ịsọ mpi maka obodo ya Nigeria mgbe ọ gbanwere nkwado site na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] of America na 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okagbare-condemns-resort-to-foreign-athletes/208572/|title=Okagbare Condemns Resort to Foreign Athletes|work=[[Thisday|Thisday Live]]|author=Duro Ikhazuagbe|date=6 May 2015|accessdate=15 September 2015|archive-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719185602/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okagbare-condemns-resort-to-foreign-athletes/208572/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dominique bụ onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ mba na Afrịka mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọla edo n'akụkụ Blessing Okagbare, [[Regina George]] na [[Christy Udoh]] na ihe omume relay nke ụmụ nwanyị 4 × 200 mita na 2015 IAAF World Relays na Nassau, Bahamas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okagbare-leads-team-nigeria-to-gold-in-bahamas/208425/|title=Okagbare Leads Team Nigeria to Gold in Bahamas|work=[[Thisday|Thisday Live]]|author=Duro Ikhazuagbe|date=4 May 2015|accessdate=15 September 2015|archive-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719163059/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/okagbare-leads-team-nigeria-to-gold-in-bahamas/208425/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Kọleji === Na 12 June 2009, Dominique n'akụkụ Khrystal Carter, Porscha Lucas na Gabby Mayo mebiri ndekọ NCAA Women's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships na ihe omume 4 × 100 mita mgbe ọ gbasịrị 42.36s tupu ọ gaa n'ihu merie ọla edo na 4 × 100 metres relay ihe omume ṅa 2010 NCAA Division I Out Door Track and Field Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=550|title=Dominique Duncan|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Dominique kwuru na ọ bụ ọla nchara na omume mita 200 na 2012 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. === 2014 ugbu a === Mgbe ọ gbanwere nkwado na Naijirịa, Dominique sonyere na 2014 African Championships in Athletics na-azọrọ ọla nchara na ọla edo na mita 200 na 4 × 100 mita relay events n'otu n'otu. Ya na Blessing Okagbare, [[Regina George]] na [[Christy Udoh]] meriri ọla edo ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ mba ọhụrụ nke 1:30.52s na 4 × 200 mita relay ihe omume na 2015 IAAF World Relays na Nassau, Bahamas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.makingofchamps.com/2015/05/03/nigerias-4x200m-women-take-world-relay-gold-with-new-national-record/|title=Nigeria’s 4x200m Women take World Relay GOLD with new National Record!|work=Making of Champions|author=Bambo Akani|date=3 May 2015|accessdate=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206123032/http://www.makingofchamps.com/2015/05/03/nigerias-4x200m-women-take-world-relay-gold-with-new-national-record|archive-date=6 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndekọ Naijiria na egwuregwu * Ndepụta nke ndekọ Afrịka na egwuregwu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Dominique Duncan at World Athletics * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071234/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/155754 Dominique Duncan] na All-Athletics {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duncan, Dominique}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dlkfbb9jro9bfllidi2kvjknd6o2d70 0 24859 742648 110699 2026-11-03T08:55:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gripdome.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke saịtị GRIP na Summit Camp]] '''Greenland Ice Core Project''' (GRIP) bụ ọrụ nyocha nke Ndi European Science Foundation (ESF) haziri.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip.html|title=Greenland Icecore Project (GRIP): European Science Foundation|work=European Science Foundation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208131950/http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip.html|archivedate=8 February 2012|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ malitere site na 1989 ruo 1995, na oge evwuregwu site na afo 1990 ruo afo 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=24 August 2010|title=More Information: European Science Foundation|url=http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207150245/http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html|archivedate=7 February 2012|accessdate=18 March 2017|work=European Science Foundation}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, a nabatara ọrụ ahụ dịka mmemme ESF, n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1989, a malitere ọrụ ubi na Greenland.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Stauffer|first=Bernhard|date=1993-06-18|title=The Greenland Ice Core Project|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.260.5115.1766|journal=Science|language=en|volume=260|issue=5115|pages=1766–1767|doi=10.1126/science.260.5115.1766|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17793652}}</ref> GRIP bu n'uche ịnakọta ma nyochaa ice cores nke dị mita 3000 nke a gwuru n'elu ice nke Greenland, nke a makwaara dịka Summit Camp.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=24 August 2010|title=More Information: European Science Foundation|url=http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207150245/http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html|archivedate=7 February 2012|accessdate=18 March 2017|work=European Science Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120207150245/http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html "More Information: European Science Foundation"]. ''European Science Foundation''. 24 August 2010. Archived from [http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html the original] on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> akwukwo Greenland ice nwere ihe karịrị 90% nke ice sheet na akwukwo ice ice n'èzí [[Antarctica]]. Kọmitii Na-eduzi nke Mahadum nke Bern's Physics Institute, nke Prọfesọ Bernhard Stauffer duziri, duziri ọrụ ahụ.<ref name="esf.org">{{Cite web|date=2012-02-07|title=More Information : European Science Foundation|url=http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207150245/http://www.esf.org/activities/research-networking-programmes/life-earth-and-environmental-sciences-lesc/completed-esf-research-networking-programmes-in-life-earth-and-environmental-sciences/greenland-icecore-project-grip/more-information.html|archivedate=2012-02-07|accessdate=2022-05-27}}</ref> Ego sitere na mba Europ asatọ ([[Belgium]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Iceland]], Italy, [[Switzerland]], na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]), na European Union.<ref name="esf.org" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Stauffer|first=Bernhard|date=1993-06-18|title=The Greenland Ice Core Project|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.260.5115.1766|journal=Science|language=en|volume=260|issue=5115|pages=1766–1767|doi=10.1126/science.260.5115.1766|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17793652}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStauffer1993">Stauffer, Bernhard (1993-06-18). [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.260.5115.1766 "The Greenland Ice Core Project"]. ''Science''. '''260''' (5115): 1766–1767. [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Sci...260.1766S 1993Sci...260.1766S]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.260.5115.1766|10.1126/science.260.5115.1766]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0036-8075|0036-8075]]. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17793652 17793652].</cite></ref> Nnyocha nke isotopes nuklia na ihe dị iche iche dị na ikuku nke isi nyere nyere ohere ka ndị otu ahụ wuo ihe ndekọ zuru ezu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-ekpuchi afọ puku nari gara aga. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} celi0uydqyyyxbcltkpolosbp8opllq 0 25246 742780 111252 2026-11-03T11:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Global Commons Institute''' gci.org.uk bụ nkè Aubrey Meyer na ndị ọzọ guzobere na United Kingdom n'afọ 1990 iji wéé mee mkpọsa màkà ụzọ ziri ezi iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmenvaud/1080/1080vw17.htm|title=House of Commons - Environmental Audit Committee - Written Evidence|date=13 June 2001|publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]|accessdate=2 December 2012}}</ref> Ọ na-akwalite ihe nlereanya nkè Contraction na Convergence nkè CO2 emissions dị ka ụzọ isi gbochie mgbanwe ihu igwe nkè UN COP nabatara na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụfọdụ òtù okpukpe mba ụwa.<ref name="GCI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gci.org.uk |title=Global Commons Institute |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505023904/http://www.gci.org.uk/ |archive-date=2007-05-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị bịanyere aka na nkwupụta mbụ na-akwado mbelata na njikọta bụ ndị otu Green Party.<ref name="statement">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gci.org.uk/signon/OrigStatement2.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2007-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927020451/http://www.gci.org.uk/signon/OrigStatement2.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-27}} Original statement</ref> == Hụkwa == * Jim Berreen * Aubrey Meyer * Nchịkọta na Nchịkọta == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070505023904/http://www.gci.org.uk/ Global Commons Institute] ppq65mr2cjdmgv3ifl9i7hdphpkqknn 0 25335 742676 699197 2026-11-03T09:11:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742676 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụdị ndị na-akpa ike bụ ụdị ndị sitere na gburugburu mba ọzọ nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mkpa na mpaghara akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụrụngwa. Enwere ike iwebata ụdị ndị a site na ihe okike ma ọ bụ ntinye aka mmadụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-awakpo na-adị gburugburu ụwa. Otu nke jupụtara na Puerto Rico bụ ọdụm. Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] (USDA) nke Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) na Customs and Border Protection (CBP) na-eme nyocha nchekwa ndụ maka Puerto Rico. == Anụ na-enye nwa ara == * Mongoose: Ndị na-akụ shuga webatara ''Urva auropunctata'', nke a na-akpọ "obere Mongoose [[Ndia|India]]", na Puerto Rico na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dị ka ụzọ isi chịkwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ rat na-awakpo. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo n'imeziwanye ihe ọkụkụ, ha bụkwa ihe kpatara 70% nke ọrịa rabies niile, ọ bụ ezie na [[Rabis|rabies]] ahụ dị obere, n'àgwàetiti ahụ.<ref name="Espeut1882">Espeut, W. B. 1882. </ref><ref name="Seaman1962">{{Cite journal|author=George A. Seaman|title=The Mongoose as a Predator in the Virgin Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mammalogy_1962-11_43_4/page/544|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=43|pages=544–546|year=1962|doi=10.2307/1376922}}</ref><ref name="CABI">{{Cite web|url=https://platform.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/93810|title=''Herpestes auropunctatus'' (small Indian mongoose)|author=Roy|first=Sugoto|date=10 January 2020|work=Invasive Species Compendium|publisher=[[CAB International]]|accessdate=12 February 2020|archivedate=4 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204220758/https://platform.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/93810}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wildlife.org/expanding-rabies-work-to-mongooses-in-puerto-rico/|title=Expanding rabies work to mongooses in Puerto Rico|publisher=THE WILDLIFE SOCIETY|work=wildlife.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref> Rịba ama na ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kwenyere na ụdị ahụ bụ U. javanicus, ọtụtụ isi mmalite ka na-ekewapụta ihe e kere eke n'okpuru ụdị a. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti taxa abụọ ahụ na-enweghị nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. E webatara ya na 1877 ma ọ bụ 1887 na agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name="CABI" /> E kwekwaara na ọ na-eri anụmanụ ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ.<ref name="Seaman1962" /> * Ezì: Ndị [[Spain]] webatara ya na 1500s, ugbu a ọ bụ anụ ọhịa n'isi obodo San Juan na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service anọwo na-anwa - ruo ugbu a enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma - ikpochapụ ha. * Rats: Mus musculus na R. rattus bụ ụdị rat na-awakpo na El Yunque National Forest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Zimmerman|first=Jess K.|date=2021|title=Invasive Species in Puerto Rico: The View From El Yunque|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.640121|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.640121/full|issn=2296-701X}}</ref> Nke ikpeazụ, nke a makwaara dị ka òké ojii, kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe egwu ka ukwuu n'ihi oke ya.<ref name=":0" /> Nke mbụ, ma ọ bụ òké ụlọ, na-ejikarị n'akụkụ ụzọ.<ref name=":0" /> == Nnụnụ == * ''Columba livia'': nke a maara nke ọma dị ka nduru nkume, bụ nnụnụ na-awakpo nke e webatara site na mmalite Europe na Caribbean. Ụdị ahụ na-enwekarị ahụ na-acha ntụ ntụ na-acha ọcha, mana agba ahụ nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti ntụ, ọcha, tan, na nchara nchara. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a zụlitere anụmanụ a ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ọtụtụ ihe omume gụnyere homing na asọmpi asọmpi. N'oge a, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ, ebe ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmasị iri nri na ikiri ha. Nnụnụ a nwere ike ime mgbanwe ibi n'ebe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ogige ugbo, elevator ọka, ihe oriri, ogige ntụrụndụ, ụlọ obodo, àkwà mmiri, na ndị ọzọ. A maara nduru nkume ka ha na-ebufe ọrịa dịka salmonella, nsị nri, cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis, na ndị ọzọ. Ihe mkpofu nke nduru nkume nwekwara ike ibute mmụba nke ihe owuwu, na-akpata nsogbu maka obodo ukwu dị na Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GISD|url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Columba+livia|accessdate=2020-12-14|work=www.iucngisd.org}}</ref> == Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ n'ala == * Ọ bụ ezie na e kwenyere na ọ bụ nwa amaala agwaetiti ahụ, enwere ike iwebata iguana na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na Puerto Rico n'oge a. Green iguanas bụ ụmụ amaala South na Central America. A na-ewere ụdị ahụ dị ka ndị na-awakpo n'ihi mmebi ọ na-eme na ọrụ ugbo mpaghara na egwu ọ na-eyi ụdị ala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-22|title=Preguntas Frecuentes sobre la Iguana Verde o Gallina de Palo en Puerto Rico|url=http://www.drna.pr.gov/educacion/preguntas-frecuentes-sobre-la-iguana-verde-o-gallina-de-palo-en-puerto-rico/|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=DRNA|language=en-US}}</ref> * Boa constrictor: A mụrụ ya na Central na South America, a hụla <nowiki><i id="mwUQ">boa constrictor</i></nowiki> na nso nso a na Puerto Rico. A chọtara obere obodo na obodo Mayagüez, ebe e wepụrụ ọ dịkarịa ala otu narị na iri iseỌ bụ ezie na achọpụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kwenyere na ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ adịlarị ọtụtụ iri afọ n'ihi ntọhapụ na mberede<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Reynolds|first=R. Graham|date=2013-05-01|title=Genetic analysis of a novel invasion of Puerto Rico by an exotic constricting snake|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0354-2|journal=Biological Invasions|language=en|volume=15|issue=5|pages=953–959|doi=10.1007/s10530-012-0354-2|issn=1573-1464}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Osisi == * ''Abrus precatorius'': Ọ bụ osisi na-agbasa okooko osisi nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "jequirity bean" ma ọ bụ "rosary pea" nke a ma ama maka ịwakpo ebe okpomọkụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Are Rosary Peas Poisonous?|url=https://www.poison.org/articles/are-rosary-peas-poisonous-194|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=www.poison.org|language=en}}</ref> A maara osisi nitrogen a na-agbanwe ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala ma na-emetụta ụdị ala site na mmetụta allelopathic.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=GISD|url=http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1609|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=www.iucngisd.org}}</ref> Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Puerto Rico na ọtụtụ n'ime agwaetiti Caribbean kwupụtara na ọ bụ ahịhịa na-awakpo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abrus precatorius (rosary pea)|url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/1965|accessdate=2020-12-06|work=www.cabi.org}}</ref> Ozugbo osisi a tozuru oke, mgbọrọgwụ ha na-esiri ike iwepụ, na-agbakwunye aha ọjọọ na ahịhịa a.<ref name=":12" /> Ụzọ a na-ejikarị ewepụ bụ iji ọgwụ herbicides dị ka glyphosate, na-akpata nsogbu ndị ọzọ a na-atụghị anya ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke a wakporo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lieurance|first=Deah|date=2020-10-09|title=The UF/IFAS Assessment of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas: History, Purpose, and Use|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis.ag376.2020|journal=EDIS|volume=2020|issue=3|doi=10.32473/edis.ag376.2020|issn=2576-0009}}</ref> Ụmụ amaala na ụmụ mmadụ na-echegbukwa onwe ha maka iri osisi a, n'ihi na ọ nwere nsị nke nwere ike imebi ahụike ha site na iji nri zuru oke..<ref name=":02" /> == Arthropods == Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime [[Arthropod|arthropods]] ndị nyocha nke oke oke na-egbochi sitere n'ebe ndị ọzọ na Caribbean. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ụgbọ njem na ntụziaka abụọ ahụ, [[Flórídạ|Florida]] na-eziga [[Arthropod|arthropods]] adventive na PR karịa n'ụzọ ọzọ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi nchekwa dị ala n'akụkụ PR. === Ụmụ ahụhụ === * Aṅụ Africanized: A maara na ọ wakporo ndị nchọpụta na ụfọdụ ụdị nnụnụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. A hụrụ ya na mbụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ na 1994, aṅụ ahụ ebiela n'ọtụtụ oghere osisi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|author=Zimmerman|first=Jess K.|date=2021|title=Invasive Species in Puerto Rico: The View From El Yunque|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.640121|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fevo.2021.640121/full|issn=2296-701X}}</ref> Ọ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ obere ihe egwu na mpaghara ahụ ka oge na-aga, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka dị n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name=":03" /> * <nowiki><i id="mwgQ">Aedes aegypti</i></nowiki>: A makwaara dị ka anwụnta yellow fever, ndị ''enyemaka aegypti'' malitere n'Africa ma bụrụ ihe ize ndụ nye ụmụ mmadụ. Anụ anwụnta nwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa dịka [[nje Zika]] na dengue fever.<ref name=":03" /> Otu ihe pụrụ iche nke ụdị ahụ bụ akara ọcha ya n'ụkwụ ya, ọ pụkwara ibugharị ya site na ala ruo n'ebe dị elu.<ref name=":03" /> * ''Hypogeococcus sp''.: Mealybug a na-awakpo, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Harrisia cactus mealybug, e kenyere ya nhazi ya maka mmetụta ha na ụdị osisi na oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke Puerto Rican.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|author=Carrera-Martínez|first=Roberto|date=2019-11-01|title=The effects of the invasive Harrisia cactus mealybug (Hypogeococcus sp.) and exotic lianas (Jasminum fluminense) on Puerto Rican native cacti survival and reproduction|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-02046-1|journal=Biological Invasions|language=en|volume=21|issue=11|pages=3269–3284|doi=10.1007/s10530-019-02046-1|issn=1573-1464}}</ref> A chọpụtara na cacti ndị a na-ahụ maka nje ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ na okooko osisi ole na ole karịa ndị ibe ha nwere ahụike.<ref name=":22" /> A hụkwara ọnụọgụ ọnwụ dị elu na ụdị cactus ụfọdụ, n'ihi Harrisia cactus mealybug.<ref name=":22" /> 95% nke arthropod border interceptions bụ ụmụ ahụhụ. Naanị pasenti anọ nke arthropod ókè-ala interception bụ acari. == Edensibia == {{Reflist|refs=}} b58feg62jzpn9hdefdiq6vlboo878od 0 25580 742651 111631 2026-11-03T08:56:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọrụ ugbo na''' Concert with the Environment ('''ACE''') bụ mmemme nké United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nkè a na-ejikọ aka na mmemme United States Department of Agriculture's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE), iji kwado ọrụ nyocha nké na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nkè mmetọ site na ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza soluble. == Mmalite ya == N'afọ 1991, EPA jikọtara áká na USDA site na Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program (LISA), nkè a na-akpọ SARE ugbu a, ma nyefee mmefu ego nke Otu nde dollar na mmemme ahụ. Ihe omume LISA Kwèrè nkwa ịhazigharị ego natara site na dollar EPA màkà dollar kwà afọ.<ref name="TheEarlyYears"/> == Ọrụ == E mepụtara mmemme ACE iji nyéré áká na mgbochi na ibelata mmetọ ugbo. Iji mezuo nké a, mmemme ahụ mepụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ: * iji belata ojiji nkè ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza n'ọrụ ugbo * iji kwalite mmejuputa atụmatụ nchịkwa nri na ojiji nkè ọgwụ ahụhụ na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ na njikwa ihe ndị dị ndụ * iji chebe ébé ndị na-emetụta gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi<ref name="TheEarlyYears">{{Cite web|author=Madden|first=J. Patrick|title=The Early Years|url=http://www.sare.org/About-SARE/Historical-Timeline|work=Historical Timeline|publisher=Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education|accessdate=18 October 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMadden">Madden, J. Patrick. [http://www.sare.org/About-SARE/Historical-Timeline "The Early Years"]. ''Historical Timeline''. Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} nh8gqw5hq6rq9wdh9k1j38sm1gjdiwk 0 25775 742675 111873 2026-11-03T09:10:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ụdị na-adịghị ike bụ '''ụdị''' nke International Union for Conservation of Nature [[Ọnọdụ nchekwa|kewara]] ka ọ na eyi egwu na ọ ga apụ n'anya ọ gwụla ma ọnọdụ ndị na eyi ndụ ya egwu na ọmụmụ ya ka mma. Ihe na akpata adịghị ike bụ mbibi ebe obibi ma ọ bụ mbibi nke ụlọ ụdị ahụ. A na enyocha ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche ma nwee ike ịghọwanye egwu. Ụdị ụfọdụ edepụtara dị ka "ndị na adịghị ike" nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na ahụkarị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ihe atụ bụ macaw ndị agha. E nwere ugbu a 5,196 anụmanụ na 6,789 [[osisi]] kewara dị ka adịghị ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 1998 nke 2,815 na 3,222, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="iucn 2012.2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_2.pdf|title=IUCN Red List version 2012.2: Table 2: Changes in numbers of species in the threatened categories (CR, EX, VU) from 1996 to 2012 (IUCN Red List version 2012.2) for the major taxonomic groups on the Red List|accessdate=2012-12-31|author=[[IUCN]]|date=2012|archivedate=2013-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127140524/http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2012_2_RL_Stats_Table_2.pdf}}</ref> A na eme omume ndị dị ka cryoconservation nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa anụmanụ na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị anụ ụlọ na adịghị ike kpọmkwem. == Ihe ndị e ji mara == [[Usòrò:Brachypelma_smithi_2009_G09.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mexican red-knee tarantula (''Brachypelma hamorii''), ụdị dị ize ndụ sitere na Mexico]] [[Usòrò:Snares_Penguin_(Eudyptes_robustus)_-group.jpg|thumb|Snares penguin (''Eudyptes robustus''), ụdị dị ize ndụ sitere na New Zealand]] International Union for Conservation of Nature na eji ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ abanye ụdị na ụdị a. A taxon bụ adịghị ike mgbe ọ na anọghị n'ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ n'ihe egwu mana ọ na eche nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ ihu n'ọhịa n'ọdịnihu dị n'etiti, dị ka akọwapụtara site na [[Ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|nke]] ọ bụla n'ime njirimara ndị a (A ruo E): '''A) Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụdị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:''' # A hụrụ, atụmatụ, kwenyere ma ọ bụ na-enyo enyo na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ belatara ≥ 50% n'ime afọ 10 gara aga ma ọ bụ ọgbọ atọ, nke ọ bụla dị ogologo, ọ bụrụhaala na ihe kpatara mbelata ahụ nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ghọta ma kwụsị.<ref name="iucnvu"/> Nlele a dabere na (ma kọwaa) ihe ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a: ## Nnyocha kpọmkwem ## ndepụta nke ụbara kwesịrị ekwesị maka taxon ## mbelata n'ebe obibi, oke ihe omume ma ọ bụ ogo ebe obibi ## n'ezie ma ọ bụ ọkwa ndị nwere ike iji ya eme ihe ## mmetụta nke taxa ndị e webatara, ngwakọta, pathogens, mmetọ, ndị asọmpi ma ọ bụ parasites. # Mbelata nke ọ dịkarịa ala 20%, nke a na-atụ anya ma ọ bụ nke a na'echiche na a ga ezute n'ime afọ iri na esote ma ọ bụ ọgbọ atọ, nke ọ bụla dị ogologo, dabere na (ma kọwaa) nke ọ bụla n'ime (2), (3), (4) ma ọ bụ (5) n'elu. '''B) Ogologo ihe omume a na eme atụmatụ na ọ na erughị 20,000 km2 ma ọ bụ ebe obibi a na eche na ọ na na erubeghị 2,000 km2, na atụmatụ na egosi abụọ ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:''' # E kewara nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ mara na ọ dị n'ebe na erughị iri. # Ịga n'ihu na agbadata, na ekwu, na ahụ ma ọ bụ na atụ anya, na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a: ## oke nke ihe omume ## ebe obibi ## mpaghara, oke ma ọ bụ ogo ebe obibi ## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ma ọ bụ obere obodo ## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị tozuru etozu # Mgbanwe dị egwu na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a: ## oke nke ihe omume ## ebe obibi ## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ma ọ bụ obere obodo ## ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị tozuru etozu '''C) Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na erughị 10,000 ndị tozuru etozu na ma ọ bụ:''' # A na eme atụmatụ na ọ na aga n'ihu na agbadata ma ọ dịkarịa ala 10% n'ime afọ 10 ma ọ bụ ọgbọ atọ, nke ọ bụla dị ogologo, ma ọ bụ # Mbelata na aga n'ihu, nke a hụrụ, nke a tụrụ anya ya, ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekwu, n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị tozuru etozu na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ụdị nke ọ bụla: ## nke kewara ekewa nke ukwuu (ya bụ, ọ dịghị obere ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha nwere ihe karịrị 1,000 ndị tozuru etozu) ## mmadụ niile tozuru etozu nọ n'otu obere obodo '''D) Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị obere ma ọ bụ nke a machibidoro n'ụdị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a:''' # Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya na-erughị 1,000 ndị tozuru etozu. # A na-eji mgbochi siri ike mara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mpaghara obibi ya (nke na-erughị 20 km2) ma ọ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe (nke na na-erubeghị ise).<ref name="iucnvu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1#critical|title=IUCN 2008 Red List - Categories and Criteria (version 3.1)|work=www.iucnredlist.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008002903/http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1|archivedate=2008-10-08}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008002903/http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1 "IUCN 2008 Red List - Categories and Criteria (version 3.1)"]. ''www.iucnredlist.org''. Archived from [http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1#critical the original] on 2008-10-08.</cite> </ref> N'ihi ya, ụdị taxon dị otú ahụ ga-enwekarị mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ (ma ọ bụ ihe omume ndị na-enweghị atụ nke mmetụta ya na-abawanye site na ọrụ mmadụ) n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi n'ọdịnihu a na-apụghị ịhụ anya, ya mere ọ nwere ike ịghọ Onye N'Ime N'Iche Dị Oké Iche ma ọ bụ ọbụna Mgbukpọ n'oge dị mkpirisi. '''E) Nnyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ na-egosi ohere nke mkpochapụ n'ọhịa bụ ọ dịkarịa ala 10% n'ime afọ 100.''' Ihe atụ nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị na adịghị ike bụ hyacinth macaw, mountain zebra, gaur, kreenu okpueze ojii na blue crane == Hụkwa == * Ụdị:IUCN Red Ndepụta dị iche iche na-adịghị ike maka ndepụta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ * Cryoconservation nke ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa anụmanụ * Ndepụta nke anụ ndị bi n'ala na n'ala * Ndepụta nke arthropods na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke nnụnụ ndị na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke azụ ndị na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke ụmụ ahụhụ ndị na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke invertebrates na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke anụ na-enye nwa ara na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke molluscs na-adịghị ike * Ndepụta nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ na-adịghị ike == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/grid?redListCategory=vu Ndepụta nke ụdị ndị na-adịghị ike] dị ka IUCN Red List of Threatened Species kdr919i3bxjy72lor473gbvstp55znn 0 25788 742658 724029 2026-11-03T08:57:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742658 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Caribbean_Princess_at_Liverpool_-_2013-07-27.JPG|thumb|Princess Cruises natara ụgwọ ndekọ maka ịgbanwe ihe na-ekewa mmiri mmanụ ya n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na mmetọ mmiri mmiri mmiri<ref name="Guardian 2016-12-02"/>]] Ọkpụkpọ anwansi bụ mgbanwe na-enweghị atụ nye onye na-ekewa mmanụ mmanụ (OWS), ma ọ bụ ngwa ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ, nke na-enye ohere ịwepu mmiri mmiri na-ekpofu ihe megidere iwu mmetọ mmiri. Mgbanwe akụrụngwa ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ikwe ka ọtụtụ narị puku galọn nke mmiri mmetọ wụpụ na-emetọghị ya, na-ebute oke mmetọ nke mmiri mmiri. == Usoro aghụghọ == [[Usòrò:Oily_water_separator_make_Victor_Marine.JPG|thumb|Ihe na-ekewa mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ]] Enwere ike ịmegharị ọkpọkọ ahụ, n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, site na hoses na nfuli dịnụ, iji wepụ mmiri mkpofu na-adịghị edozi ozugbo banye n'oké osimiri. Dị ka ụgbọ mmiri na-achọrọ idekọ ndekọ nke mkpofu na ọgwụgwọ ya, ikpe anwansi na-agụnyekarị ịgha ụgha nke ndekọ ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/government/environmental-regulations/862836-1.html|title=Magic pipe incident draws huge fine|work=All Business|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing|date=1 January 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211101541/http://www.allbusiness.com/government/environmental-regulations/862836-1.html|archivedate=11 December 2008}}</ref> A na-akpọ ọkpọkọ ahụ "magic" n'ihi na ọ na-agafe ihe na-ekewa mmiri mmanụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma na-aga kpọmkwem n'ụgbọ mmiri. N'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ime ka mmiri a na-agwọghị agwọ "na-apụ n'anya".<ref name="kantharia">{{Cite web|author=Kantharia|first=Raunek|title=Magic Pipe: The Mystery of the Illegal Activity Still Continues on Ships|url=http://www.marineinsight.com/misc/maritime-law/magic-pipe-the-mystery-of-the-illegal-activity-still-continues-on-ships/|date=24 October 2019|work=Marine Insight|accessdate=25 April 2023|archivedate=18 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118000137/http://www.marineinsight.com/misc/maritime-law/magic-pipe-the-mystery-of-the-illegal-activity-still-continues-on-ships/}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, enwere ike iwepụ ọkpọkọ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma chekwaa ya n'ebe dị iche n'ụgbọ mmiri ka ndị ọrụ steeti na ndị na-achịkwa ya ghara ịchọpụta ojiji ya. Ojiji nke ọkpọkọ anwansi na-aga n'ihu ruo taa, yana mgbalị iji melite ọgwụgwọ mmiri iji mee ka ojiji nke ọkụkụ anwansi ghara ịdị mkpa.<ref name="kantharia" /> == Mmetụta iwu == Na United States, ikpe anwansi na-adọta nnukwu ụgwọ maka ụgbọ mmiri, na ikpe ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ndị ọrụ. A na-emekarị ka ikpe ndị ahụ pụta ìhè site n'aka ndị na-afụ ụfụfụ, gụnyere ikpe nke afọ 2016 metụtara Princess Cruises, nke dugara na ụgwọ US $ 40 nde.<ref name="Guardian 2016-12-02">{{Cite news|title=The $40m 'magic pipe': Princess Cruises given record fine for dumping oil at sea|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/02/the-40m-magic-pipe-princess-cruises-given-record-fine-for-dumping-oil-at-sea|work=The Guardian|date=2 December 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/02/the-40m-magic-pipe-princess-cruises-given-record-fine-for-dumping-oil-at-sea "The $40m 'magic pipe': Princess Cruises given record fine for dumping oil at sea"]. ''The Guardian''. 2 December 2016.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021, a mara onye injinia ụgbọ mmiri na Zao Galaxy, ụgbọ mmanụ, ikpe maka ịkpachara anya na-atụfu mmiri mmanụ na Febụwarị afọ 2019 ma nyefee akwụkwọ ụgha na mgbalị izochi mpụ ahụ. Injinia nwere ike ịnata nnukwu mkpọrọ na nra. A tara onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ntaramahụhụ US $1.65 million wee nye iwu ka ọ "mejuputa atụmatụ nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi zuru oke.".<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Engineer Of International Commercial Cargo Tanker Convicted Of Falsifying Records And Obstructing Justice In Scheme To Dump Oily Bilge In International Waters|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/first-engineer-international-commercial-cargo-tanker-convicted-falsifying-records-and|date=20 April 2021|publisher=U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California}}</ref> Na usoro OWS ochie, a na-etinye ọkpọkọ na-agafe agafe na nkwado nchịkwa. A naghịzi etinye ọkpọkọ ndị a a kwadoro na ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Carnival Cruise Lines Hit With $20 Million Penalty For Environmental Crimes|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/06/04/729622653/carnival-cruise-lines-hit-with-20-million-penalty-for-environmental-crimes|accessdate=2019-09-28|publisher=NPR|date=6 April 2019}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ihe mberede siri ike, a na-ahapụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ka ha kwapụ mmiri na-adịghị edozi n'ime mmiri, mana ha kwesịrị ikwupụta ihe mberede ndị a n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ụgbọ mmiri na akwụkwọ ndekọ mmanụ. Mwepu edebanyeghị aha na-emebi nkwekọrịta njikwa mmetọ mba ụwa MARPOL 73/78.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Blenker|first=Nick|title=Bulker operator cops plea in "magic pipe" case|url=https://www.marinelog.com/news/bulker-operator-cops-plea-in-magic-pipe-case/|work=Marine Log|publisher=Simmons-Boardman|date=21 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Moore|first=Kirk|title=German bulk carrier company fined $3.2 million for 'magic pipe' oil discharges|url=https://www.workboat.com/news/bluewater/german-bulk-carrier-company-fined-3-2-million-for-magic-pipe-oil-discharges/|date=8 November 2018|work=Work Boat|publisher=Diversified Communications}}</ref> == Ihe mkpali na ibu ọrụ == Nsogbu a na-akawanye njọ site na enweghị akụrụngwa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe; ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ nnabata ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anaghị ekwe ka a na-agbapụta mmiri mmanụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A corrupt corporate culture|url=http://www.motorship.com/news101/ships-equipment/a-corrupt-corporate-culture|date=18 February 2013|work=The Motorship|publisher=Mercator Media Ltd|archive-date=27 April 2019|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427034620/https://www.motorship.com/news101/ships-equipment/a-corrupt-corporate-culture|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị injinia, na ndị nwe ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike ịnata nnukwu ụgwọ na ọbụna mkpọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọgide na-eji ọkpọkọ anwansi emebi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="kantharia"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Walker|first=Jim|title=Caribbean Princess, Star Princess, Grand Princess, Coral Princess and Golden Princess?|url=https://www.cruiselawnews.com/2019/06/articles/pollution/carnival-pollution-case-why-no-prosecution-of-the-engineers-on-the-caribbean-princess-star-princess-grand-princess-coral-princess-and-golden-princess/|work=Cruise Law News|publisher=Walker & O’Neill, P.A.|date=19 June 2019}}</ref> N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ doro anya, ụfọdụ ndị injinia na-eji usoro njikwa ọkpọkọ anwansi n'ihi: * Enweghị ọzụzụ * Enweghị enyemaka n'akụkụ osimiri n'ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ mmiri * Enweghị mmasị n'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'oké osimiri.<ref name="kantharia"/> Ihe mkpofu mmanụ na-esi na injin ụgbọ mmiri na usoro mmanụ ụgbọala. A chọrọ ka a wepụ ihe mkpofu ahụ mgbe ụgbọ mmiri nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ gbaa ya ọkụ n'ime ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ihe mkpofu. N'oge ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a pụrụ ịba mmiri n'oké osimiri mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ niile kewara.<ref name="Guardian 2016-12-02"/> == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri n'ụwa niile * Marpol Ndepụta I Nkọwa zuru ezu nke Marpol 73/78 * Mmiri nkewa (n'ozuzu) * Mmetụta mmanụ dị n'ime * Ngwá ọrụ nlekota mbupụ mmanụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} 7agxyovu6utgehhg0m44ellhndsaorm 0 25970 742531 112105 2026-11-03T08:11:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Kingfisher ('''''Todiramphus tutus''''') bụ ụdị nnụnụ n'ezinụlọ kingfisher Alcedinidae. A na-ahụ ụdị ahụ na Cook Islands na Agwaetiti Society na French Polynesia. == Nchịkọta Nchịkọta == Onye Germany na ahụ maka ihe okike bụ Johann Friedrich Gmelin kọwara n'ụzọ doro anya na 1788 na mbipụta ya nke Carl Linnaeus's ''Systema Naturae''. O tinyere ya na ndị ọzọ na egbu azụ n'ụdị Alcedo ma mepụta [[Binomial nomenclature|aha]] abụọ ''Alcedo'' tuta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gmelin|first=Johann Friedrich|authorlink=Johann Friedrich Gmelin|year=1788|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis|edition=13th|language=Latin|location=Lipsiae [Leipzig]|publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2897053}}</ref> Gmelin dabeere na ''nkọwa'' ya na "onye a na akwanyere ùgwù kingfisher" nke onye Bekee na amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ bụ John Latham kọwara na 1782 na mpịakọta ya Nkọwa zuru oke nke nnụnụ . Latham nyere obodo ahụ dị ka Otaheite (Tahiti) mana o kwughị etu o si nweta ihe atụ. Latham kwuru na ndị Ndị Polynesia na-asọpụrụ ma na echebe ndị na egbu azụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Latham|first=John|authorlink=John Latham (ornithologist)|year=1781|title=A General Synopsis of Birds|publisher=Printed for Leigh and Sotheby|location=London|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33730507}}</ref> A ga anakọta ihe atụ ahụ (ma ọ bụ ihe atụ) n'oge njem nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ nke James Cook gaa n'Oké Osimiri Pacific.<ref name="jansen">{{Cite journal|author=Jansen|first=Justin|date=2015|title=The chequered history of Chattering Kingfisher ''Todiramphus tutus'' on Tahiti 1: type specimens|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=135|pages=108–120|url=https://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1352-Vliet.pdf}}</ref> Ndị eze na-egbu azụ (T. veneratus) nọ na Tahiti mana enwere obi abụọ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-egbu egbu na-egbu mmiri na-egbu anụ mere n'àgwàetiti ahụ n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name="jansen" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=van der Vliet|first=Roland|date=2015|title=The chequered history of Chattering Kingfisher ''Todiramphus tutus'' on Tahiti 2: review of status|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=135|pages=121–130|url=https://boc-online.org/bulletins/downloads/BBOC1352-Vliet.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Michael|date=2017|title='The chequered history of Chattering Kingfisher ''Todiramphus tutus'' on Tahiti': a response|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=137|issue=3|pages=211–217|doi=10.25226/bboc.v137i3.2017.a5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=van der Vliet|first=Roland E.|date=2017|title=Reply to Lee & Holyoak: how definite are 20th-century reports of Chattering Kingfisher ''Todiramphus tutus'' from Tahiti?|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|volume=137|issue=3|pages=218–225|doi=10.25226/bboc.v137i3.2017.a6}}</ref> Kingfisher bụ ugbu a otu n'ime ụdị 30 etinye na ụdị ''Todiramphus'' nke René Lesson webatara na 1827.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lesson|first=René|authorlink=René Lesson|year=1827|title=Description d'un nouveau genre d'oiseau. Todirhamphe, ''Todiramphus''|journal=Bulletin des sciences naturelles et de géologie|volume=12|language=fr|pages=268–271 [269]|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43065665}}</ref><ref name="ioc"/> Okwu ''Todiramphus'' jikọtara aha ụdị ''Todus'' na Greek oge ochie ''rhamphos'' nke pụtara "bill". Okwu a na-akpọ ''tutus'' bụ Latin nke pụtara "onye a na-asọpụrụ".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jobling|first=James A.|year=2010|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|publisher=Christopher Helm|location=London|isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4|pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n387/mode/1up 387], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n393/mode/1up 393]}}</ref> Nnyocha phylogene''t''ic nke e bipụtara na 2015 chọpụtara na chifisher nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ dị n'àgwàetiti ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Polynesia: Niau onye na-akụ azụ̀ (T. gertrudae) na ọha mmadụonye na-akụ azụ̀.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=M.J.|year=2015|title=Rapid diversification and secondary sympatry in Australo-Pacific kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae: ''Todiramphus'')|journal=Royal Society Open Science|volume=2|issue=140375|doi=10.1098/rsos.140375|pmid=26064600}}</ref> A na-amata ụdị atọ:<ref name="ioc">{{Cite web|editor=Gill|date=August 2022|title=Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers|work=World Bird List Version 12.2|url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/|publisher=International Ornithologists' Union|accessdate=4 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGillDonsker2022">[[Frank Gill (onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ)|Gill, Frank]]; Donsker, David, eds. </cite></ref> * T. t. tutus (Gmelin, JF, 1788) etiti Society Islands (ọwụwa anyanwụ Polynesia) * T. t. atiu (Holyoak, 1974) Átiu (East Cook Islands) * T. t. mauke (Holyoak, 1974) Ō Mauke (East Cook Islands) == Nkọwa == Ọ na-eyi eze na-egbu egbu ma ọ dị obere ma ghara inwe ụcha nchara ọ bụla na nku ya. Obi na akpịrị na-acha ọcha, azụ, nku na okpueze na-acha anụnụ anụnụ (ọ bụ ezie na okpeeji nke ụdị Atiu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọcha kpamkpam). Enwere ike ịgwa ya site na Tahiti onye na-akụ azụ̀ site na okpu ọcha zuru oke. == Ebe obibi == [[Habitat|Ebe obibi]] ya sitere n'okike bụ oké ọhịa dị ala na ekpo ọkụ na oké ọhịa na-ekwo ọkụ. Ụdị ahụ na ahọrọ oké ọhịa mbụ na ndagwurugwu ugwu, mana ọ ga aga n'ime uto nke abụọ na ubi ochie. Ụdị ahụ nwere nkesa na-adịghị mma. Ka o sina dị, IUCN anaghị ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-eyi egwu mkpochapụ. == Omume == onye na-akụ azụ̀ na-ebi n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ abụọ abụọ ma na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ na ezé na-efe efe ma ọ bụ n'ala. Ụdị ahụ na-akpa akwụ́ n'ime oghere osisi. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} q7zjhe7vswhi2oyua3aqt3rxosdd2r6 0 25980 742603 698881 2026-11-03T08:48:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ọdụm na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ('''''Syconycteris australis''''') nke a makwaara dị ka ọdụm na na acha odo odo ma ọ bụ ọdụm nke Queensland, bụ megabat n'ezinụlọ Pteropodidae. Ọkpara na ahụkarị na eri ihe na-atọ ụtọ na ntụ ọka karịa mkpụrụ osisi.<ref name="iucn 2016"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAplinArmstrong2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="135">Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. (2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="136">"Syconycteris australis". </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="137">''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2016''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="138">T21185A22130860. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span>[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">UK.2016-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">RLTS.</span>]]<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="142">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|T21185A22130860.en]].</span></cite></ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị Pteropodidae asatọ dị na Australia. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị nta n'ime megabats niile na-eri nri. == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Syconycteris_australis_photo_2.jpg|thumb]] [[Usòrò:Syconycteris_australis_photo_3.jpg|thumb]] Ha dị obere, na adị naanị 17.521 g (0.620.74 ).<ref name="Law 1992"/> Ogologo ahụ ewezuga ụkwụ dị ihe dị ka 60 mm (2.4 in) ogologo.<ref name="Churchill 1998">{{Cite book|author=Churchill|first=S.|year=1998|title=Australian bats|publisher=New Holland}}</ref> == Nkesa na ebe obibi == A na-ahụ ha na Maluku Islands, Salawati, Biak, Yapen, New Guinea, Aru Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Manus Agwaetiti, D'Entrecasteaux Agwaetiti, Louisiade Archipelago. Ha dị site na 0-3,000 m (0-9,843ft ) n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="iucn 2016"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAplinArmstrong2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="135">Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. (2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="136">"Syconycteris australis". </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="137">''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2016''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="138">T21185A22130860. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span>[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">UK.2016-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">RLTS.</span>]]<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="142">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|T21185A22130860.en]].</span></cite></ref> A na-ahụ ha n'ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke ugwu na Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke New South Wales.<ref name="Law 2001">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/WR00058|year=2001|author=Law|first=Bradley S|title=The diet of the common blossom bat (Syconycteris australis) in upland tropical rainforest and the importance of riparian areas|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=28|issue=6|pages=619}}</ref> == Omume == Ha na-anọ naanị ha ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè nta, nke na eme ka ịkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dabere na ịhụ ihe siri ike.<ref name="iucn 2016"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAplinArmstrong2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="135">Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. (2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="136">"Syconycteris australis". </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="137">''The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. '''2016''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="138">T21185A22130860. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span>[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="140">UK.2016-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">RLTS.</span>]]<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="142">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21185A22130860.en|T21185A22130860.en]].</span></cite></ref> Ha na ebikarị n'ime ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Ha nwere ike ịgbanwe ebe ha na-anọ kwa ụbọchị (mgbe nri dị) anya dị n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ na NSW dị mkpụmkpụ (nkezi 42m na Iluka ma ọ bụ 125m na Harrington).<ref name="Law 1993"/> O yikarịrị ka ha bụ ndị na-eme ntụ ọka dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ha na ebu okpukpu isii karịa ntụ ọka karịa nnụnụ mgbe ha na-aga n'ihu n'otu abalị. Osisi satinash bụ ihe oriri dị mkpa maka ụdị a na North Queensland, ebe 95% nke pollen niile a hụrụ na ajị ha sitere na ụdị a na ụsụ ndị e jidere n'akụkụ osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko. Ebe obibi bụ 12-1796 ha (0.046-6.934 ). Mgbe ha n -achọ nri, ha na-ahọrọ ife n'akụkụ osimiri.<ref name="Law 1999">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00078-6|title=Common blossom bats (Syconycteris australis) as pollinators in fragmented Australian tropical rainforest|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1999-12_91_2-3/page/201|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=91|issue=2–3|pages=201|year=1999|author=Law|first=Bradley S}}</ref> N'ihi na ike ha chọrọ dị elu na ike nke otu okooko osisi dị ala, ha ga eleta ihe ruru okooko osisi 36-48 nke ụsọ oké osimiri kwa abalị.<ref name="Law 1992">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/physzool.65.3.30157974|title=The Maintenance Nitrogen Requirements of the Queensland Blossom Bat (Syconycteris australis) on a Sugar/Pollen Diet: Is Nitrogen a Limiting Resource?|journal=Physiological Zoology|volume=65|issue=3|pages=634–648|year=1992|author=Law|first=Bradley S}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLaw1992">Law, Bradley S (1992). </cite></ref> Iji gboo mkpa ike ha, ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka akụkụ dị ukwuu nke abalị.<ref name="Law 1993">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/WR9930419|title=Roosting and foraging ecology of the Queensland blossom bat (Syconycteris australis) in north-eastern New South Wales: Flexibility in response to seasonal variation|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419|year=1993|author=Law|first=BS}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLaw1993">Law, BS (1993). </cite></ref> N'oge ọnwa zuru ezu, ha ga egbu oge ịpụ n'ụlọ ha. Nke a na-egosi na ha na-atụ egwu anụ ndị na eri ibe ha dịka owls na-achụ nta site na anya.<ref name="Law 1997">Law, B. S. (1997). </ref> Ndị ọzọ nwere ike igbu anụ gụnyere goannas na agwọ osisi.<ref name="Law 1993" /> A maara nwamba ụlọ ka ha na-ejide ma na-emerụ ha ahụ.<ref name="Phillips 2001">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1071/AM01057|title=An Observation of Cat Predation Upon an Eastern Blossom Bat Syconycteris Australis|journal=Australian Mammalogy|volume=23|pages=57|year=2001|author=Phillips|first=S}}</ref> Ha ga-abanye n'amaghị ama mgbe nri dị ala, ma ọ bụ mgbe okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 26 °C (79 ). N'adịghị ka ụdị ụmụ oke ndị ọzọ, torpor bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ma na-ekwupụta n'oge ọkọchị karịa n'oge oyi.<ref name="Coburn 1998">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s004420050399|pmid=28308026|title=Seasonal changes in energetics and torpor patterns in the subtropical blossom-bat Syconycteris australis (Megachiroptera)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_oecologia_1998-02_113_4/page/467|journal=Oecologia|volume=113|issue=4|pages=467–473|year=1998|author=Coburn|first=Dionne K}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} dlrkyad6ub62wupokbsaj5em3y9yohi 0 25982 742602 129440 2026-11-03T08:48:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ọdụm mkpụrụ osisi a na-ahụkarị ('''''Nyctimene albiventer''''') bụ ụdị megabat n'ezinụlọ Pteropodidae. A na-ahụ ya n'àgwàetiti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu [[Ostraliya|Australia]], na Indonesia, Papua Ọhụrụ Guinea, Philippines na Solomon Agwaetiti. == Nchịkọta Nchịkọta == Nkọwa mbụ nke ''Nyctimene albiventer'' bụ nke John Edward Gray nyere na 1863, ma jikọta ụdị ahụ site na njikọta ''Cynopterus albiventor''. Ụdị ahụ, nke na anọchite anya ụdị ''Nyctimene albiventer albiventor'', nwetara na agwaetiti Moluccas. A maara otu akụkụ nke ndị bi na Australia site na aha a, mana e kenyere ụdị ndị Oldfield Thomas kọwara na ụdị ''Nyctimene robinsoni'' na 1904. Aha ahụ na agụnyekwa ndị mmadụ nọ n'ebe ndị dị iche iche, n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche nke a na ekesa n'ofe mpaghara ahụ, na ụdị ndị nwere ike na ndị a na akpọghị aha mgbe ụfọdụ na eme na ọmịiko; enwere ike ịchọpụta ụdị atọ na agwaetiti Ọhụrụ Guinea.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> Aha dịnụ, nke aghọtara dị ka otu ihe nke ụdị ahụ, bụ ''Nyctimene papuanus'' K. Andersen, 1910.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> == Omume == Ụdị-ìgwè na anọkarị naanị ya ma na anọ n'ehihie n'ime akwụkwọ kpọrọ nkụ nke ala ruo n'etiti ala nke oké ọhịa ahụ. Mmụba bụ ihe atụ nke megabats, na amụ otu ugboro n'afọ. Nne na-eburu nwa ahụ ruo mgbe ọ gafere n'afọ ebe enwere ike ịhapụ ya mgbe ọ na-enye nri.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAplin,_K.Armstrong,_K.2016"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="120">Aplin, K.; Armstrong, K. (2016). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="121">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/14962/22007665 "''Nyctimene albiventer''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="122">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2016''': e.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="124">T14962A22007665. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14962A22007665.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14962A22007665.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="126">UK.2016-2.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="127">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="128"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T14962A22007665.en|T14962A22007665.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="129"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref> Ụkpara mkpụrụ osisi na-adịkarị n'ihu tube bụ ndị na-eri mkpụrụ osisi, na-eto eto na mkpụrụ osisi a na esighị esi. Iji rie nri, ọbọgwụ ahụ ga-ata obere mkpụrụ osisi mgbe ọ na akwụnye n'ala. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, a makwaara ha ka ha na eri ihe na atọ ụtọ na ihe fọdụrụ n'ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bat of the Week: Nyctimene albiventer – SANTANA LAB|url=https://faculty.washington.edu/ssantana/wordpress/bat-of-the-week-nyctimene-albiventer/|accessdate=2020-10-14|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017044133/https://faculty.washington.edu/ssantana/wordpress/bat-of-the-week-nyctimene-albiventer/}}</ref> == Nkesa na ọnọdụ == Ụdị a na-apụta n'àgwàetiti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu nke Cape York peninsula na Australia, mana edebeghị ya na mpaghara ahụ. Ebe nkesa nke ''Nyctimene albiventer'', nke a na akpọ ya, sitere na agwaetiti Papua Ọhụrụ Guinea ruo n'ókèala Indonesia na obere agwaetiti mpaghara ahụ. A na ahụ ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche n'ebe niile dị n'okpuru 1,900.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> == Nchekwa == IUCN na ekewa ụdị site na ọnọdụ nchekwa nke na adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya, mana ọ na-aghọta ohere nke nkewa nke ụdị na mkpa maka nyocha nke ndị a. Ụfọdụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti, dị ka ndị dị na Kei na Moluccan Agwaetiti ma ọ bụ ndị Admiralty na Bismarck, nwere ike ịda n'ihi egwu a kwetara na mpaghara ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a tụlebeghị oke mmetụta na ụdị ọ bụla a na eche.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=}} s661eh27d7084ges4p3r3h9ni0co95l 0 26281 742492 726327 2026-11-03T08:05:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Rosette_sampler_EPA.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-eji ihe nlele rosette maka ịnakọta ihe nlele mmiri na mmiri miri emi, dị ka Great Lakes ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, maka nnwale mmiri.]]   Ọdịdị mmiri na-ezo aka na kemịkal, anụ ahụ, na njirimara nke [[mmiri]] dabere na ụkpụrụ nke ojiji ya.<ref name="water quality">{{Cite web|author=Cordy|first=Gail E.|date=March 2001|title=A Primer on Water Quality|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-027-01/|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first=D. L.|author=Johnson|title=Meanings of Environmental Terms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-environmental-quality_may-june-1997_26_3/page/n12|journal=Journal of Environmental Quality|pages=581–589|volume=26|issue=3|doi=10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x|year=1997}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe site n'ịrụtụ aka n'ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nke enwere ike nyochaa nnabata, nke a na-enwetakarị site na ọgwụgwọ mmiri. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-ejikarị enyocha na nyochaa ịdị mma mmiri na-egosi ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi, nchekwa nke kọntaktị mmadụ, oke mmetọ mmiri na ọnọdụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ogo mmiri na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ntinye mmiri na mgbe mgbe na-ekpebi nhọrọ ọkọnọ. == Ụdị == A na-ekpebi paramita maka ịdị mma mmiri site na ebumnuche ebumnuche. Arụ ọrụ na mpaghara nke mmiri dị mma na-elekwasị anya na mmiri a na-agwọ maka ike, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe / iji ụlọ, ma ọ bụ mweghachi (nke gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ozuzu maka ahụike nke ndụ mmadụ / mmiri).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=Other Uses and Types of Water|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/other/index.html|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}</ref> === Ihe oriri mmadụ === [[Usòrò:Chemical_contamination_of_drinking_water.jpg|thumb|Mmetọ mpaghara na nke mba nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ site na ụdị kemịkal na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe]] Ihe na-emerụ emerụ nke nwere ike ịdị na mmiri a na-adịghị edozi ya gụnyere microorganisms dị ka nje, protozoa na nje bacteria; mmetọ inorganic dị ka [[Ńnú|nnu]] na ọla; organic kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ sitere na usoro mmepụta ihe na iji mmanụ mmanụ; ọgwụ pesticides na herbicides; na ihe mmetọ redioaktivu. Ogo mmiri na-adabere n'ihe gbasara mbara ala na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ojiji mmadụ dị ka nsị nsị, mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, iji mmiri dị ka ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè (nke nwere ike belata ọkwa mmiri).{{Tinye edensibịa}} United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na-egbochi ọnụọgụgụ nke ụfọdụ mmetọ na mmiri pọmpụ nke usoro mmiri ọha na eze US nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is water quality? Eight key characteristics|url=https://waterrangers.ca/what-is-water-quality/|accessdate=2022-11-10|work=Water Rangers|language=en-US}}</ref> Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ Dị Nchebe na-enye EPA ikike ịnye ụdị ụkpụrụ abụọ: * ''ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi'' na-achịkwa ihe ndị nwere ike imetụta ahụike mmadụ;<ref name="EPA DW reqts">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations|title=Drinking Water Regulations|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2022-09-20|work=Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems|publisher=EPA}}</ref> * ''ụkpụrụ nke abụọ'' na-enye àgwà mara mma, ndị na-emetụta ụtọ, ísì, ma ọ bụ ọdịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/secondary-drinking-water-standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals|title=Secondary Drinking Water Standards: Guidance for Nuisance Chemicals|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2022-02-17|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Iwu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti nke U.S. a kpọrọ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) na-esetịpụ ihe mgbochi maka mmetọ na mmiri a na-etinye na karama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/BuyStoreServeSafeFood/ucm046894.htm|title=FDA Regulates the Safety of Bottled Water Beverages Including Flavored Water and Nutrient-Added Water Beverages|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2018-09-22|work=Food Facts for Consumers|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> Mmiri ọṅụṅụ, gụnyere mmiri a na-etinye na karama, nwere ike ịtụ anya na ọ ga-enwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala obere mmetọ ụfọdụ. Ọnụnọ nke mmetọ ndị a anaghị egosi na mmiri ahụ na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike. N'ebe ndị mepere emepe na gburugburu ụwa, a na-eji nkà na ụzụ na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha na usoro mmiri ime obodo iji wepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na mmiri iyi (mmiri elu ma ọ bụ mmiri ala) tupu ekesa ya n'ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ na-enweta ya. Mmiri a na-esi na iyi, ọdọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ aquifer na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ga-abụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka n'ihe gbasara ike.. Ibu nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-emetọ emetọ na-emetụta ndị na-anọchite anya na ndị na-adịghị ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Katner|first=A. L.|editor=Brinkmann|date=2018|chapter=America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Sustainability|url=https://archive.org/details/palgravehandbook0000robe|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/palgravehandbook0000robe/page/79 79]–97|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-71389-2_5|isbn=978-3-319-71388-5}}</ref> Obodo ndị na-enweghị ọrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ndị a dị ọcha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa ndị mmiri na mmetọ dịka ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba, [[afọ ọsịsa]], afọ ọnyụju, [[Iba|ịba]] ọcha n'anya (hepatitis A), typhoid, na polio.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drinking-water|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water|date=2022-03-21|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Obodo ndị a na-anọkarị n'ebe ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, ebe a na-awụpụ mmiri nsị mmadụ n'ime ọwa mmiri dị nso ma ọ bụ mmiri nsị n'elu n'enweghị ọgwụgwọ zuru ezu, ma ọ bụ jiri ya na ịgba mmiri. === Ojiji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ === Ion ndị a gbazere agbaze nwere ike imetụta ịdị mma nke mmiri maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ na nke ụlọ. Ihe a maara nke ọma n'ime ndị a bụ ma eleghị anya ọnụnọ nke calcium (Ca2 +) na magnesium (Mg2 +) nke na-egbochi ọrụ nhicha nke ncha, ma nwee ike ịmepụta sulfate siri ike na carbonate dị nro na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ boilers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Babbitt|first=Harold E.|title=Water Supply Engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/watersupplyengin0000haro_l9l0|date=1949|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}}</ref> Enwere ike ime ka mmiri siri ike dị nro iji wepụ ion ndị a. Usoro ime ka ọ dị nro na-anọchi anya sodium cations.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Linsley|first=Ray K|title=Water-Resources Engineering|url=https://archive.org/details/waterresourcesen0000lins|date=1972|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-037959-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/waterresourcesen0000lins/page/454 454]–456}}</ref> Maka ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, mmiri siri ike nwere ike ịka mma karịa mmiri dị nro n'ihi na nsogbu ahụike ejikọtara ya na ụkọ calcium na sodium karịrị akarị.<ref>WHO (2004). [https://www.who.int/entity/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrconsensusrep.pdf "Consensus of the Meeting: Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of long-term consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-waters."] ''Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (draft).'' From 11–13 November 2003 meeting in Rome, Italy at the WHO European Centre for Environment and Health.</ref> Mkpa maka calcium na magnesium ndị ọzọ na mmiri na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-ekwu maka ya n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na-ejikarị ego ha tụrụ aro site na nri.  === Ịdị mma mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi === [[File:Water cleanliness sign, Dublin.jpg|thumb|Ihe nlereanya na Sandymount, Ireland, na-akọwa ịdị mma mmiri, na-enye ọkwa nke faecal coliform E. coli na Enterococcus faecalis.]] [[File:View of urban runoff discharging to coastal waters.jpg|thumb|Mgbọ mmiri nke ime obodo na-asọba na mmiri dị n'ụsọ osimiri]] Ọdịdị mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-akpọkwa ọdịdị mmiri gburugburu, metụtara '''mmiri dị''' ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri, na oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/supplemental-module-human-health-ambient-water-quality-criteria|title=Supplemental Module: Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria|date=2022-06-28|publisher=EPA|access-date=2023-05-09|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075547/https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/supplemental-module-human-health-ambient-water-quality-criteria|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ mmiri dị mma maka mmiri dị n'elu dịgasị iche iche n'ihi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ojiji mmadụ bu n'obi. Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke microorganisms ụfọdụ nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ahụike maka ebumnuche na-abụghị ịṅụ mmiri dị ka ịgba mmiri, igwu mmiri, ịkụ azụ, rafting, ụgbọ mmiri, na iji ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adlish|first=John I.|date=2020-10-31|title=Polyethylene Identification in Ocean Water Samples by Means of 50 keV Energy Electron Beam|journal=Instruments|volume=4|issue=4|pages=32|doi=10.3390/instruments4040032}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ndị a nwekwara ike imetụta anụ ọhịa, nke na-eji mmiri maka ịṅụ ma ọ bụ dị ka ebe obibi. Dị ka EPA si kwuo, iwu mmiri dị mma n'ozuzu ya na-akọwapụta nchedo nke ịkụ azụ na iji ntụrụndụ eme ihe ma chọọ, dị ka ọ dịkarịa ala, ijigide ụkpụrụ dị mma ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-10/documents/handbook-chapter3.pdf|title=Water Quality Standards Handbook Chapter 3: Water Quality Criteria|publisher=EPA|year=2017|id=EPA 823-B-17-001}}</ref> N'ebe ụfọdụ, ọnọdụ mmiri dị mma a chọrọ gụnyere oke ikuku oxygen, obere chlorophyll-a, na mmiri dị elu.<ref name="Tango">{{Cite journal|author=Tango|first=Peter J.|title=Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-water-resources-association_2013-10_49_5/page/n30|journal=JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association|volume=49|issue=5|date=2013-09-04|issn=1093-474X|doi=10.1111/jawr.12108|pages=1007–1024}}</ref> Enwere ọchịchọ ụfọdụ n'etiti ọha na eze iji weghachite mmiri n'ọnọdụ dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/restoration/Watershed_Restoration/|title=Watershed Restoration Program|publisher=US Forest Service|accessdate=2022-10-05}}</ref> Ọtụtụ iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na nhọpụta nke otu ojiji nke otu mmiri. Na mba ụfọdụ aha ndị a na-enye ohere maka mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụrụhaala na ụdị mmetọ ahụ adịghị emerụ ihe eji eme ihe. Nyere mgbanwe n'ọdịdị ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmepe ala, ime obodo, ikpochapụ n'ime ọhịa) n'ime mmiri mmiri nke ọtụtụ mmiri dị ọcha, ịlaghachi n'ọnọdụ ndị dị ọcha ga-abụ nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'okwu ndị a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya n'inweta ebumnobi maka idobe gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma nwee ike itinye uche na nchekwa nke ọnụọgụgụ nke ụdị dị ize ndụ na ichekwa ahụike mmadụ. == Nnyocha na nha == === Nchịkọta ihe atụ === [[Usòrò:WQ_sampling_station_USGS_2004.jpg|thumb|A na-etinye ụlọ nyocha na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya n'akụkụ East Branch Milwaukee River, New Fane, Wisconsin. A na-ebuli mkpuchi nke 24-bottle autosampler (etiti) elu, na-egosi karama sample n'ime. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe nlele na-anakọta ihe nlele n'oge, ma ọ bụ kwekọọ na ọ ga-agafe n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Onye na-edekọ data (ọfịs na-acha ọcha) na-edekọta okpomọkụ, njikwa pụrụ iche, na ọkwa oxygen a gbazere agbaze.]] A na-egosipụta mgbagwoju anya nke àgwà mmiri dị ka isiokwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị nha nke ihe ngosi àgwà mmiri. A na-eme ụfọdụ nleba anya nke mmiri n'ụzọ ziri ezi na saịtị, n'ihi na mmiri dị na nha nha na gburugburu ya. Ntụle a na-emekarị na saịtị yana na kọntaktị kpọmkwem na isi iyi mmiri a na-ajụ gụnyere okpomọkụ, pH, oxygen gbazere, conductivity, oxygen mbelata ikike (ORP), turbidity, nakwa omimi nke Secchi diski. Enwere ike ime nlele mmiri maka nyocha anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, dabere na izi ezi achọrọ yana njirimara nke mmetọ ahụ. Ụzọ nlere anya na-agụnye dịka ọmụmaatụ nlere anya dị mfe, nlere anya dị iche iche, nhazi usoro na grid sampling, sampling cluster adaptive, grab samples, ọkara na-aga n'ihu na nleba anya na-aga n'ihu, nlele na-agafe agafe, nlele anya, nhụta anya, na nlekota biomonitoring. Ojiji nke samplers na-agafe agafe na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa na mkpa akụrụngwa na ebe nlele. A na-egbochi ọtụtụ ihe omume mmetọ n'oge, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ihe omume mmiri ozuzo. N'ihi nke a, ihe nlele "na-ejide" na-ezughị ezu maka ịkọwa ọkwa mmetọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achịkọta ụdị data a na-ejikarị ngwaọrụ na-amịpụta mmiri na-agbakwunye mmiri n'oge ma ọ bụ oge mgbapụta.<section end="sampling" /> A na-emekarị ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ụlọ nyocha nke chọrọ ka a chịkọta mmiri, chekwaa, buru ya, ma nyochaa ya n'ebe ọzọ. ==== Nsogbu ==== Usoro nnwale mmiri na-ewebata nsogbu abụọ dị mkpa: * Nsogbu mbụ bụ ókè ihe nlele ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe nnọchianya nke isi iyi nke mmasị. Isi mmalite mmiri na-adịgasị iche na oge yana ọnọdụ. Ntụle mmasị nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'oge ma ọ bụ site n'ehihie ruo abalị ma ọ bụ n'ihi ụfọdụ ọrụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke osisi na anụmanụ dị n'ime mmiri. Ntụle mmasị nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na ebe dị anya site na oke mmiri nwere oke ikuku na n'okpuru ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ala. Onye sampler ga-ekpebi ma otu oge na ọnọdụ na-egbo mkpa nke nyocha, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ na iji mmiri nke mmasị nwere ike na-eju afọ site na nkezi ụkpụrụ nke sampler n'ime oge na ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na oké egwu maxima na minima chọrọ onye ọ bụla nha n'ofe. nke oge, ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe omume. Usoro nchịkọta ihe atụ ga-emesi ịdị arọ ziri ezi nke oge nlele nke onye ọ bụla na ebe nkezi kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ebe ụkpụrụ kacha ma ọ bụ nke kacha nta dị, a ga-etinyerịrị usoro ngụkọ ọnụ n'ụdị dị iche iche iji chọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke sample. nyochaa ihe gbasara puru omume nke gafere ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ dị oke mkpa. * Nsogbu nke abụọ na-eme ka a na-ewepụ ihe nlele ahụ site na mmiri mmiri wee malite ịmepụta nhazi kemịkalụ na gburugburu ọhụrụ ya - ihe nlele. A ghaghị iji ihe ndị nwere obere mmeghachi omume na ihe ndị a ga-atụnyere ihe nlele; tupu ihicha ihe nlele dị mkpa. Ihe nlele mmiri nwere ike igbari akụkụ nke ihe nlele na ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ na akpa ahụ, kemịkalụ gbazere n'ime mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime akpa sample wee nọrọ ebe ahụ mgbe a na-awụsa mmiri ahụ maka nyocha. Mmekọrịta kemịkalụ nwere ike ime na nfuli ọ bụla, ọkpọkọ, ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ etiti eji ebufe ihe nlele mmiri n'ime akpa nlele. A ga-ejide mmiri nke anakọtara site na omimi dị n'okpuru ala na mbelata nrụgide nke ikuku; ya mere gas gbazere n'ime mmiri ga-anakọta n'elu akpa ahụ. Igwe ikuku dị n'elu mmiri nwekwara ike gbazee n'ime nlele mmiri. Mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na nlele mmiri gbanwere okpomọkụ. Ihe siri ike kewara ekewa nke ọma bụ nke ọgba aghara mmiri kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ịbanye na ala nke akpa ihe nlele ahụ, ma ọ bụ usoro siri ike nwere ike ịmalite site na uto ndu ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo. Microorganisms dị n'ime ihe nlele mmiri nwere ike gbanwee n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke oxygen, carbon dioxide, na ogige organic. Ịgbanwe mkpokọta carbon dioxide nwere ike gbanwee pH ma gbanwee solubility nke kemịkalụ mmasị. Nsogbu ndị a na-enwe nchegbu pụrụ iche n'oge nha kemịkalụ echere na ọ dị mkpa na mkpokọta dị ala<ref name="Goldman">{{cite book |last1=Goldman |first1=Charles R. |last2=Horne |first2=Alexander J. |title=Limnology |chapter=6. Chemicals and Growth Factors |date=1983 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-023651-8}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Watersampling.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchịkọta mmiri a chịkọtara n'aka (nchịkọta) maka nyocha]] Nchekwa nlele nwere ike dozie nsogbu nke abụọ. Usoro a na-emekarị bụ idobe ihe nlele oyi iji mee ka ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmeghachi omume kemịkal na mgbanwe nke oge belata, na nyochaa ihe nlele ahụ ozugbo enwere ike; ma nke a na-ebelata mgbanwe ndị ahụ kama igbochi ha. Usoro bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmetụta nke arịa ihe nlele n'oge igbu oge n'etiti nchịkọta na nyocha gụnyere nkwadebe maka ihe nlele abụọ na-emepụta tupu ihe omume nlele. Otu akpa akpa jupụtara na mmiri amaara site na nyocha gara aga na enweghị ọnụọgụ kemịkalụ mmasị a na-achọpụta. A na-emeghe ihe nlele a, nke a na-akpọ "oghere", maka ikpughe na ikuku mgbe a na-anakọta ihe atụ nke mmasị, wee megharịa ya ma buga ya n'ụlọ nyocha na ihe nlele maka nyocha iji chọpụta ma nchịkọta ma ọ bụ njide nlele ewebata ego ọ bụla nwere ike ịlele. kemịkalụ mmasị. A na-anakọta ihe atụ artificial nke abụọ site na nlele nke mmasị, ma emesịa "spiked" na ọnụọgụ ọzọ nke kemịkalụ mmasị n'oge nchịkọta. A na-ebu oghere (nchịkwa na-adịghị mma) na spiked sample (nchịkwa dị mma) na nlele nke mmasị ma nyochaa ya site n'otu ụzọ ahụ n'otu oge iji chọpụta mgbanwe ọ bụla na-egosi uru ma ọ bụ mfu n'oge oge gafere n'etiti nchịkọta na nyocha..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definitions of Quality-Assurance Data|url=https://bqs.usgs.gov/memos/secondary_body.php?Page=aggregated.coding.html|date=2009-08-28|publisher=USGS, Quality Systems Branch|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2023-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075541/https://bqs.usgs.gov/memos/secondary_body.php?Page=aggregated.coding.html}}</ref> === Nnyocha na nzaghachi maka ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na ọnọdụ mberede ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:EPA_water_sampling_along_the_Gulf_coast_(4717896816).jpg|thumb|Mmiri nnwale na Gulf of Mexico mgbe mmanụ Deepwater Horizon wụpụrụ]] Mgbe ihe omume ndị dị ka ala ọma jijiji na tsunami gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na-emeghachi omume ozugbo ka ọrụ enyemaka na'ihu iji gbalịa iweghachi akụrụngwa dị mkpa ma nye ihe ndị dị mkpa dị mkpa maka ndụ na mgbake na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/tsunamis/waterquality.html|title=Tsunamis: Water Quality|author=Natural Disasters and Severe Weather|publisher=CDC|date=2014-08-13}}</ref> Egwu nke ọrịa na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ bi nso, mgbe mgbe n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ, na enweghị ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Furusawa|first=Takuro|date=2008-01-01|title=Bacterial contamination of drinking water and nutritional quality of diet in the areas of the western Solomon Islands devastated by the April 2, 2007 earthquake⁄tsunami|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tmh/36/2/36_2007-63/_article|journal=Tropical Medicine and Health|volume=36|issue=2|pages=65–74|doi=10.2149/tmh.2007-63}}</ref> Mgbe ọdachi sitere n'okike gasịrị, dịka nyocha mmiri dị mma, enwere echiche zuru oke banyere ụzọ kachasị mma ị ga-eme ma nwee ike iji ụzọ dịgasị iche iche. Isi ihe dị mkpa nke mmiri dị mma nke ọ dị mkpa ka a dozie na mberede bụ ihe na-egosi nje bacteria nke mmetọ nsị, chlorine fọdụrụ n'efu, pH, turbidity na ikekwe conductivity / total dissolved solids. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ e si emebi ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hanaor|first=Dorian A. H.|title=Sand Supported Mixed-Phase TiO₂ Photocatalysts for Water Decontamination Applications|journal=Advanced Engineering Materials|year=2014|volume=16|issue=2|pages=248–254|doi=10.1002/adem.201300259}}</ref> Mgbe nnukwu ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha gasịrị, ogologo oge nwere ike ịgafe tupu mmiri ahụ alaghachi na ọkwa tupu ọdachi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe tsunami nke Indian Ocean nke afọ 2004 gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ International Water Management Institute (IWMI) nke dị na Colombo nyochara mmetụta nke mmiri nnu wee kwubie na olulu mmiri ahụ laghachiri na mmiri ọṅụṅụ tupu tsunami otu afọ na ọkara mgbe ihe omume ahụ gasịrị. IWMI mepụtara usoro maka ihicha olulu mmiri nnu na-emetọ; ndị a mechara bụrụ ndị World Health Organization kwadoro dịka akụkụ nke usoro ntuziaka mberede ya. === Nnyocha kemịkal === [[Usòrò:GCMS_open.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Gas<nowiki><br id="mwASc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> chromatograph-mass spectrometer na-atụle ọgwụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ]] Ụzọ kachasị mfe nke nyocha kemịkal bụ ndị na-atụle kemịkalụ n'enweghị ọdịdị ha. Nnyocha elemental maka oxygen, dịka ihe atụ, ga-egosi oke nke 890 g / L (gram kwa lita) nke mmiri sample n'ihi na oxygen (O) nwere 89% nke mmiri mmiri (H2O). Usoro ahọpụtara iji tụọ oxygen a gbazere agbaze kwesịrị ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti diatomic oxygen na oxygen jikọtara ya na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ịdị mfe nke nyocha nke elemental emeela ka e nwee nnukwu data sample na njirimara mmiri maka ihe ndị a na-akọwa mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọla dị arọ. Nnyocha mmiri maka ọla dị arọ ga-atụle ụmụ irighiri ala kwụsịtụrụ na mmiri. Akụkụ ala ndị a a kwụsịtụrụ nwere ike ịnwe oke ọla. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ anaghị agbaze na mmiri, ndị mmadụ nwere ike iri ha. Ịtinye acid na ihe nnwale mmiri iji gbochie mfu nke ọla ndị a gbazere agbaze n'elu akpa nnwale ahụ nwere ike ịgbaze ọla ndị ọzọ site na ụmụ irighiri ala. Filtration nke ụmụ irighiri ala site na mmiri sample tupu agbakwunye acid, Otú ọ dị, nwere ike ịkpata mfu nke ọla ndị a gbazere agbaze na nzacha.<ref>State of California Environmental Protection Agency ''Representative Sampling of Ground Water for Hazardous Substances'' (1994) pp.&nbsp;23–24</ref> Mgbagwoju anya nke ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ndị yiri ya bụ ihe ịma aka karịa. [[Usòrò:PSA_2.jpg|thumb|A na-eji atomic fluorescence spectroscopy atụle mercury na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ]] Ime ihe ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ. N'ihi na nyocha nke mmiri nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ, a na-eme mmemme nlekota na-aga n'ihu ma na-ewepụta nsonaazụ site na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị. Otú ọ dị, e nwere mmemme ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na ihe onwunwe dị maka nyocha ụfọdụ.<ref>An example of a local government-sponsored volunteer monitoring program: {{Cite web|url=https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/water/streams/monitoring.html|title=Monitoring Our Waters|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=Watershed Restoration|publisher=Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection|accessdate=2018-11-11|archivedate=2023-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075541/https://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/water/streams/monitoring.html}}.</ref> Ngwá ọrụ ndị ọha na eze nwere gụnyere ihe nyocha n'ebe ahụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka [[Aquarium|tankị azụ]] ụlọ, na usoro nyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. === Biosensors === Biosensors nwere ikike maka "nnukwu mmetụta, nhọrọ, ntụkwasị obi, ịdị mfe, ọnụ ala na nzaghachi oge".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ejeian|first=Fatemeh|title=Biosensors for wastewater monitoring: A review|journal=Biosensors & Bioelectronics|date=30 October 2018|volume=118|pages=66–79|doi=10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.019|pmid=30056302|issn=1873-4235}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị bionanotechnologists kọrọ mmepe nke ROSALIND 2.0, nke nwere ike ịchọpụta ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmetọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=DNA computer could tell you if your drinking water is contaminated|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2308396-dna-computer-could-tell-you-if-your-drinking-water-is-contaminated/|accessdate=16 March 2022|work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jung|first=Jaeyoung K.|title=Programming cell-free biosensors with DNA strand displacement circuits|journal=Nature Chemical Biology|date=17 February 2022|volume=18|issue=4|pages=385–393|doi=10.1038/s41589-021-00962-9|pmid=35177837|issn=1552-4469}}</ref> === Nlekọta oge === Ọ bụ ezie na a na-enwekarị nnwale ma nyochaa ogo mmiri na ụlọ nyocha, kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 enwere mmasị ọha na eze na ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke usoro obodo nyere. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri emepụtala usoro iji chịkọta data oge gbasara ogo mmiri. Na mbido narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, e depụtara ihe mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na usoro nlekota anya maka ịlele pH mmiri, turbidity, oxygen a gbazere agbaze na akụkụ ndị ọzọ. E mepụtara ụfọdụ usoro mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ maka nlekota ogo mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri mmiri, mmiri mmiri na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Quality Monitoring|url=https://meri.njmeadowlands.gov/projects/continuous-water-monitoring-stations/|date=2018-08-06|publisher=Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute|accessdate=2023-05-09|archivedate=2023-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075545/https://meri.njmeadowlands.gov/projects/continuous-water-monitoring-stations/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eyes on the Bay|url=http://eyesonthebay.dnr.maryland.gov|publisher=Maryland Department of Natural Resources|accessdate=2018-12-05}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Electrical_conductivity_meter.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-eji mita conductivity eletrik atụ ihe niile a gbazere agbaze]] Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ihe ngosi ndị a na-atụkarị site na ụdị ọnọdụ: * Alkalinity * Agba nke mmiri * pH * Nri na ísì (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), wdg.) * Mmanụ na nnu a gbazere agbaze (sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium) * Microorganisms dị ka fecal coliform bacteria (''Escherichia coli''), Cryptosporidium, na Giardia lamblia; ''lee'' nyocha mmiri nke nje bacteria * Mmanụ ndị a gbazere agbaze na metalloids (ọla, mercury, arsenic, wdg.) * Organics a gbazere agbaze: ihe a gbazere ahịhịa agbaze (CDOM), carbon a gbazere (DOC) * Ihe omuma * Mkpụrụ ígwè ndị dị arọ * Ọgwụ * Ụdị homonụ === Ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi === ==== Ihe ngosi anụ ahụ ==== * Water [[temperature]] * Specific conductance or [[electrical conductance]] (EC) or conductivity * [[Total suspended solids]] (TSS) * [[Secchi depth|Transparency]] or [[turbidity]] * [[Water clarity]] * [[Total dissolved solids]] (TDS) * [[Odour]] of water * [[Color of water]] (such as [[Forel-Ule scale]] or [[Pt/Co scale]]) * [[Taste]] of water ==== Ihe ngosi kemịkal ==== * [[Alkalinity]] * [[Biochemical oxygen demand]] (BOD) * [[Chemical oxygen demand]] (COD) * [[Dissolved oxygen]] (DO) * [[Hard water|Total hardness]] (TH) * [[Heavy metals]] * [[Nitrate]] * [[Orthophosphate]]s * [[pH]] * [[Pesticide]]s * [[Residual sodium carbonate index]] (RSC) * [[Sodium adsorption ratio]] (SAR) * [[Surfactant]]s ==== Ihe ngosi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==== * [[Ephemeroptera]] * [[Plecoptera]] * [[Mollusca]] * [[Trichoptera]] * ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (E. coli) * [[Coliform bacteria]] * ''[[Pimephales promelas]]'' (fathead minnow) * ''[[Americamysis bahia]]'' (Mysid shrimp) * [[Sea urchin]] E mepụtara usoro nlekota nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọtụtụ ebe, otu ezinụlọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mmiri dị ọcha bụ ọnụnọ na ọtụtụ ndị otu ụmụ ahụhụ Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera na Trichoptera (EPT) (nke macroinvertebrates benthic nke aha ha bụ, n'otu n'otu, mayfly, stonefly na caddisfly). Ndepụta EPT ga-adịgasị iche site na mpaghara gaa na mpaghara, mana n'ozuzu, n'ime mpaghara, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke taxa sitere na iwu ndị a ka ukwuu, ka mma mmiri. Òtù dị na United States, dị ka EPA. na-enye nduzi maka ịmepụta usoro nlekota na ịchọpụta ndị otu nke ndị a na usoro ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri. A chọrọ ọtụtụ ndị na-ewepụta mmiri na-adịghị mma na US (dịka, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ụlọ ọrụ refineries, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, ụlọ ọgwụ mkpofu nke obodo) iji mee nnwale '''nsị''' zuru oke (WET).<ref name="WET-methods">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/whole-effluent-toxicity-methods|title=Whole Effluent Toxicity Methods|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2020-08-01|work=Clean Water Act Analytical Methods|publisher=EPA}}</ref> Ndị nwere mmasị n'ilekọta ogo mmiri ndị na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ jikwaa nyocha nyocha nyocha nwere ike iji ihe ngosi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ iji nweta ọgụgụ zuru oke nke ogo mmiri. Otu ihe atụ bụ mmemme nlekota mmiri nke [[Áyowạ|IOWA]]TER nke Iowa, nke gụnyere igodo ihe ngosi EPT.<ref>IOWATER (Iowa Department of Natural Resources). Iowa City, IA (2005). [http://www.iowater.net/Publications/BMIKey2Edvmay05.pdf "Benthic Macroinvertebrate Key."]</ref> A na-eji Bivalve molluscs eme ihe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dị ka bioindicators iji nyochaa ahụike nke gburugburu mmiri na mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu mmiri. Ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ nhazi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ahụike, omume ma ọ bụ ọkwa mmetọ na ihe ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nwere ike igosi ọnọdụ mmetọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha bara uru karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ sessile ka ha wee na-anọchite anya gburugburu ebe a na-anwale ma ọ bụ tinye ha. Otu ọrụ a na-ahụkarị bụ U.S. Mussel Watch Programme, mana taa a na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/musselwatch.aspx|title=Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment: Mussel Watch Contaminant Monitoring|publisher=Ccma.nos.noaa.gov|date=2014-01-14|accessdate=2015-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907012135/http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/musselwatch.aspx|archivedate=7 September 2015}}</ref> Usoro Southern African Scoring System (SASS) bụ usoro nlekota mmiri nke dabeere na ọnụnọ nke benthic macroinvertebrates (EPT). A nụchara ngwá ọrụ SASS nke na-enyocha ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'ime afọ 30 gara aga ma ugbu a ọ dị na mbipute nke ise (SASS5) nke a gbanwere kpọmkwem dịka ụkpụrụ mba ụwa si dị, ya bụ usoro ISO / IEC 17025.<ref>Dickens CWS and Graham PM. 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160328153218/https://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/methods/dickens%20and%20graham.pdf The Southern Africa Scoring System (SASS) version 5 rapid bioassessment for rivers] "African Journal of Aquatic Science", 27:1–10.</ref> Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na South Africa na-eji usoro SASS5 eme ihe dị ka usoro ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha Ahụike Osimiri, nke na-enye National River Health Programme na National Rivers Database. == Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe == Ọdachị ihu igwe na ihu igwe nwere ike imetụta ịdịmma mmiri n'ụzọ dị iche iche dabere na ihu igwe mpaghara na ọnọdụ ya. Ihe ịma jijiji metụtara ihu igwe gụnyere ụkọ mmiri, oke mmiri ozuzo na oke okpomọkụ. Ha nwere ike imebi akụrụngwa mmiri site na mbuze n'okpuru oke mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri, mfu nke isi mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na mbelata ogo mmiri. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị ala site na usoro dị iche iche: * Oke mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ibelata ogo mmiri dị n'osimiri na mmiri dị n'ime ala ngwa ngwa. O nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịdị mma mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ọ bụrụgodị na mmetụta ndị a nwere ike ịdị nwayọọ. Oke mmiri ozuzo na-emetụtakwa mmiri dị n'ime ala n'ime mmiri miri emi, nke na-adịghị emebi emebi mana mmetụta ndị a adịchaghị akpọpụta. Mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịkpata mmụba nke mmetọ fecal nke isi mmiri. * Iju mmiri mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo gasịrị nwere ike iduga ịgwakọta mmiri idei mmiri na mmiri mkpofu. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe nwere ike rute ozu mmiri site n'ịba ụba nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'elu. * Ogo mmiri dị n'ime ala nwere ike ịka njọ n'ihi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo: mmetọ dị n'osimiri ndị na-enye mmiri dị n'ime ala na-adịwanye njọ, na ka oke mmiri dị n'ime ala na-agbada, osimiri nwere ike ghara inwe njikọ na mmiri dị n'ime ala. * Na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri, ọtụtụ mmiri nnu nwere ike ịgbakọta n'ime mmiri mmiri dị ọhụrụ n'ihi oke oke osimiri na oke oke mmiri ozuzo. * Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri, oke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na osimiri nwere ike ime ka eutrophication dịkwuo njọ ma si otú ahụ na-eme ka ifuru algal na-emerụ ahụ ugboro ugboro. * Mgbaze Permafrost na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke mmetọ. * Mmụba nke mmiri gbazere site na glaciers nwere ike hapụ mmetọ. Ka glaciers na-ebelata ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-apụ n'anya, mmetụta dị mma nke mmiri mmiri n'oge a na-enwe n'ịdị mma mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri site na nsị na-apụ n'anya. == Ụkpụrụ na akụkọ == N'ịtọ ụkpụrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-eme mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na teknụzụ / sayensị dabere na otu esi eji mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=What Are Water Quality Standards?|url=https://www.epa.gov/standards-water-body-health/what-are-water-quality-standards|date=2022-04-14|work=Standards for Water Body Health|publisher=EPA}}</ref> N'ihe banyere mmiri sitere n'okike, ụlọ ọrụ na-emekwa atụmatụ ezi uche dị na ya maka ọnọdụ dị ọcha. Mmiri sitere n'okike ga-adịgasị iche na nzaghachi maka ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara, ebe ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu, sediments, na ụdị nkume, topography, hydrology, na ihu igwe na-emetụta mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniels|first=Mike|date=2009|title=What is Water Quality?|url=https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-9528.pdf|work=University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture|accessdate=2 December 2020|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201185338/https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-9528.pdf}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri na mmiri na-arụ ọrụ ịkọwa akụkụ na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emetụta ogo mmiri nke mpaghara, nke na-enyere aka ịchọpụta isi mmalite na ọdịnihu nke mmetọ. Ndị ọka iwu na ndị na-eme iwu na-arụ ọrụ ịkọwa iwu na ebumnuche na a na-edebe mmiri n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị maka ojiji a chọpụtara. Echiche ọzọ zuru oke banyere ịdị mma mmiri bụ nke ihe dị mfe nke na-agwa ma mmiri emetọla ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. N'ezie, ogo mmiri bụ isiokwu dị mgbagwoju anya, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na mmiri bụ ihe dị mgbagha nke jikọtara ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, geology, na ọrụ anthropogenic nke mpaghara. Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na azụmahịa (dịka imepụta ihe, igwu ala, iwu ihe, njem) bụ isi na-akpata mmetọ mmiri dịka nsị si n'ógbè ọrụ ugbo, nsị obodo na nsị nke a na-edozi na nke a na'agwọghị. [citation needed] === Mba ụwa === * Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) bipụtara ntuziaka emelitere maka ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ (GDWQ) na 2017. * International Organization for Standardization (ISO) bipụtara [mgbe?] ụkpụrụ nke ịdị mma mmiri na ngalaba nke ICS 13.060, site na nnwale mmiri, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mmiri ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nsị, na nyocha nke mmiri maka kemịkal, anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ.<ref name="13wq">{{Cite web|author=International Organization for Standardization (ISO)|title=13.060: Water quality|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_ics_browse.htm?ICS1=13&ICS2=060|accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> ICS 91.140.60 na-ekpuchi ụkpụrụ nke usoro mmiri.<ref name="91wss">{{Cite web|author=ISO|title=91.140.60: Water supply systems|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_ics_browse?ICS1=91&ICS2=140&ICS3=60&&published=on|accessdate=2011-07-04}}</ref> === Nkọwa mba maka mmiri gburugburu na mmiri ọṅụṅụ === ==== Njikọ Europe ==== A na-edepụta iwu mmiri nke European Union na ntụziaka atọ: * Ntuziaka maka Nlekọta Mmiri Waste Urban (91/271/EEC) nke 21 Mee 1991 gbasara mpụga nke obodo na ụfọdụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. * Ntuziaka Mmiri Ọṅụ (98/83/EC) nke 3 Nọvemba 1998 gbasara ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ; * Ntuziaka Water Framework (2000/60/EC) nke 23 Ọktoba 2000 gbasara njikwa mmiri. ==== India ==== * Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Standards for Drinking Water. ==== Saụt Afrịka ==== A na-achịkọta ntuziaka mmiri dị mma maka South Africa dịka ụdị ndị ọrụ nwere ike (dịka ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe) na Ntuziaka Mmiri dị mma nke 1996.<ref>Republic of South Africa, Department of Water Affairs, Pretoria (1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170627102555/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/IWQS/wq_guide/index.html "Water quality guidelines for South Africa: First Edition 1996."]</ref> Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị n'okpuru South African National Standard (SANS) 241 Drinking Water Specification.<ref>Hodgson K, Manus L. A drinking water quality framework for South Africa. Water SA. 2006;32(5):673–678.</ref> ==== United Kingdom ==== Na England na Wales, a na-edepụta ọkwa dị mma maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ na "Mkpesa Mmiri (Machine Quality) Iwu 2000."<ref>National Archives, London, UK. [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/3184/contents/made "The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000."] 2000 No. 3184. 2000-12-08.</ref> ==== United States ==== Na United States, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-akọwa ụkpụrụ mmiri dị mma maka mmiri dị iche iche, nke a na-eduzi site na iji mmiri eme ihe (dịka, ebe obibi azụ, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, iji ntụrụndụ). Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha (CWA) na-achọ ka ikike ọ bụla na-achị (mba, ókèala, na ndị agbụrụ kpuchiri) nyefee usoro akụkọ abụọ na-eme kwa afọ banyere ogo mmiri na mpaghara ha. A maara akụkọ ndị a dị ka akụkọ 303(d) na 305(b), aha ha bụ maka ndokwa CWA ha, ma nyefee ha, ma kwado ha, site na, EPA. Akụkọ ndị a na-emechi site na ikike na-achịkwa, nke na-abụkarị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke steeti. EPA na-atụ aro ka steeti ọ bụla nye otu "Integrated Report" nke gụnyere ndepụta ya nke mmiri na-adịghị mma na ọnọdụ nke mmiri niile dị na steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Listing Impaired Waters under CWA Section 303(d)|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/overview-listing-impaired-waters-under-cwa-section-303d|work=Impaired Waters and TMDLs|date=2022-08-31|publisher=EPA}}</ref> ''National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress'' bụ akụkọ n'ozuzu banyere ogo mmiri, na-enye ozi zuru oke banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kilomita nke iyi na osimiri na ọnọdụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/national-water-quality-inventory-report-congress|title=National Water Quality Inventory Report to Congress|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2021-12-07|work=Water Data and Tools|publisher=EPA}}</ref> CWA na-achọ ka steeti nabata ụkpụrụ maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a họpụtara na ha na-enye mmiri ha. Ọ bụrụ na ihe akaebe na-atụ aro ma ọ bụ na-edepụta na iyi, osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri emezughị ụkpụrụ mmiri maka otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ojiji ya, a na-etinye ya na ndepụta nke mmiri na-adịghị mma. Ozugbo steeti etinyela mmiri na ndepụta a, ọ ga-emepụta atụmatụ njikwa nke na-eguzobe Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) maka mmetọ ahụ bụ nke na-emebi ojiji nke mmiri. TMDLs ndị a na-eguzobe mbelata dị mkpa iji kwado ọrụ ndị a họpụtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu.<ref>More information about water quality in the United States is available on EPA's [https://www.epa.gov/waterdata/hows-my-waterway "How's My Waterway"] website.</ref> Ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nke metụtara usoro mmiri ọha na eze, bụ nke EPA na-enye n'okpuru Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụ Dị Mma.<ref name="EPA DW reqts"/> == Hụkwa ==    == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == ; Òtù mba ụwa * [http://www.gemstat.org Global Freshwater Quality Database (GEMStat)] usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations ; Europe * [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/news.html Iwu mmiri na European Union] ; Saụt Afrịka * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230307075540/http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/ Usoro Nlekọta Ọnọdụ Osimiri] - Republic of South Africa ; United States * [https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/water_quality.html U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)] na-aṅụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na nyocha * [https://www.nal.usda.gov/waic/water-quality U.S. Department of Agriculture] Ozi gbasara ịdị mma mmiri na ọrụ ugbo * [https://www.epa.gov/waterdata U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] na-ahụ maka data na ngwá ọrụ mmiri * [http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa U.S. Geological Survey] ̆ National Water Quality Assessment Program * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110701071055/http://acwi.gov/monitoring/ U.S. National Water Quality Monitoring Council (NWQMC)] - Njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti * [http://www.awra.org/ American Water Resources Association] E debere ya na Wayback Machine Professional association ; Òtù ndị ọzọ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180226025311/http://www.ewater.com.au/ eWater Cooperative Research Centre] (eWater Ltd) nke Gọọmentị Australia kwadoro atụmatụ na-akwado ngwaọrụ nkwado mkpebi nchịkwa mmiri [[Òtù:Mmírí]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3gwodizhd8rqw5zinqjjw9unrlk3bpg 0 26287 742599 451693 2026-11-03T08:47:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox dam|name=Berg River Dam|image=Berg River Dam.jpg|image_caption=An aerial view of the Berg River Dam|location_map=South Africa|name_official=Berg River Dam|dam_crosses=[[Berg River]]|res_name=Berg River Dam Reservoir|country=[[South Africa]]|location=[[Western Cape]]|owner=[[Department of Water and Sanitation]]|dam_type=E|purpose=Drinking water, storage|dam_length={{convert|929|m|yd}}|dam_height={{convert|68|m|foot}}|dam_width_base=|construction_began=|opening=2009|cost=|res_capacity_total={{convert|130000|ML|hm3}}|res_catchment=|res_surface={{convert|4.88|km2|mi2}}|coordinates={{coord|-33.90240|19.057000|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline,title}}}} Berg River Dam bụ mmiri dị mita ọnụ Ọgụgụ iri asaa na asatọ (223 ) n'elu Berg River na Ndịda Afrịka Ọ bụ ihe dị n'etiti Berg Water Project (BWP) nke e mere iji jide mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi ma chekwaa ya maka inye Cape Town n'oge ọnwa ọkọchị. Ọrụ ahụ n'aka nke ya bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akpọrọ Western Cape Water Supply System (WCWSS), usoro mgbagwoju anya nke ihe mgbochi mmiri na nnukwu akụrụngwa mmiri nke na-enye ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ mmiri N'oge emere mmiri ahụ n'afọ 2009, Onye isi ala Ndịda Afrịka n'oge ahụ bụ Kgalema Motlanthe kpọrọ ọrụ ahụ "ezi ihe atụ nke otu esi eji ọrụ akụrụngwa ọha na eze mee ihe iji nye aka n'ụzọ bara uru na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye na ịkwalite ike ọha na eze nke ndị mmadụ". Berg River Dam bụ mmiri mmiri mbụ na Ndịda Afrịka a ga-emepụta ma wuo, a ga-ejikwa ya rụọ ọrụ, dị ka ntuziaka nke Commission world nke Dams si dị. E wuchara ya n'oge na n'ime mmefu ego. Mmiri nke Osimiri Berg na obodo ukwu dị nso na Cape Town dị ezigbo mkpa na mpaghara Ndịda Cape n'ihi na, ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta naanị ihe dị ka pasent atọ nke mmiri mmiri nke mba ahụ, ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka pasent asatọ nke ndị bi na Ndịda Afrịka ma na-emepụta ihe dị ka pasenti iri na abụọ nke GDP. E wuchara Berg River Dam (Autshumato Dam) na afọ 2007 na ọnụ ahịa R1,5 ijeri. E mere ya ma wuo ya dị ka nke a na akpọ United Nations World Commission na Dams si dị, iji nye Cape Town mmiri. == Atụmatụ na iwu == Atụmatụ maka mmiri Berg malitere na afọ 1989 site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Ọhịa nke Ndịda Afrịka. Usoro a malitere site na nyocha nke mkpa ọdịnihu na ihe onwunwe mmiri na mpaghara ahụ, ma bụrụ nke usoro itinye aka na arụmụka siri ike nke ọha na eze. N'afọ 1995/6 e mere nnyocha zuru oke nke "Evaluation of Options", usoro nke ihe karịrị mmadụ ojii ọnụ Ọgụgụ ndịa ;1,100 na òtù sonyere na ya. E mere nnyocha dị ukwuu maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'afọ 1996 na 1997 Ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe dị na njem nleta kwadoro ọrụ ahụ na afọ 1999. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2002, ndị kansụl kwadoro iwu ihe mgbochi ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na obodo Cape Town belata mkpa mmiri site na pasenti iri abụọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020.<ref name="BWP">Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority [http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164 BERG WATER PROJECT (BWP) FRANSCHHOEK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206105549/http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164 |date=6 February 2007 }}, retrieved 11 December 2009</ref> E bidoro iwu ya na ọnwa Julaị 2004.<ref name="Sonjica">Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, quoted in Polityorg.za:[http://www.polity.org.za/article/sonjica-sod-turning-of-berg-river-water-project-28072004-2004-07-28 Sonjica: Sod turning of Berg River Water Project], 28 July 2004, retrieved 11 December 2009</ref> Dam ahụ malitere ichekwa mmiri na ọnwa Julaị 2007 ma jupụta otu afọ ka e mesịrị n'ihi ezigbo mmiri ozuzo. Dị ka gọọmentị Ndịda Afrịka si kwuo, e mere mkpebi iwu mmiri ahụ naanị mgbe nyocha dị ukwuu nke nhọrọ ndị ọzọ. Ọ gụnyekwara usoro mkparịta ụka ọha na eze siri ike.<ref name="Sonjica" /> == Uru Ndị Dị na ya == [[Usòrò:Satellite_image_of_Cape_peninsula.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Cape Town, nke egosiri ebe a dabere na foto Satellite Landsat na Febụwarị 2000, ga-enweta mmiri ka ukwuu ma bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya site na mmiri mmiri nke osimiri Berg. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ egosiri n'azụ bụ Theewaterskloof Dam. Ebe mmiri Berg nke taa dị na ndagwurugwu dị n'aka ekpe nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.]] Dam ahụ ga-abawanye ikike nchekwa mmiri iji nye Cape Town, mpaghara nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Ndịda Afrịka site na narị asaa iri isii na asatọ ruo narị asatọ iri itoolu na itoolu nde cubic mita (623,000 ruo 728,000 ). Atụmatụ ahụ ga-emekwa ka ntụkwasị obi nke mmiri na-enye na ndagwurugwu osimiri na-enwekarị ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. A na-atụkwa anya na ọ ga-enye aka melite ogo mmiri na-adịghị mma n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri ahụ. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ibelata ya == Berg River Dam bụ mmiri mbụ na Ndịda Afrịka nke a haziri, wuo ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ntuziaka nke World Commission na Dams si dị. Dị ka gọọmentị Ndịda Afrịka si kwuo, a kwadoro nke a site na nyocha nke usoro ọrụ ahụ na afọ 2001.<ref name="Sonjica"/> Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro atụmatụ ya bu ụzọ tupu World Commission na Dams, nke e guzobere na afọ 1997 ma nye akụkọ ya na afọ 2000. Ahụmahụ dị n'okpuru Berg River Dam si otú a metụta ọrụ nke kọmitii ahụ, ọ bụghị nke akpọrọ vice versa. A kụọla osisi ndị dị n'ala n'akụkụ mmiri nke mgbidi mmiri ahụ, na-ahụ na mmiri ahụ na ala gbara ya gburugburu na-agwakọta. N'otu oge ahụ a na-ewu mmiri ahụ, e wepụrụ ahịhịa ndị ọzọ site na mmiri dị n'elu, na-eme ka mmiri dị maka nchekwa na maka ụdị osisi ndị dị n'ala. E mere atụmatụ a iji mee ka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke osimiri ahụ dịgide, gụnyere site na ịhapụ mmiri ụfọdụ maka nzube a.<ref name="SAI">SouthAfrica.info:[http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/bergdam-090309.htm Cape's Berg River Dam on line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727041913/http://www.southafrica.info/business/economy/infrastructure/bergdam-090309.htm |date=27 July 2010 }}, 9 March 2009, retrieved 11 December 2009</ref> Ntọhapụ nke obere mmiri na nnukwu mmiri na-adaba na nso dị ka o kwere mee na mmiri okike. E mepụtara ọrụ mpụga nke mmiri ahụ maka ntọhapụ kachasị elu nke ihe ruru m3 narị abụọ kwa sekọnd, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mmiri mbụ na Ndịda Afrịka ebe a na-eme ndokwa maka ntọhapụ idei mmiri maka ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi. E meela atụmatụ nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi (EMP), na ndabere nke onye na-ahụ maka nchịkwa gburugburu onwe onye (ECO) na-enyocha ma nyochaa nkwenye nke onye nwe mmiri ahụ, Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA), na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta niile. E dekọrọ ihe ndị a rụzuru na akụkọ kwa ọnwa na nyocha ọnwa isii. Nkwado bụ pasenti iri asatọ na abụọ na nyocha mbụ na pasenti iri itoolu na isii na nyocha nke abụọ. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ si kwuo, ECO nwere onwe ya kwuru na ọ nweghị mmetụta ọjọọ a na-ahụ anya metụtara ọrụ ahụ. Ọzọkwa, e mepụtara Kọmitii Nlekọta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EMC) nke dabeere na obodo na nke na-anọchite anya ya iji hụ na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ahụ dị irè.<ref name="Sonjica"/> Cape Town mejupụtara usoro nchekwa mmiri nke e mere iji belata ojiji nke mmiri site na iji nsị a na-edozi edozi kama mmiri dị ọcha maka ịgba mmiri na ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ. N'ihi atụmatụ a, na n'ihi na ndị mmadụ amarala uru mmiri ma na-agbalịsi ike ichekwa ya, kansụl ahụ na-enwe nchekwa pasenti iri abụọ na ise . == Ime mgbanwe ihu igwe == E mere atụmatụ na n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe, nkezi mmiri na-asọba n'osimiri Berg nwere ike belata site na "ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe atụ" nke 75.5 (61,200 ) kwa afọ ruo 58.9 nde cubic kilomita (47,800 ft) na afọ 2030.<ref name="Climate Change">John M. Callaway, Daniel B. Louw and Molly Hellmuth:''Benefits and Costs of Measures for Coping with Water and Climate Change:Berg River Basin, South Africa'', in: Fulco Ludwig, Pavel Kabat, Henk van Schaik and Michael van der Valk: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230510154809/https://www.hydrology.nl/ihppublications/125-climate-change-adaptation-in-the-water-sector.html Climate change adaptation in the water sector], London 2009, p. 205-226</ref> Ọ ka na-edochaghị anya otú uru ndị dị n'elu si emetụta ojiji mmiri n'ezie na usoro Berg, nke bụ narị anọ na iri itoolu na atọ nde cubic mita (400,000 ) na afọ 2008.<ref name="Western Cape">Department of Water Affairs and Forestry:[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy, Newsletter 5], March 2009, retrieved 11 December 2009</ref> Dabere na [[Spatial equilibrium model|ihe nlereanya]] dị ike maka Osimiri Berg, a na-eme atụmatụ na uru dị ugbu a nke ọrụ akụ na ụba dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike belata site na 11.5%. Enweghị ihe mgbochi mmiri Berg ọ gaara belata ihe dị ka pasenti iri na ise.<ref name="Climate Change" /> == Ọnụ ego na ego == E mere atụmatụ na mmiri Berg Project dị na R1,877m, nke e belatara ruo R1,552 nde (atụle afọ 2006) mgbe mgbanwe na nhazi nke mmiri ahụ.<ref name="Namibian" /> Berg Water Project ejirila ego mgbazinye ego sitere na nke akpọrọ Development Bank of Southern Africa na bekee (DBSA) (R500 nde), European Investment Bank (EIB) (R800 nde) na Absa Group Limited (R300 nde) kwadoro ya. N'afọ 2004, Fitch Ratings nyere ọkwa kachasị elu maka ọrụ dị otú a, AA+. TCTA nwere ụgwọ.<ref name="Namibian">The Namibian:[http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=22856&no_cache=1 Fitch release on Berg Water Project], 20 December 2006, retrieved 11 December 2009</ref>Ọdịdị Nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ site na ire mmiri buru ibu site na TCTA na Ngalaba Mmiri na Ọhịa, Ministri gọọmentị, nke na-ere mmiri buru ibu na obodo Cape Town. Ndokwa a na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ ego, ebe ọ bụ na gọọmentị mba ahụ nwere ọkwa akwụmụgwọ ka mma karịa obodo Cape Town.<ref name="Namibian"/> Ndị bi na Ndịda Cape nyere aka n'ọrụ ahụ n'ụdị mmụba kwa afọ na ọnụahịa mmiri nke 2.5% n'etiti afọ 1999 na 2009. == Njirimara teknụzụ == [[Usòrò:Berg_River_Dam_catchment_map.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke Berg River Dam na ebe ọ na-enweta mmiri]] Ihe mgbochi mmiri ahụ nwere ihu igwe dị mita iri isii na asatọ (223 ft) n'ịdị elu na mita narị itoolu na iri abụọ na itoolu (3,048 ) n"ogologo. Ngụkọta ikike nchekwa ya bụ ọnụ Ọgụgụ nke a ;130 nde cubic mita (110,000 ) na mpaghara elu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ narị anọ na iri asatọ na asatọ hekta (1,210 acres). N'okpuru mmiri nke mmiri ahụ, "atụmatụ mgbakwunye" na-ewepụ mmiri dị elu n'oge oyi, na-abanye na Osimiri Berg site na nke a na akpọ Franschhoek, Wemmershoek na Osimiri Dwars, iji gbakwunye mmiri echekwara na mmiri ahụ. A na-agbapụta mmiri sitere na atụmatụ ahụ site na ọdụ mgbapụta Drakenstein, n'akụkụ paịpụ 9.5-kilomita (5.9 mi), laghachi na Mmiri ọdụdụ Berg. == Onyinye == Ọrụ ngo mmiri Berg enwetala onyinye ndị a: * [[Consulting Engineers South Africa|ndị Injinia]] ndụmọdụ South Africa's Glenrand MIB Award for Engineering Excellence * [[International Association for Environmental Impact Assessment]] Onyinye South Africa maka Ịdị Mma na Nchịkwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmezu Ọrụ * South African Institute of Civil Engineering Technical Excellence Award * Construction World Best Project 2008 mmekọrịta ọha na eze / nke onwe. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọdọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na South Africa == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091025155732/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Hydrology/applets/weekly/weekindex.html Ọnụ ọgụgụ nchekwa kwa izu nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Western Cape Province] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100619044558/http://www.ewisa.co.za/misc/Dams/defaultwcape.htm Ụlọ ọrụ Mmiri nke Southern Africa: Ihe mgbochi mmiri na South Africa:Western Cape] 9v78jvoh8px9m93x4ecqvzzrtl4ebko 0 26359 742716 726087 2026-11-03T09:25:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya''' (ma ọ bụ ụzọ ikpachapụ anya) bụ ụzọ sara mbara nke epistemological, nkà ihe ọmụma na iwu maka ihe ọhụrụ nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ mgbe ihe ọmụma sayensị dị ukwuu banyere okwu ahụ enweghị. Ọ na-emesi ike ịkpachara anya, ịkwụsịtụ na nyocha tupu ịbanye n'ime ihe ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ọdachi.<ref name=":4"/> Ndị nkatọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-edoghị anya, na-akwụsị onwe ya, na-abụghị nke sayensị na ihe mgbochi maka ọganihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_IDA(2015)573876|title=The precautionary principle: Definitions, applications and governance – Think Tank|work=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara injinia, ụkpụrụ mkpachapu anya na-egosipụta onwe ya dị ka ihe nchekwa, nke a tụlere n'ụzọ zuru ezu na monograph nke Elishakoff.<ref>Elishakoff, I. Safety factors and reliability: friends or foes?, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004</ref> O doro anya na Belindor tụrụ aro ya, na injinia obodo, na 1729.<ref name="ReferenceA">de Bélidor, Bernard Forest, La science des ingénieurs, dans la conduite des travaux de fortification et d'architecture civile, Paris: Chez Claude Jombert 1729</ref> Ndị injinia na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma na-amụkarị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nchekwa na ntụkwasị obi.<ref>Elishakoff, I., Interrelation between safety factors and reliability, NASA/CR-2001-211309, 2001</ref><ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>Doorn, N. and Hansson, S.O., Should probabilistic design replace safety factors?, Philosophy & Technology, 24(2), pp.151-16, 2011</ref> Ndị na-eme iwu na-ejikarị ụkpụrụ ahụ eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ebe enwere ike imerụ ahụ site na ịme mkpebi ụfọdụ (dịka ịme otu usoro ihe omume) na ihe akaebe na-akwadobeghị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, gọọmentị nwere ike ikpebi igbochi ma ọ bụ gbochie mwepụta nke ọgwụ ma ọ bụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ ruo mgbe a nwalere ya nke ọma. Ụkpụrụ ahụ kwetara na ọ bụ ezie na ọganihu nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na-ebutekarị uru dị ukwuu nye ụmụ mmadụ, ọ nyekwara aka na ịmepụta ihe egwu na ihe egwu ọhụrụ. Ọ na-egosi na enwere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji chebe ọha na eze pụọ na mmerụ ahụ, mgbe nyocha sayensị achọpụtala ihe egwu dị mma. Ekwesịrị ime ka nchekwa ndị a dị jụụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na nchoputa sayensị ọzọ pụtakwara nke na-enye ezigbo ihe akaebe na ọ nweghị mmerụ ahụ ga-ebute. Ụkpụrụ ahụ aghọwo ihe ndabere maka ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta na nkwupụta mba ụwa na nkwupụta na mpaghara mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike, azụmahịa, na nchekwa nri, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ dọtara arụmụka banyere otu esi akọwa ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma tinye ya n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Precautionary Principle|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139578|work=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)|publisher=World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST)|accessdate=2 January 2020|pages=8}}</ref> N'ime usoro iwu ụfọdụ, dịka iwu nke European Union, itinye ụkpụrụ nchebe n'ọrụ emeela ka ọ bụrụ ihe iwu chọrọ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke iwu.<ref>Art. 191 (2) TFEU, Explanations Relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights (2007/C 303/02, OJ EU C303/35 14.12.2007 explanation on article 52 (5) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, T-13/99 Pfizer vs Council p.114-125</ref> == Mmalite na echiche == A na-ewere echiche "ụkpụrụ mkpachapu anya" dị ka nke sitere na Bekee site na ntụgharị nke okwu German ''[[:de:Vorsorgeprinzip|Vorsorgeprinzip]]'' na 1970s na nzaghachi maka mmebi ọhịa na [[Mmetọ mmiri|mmetọ oké osimiri]], ebe ndị omeiwu Germany nabatara iwu ikuku dị ọcha nke machibidoro iji ihe ụfọdụ a na-enyo enyo na ha na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi ọ bụ ezie na ihe akaebe nke mmetụta ha enweghị nkwubi n'oge ahụ.<ref name=":5"/> E webatara echiche ahụ n'ime iwu gburugburu ebe obibi yana usoro ndị ọzọ ọhụrụ (n'oge ahụ) dịka "onye na-emetọ na-akwụ ụgwọ", ụkpụrụ nke mgbochi mmetọ na ibu ọrụ maka ịdị ndụ nke usoro okike n'ọdịnihu.<ref name=":4"/> Hans Jonas kpọsara ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya na nkà ihe ọmụma n'ihe odide 1979, The Imperative of Responsibility, ebe Jonas rụrụ ụka na nkà na ụzụ agbanweela oke mmetụta nke omume mmadụ na, dị ka nke a, ụkpụrụ omume ga-agbanwerịrị ka mmetụta dị anya dị anya. Ekwesịrị ịtụle nke omume mmadụ ugbu a. Ya maxim e mere ka embody the precautionary ụkpụrụ na ya ọgwụ na onye kwesịrị "Mee ka mmetụta nke omume gị na-dakọtara na-adịgide adịgide nke ezi ndụ mmadụ" ma ọ bụ, kwuru n'ụzọ ọzọ, "Adịla imebi ọnọdụ maka ebighị ebi n'ihu nke. mmadụ n'ụwa".<ref>Jonas, H. (1984). The imperative of responsibility: In search of an ethics for the technological age. University of Chicago press.</ref> Iji mezuo nke a, Jonas rụrụ ụka maka ịzụlite àgwà nlezianya, ọbụna egwu, maka omume ndị nwere ike itinye ọdịnihu nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ma ọ bụ biosphere nke kwadoro ya n'ihe ize ndụ. N'afọ 1988, Konrad von Moltke kọwara echiche German maka ndị na-ege ntị na Britain, nke ọ sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka Precautionary Principle (ụkpụrụ mkpachapu anya).<ref name="Christiansen">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4vjoqgeaIMC|title=Interpreting the Precautionary Principle|author=Christiansen|first=Sonja Boehmer|chapter=Chapter 2: The Precautionary Principle in Germany: Enabling Government|editor=O'Riordan|date=1994|publisher=Earthscan Publications Ltd|isbn=1134165781}}</ref>  Na akụ na ụba, a na-enyocha ụkpụrụ mkpachapu anya n'ihe gbasara "mmetụta na mkpebi ezi uche dị na ya", nke "mmekọrịta nke enweghị ike ịgbanwe" na "ejighị n'aka". Ndị edemede dị ka Epstein (1980) na Arrow and Fischer (1974) na-egosi na "enweghị ngbanwe nke ihe ga-esi na ya pụta n'ọdịnihu" na-emepụta "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ" nke kwesịrị ime ka ọha mmadụ "na-anọpụ iche" nwee mmasị na mkpebi ndị dị ugbu a nke na-enye ohere maka mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Epstein|first=L.G.|title=Decision-making and the temporal resolution of uncertainty|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-economic-review_1980-06_21_2/page/269|doi=10.2307/2526180|journal=International Economic Review|volume=21|issue=2|pages=269–283|year=1980}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arrow|first=K.J.|title=Environmental preservation, uncertainty and irreversibility|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-journal-of-economics_1974-05_88_2/page/312|doi=10.2307/1883074|journal=Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=88|issue=2|pages=312–9|year=1974}}</ref> Gollier et al. kwubiri na "nnukwu ejighị n'aka nke sayensị banyere nkesa nke ihe ize ndụ n'ọdịnihu bụ, nnukwu ọdịiche nke nkwenkwe kwesịrị ime ka ọha mmadụ mee ihe mgbochi siri ike taa".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gollier|first=Christian|title=Scientific Progress and Irreversibility: An Economic Interpretation of the 'Precautionary Principle'|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-public-economics_2000-02_75_2/page/229|journal=Journal of Public Economics|volume=75|issue=2|pages=229–253|year=2000|doi=10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00052-3}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ ahụ sikwa na nkwenkwe okpukpe na a ga-egbochi mpaghara ụfọdụ nke sayensị na teknụzụ dịka ha "ndị nọ n'ala Chineke", dịka Prince Charles na [[Pope Benedict XVI]] kwuru.<ref name=":5"/> == Nkọwa == Ọtụtụ nkọwa nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya dị: Enwere ike ịkọwa ịkpachara anya dị ka "ịkpachara anya tupu oge eruo", "ịkpachara anya na-eme n'ọnọdụ nke ejighị n'aka", ma ọ bụ amamihe mara. Echiche abụọ dị na isi nke ụkpụrụ ahụ.<ref>Andrew Jordan & Timothy O'Riordan. Chapter 3, The precautionary principle: a legal and policy history, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230108221257/https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/91173/E83079.pdf The precautionary principle: protecting public health, the environment and the future of our children]. Edited by: Marco Martuzzi and Joel A. Tickner. World Health Organization 2004</ref>  * ngosipụta nke mkpa ndị na-eme mkpebi chọrọ ịtụ anya mmerụ ahụ tupu ya emee. N'ime ihe a, a na-ahụ mgbanwe doro anya nke ibu ọrụ nke ihe akaebe: n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nchebe ọ bụ ọrụ nke onye na-akwado ọrụ iji chọpụta na ọrụ a tụrụ aro agaghị (ma ọ bụ o yighị ka ọ ga-eme) kpatara nnukwu mmerụ ahụ. * echiche nke nha nhata nke ihe ize ndụ na ọnụahịa na ike nke ihe a tụrụ aro. Otu n'ime ntọala bụ isi nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya, yana nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ nabatara, sitere na ọrụ Rio Conference, ma ọ bụ "Earth Summit" na 1992. Ụkpụrụ nke ịrị na ịse nke nkwupụta Rio na-ekwụ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=78&ArticleID=1163|title=Rio Declaration on Environment and Development|author=UNEP|accessdate=29 October 2014|archivedate=4 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904221831/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=The Precautionary Principle Under Fire|author=Rupert Read and Tim O'Riordan|issue=September–October 2017|doi=10.1080/00139157.2017.1350005|volume=59|year=2017|journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development|pages=4–15|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/65524/1/Accepted_manuscript.pdf}}</ref> <blockquote> Iji kpuchido gburugburu ebe obibi, steeti ga-etinyerịrị usoro ịkpachara anya dịka ike ha siri dị. N'ebe enwere egwu nke mmebi dị njọ ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke agaghị eji ya mee ihe kpatara yigharịrị usoro dị ọnụ ahịa iji gbochie mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. – Nkwuputa Rio </blockquote> N'afọ 1998, ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na gburugburu ebe obibi kpọrọ Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle ma mechie ya na usoro a, nke Stewart Brand kọwara dị ka "nke doro anya na nke a na-ekwukarị":<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Brand|first=Stewart|title=Whole Earth Discipline|url=https://archive.org/details/wholeearthdiscip0000bran_f3x0|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2010|isbn=9780143118282}}</ref> <blockquote>Mgbe ihe omume na-ebulite ihe iyi egwu nke mmerụ ahụ na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ekwesịrị ịme ihe mgbochi ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na emebeghi mmekọrịta ụfọdụ na-akpata na mmetụta nke ọma na sayensị. N'okwu a, onye na-akwado ihe omume, karịa ọha mmadụ, kwesịrị iburu ibu akaebe. </blockquote> Na Febụwarị afọ 2000, Commission nke European Communities kwuru na nkwurịta okwu sitere na Commission on the Precautionary Principle na, "Akọwaghị ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na Nkwekọrịta nke European Union, nke na-edepụta ya [Ụkpụrụ Akpachara anya] naanị otu ugboro - ka Mana n'omume, oke ya ka sara mbara karị, yana kpọmkwem ebe mbido-ebumnobi-sayensị-ntụle na-egosi na e nwere ihe ezi uche dị na ya maka nchegbu na mmetụta nwere ike dị ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, mmadụ, anụmanụ ma ọ bụ [na] ahụike osisi nwere ike. ekwekọghị n'ọkwa dị elu nke nchekwa [maka ihe] ahọpụtara maka obodo".<ref name="EU-Comm-PP">Commission of the European Communities. 2 February 2000 [http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-00-96_en.htm Communication From The Commission on the Precautionary Principle]</ref>  The January 2000 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety na-ekwu, n'ihe gbasara esemokwu banyere GMOs: "Enweghị nkwenye sayensị n'ihi ozi sayensị na-ezughị ezu ... agaghị egbochi ndị otu mbubata, iji zere ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta ọjọọ dị otú ahụ, site n'ime mkpebi, dịka o kwesịrị, n'ihi mbubata nke ihe dị ndụ gbanwere agbanwe a na-ekwu maka ya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2000/01/20000129%2008-44%20PM/Ch_XXVII_08_ap.pdf|title=Official text of the Cartagena Protocol|publisher=United Nations|date=29 January 2000|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>  == Ntinye aka == Mmasị dị iche iche nke ìgwè dị iche iche na-anọchite anya ụkpụrụ ahụ mere ka nnukwu mgbanwe nke nhazi ya: otu nnyocha chọpụtara usoro ịrị na anọ dị iche iche dị na nkwekọrịta na nkwupụta ndị na-abụghị nkwekọrịta.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=12 May 2000|title=Science and the Precautionary Principle|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-05-12_288_5468/page/979|journal=Science|volume=288|issue=5468|pages=979–981|doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.979|issn=0036-8075|pmid=10841718|author=Foster|first=Kenneth R.}}</ref> R.B. Stewart (2002) belatara ụkpụrụ nchebe na nsụgharị anọ:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stewart, R.B.|title=Environmental Regulatory Decision Making Under Uncertainty|journal=Research in Law and Economics|volume=20|year=2002}}</ref> * Enweghị ntụkwasị obi sayensị ekwesịghị igbochi usoro nchịkwa nke ọrụ ndị nwere ike ibute nnukwu mmerụ ahụ (''enweghị mgbochi''). * Nchịkwa nchịkwa kwesịrị itinye ''oke nchekwa''; ọrụ kwesịrị igbochi n'okpuru ọkwa nke a na-ahụ ma ọ bụ buru amụma na ọ nweghị mmetụta ọjọọ (akụkụ nchekwa). * Ọrụ ndị na-egosi ihe a na-ejighị n'aka maka mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu kwesịrị ịbụ ndị a chọrọ na teknụzụ kachasị mma iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ ọ gwụla ma onye na-akwado ọrụ ahụ gosipụtara na ha enweghị ihe ize ndụ dị ịrịba ama nke mmerụ (''BAT''). * A ga-amachibido ọrụ ndị na-enweghị ike ijide n'aka maka mmerụ ahụ dị ukwuu ọ gwụla ma onye na-akwado ọrụ ahụ gosipụtara na ọ nweghị ''ihe'' ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ (mmachibido iwu). Carolyn Raffensperger nke mgbakọ Wingspread tinyere ụkpụrụ ahụ na-emegide usoro ndị dabeere na njikwa ihe ize ndụ na nyocha uru.<ref name=":5"/> Dave Brower (Ndị enyi nke ụwa) kwubiri na "a ga-ewere teknụzụ niile dịka ikpe mara ruo mgbe egosiri na ọ dị ọcha".<ref name=":5" /> Freeman Dyson kọwara itinye n'ọrụ ụkpụrụ nchebe dị ka "n'amaghị ama otu akụkụ", dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe ejiri ya dị ka ihe ziri ezi iji bibie osisi nyocha nke injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ma yie ndị nchọpụta egwu n'agbanyeghị ihe akaebe sayensị na-egosi enweghị mmerụ ahụ.<ref name=":5" /> <blockquote>Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na ụfọdụ omume na-ebu ọbụna ohere dịpụrụ adịpụ nke mmebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enweghị atụ, mgbe ahụ i kwesịghị ime ya, n'agbanyeghị otú uru omume ahụ nwere ike isi dị ukwuu. Anaghị ekwe ka ị kwụzi ụgwọ akwụ ụgwọ megide uru mgbe ị na-ekpebi ihe ị ga-eme. – Freeman Dyson, akụkọ sitere n'ọgbakọ World Economic Forum n'afọ 2001</blockquote> Dị ka Rupert na O'Riordan kwuru, ihe ịma aka na itinye ụkpụrụ ahụ n'ọrụ bụ "n'ime ka o doo anya na enweghị ihe doro anya, ma ọ bụ enweghị nyocha zuru oke nke ihe akaebe, abụghị ihe mgbochi maka ihe ọhụrụ, ọ bụrụhaala na enweghị ezi uche dị na ya nke nnukwu mmerụ ahụ".<ref name=":4"/> Enweghị ngwa a na-eme ka ụkpụrụ ahụ bụrụ "ịkwụsị onwe ya" dịka Stewart Brand si kwuo, n'ihi na "ọ dịghị ihe e guzobere n'ụzọ zuru oke" na sayensị, malite na ụkpụrụ nchebe n'onwe ya ma gụnyere "ike ndọda ma ọ bụ evolushọn Darwinian". Ngwa dị mma kwesịrị ijide n'aka na "a ga-eme ihe nchebe" naanị "n'oge mmalite" na ka "ihe akaebe sayensị dị mkpa na-eguzobe", usoro nchịkwa kwesịrị ịzaghachi ihe akaebe ahụ.<ref name=":5"/> === Nke siri ike na nke na-adịghị ike === Nlezianya siri ike na-ekwu na a chọrọ iwu mgbe ọ bụla enwere ihe ize ndụ maka ahụike, nchekwa, ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọbụlagodi na ihe akaebe na-akwado ya bụ ịkọ nkọ na ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ego ego nke iwu ahụ dị elu. Na 1982, Charter World nke United Nations maka Nature nyere nkwado mbụ nke mba ụwa maka ụdị iwu ahụ siri ike, na-atụ aro na mgbe "a ghọtachaghị mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike, ọrụ ahụ ekwesịghị ịga n'ihu".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sachs|first=Noah M.|title=Rescuing the Strong Precautionary Principle from its Critics|journal=University of Illinois Law Review|volume=2011|issue=4|pages=1285–1338|year=2011|url=https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2011/4/Sachs.pdf|accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref> Nkwupụta Wingspread nke a kpọsara n'ọtụtụ ebe, site na nzukọ nke ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na 1998, bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke nsụgharị siri ike.<ref name="goliath.ecnext.com">{{Cite journal|author=Sunstein|first=Cass R.|title=Does the Precautionary Principle point us in any helpful direction ? The Paralyzing Principle|journal=Regulation|date=2002|volume=25|issue=9|pages=32–37|url=https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/regulation/2002/12/v25n4-9.pdf}}</ref> A pụkwara ịkpọ nchebe siri ike dị ka ụkpụrụ "enweghị mkpesa", ebe a na-adịghị atụle ụgwọ na mgbochi mgbochi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/book/195536970/The-No-Regrets-Principle|title=The No Regrets Principle by Shawn Brodof|accessdate=2019-08-06}}</ref> ''Nlezianya na-adịghị ike'' na-ekwu na enweghị ihe akaebe sayensị anaghị egbochi ime ihe ma ọ bụrụ na mmebi ga-abụ ihe siri ike na nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe. Ụmụ mmadụ na-eme nchedo na-adịghị mma kwa ụbọchị, ma na-akwụkarị ụgwọ, iji zere ihe ize ndụ ndị na-ejighị n'aka: anyị anaghị agagharị n'ebe ndị dị ize ndụ n'abalị, anyị na-emega ahụ, anyị na anyị na-azụ ihe nchọpụta anwụrụ ọkụ, anyị na eriri anyị.<ref name="Beyond Laws of Fear">{{Cite journal|author=Mandel|first=Gregory N.|title=Cost Benefit Analysis Versus the Precautionary Principle: Beyond Cass Sunstein's Laws of Fear|journal=University of Illinois Law Review|volume=2006|issue=5|pages=1037–1079|year=2006|url=https://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2006/5/Mandel.pdf|accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="goliath.ecnext.com"/> Dị ka akwụkwọ nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Akụ̀ na Ụba nke New Zealand si kwuo, <blockquote>Ụdị na-adịghị ike [nke Ụkpụrụ Akpachara anya] bụ nke kachasị mma ma na-enye ohere ka e mee ihe mgbochi n'agbanyeghị ejighị n'aka, ma ọ dịghị achọ ha (dịka, Rio Declaration 1992; United Nations Framework Convention of Climate Change 1992). Iji mejuo ọnụ ụzọ nke mmerụ ahụ, a ga-enwerịrị ụfọdụ ihe akaebe metụtara ma ihe nwere ike ime yana oke nsonaazụ ya. Ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụghị ihe niile, chọrọ nlebara anya maka ụgwọ ọrụ nke usoro ịkpachara anya. Usoro adịghị ike anaghị egbochi ịtụle uru megide ọnụ ahịa ya. Ihe ndị na-abụghị ejighị n'aka sayensị, gụnyere ihe gbasara akụ na ụba, nwere ike inye ihe ndabere ziri ezi maka yigharịrị ihe omume. N'okpuru usoro adịghị ike, ihe a chọrọ iji gosi na ọ dị mkpa ime ihe (ibu nke ihe akaebe) na-adaberekarị na ndị na-akwado ịkpachara anya. Ekwupụtaghị aha maka ọrụ maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụdị siri ike na-akwado ma ọ bụ chọọ usoro ịkpachara anya ma ụfọdụ na-ewepụtakwa ụgwọ maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, nke bụ nke ọma ụdị siri ike nke "ego mmetọ". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Earth Charter na-ekwu, sị: "Mgbe ihe ọmụma dị oke, tinye usoro nlezianya anya ... Tinye ibu ihe akaebe n'ahụ ndị na-arụ ụka na ọrụ a tụrụ aro agaghị akpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ, ma mee ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ nwee nsogbu maka gburugburu ebe obibi." Mweghachi nke akaebe chọrọ ndị na-atụpụta ihe omume iji gosi na ngwaahịa, usoro ma ọ bụ teknụzụ dị “mma” nke ọma tupu akwadoro ya. Ịchọ ihe akaebe nke "enweghị mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi" tupu ihe omume ọ bụla pụta na-egosi na ọha na eze adịghị njikere ịnakwere ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, n'agbanyeghị uru akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ nwere ike ibilite (Peterson, 2006). Na oke, ihe a chọrọ nwere ike ịgụnye mmachibido iwu na mmachibido iwu na klaasị niile nke mmemme ma ọ bụ ihe nwere ike iyi egwu (Cooney, 2005). Ka oge na-aga, a na-enwe mgbanwe nke nta nke nta nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya site na ihe na-egosi na Rio Declaration na ụdị siri ike nke na-arụ ụka na [onye] na-eme ka ihe mgbochi na mmepe na-enweghị ihe àmà siri ike na ọ gaghị emerụ ahụ.<ref>"Precautionary Principle: Origins, definitions, and interpretations." Treasury Publication, Government of New Zealand. 2006. http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/research-policy/ppp/2006/06-06/05.htm</ref></blockquote> === Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na nkwupụta === ==== Inwale "Ụkpụrụ" na "ụzọ ịsị mee ihe" ==== Enweghị mmeghe maka ụkpụrụ nchebe ga-ezuru ezu na-enweghị nkọwa dị mkpirikpi banyere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ''ụkpụrụ'' nchebe na usoro nchebe. Ụkpụrụ nke ịrị na ịse nke Rio Declaration 1992 na-ekwu na: "iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi, steeti ga-eji usoro nchebe mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dịka ikike ha si dị. N'ebe enwere egwu nke nnukwu ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke agaghị eji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe kpatara iwepụ usoro dị ọnụ ala iji gbochie mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka Garcia (1995) kwuru, "okwu ahụ, nke yiri nke ụkpụrụ ahụ, dịtụ iche na nke ahụ: ọ ghọtara na enwere ike inwe ọdịiche na ikike mpaghara iji tinye usoro ahụ n'ọrụ, ọ na-akpọkwa maka ọnụahịa na itinye usoro ahụ n"ọrụ, dịka, na-eburu ego na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'uche. A na-ewere "ụzọ" dị nro dị ka ime ka "ụkpụrụ" dị nfe. <blockquote>"Dịka Recuerda si kwuo, ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na ụzọ ịkpachara anya na-agbasawanye na, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, esemokwu. Na mkparita uka nke nkwupụta mba ụwa, United States emegideghị iji usoro okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ihi na okwu a nwere nkọwa pụrụ iche. n'asụsụ iwu, n'ihi na ụkpụrụ nke iwu bụ isi iyi nke iwu, nke a pụtara na ọ dị mkpa, ya mere, ụlọ ikpe nwere ike ịkagbu ma ọ bụ kwado mkpebi site na itinye ụkpụrụ nlezianya anya. Ọ bụghị echiche dị mfe ma ọ bụ desideratum kama ọ bụ isi iyi nke iwu, nke a bụ ọnọdụ iwu nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya na European Union N'aka nke ọzọ, 'ụzọ' anaghị enwekarị otu ihe ọ pụtara, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Ụzọ a ga-esi kpachara anya bụ ihe a na-eji achọpụta ihe ize ndụ nke onye ọ bụla nwere ezi uche nwere (Recuerda, 2008)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Recuerda, M. A. |title=Dangerous interpretations of the precautionary principle and the foundational values of the European Union Food Law: Risk versus Risk |journal=Journal of Food Law & Policy |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=2008 }}</ref></blockquote> ==== Njikọ Europe ==== N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2000, European Commission wepụtara nkwukọrịta na ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya, nke ọ nabatara usoro maka itinye echiche a n'ọrụ, mana n'enyeghị nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ya.<ref name="EU-Comm-PP"/> Paragraf nke abụọ nke edemede 191 nke Nkwekọrịta Lisbon na-ekwu na: <blockquote>Amụma ndị otu na gburugburu ebe obibi ga-achọ n'ọkwa dị elu nke nchebe na-eburu n'uche ọnọdụ dị iche iche na mpaghara dị iche iche nke Union. Ọ ga-adabere n'ụkpụrụ akpachapụ anya yana n'ụkpụrụ ndị ekwesịrị ime ihe mgbochi, na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị imezi ihe kacha mkpa na isi iyi yana na ndị na-emetọ ihe kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ.<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:C:2016:202:FULL&from=EN Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union] article 191, paragraph 2</ref> </blockquote>   Mgbe a nabatara nkwukọrịta nke European Commission na ụkpụrụ nchebe, ụkpụrụ ahụ abịala na-eme ka ọtụtụ iwu EU mara, gụnyere ebe ndị karịrị iwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, a na-etinye ya n'ime iwu EU "n'ihe ndị dị ka nchekwa ngwaahịa n'ozuzu ya, ojiji nke ihe mgbakwunye maka iji ya na nri anụmanụ, ọkụ nke ihe mkpofu, na nhazi nke ihe ndị a gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa". Site na itinye ya n'ọrụ na iwu ikpe, ọ ghọrọ "ụkpụrụ iwu EU n'ofe83<ref name="Recuerda">{{Cite journal|author=Recuerda, Miguel A.|title=Risk and Reason in the European Union Law|journal=European Food and Feed Law Review|volume=5|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="Recuerda" />  Na ikpe T-74/00 ''Artegodan'', Ụlọikpe Ukwu (n'oge ahụ Ụlọikpe nke Mbụ) yiri ka ọ dị njikere iwepụta site na ndokwa dị mkpirikpi maka ụkpụrụ nchebe na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na edemede 191(2) TFEU na ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu nke iwu EU.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62000TJ0074|title=EUR-Lex - 62000TJ0074 - EN - EUR-Lex|work=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12008E191|title=EUR-Lex - 12008E191 - EN - EUR-Lex|work=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Craig|first=Paul|title=EU law: text, cases, and materials|url=https://archive.org/details/eulawtextcasesma0000crai_n7y0|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=sixth|year=2015|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eulawtextcasesma0000crai_n7y0/page/112 112]–113|isbn=978-0-19-871492-7}}</ref> ==== France ==== Na [[France]], Charter for the Environment nwere usoro nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya (isiokwu 5): <blockquote>Mgbe mmebi nke mmebi ọ bụla, ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụghị anya ya n'ọnọdụ dị ugbu a nke ihe ọmụma sayensị, nwere ike imerụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu na nke na-enweghị ike imerụ ahụ, ndị ọchịchị ga-eji nkwanye ùgwù maka ụkpụrụ nke ịkpachara anya na mpaghara dị n'ime ikike ha, hụ na mmejuputa usoro nke usoro maka. nyocha ihe egwu na nnabata nke usoro nwa oge dabara na ihe egwu dị na ya iji gbochie mmebi nke mmebi ahụ.<ref>[http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/root/bank_mm/anglais/charter_environnement.pdf ''Charter for the Environment''], [[Constitutional Council (France)|Constitutional Council]] (page visited on 28 August 2016).</ref></blockquote> ==== United States ==== N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2005, Obodo San Francisco wepụtara ụkpụrụ nchebe maka ịzụta iwu, nke chọrọ ka obodo ahụ tụọ ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike nke nde dọla narị isii na nzụta kwa afọ maka ihe niile site na nhicha ihe na kọmputa. Ndị otu Bay Area Working Group na Precautionary Principle nyere aka dee iwu ahụ. ==== Australia ==== Ikpe ụlọ ikpe [[Ostraliya|Australia]] kachasị mkpa ruo ugbu a, n'ihi nyocha zuru oke nke ụkpụrụ nchebe, bụ Telstra Corporation Limited v Hornsby Shire Council.<ref>[2006] NSWLEC 133 (24 March 2006) .</ref> E chịkọtara ụkpụrụ ahụ site na iji NSW Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991, nke n'onwe ya na-enye ezigbo nkọwa nke ụkpụrụ ahụ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/poteaa1991485/s6.html|title=PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATION ACT 1991 - SECT 6 Objectives of the Authority|work=austlii.edu.au|accessdate=2017-04-03}}</ref> "Ọ bụrụ na enwere egwu nke nnukwu ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, ekwesighi iji enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke mee ihe dị ka ihe kpatara igbu oge iji gbochie mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. N'iji ụkpụrụ ahụ mee ihe... mkpebi kwesịrị iduzi site na: (i) nnyocha nke ọma iji zere, ebe ọ bụla o kwere omume, nnukwu ma ọ bụ mmebi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi; na (ii) nyocha nke ihe ize ndụ nke nhọrọ dị iche iche. Ihe ndị kachasị mkpa nke mkpebi Justice Preston bụ nchọpụta ndị a:<ref>Hon. Justice Brian J Preston, (2006), 'Telstra Corporation Limited v Hornsby Shire Council [2006] NSWLEC 133', ''Land and Environment Court of New South Wales''. Paragraphs 125-183. https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/549f8a6b3004262463ad5606</ref> * Ụkpụrụ na mkpa na-esote iji mee ihe mgbochi "na-akpata" mgbe ọnọdụ abụọ dị: egwu nke nnukwu mmebi ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe, na ejighị n'aka nke sayensị banyere oke mmebi nwere ike ime. * Ozugbo ha abụọ nwere afọ ojuju, "a pụrụ ime ihe nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị iji gbochie egwu a tụrụ anya ya nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ọ kwesịrị ịbụ nke kwesịrị ekwesị". * Egwu nke nnukwu ma ọ bụ mmebi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe kwesịrị ịtụle ihe ise: oke egwu (ógbè, mpaghara wdg); uru a na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi a na-eyi egwu; ma mmetụta ndị nwere ike ijikwa; ọkwa nchegbu ọha na eze, na ma enwere ihe ezi uche ma ọ bụ ihe sayensị maka nchegbu ahụ. * Ntụle nke ọkwa nke ejighị n'aka sayensị kwesịrị ịgụnye ihe ndị nwere ike ịgụnye: ihe ga-abụ ihe akaebe zuru ezu; ọkwa na ụdị ejighị n"aka; na ikike iji belata ejighị n n'aka. * Ụkpụrụ ahụ na-agbanwe ibu nke ihe akaebe. Ọ bụrụ na ụkpụrụ ahụ na-emetụta, ibu arọ ahụ na-agbanwe: "onye na-eme mkpebi ga-ewere egwu nke nnukwu ma ọ bụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe bụ... eziokwu [na] ibu arọ nke igosi egwu a... bụ ihe na-enweghị isi laghachi na onye na-akwado ya..." * Ụkpụrụ nchebe na-akpọ oku n'omume mgbochi: "ụkpụrụ ahụ na-enye ohere ịme usoro mgbochi n'enweghị ichere ruo mgbe eziokwu na ịdị njọ nke iyi egwu ahụ ga-ama nke ọma". * "E kwesịghị iji ụkpụrụ nchebe mee ihe iji gbalịa izere ihe ize ndụ niile". * Nzọụkwụ nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị ga-adabere na mmetụta jikọtara ọnụ nke "ogo nke ịdị njọ na enweghị ike ịgbanwe agbanwe nke egwu na ogo nke ejighị n'aka... ka egwu dị ịrịba ama na ejighị n"aka, ka ukwuu... nchebe achọrọ". "...a ga-ewere usoro... dịka egwu nwere ike". ==== Philippines ==== N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2013, otu Greenpeace Southeast [[Asia]] na ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Masipag (''Magsasaka'' at Siyentipiko sa Pagpapa Ondang ng Agrikultura) rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ka ha kwụsị ịkụ osisi Bt n'ọhịa nnwale, na-ekwu na mmetụta nke ọrụ dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe ọkụkụ na ahụike mmadụ ka amaghị. Ụlọikpe mkpegharị ikpe kwadoro arịrịọ ahụ, na-ezo aka n'ụkpụrụ nchebe nke na-ekwu "mgbe ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike iduga n'ihe egwu nke nnukwu mmebi na-enweghị ngwọta na gburugburu ebe obibi nke sayensị kwere omume ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka, a ga-eme ihe iji zere ma ọ bụ belata egwu ahụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ca.judiciary.gov.ph/cardis/SP00013.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118151419/http://ca.judiciary.gov.ph/cardis/SP00013.pdf|archivedate=18 January 2016|title=Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines), et. al. vs. Environmental Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, et. al.|publisher=Republic of the Philippines Court of Appeals|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref> Ndị zaghachiri tinyere akwụkwọ maka ịtụgharị uche na June 2013 na 20 Septemba 2013 ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe họọrọ ịkwado mkpebi ha na Mee na-ekwu na nnwale ''bt talong'' na-emebi ikike iwu ndị mmadụ nwere "ihe dị mma na nke dị mma".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edigest.elaw.org/sites/default/files/ph.greenpeacese.pdf|title=Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines), et. al. vs. Environment Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, et. al.|publisher=Republic of the Philippines Court of Appeals|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=12 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105033/http://edigest.elaw.org/sites/default/files/ph.greenpeacese.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edigest.elaw.org/sites/default/files/ph.eggplantsept2014.pdf|title=Greenpeace Southeast Asia (Philippines), et. al. vs. Environment Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, et. al.|publisher=Republic of the Philippines Court of Appeals|date=20 September 2013|accessdate=12 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084714/http://edigest.elaw.org/sites/default/files/ph.eggplantsept2014.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na 8 Disemba 2015 kwụsịrị nnwale ubi maka Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) talong (eggplant), na-akwado mkpebi nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke kwụsịrị nnwere onwe ubi maka eggplant gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa iji nabata ụkpụrụ nchebe gbasara ngwaahịa GMO na mkpebi ya. E mechara gbanwee mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu mgbe ndị nchọpụta na Mahadum nke Philippines Los Baños rịọrọ arịrịọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/96038/boost-for-bt-talong|title=Boost for Bt 'talong'|publisher=inquirer.net|date=July 2016|accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref> ==== Ụlọ ọrụ ==== Body Shop International, ụlọ ọrụ ihe ntecha nke dị na UK, gụnyere ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya na atụmatụ kemịkal ha nke afọ 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebodyshopinternational.com/NR/rdonlyres/D7F2A9D1-416A-47B8-8BC3-1E858A37F81C/0/BSI_Chemicals_Strategy.pdf|title=Chemicals Strategy|publisher=The Body Shop|date=August 2006|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref> === Gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike === Mpaghara ndị na-emetụta ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya bụ ohere nke: * Okpomọkụ ụwa ma ọ bụ [[mgbanwe ihu igwe mberede]] n'ozuzu * [[Mgbukpọ]] nke ụdị * Ntinye ngwaahịa ọhụrụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere mmetụta nwere ike inwe na ụdị dị iche iche (dịka, ihe ndị a gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) * Ihe egwu maka ahụike ọha na eze, n'ihi ọrịa na usoro ọhụrụ (dịka, HIV na-ebute site na mmịnye ọbara) * Mmetụta ogologo oge nke teknụzụ ọhụrụ (dịka nchegbu ahụike gbasara radiation sitere na ekwentị mkpanaaka na ngwaọrụ nkwukọrịta eletrọniki ndị ọzọ) * Mmetọ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ nke siri ike (dịka, asbestos, endocrine disruptors) * Nchebe nri (dịka, ọrịa CreutzfeldtʹJakob) * Nsogbu ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ na-echebe ihe ndị dị ndụ (dịka, ndụ aka, mkpụrụ ndụ ọhụrụ) A na-ejikarị ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya eme ihe na mpaghara ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ihi na mgbanwe enweghị ike ịnwe n'ụzọ dị mfe ma nwee ike ịbụ ụwa niile. Ụkpụrụ ahụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla metụtara mpaghara ndị dị n'ime ya dịka ụgbọelu, ebe mmadụ ole na ole na-etinye onwe ha n'ihe ize ndụ nyere nkwenye mara (dịka, onye na-anya ụgbọelu nnwale). N'ihe banyere ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ, igbochi mmetụta na-esikarị ike ma ọ bụrụ na teknụzụ ahụ nwere ike imepụtaghachi onwe ya. Bill Joy kwusiri ike ihe ize ndụ nke imepụtaghachi teknụzụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nanotechnology, na teknụzụ robotic na edemede ya na ''Wired'', "Ihe mere ọdịnihu anaghị achọ anyị", ọ bụ ezie na ọ kpọtụghị ụkpụrụ nchebe kpọmkwem. Enwere ike ịhụ itinye ụkpụrụ ahụ n'ọrụ na iwu ọha na eze nke na-achọ ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ mee nnwale ahụike iji gosi na ọgwụ ọhụrụ dị mma. Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke Oxford bụ Nick Bostrom na-atụle echiche nke ọgụgụ isi dị ike n'ọdịnihu, na ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịa inweta ikike atọm nke ihe.<ref>[[Nick Bostrom]] 2003 Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence – section 2</ref> Mmetụta nke ụkpụrụ ahụ na-agbanwe ọnọdụ nke ihe ọhụrụ na nyocha ihe ize ndụ: ọ bụghị ihe ize ndụ a ga-ezere ma ọ bụ gbanwee, kama ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nwere ike igbochi. Ya mere, n'ihe banyere nhazi nke nyocha sayensị, enwere onye nke atọ karịa onye sayensị na onye na-achịkwa: onye na-azụ ahịa. N'ime nnyocha gbasara itinye ụkpụrụ nchebe na nanotechnology, Chris Phoenix na Mike Treder na-ekwu na e nwere ''ụdị abụọ'' nke ụkpụrụ ahụ, nke ha na-akpọ "ụdị siri ike" na "ụdị na-arụ ọrụ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crnano.org/precautionary.htm|title=Nanotechnology: Precautionary Principle Analyzed|publisher=Center for Responsible Nanotechnology|date=January 2004|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref> Nke mbụ "na-achọ enweghị ihe ọ bụla mgbe omume nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ", ebe nke ikpeazụ pụtara "ịhọrọ ụzọ ndị na-adịchaghị ize ndụ mgbe ha dị, na [...] na-eburu ibu ọrụ maka ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike". [[Thomas Alured Faunce]] arụrịta ụka maka itinye ụkpụrụ nchebe n'ọrụ nke ọma site na ndị na-achịkwa teknụzụ kemịkal na ahụike karịsịa n'ihe gbasara Ti02 na ZnO nanoparticles na sunscreens, biocidal nanosilver na ụzọ mmiri na nke ngwaahịa ya, njikwa ma ọ bụ imegharị ihe na-ekpughe ụmụ mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ nke iku ume carbon nanotubes nwere ọtụtụ mgbidi.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sunscreen Safety: The Precautionary Principle, The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration and Nanoparticles in Sunscreens|journal=Nanoethics|volume=2|issue=3|pages=231–240|year=2008|doi=10.1007/s11569-008-0041-z|url=http://law.anu.edu.au/StaffUploads/236-Nanoethics%20Sunscreens%202008.pdf|archive-date=2011-02-28|access-date=2023-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228183131/http://law.anu.edu.au/StaffUploads/236-Nanoethics%20Sunscreens%202008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nchịkwa akụ === [[Usòrò:Harvest_Control_Rule_graph.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Nkwekọrịta agba ọkụ okporo ụzọ, na-egosi echiche nke iwu nchịkwa owuwe ihe ubi (HCR), na-akọwa mgbe atụmatụ iwughachi bụ iwu n'ihe gbasara nchebe na njedebe ebe ntụle maka spawning biomass na ọnwụ azụ]] A na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike dị ka azụ ugbu a site na usoro ịkpachapu anya, site na iwu nchịkwa owuwe ihe ubi (HCRs) dabere na ụkpụrụ nchebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-egosi otu esi etinye ụkpụrụ ahụ n'ọrụ na njikwa azụ azụ cod nke International Council for the Exploration of the Sea chepụtara. N'ịkewapụta [[ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ]], ụkpụrụ nchebe pụtara na ọ bụrụ na enwere obi abụọ banyere ọnọdụ nchekwa nke anụmanụ ma ọ bụ osisi, a ga-ahọrọ nke ga-eme ka a hụ usoro nchebe kachasị ike. Ya mere, ụdị dị ka nduru ọlaọcha nke nwere ike ịdị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu ma bụrụ nke a na-edeghị aha ya ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike ịbụ nke a na'adịghịzi adị, anaghị ahapụ ya dị ka "ihe ọmụma na-adịghị mma" ma ọ bụ "nke na-adịghị adị" (nke ha abụọ anaghị achọ ọ bụla na-echebe), kama dị ka "nke dị oke egwu" (ọnọdụ nchekwa nke na-enye mkpa maka nchebe kachasị ike), ebe ọ na-adịwanye ụkọ, ma eleghị anya, a na-achọghị ka ọ dị mkpa maka nchedozi ya iji mee ka ọ doo anya, n'ihe ọmụma na nchedozi [n'ihe ize ndụ] mee ka ọ dị ngwa ngwa ngwa iji mee nchedo). Ọ bụrụ na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnukwu mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke ndị mmadụ na-eji eme mmiri ọṅụṅụ nwere nje bacteria (dịka. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter ma ọ bụ Leptospira) na isi iyi nke mmetọ a na-enyo enyo na ọ bụ ehi ara ehi mana sayensị ahụ enweghị ike inye akaebe zuru oke, a ga-ewepụ ehi ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ruo mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ara ehi gosipụtara ha, ọ bụghị isi iyi ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe ụlọ ahịa ahụ ga-ahụ na mmetọ dị otú ahụ agaghị abịaghachi. === Ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya nke anụmanụ === Arịrịọ maka ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya na-egosipụtakarị arụmụka gbasara mmetụta anụmanụ, ya bụ, ajụjụ nke ma ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike inwe "ahụmahụ na-adọrọ mmasị ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma", dị ka ihe mgbu, obi ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ọṅụ n'ihe gbasara ajụjụ nke ma anyị kwesịrị ichebe anụmanụ nwere mmetụta n'ụzọ iwu.<ref name=":0"/> Otu ụdị ụkpụrụ nchebe dabara adaba maka nsogbu nke anụmanụ nwere mmetụta ka onye ọkà ihe ọmụma LSE bụ Jonathan Birch chepụtara: "Echiche ahụ bụ na mgbe ihe akaebe nke mmetụta na-enweghị nkwubi okwu, anyị kwesịrị 'inye anụmanụ uru nke obi abụọ' ma ọ bụ 'ghọrọ n'akụkụ nke ịkpachara anya' n'ịmepụta iwu nchebe anụmanụ. "<ref name=":0" /> Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike iru nkwenye zuru oke banyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụfọdụ anụmanụ nwere ọgụgụ isi, a na-akpọtụrụ ụkpụrụ nchebe iji nye anụmanụ nwere ike inwe ọgụgụ isi "nchebe iwu".<ref name=":0" /> Nkwupụta Birch banyere ụkpụrụ nchebe nke anụmanụ dị ka ndị a: <blockquote>N'ebe enwere egwu dị egwu, nsonaazụ ọdịmma anụmanụ na-adịghị mma, enweghị nkwenye sayensị zuru oke maka echiche nke anụmanụ ndị a na-ekwu maka ya, a gaghị eji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe kpatara yigharịrị usoro dị ọnụ ahịa iji gbochie nsonaazụ ndị ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> </blockquote> Ụdị a nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya nwere iwu epistemic na mkpebi. Nke mbụ na-emetụta "ihe akaebe" nke kwesịrị ịchọ maka mmetụta anụmanụ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ihe akaebe ole nke ikike dị mkpa tupu mmadụ ekpebie itinye usoro nchebe? Dị ka Birch si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị ihe akaebe ''ụfọdụ'' ga-ezuru, nke pụtara na a ga-edozi ihe akaebe ahụ na ọkwa dị ala. Birch na-atụ aro ịtụle ihe akaebe na ụmụ anụmanụ ụfọdụ nwere mmetụta zuru ezu mgbe ọ bụla "ihe akaebe dị ịrịba ama ... nke ọnụnọ nke ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe ngosi a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nke mmetụta na ọ dịkarị otu ụdị nke usoro ahụ" nwetara.<ref name=":0"/> Maka ihe ndị bara uru, Birch na-ekwu, ihe akaebe nke sentience kwesịrị imetụta usoro ahụ, nke mere na ọ bụrụ na otu ụdị na-ezute ọnọdụ nke sentience, mgbe ahụ, a ga-ewere ụdị niile nke otu usoro ahụ dị ka ndị nwere mmetụta ma bụrụ ndị iwu kwadoro. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na, n'otu aka, "ịchọpụta mmetụta iche iche n'usoro dị iche iche" ga-ekwe omume, ebe n'aka nke ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na iwu ụfọdụ gụnyere ọtụtụ puku ụdị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịmụ mmetụta ha iche.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe ọzọ, ihe akaebe kwesịrị ịdị ala nke na ọ bụ naanị otu ihe na-egosi mmetụta na ụdị nke ''otu'' usoro ga-ezuru iji tinye ụkpụrụ nchebe n'ọrụ. Ihe ngosi dị otú ahụ kwesịrị ịbụ "ihe a na-ahụ anya nke enwere ike ime nnwale iji chọpụta, ọ ga-abụkwa ihe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na a na-akọwa ọnụnọ nke ihe ngosi a site na mmetụta".<ref name="Birch 1–16">{{Cite journal|author=Birch|first=Jonathan|title=Animal sentience and the precautionary principle|journal=Animal Sentience|pages=1–16}}</ref> Ndepụta nke njirimara ndị dị otú ahụ adịlarị maka ịchọpụta ihe mgbu anụmanụ. Ebumnuche bụ ịmepụta ndepụta yiri nke ahụ maka njirimara ndị ọzọ nke mmetụta, dị ka obi ụtọ, egwu, ma ọ bụ ọṅụ. A ga-egosipụta ọnụnọ nke otu n'ime njirimara ndị a site na nnwale nke ga-emezu "ụkpụrụ sayensị nkịtị".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Birch|first=Jonathan|date=2017|title=Animal sentience and the precautionary principle|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/84099/1/Birch_%20Animal%20sentience%20and%20the.pdf|journal=Animal Sentience|volume=16|issue=1}}</ref> Banyere akụkụ nke abụọ nke ụkpụrụ nchebe nke anụmanụ, iwu mkpebi ahụ metụtara ihe achọrọ na anyị ga-eme ihe ozugbo enwere ihe akaebe zuru ezu nke nsonaazụ ọjọọ. Dị ka Birch si kwuo, "anyị kwesịrị ịchọ itinye n'ime iwu nchebe anụmanụ niile nke ihe akaebe nke ikike zuru ezu, dịka ụkpụrụ nke afọ ojuju edepụtara [n'elu]".<ref name="Birch 1–16"/> N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, iwu mkpebi ahụ na-ekwu na ozugbo e mezuru obere ihe akaebe a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, mgbe ahụ anyị ''kwesịrị'' ime ihe n'ụzọ nchebe.<ref name=":0"/> Atụmatụ Birch "na-akpachara anya na-ahapụ ajụjụ banyere otu, na ruo n'ókè, ọgwụgwọ nke ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a kwesịrị ịchịkwa", si otú a na-ahapụrụ ọdịnaya nke iwu ahụ, ebe nke a ga-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na anụmanụ ahụ a na-ekwu maka ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Nkatọ == Ndị na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ahụ na-eji arụmụka yiri nke ahụ megide usoro ndị ọzọ nke teknụzụ. === Enweghị nkwekọ n'ime: itinye ihe ize ndụ PP siri ike na-akpata mmerụ ahụ === Nkwupụta siri ike nke ụkpụrụ nchebe, n'echebaraghị ihe ndị bụ isi ya (ya bụ, na a ga-etinye ya naanị ebe ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ịbụ ọdachi ma ọ bụghị mfe ịgụta), mgbe a na-etinye ya na ụkpụrụ ahụ n'onwe ya dị ka mkpebi iwu, ''na''-akụ ebumnuche nke ibelata ihe ize ndụ. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na igbochi ihe ọhụrụ na-egosi na ọ bụ naanị teknụzụ dị ugbu a nwere ike iji mee ihe, na teknụzụ ugbu a nwere onwe ya nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ hapụ mkpa a na-enweghị ike imerụzụ; enwere ihe ize ndụ nke imebi ihe ọ bụ na-egbochi ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name="Beyond Laws of Fear"/><ref name="Guardian">Brown, Tracey (9 July 2013)[https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2013/jul/09/precautionary-principle-blunt-instrument The precautionary principle is a blunt instrument] ''[[The Guardian]]'', Retrieved 9 August 2013</ref><ref>Sherry Seethaler. [[iarchive:liesdamnedliessc0000seet|Lies, Damned Lies, and Science: How to Sort through the Noise around Global Warming, the Latest Health Claims, and Other Scientific Controversies]] FT Press, 2009</ref> Dị ka Michael Crichton dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya State of Fear: "'Ụkpụrụ nchebe', nke a na-etinye n'ụzọ ziri ezi, na-amachibido ụkpụrụ nchebe". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịmachibido ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia iwu dabere na nchegbu banyere obere ihe ize ndụ dị elu pụtara ịnọgide na-adabere na ụlọ ọrụ ike na-ere mmanụ ala, nke na-aga n'ihu na-ewepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ọtụtụ puku ọnwụ ụfọdụ site na [[mmetọ ikuku]].<ref name="Beyond Laws of Fear"/>  N'afọ 2021 na nzaghachi maka akụkọ mbụ banyere ọbara na-adịghị ahụkebe a hụrụ na ndị ọrịa ịrị abụọ na ise n'ime nde mmadụ ịrị abụọ ndị a gbara ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19<ref>{{Cite web|author=Miller|first=Adam|title=Canada monitoring guidance on AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine amid potential link to blood clots|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/astrazeneca-blood-clot-risk-canada-1.5957462|work=CBC|date=20 March 2021}}</ref> Astra-Zeneca gbara ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa COVID-19 ọtụtụ mba ndị so na European Union kwụsịtụrụ iji ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-ekwu maka "ụkpụrụ nchebe". Mba EU ndị ọzọ katọrọ nke a bụ ndị jụrụ ịkwụsị usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ, na-ekwupụta na mkpebi "nchebe" na-elekwasị anya n'ihe ize ndụ na-ezighi ezi, dịka igbu oge na usoro ịgba ọgwụgwọ na-ebute ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụfọdụ karịa nsogbu ọ bụla a na-ejighị n'aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Waterfield|first=Bruno|title=The EU's risk aversion cost thousands of lives|work=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-eus-risk-aversion-cost-thousands-of-lives-pzfdb9j8r|accessdate=2021-03-25}}</ref> N'ihe atụ ọzọ, ndokwa nke Hazardous Air Pollutant na mmezigharị 1990 na US Clean Air Act bụ ihe atụ nke Precautionary Principle ebe ibu ọrụ dị ugbu a na-egosi na ogige edepụtara adịghị emerụ ahụ. N'okpuru iwu a, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'etiti ihe ndị na-emetọ ikuku nke na-enye ihe ize ndụ dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala, yabụ ndị ọrụ na-ahọrọkarị ndị a na-enyochaghị enyocha ndị na-adịghị na ndepụta dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Implications of the Precautionary Principle: is it a threat to science?|journal=International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health|volume=17|issue=1|pages=153–61|year=2004|pmid=15212219}}</ref> <blockquote>Ihe ndabere nke ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya bụ iche n'echiche ihe kachasị njọ na-enweghị ihe akaebe na-akwado ... ndị nwere echiche kachasị njọ na-aghọ ndị kacha emetụta. — [[Adam Curtis]], n'ihe nkiri a kpọrọ, The Power of Nightmares</blockquote> === Igbochi ihe ọhụrụ na ọganihu n'ozuzu === N'ihi na enwere ike iji usoro siri ike nke ụkpụrụ nchebe mee ihe iji gbochie ihe ọhụrụ, enwere ike machibido teknụzụ nke na-eweta uru site na ụkpụrụ nchebe n'ihi ikike ya maka mmetụta ọjọọ, na-ahapụ uru dị mma na-enweghị isi<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2008|title=GM directive deficiencies in the European Union|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=9|issue=6|pages=500–504|doi=10.1038/embor.2008.94|pmid=18516083}}</ref>  A na-ajụ ụkpụrụ nchebe ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ndabere na itinye ya n'ọrụ nwere ike igbochi ọganihu na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Jimenez-Arias|first=Luis G.|title=Biothics and the Environment|year=2008|publisher=Libros en Red|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLjDG6sUaRkC&q=luis+g+jimenez+arias+biothics&pg=PA8|isbn=9781597543804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Beware the Precautionary Principle|url=http://www.sirc.org/articles/beware.html|accessdate=2021-03-16|work=www.sirc.org|archivedate=2021-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315065004/http://sirc.org/articles/beware.html}}</ref> <blockquote>Ụkpụrụ kpachara anya na-enye ahụike anyị nnukwu ihe egwu nke na-agafe karịa ọgbọ nke neuroses na-enweghị isi. Njikọ kachasị na ahụike na ahụike anyị bụ ụkpụrụ ibi ndụ anyị, dịka a tụrụ n'usoro akụ na ụba na nke anụ ahụ. Ndị mmadụ na obodo ndị nwere nkà na ụzụ na-arịa ọrịa ole na ole ma na-adị ogologo ndụ karịa ndị nọ ná mba ndị mepere emepe. Ihe kacha egbu egbu n'ụwa abụghị soya gbanwetụrụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ihe mkpofu pesticide ma ọ bụ ọbụna ụtaba. Ọ bụ ihe enyere koodu Z59.5 na International Classification of Disease Handbook ma na-akpata ọnwụ karịa n'ụwa niile karịa otu ihe ọ bụla ọzọ. Akọwara ya dị ka 'oke ịda ogbenye'. — Social Issues Research Centre</blockquote> === Nkọwa na ezi uche === Ụkpụrụ nchebe na-akpọ maka ime ihe n'ihu ejighị n'aka sayensị, mana ụfọdụ usoro anaghị akọwapụta obere ọnụ ụzọ nke ihe ize ndụ nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọnọdụ "na-akpali", nke mere na ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ a tụrụ aro nwere ike imerụ ahụike ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ezu iji kpọọ ụkpụrụ ahụ.<ref name="vandenBelt">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1104/pp.103.023531|author=van den Belt H|title=Debating the Precautionary Principle: "Guilty until Proven Innocent" or "Innocent until Proven Guilty"?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2003-07_132_3/page/1122|journal=Plant Physiol.|volume=132|issue=3|pages=1122–6|date=July 2003|pmid=12857792}}</ref> Na ''Sancho vs''. ''DOE'', Helen Gillmor, Onye Nnukwu Onyeikpe Mpaghara, dere na mwepụ nke ikpe Wagner nke gụnyere nchegbu a ma ama na LHC nwere ike ịkpata "mbibi nke ụwa" site na oghere ojii:<ref>{{Cite web|author=Highfield|first=Roger|date=5 September 2008|title=Scientists get death threats over Large Hadron Collider|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3351119/Scientists-get-death-threats-over-Large-Hadron-Collider.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801125522/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3351119/Scientists-get-death-threats-over-Large-Hadron-Collider.html|archivedate=1 August 2009|accessdate=29 October 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> <blockquote>N'ezie, mmerụ ahụ chọrọ ụfọdụ "ihe iyi egwu nke mmerụ ahụ." Cent. Delta Water Agency v. United States, 306 F.3d 938, 950 (9th Cir. 2002). Ọtụtụ mgbe, Wagner boro ebubo na nnwale na Large Hadron Collider ("Collider") nwere "enwere mmetụta ọjọọ." Ụjọ ịtụ egwu maka mmerụ ahụ n'ọdịnihu adịghị abụ mmerụ ahụ n'ezie zuru oke iji kwụ ọtọ. Mayfield, 599 F.3d na 970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://networkedblogs.com/7erBW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830183119/http://networkedblogs.com/7erBW|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 August 2010|title=LHC lawsuit dismissed by US court|work=symmetry magazine|access-date=29 October 2014|accessdate=15 May 2023|archivedate=30 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830183119/http://networkedblogs.com/7erBW}}</ref></blockquote> === Nsogbu ịkpachapu anya === Mmegide a na-emekarị na ụkpụrụ ịkpachapu anya na-ejikọta abụọ n'ime mmegide ndị dị n'elu n'ụdị nsogbu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Steel|first=Daniel|date=2013|title=The Precautionary Principle and the Dilemma Objection|journal=Ethics, Policy and Environment: A Journal of Philosophy and Geography|volume=16|issue=3|pages=321–340|doi=10.1080/21550085.2013.844570}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Sunstein|first=Cass|date=2005|title=The Precautionary Principle as a Basis for Decision Making|journal=The Economists' Voice|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.2202/1553-3832.1079|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/29998410/1/PrecautionaryPrinciple.pdf|archive-date=2024-09-27|access-date=2023-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927031056/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/29998410/1/PrecautionaryPrinciple.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nke a na-ekwusi ike na, n'ime nkọwa abụọ dịnụ nke ụkpụrụ ahụ, ọ dịghị nke ezi uche dị na ya: usoro ndị na-adịghị ike (nke na-ekwu na ịkpachara anya n'ihu mmerụ ahụ a na-ejighị n'aka bụ ihe kwere omume) bụ ihe na-enweghị isi, ebe usoro siri ike (nke nwere na ịkpachapụ anya n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ejighị n'anya ''achọrọ'') enweghị nkwekọ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Sunstein">Sunstein, Cass R. [http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv25n4/v25n4-9.pdf The Paralyzing Principle: Does the Precautionary Principle Point us in any Helpful Direction?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215223946/https://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/regv25n4/v25n4-9.pdf |date=15 February 2007 }} Regulation, Winter 2002–2003, The Cato Institute.</ref> Na mpi mbụ nke nsogbu ahụ, Cass Sunstein na-ekwu, sị: <blockquote>Ụdị na-adịghị ike nke Ụkpụrụ Akpachara anya na-ekwupụta eziokwu - enweghị mgbagha n'ụkpụrụ na ọ dị mkpa na omume naanị iji luso ọgba aghara ọha na eze ọgụ ma ọ bụ nkwuputa ọdịmma onwe onye nke ndị otu onwe ha na-achọ ihe akaebe na-enweghị mgbagha nke mmerụ ahụ, nke ọha mmadụ enweghị ezi uche chọrọ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Laws of fear|url=https://archive.org/details/lawsoffearbeyond0000suns|last=Sunstein|first=Cass|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|location=Cambridge}}</ref></blockquote> Ọ bụrụ na ihe niile ụkpụrụ ahụ (na-adịghị ike) na-ekwu bụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume ime ihe n'ụzọ nchebe ebe enwere ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-eme ka eziokwu na-enweghị isi ma si otú a ghara [[Iba|ịba]] uru. Ọ bụrụ na anyị edepụta ụkpụrụ ahụ n'echiche siri ike, ọ dị ka ọ na-egbochi usoro ''niile'', gụnyere usoro nchebe ọ na-ezube ịkwado. Nke a bụ n'ihi na, ọ bụrụ na anyị kwuo na a chọrọ ịkpachara anya n'ihu mmerụ ahụ a na-ejighị n'aka, na usoro ịkpachara onwe ya anya na-ebukwa ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ, ụkpụrụ ịkpachara ike nwere ike ịchọ ma machibido ime ihe n'otu oge ahụ. Ihe ize ndụ nke iwu na-akpata mmerụ ahụ ọdachi ga-ekwe omume mgbe niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: ịmachibido ihe ọkụkụ gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ihe ize ndụ na-ebelata mmepụta nri nke ukwuu; itinye oge na ihe ize ndụ ike nuklia na ịdabere na coal nke nwere ike ibute mmetọ ikuku; itinye usoro siri ike iji belata ihe ize ndụ okpomọkụ ụwa ịda ogbenye na nsogbu ahụike maka ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Nkọwa siri ike nke ụkpụrụ nchebe, na "ọ machibidoro usoro ọ chọrọ", si otú a ghara ịdị n'otu. Dị ka Sunstein si kwuo, ọ bụghị ihe nchebe, ọ bụ "na-akpaghasị". == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * od[[Kai Purnhagen]], "Iwu Omume na Akụ na ụba nke Ụkpụrụ Nchebe na EU na Mmetụta ya na Nchịkwa Ahịa N'ime", Wageningen Akwụkwọ Ọrụ na Iwu na Gọọmenti 2013 Xi04, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=2344356] * {{Cite journal|author=Arrow|first=K.J.|title=Is There a Role for Cost-Benefit Analysis in Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1996-04-12_272_5259/page/221|journal=Science|volume=272|issue=5259|pages=221–2|year=1996|doi=10.1126/science.272.5259.221|pmid=8602504}} * {{Cite journal|author=Andorno, Roberto|title=The Precautionary Principle: A New Legal Standard for a Technological Age|journal=Journal of International Biotechnology Law|volume=1|pages=11–19|year=2004|doi=10.1515/jibl.2004.1.1.11|url=https://uzh.academia.edu/RobertoAndorno/Papers/444661/The_Precautionary_Principle_a_New_Legal_Standard_for_a_Technological_Age}} * [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52000DC0001:EN:NOT Nkwurịta okwu sitere na European Commission na ụkpụrụ nchebe Brusells (2000)] * European Union (2002), European Union jikọtara nsụgharị nke nkwekọrịta na European Union na nkwekọrịta nke na-eguzobe obodo Europe, Official Journal of the European Union, C325, 24 December 2002, Isiokwu XIX, isiokwu 174, paragraf 2 na 3. * Greenpeace, "azụmahịa dị nchebe na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, atụmatụ zuru oke na aro Greenpeace maka Nzukọ nke anọ nke Òtù Azụmaahịa Ụwa" peeji nke iri asatọ na itoolu [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191415/http://archive.greenpeace.org/politics/wto/doha_report.pdf] * {{Cite journal|author=Harremoës|first=Poul|title=The Precautionary Principle in the 20th Century: Late Lessons from Early Warnings — Earthscan, 2002. Review|journal=Nature|volume=419|issue=6906|date=October 2002|doi=10.1038/419433a}} * O'Riordan, T. na Cameron, J. (1995), na-akọwa ụkpụrụ nchebe, [[London]]: mbipụta Earthscan * Raffensperger, C., na Tickner, J. (ed.) (1999) Nchebe Ahụike Ọha na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi: Ịmejuputa Ụkpụrụ Nchebe. Island Press, Washington, DC. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Oge Ikpeazụ Anyị (2003). * Cheta Girela, M.A., (2006), Nchebe Nri na Nri Ọhụrụ, Usoro iwu na nchịkwa. Thomson-Aranzadi, obere ezé. * Recuerda Girela, MA, (2006), "Ihe ize ndụ na ezi uche na Iwu European Union", European Food and Feed Law Review, 5. * {{Cite journal|title=Precaution, uncertainty and causation in environmental decisions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environment-international_2003-04_29_1/page/n4|journal=Environ Int|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–19|date=April 2003|pmid=12605931|doi=10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00191-5}} * Sandin, P. "Kiri Nchebe karịa O wutere: itinye usoro nkà ihe ọmụma na arụmụka banyere ihe ize ndụ na ụkpụrụ nchebe," (2004). * Stewart, R.B. "Nkwupụta Nchịkwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na-eme n'okpuru Uncertainty". N'akwụkwọ An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Environmental Policy: Issues in Institutional Design, Mpịakọta 20: 71ʹ126 (2002). * Sunstein, Cass R. (2005), ''Iwu nke Egwu'': Beyond the Precautionary Principle. New York: Cambridge University Press == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite journal|author=Andorno Roberto|authorlink=Roberto Andorno|year=2004|title=The Precautionary Principle: A New Legal Standard for a Technological Age|url=https://uzh.academia.edu/RobertoAndorno/Papers/444661/The_Precautionary_Principle_a_New_Legal_Standard_for_a_Technological_Age|journal=Journal of International Biotechnology Law|volume=1|pages=11–19|doi=10.1515/jibl.2004.1.1.11}} * Akụkọ sitere na UK Interdepartmental Liaison Group on Risk Assessment, 2002. "The Precautionary Principle: Policy and Application" E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [[David Appell]], Scientific American, Jenụwarị 2001: "The New Uncertainty Principle" [mgbakwunye nwụrụ anwụ] * The Times, 27 Julaị 2007, Naanị uche na-enweghị uche nwere ike ikwere na nchekwa mbụ * The Times, 15 Jenụwarị 2005, "Gịnị bụ . . . ụkpụrụ nchebe?" * Bill Durodié, ''Spiked'', 16 Machị 2004: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708084230/http://www.durodie.net/articles/spiked/20040316precautionaryprinciple.htm Ụkpụrụ nchebe na-eche na mgbochi dị mma karịa ọgwụgwọ] * European Environment Agency (2001), [https://web.archive.org/web/20050922155917/http://reports.eea.eu.int/environmental_issue_report_2001_22/en/Issue_Report_No_22.pdf Ihe mmụta] n'azụ oge site na ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ: ụkpụrụ nchebe 1896 São 2000 * Na-etinye ụkpụrụ nchebe na Nanotechnology, ''Center for Responsible Nanotechnology'' 2004 * 1998 Wingspread ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20051102060553/http://www.sehn.org/wing.html nkwupụta]'' na ụkpụrụ nchebe echekwara na ''<span data-ve-ignore="true">2 Nọvemba 2005 na</span>'' Wayback Machine''[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]]'' * Science and Environmental Health Network, [https://web.archive.org/web/20020127083617/http://www.biotech-info.net/handbook.pdf] The Precautionary Principle in Action ː a Handbook] * Gary E. Marchant, Kenneth L. Mossman: ''Arbitrary'' and Capricious: The Precautionary Principle in the European Union Courts. American Enterprise Institute Press 2004, ; [https://web.archive.org/web/20060306020353/http://www.policynetwork.net/uploaded/pdf/Arbitrary-web.pdf PDF n'efu n'ịntanetị] * Umberto Izzo, La precauzione nella engagement civile. Analisi di un concetto sul tema del danno da contagio per via trasfusionale (e-book reprint) [The Idea of Precaution in Tort Law. Nnyocha nke Echiche megide Backdrop nke Tainted- Blood Litigation], UNITN e-prints, 2007, mbipụta mbụ Padua, Cedam 2004.free online PDF * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927191410/http://www.infra.kth.se/~sandin/dissintro.pdf Nchebe Ka Mma karịa Mgbaghara: Itinye Ụzọ Nkà Ihe Ọmụma na arụmụka Banyere Ihe Iche na Ụkpụrụ Nchebe] * [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52000DC0001:EN:NOT Nkwurịta okwu sitere na European Commission na ụkpụrụ nchebe] * UK Interdepartmental Liaison Group on Risk Assessment (ILGRA): Ụkpụrụ Nchebe: Iwu na Mmetụta [https://web.archive.org/web/20061102071614/http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/meetings/ilgra/pppa.htm] * Akụkọ nke otu ndị ọkachamara UNESCO na ụkpụrụ nchebe (2005) [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001395/139578e.pdf] * Max More (2010), The Perils Of Precaution E debere ya na Wayback Machine [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6cyd74xuqrh7zj5ptx4hzzteipwvfae 0 26674 742357 709196 2026-11-02T21:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=|name=Călin GeorBVCFCu|office2=[[Executive director]] of the [[United Nations]] Global Sustainable Index Institute in [[Geneva]]/[[Vaduz]]|term_start2=2015|term_end2=2016|office3=President of the [[European Research Center for Information Systems|European Research Centre]] for the [[Club of Rome]]|term_start3=2013|term_end3=2015|nationality=Romanian|citizenship=Romania|party=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1962|03|26|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romanian People's Republic]]|profession=[[Agriculturist|Agronomist]]|education=[[University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest]] (1986)<br>[[Carol I National Defence University]] (2007)}} '''Călin Georgescu''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1962) bụ onye [[Romania|Romanian]] bụ ọkachamara na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, nke a nabatara n"ọhịa, na ya na afọ iri na asaa nke ije ozi na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro United Nations. A họpụtara Georgescu ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke United Nations Global Sustainable Index Institute na Geneva na Vaduz maka oge 2015-2016. Tupu nke ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke European Research Centre maka Club of Rome (2013[[2015). Ọ bụkwa onye otu Club of Rome International na [[Switzerland]]. == Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Georgescu na mpaghara Cotroceni nke Bucharest, nwa Scarlat Georgesco na Aneta Georgespu, nke a mụrụ Popescu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cadranpolitic.ro/calin-georgescu-fisa-de-cadre/|title=Călin Georgescu, fișă de cadre|language=ro|first=Virginia|author=Mircea|work=www.cadranpolitic.ro|date=December 17, 2020|accessdate=February 9, 2022|archivedate=November 25, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125121004/https://cadranpolitic.ro/calin-georgescu-fisa-de-cadre/}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Land Reclamation College, Nicolae Bălcescu Institute of Agronomy na Bucharest (1986) wee nweta Ph.D. ya na sayensị ala na 1999. == Ọrụ == Georgescu rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke National Center for Sustainable Development na Bucharest site na 2000 ruo 2013. Onye a kwadoro ikike na atụmatụ atụmatụ na atụmatụ ọha na eze, gọọmenti Romania họpụtara ya ka ọ hazie mmepe nke nsụgharị abụọ na-esote nke National Sustainable. Strategy Development (na 1999 na 2008), kwekọrọ na ntuziaka nke European Strategy for Sustainable Development. Ọ na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma zuru oke nke ụkpụrụ na omume nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ahụmahụ aka na ubi site n'ịrụ ọrụ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọha na eze na nkeonwe yana ndị obodo na-arụ ọrụ iji chepụta, mejuputa na ịgbaso site na ịmecha ọrụ dị iche iche n'okpuru Mpaghara Mpaghara. Agenda 21 (nke United Nations Development Programme malitere na 1992) maka ihe karịrị obodo ịrị anọ nke mba Romania. Onye bụbu Senior Fellow na United Nations Development Programme, Georgescu nwekwara ọkwa dị iche iche na usoro UN, dị ka UN Special Rapporteur na mmetụta ọjọọ nke mmegharị iwu na-akwadoghị na ịtụfu ngwaahịa na ihe mkpofu na nsị na ịnụ ụtọ ikike mmadụ na onye nnọchi anya Kọmitii Mba [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]] maka Romania. O nwekwara ọkwa ndị dị ka: Onye ndụmọdụ nke Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Ministry of Environment, onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Na-emepụta Akụnụba nke Mba Nile na Ministry nke Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke Romania, Odeakwụkwọ General nke Romanian Association for the Club of Rome na onye isi nchịkwa nke Institute for Innovation and Development Projects. Dị ka nkwupụta e nyere na Nọvemba 2020, Georgescu kwuru na Ion Antonescu na Corneliu Zelea Codreanu bụ ndị dike site na ha "ọ biri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, site n'aka ha na-ekwu ma na'ekwu akụkọ mba ọ bụghị site site mu ndị na ya na ike ụwa nke na na - na<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/politica/cine-este-calin-georgescu-propunerea-aur-pentru-functia-de-premier-1417286|title=Cine este Călin Georgescu, propunerea AUR pentru funcția de premier|publisher=[[Digi24]]|accessdate=2021-10-08|language=ro}}</ref> Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), otu pati nke batara n'ụlọ omebe iwu Romanian na-esote ntuli aka ndị omeiwu Romenian na Disemba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AUR a anunțat pe cine va propune ca premier: "Călin Georgescu este un român patriot"|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/politic/aur-a-anuntat-pe-cine-va-propune-ca-premier-calin-georgescu-este-un-roman-patriot.html|accessdate=2020-12-07|work=Stirileprotv.ro}}</ref> N'oge nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Romania na 2021 nke dugara n'iwepụ Cîțu Cabinet n"ọfịs, otu pati ahụ tụụrụ ya aro ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simion: "AUR propune un premier independent, care să respecte interesele națiunii române"|url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/politic/simion-aur-propune-un-premier-independent-care-sa-respecte-interesele-natiunii-romane.html|work=Știrile Pro TV|date=11 October 2021|language=ro|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi katọrọ Georgescu maka nkwupụta ya na-akwado Russia, ụfọdụ ọbụna na'ime ha na na -ewere ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya ọdịmma Russia na Romania. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == *Romania at Crossroads, Editura Logos, Bucuresti, 2014 and Editura Christiana, 2016 (second revised edition and the country project) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130327182424/http://www.ipid.ro/reprofesionalizarea/?p=629 "Pentru un ideal comun"] [In Search of Common Purpose], Compania Publishing House, Bucharest, 2012. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130327214110/http://www.ipid.ro/wordpress/?p=453 “România după criză. Reprofesionalizarea”] [Romania after the crisis. Reshaping Professional Worth], coordinators {{ill|Mircea Malița|ro}} and Călin Georgescu, Compania Publishing House, Bucharest, 2010. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140712155919/http://www.ipid.ro/rr3_docs/rr3.pdf “Trezirea la realitate”] [A Wake-up Call], in ''România post-criză. Reprofesionalizarea României III'' [''Romania after the Crisis''], 3rd IPID Report, Bucharest, 2010, pp.&nbsp;5–15. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150506021417/http://www.ipid.ro/documente/rr2_ro.pdf “Reclădirea capitalului uman”] [Rebuilding Human Capital], in ''Șansa României: oamenii. Reprofesionalizarea României II'' [''A Chance for Romania: Betting on People''], 2nd IPID Report, București, 2009, pp.&nbsp;7–18. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120309011236/http://www.clubofrome.ro/php/publications_files/pdfs/1262766668.pdf “Romania at the Eve of the Third Millennium”], in Millennium III, special issue on “Which Forces are Driving Europe?, European Conference of the National Associations of the Club of Rome”, Bucharest, 23–24 May 2008, pp.&nbsp;95–103. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140211082435/http://www.ipid.ro/documente/rr1_ro.pdf ''“Reprofesionalizarea României”''] [''Reshaping Professional Worth in Romania''], 1st IPID Report, Bucharest, 2008; author and editor. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20211215215920/https://cndd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/SNDD_2008_EN_.pdf ''National Sustainable Development Strategy of Romania 2013-2020-2030''], (available in Romanian and English), Government of Romania, Bucharest, 2008; Project Manager. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160908065114/http://cndd.ro/documents_local_agenda_21.html ''Planurile Locale de Dezvoltare Durabilă “Agenda Locală 21”''] [Local Sustainable Development Plans under Local Agenda 21], for 40 local authorities, 2000–2008; Project Manager. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230129105922/https://cndd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/NSSD_1999_EN.pdf ''National Sustainable Development Strategy''], (available in Romanian and English), United Nations Development Programme, Bucharest, 1999; Project Manager. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230129105944/https://cndd.ro/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Romania_2020.pdf ''Romania 2020''], Editura Conspress, București, 1998, Editor. ==Edensibia== {{Reflist}} ==Njikọ Mpuga== *Club of Rome (https://www.clubofrome.org/) *European Research Centre of the Club of Rome (http://www.clubofrome.eu/) *United Nations Global Sustainability Index Institute - UNGSII (http://www.ungsii.org/) *United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner - OHCHR (http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/Home.aspx) *United Nations Development Programme - UNDP (http://www.undp.org/ *United Nations Environment Programme - UNEP (http://www.unep.org/) *Centrul Național pentru Dezvoltare Durabilă / National Centre for Sustainable Development (https://web.archive.org/web/20150816045711/http://www.ncsd.ro/) *Strategia Națională pentru Dezvoltarea Durabilă a României / National Sustainable Development Strategy (http://strategia.ncsd.ro/) ===Edemede na ajụjụ ọnụ === *{{YouTube|id=mhPyLLadmgs|title=Legile Afacerilor – Călin Georgescu}} – [[TVR 2]] – "Legile Afacerilor" (Business Laws), 5 September 2016 – in Romanian *[http://adevarul.ro/news/politica/adevarul-live-ora-1400-calin-georgescu-lider-clubul-roma-despre-nationalism-ortodoxie-lupta-politica-1_5757c7815ab6550cb8c110bf/index.html Călin Georgescu despre naționalism, ortodoxie, lupta politică] - 8 June 2016 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230306065929/http://www.corectnews.com/politics/calin-georgescu-nu-recunosc-conducerea-acestei-tari Călin Georgescu: "Nu recunosc conducerea acestei țări"], 29 March 2015 - in Romanian *[http://meritocratia.ro/2014/10/calin-georgescu-interviu-la-realitatea-tv/ Călin Georgescu - interviu la Realitatea TV], 25 September 2014 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20161220171359/http://www.initiativepentruromania.ro/calin-georgescu-interviu-manifest-romania-are-nevoie-de-un-stat-care-isi-serveste-cu-abnegatie-cetatenii-si-nu-de-unul-care-slugareste-capitalul-international-2/ "România are nevoie de un stat care își servește cu abnegație cetățenii"], 3 March 2014 - in Romanian *[http://fundatiacndd.blogspot.ro/2013/03/lideri-priceputi-decizii-cruciale.html ”Lideri pricepuți. Decizii cruciale”]-in Romanian,[http://fundatiacndd.blogspot.ro/2013/03/skilled-leaders-for-crucial-decisions.html ”Skilled Leaders for Crucial Decisions”] in English, foreword to [https://web.archive.org/web/20230527080009/https://www.compania.ro/ Romanian edition of "Bankrupting Nature, Denying our Planetary Boundaries" by Anders Wijkman and Johan Rockström](compania, Bucharest, 2013)-in English. *"[http://www.bursa.ro/calin-georgescu-trebuie-restabilit-echilibrul-intre-rationalitatea-economica-si-suportabilitatea-sociala-145901&s=ziua_zeuro&articol=145901.html Trebuie restabilit echilibrul între raţionalitatea economică şi suportabilitatea socială"], interview by Adina Ardeleanu, BURSA, 27 October 2011. - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102126/http://inregistrari.antena3.ro/view-26_Aug-2011-Vorbe_grele_cu_Victor_Ciutacu-30.html VIDEO Călin Georgescu este invitatul lui Victor Ciutacu la emisiunea "Vorbe Grele" la Antena 3], 26 August 2011. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120328123418/http://romaniapress.ro/interviuri/9657-exclusivitate-avem-ce-invata-de-la-altii-dar-problemele-noastre-tot-noi-trebuie-sa-le-rezolvam.html "Avem ce învăța de la alții, dar problemele noastre tot noi trebuie să le rezolvam"], interview with Călin Georgescu for RomaniaPress.ro, 3 August 2011. - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121008110439/http://www.romanialibera.ro/opinii/interviuri/nisa-romaniei-agricultura-eco-230220.html "Nişa României: agricultura eco"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008110439/http://www.romanialibera.ro/opinii/interviuri/nisa-romaniei-agricultura-eco-230220.html |date=2012-10-08 }}: Călin Georgescu, director executiv al Centrului Naţional pentru Dezvoltare Durabilă din România ["Romania's Niche: bio agriculture": Călin Georgescu, executive director of the National Centre for Sustainable Development"], interview by Sabina Fati, 5 July 2011.-in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220125145007/https://www.wall-street.ro/live-text/Solutii-pentru-o-relansare-economica-imediata-Expertul-Calin-Georgescu-la-Dezbaterile-Wall-Street-ro_34.html Soluții pentru o relansare economică imediată: Expertul Călin Georgescu la Dezbaterile Wall-Street.ro] [Keys to country's immediate economic revival: expert Călin Georgescu at Wall-Street.ro debates], 4 July 2011.-in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110818055115/http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=105268 VIDEO "Pentru omenire, criza actuală nu este o problemă, ci ceea ce urmează după ea"] [The Current Crisis is not the Problem for the Humanity, but what will come after it], interview by Rodica Culcer and Lidia Moise, PRIM PLAN, TVR 1, 20 June 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110823083021/http://www.tvr.ro/inregistrari.php Emisunea PRIM PLAN – integrala] poate fi vazuta la INREGISTRARILE SAPTAMANII, Luni: 20-06-2011.- in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110805081116/http://www.cadranpolitic.ro/?p=4140 "Viitorul va fi al creierului și al minții"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110805073503/http://www.cadranpolitic.ro/?p=4145 The Future Will Belong to the Brain and Mind], interview by Roxana Mazilu, Cadran Politic, April 2011. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110324003901/http://www.tvr.ro/articol.php?id=99484 VIDEO "Interviu în exclusivitate cu Călin Georgescu, unul dintre liderii europeni ai grupului de la Roma"] [Exclusive interview with Calin Georgescu, one of the European leaders of the Club of Rome] interview by Lidia Moise, TVR, 18 March 2011. - in Romanian *Despre soluții pentru o relansare economică imediată a țării [Keys to country's immediate economic revival], interview by Dr. Alex Todericiu, 15 December 2010, Wall Street, [http://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Economie/96663/INTERVIU-Calin-Georgescu-Despre-solutii-pentru-o-relansare-economica-imediata-a-tarii.html INTERVIU - Calin Georgescu: Despre solutii pentru o relansare economica imediata a tarii] (in Romanian). *"Poporul român va dainui, criza e provocată de trufie și lacomie" [The people of Romania will endure. Vanity and greed got us into crisis.], interview by Irina Ursu and Lucian Hainăroșie, 16 November 2010, www.ziare.com, [http://www.ziare.com/social/romani/calin-georgescu-poporul-roman-va-dainui-criza-e-provocata-de-trufie-si-lacomie-interviu-ziare-com-1055795 Calin Georgescu: Poporul roman va dainui, criza e provocata de trufie si lacomie - Interviu] (in Romanian). *"Sunt oameni pregătiţi să-şi dedice viaţa reconstruirii acestei ţări" [We have people who are willing to serve the country] by Anca Hriban and Roland Cătălin Pena, 29 October 2010, Ziua Veche, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130072558/http://ziuaveche.ro/opinii/intalnirile-ziua-veche/7729-intalnirile-ziuavechero-clin-georgescu-sunt-oameni-pregtii-s-i-dedice-viaa-reconstruirii-acestei-ri.html#comments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130072558/http://ziuaveche.ro/opinii/intalnirile-ziua-veche/7729-intalnirile-ziuavechero-clin-georgescu-sunt-oameni-pregtii-s-i-dedice-viaa-reconstruirii-acestei-ri.html#comments |date=2010-11-30 }} (in Romanian). *”Călin Georgescu: ''România nu este aceasta''” [Călin Georgescu: ''This is not Romania''], interview by George Rădulescu, 15 October 2010, Adevărul, [http://www.adevarul.ro/la_masa_adevarului/Calin_Georgescu-_-Romania_nu_este_aceasta_0_353365205.html Călin Georgescu: „România nu este aceasta”] (in Romanian). *VIDEO. "Expertul Călin Georgescu la videochatul Adevărul: ''În patru ani, România ar putea să devină lider european''” [VIDEO The expert Călin Georgescu at Adevărul videochat: ''In four years Romania might become European leader''], 6 October 2010, Adevărul, http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/Expertul_in_Dezvoltare_Durabila_Calin_Georgescu_va_fi_prezent_de_la_ora_13-00_la_vidochatul_adevarul-ro_0_348565358.html (in Romanian). *”Măsurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi” [Austerity Measures in a Rush], interview with Călin Georgescu by Stelian Negrea, Financiarul, 15 June 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100620030447/http://www.financiarul.com/articol_46290/calin-georgescu-masurile-de-austeritate-sunt-luate-pe-genunchi.html Calin Georgescu: „Masurile de austeritate sunt luate pe genunchi“ | Interviu] (in Romanian). *”N-am văzut încă o gândire coerentă pentru repornirea motoarelor economiei” [No Coherent Thinking on Restarting the Economic Engine], interview with Călin Georgescu by Cristian Andrei, Puterea, 13 May 2010, [http://www.puterea.ro/news1878/N-am-vazut-inca-o-gandire-coerenta-pentru-repornirea-motoarelor-economiei.htm{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ] (in Romanian). *”Mergeți la drum cu profesioniștii!” [Go along with the Professionals], article by Călin Georgescu, Foreign Policy România, September/October 2009; [https://web.archive.org/web/20100503111127/http://www.ipid.ro/wordpress/?p=157 Profesional » Blog Archive » Mergeti la drum cu profesionistii! - Blogul Alianței Profesioniștilor pentru Progres] (in Romanian). *”Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru România” [The Professionals Close Ranks for Romania], interview with Călin Georgescu, Jurnalul Național, 9 July 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100502043722/http://www.jurnalul.ro/stire-politic/profesionistii-strang-randurile-pentru-romania-514091.html “Profesioniştii strâng rândurile pentru România”] (in Romanian). *”Reprofesionalizarea României” [Reshaping Romania's Professional Worth], interview with Călin Georgescu by Cristian Banu, Cadran Politic, No 67, 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120309175424/http://arhiva.cadranpolitic.ro/view_article.asp?item=2816 Cadran politic - Revista lunara de analiza si informare politica] (in Romanian). *”Incompetenţa generează corupţia” [Incompetence Breeds Corruption], interview with Călin Georgescu by Ovidiu Nahoi, Adevărul, 9 December 2008, http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/eveniment/Incompetenta-genereaza-coruptia_0_25197567.html (in Romanian). === Akụkọ Mgbasa ozi === *[http://www.activenews.ro/stiri-politic/Afirmatii-fara-precedent-facute-in-direct-la-Televiziunea-Nationala-Romania-nu-mai-este-un-stat-ci-o-corporatie-condusa-de-straini.-In-ultimii-26-ani-Romania-a-pierdut-peste-UN-TRILION-de-euro-mai-mult-decat-a-pierdut-de-la-Stefan-cel-Mare-pana-n-89-138517 "Romania nu mai este un stat, ci o corporatie condusa de straini"], 22 November 2016 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20180104232414/http://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/cine-sunt-oamenii-din-spatele-miscarii-%E2%80%9Emotivatia--romania%E2%80%9C-348314 "Motivatia: Romania"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104232414/http://romanialibera.ro/special/reportaje/cine-sunt-oamenii-din-spatele-miscarii-%E2%80%9Emotivatia--romania%E2%80%9C-348314 |date=2018-01-04 }}, 1 September 2014 - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220625103655/https://csr-romania.ro/articole-si-analize/concepte-de-baza/877-o-solutie-pentru-iesirea-din-criza-dezvoltarea-durabila.html „O soluție pentru ieșirea din criză: dezvoltarea durabilă”] [A way out of the crisis: sustainable development], an article by Green Revolution Association, 9 November 2010, CSR Romania. - in Romanian *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014024001/http://www.cotidianul.ro/126184-Romania_dupa_criza_Reprofesionalizarea ”România după-criză. Reprofesionalizarea”] [Romania after the Crisis. Reshaping Professional Worth], by Dumitru Constantin, 12 October 2010, Cotidianul. -in Romanian *”Reprofesionalizarea României: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric și Dumitru Costin” [Reshaping Romania's Professional Worth: Călin Georgescu, Dan Puric and Dumitru Costin], by I.Culianu, Wordpress, 23 June 2010, [http://culianu.wordpress.com/2010/06/23/reprofesionalizarea-romaniei-calin-georgescu-dan-puric-si-dumitru-costin-2/ Reprofesionalizarea Romaniei: Calin Georgescu, Dan Puric si Dumitru Costin]. *”Desemnarea unui reprezentant al României în funcţia de Raportor special ONU” [Appointment of a Romanian Representative as UN Special Rapporteur], Press release, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bucharest, 21 June 2010, http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=44086&idlnk=2&cat=4. *”Pledoarie pentru competenţă, distributism şi economie civică” [A Plea for Competence, Distributive Growth and Civic Economy] by Ovidiu Hurduzeu, 18 June 2010, http://atreiafortaromaniaprofunda.blogspot.com/2010/06/o-pledoarie-pentru-competenta.html. *”Reprofesionalizarea României - lansarea unui proiect naţional” [Reshaping Romania's Professional Worth: Launch of a National Project], by Roxana Mazilu, Cadran Politic, No 67, 2009 https://web.archive.org/web/20220125145003/http://arhiva.cadranpolitic.ro/view_article.asp?item=2790&title=%3FReprofesionalizarea. *”Anii vacilor slabe” [The Lean Years], by Emil Hurezeanu, Cotidianul, 6 March 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050731/http://old.cotidianul.ro/anii_vacilor_slabe-79.html. *”Formarea elitelor profesionale—soluția pentru dezvoltarea durabilă a României” [Training of Professional Elites: The Solution for Sustainable Development], EurActiv, 3 March 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054035/http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_12705/Formarea-elitelor-profesionale-solutia-pentru-dezvoltarea-durabila-a-Romaniei.html. *”L’IPID a lancé le volume La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie”, Investir en Roumanie, 29 February 2008, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070040/http://www.investir-roumanie.com/L-IPID-a-lance-le-volume-La-Reprofessionnalisation-de-la-Roumanie,540110.html Investir en Roumanie : L’IPID a lancé le volume "La Reprofessionnalisation de la Roumanie" - actualités économiques et opportunités d'affaires en Roumanie]. *”Pentru reprofesionalizarea României e nevoie de proiecte solide” [To Bring Back Professionalism Romania Needs Good Projects], EurActiv, 12 October 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20120306054051/http://www.euractiv.ro/uniunea-europeana/articles%7CdisplayArticle/articleID_8382/Pentru-reprofesionalizarea-Romaniei-e-nevoie-de-proiecte-solide.html. k58b4604y59xxndy5vvpimutherlwdg 0 26698 742416 207740 2026-11-03T07:49:28Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742416 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |DENOSA | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div>Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data note" |1996 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data" |[[Pretoria]], [[Gauteng]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Location | class="infobox-data label" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span class="country-name">[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ndị otu </div> | class="infobox-data" |72,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ndị isi</div> | class="infobox-data" |Simon Hlungwani (onye isi ala) Cassim Lekhoati (ọchịagha)<br /><br /><br /><br /><ref name="leadership"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="93">[http://www.denosa.org.za/Leadership.php?id=340 "Leadership"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="94">''Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="95">DENOSA<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="96"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Mmekọrịta | class="infobox-data" |[[Nzukọ nke Òtù Ọrụ South Africa|COSATU]], ICN (1997) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.denosa.org.za www.denosa.org.za]</span> |} Òtù ndị nọọsụ na-ahụ maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke South Africa bụ otu ndị ọrụ na ndịda Africa na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka òtù afọ ofufo maka ndị nọọsụ South Africa na ndị ọkachamara midwifery ".<ref name="membership">{{Cite web|title=Membership|url=http://www.denosa.org.za/Membership.php?id=357|work=Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa|publisher=DENOSA|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> E guzobere ya n'ụdị ọ dị ugbu a na 5 Disemba 1996.<ref name="about">{{Cite web|title=About|url=http://www.denosa.org.za/About.php?id=339|work=Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa|publisher=DENOSA|accessdate=10 November 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.denosa.org.za/About.php?id=339 "About"]. </cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye mmekọ nke Congress of South African Trade Unions ma ghọọ onye otu zuru oke nke International Council of Nurses na 15 June 1997. Njikọ ahụ kwụsịtụrụ itinye aka na usoro nduzi nke mgbakọ ahụ na 10 Nọvemba 2014 n'ihi nchụpụ nke National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa na 7 Nọnwa N'afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More unions quit Cosatu's exec body|url=http://www.fin24.com/Economy/Labour/News/More-unions-quit-Cosatus-exec-body-20141110|work=fin24|publisher=24.com|accessdate=10 November 2014|date=2014}}</ref> Na nnọkọ ya nke afọ 2010, nzukọ ahụ mere mkpebi na Kọmitii Nchịkwa Mba kwesịrị ịga n'ihu na njikọta ya na South African Democratic Nurses' Union.<ref name="about"/> O guzobere ọtụtụ ọrụ na ebumnuche nke imeziwanye nlekọta ahụike na South Africa. Ihe ndị a na-agụnye ọmụmụ ihe iji kụziere ndị nọọsụ banyere HIV / AIDS na ụkwara nta na'ọtụtụ ọgwụ ọjọọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Projects|url=http://www.denosa.org.za/Projects.php?id=341|work=Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa|publisher=DENOSA|accessdate=10 November 2014}}</ref> == Ịdu == Ndepụta na-esonụ bụ nke ndị ndu mba:<ref name="leadership"/> * Onye isi oche: Simon Hlungwani * Onye isi oche nke mbụ: Letsatsi Modise * Onye isi ala nke abụọ: Thandeka Msibi * Onye Na-ahụ Maka Akụ̀ nke Mba: Cookie Nkambule * Odeakwụkwọ ukwu: Th Thembeka Gwagwa * Onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke abụọ: Ọrụ David Makhombe * Onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke abụọ: Onye ọrụ Madithapo Masemola Ndepụta na-esonụ bụ nke ndị isi oche mpaghara.<ref name="leadership"/> * Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape: Lulekwa Nhlebi * Free State: Thibogang Thole * Gauteng: Simphiwe Gada * KwaZulu-Natal: Sibonelo Cele * Limpopo: Alfred Mpoo Makoana * Mpumalanga: Mzwandile Shongwe * Ebe Ugwu Ọdịda Anyanwụ: Fina Regina Setshedi * Northern Cape: Martin Taolo * Western Cape: Barbara Ruiters == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website ouahq2pqthggooadky5zc75hxai3uu1 0 26726 742647 739441 2026-11-03T08:55:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Honeybee_(Apis_mellifera)_pollinating_Avocado_cv.jpg|thumb|Aṅụ nọ n'elụ ihe ọkụkụ Avocado. Mkpụrụ osisi bụ naanị otu ụdị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.]] [[Usòrò:Upland_bog_which_forms_the_official_source_of_the_Severn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1126228.jpg|thumb|Ugwu ala dị na Wales, na-eme ka isi iyi nke Osimiri Severn. Ubi dị mma na-ejide carbon, na'egbochi mmiri wee belata ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri, ma na -eweghachi mmiri dị ọcha karịa ebe obibi mebiri emebi.]] [[Usòrò:Mothugudem_road_near_Chintoor.jpg|thumb|Ọhịa ọha na eze na Andhra Pradesh, [[Ndia|India]], na-enye mmanụ, nchebe ala, ndò, ọbụnakwa ọdịmma maka ndị njem.]] '''Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi''' bụ ọtụtụ uru dị iche iche nke a na-enye ụmụ mmadụ site na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi ahụike. Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, agroecosystems, oke ọhịa, gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa, na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, na-arụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta dị mma, na-enye ihe ndị dị ka mmetọ nke ihe ọkụkụ, ikuku dị ọcha, mbelata ihu igwe dị oke egwu, na ahụike uche na anụ ahụ mmadụ. N'ozuzu, a na-akpọ uru ndị a dị ka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-abụkarị ihe dị mkpa n'inye nri, inye mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha, nbibi nke ihe mkpofu, na nkwụsi ike na mmepụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi nri. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na gburugburu ebe obibi atụlewo ọrụ gburugburu ụwa n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) na mbido afọ 2000 mere ka echiche a bụrụ ihe a ma ama.<ref name="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005">{{Cite web|url=https://tunza.eco-generation.org/m/view.jsp?board=ourActions&viewID=44521&searchType=&searchName=&pageNumber=1|title=Tunza Eco-generation Eco-generation}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, a na-achịkọta ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụdị anọ sara mbara: inye ihe, dị ka mmepụta nri na mmiri; ịchịkwa, dịka ''ịchịkọta'' ihu igwe na ọrịa; nkwado,dị ka usoro nri nri dị na mmepe oxygen; na ''ọdịbendị'', Dị ka uru ime mmụọ na ntụrụndụ. Iji nyere aka mee ka ndị na-eme mkpebi mara, a na'enyocha ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi iji mee ntụnyere yiri ya na akụrụngwa na ọrụ ndị mmadụ. Esturine na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ gburugburu mmiri. N'ịkọkọ, gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-arụ ọrụ anọ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ dị iche iche: "ọrụ nchịkwa" gụnyere nhazi ihu igwe yana ọgwụgwọ mkpofu na nhazi ọrịa na mpaghara nchekwa. "Ọrụ inye" gụnyere ngwaahịa ọhịa dị ka osisi, ngwaahịa mmiri, mmiri dị ọcha, akụrụngwa, na biochemical na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. "Ọrụ omenala" nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere akụkụ mkpali, ntụrụndụ na njem nlegharị anya, sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ. "Ọrụ nkwado" nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere ịgba ígwè na-edozi ahụ, ebe obibi nke usoro ndu, na mmepụta bụ isi.   == Nkọwa == A na-akọwa ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọrụ mpaghara dị ka ngwongwo na ọrụ ndị gburugburu ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ nyere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Austin|first=Troy|date=2009|title=Estimating Ecosystem Services in Southern Ontario|url=https://alus.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/estimation-of-ecosystem.pdf|journal=}}</ref> Dika nkọwa nke 2006 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi bụ "uru ndị mmadụ na-enweta site na gburugburu ụlọ". MA kọwakwara ụdị anọ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado, na'inye, ịchịkwa, ma na omenala a tụlere n'okpuru ebe a. N'okwu dị mfe inye ihe oriri, mmiri, osisi, eriri, na inye ọgwụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010, e nweela nkọwa ọrụ dị iche iche na nkọwa nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'akwụkwọ. Iji gbochie ịgụta okpukpu abụọ na nyocha ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) dochie "Supporting Services" na MA na "Habitat Services "ecosystem functions", akọwapụtara dị ka "otu akụkụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro gburugburu ụlọ na usoro nke na-akwado ikike nke gburugburu obodo iji nye ngwaahịa na ọrụ". == Ụdị == [[Usòrò:Dungbeetle.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ndị na-eri nri dị ka nsị a na'enyere aka ịgbanwe ihe mkpofu anụmanụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ndị isi na ya nwere ike iji mee ihe ọzọ.]] Ụdị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi anọ dị iche iche bụ ndị sayensị achọpụtala: ọrụ nhazi, ọrụ inye, ọrụ omenala na ọrụ nkwado. Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi anaghị enye ụdị ọrụ anọ niile n'otu oge; ma n'ihi ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke gburugburu ebe obibi ọ bụla, a na-echekarị na ụmụ mmadụ na-erite uru site na nchikota nke ọrụ ndị a. Ọrụ ndị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye (oke ọhịa, oke osimiri, coral reefs, mangroves, wdg) dị iche na ọdịdị na n'ihi ya. N'ezie, ụfọdụ ọrụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ndụ ndị mmadụ gbara agbata obi (dị ka mmiri ọhụrụ, nri ma ọ bụ uru mara mma, wdg) ebe ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi izugbe nke na-emetụta ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè (dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, iwu mmebi, iwu ihe egwu, wdg)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barbier|first=Edward B.|title=The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services|journal=Ecological Monographs|date=May 2011|volume=81|issue=2|pages=169–193|doi=10.1890/10-1510.1|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Value_of_Wetlands_in_Protecting_Southeast_Louisiana_from_Hurricane_Storm_Surges_The/13678900}}</ref> Akụkọ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment nke 2005 kọwara ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka uru ndị mmadụ na-enweta site na gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ma na'etiti ụdị anọ nke ọrụ ecosystem, ebe a na - a-ewere ọrụ nkwado dị Ka ihe ndabere maka ọrụ nke ụdị atọ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005"/> === Nchịkwa ọrụ === * Ịsacha mmiri na [[Mmetọ ikuku|ikuku]] * Mgbochi carbon na nhazi [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] * Mmebi nke ihe mkpofu na mbupụ nke nsị * Predation na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ oriri * Nchịkwa nje na ọrịa * Mkpụrụ osisi * Nchịkwa nsogbu, ya bụ nchebe idei mmiri<ref>{{Cite web|author=Basic Biology|date=2016|title=Wetlands|url=https://basicbiology.net/environment/land/wetlands}}</ref> === Ọrụ inye ihe === A makwaara ọrụ ndị a dị ka ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe obibi:<ref>Walter V. Reid, H. A. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being - A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington DC: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board. Retrieved from http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf</ref> * nri (gụnyere nri mmiri na egwuregwu), ihe ọkụkụ, nri ọhịa, na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ * ihe ndị a na-emepụta (gụnyere osisi, akpụkpọ anụ, mmanụ, ihe ọkụkụ, nri, na fatịlaịza) * ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (gụnyere mkpụrụedemede mmezi ihe ọkụkụ, na nlekọta ahụike) * Mmanụ ndị sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ * ihe ndị na-agwọ ọrịa (gụnyere ọgwụ, ụdị kemịkal, na ihe nyocha na nyocha) * ike (ike mmiri, mmanụ agbịdị) * ihe ịchọ mma (gụnyere ejiji, ọrụ aka, ọla, anụ ụlọ, ofufe, ịchọ ụlọ mma, na ihe ncheta dị ka akpụkpọ anụ, ábụ́bà, ọdụ́, orchid, urukurubụba, azụ aquarium, mkpokoro, wdg.) === Ọrụ ọdịnala === * omenala (gụnyere iji okike eme ihe dị ka ihe na akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri, eserese, akụkọ ọdịnala, akara mba, mgbasa ozi, wdg.) * nke ime mmụọ na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme (gụnyere iji okike eme ihe maka uru okpukpe ma ọ bụ ihe nketa maọbụ okpomọkụ) * Ahụmahụ ntụrụndụ (gụnyere njem gburugburu ebe obibi, egwuregwu n'èzí, na ntụgharị) * sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ (gụnyere iji usoro okike maka njem ụlọ akwụkwọ, na nchọpụta sayensi) * ọgwụgwọ (gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi gburugburu ebe obibi, ọrụ ọhịa na ọgwụgwụ anụmanụ) Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, enwere mkparịta ụka banyere otu esi arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịbendị, otu ihe mara mma nke ala, ihe nketa ọdịnala, ntụrụndụ n"èzí, na ihe ime mmụọ dị mkpa ịkọwa nwere ike ịdaba n-usoro ọrụ ecosystem. ndị na'otu maka ihe nlereanya ndị jikọtara nlezianya na ọrụ na ọdịdị na uru ọdịda.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daniel|first=T. C.|title=Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2012-06-05_109_23/page/8812|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=5 June 2012|volume=109|issue=23|pages=8812–8819|doi=10.1073/pnas.1114773109|pmid=22615401}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, enwere nkatọ dị mkpa banyere echiche nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịbendị nke na-ewulite na arụmụka atọ:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kirchhoff|first=Thomas|title=Pivotal cultural values of nature cannot be integrated into the ecosystem services framework|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=13 November 2012|volume=109|issue=46|pages=E3146|doi=10.1073/pnas.1212409109|pmid=23012476}}</ref> # Ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị dị mkpa na-ejikọta na gburugburu ebe obibi / a na'ubi na na a pụrụ iche nke mpaghara nke a pụghị idozi site na usoro ndị na - usoro sayensị zuru ụwa ọnụ iji chọpụta usoro na ọrụ gburugburu. # Ọ bụrụ na ebe okike / ebe a na-akọ ugbo nwere ihe nnọchianya na ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị ihe ndị a abụghị usoro okpomọkụ kama ọ bụ ihe dị ka ugwu, ọdọ mmiri, ọhịa, na, karịsịa, ọdịdị ihe atụ.<ref>Cf. Cosgrove, D.E. 1984: ''Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape'', London; Schama, S. 1995: ''Landscape and memory''. New York; Kirchhoff, T./Trepl, L./Vicenzotti, V. 2012:''What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions''. Landscape Research iFirst.</ref> # Ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị anaghị esi na njirimara nke usoro okike mepụtara kama ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke otu ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ nke ịhụ n'ime usoro ọdịnala enyere nke ahụmịhe ihe atụ.<ref>Cf. Cosgrove, D.E. 1984: ''Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape'', London; Schama, S. 1995: ''Landscape and memory''. New York; Backhaus, G./Murungi, J. (eds.): ''Symbolic Landscapes''. Dordrecht 2009.</ref> The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) bụ atụmatụ nkewa mepụtara na usoro ndekọ ego (dị ka National counts wdg), iji zere ịgụta okpukpu abụọ nke Ọrụ Nkwado na ndị ọzọ Provisioning and Regulating Services.<ref>https://cices.eu/{{full citation needed|date=October 2021}}</ref> === Ọrụ nkwado === Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-enweghị isi na ọrụ nchịkwa na ngalaba ụfọdụ, mana gụnyere ọrụ dịka, ma ọ bụghị naanị, ịgba ọsọ nri, mmepụta mbụ, nhazi ala, inye [[Habitat|ebe obibi]]. Ọrụ ndị a na-eme ka o kwe omume ka usoro okike gaa n'ihu na ịnye ọrụ dịka nri, nchịkwa idei mmiri, na ịdị ọcha mmiri. Slade et al. depụtara ọnọdụ ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ụdị ga-eme ka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwuo ukwuu<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Slade|first=Eleanor M.|title=When Do More Species Maximize More Ecosystem Services?|journal=Trends in Plant Science|date=September 2019|volume=24|issue=9|pages=790–793|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.014|pmid=31326334}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Nghọta nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ ntọala siri ike na ecology, nke na-akọwa ụkpụrụ dị n'okpuru na mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebe ọ bụ na akpịrịkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-emekọrịta ihe nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na microbes ruo na mbara ala, milliseconds ruo ọtụtụ nde afọ, otu n'ime ihe ịma aka kasịnụ fọdụrụnụ bụ nkọwa nkọwa nke ike na ihe onwunwe na-aga n'etiti ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara nke oke ọhịa, detritus dị n'elu ya, obere ihe ndị dị na ala, ọdịdị ala dị iche iche, na àgwà nke ala n'onwe ya ga-enye aka na ikike nke ọhịa ahụ maka ịnye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka carbon sequestration, mmiri. ịdị ọcha, na mgbochi mbuze na mpaghara ndị ọzọ n'ime mmiri mmiri. Rịba ama na ọ na-enwekarị ike ijikọta ọtụtụ ọrụ ọnụ na mgbe echekwabara uru nke ebumnobi ezubere iche, a nwekwara ike ịnwe uru enyemaka - otu ọhịa ahụ nwere ike inye [[Habitat|ebe obibi]] maka ihe ndị dị ndụ ndị ahụ ọzọ yana ntụrụndụ mmadụ, nke bụkwa ọrụ gburugburu ebe dị. Mgbagwoju anya nke gburugburu ụwa na-ebute ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihe ịma aka ka ha na-agbalị ịghọta ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ, usoro na gburugburu ha. Dị ka ọ na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ, atụmatụ nyocha a tụrụ aro maka ọmụmụ nke ọrụ gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere usoro ndị a:<ref name="Kremen 2005">{{Cite journal|author=Kremen|first=Claire|title=Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology?: Ecology of ecosystem services|journal=Ecology Letters|date=May 2005|volume=8|issue=5|pages=468–479|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x|pmid=21352450}}</ref> # njirimara nke ''ndị na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi'' (ESPs) ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ na - na # mkpebi nke akụkụ nke nhazi obodo nke na-emetụta otú ESPs si arụ ọrụ na ala ha, dị ka nzaghachi nkwụghachi ụgwọ nke mere ka ọrụ kwụsie ike na usoro mkpochapụ na'enweghị atụ nke nwere ike imebi ya. # nyocha nke isi ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi (abiotic) na-emetụta inye ọrụ; # nyocha nke oghere na oge ESPs na ọrụ ha na-arụ ọrụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e mepụtara usoro iji melite ma mee ka nyocha nke ọrụ ESP dị mma site n'ịtụle mkpa dị iche iche dị nro n"ihe gbasara arụmọrụ na ụba ha.<ref name="Balvanera">{{Cite journal|author=Balvanera|first=Patricia|title=Applying community structure analysis to ecosystem function: examples from pollination and carbon storage|url=https://archive.org/details/ecological-applications_2005-02_15_1/page/360|journal=Ecological Applications|date=February 2005|volume=15|issue=1|pages=360–375|doi=10.1890/03-5192}}</ref> Akụkụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-enye ihe ngosi nke ka ụdị dị iche iche si emeghachi omume na mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi (ya bụ ndị na-eri anụ, nnweta ihe onwunwe, ihu igwe) ma bara uru maka ịchọta ụdị ndị na-adịghị mkpa n'inye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndọghachi azụ dị oke egwu bụ na usoro ahụ anaghị agụta mmetụta nke mmekọrịta, nke na-abụkarị ma mgbagwoju anya ma dị mkpa n'ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike ịgụnye ụdị ndị na-adịghị ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe mbụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ịtụle nhazi ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ijikọta ya na ozi gbasara àgwà ụdị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike inyere anyị aka ịghọta nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ekwenyekwa na a ga-eji ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ mee ka inye ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi guzosie ike. Ịbawanye ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na-eritekwa uru dị iche iche ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị na ọha mmadụ. Ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa maka njikwa akụrụngwa na ọrụ ha. === Echiche nke ihe efu === A na-akpọ echiche nke ihe efu nke gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ''ụgwọ ọrụ'' ma na'echiche na ihe karịrị otu ụdị na na - na<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Walker|first=Brian H.|title=Biodiversity and Ecological Redundancy|journal=Conservation Biology|date=March 1992|volume=6|issue=1|pages=18–23|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.610018.x}}</ref> Karịsịa, a na-akọwa ya site na otu ụdị na - na: ọ na na (na-eme ka arụmọrụ ya dịkwuo mma n'inye ọrụ mgbe a kwusiri ike na ọnọdụ iji nọgide na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-1773-3_22|chapter=Species Compensation and Complementarity in Ecosystem Function|title=Linking Species & Ecosystems|year=1995|author=Frost|first=Thomas M.|pages=224–239|isbn=978-1-4613-5714-8}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ịdabere n'ụdị a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị otú ahụ na-etinyekwu nrụgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-emekarị ka ọ nwee ike ịkpata ọgba aghara na-esote.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hooper|first=D. U.|title=Effects of Biodiversity on Ecosystem Functioning: A Consensus of Current Knowledge|journal=Ecological Monographs|date=2005|volume=75|issue=1|pages=3–35|doi=10.1890/04-0922|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2060/1/Hooper_2005.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923215238/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2060/1/Hooper_2005.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-23|access-date=2023-05-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enwere ike ichikota echiche nke ihe efu dị ka "ụdị na-akwalite nkwụsi ike gburugburu ebe obibi"..<ref name="Naeem 1998">{{Cite journal|author=Naeem|first=Shahid|title=Species Redundancy and Ecosystem Reliability|journal=Conservation Biology|date=18 July 2008|volume=12|issue=1|pages=39–45|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96379.x}}</ref> Echiche ọzọ na-eji ihe atụ nke rivets na nku ụgbọelu iji tụnyere mmetụta dị egwu nke ọnwụ nke ụdị ọ bụla ga-enwe na ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi; a na'akpọ nke a mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ''rivet popping''.<ref name="Lawton 1994">{{Cite journal|author=Lawton|first=John H.|title=What Do Species Do in Ecosystems?|journal=Oikos|date=1994|volume=71|issue=3|pages=367–374|doi=10.2307/3545824}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị otu ụdị na-apụ n'anya, ọnwụ nke arụmọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n"ozuzu ya dị obere; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụgodị na ọtụtụ ụdị furu efu, usoro ahụ ga-ada nʼụzọ dị ukwuu dị ka ụgbọelu nke furu ọtụtụ rivets. Echiche ahụ na-eche na ụdị dị iche iche bụ ndị pụrụ iche na ọrụ ha nakwa na ikike ha ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ibe ha dị obere karịa na echiche nke redundancy. N'ihi ya, ọnwụ nke ụdị ọ bụla dị oke mkpa maka arụmọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Isi ihe dị iche bụ ọnụego nke ọnwụ nke ụdị na-emetụta ọrụ zuru oke nke gburugburu ebe obibi. === Mmetụta nke pọtụfoliyo === Nkọwa nke atọ, nke a maara dị ka ''mmetụta nke pọtụfoliyo'', na-eji ụdị dị iche iche tụnyere ngwaahịa, ebe ụdị ọ bụla na'ebelata mgbanwe nke itinye ego, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ a, ihe ize ndụ nke ọgba aghara nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tilman|first=David|title=Diversity‐Stability Relationships: Statistical Inevitability or Ecological Consequence?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1998-03_151_3/page/277|journal=The American Naturalist|date=March 1998|volume=151|issue=3|pages=277–282|doi=10.1086/286118|pmid=18811358}}</ref> Nke a nwere njikọ na echiche nke ''nzaghachi dị iche iche'' ebe ọtụtụ ụdị ga-egosipụta nzeghachi omume dịgasị iche na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe a tụlere ha ọnụ, ha na-emepụta ọrụ na'ịkwado nke na - echekwa iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Elmqvist|first=Thomas|title=Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=November 2003|volume=1|issue=9|pages=488–494|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nnwale anwalewo echiche ndị a ma n'ọhịa ma na ụlọ nyocha. Na ECOTRON, ụlọ nyocha dị na UK ebe enwere ike ịme ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ na ihe na ya dị ọcha, ọmụmụ ihe lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta nke earthworms na symbiotic bacteria na mgbọrọgwụ osisi.<ref name="Lawton 1994"/> Nnyocha ndị a nke ụlọ nyocha yiri ka ha na-akwado echiche rivet. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha na ala ahịhịa na Cedar Creek Reserve na [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]] na-akwado echiche nke redundancy, dị ka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grime|first=J. P.|title=Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: The Debate Deepens|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-08-29_277_5330/page/1260|journal=Science|date=29 August 1997|volume=277|issue=5330|pages=1260–1261|doi=10.1126/science.277.5330.1260}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi == Estuarine na gburugburu mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri. N'ịkọkọ, gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-arụ ọrụ anọ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ dị iche iche: "ọrụ nchịkwa" gụnyere nhazi ihu igwe yana ọgwụgwọ mkpofu na nhazi ọrịa na mpaghara nchekwa. "Ọrụ inye" gụnyere ngwaahịa ọhịa, ngwaahịa mmiri, mmiri dị ọcha, akụrụngwa, biochemical na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. "Ọrụ omenala" nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere akụkụ mkpali, ntụrụndụ na njem nlegharị anya, sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ. "Ọrụ nkwado" nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri gụnyere ịgba ígwè na-edozi ahụ, ebe obibi ndụ na usoro mmepụta ihe. Ụsọ oke osimiri na mpaghara ha dị n'akụkụ na n'akụkụ oke osimiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ngwakọta nke mmiri ọhụrụ na mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]] (mmiri brackish) na estuaries na-enye ọtụtụ nri maka ndụ mmiri. Mmiri nnu, mangroves na osimiri na-akwadokwa ụdị osisi dị iche iche, anụmanụ na ụmụ ahụhụ dị mkpa maka usoro nri. Ọkwa dị elu nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche na-emepụta ọkwa dị elu nke ọrụ ndu, nke dọtara ọrụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Oke osimiri na-emepụtakwa ihe dị mkpa maka ihe ndị dị ndụ ga-ebi na ya, gụnyere estuaries, wetland, seagrass, coral reefs, and mangroves. Oke osimiri na-enye ebe obibi maka nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ, nduru mmiri, anụ mamma nke mmiri na coral reefs..<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=ORD|date=2017-11-02|title=Coastal Waters|url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/coastal-waters|accessdate=2020-05-04|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> === Nchịkwa ọrụ === Ọrụ nchịkwa bụ "uru ndị a na-enweta site na nchịkọta usoro gburugburu ebe obibi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html|title=Millennium Ecosystem Assessment|work=www.millenniumassessment.org|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224041032/http://millenniumassessment.org/en/index.html|archivedate=24 February 2018}}</ref> N'ihe banyere gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n"ọnụ mmiri, ọrụ ndị a gụnyere nhazi ihu igwe, ọgwụgwọ mkpofu na nchịkwa ọrịa na nhazi ihe ize ndụ okike. ==== Nchịkwa ihu igwe ==== Ma mkpokọta biotic na abiotic nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na-ekere òkè na nhazi ihu igwe. Ha na-eme dị ka sponges mgbe ọ na-abịakwute gas na ikuku, na-ejigide nnukwu ọkwa nke CO2 na ndị ọzọ griin haus gas (methane na nitrous oxide). Osisi mmiri na-ejikwa CO2 maka ebumnuche photosynthesis ma nyere aka n'ibelata ikuku CO2. Oké osimiri na oké osimiri na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ site na ikuku ma na-ekesa ya site na mmiri mmiri, na usoro ikuku, dị ka evaporation na ngosipụta nke ìhè na-enye ohere dị jụụ na ikpo ọkụ nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. Okpomọkụ nke oke osimiri dị oke mkpa maka nhazi nke ikuku ikuku n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ụwa: "na-enweghị oké osimiri, ụwa ga-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu n'oge ìhè ehihie na oyi na-atụ oyi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị oyi, n'abalị".<ref name="davidsuzuki.org"/> ==== Ọgwụgwọ mkpofu na nchịkwa ọrịa ==== Ọrụ ọzọ a na-enye site na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri bụ ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu, si otú a na-enyere aka na nhazi nke ọrịa. Enwere ike ịgbanye ihe mkpofu ma mebie ya site na ibufe ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri; A na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi ma chekwaa, lie ma ọ bụ megharịa ya n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri: "Mkpụrụ ndụ mmiri na-agbaji ihe mkpofu ahịhịa site na obodo microbial na-enyocha mmiri, belata / na-egbochi mmetụta nke eutrophication, ma na-akụda hydrocarbons na-egbu egbu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi dị ka carbon. dioxide, nitrogen, phosphorus, na mmiri".<ref name="davidsuzuki.org"/> Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-eji mmiri buru ibu na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu ma na-ebugharị na mmiri mmiri na-eduga na nhazi nke ọrịa na ibelata nsị na nri mmiri. ==== Ebe ndị na-egbochi ==== Usoro okike dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na nke dị na mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe mgbochi megide ihe ize ndụ okpomọkụ na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, dị Ka idei mmiri, oké ifufe, ebili mmiri nke ezuzo na oké mmiri ozuzo. Ọrụ ha na-arụ bụ "[na-amịkọrọ] akụkụ nke mmetụta ahụ ma si otú a [belata] mmetụta ya n'ala".<ref name="davidsuzuki.org">{{Cite web|author=Molnar|first=Michelle|url=http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/downloads/2009/marine_ecosystems_report_web.pdf|title=Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services|accessdate=2014-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230158/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/downloads/2009/marine_ecosystems_report_web.pdf|archivedate=3 March 2016|date=2009}}</ref> Ala mmiri (nke gụnyere mmiri nnu, mmiri mmiri na-atọ ụtọ, ...) na ahịhịa ọ na'okpuru ala na osisi, mgbọrọgwụ, wdg. Na-ejigide mmiri buru ibu (mmiri elu, snow, ruwan ozuzo, Mmiri dị n'ime ala) wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ ha azụ, na na -ebelata ohere nke idei mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Campos C.|first=Adolfo|title=Soil water retention and carbon pools in tropical forested wetlands and marshes of the Gulf of Mexico|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|date=December 2011|volume=56|issue=8|pages=1388–1406|doi=10.1080/02626667.2011.629786}}</ref> Oké ọhịa mangrove na-echebe ụsọ mmiri site na mbuze mmiri ma ọ bụ mbufe mmiri; usoro a mụrụ mgbe oké ifufe nke 1999 dakwasịrị India. Obodo nta ndị e ji ọhịa mangrove gbaa gburugburu nwere obere mmebi karịa obodo nta nta ndi ozo nke mangroves na-echebe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Badola|first=Ruchi|title=Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-conservation_2005-03_32_1/page/85|journal=Environmental Conservation|date=March 2005|volume=32|issue=1|pages=85–92|doi=10.1017/S0376892905001967}}</ref> === Ọrụ inye ihe === Ọrụ inye ihe na-agụnye "ngwaahịa niile e nwetara site na gburugburu ebe obibi". ==== Ngwaahịa ọhịa ==== Oké ọhịa na-emepụta ụdị osisi dị ukwuu na ụdị dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere osisi gbara gburugburu, osisi a sawara, akụkụ, na osisi injinia, dịka, cross-laminated, yana pulp na akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Main report|publisher=FAO|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-132974-0|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/ca9825en}}</ref> E wezụga mmepụta nke osisi, ọrụ ọhịa nwekwara ike ịkpata ngwaahịa ndị na-agafe obere nhazi, dị ka osisi ọkụ, icheku ọkụ na osisi gbara gburugburu eji n'ụdị a na'enweghị nhazi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings|publisher=FAO|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-132581-0|doi=10.4060/ca8753en}}</ref> Mmepụta zuru ụwa ọnụ na ahia nke nnukwu ngwaahịa osisi niile dekọrọ uru ha kachasị elu na 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca7415en|title=Global forest products facts and figures 2018|publisher=FAO|year=2019}}</ref> Mmepụta, mbubata na mbupụ nke osisi gburugburu, osisi a kwụsịrị, akụkụ osisi, pulp osisi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief|publisher=FAO & UNEP|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-132707-4|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/ca8985en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2018, uto na mmepụta nke ndị isi na-emepụta osisi sitere na otu pasent (ogwe osisi) ruo pasent ise (ụlọ ọrụ).<ref name=":0" /> Uto kachasị ngwa ngwa mere na mpaghara Asia-Pacific, Northern America na Europe, ma eleghị anya n'ihi ọganihu akụ na ụba dị mma na ebe ndị a.<ref name=":0" /> Oké ọhịa na-enyekwa ngwaahịa ọhịa ndị na'abụghị osisi, gụnyere nri, ahịhịa na ọgwụ, na nri ọhịa.N'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka otu ijeri mmadụ na-adabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na nri ọhịa dịka anụ ọhịa, ụmụ ahụhụ a na'iri eri, ngwaahịa osisi a nụrụ eri eri na azụ, nke na - mgbe niile nwere ọkwa dị elu nke micronutrients.<ref name=":1"/> Uru nke nri ọhịa dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ anaghị ejedebe na mba ndị na'etiti na ndị dị ala; ihe karịrị nde mmadụ otu narị na European Union (EU) na -eri nri anụ ọhịa mgbe niile.<ref name=":1" /> Ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 2.ụọnna nde anọ 'ime obodo na ime obodo jiri ike sitere na osisi maka isi nri.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Ngwaahịa mmírí ==== Usoro okike nke mmiri na-enye ndị mmadụ: nri mmiri nke ọhịa na nke a kụrụ akụ, mmiri dị ọcha, eriri na mmanụ na ihe onwunwe nke kemịkal na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.nap.edu/read/11139/chapter/5|title=Read "Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making" at NAP.edu|year=2004|doi=10.17226/11139|isbn=978-0-309-09318-7|language=en}}</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ na-eri ọtụtụ ngwaahịa sitere n'oké osimiri, ma ọ bụ dị ka ngwaahịa na'ụzọ na na ya maọbụ maka iji ya na ngalaba ndị ọzọ: "Ihe karịrị otu ijeri mmadụ n"ụwa niile, ọ bụkwa otu ụzọ n "ụzọ isii nke ndị bi n-ụwa, dabere na azụ dị Ka isi iyi ha nke protein anụmanụ. N'afọ 2000, azụ azụ n'oké osimiri na n"ụsọ oké osimiri mejupụtara pasent iri na abụọ nke mmepụta nri ụwa.<ref name="ReferenceA">Molnar, Michelle; Clarke-Murray, Cathryn; Whitworth, Jogn & Tam, Jordan. {{Cite web|url=http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/downloads/2009/marine_ecosystems_report_web.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230158/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/downloads/2009/marine_ecosystems_report_web.pdf|archivedate=3 March 2016}}, 2009</ref> Azụ na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-eri n'oké osimiri bụ azụ, azụ shellfish, roe na seaweeds bụ maka ndị bi n"ụsọ oké osimiri ihe bụ isi nke nri ọdịbendị, ụkpụrụ na omenala obodo. Ihe atụ dị oke mkpa ga-abụ sushi, nri mba nke [[Japan]], nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na ahịhịa mmiri dị iche iche. ==== Mmiri dị ọcha ==== A na-akpọ akụkụ mmiri ndị na-etinyeghị oke na nnu dị ka ahụ 'mmiri ọhụrụ'. Mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike na-agafe n'ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na iyi, dịka ole na ole; mana a na-ahụ ya nke ọma na steeti oyi kpọnwụrụ ma ọ bụ dị ka mmiri ala ma ọ bụ lie ya n'ime ala. Mmiri dị ọcha abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ, kamakwa maka nlanarị nke ụdị anụmanụ niile dị adị, osisi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Freshwater and Where is it Found?|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/industries/freshwater-systems|work=World Wildlife Fund|accessdate=13 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ihe ndi eji emepụta ihe ==== Ihe ndị e kere eke n'ime mmiri na-enye anyị ihe ndị dị mkpa maka imepụta uwe, ihe owuwu (lime e wepụtara na coral reefs), ihe ịchọ mma na ihe eji eme ihe (luffas, nka na ọla): "Akpụkpọ anụ na'oké osimiri maka uweojii, gas maka mmepụta ike, lime (nke e nwetara na Coral Reefes) maka iwu ụlọ, na osisi mangroves na oké ọhịa ndị ọzọ maka ebe mgbaba bụ ụfọdụ n" ndị a maara nke ihe dị n-ahụkarị nke mmiri. A na-ejikwa ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri eme ihe maka ihe na'ụzọ na na ya, dị ka mkpokoro na coral n"ihe ịchọ mma.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Ụmụ mmadụ ekwuola maka usoro dị n'ime gburugburu mmiri maka mmepụta nke ike na-agbanwe agbanwe: iji ike nke ebili mmiri ma ọ bụ ike ebale mmiri dị ka isi iyi nke ume maka ike turbine, dịka ọmụmaatụ.<ref name=":2"/> A na-eji oké osimiri na oké Osimiri eme ihe dị ka ebe maka mmanụ na gas na mmiri, ugbo ifufe n'ụsọ oké mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About Offshore Wind Energy|url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/articles/top-10-things-you-didnt-know-about-offshore-wind-energy|work=Energy.gov|accessdate=19 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ihe onwunwe nke kemịkal na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ==== Akụrụngwa biochemical bụ ogige ndị a na-enweta site na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri maka iji ọgwụ, ọgwụ, ihe ịchọ mma, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. Akụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri nke a ga-emesị jiri mee ihe maka ịzụ ụmụ anụmanụ na ihe ọkụkụ na maka ọganihu nkà na ụzụ na mpaghara ndu. A na-ewepụta akụrụngwa ndị a ozugbo site n'anụ ahụ - dị ka mmanụ azụ dị ka isi iyi nke omega3 - ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe atụ maka ngwaahịa mmadụ mere ọhụrụ: "dị ka iwu teknụzụ fiber optics dabere na njirimara nke sponges. ... Tụnyere ngwaahịa ụwa, ngwaahịa ndị sitere n'oké osimiri na-enwekarị mmetụta bioactive karị, ma eleghị anya n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri aghaghị ịnọgide na-enwe ike ha n'agbanyeghị na a na-agbaze ya na mmiri oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu.".<ref name="ReferenceA"/> === Ọrụ ọdịnala === Ọrụ ọdịnala na-emetụta ụwa na'enweghị ihe onwunwe, ebe ọ bụ na ha na - uru ntụrụndụ, ịma mma, nghọta na ọrụ ime mmụọ, nke a na na<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural services|url=http://www.fao.org/ecosystem-services-biodiversity/background/cultural-services/en/|work=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=19 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ihe na-akpali akpali ==== Ọtụtụ ndị ejirila gburugburu mmiri mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpali maka ọrụ nkà ha, egwu, ihe owuwu, omenala ... Ebe mmiri dị mkpa n'ụzọ ime mmụọ dịka ọtụtụ ndị na-ele ha anya dị ka ụzọ maka ịmaliteghachi na mgbanwe echiche. Ọtụtụ na-ewerekwa mmiri ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke àgwà ha, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha bi nso ya kemgbe ha bụ ụmụaka: ha na-ejikọta ya na ncheta obi ụtọ na ahụmahụ ndị gara aga. Ibi nso ozu mmiri ruo ogologo oge na-ebute ụfọdụ ihe omume mmiri na-aghọ ememe na ndụ ndị mmadụ na nke omenala na mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Geng|first=Yanfei|date=2017-10-25|title=The implications of ritual practices and ritual plant uses on nature conservation: a case study among the Naxi in Yunnan Province, Southwest China|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-017-0186-3|journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine|volume=13|issue=1|pages=58|doi=10.1186/s13002-017-0186-3|issn=1746-4269|pmid=29065881}}</ref> ==== Ntụrụndụ na njem nleta ==== Egwuregwu mmiri na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị bi n"ụsọ oké osimiri: ịnya ụgbọ mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ ala, ikiri whale, ịgba kayak, ịkụ azụ ntụrụndụ ... ọtụtụ ndị njem nleta na'ebe ezumike dị nso nʼoké osimiri ma ọ bụ osimiri iji nwee ike ịnwale ihe omume ndị a, ma zuo ike n'"akụkụ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Westcott|first=Morgan|date=2021-06-04|title=5.2 Recreation and Adventure Tourism in BC|url=https://opentextbc.ca/introtourism2e/chapter/recreation-and-adventure-tourism-in-bc/|language=en}}</ref> United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 nwekwara ebumnuche iji bulie ojiji nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka njem nleta na-adịgide adịgide karịsịa na Small Island Developing States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 14 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html|accessdate=2020-09-24|work=UNDP|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930060036/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Tourism_on_Greek_Beaches.jpg|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri dị n'ebe ntụrụndụ.]] ==== Sayensị na agụmakwụkwọ ==== Enwere ike ịmụta ọtụtụ ihe site na usoro mmiri, gburugburu na ihe ndị dị ndụ - nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ n'ime omume anyị kwa ụbọchị na n'ime ngalaba sayensị. Ọ bụ ezie na a ka mara ọtụtụ ihe banyere ụwa oké osimiri: "site n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na mgbagwoju anya nke gburugburu mmiri na otú o si emetụta ya site na nnukwu akpịrịkpa mbara igwe, oge nkwụsị oge, na mmetụta nchịkọta.<ref name="davidsuzuki.org"/> === Ọrụ nkwado === Ọrụ nkwado bụ ọrụ ndị na-enye ohere maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ ka ha nọrọ. Ha nwere mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè na ụmụ mmadụ nke na'ime ogologo oge. Enwere ike iwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-akwado ọrụ na nhazi / ọdịbendị / ọrụ inye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ecosystem Services|url=https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Understanding-Conservation/Ecosystem-Services|work=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate=19 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> ==== Njem nke ihe oriri ==== Nchịkọta nri bụ mmegharị nke ihe oriri site na gburugburu ebe obibi site n'usoro ndụ na abiotic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scienceaid.net/biology/ecology/nutrient.html|title=Nutrient Cycles: Recycling in Ecosystems, The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles – ScienceAid|work=ScienceAid|accessdate=2018-05-16|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730225611/https://scienceaid.net/biology/ecology/nutrient.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Oké osimiri bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri nchekwa maka ihe ndị a na-edozi ahụ, dị ka carbon, nitrogen na phosphorus. Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ na'ime ihe ndị dị n'ụgbọ mmiri na na - na: ihe na A na-emegharị ihe oriri site na ndụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ka ha na'ọnwụ ma na na -ere ure, na "Ọrụ nke usoro nri na-edozi ahụ na'ikpeazụ na - emetụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ niile dị ndụ dịka ihe niile na ya chọrọ ihe na na ahụ mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ".<ref name="davidsuzuki.org"/> ==== Ebe obibi ndị a na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ ==== A na-akọwa ebe obibi ndị a na'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka ebe ndị ihe dị n'ime mmiri na ndị ọzọ.<ref>UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report, {{Cite web|url=http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/Resources/tabid/82/Default.aspx|title=UK NEA|accessdate=2014-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707060244/http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/Resources/tabid/82/Default.aspx|archivedate=7 July 2014}}, ''Chapters 13–16'', June 2011</ref> Ọ dịghị mkpa ka ndị a gbanwee naanị maka ebumnuche nke ije ozi dị ka ebe obibi, mana ha na-aghọ ebe ndụ ka ha nọ na'okike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, coral reefs na mangrove forests bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị azụ, seaweed na shellfish... Mkpa ebe obibi ndị a bụ na ha na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche, na'inyere aka n"inye ngwaahịa na ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ha dịkwa ezigbo mkpa maka uto n'oge mmalite nke ụdị mmiri (ịzụlite na oghere bursary), ebe ha na-eje ozi dị ka isi nri na dị iche iche pụọ na ndị na'anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Steele|first=John H|date=2019-01-01|title=Comparison of marine and terrestrial ecosystems: suggestions of an evolutionary perspective influenced by environmental variation|journal=ICES Journal of Marine Science|volume=76|issue=1|pages=50–59|doi=10.1093/icesjms/fsy149|issn=1054-3139}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Example_of_Biologically_Mediated_Habitats.jpg|thumb|Coral na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ụdị mmiri.]] ==== Mmepụta mbụ ==== Mmepụta mbụ na-ezo aka na mmepụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ya bụ, ike a na'ime kemịkal, site na usoro ndị dịka photosynthesis na chemosynchesis. Ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke ndị na-emepụta ihe bụ isi na ya bụ ihe ndabere nke eriri nri niile. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-emepụta oxygen (O2), molekụl dị mkpa iji kwado ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1118506243|title=ISBN1118506243 – Google zoeken|accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canr.msu.edu/nativeplants/ecosystem_services|title=Ecosystem Services|work=msu.edu|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228161544/http://www.canr.msu.edu/nativeplants/ecosystem_services/|archivedate=28 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc.notes/1.atmosphere/oxygen_and_human_requirements.htm|title=Oxygen and Human Requirements|work=www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022082604/http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/wc.notes/1.atmosphere/oxygen_and_human_requirements.htm|archivedate=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev3.shtml|title=BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Inhaled and exhaled air|work=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=28 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026150605/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev3.shtml|archivedate=26 October 2017}}</ref> Na nkezi, mmadụ na-eri ihe dị ka lita 550 nke oxygen kwa ụbọchị, ebe osisi na'emepụta lita 1.5 nke ikuku oxygen na gram 10 nke uto. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Usòrò:Suds_pond_at_Cromar_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1756832.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide n'obodo ukwu dị nso n"ụlọ na Scotland. Nchịkọta na nhicha nke mmiri na mmiri mkpofu site na ahịhịa okike bụ ụdị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.]] Enwere ajụjụ gbasara ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba nke ọrụ gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Raudsepp-Hearne|first=Ciara|title=Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why Is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_2010-09_60_8/page/576|journal=BioScience|date=September 2010|volume=60|issue=8|pages=576–589|doi=10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.4}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị ama banyere gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu ya na njikọ mmadụ na gburugburu ihe okike, nke nwere anya kpatara echiche na-ezighi ezi. Ọ bụ ezie na mmata banyere gburugburu ebe obibi na-akawanye mma n'ụwa anyị nke oge a, a ka na'aghọtaghị isi obodo gburugburu ụlọ na ọwa ya, egwu na na - na, anyị na<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hardin|first=Garrett|title=The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-12-13_162_3859/page/1243|journal=Science|date=13 December 1968|volume=162|issue=3859|pages=1243–1248|doi=10.1126/science.162.3859.1243|pmid=17756331}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mgbalị iji mee ka ndị na-eme mkpebi mara banyere ihe na uru dị ugbu a na ọdịnihu ugbu nga gụnyere ịhazi na ịsụgharị ihe ọmụma sayensị na akụ na ụba, nke na'akọwapụta nsonaazụ nke nhọrọ anyị na mpaghara mmetụta yiri ya na ahụike mmadụ.<ref name="Daily et al. 2000.">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Gretchen C.|title=The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-07-21_289_5478/page/395|journal=Science|date=21 July 2000|volume=289|issue=5478|pages=395–396|doi=10.1126/science.289.5478.395|pmid=10939949}}</ref> Otu akụkụ siri ike nke usoro a bụ na ịkọwa ozi gburugburu ebe obibi anakọtara site n'otu oge-oge apụtaghị na enwere ike itinye ya n"ọrụ na nke ọzọ; ịghọta usoro gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ihe dị mkpa nʼinyere mkpebi akụ na ụba aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=DeFries|first=Ruth S.|title=Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=June 2004|volume=2|issue=5|pages=249–257|doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0249:LCBHNA]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-atụle ihe dị ka enweghị ike dochie anya ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị a na'ime ya nwekwara ike ịnye uru akụ na ụba nke mere na iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ga-akawanye mma. Ọnụ ọgụgụ akụ na ụba nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnyekwa nkwurịta okwu na ozi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe ndị ka na na'ihe ịma aka ma bụrụ ihe ọtụtụ ndị na - nchọpụta na ya na.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Górriz-Mifsud|first=Elena|title=Demand and supply of ecosystem services in a Mediterranean forest: Computing payment boundaries|journal=Ecosystem Services|date=February 2016|volume=17|pages=53–63|doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.006}}</ref> N'ozuzu, echiche ahụ bụ na ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ na-eme mkpebi maka ihe ọ bụla dịgasị iche iche, ọnọdụ na'ihi na ha na na - na: Ụzọ isii dị mkpa maka ịba uru maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'okwu ego bụ:<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Farber|first=Stephen C.|title=Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services|journal=Ecological Economics|date=June 2002|volume=41|issue=3|pages=375–392|doi=10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00088-5}}</ref> * Ọnụahịa a na-ezere: Ọrụ na-enye ọha mmadụ ohere izere ụgwọ a gaara enweta na enweghị ọrụ ndị ahụ (dịka ọgwụgwọ mkpofu site na ebe obibi mmiri na'ezere ego ahụike) * Ọnụ ego mgbanwe: Enwere ike iji usoro mmadụ dochie ọrụ (dịka mweghachi nke Catskill Watershed na-efu ihe na'okpuru iwu ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri). * Ihe na-enweta ego: Ọrụ na'enye maka mmụba nke ego a na ya (dịka, mma mmiri na na - na * Ọnụ ego njem: Ọrụ chọrọ nwere ike ịchọ njem, nke ọnụahịa ya nwere ikike igosipụta uru nke ọrụ ahụ (dịka uru ahụmịhe njem gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ihe onye nleta dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ iji ruo ebe ahụ) * Ọnụahịa Hedonic: Enwere ike igosipụta ọchịchọ ọrụ na ọnụahịa ndị mmadụ ga-akwụ maka ngwaahịa ndị metụtara ya (dịka ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri karịrị nke ụlọ dị na ime obodo). * Ọnụahịa ndị ọzọ: Enwere ike ịkpata arịrịọ maka ọrụ site n'ịtọpụta ihe ndị a na-eche n"echiche nke na'etiti ụfọdụ ọnụahịa nke ihe ọzọ (dịka ndị ọbịa dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ohere dị ukwuu na ogige ntụrụndụ mba). Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ nyochara nke e bipụtara na 1997 mere atụmatụ na uru nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ụwa na isi obodo sitere n'okike dị n"etiti puku ijeri dọla ịrị na isii na ịrị ise na anọ kwa afọ, na nkezi nke puku nde dọla ịrị atọ na atọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Costanza|first=Robert|title=The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital|journal=Nature|date=May 1997|volume=387|issue=6630|pages=253–260|doi=10.1038/387253a0|url=http://condesan.org/mtnforum/sites/default/files/publication/files/constanza_et_al._1997_value_ecosystem_services_0.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-22|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922004908/http://condesan.org/mtnforum/sites/default/files/publication/files/constanza_et_al._1997_value_ecosystem_services_0.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Salles (2011) gosipụtara 'Ngụkọta uru nke ụdị dị iche iche enweghị njedebe, yabụ inwe arụmụka banyere ihe bụ ngụcha uru okike bụ n'ezie ihe na-enweghị isi n"ihi na anyị enweghị ike ibi ndụ na ya'.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Salles|first=Jean-Michel|title=Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: Why put economic values on Nature?|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|date=May 2011|volume=334|issue=5–6|pages=469–482|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2011.03.008|pmid=21640956}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ amaghị nke ọma banyere oke ịdabere na ha na mmetụta ha nwere na gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ndị nwere ike ịpụta. N'otu aka ahụ, usoro nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ngwaọrụ nchedo gburugburuebe obibi dị mma iji dozie nsogbu "ọdịnala" nke mmetọ na ojiji nke ihe onwunwe. Ọtụtụ na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụghị ịdabere. Ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ na usoro nwere ike inyere uru nke ngalaba onwe aka ma nyochaa ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi anyị, gụnyere 2008 Corporate Ecosystem Services Review, Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability (ARIES) oru ngo site na 2007, Natural Value Initiative (2012) na InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecoystem Service & Tradeoffs, 2012)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Ecosystem – Mapping & Data Sharing Software|url=http://ecometrica.com/products/our-ecosystem/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617100654/http://ecometrica.com/products/our-ecosystem/|archivedate=17 June 2013|accessdate=2012-07-09|publisher=Ecometrica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ARIES :: ARtificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability|url=https://aries.integratedmodelling.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607044742/https://aries.integratedmodelling.org/|archivedate=7 June 2012|accessdate=2012-07-09|publisher=aries.integratedmodelling.org/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome|url=http://www.naturalvalueinitiative.org/|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516073119/http://www.naturalvalueinitiative.org/|archivedate=16 May 2016|accessdate=2012-07-09|publisher=Natural Value Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628223946/http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/|archivedate=28 June 2012|accessdate=2012-07-09|publisher=Natural Capital Project}}</ref> === Ụgwọ a na-akwụ === [[File:Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES).png|thumb|Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)]] Ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke a maara dịka Payment for Ecosystem service (PES), nke a makwaara dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi (ma ọ bụ uru), bụ ihe mkpali enyere ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị nwe ala n'ọnọdụ maka ijikwa ala ha iji nye ụfọdụ ụdị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. A kọwawo ha dị ka "usoro doro anya maka inyekwu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị na-enye afọ ofufo."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tacconi | first1 = L | year = 2012 | title = Redefining payments for environmental services | journal = Ecological Economics | volume = 73 | issue = 1| pages = 29–36 | doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.028}}</ref> Mmemme ndị a na-akwalite ichekwa akụ ndị sitere n'okike n'ahịa. Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi enweghị nkọwa ahaziri ahazi mana enwere ike ịkpọ ya "uru nke okike na ezinụlọ, obodo na akụ na ụba"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070715005706/http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-06-02.pdf James Boyd and Spencer Banzhaf, What Are Ecosystem Services? The Need for Standardized Environmental Accounting Units. Resources for the Future Discussion Paper] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715005706/http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-06-02.pdf |date=July 15, 2007 }}</ref> ma ọ bụ, karịa, "ihe ọma ndị okike na-eme."<ref name=jenk>{{cite web|url=https://psmag.com/economics/mother-nature-s-sum-4226 |title=Mother Nature's Sum |publisher=Psmag.com |date=2008-09-24 |access-date=2012-07-09}}</ref> Achọpụtara ma tụleba ọrụ sistemụ gburugburu ebe obibi iri abụọ na anọ site na nyocha Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, akụkọ UN kwadoro na 2005 nke e mere iji nyochaa ọnọdụ gburugburu ụwa nke ụwa. Akụkọ ahụ kọwapụtara ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmepụta nri (n'ụdị ihe ọkụkụ, anụ ụlọ, ijide azụ, aquaculture na nri anụ ọhịa), eriri (n'ụdị osisi, owu, hemp na silk), akụrụngwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (biochemicals, ọgwụ eke, na ọgwụ), mmiri dị ọcha, ụkpụrụ ikuku, ụkpụrụ ihu igwe, iwu mmiri, iwu mbuze, nchacha mmiri na ọgwụgwọ mkpofu, iwu ọrịa, iwu pesti, pollination, ụkpụrụ ihe egwu eke, na ọrụ ọdịnala (gụnyere ime mmụọ, ụkpụrụ okpukperechi, na ihe ịchọ mma, ntụrụndụ na ebe obibi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.429.aspx.pdf |title=Living Beyond Our Means; Statement from the board of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |access-date=2012-07-09}}</ref> N'ụzọ doro anya, Otú ọ dị, e nwere "nnukwu atọ" n'etiti ọrụ 24 ndị a na-anata ego na mmasị ugbu a n'ụwa nile. Ndị a bụ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọrụ mmiri mmiri na ichekwa ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, a na-atụkwa anya na ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ndị a karịsịa ka ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-eto eto ka oge na-aga.<ref>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1200e/a1312e00.pdf |title=Paying Farmers for Environmental Services. United Nations Food and Agriculture Office Report |access-date=2012-07-09 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Otu isiokwu akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature nke afọ 1997 mere atụmatụ uru kwa afọ nke uru gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ na $33 trillion, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke nnukwu ngwaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1038/387253a0|title = The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1997-05-15_387_6630/page/253|journal = Nature|volume = 387|issue = 6630|pages = 253–260|year = 1997|last1 = Costanza|first1 = Robert|last2 = d'Arge|first2 = Ralph|last3 = De Groot|first3 = Rudolf|last4 = Farber|first4 = Stephen|last5 = Grasso|first5 = Monica|last6 = Hannon|first6 = Bruce|last7 = Limburg|first7 = Karin|last8 = Naeem|first8 = Shahid|last9 = O'Neill|first9 = Robert V.|last10 = Paruelo|first10 = Jose|last11 = Raskin|first11 = Robert G.|last12 = Sutton|first12 = Paul|last13 = Van Den Belt|first13 = Marjan|bibcode = 1997Natur.387..253C}}</ref> Na 2014, onye dere nyocha 1997 a (Robert Costanza) na otu ndị na-edekọ akwụkwọ tozuru etozu weghachiri nyocha a - na-eji naanị usoro gbanwere ntakịrị mana yana nkọwa zuru ezu nke 2011 data - wee mụbaa mkpokọta ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ụwa na-enye atụmatụ. $125–145 trillion kwa afọ. Otu ọrụ nyocha ahụ mekwara atụmatụ n'etiti $4.3 na trillion 20.2 kwa afọ nke mfu maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ihi mgbanwe eji eji ala eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Changes in the global value of ecosystem services|journal = Global Environmental Change|date = 2014-05-01|pages = 152–158|volume = 26|doi = 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002|first = Robert|last = Costanza|first2 = Rudolf|last2 = de Groot|first3 = Paul|last3 = Sutton|first4 = Sander|last4 = van der Ploeg|first5 = Sharolyn J.|last5 = Anderson|first6 = Ida|last6 = Kubiszewski|first7 = Stephen|last7 = Farber|first8 = R. Kerry|last8 = Turner}}</ref> A tụlekwara PES dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka mmepe ime obodo. Na 2007, World Bank wepụtara akwụkwọ na-akọwa ebe PES na mmepe.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEEI/Resources/ProPoorPES-2col.pdf|title=Guidelines for "Pro-Poor" Payments for Environmental Services|last=Pagiola|first=Stefano|website=worldbank.org}}</ref> Mana njikọ dị n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe ka amatala n'ihu ọha ogologo oge tupu ya na Nzukọ 1972 [[Stockholm]] na gburugburu ebe obibi mmadụ wee mechaa kwughachi ya site na Rio Conference on Environment and Development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=97&articleid=1503|title=Stockholm 1972 - Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|last=UNEP|website=www.unep.org|accessdate=2023-05-28|archivedate=2015-03-14|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150314024203/http%3A//www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid%3D97%26articleid%3D1503}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unep.org/documents.multilingual/default.asp?documentid=78&articleid=1163|title=Rio Declaration - Rio Declaration on Environment and Development - United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)|last=UNEP|website=www.unep.org|access-date=2016-11-20|archive-date=2009-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904221831/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78|url-status=dead|accessdate=2023-05-28|archivedate=2009-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904221831/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na anaghị emepụta mmemme PES ka ọ bụrụ atụmatụ ibelata ịda ogbenye, n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike itinye usoro mmepe.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pagiola|first=Stefano|last2=Arcenas|first2=Agustin|last3=Platais|first3=Gunars|date=2005-02-01|title=Can Payments for Environmental Services Help Reduce Poverty? An Exploration of the Issues and the Evidence to Date from Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_2005-02_33_2/page/237|journal=World Development|series=Institutional arrangements for rural poverty reduction and resource conservation|volume=33|issue=2|pages=237–253|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.011}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ememe PES gụnyere nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị na-azụ ahịa ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-eweta ọrụ ndị a. N'agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime mmemme PES bụ ndị gọọmentị na-akwado ma na-etinye aka n'etiti, dị ka otu ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị. Ndị otu na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ejide ikike ihe onwunwe karịa mma gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enye ndị na-achọ ihe nkwụghachi ụgwọ. N'ihe gbasara nkwekọrịta nke onwe, ndị na-erite uru na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ nke a pụrụ ịtụ anya na ọ ga-adị ala karịa uru ọdịmma ha n'ihi ọrụ ndị ahụ. Enwere ike ịtụ anya na ndị na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị njikere ịnakwere ugwo nke karịrị ọnụ ahịa ịnye ọrụ ahụ. == Nchịkwa na iwu == Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa ego na-aga n'ihu n"ihe gbasara ọnụ ahịa nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ihe ịma aka na mmejuputa iwu na njikwa dị ịrịba ama ma dị ukwuu. Nchịkwa nke ihe onwunwe ndị a na-ahụkarị abụwo isiokwu nke ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ sara mbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dietz|first=Thomas|title=The Struggle to Govern the Commons|journal=Science|date=12 December 2003|volume=302|issue=5652|pages=1907–1912|doi=10.1126/science.1091015|pmid=14671286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pretty|first=Jules|title=Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources|journal=Science|date=12 December 2003|volume=302|issue=5652|pages=1912–1914|doi=10.1126/science.1090847|pmid=14671287}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heikkila|first=Tanya|title=Institutional boundaries and common-pool resource management: A comparative analysis of water management programs in California|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-policy-analysis-and-management_winter-2004_23_1/page/97|journal=Journal of Policy Analysis and Management|date=2004|volume=23|issue=1|pages=97–117|doi=10.1002/pam.10181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gibson|first=Clark C.|title=Local Enforcement and Better Forests|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_2005-02_33_2/page/273|journal=World Development|date=February 2005|volume=33|issue=2|pages=273–284|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.013}}</ref> Site n'ịkọwa nsogbu na ịchọta ngwọta ndị a pụrụ itinye n"ọrụ nʼụzọ bara uru na nke na-adịgide adịgide, enwere ọtụtụ ihe ị ga-emeri. N'ịtụle nhọrọ ga-ejikọta mkpa mmadụ dị ugbu a na nke gafere n'ọdịnihu, ndị na-eme mkpebi ga na'ọrụ ugboro ugboro site na ozi ziri ezi ma ezughi oke. A na-elekarị iwu ndị dị ugbu a anya dị ka ndị na'ezughị ezu ebe ọ bụ na ha na ndị metụtara ụkpụrụ [[Ecosystem health|ahụike]] mmadụ nke na na ya na ụzọ dị mkpa iji chebe ahụ ike na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'afọ 2000, iji melite ozi dịnụ, a tụwo aro mmejuputa ''usoro ọrụ'' gburugburu ebe obibi (ESF), nke na-ejikọta akụkụ nke biophysical na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ichebe gburugburu ma mee ya iji duzie ụlọ ọrụ site na ozi na okwu dị iche iche, na'inyere aka iduzi nhọrọ atụmatụ.<ref name="Daily 2000">{{Cite journal|author=Daily|first=Gretchen C.|title=Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|date=December 2000|volume=3|issue=6|pages=333–339|doi=10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00102-7}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2005, a na'ewere mbọ nchịkwa mpaghara na mpaghara dị ka ọrụ dị iche iche dị mma maka ọrụ dịka mmịpụta ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe dị egwu dị na mmiri.<ref name="Kremen 2005"/> Ụzọ ọzọ nke na-ewu ewu n'oge afọ 1990 bụ ahịa nke nchedo ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ịkwụ ụgwọ na ịzụ ahịa nke ọrụ bụ ihe ngwọta na-apụta n'ụwa niile ebe mmadụ nwere ike inweta ego maka ọrụ dịka ịkwado nchedo nke isi mmalite carbon ma ọ bụ iweghachi ndị na'ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, e guzobere ụlọ akụ maka ijikwa ego dị otú ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa emeela ka ọha na eze mara na mgbanwe ngwaahịa, na-akọwa njikọ na mgbalị akụ na ụba na ohere maka ịmekọrịta na nghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Daily et al. 2000."/> Otú ọ dị, ihe dị mkpa maka mmejuputa iwu bụ ikike ala akọwapụtara nke ọma, nke na-adịghịkarị n'ọtụtụ mba na - emepe. Karịsịa, ọtụtụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe nke nwere oke ọhịa na ndị a na'egbubi ọhịa nwere esemokwu n'etiti ndị dị iche iche na mpaghara ọhịa.<ref name="ODI1">Jessica Brown and Neil Bird 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5049&title=costa-rica-sustainable-resource-management-successfully-tackling-tropical-deforestation Costa Rica sustainable resource management: Successfully tackling tropical deforestation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514083601/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5049&title=costa-rica-sustainable-resource-management-successfully-tackling-tropical-deforestation|date=14 May 2011}}. London: Overseas Development Institute</ref> Na mgbakwunye, nchegbu maka azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịkwụ ụgwọ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọrịta maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe a chụrụ n'àjà n"ebe ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ ikike na'ụzọ na na -ezighi ezi maka iji ya eme ihe nʼụzọ rụrụ arụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2001, ụzọ ọzọ lekwasịrị anya n"ichebe ebe ndị dị iche iche dị ndụ. Nkwado na nchekwa nke ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbaso ebumnuche nchedo ọdịnala (ya bụ, ụdị dị iche iche) emeela ka a tụọ aro njikọta nke ebumnarị iji bulie ihe ịga nke ọma ha. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ atụmatụ karịsịa mgbe ị na-eji netwọk ndị na'ọrụ na - na: ọ na na<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balvanera|first=Patricia|title=Conserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-03-16_291_5511/page/2047|journal=Science|date=16 March 2001|volume=291|issue=5511|pages=2047|doi=10.1126/science.291.5511.2047|pmid=11256386}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chan|first=Kai M. A.|title=Conservation Planning for Ecosystem Services|journal=PLOS Biology|date=31 October 2006|volume=4|issue=11|pages=e379|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040379|pmid=17076586}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, enwere mmasị na ọnụahịa nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta na mweghachi shellfish nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Northern Economics Inc|title=Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Shellfish Restoration, Enhancement and Management: A Review of the Literature|url=http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/ShellfishEcoServices.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085756/http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/ShellfishEcoServices.pdf|archivedate=3 December 2013|publisher=Prepared for Pacific Shellfish Institute}}</ref> Ụdị isi ihe, dị ala na usoro nri, azụ shellfish bivalve dị ka oysters na-akwado obodo dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị site na ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka ụdị dị iche iche gbara ha gburugburu. A na-enwekwu nkwenye na ụfọdụ ụdị azụ shellfish nwere ike imetụta ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ọtụtụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi; nke ukwuu nke na a na'ime ha na ndepụta nke "ndị injinia gburugburu ihe ndị dị ndụ" nke gbanwere gburugburu ha n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, nke ndụ maọbụ nke kemịkal na gburugburu n"ụzọ na - na<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jones|year=1994|title=Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers|journal=Oikos|volume=69|issue=3|pages=373–386|doi=10.2307/3545850}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke shellfish rụrụ ma ọ bụ metụtara na-enye aka na ọdịmma mmadụ site n"inye ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ bara uru ka oge na'ịgbanye ihe ndị dị nro na ihe nwere ike ibelata nsogbu mmiri site na ịchịkwa [[Nri mmetọ|ihe oriri]] karịrị akarị na mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2018, emeghị ka echiche nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n"ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị n "n'ime iwu mba ụwa na mpaghara".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kistenkas|first=Frederik H.|title=Barriers for the ecosystem services concept in European water and nature conservation law|journal=Ecosystem Services|date=February 2018|volume=29|pages=223–227|doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.02.013}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15 nwere ebumnuche iji hụ na nchekwa, mweghachi, na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 15 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html|accessdate=2020-09-24|work=UNDP|language=en|archivedate=2017-09-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html}}</ref> === Mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi (EbA) === Mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ [[Eba|EbA]] bụ atụmatụ maka mmepe obodo na njikwa gburugburu Ebe obibi nke na-achọ iji usoro ọrụ gburugburu ụlọ iji nyere obodo aka ime mgbanwe ihu igwe. [[Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche|Nkwekọrịta]] na Biological Diversity na-akọwa ya dị ka "iji ụdị dị iche iche na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi enyere ndị mmadụ aka ime mgbanwe maka mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe", nke gụnyere iji "nchịkwa na'ụzọ na na ya, nchekwa na mweghachi nke gburugburu ụlọ, dịka akụkụ nke usoro mgbanwe zuru oke nke na - na a na<ref name="ebaflagship.org">{{Cite web|url=http://ebaflagship.org/images/ContentsForPublications/eba%20policy%20brochure%20web.pdf|title=ebaflagship.org|accessdate=11 May 2015|archivedate=11 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211032928/http://ebaflagship.org/images/ContentsForPublications/eba%20policy%20brochure%20web.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment kwupụtara na mmetụta ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa okike na-abawanye na ọkwa a na'ahụtụbeghị mbụ, nakwa na mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbara ala ga-aghọ nnukwu ihe mgbochi iji mezuo Millenniam Development Goals. N'ịghọta eziokwu a, Ecosystem-Based Adaptation chọrọ iji mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe na-agafe agafe iji melite ogo ndụ na obodo ndị na'inwe mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ gụnyere iweghachi usoro okike dị otú ahụ nke na-enye nri na mmiri na nchebe pụọ na oké ifufe na idei mmiri. Ntinye aka EbA jikọtara ihe ndị dị na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na ime mgbanwe maka okpomọkụ ụwa iji nyere aka dozie mkpa obodo ugbu a na nke ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNEP - UN Environment Programme|url=http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/EcosystemBasedAdaptation/tabid/29583/Default.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604195815/http://www.unep.org/climatechange/adaptation/EcosystemBasedAdaptation/tabid/29583/Default.aspx|archivedate=4 June 2015|accessdate=2015-05-11}}</ref> Atụmatụ mmekorita n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-eme iwu, na ndị otu obodo bụ ihe dị mkpa nke Ecosystem-Based Adaptation. Site n'iji nka nke ndị ọkachamara na-abụghị ndị ọrụ na ndị bi n"ógbè ahụ mee ihe, EbA na'ịchọ ịmepụta ngwọta pụrụ iche maka nsogbu pụrụ nnọọ, kama imepụtaghachi ọrụ ndị gara aga.<ref name="ebaflagship.org"/> === Mkpebi mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe === Mkpebi ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ ime nhọrọ dị mgbagwoju anya na njikọ nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ, [[Nka na Uzu|teknụzụ]], [[Ȯgbà|ọha mmadụ]], na akụ na ụba. Usoro nke ime mkpebi ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ga-atụle mmekọrịta nke ọtụtụ ụdị ozi, sọpụrụ echiche niile nke ndị metụtara, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa, ndị na'akwado atụmatụ, Ndị na -eme mkpebi, ụmụ amaala, NGO, ma tụọ mmetụta na akụkụ anọ niile dị na nkwonkwo. Mkpebi ndị a na-abụkarị nke oghere, mgbe niile nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche, ma dabere na data a maghị ama, ụdị, na atụmatụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe ọ bụ njikọta nke sayensị kachasị mma jikọtara ya na ụkpụrụ ndị metụtara ya, atụmatụ na echiche ndị na-akpali usoro ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gorriz-Misfud|first=Elena|title=Exploring the interlinkages between governance and social capital: A dynamic model for forestry.|journal=Forest Policy and Economics|volume=65|pages=25–36|date=2016|doi=10.1016/j.forpol.2016.01.006}}</ref> Otu nnyocha nyocha gosipụtara ndị metụtara dị ka ndị ọrụ iji kwado mkpebi nchịkwa mmiri na Middle Rio Grande basin nke New [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]. Nnyocha a lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ntinye nke ndị metụtara ya gafee mkpebi mpaghara, mana leghaara ejighị n"aka anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Siirola|first=John|title=Decision insight into stakeholder conflict for ERN.|date=1 February 2012|doi=10.2172/1035334|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc845905/}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ jiri usoro Monte Carlo mee ihe iji mee ka usoro econometric nke mkpebi ndị nwe ala na nyocha nke mmetụta nke mgbanwe ala. N'ebe a, a na-emepụta ntinye nke ndị metụtara dị ka mmetụta mberede iji gosipụta ejighị n'aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Empirical methods for modeling landscape change, ecosystem services, and biodiversity|journal=Western Economics Forum|date=2009|volume=8|issue=1|pages=29–39|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/34933}}</ref> Nnyocha nke atọ jiri usoro nkwado mkpebi Bayesian mee ihe iji gosipụta ejighị n'aka na ozi sayensị Bayes Nets na iji nyere aka ịnakọta na ịgwakọta ntinye sitere n"aka ndị metụtara ya. Nnyocha a bụ maka itinye ngwaọrụ ike ebili mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri Oregon, mana ọ na-enye usoro zuru oke maka ijikwa sayensị na ihe ọmụma ndị metụtara ya na gburugburu ebe obibi mkpebi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://davidullman.com/uploads/Managing_Eco.pdf|author=Ullman D. G.|title=Managing Eco-System Services Decisions|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606201318/https://davidullman.com/uploads/Managing_Eco.pdf|archivedate=6 June 2013}}</ref> Enwere ike iji data na nyocha dịpụrụ adịpụ nyochaa ahụike na oke nke klas mkpuchi ala nke na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, nke yana enyemaka na atụmatụ, njikwa, nlekota omume ndị metụtara, na nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị nwere mmasị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Quoc Vo|first=Tuan|title=How remote sensing supports mangrove ecosystem service valuation: A case study in Ca Mau province, Vietnam|journal=Ecosystem Services|date=August 2015|volume=14|pages=67–75|doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.04.007}}</ref> === Mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi (EbA) === Mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ EbA bụ atụmatụ maka mmepe obodo na njikwa gburugburu Ebe obibi nke na-achọ iji usoro ọrụ gburugburu ụlọ iji nyere obodo aka ime mgbanwe ihu igwe. [[Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Dị iche iche|Nkwekọrịta]] na Biological Diversity na-akọwa ya dị ka "iji ụdị dị iche iche na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi enyere ndị mmadụ aka ime mgbanwe maka mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe", nke gụnyere iji "nchịkwa na'ụzọ na na ya, nchekwa na mweghachi nke gburugburu ụlọ, dịka akụkụ nke usoro mgbanwe zuru oke nke na - na a navince, Vietnam|journal=Ecosystem Services|date=August 2015|volume=14|pages=67–75|doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.04.007}}</ref> Na mba Baltic, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, Ndị na-echekwa ihe okike na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara na'ime usoro atụmatụ jikọtara ọnụ maka usoro okpomọkụ ala ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vivagrass.eu/about-the-project/|title=About the project &#124; LIFE Viva Grass}}</ref> Ha na-emepe ngwá ọrụ atụmatụ jikọtara ọnụ dabere na teknụzụ GIS (usoro ozi ala) ma tinye ya n'ịntanetị nke ga-enyere ndị na'ịhazi aka ịhọrọ ihe ngwọta kachasị mma maka ala ahịhịa. Ọ ga-eleba anya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na usoro dị n"ime ime obodo ma nyere aka ịchọta ngwọta nchịkwa ahịhịa kachasị mma site nʼịtụle ihe okike na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke otu saịtị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sustainable grassland management efforts in the Baltics: interview with Žymantas Morkvėnas – GO-GRASS|url=https://www.go-grass.eu/sustainable-grassland-management-efforts-in-the-baltics-interview-with-zymantas-morkvenas/|work=www.go-grass.eu|date=8 September 2020|accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ ezie na echiche nke ịdabere na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa ruru mmalite nke ịdị adị nke ''[[Madụ̀|Homo sapiens]]'', okwu ahụ bụ 'isi obodo okike' bụ nke mbụ E. F. Schumacher chepụtara na 1973 n'akwụkwọ ya Small is Beautiful .<ref>Schumacher, E. F. (1973). ''Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered''.</ref> Nkwado nke otu usoro okike nwere ike isi nye ụmụ mmadụ ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya laghachiri ma ọ dịkarịa ala na [[Plato]] (ihe dị ka 400 BC) onye ghọtara na [[Igbukpọ osisi|mgbukpọ]] ọhịa nwere ikike iduga na mbuze ala yana ịcha isi iyi.<ref name="Daily1997">Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington. 392pp.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hughes|first=J. Donald|date=1982-04-01|title=Deforestation, Erosion, and Forest Management in Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/4004530|journal=Journal of Forest History|volume=26|issue=2|pages=60–75|doi=10.2307/4004530|issn=0094-5080}}</ref> Echiche nke oge a nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịmalite mgbe Marsh mara na 1864 echiche ahụ bụ na akụ na ụba ụwa enweghị njedebe site n'ịkọwa mgbanwe na ala na-eme nri na Mediterenian. Ọ bụghị ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1940 ka ndị edemede atọ bụ Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr, William Vogt, na Aldo Leopold<ref>Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County Almanac and Sketches from Here and There. [[Oxford University Press]], New York. 226pp.</ref> kwalitere mmata nke ịdabere na gburugburu.<ref>Marsh, G. P. 1864 (1965). Man and Nature. [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York. 472pp.</ref><ref>Osborn, F. 1948. [[Our Plundered Planet]]. Little, Brown and Company: Boston. 217pp.</ref><ref>Vogt, W. 1948. Road to Survival. William Sloan: New York. 335pp.</ref> N'afọ 1956, Paul Sears dọtara uche na ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nhazi ihe mkpofu na imegharị ihe oriri.<ref>Sears, P. B. 1956. "The processes of environmental change by man." ''In'': W. L. Thomas, editor. Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Volume 2). [[University of Chicago Press]], Chicago. 1193pp.</ref> N'afọ 1970, Paul Ehrlich na Rosa Weigert lekwasịrị anya na "usoro gburugburu ebe obibi" n'akwụkwọ nkuzi sayensị gburugburu ha na ""ihe egwu kachasị aghụghọ na nke dị ize ndụ maka ịdị adị mmadụ ... mbibi nwere ike ime, site na ọrụ mmadụ n"onwe ya, nke usoro gburugburu ụlọ nke ịdị ndụ nke ụdị mmadụ dabere na ya".<ref>Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. 1970. Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology. [[W. H. Freeman and Company|W. H. Freeman]], San Francisco. 383pp. – see p.157</ref> E webatara okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi" na akụkọ 1970 nke Study of Critical Environmental Problems, nke depụtara ọrụ gụnyere mmịpụta ụmụ ahụhụ, ịkụ azụ, nchịkwa [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] na nchịcha idei mmiri.<ref>Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP). 1970. Man's Impact on the Global Environment. MIT Press, Cambridge. 319pp.</ref> N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, e ji okwu ahụ dị iche iche mee ihe, mana n'ikpeazụ 'ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi' ghọrọ ọkọlọtọ na akwụkwọ sayensị.<ref>Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. [[Random House]], New York. 305pp.</ref> Echiche ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi anọgidewo na-agbasawanye ma na'etiti ebumnuche mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na nchedo, nke a na -atụle n'okpuru ebe a. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche na okwu nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na 1997, enwere ike ịchọta ya n'akwụkwọ Daily "Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems".<ref name="Daily1997"/> Ọ bụ ezie na nkọwa mbụ nke Gretchen Daily mere ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ gburugburuebe obibi, Robert Costanza na ndị ọrụ ibe ya mechara rụọ ọrụ na nke Millennium Ecosystem Assessment jikọtara ihe ndị a niile dị ka ọrụ ecosystem.<ref name="Brown2007">{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Thomas C.|year=2007|title=Defining, valuing and providing ecosystem goods and services|url=http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/47/2/04_brown_goods.pdf|journal=Natural Resources Journal|volume=47|issue=2|pages=329–376|archive-date=2013-05-25|access-date=2023-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525213257/http://lawlibrary.unm.edu/nrj/47/2/04_brown_goods.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Daily et al. 2000."/> == Ọmụmaatụ == Ihe atụ ndị na-esonụ na'ihe atụ na - mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ọrụ ndị sitere na ha: * Ndị agha US akwadowo nyocha site na Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, nke na-azọrọ na ala nke Ngalaba Nchebe na ntinye ndị agha na na'ime obodo na - na: uru maka nchekwa carbon, ike ịnagide ihu igwe, na ebe obibi nke ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-19|title=RC18-1605 Project Overview. Value and Resiliency of Ecosystem Services on Department of Defense (DoD) Lands|url=https://www.serdp-estcp.org/Program-Areas/Resource-Conservation-and-Resiliency/Infrastructure-Resiliency/Vulnerability-and-Impact-Assessment/RC18-1605|accessdate=2020-05-19|work=www.serdp-estcp.org Pacific Northwest National Laboratory}}</ref><ref name="duke">{{Cite web|author=James Kagan|first=Mark Borsuk|date=2019-09-18|title=Assessing Ecosystem Service Benefits from Military Installations|url=https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/publications/assessing-ecosystem-service-benefits-military-installations|accessdate=2020-05-19|work=Nicholas Institute, Duke University|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2020, nyocha sitere na Mahadum Duke na'ihi na Eglin Air Force Base na na - ihe dịka $ 110 nde na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi kwa afọ, $ 40 nde karịa ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị isi.<ref name="duke" /> * Na New York City, ebe ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ dara n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) chọrọ, ndị ọchịchị họọrọ iweghachi Catskill Watershed emetọ nke nyere [[New York City|obodo]] ahụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịdị ọcha mmiri. Ozugbo e belatara ntinye nke nsị na ọgwụ ahụhụ na mpaghara mmiri ahụ, usoro abiotic sitere n'okike dị ka ịmịkọrọ ala na nzacha nke kemịkal, yana mmegharị nke ihe ndị dị ndụ site na usoro mgbọrọgwụ na microorganisms ala, ogo mmiri ka mma ruo n"ọkwa nke mezuru ụkpụrụ gọọmentị. E mere atụmatụ na ego a na-etinye ego n'ụmụ amaala bụ ijeri $ 1.5, nke dị nnọọ iche na ihe e mere na ọ ga-efu ijere $ 6 iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ nzacha mmiri tinyere nde $ 300 kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chichilnisky|first=Graciela|title=Economic returns from the biosphere|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1998-02-12_391_6668/page/629|journal=Nature|date=February 1998|volume=391|issue=6668|pages=629–630|doi=10.1038/35481}}</ref> * A na-achọ ka aṅụ na ya na ihe ọkụkụ na 15 na 30% nke mmepụta nri US; ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo buru ibu na'èzí a na a mụrụ a iji nye ọrụ a. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 kọrọ na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo nke [[California]], a chọpụtara na aṅụ ọhịa naanị nwere ike inye ọrụ mmịpụta ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ zuru ezu maọbụ melite ọrụ ndị a na-enye site na mmekọrịta omume.<ref name="Kremen 2005"/> Otú ọ dị, usoro ọrụ ugbo siri ike nwere ike imebi ọrụ mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi ngwa ngwa site na ọnwụ nke ụdị. Ụdị ndị fọdụrụnụ enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ nke a. Nsonaazụ nke nnyocha a na-egosikwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke chaparral na osisi oak ebe obibi maka aṅụ ọhịa n'ime 1 02 kilomita nke ugbo nwere ike ime ka ọ kwụsie ike ma melite ọrụ pollination. Ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ dịka iwu mkpuchi maka ndị ọrụ ugbo. * N'ime mmiri nke Osimiri Yangtze na China, e mepụtara ihe nlereanya maka mmiri na-agafe n'ọhịa dị iche iche iji chọpụta onyinye maka ike eletrik mmiri n"ógbè ahụ. Site n'ịtụle uru dị iche iche nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi (ihe ọkụkụ-ala-ndagwurugwu mgbagwoju anya), ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike ịtụle abamuru akụ na ụba kwa afọ nke idebe ọhịa na mmiri maka ọrụ ike ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu 2.2 nke a ma ọ bụ na a na'ewepụta ya otu ugboro maka osisi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guo|first=Zhongwei|title=An assessment of ecosystem services: water flow regulation and hydroelectric power production|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-applications_2000-05_10_3/page/925|journal=Ecological Applications|date=June 2000|volume=10|issue=3|pages=925–936|doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0925:AAOESW]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> * N'afọ 1980, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri mineral Vittel (nke bụzi ụdị Nestlé Waters) chere nsogbu na nitrate na pesticides na-abanye na isi iyi ụlọ ahụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[France]] ihu. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka ọrụ ọrụ ubi sie ike ma kpochapụ ahịhịa ndị dị n"ọ́ ndị e si nʼala na-asa mmiri tupu ọ banye n "aquer" nke Vittel ji mee ihe. Mmetọ a yiri ikike ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere iji akara "mmiri mineral" n'okpuru iwu France egwu.<ref>Hanson, C, J Ranganathan, C Iceland, and J Finisdore. (2008) The Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (Version 1.0). [[World Resources Institute]].</ref> N'ịzaghachi ihe ize ndụ azụmaahịa a, Vittel mepụtara ngwugwu nkwalite maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji melite ọrụ ọrụ ha ma si otú a belata mmetọ mmiri nke metụtara ngwaahịa V Mittel. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vittel nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo enyemaka na enyemaka teknụzụ n'efu iji gbanwere nkwekọrịta ndị ugpo iji bulie njikwa ahịhịa, ebe ndị a na-etinye osisi, ma belata ojiji nke agrochemicals, ihe atụ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ maka mmemme ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>Perrot-Maître, D. (2006) The Vittel payments for ecosystem services: a "perfect" PES case? [[International Institute for Environment and Development]], London, UK.</ref> * N'afọ 2016, a gụrụ ya na ịkụ osisi ọhụrụ dị hekta 15,000 na UK, na-atụle naanị uru osisi, ọ ga-efu £ 79,000 000, nke karịrị uru nke £ 65,000 000. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na, uru ndị ọzọ niile osisi ndị dị n'ala dị ala nwere ike inye (dị ka nkwụsi ike ala, ntụrụndụ, mmepụta nri, ịdị ọcha ikuku, nchekwa carbon, ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, imepụta mmanụ, ịjụ oyi, mgbochi idei mmiri) gụnyere, ọnụahịa ahụ ga-abawanye n"ihi iwepụ ala ugbo bara uru (ga-abụ ihe dị ka £ 231 000 000) mana ọ gafere oke ibu site na uru nke £ 546 000. * Na Europe, a na-etinye ọrụ dị iche iche n'ọrụ iji kọwaa ụkpụrụ nke usoro okike na itinye echiche a n"ọrụ n "usoro mkpebi". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ "LIFE Viva grass" na-ezube ime nke a na ala ahịhịa na Baltic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIFE Viva Grass {{!}} Integrated planning tool for grassland ecosystem services|url=http://vivagrass.eu/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807201444/http://vivagrass.eu/|archivedate=7 August 2016|accessdate=2016-09-06|work=vivagrass.eu}}</ref>  == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Farber|first=Stephen|title=Linking Ecology and Economics for Ecosystem Management|journal=BioScience|date=2006|volume=56|issue=2|pages=121|doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0121:LEAEFE]2.0.CO;2|url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=fce_lter_journal_articles}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kistenkas|first=Frederik H.|title=Barriers for the ecosystem services concept in European water and nature conservation law|journal=Ecosystem Services|date=February 2018|volume=29|pages=223–227|doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.02.013}} * {{Cite journal|author=Salles|first=Jean-Michel|title=Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: Why put economic values on Nature?|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|date=May 2011|volume=334|issue=5–6|pages=469–482|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2011.03.008|pmid=21640956}} * {{Cite journal|author=Vo|first=Quoc Tuan|title=Review of valuation methods for mangrove ecosystem services|journal=Ecological Indicators|date=December 2012|volume=23|pages=431–446|doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.04.022}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.millenniumassessment.org Nnyocha Ecosystem nke Narị Afọ] * [http://www.eartheconomics.org/ Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ụwa] * [http://www.uvm.edu/giee/ Gund Institute for Ecological Economics] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150905070004/http://www.teebweb.org/ Akụ na ụba nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204054347/http://www.cohabnet.org/ COHAB Initiative on Health and Biodiversity Ecosystems and Human Well-being] * [https://aries.integratedmodelling.org/ Ọrụ ARIES] * [http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/ Ahịa Ecosystem] * [http://www.planvivo.org/ Atụmatụ Vivo: ihe nlereanya na-arụ ọrụ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ maka Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi] * [http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/def/ecosystem-services.htm Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi] na Green Facts * Usoro nyocha na atụmatụ mmiri (WEAP) maka imepụta mmetụta na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200730230610/http://www.lifemgn-serviziecosistemici.eu/EN/home/Pages/default.aspx Project Life+ Ime Ezi Natura] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006191541/https://gecoserv.org/ GecoServ] Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (na-agụnye ọmụmụ sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile, mana naanị gburugburu ebe obibi dị n"ụsọ oké osimiri metụtara Gulf nke Mexico) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417102429/http://www.umweltgesamtrechnung.at/ms/ugr/ugr_en/ugr_scopeapplication/ugr_ecosystemservices Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ndekọ gburugburu ụwa] ; N'obodo dị iche iche * [http://www.fs.fed.us/ecosystemservices/ Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi] na US Forest Service * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006191541/https://gecoserv.org/ GecoServ] Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Valuation Database * LIFE VIVA Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ahịhịa na mba Baltic (nnyocha na atụmatụ jikọtara ọnụ) [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hwipg030cmzdofk4mllu5xpz2d3zacz 0 26871 742713 119194 2026-11-03T09:25:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742713 wikitext text/x-wiki Air Somalia bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu nke onwe ya nke dị na Somalia. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu nke onwe mbụ nke Somalis nwere kpamkpam. [[Usòrò:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|ugboelu Somalia]] == Nchịkọta == E guzobere ụgbọelu ahụ n'afọ 2001.<ref name="Aiupsom">{{Cite web|title=Airlines in Somalia|url=http://www.airlineupdate.com/content_public/airlines/africa/somalia.htm|publisher=AirlineUpdate|accessdate=6 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203053621/http://www.airlineupdate.com/content_public/airlines/africa/somalia.htm|archivedate=December 3, 2010}}</ref> Ọ na-enye ndị njem n'ime ụlọ na ọrụ mba ụwa na ebe ndị dị na Africa na Middle East.<ref name="Africa Book">{{Cite book|author=Europa Publications|editor=Murison|title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004|publisher=Europa Publications|isbn=1-85743-183-9|edition=33rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC|accessdate=14 April 2019|language=English|date=2004|quote=Mogadishu; f. 2001; operates internal passenger services and international services to destinations in Africa and the Middle East}}</ref> Air Somalia anaghị arụ ọrụ ugbu a, na 2002 otu Tupolev Tu-154 ha nwere echekwara ma mesịa kpochapụ ya.<ref name="planelogger">{{Cite web|title=UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History|url=https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767|work=PlaneLogger|publisher=PlaneLogger|accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, Air Somalia kọrọ na ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ niile ma kpochapụ akụ ya niile.<ref name="scrapped"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A machibidoro Air Somalia iwu ifega Somaliland na June 2001. A na-enyo enyo na ụgbọ elu ahụ na-eme ụgbọ elu na-adịghị mma. Ndị mgbasa ozi Somalia boro mmachibido iwu ahụ ebubo na ọ bụghị ikpe ziri ezi, na-ekwu na ihe kpatara mmachibido iwu a bụ na aha ụgbọ elu gụnyere okwu "Somalia" ma nwee kpakpando Somalia. Agbanyeghị, Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka ụgbọ elu na ụgbọ elu nke Somaliland Abdillahi Duale rụrụ ụka nke a.<ref name="Somaliland">{{Cite news|title=Horn of Africa: IRIN Update, 8 May|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/eritrea/horn-africa-irin-update-8-may|accessdate=14 April 2019|work=Horn of Africa|publisher=IRIN|date=8 May 2001|language=English}}</ref> == Ụgbọ Mmiri == === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Air Somalia nwere naanị otu ụgbọ elu, Tupolev Tu-154, nke gaferela mgbanwe ndebanye aha atọ mgbe Air Somalia nwe ya. Emepụtara ụgbọ elu ahụ oge ụfọdụ na 1990s. Ọ bụ ụgbọ elu ise gara aga, Aeroflot, Latavio-Baltic International, Latavio, Tavria na Tavria Mak nwe ya. N'ikpeazụ e nyere Air Somalia na 21 December 2000. A na-echekwa ya na 17 January 2002. Webụsaịtị PlaneLogger na-ekwu na a na-ekpochapụ ụgbọ elu ahụ, ọ bụghịkwa ụgbọ elu kemgbe 2001.<ref name="planelogger">{{Cite web|title=UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History|url=https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767|work=PlaneLogger|publisher=PlaneLogger|accessdate=14 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767 "UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History"]. ''PlaneLogger''. PlaneLogger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, a hụrụ ụgbọelu ahụ na Dubai International Airport na 31 Ọktoba 2002, na ọzọ na Sharjah International Airport na 28 Jenụwarị 2003.<ref name="dubai">{{Cite web|title=ER-TAI Air Somalia Sighting at Dubai|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/4504|work=JetPhotos|publisher=Richard Potts|accessdate=14 April 2019|date=31 October 2002}}</ref><ref name="Sharjah">{{Cite web|title=ER-TAI Air Somalia Sighting at Sharjah|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/208574|work=JetPhotos|publisher=Carsten Jørgensen|accessdate=14 April 2019|date=28 October 2003}}</ref> === Mgbanwe ndebanye aha === N'ime oge ya na Air Somalia, Tupolev Tu-154 agbanweela nọmba ọdụ ya ugboro anọ. Mgbe ebugara ụgbọ elu ahụ na Air Somalia, nọmba ndebanye aha ya bụ UR-85546. Na 21 Septemba 2001, gbanwere ndebanye aha ya ka ọ bụrụ ER-TAI, ka emechaa gbanwee ya na UR-85546 na 3 November 2001. A gbanwere nọmba ndebanye aha ya maka oge ikpeazụ na ER-TAI na 30 December 2001.<ref name="planelogger">{{Cite web|title=UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History|url=https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767|work=PlaneLogger|publisher=PlaneLogger|accessdate=14 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767 "UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History"]. ''PlaneLogger''. PlaneLogger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Tebụl === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center" |+Ụgbọ Mmiri ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |Ụgbọelu ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |Ndị njem ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |Ihe edeturu ! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |Ndị na-agba ọsọ |- ! style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |<abbr title="Business">C</abbr> ! style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |<abbr title="Economy">Y</abbr> ! style="background-color:#438aff;color: white" |Ngụkọta |- |Tupolev Tu-154 |1 | | | |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọdụ na-agbanwe n'etiti UR-85546 na ER-TAI.<br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref name="planelogger">{{Cite web|title=UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History|url=https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767|work=PlaneLogger|publisher=PlaneLogger|accessdate=14 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/ER-TAI/800767 "UR-85546 Air Somalia Registration History"]. ''PlaneLogger''. PlaneLogger<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="dubai">{{Cite web|title=ER-TAI Air Somalia Sighting at Dubai|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/4504|work=JetPhotos|publisher=Richard Potts|accessdate=14 April 2019|date=31 October 2002}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/4504 "ER-TAI Air Somalia Sighting at Dubai"]. ''JetPhotos''. Richard Potts. 31 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Sharjah">{{Cite web|title=ER-TAI Air Somalia Sighting at Sharjah|url=https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/208574|work=JetPhotos|publisher=Carsten Jørgensen|accessdate=14 April 2019|date=28 October 2003}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/208574 "ER-TAI Air Somalia Sighting at Sharjah"]. ''JetPhotos''. Carsten Jørgensen. 28 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="scrapped">{{Cite web|title=Air Somalia has ceased operations, all shares have been returned or liquidated.|url=https://kaitak.airlinesim.aero/action/info/country?id=153|work=AirlineSim|publisher=AirlineSim|accessdate=14 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://kaitak.airlinesim.aero/action/info/country?id=153 "Air Somalia has ceased operations, all shares have been returned or liquidated"]. ''AirlineSim''. AirlineSim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> |- !Ngụkọta !1 ! colspan="5" | |} == Hụkwa == * Jubba Airways * Ụgbọelu Daallo * Ụgbọelu Somalia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Airlines of Somalia}} 2z12q9yg20brjxueipkzatqjzexth8m 0 27022 742348 725279 2026-11-02T21:12:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|name=Cocoa Processing Company|logo=|logo_size=200px|type=[[Public limited company]]|traded_as={{GSE|CPC}}|industry=[[Manufacturing]]|foundation={{start date and age|df=yes|1981|11|27}}|location_city=Cocoa Processing Company,<br /> Heavy Industrial Area, [[Tema]],<br /> [[Greater Accra Region|Greater Accra]], [[Ghana]]|key_people=Jacob S. Arthur ([[Chairman]])<br /> Richard Amarh Tetteh [[Chief executive officer|(CEO)]]|products=[[Cocoa bean|Cocoa Beans]]|homepage=[http://www.goldentreeghana.com/ www.goldentreeghana.com]}} '''Cocoa Processing Company Limited''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ nhazi koko nke Ghana. A na-edepụta ha na ndepụta ngwaahịa nke Ghana Stock Exchange, GSE All-Share Index. E guzobere ya na 1981. == Ngwaahịa == * Ụdị chocolate (Tetteh Quarshie Bar (TQ Bar), Kingsbite, Oranco bar, Akuafo Bar, Portem Pride, Portem Nut, Coffeechoc) * Choco-Bake * Choco Delight (chokoleti gbasaa) * Akị na-acha odo odo e ji chocolate kpuchie * Royal Natural Cocoa Powder * Oge niile (''Ịṅụ chocolate ozugbo'') * Vitaco (''Ịṅụ chocolate ozugbo'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldentreeghana.com/ourproducts.html|title=The Golden Tree Products|accessdate=15 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029144149/http://goldentreeghana.com/ourproducts.html|archivedate=29 October 2012}}</ref> Ngwaahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye nturu ugo obodo na nke mba ụwa, si otú a na-akwado organoleptic àgwà ngwaahịa nri enyere ndị na-azụ ahịa. N'afọ 2002, egosiputala ngwaahịa itoolu nke ụlọ ọrụ na Nhọrọ World Quality, nke Monde Selection haziri. Asato n'ime ha (asaa akara chocolates na Alltime) enwetala ihe nrite ọla edo Award na otu n’ime ha (Vitaco) – onyinye nturu ugo ọla ọcha. == Hụkwa zie == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta chocolate == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604162706/https://www.goldentreeghana.com/ Ebe obibi nke Cocoa Processing Company] * [http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/bir/517375 Ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta koko na Alacrastore] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040928082537/http://www.ghanaembassy.or.jp/business/cocoa.html Ụlọ ọrụ koko, na Ghana Embassy Japan] oplcvo7erl1ertzrkcu9e9hl5qtpg70 0 27080 742765 113975 2026-11-03T09:33:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742765 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ụlọ akụ na azụmaahịa ('''HCB''') bụ '''ụlọ''' akụ dị na Asmara, [[Eritrea]] . Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwado ụlọ obibi dị iche iche na Eritrea, karịsịa na Asmara na Massawa. Ọ gbatịkwara mbinye ego n'aka ụlọ ọrụ obodo na-etinye aka na Wefri Warsay Yika'alo.<ref name="Rena"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere nzukọ a na 1994 mgbe nnwere onwe nke Eritrea, n'okpuru aha Housing Bank of Eritrea. N'ime usoro ahụ, ọ weghaara alaka Asmara gara aga nke [[Ethiopian Housing and Savings Bank|Ụlọ na Ụlọ Nchekwa nke Ethiopia]], ụlọ akụ na-echekwa ego nke e guzobere na enyemaka nke Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde. Ọrụ Ọrụ mbụ HCB bụ inye ọrụ iji belata nnukwu ụkọ ụlọ mgbe Agha Eritrea maka Nnwere Onwe gasịrị. A gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1996 mgbe ọtụtụ ndị na-eketa òkè, People's Front for Democracy and Justice, kpebiri na ọ ga-abụ ụlọ akụ zuru oke.<ref name="Rena">{{Cite book|author=Rena|first=Ravinder|title=Financial Institutions in Eritrea|isbn=0-9802534-8-9|publisher=New Africa Press|year=2006}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRena2006">Rena, Ravinder (2006). ''Financial Institutions in Eritrea''. New Africa Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-9802534-8-9|<bdi>0-9802534-8-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Hụ ihe nile == * Ịgba ego na Eritrea 37etza3v0o35gkbj47dyeykaddboiwl 0 27100 742737 113832 2026-11-03T09:29:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sasfin Holdings Limited''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa ụlọ akụ nke South Africa nke edepụtara na Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) n'afọ 1987. Sasfin na ndị enyemaka ya, ọkachasị Sasfin Bank Limited, na-enye ngwaahịa na ọrụ ego maka ndị ahịa azụmaahịa na akụ na ụba.<ref name=":0"/> Onye isi oche Michael Sassoon na-eduzi Sasfin ugbu a, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dịkwa na Johannesburg, South Africa. O nwere ọtụtụ ọfịs mpaghara, yana ọfịs na [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A new era for Sasfin|url=https://www.news24.com/Fin24/a-new-era-for-sasfin-20190424|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=Fin24|language=en-US}}</ref> E guzobere Sasfin n'afọ 1951, ma ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, ahịa ya bụ ndị ọchụnta ego na obere ụlọ ọrụ na ndị dị n'etiti. N'ịgbaso ikike ụlọ akụ Sasfin n'afọ 1999 na nnweta nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa Frankel Pollak (nke nwere ihe nketa nke malitere n'afọ 1890) na 2000, a gbasaa ebumnuche Sasfin iji tinye ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị elu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Project detail - SASFIN BANK LIMITED - FMO|url=https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/52269|accessdate=2022-08-23|work=www.fmo.nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.fmo.nl/project-detail/52269 "Project detail - SASFIN BANK LIMITED - FMO"]. ''www.fmo.nl''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Esemokwu == Daily Maverick kọrọ na South African Revenue Service (SARS) achọtawo ihe akaebe na ndị ọrụ Sasfin nyere aka mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịsa ahụ na mbufe iwu na-akwadoghị nke R3 ijeri (US $ 172 nde) site na South Africa maka Gold Leaf Tobacco Corporation (GLTC) na 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Wyk|first=Pauli van|date=2022-09-11|title=SCORPIO: Simon Rudland’s Gold Leaf Tobacco used Sasfin Bank officials to launder its dirty cigarette money – here’s how|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-09-12-sasfin-gold-leaf-whatsapp-r3bn-dirty-money-washed-through/|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> A na-ekwu na GLTC nwetara ego site na ire ngwaahịa ụtaba n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na South Africa.<ref name=":1" /> ngwaahịa ụtaba na South Africa.[3] Sasfin CEO Michael Sassoon kwuru na "Sasfin na-agba mbọ n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ịkwado ndị ọchịchị iji hụ na ikpe ziri ezi na-aga n'ihu na ọ ga-eme ihe siri ike megide ndị ọrụ ọ bụla nwere ike ịchọpụta na ha tinyere aka na omume ọjọọ,"[3] mechiri akaụntụ ya na GLTC ma kwụsịtụrụ abụọ. ndị ọr.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Cronje|first=Jan|title=Sasfin suspends two employees amid claims of fraud with cigarette group Gold Leaf|url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/sasfin-suspends-two-employees-amid-claims-of-fraud-with-cigarette-group-gold-leaf-20220830|accessdate=2022-09-13|work=Fin24|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Banks of South Africa}}{{Witwatersrand companies}} roje67e479kq8giyxuwmeeh2ylgx5i1 0 27318 742558 725302 2026-11-03T08:38:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Foster Awintiti Akugri (amụrụ na 24 Nọvemba 1994) bụ onye ọchụnta ego Ghana na onye guzobere na '''onye''' isi oche nke Hacklab Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-akwalite ma na-enye ndị ọchụsa ego na-eto eto ike site na iji teknụzụ na Ghana iji dozie nsogbu mpaghara ma mepụta ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2018/january-21st/global-shapers-foster-awintiti-akugri-to-rep-ghana-in-davos.php|title=Global Shapers Foster Awintiti Akugri to rep Ghana in Davos|date=2018-01-21|work=www.myjoyonline.com|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye World Economic Forum Global Shaper.Ọ bụ onye kachasị nta sonyere na Nzukọ Afọ 48 nke World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/meet-the-youngest-participant-at-wef18-12921410|title=Meet the youngest participant at #WEF18 {{!}} IOL Business Report|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/01/23yr-old-represent-ghana-48th-world-economic-forum/|title=23yr-old to represent Ghana at 48th World Economic Forum {{!}} Starr Fm|author=Starrfmonline|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-18|archivedate=2023-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610221410/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/01/23yr-old-represent-ghana-48th-world-economic-forum/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/investments-immigration/business/open-africa-initiative-shines-davos-2018|title=Open Africa Initiative shines at Davos 2018|author=chris|date=2018-01-31|work=Brand South Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ebumnuche ndụ ya na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịchọta ụzọ ha, Foster malitere GrowthWithTiti na Jenụwarị 2021, atụmatụ nwere ebumnuche iji mebie mgbagwoju anya nke ịchọta ebumnuche gị, kọwaa ebumnuche ị, na ịnyagharị na ntụ iji kpochapụ ebumnuche unu. Ọ na-atụ anya iji ikpo okwu a ruo ma metụta otu nde mmadụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=GrowthWith Titi|url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/growthwithtiti|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=LinkedIn}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Foster bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology nwere nzere bachelọ na sayensị Kọmputa.  Ọ na-ejidekwa MBA na Business Process Management ma na-achụ ugbu a asambodo na isii Sigma enweghị Belt.  Ọ na-ejidekwa asambodo ọkachamara na Nchebe Kọmputa sitere na Microsoft, isii Sigma Black Belt, Ọchịchị ụwa, Sustainable Management, Financial Management, SAFE 4 Scaled Agile Practitioner, Business Storytelling, na Strategic Mkparịta ụka. == Ọrụ == Foster Awintiti Akugri bụ onye guzobere & Onye isi oche nke Hacklab Foundation.  Ugbu a ọ bụ onye njikwa Incubator maka Stanbic Bank Incubator Ghana (SBIncubator Ghana), atụmatụ nke Stanbic Bank Ghana Limited, onye so na Standard Bank Group..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster Awintiti Akugri {{!}} Seamless West Africa|url=https://www.terrapinn.com/exhibition/seamless-west-africa/speaker-foster-AWINTITIAKUGRI.stm|author=Incubator|first=Foster Awintiti Akugri {{!}} Incubator Manager Stanbic Bank|date=2019-06-18|work=Seamless West Africa 2019|language=en|accessdate=2019-06-18}}</ref> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye otu Malaika Coalition, kọmitii nke Africa Regional Strategy Group nke World Economic Forum nyere iwu ịrụ ọrụ na Africa 4.0 Initiative.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na Africa Growth Platform Working Group ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ndị otu na-eduga Digital Campaign Launch of the Platform n'oge World Economic Forum on Africa - Cape Town na Septemba 2019. == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == E depụtara ya n'etiti 30 n'okpuru 30 Future of Ghana Pioneers Class of 2019.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Profile - Foster Awintiti Akugri|url=https://www.millenniumexcellencefoundation.org/copy-of-profile-scofray-nana-yaw-ye|work=MEFoundation|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026134504/https://www.millenniumexcellencefoundation.org/copy-of-profile-scofray-nana-yaw-ye}}</ref> A na-akpọkwa Atlantic Dialogues Emerging Leader Class of 2019 site na Policy Center for the Global South, Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster Awintiti Akugri|url=https://www.policycenter.ma/content/foster-awintiti-akugri|author=Inc|first=Google|date=2019-11-13|work=Policy Center for the New South|language=fr|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a kpọkwara ya aha n'etiti ndị na-eto eto Ghana kacha nwee mmetụta na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri 4 kacha nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na sayensị na teknụzụ site na Avance Media.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finalists for 2019 50 Most Influential Young Ghanaians Announced|url=https://www.businessghana.com/|work=BusinessGhana|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara ihe nrite ntorobịa pụrụ iche nke onye isi ala na sayensị na teknụzụ na 2019 site na Millennium Excellence Foundation.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2020, Avance Media depụtara ya n'etiti Top 50 Young CEOs na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Top 50 Young CEOs in Ghana list announced|url=https://avancemedia.org/2020-top-50-young-ceos-in-ghana-list-announced/|author=Akpah|first=Prince|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811154859/https://avancemedia.org/2020-top-50-young-ceos-in-ghana-list-announced/|archive-date=2020-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na teknụzụ mmalite maka afọ 4 gara aga, na-enyere ha aka ịzụlite MVPs na Product-Market dabara atumatu. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado oke mmụọ nke kwenyere na ijikwa STEM na-aga n'ihu na mmepe n'Africa site n'ịhụ na ndị na-eto eto na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu. Ndị otu ya pụtara onye nke abụọ na Stanbic Money App Challenge na 2016 na njikwa ego na ịgụ na ide App, 'Sikapong' nke pụtara 'Money School'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stanbic Bank launches Money App Challenge|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/stanbic-bank-launches-money-app-challenge/|date=2016-10-24|work=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-28}}</ref> Ha mechara merie Tertiary Category maka MTN Apps Challenge na 2016 na TeleKare, telemedicine AI dabeere na ngwa mkpanaka na weebụ maka ọrụ nlekọta ahụike nke mbụ na nke ndụmọdụ. Ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu ọha na eze na-elekwasị anya na nduzi, nkà na ụzụ, ịzụ ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ mara mma, mmepe gburugburu ebe obibi, mgbanwe dijitalụ, agụmakwụkwọ, ụdị ntinye aka ndị ntorobịa na Concept of the African Dream.  Ọ bụ 2x TEDx Ọkà Okwu ma nyefee ihe karịrị 40 isi okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foster Awintiti Akugri Speaker Profile {{!}} Tech in Ghana Conference Accra|url=http://techinghanaconference.com/speakers/foster-awintiti-akugri/|work=techinghanaconference.com|accessdate=2020-05-28|archivedate=2020-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206160639/http://techinghanaconference.com/speakers/foster-awintiti-akugri/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akugri, Foster Awintiti}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3xv0cqjdribxvn8u90soxoqmgpn3f4e 0 27821 742710 726086 2026-11-03T09:24:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742710 wikitext text/x-wiki   Malawi Airlines ([[Malawi|Malawian]] Airlines ruo 2016) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu na-ebu ọkọlọtọ nke Malawi, nke dị na Lilongwe yana ebe ya na Lilongwe International Airport.<ref name="NyasaTimes">{{Cite news|title=Passengers express pride as Malawian Airlines inaugurates J'burg flight|author=Mkandawire|first=Lucky|work=[[Nyasa Times]]|date=19 February 2014|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/19/passengers-express-pride-as-malawian-airlines-inaugurates-jburg-flight/|archive-date=23 February 2014|access-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223214830/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/19/passengers-express-pride-as-malawian-airlines-inaugurates-jburg-flight/|url-status=dead}}</ref> E guzobere ya na 2012 mgbe e wepụrụ Air Malawi, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu mba mbụ. Ethiopian Airlines na-arụ ọrụ ya n'okpuru nkwekọrịta njikwa ma nwee 49% nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka onye mmeri na-esote asọmpi asọmpi. N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2021, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere mkpebi na-atụ aro ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ "na-agbanye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi" n'ihi nnukwu ụgwọ na enweghị ego.<ref name="Nation">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mwnation.com/malawi-airlines-faces-liquidation/|title=Malawi Airlines faces liquidation|date=10 April 2021|publisher=The Nation|author=Dumbani Mzele}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na 5 Mee 2021 Gọọmentị Malawi kwupụtara na ọ bu n'obi iweghachite ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ kama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/103399-malawi-airlines-to-be-recapitalised|title=Malawi Airlines to be recapitalised|publisher=ch-Aviation|date=6 May 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ kwupụtara uru mbụ ya kwa afọ nke ijeri MWK 4 (USD 4.0 nde).<ref name="Zodiak">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zodiakmalawi.com/nw/news-in-brief/61-news-in-brief/4772-malawi-airlines-posts-a-four-billion-kwacha-profit|title=Malawi Airlines Posts a Four Billion Kwacha Profit|publisher=Zodiak Online|date=7 June 2022|accessdate=17 June 2023|archivedate=5 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105010813/https://www.zodiakmalawi.com/nw/news-in-brief/61-news-in-brief/4772-malawi-airlines-posts-a-four-billion-kwacha-profit}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Malawian Airlines Boeing 737-800 (ET-APL) at OR Tambo International Airport.jpg|thumb|Ugboelu Malawi]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ na {{Start date|2013|7}} 2013 (-07), mgbe ọdịda nke Air Malawi, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebu ụgbọelu, na February 2013, n'ihi enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/02/14/243-lose-their-jobs-at-air-malawi/|title=243 lose their jobs at Air Malawi|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|accessdate=24 April 2015|archivedate=16 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216045337/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2013/02/14/243-lose-their-jobs-at-air-malawi/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Ethiopia--Malawi-Air-deal-puts-new-pressure-on-Kenya-Airways/-/688322/1917136/-/t703o7/-/index.html|title=Ethiopia, Malawi Air deal puts new pressure on Kenya Airways|accessdate=24 April 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060510/http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Ethiopia--Malawi-Air-deal-puts-new-pressure-on-Kenya-Airways/-/688322/1917136/-/t703o7/-/index.html}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta ya na Ethiopian Airlines, nke ga-ahụ ka ụlọ ọrụ a nwere òkè 49% na Air Malawi, emechara na {{Start date|2013|7}} (); nkwekọrịta ahụ tụkwara echiche ịgbanwe aha Air Malawi ka ọ bụrụ ''Malawian Airlines Ltd''. Ọrụ malitere na {{Start date|2014|1|31}} () na-eje ozi n'okporo ụzọ ụlọ Blantyre-Lilongwe site na iji ụgbọ elu Bombardier Q400 nwere oche 67.<ref name="Malawian Airlines Receives Another Aircraft">{{Cite news|title=Malawian Airlines Receives Another Aircraft|work=[[AllAfrica.com]]|date=16 February 2014|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201402170110.html}}&nbsp;</ref> Malawian malitere ọrụ mba ụwa mbụ ya na Harare na {{Start date|2014|2|3}} (). A gbakwunyere Johannesburg na netwọk ụzọ izu abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 17 Febụwarị, ma tinye Dar es Salaam na 18 Febụwarụ. == Ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ == === Ihe onwunwe === Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ bụ nke Gọọmentị Malawi (51%) na Ethiopian Airlines (49%).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Malawian Airlines|url=http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=175|accessdate=2016-10-11}}</ref> Gọọmentị mere atụmatụ ịnye 31% nke òkè ya na ndị na-etinye ego n'onwe ha mgbe obere oge nke ọnwa 12 gasịrị mgbe ọrụ malitere ma ọ na-atụ anya inweta US $ 6 nde site na ire ere a.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jassi|first=Kingsley|date=2014-02-05|title=Malawi Airlines' shares on sale in a year|url=http://timesmediamw.com/malawi-airlines-shares-on-sale-in-a-year/|publisher=timesmediamw.com|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> Na Machị 2016 Jimmy Lipunga, onye isi oche nke The Public Private Partnership Commission (PPPC), kwuru na atụmatụ gọọmentị Malawi na-ere ụfọdụ òkè na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ nye ndị ọrụ ọha na eze ga-adabere na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enweta uru.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kandiero|first=Caroline|date=2016-03-31|title=Assessment positive on Malawian Airlines|url=http://www.times.mw/assessment-positive-on-malawian-airlines/|publisher=timesmediamw.com|accessdate=2016-06-21|archive-date=2016-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423205441/http://www.times.mw/assessment-positive-on-malawian-airlines/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ọganihu azụmaahịa === [[Usòrò:Malawian_Airlines_Boeing_737-800_(ET-APL)_at_OR_Tambo_International_Airport.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọelu Malawi Boeing 737-700 na Septemba 2014]] Malawi Airlines enwetaghị uru site na mmalite ya na 2014 ruo mgbe ọ kọrọ uru maka 2021. Ọ bụ naanị ihe ole na ole na ihe ndị ọzọ ka onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị isi nwere òkè mere (afọ ndị na-agwụ na 31 Disemba): {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 |- |Mgbanwe (MWKb) | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- |Net profit (MWKb) | align="center" |loss | align="center" |loss | align="center" |loss | align="center" |loss | align="center" |loss | align="center" |loss | align="center" |loss ! align="center" |4.0 |- |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ (na ngwụcha afọ) | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị njem (m) | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- |Ihe na-ebu ndị njem (%) | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | | align="center" | ! align="center" | |- |Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọelu (na ngwụcha afọ) | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2 | align="center" |3 | align="center" |1 ! align="center" |2 |- |<small>''Ihe edeturu''</small> | align="center" |<ref name="BusinessMalawi" /> | align="center" |<ref name="BusinessMalawi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessmalawi.com/malawian-airlines-upbeat-on-returns/|title=Malawian Airlines upbeat on returns|publisher=Business Malawi|date=27 April 2015|accessdate=21 June 2016|archivedate=10 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810191252/http://www.businessmalawi.com/malawian-airlines-upbeat-on-returns/}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="Hurdles" /> | align="center" |<ref name="Hurdles">{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/malawian-airlines-hurdles-not-airline-specific-pppc/|title=Malawian Airlines' hurdles not airline specific—PPPC|publisher=BThe Nation|date=6 September 2017|accessdate=22 February 2020|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222174417/https://mwnation.com/malawian-airlines-hurdles-not-airline-specific-pppc/}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="Shutdown">{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/airports-shutdown-to-cost-malawi-k1bn/|title=Airports shutdown to cost Malawi K1bn|publisher=The Nation|date=17 August 2019|accessdate=22 February 2020|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222195948/https://mwnation.com/airports-shutdown-to-cost-malawi-k1bn/}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref name="2019 Capacity">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/77542-malawian-airlines-adds-q400-capacity-through-3q19|title=Malawian Airlines adds Q400 capacity through 3Q19|publisher=Ch-Aviation|date=23 April 2019}}</ref> | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/ethiopian-airlines-wont-stop-robbing-malawians-until-our-government-steps-up/|title=Ethiopian won't stop robbing Malawi Airlines|publisher=Nyasa Times|date=26 December 2020}}</ref> ! align="center" |<ref name="Zodiak"/> |} Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel 2021, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala ngụkọta nke MWK 14.09 ijeri (USD 17.86 nde) ma nwee ụgwọ nke MWK 13.83 ijeri (USD 17.54 nde).<ref name="Nation"/> Otú ọ dị, na June 2022, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ kwupụtara na ọ dekọrọ afọ mbụ ya na uru nke ijeri MWK 4 (USD 4 nde) na 2021.<ref name="Zodiak"/> === Isi ụlọ ọrụ === Isi ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ dị n'ime Golden Peacock Shopping Complex na Lilongwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malawian-airlines.com/corporate/call-us/our-offices|title=Malawi Airlines - Offices|work=Malawi Airlines|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> == Ebe a na-aga == Ụgbọelu Malawian na-eje ozi n'ebe ndị a, dị ka nke Febụwarị :<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flight Schedule|publisher=Malawian Airlines|url=http://www.malawian-airlines.com/en/fschedule/default.aspx|accessdate=9 May 2017|archivedate=16 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516103230/http://www.malawian-airlines.com/en/fschedule/default.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Flight Route Map|publisher=Malawian Airlines|url=https://web.facebook.com/malawianair/photos/a.1680422585526120.1073741829.1674585952776450/2086676854900689/?type=3&theater|accessdate=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - Brief History|publisher=Malawian Airlines|url=https://www.malawian-airlines.com/en/aboutus.aspx|accessdate=21 June 2018|archivedate=21 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621093429/https://www.malawian-airlines.com/en/aboutus.aspx}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable toccolors" !Mba !Obodo !Ụgbọelu !Mmalite !Ọgwụgwụ ! class="unsortable" |Ndị na-agba ọsọ |- |[[Kenya]] |Nairobi |Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Jomo Kenyatta | align="center" |29 March 2017||{{N/A}} | align="center" | |- |[[Malawi]] |Blantyre |Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Chileka | align="center" |31 January 2014||{{n/a}} | align="center" |<ref name="Malawian Airlines Receives Another Aircraft"/> |- |[[Malawi]] |Lilongwe |Ebe Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile nke Kamuzu||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}} | align="center" |<ref name="Malawi Airlines inaugurates first domestic flight">{{cite news|title=Malawi Airlines inaugurates first domestic flight |first=Lucky |last=Mkandawire |newspaper=Nyasa Times |date=14 February 2014 |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/01/malawi-airlines-inaugurates-first-domestic-flight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103021957/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/01/malawi-airlines-inaugurates-first-domestic-flight/ |archive-date=3 January 2015 }}&nbsp;</ref> |- |[[South Africa|Saụt Afrịka]] |Johannesburg |O. R. Tambo International Airport | align="center" |17 February 2014||{{n/a}} | align="center" |<ref name="Ethiopian Strategic Partner, Malawian Airlines, Launches its First International flight to Johanne"></ref> |- |[[Tanzania]] |Dar es Salaam |Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile Julius Nyerere | align="center" |18 February 2014||{{n/a}} | align="center" |<ref name="Malawi Airlines introduces Dar es Salaam link from Lilongwe"></ref> |- |[[Zambia]] |Lusaka |Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Nile Kenneth Kaunda |17 February 2014||{{n/a}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-02-20|title=Malawi Airlines launches Lilongwe to Lusaka non-stop service|url=http://lusakavoice.com/2014/02/20/malawi-airlines-launches-lilongwe-to-lusaka-non-stop-service/|publisher=Lusaka Voice|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> |- |[[Zimbabwe]] |Harare |Ọdụ Ụgbọelu Mba Harare | align="center" |3 February 2014||{{n/a}} | align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/07/malawian-airlines-commences-harare-flight/|title=Malawian Airlines commences Harare flight|work=Malawi Nyasa Times - Malawi breaking news in Malawi|accessdate=24 April 2015|archivedate=20 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620191516/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/02/07/malawian-airlines-commences-harare-flight/}}</ref> |} == Ụgbọ Mmiri == Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ụgbọelu ụgbọelu ahụ nwere ụgbọelu ndị a:<ref>{{Cite web|title=3W/MWI Fleet - Malawian Airlines|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airlines/3w-mwi/fleet}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" |+'''Ụgbọelu Malawi''' ! rowspan="2" |Ụgbọelu ! rowspan="2" style="width:50px;" |N'Oge ! rowspan="2" style="width:50px;" |Iwu ! colspan="3" |Ndị njem [ihe odide dị mkpa] ! rowspan="2" |Ihe edeturu |- ! style="width:25px;" |<abbr title="Business Class/Cloud Nine">C</abbr> ! style="width:25px;" |<abbr title="Economy Class">E</abbr> ! style="width:25px;" |Ngụkọta |- |Boeing 737-700 | align="center" |1 | align="center" | - | align="center" |16 | align="center" |102 | align="center" |118 | |- |Ụgbọelu na-atụ bọmbụ Dash-8 Q 400 | align="center" |1 | align="center" | - | align="center" |7 | align="center" |60 | align="center" |67 | |- !Ngụkọta ! align="center" |2 ! align="center" |- ! colspan="4" | |} == Hụkwa == * Ụgbọelu nke Africa * Ụgbọelu Malawi * Njem na Malawi == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Malawian Airlines at Wikimedia Commons * [http://www.arabnews.com/news/458212 Ethiopian Airways Abụọla Onye mmekọ Strategic nke Malawian Airlines] {{Airlines of Malawi}}{{Ethiopian Airlines}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4ocxpzpp3xwd54dwhdtw8a0b2zv5cqa 0 28069 742507 719335 2026-11-03T08:07:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742507 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Sanitation_Value_Chain.jpg|thumb|Usoro mkpofu: nchịkọta, njem, ọgwụgwọ, na iwepụ ma ọ bụ iji ya eme ihe ọzọ]]    Nlekọta ahụike ọha na eze metụtara [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|mmiri ọṅụṅụ]] dị ọcha na ọgwụgwọ na iwepụ [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] mmadụ na nsị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117175208/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sanitation|archivedate=November 17, 2017|title=sanitation {{!}} Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries|work=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|accessdate=2017-11-17}}</ref> Igbochi mmetụ mmadụ na nsị bụ akụkụ nke '''Ịdị ọcha''', dị ka ịsa aka na ncha. Usoro nhicha ahụ na-ezube ichebe ahụike mmadụ site n'inye gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha nke ga-akwụsị nnyefe nke ọrịa, ọkachasị site na ụzọ nsị-ọnụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[afọ ọsịsa]], isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ na uto na-adịghị mma n'ime ụmụaka, nwere ike belata site na ịdị ọcha zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/|title=Diarrhoeal disease|work=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-11-17|archivedate=2014-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401193648/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-ebute ngwa ngwa na obodo ndị nwere ọkwa dị ala, dị ka ascariasis (ụdị ọrịa ikpuru eriri afọ ma ọ bụ helminthiasis), ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba, ịba ọcha n'anya, polio, [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]], na trachoma, Iji kpọọ aha ole na ole. E nwere ọtụtụ teknụzụ na ụzọ mkpofu. Ihe atụ ụfọdụ bụ mkpocha zuru oke nke obodo, mkpocha nke container, mkpochi gburugburu ebe obibi, mkpoche mberede, mkpochapụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpocha na-adịgide adịgide. Usoro nhicha na-agụnye ijide, ichekwa, ibugharị, ọgwụgwọ na ikpofu ma ọ bụ iji nsị mmadụ na mmiri mkpofu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf|title=Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010|author=Gates Foundation|date=2010|work=Gates Foundation|accessdate=2017-11-17|archivedate=2020-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021134815/https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/water-sanitation-hygiene-fact-sheet-2010.pdf}}</ref> Ọrụ iji ya mee ihe n'ime usoro nhicha ahụ nwere ike ilekwasị anya na ihe na-edozi ahụ, mmiri, ike ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe mkpofu na mmiri mkpofu. A na-akpọ nke a "usoro uru nke ịdị ọcha" ma ọ bụ "akụnụba nke ịdị ọcha". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|author=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=19 September 2017|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation News|accessdate=November 13, 2017|archivedate=29 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229085853/http://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|title=Introducing the Sanitation Economy|publisher=Toilet Board Coalition|year=2017|accessdate=2017-12-19|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731222035/http://www.toiletboard.org/media/30-Sanitation_Economy_Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-akpọ ndị na-ahụ maka nhicha, ịnọgide na-elekọta, ịrụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ikpochapụ teknụzụ ịdị ọcha n'oge ọ bụla nke usoro ịdị ọcha. "Ndị ọrụ nhicha". : 2 : 2  A na-eji ọtụtụ "ọkwa" ịdị ọcha iji tụnyere ọkwa ọrụ ịdị ọcha n'ime mba ma ọ bụ n'ofe mba.<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP">{{Cite web|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|title=Sanitation {{!}} JMP|work=washdata.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-17|archivedate=2021-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation}}</ref> Ugo nke ịdị ọcha akọwapụtara site na Joint Monitoring Programme na 2016 na-amalite na nsị na-aga n'ihu na-eji okwu "na-adịghị mma", "oke", "isi", na ọkwa kachasị elu bụ " n'enweghị nsogbu".<ref name="Sanitation {{!}} JMP" /> Nke a metụtara Mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nabatara [[Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha|ikike mmadụ nwere maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha]] n'afọ 2010. Idebe ihe dị ọcha bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka mmepe zuru ụwa ọnụ na isiokwu nke Sustainable Development Goal 6. <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="201" href="./Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">JMP"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-JMP2017-9","html":"WHO and UNICEF (2017) <nowiki><a href=\"https://washdata.org/reports\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external text\" id=\"mwA94\">Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines</a></nowiki> <nowiki><a about=\"#mwt34\" class=\"external text\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Webarchive&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Webarchive&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2019-07-25&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20190725020452/https://washdata.org/reports\" id=\"mwA98\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\">Archived</a></nowiki><nowiki><span about=\"#mwt34\" id=\"mwA-A\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"> 2019-07-25 at the </span></nowiki><nowiki><a about=\"#mwt34\" class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"768\" href=\"./Wayback_Machine\" id=\"mwA-E\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Wayback Machine\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Wayback Machine</a></nowiki><nowiki><link about=\"#mwt34\" href=\"./Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links\" id=\"mwA-I\" rel=\"mw:PageProp/Category\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"></nowiki>. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017"}}" id="cite_ref-JMP2017_9-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sanitation#cite_note-JMP2017-9 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Atụmatụ na 2017 site na JMP na-ekwu na ijeri mmadụ 4.5 ugbu a enweghị ịdị ọcha n'enweghị nsogbu. [1] Enweghị ohere ịnweta ịdị ọcha nwere mmetụta ọ bụghị naanị na ahụike ọha na eze kamakwa na ùgwù mmadụ na nchekwa onwe onye.  <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> == Nkọwa == [[Faịlụ:2011_07-Internal_ReinventTheToilet_Animation.webm|thumb|Vidio na-eme ihe nkiri iji mesie mkpa ịdị ọcha dị (ebe a na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ mposi) na ahụike ọha na eze na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe]] [[Faịlụ:Urban_sanitation_facilities_vs._rural_sanitation_facilities,_OWID.svg|thumb|Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ dị mma n'obodo ukwu na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ime obodo dị mma, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban sanitation facilities vs. rural sanitation facilities|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities|work=Our World in Data|accessdate=6 March 2020|archivedate=19 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919224224/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-sanitation-facilities-vs-rural-sanitation-facilities}}</ref>]] E nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị iche iche na ojiji nke okwu ahụ bụ "ịdị ọcha" n'etiti mba na òtù dị iche iche. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa A na-akọwa okwu ahụ bụ "ịdị ọcha" dị ka ndị a: <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>A na-agụnye ihe anọ ndị a na-agụnye ihe ndị a niile: usoro nchịkwa nsị, usoro nchịkwa mmiri mkpofu (gụnyere ebe a bụ Ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri mkpofu), usoro [[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu|Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu siri ike]] yana usoro nsị mmiri maka mmiri ozuzo, nke a na-akpọkwa nsị mmiri ozuzo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị nọ na ngalaba WASH na-agụnye naanị njikwa nsị na nkọwa ha nke ịdị ọcha.  Ihe atụ ọzọ nke ihe a gụnyere na Ịdị ọcha dị n'akwụkwọ ntuziaka site na Sphere na "Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response" nke na-akọwa ụkpụrụ kacha nta na "akụkụ nzaghachi dị mkpa" anọ Ngalaba nzaghachi dị mkpa na Humanitarian Response. Otu n'ime ha bụ "Nkwado Mmiri, Nlekọta Mmiri na Nkwalite Ịdị ọcha" (WASH) ma ọ gụnyere Mpaghara ndị a: Nkwalite Ị dị ọcha, inye mmiri, njikwa nsị, njikwa vector, njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike na WASH na Ntiwapụ nke ọrịa na ntọala [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]]. : 91 : 91  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ nkwalite Ịdị ọcha dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịdị ọcha. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council na-akọwa N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ịdị ọcha gụnyere ọgwụgwọ mmiri nri, a na-ejikarị okwu abụọ ahụ eme ihe dị ka "ịdị ọcha na njikwa mmiri mmiri". Nkọwa ọzọ dị na ntuziaka nduzi Nkọwa bụ DFID Ntuziaka Manuel na mmemme mmiri na ịdị ọcha sitere na <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Ịdị ọcha nwere ike ịgụnye ịdị ọcha onwe onye na ịdị ọcha ọha na eze. Ọrụ ịdị ọcha onwe onye nwere ike ịgụnye ijikwa ihe mkpofu nwoke, ihicha ụlọ mposi ụlọ, na ijikwa ihe mkpofu ụlọ. Ọrụ ịdị ọcha ọha na eze nwere ike ịgụnye ịnakọta ihe mkpofu, mbufe na ọgwụgwọ (njikwa mkpofu siri ike nke obodo), ihicha drains, n'okporo ámá, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụgbọ oloko, ebe ọha na eze, ụlọ mposi obodo na ụlọ mposi ọha, nsị mmiri, ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nsị, wdg. [1]: 4 Ndị ọrụ na-enye ọrụ ndị a maka ndị ọzọ == Ebumnuche ==   [[Faịlụ:2016_EPI_Environmental_Health_Objective_-_Water_and_Sanitation_(26170609358).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ịnweta mmiridị ọcha dị mma (2016) ]] Ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha bụ inye gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma maka onye ọ bụla, iji chekwaa akụ ndị sitere n'okike. (dị ka mmiri dị n'elu, mmiri dị n"okpuru ala, ala), yana inye ndị mmadụ nchekwa, nchekwa na ùgwù mgbe ha na-eme nsị ma ọ bụ na-eme mamịrị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN) nabatara [[ikike mmadụ]] maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha n'afọ 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf|title=General Assembly|accessdate=2019-11-25|archivedate=2017-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319023103/https://s3.amazonaws.com/berkley-center/100308UNARES64292.pdf}}</ref> <ref name="HRWS2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The%20Human%20Rights%20To%20Water%20And%20Sanitation%20UN%20resolution.pdf|title=The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation|accessdate=2019-11-25|archivedate=2017-08-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825141743/http://www.endwaterpoverty.org/sites/endwaterpoverty.org/files/The}}</ref> A nabatara ya na iwu mba ụwa site na nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ, nkwupụta na ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ. A na-enweta ya site na ikike mmadụ na ọnọdụ ndụ zuru oke. Usoro nhicha dị irè na-enye ihe mgbochi n'etiti nsị na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ ga-emebi usoro mbufe ọrịa (dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ihe gbasara ọrịa na-ebute nsị). A na-ahụ akụkụ a na F-diagram ebe ụzọ niile isi nke ọrịa fecal-oral na-amalite na mkpụrụedemede F: nsị, mkpịsị aka, ụmụ ahụhụ, ubi, mmiri, nri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conant|first=Jeff|title=Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment|date=2005|publisher=The Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Sida|location=Berkeley, California, USA|url=http://www.unwater.org/downloads/EHB_Sanitation_EN_lowres.pdf}}</ref> A ghaghị ime ka akụrụngwa dị ọcha kwekọọ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ ụfọdụ gụnyere atụmanya ndị na-azụ ahịa na ihe onwunwe mpaghara dịnụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nkà na ụzụ mkpofu nwere ike ịgụnye ihe owuwu injinia dị ka Usoro nsị, ọgwụgwọ nsị, nhazi nsị n'elu na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. A na-emepụta ihe owuwu ndị a iji gwọọ mmiri na ihe mkpofu obodo. Nkà na ụzụ mkpocha nwekwara ike iwere ụdị usoro mkpocha dị mfe. Nke a nwere ike ịnwe n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ụlọ mposi dị mfe ma ọ bụ ụdị ụlọ mposi ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mmiri maka akụkụ njikwa nsị. Inye ndị mmadụ idebe ihe ọcha chọrọ nlebara anya na usoro ahụ dum, ọ bụghị naanị na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ teknụzụ dị ka ụlọ mposi, njikwa nsị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri. "Ụzọ mkpofu" na-agụnye ahụmịhe nke onye ọrụ, usoro Nchịkwa nsị na mmiri mkpofu, ibugharị na ọgwụgwọ nke ihe mkpofu, na iji ma ọ bụ kpochapụ. Ihe niile dị mkpa ka a tụlee ya nke ọma.<ref name="Tilley" /> === Mmetụta akụ na ụba === Uru ọha na eze nwere nke ijikwa nsị mmadụ buru ibu, maka ahụike ọha na eze yana maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka atụmatụ siri ike: Maka US $ 1 ọ bụla a na-emefu na nhicha, nloghachi na ọha mmadụ bụ US $ 5.50 .<ref>{{Cite book|author=WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100201-4|location=Paris}}</ref> : 2 : 2  Maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ego akụ na ụba nke enweghị ịdị ọcha zuru oke bụ nnukwu nchegbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka nnyocha nke World Bank si kwuo, mmebi akụ na ụba n'ihi enweghị ịdị ọcha zuru oke na akụ na ụba India bụ 6.4% nke GDP ya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=WSP|title=The economic Impacts of Inadequate Sanitation in India.|publisher=Water and Sanitation Programme, The World Bank|year=2011}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ n'ihi ọnwụ mberede, oge furu efu na ịnweta, mmepụta ihe, ụgwọ ndị ọzọ maka nlekọta ahụike na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":4" /> Enweghị ịdị ọcha zuru oke na-eduga na mfu site na ego njem nleta.<ref name=":4" /> Nnyocha a chọpụtakwara na mmetụta dị elu karịa maka ndị ogbenye, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. N'aka nke ọzọ, nnweta nke ụlọ mposi n'ụlọ na-enye aka n'ụzọ dị mma na ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ na-eduga na mmụba nke ịgụ na ide na itinye aka na ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gius|first=Mark|date=2015|title=The Relationship between Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and the Economic Well-Being of Women in India|journal=Journal of Economics and Development Studies|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.15640/jeds.v3n1a2|issn=2334-2382}}</ref> == Ụdị na echiche (maka njikwa nsị) == [[Faịlụ:Percentage_of_population_served_by_different_types_of_sanitation_systems.png|thumb|Percentage of population served by different types of sanitation systems<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.unwater.org/publications/publications-detail/en/c/853650/|title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2017. Wastewater: The Untapped Resource|author=WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme)|year=2017|isbn=978-92-3-100201-4|location=Paris}}</ref>]] [[Faịlụ:Shower,_double-vault_urine-diverting_dry_toilet_(UDDT)_and_waterless_urinal_in_Lima,_Peru.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke akụrụngwa dị ọcha: Ịsa ahụ, mposi abụọ na-eme ka mmiri dị jụụ (UDDT) na mposi na-enweghị mmiri na Lima, Peru]] A na-ejikọta okwu ahụ dị ọcha na nkọwa ma ọ bụ adjectives dị iche iche iji gosipụta ụdị usoro ịdị ọcha ụfọdụ (nke nwere ike ịmekọrịta naanị njikwa [[Ihe mkpofu mmadụ|nsị mmadụ]] ma ọ bụ usoro ịdị ọcha dum, ya bụ, mmiri na-acha ntụ ntụ, mmiri ozuzo na njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike) - n'usoro mkpụrụ akwụkwọ: === Idebe ihe ọcha === N'afọ 2017, [[Usoro Nlekọta Jikọrọ Aka maka Mmiri na Medo|JMP]] kọwara okwu ọhụrụ: "ọrụ mkpofu". A na-akọwa nke a dị ka ojiji nke ụlọ mposi ka mma nke na-esoghị n'ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ọkwa dị ala ugbu a "ọrụ mkpofu dị oke ala" nke na-ezo aka n'iji ụlọ mkpofu dị mma nke ezinụlọ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-ekerịta. === Mmiri dị ọcha nke na-adabere na container === === Mmiri dị ọcha nke obodo === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Mmiri na-adịghị ọcha === Okwu ahụ bụ "ikpocha mmiri" anaghị eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, akọwaghịkwa ya nke ọma. Ọ na-ezo aka na usoro nke na-eji ụdị ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ na enweghị ihe mkpofu iji buru nsị. Ọtụtụ mgbe mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu maka "ikpocha mmiri" ha na-ekwu na usoro mkpocha nke na-eji ụlọ mposi na-eme ka mmiri na-emebi mmiri (UDDTs). === Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi ===   [[Faịlụ:Emergency_pit_lining_kits_by_Evenproducts_(6619616945).jpg|thumb|Ngwá ọrụ mkpuchi olulu mberede site na Evenproducts]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi === Mmiri dị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye njikwa nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi ndị metụtara ọrịa. Akụkụ nke ụdị a bụ njikwa ihe mkpofu siri ike, mmiri na [[Mmiri mkpofu]], ọgwụgwọ Ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ na njikwa mmetọ mkpọtụ. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ [[Health|ahụike]] ụwa (WHO) si kwuo, akọwapụtara ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka njikwa nke ihe ndị ahụ niile dị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enwe mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na mmepe ahụike, ahụike na ndụ mmadụ. Otu n'ime ọrụ bụ isi nke ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ichebe ahụike ọha na eze. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Environmental_sanitation.jpg|thumb|Mmetụta dị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka onye otu NGO]] [[Faịlụ:Environmental_clean_up_in_UNN.jpg|thumb|Omume dị ọcha nke otu NGO haziri]] === Nchịkwa nsị === <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> === Imeziwanye na imeziwanye ịdị ọcha ===   === Enweghị ịdị ọcha === Enweghị ịdị ọcha na-ezo aka na enweghị ịdị ọcha. N'okwu ndị dị irè, ọ na-apụtakarị enweghị ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ enweghị ụlọ mpụ dị ọcha nke onye ọ bụla ga-achọ iji n'afọ ofufo. Nsonaazụ nke enweghị ịdị ọcha na-abụkarị nsị na-emeghe (na nsị na oghe ma nke a anaghị echegbu onwe ya) na nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze siri ike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Mara|first=Duncan|date=2017|title=The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals|url=http://washdev.iwaponline.com/content/7/1/1|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.027|issn=2043-9083|accessdate=2017-08-17}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na ijeri mmadụ 2.4 ka na-enweghị ụlọ mposi ka mma gụnyere nde mmadụ 660 na-enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015.<ref name="sanitation">WHO and UNICEF ''[https://www.washdata.org/reports Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2015 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212123015/https://washdata.org/reports|date=2021-02-12}}'', WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=On Water|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/eib-big-ideas-on-water|accessdate=2020-12-07|year=2019|doi=10.2867/509830|language=en|author=European Investment Bank|publisher=Publications Office|isbn=978-92-861-4319-9}}</ref> A na-akọwa ịdị ọcha n'ebe ahụ (ma ọ bụ ịdị ọcha n"ebe ahụ) dị ka "usoro ịdị ọcha nke a na-anakọta [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] na Mmiri na-adịghị mma ma chekwaa ma ọ bụ dozie ya na ogige ebe a na-emepụta ha". :: 173  Okwu ọzọ a na-eji maka otu usoro ahụ bụ usoro nhicha na-enweghị nsị (NSSS), nke jupụtara n'ọtụtụ mba. NSSS na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa dị nchebe nke nsị, na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe dịka ọkara nke usoro nhicha niile dị.<ref name=":1" /> Ọdịdị ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche, site na enweghị ruo n'ọkwa. Ihe atụ bụ ụlọ mposi (enweghị ọgwụgwọ) na tankị septic (ọgwụgwọ mbụ nke mmiri mkpofu). A na-ejikọkarị usoro nhicha dị n'ebe ahụ na usoro Nchịkwa nsị (FSM) ebe a na-agwọ nsị nke a na-emepụta n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. A na-emepụta mmiri mkpofu (ihe nsị) naanị mgbe mmiri dị na paịpụ dị n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ na nso ha. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Okwu yiri ya bụ Usoro mmiri na-adịghị mma nke na-ezo aka karịsịa na akụkụ mmiri na-enweghị isi nke ịdị ọcha n'ebe ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ nsị dị n'ebe ahụ nwere ike ịgwọ mmiri nsị a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-eme atụmatụ na ikuku methane zuru ụwa ọnụ sitere na NSSS na 2020 dị ka 377 Mt CO2e kwa afọ ma ọ bụ 4.7% nke ikuku methane sitere n'ụwa niile, nke a pụrụ iji tụnyere ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri. Nke a pụtara na ikuku GHG sitere na NSSS bụ isi iyi na-enweghị isi.<ref name=":1" /> === Nlekọta dị mma === [[Faịlụ:Share_of_population_using_safely_managed_sanitation_facilities,_OWID.svg|thumb|Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities in 2022]] [[Faịlụ:Proportion_of_population_with_basic_handwashing_facilities_on_premises,_OWID.svg|alt=|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe ịsa aka n'ụwa, 2022]] Nlekọta dị ọcha bụ ọkwa kachasị elu nke ịdị ọcha n'ụlọ nke atụmatụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke 6 chepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Joint Monitoring Programme of UNICEF and WHO|title=JMP - Sanitation|url=https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation|accessdate=25 February 2021|work=washdata.org|archivedate=21 July 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721181243/https://washdata.org/monitoring/sanitation}}</ref> A na-atụle ya n'okpuru Sustainable Development Goal 6.2, Indicator 6.2.1, dị ka "ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ na-eji (a) ọrụ nhicha na (b) ụlọ ịsa aka na ncha na mmiri". <ref name="unwater">{{Cite web|title=Indicator 6.2.1 - Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services, including a handwashing facility with soap and water|url=https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicator-621/|work=sdg6monitoring.org|publisher=UN Water|accessdate=25 February 2021|archivedate=3 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303212826/https://www.sdg6monitoring.org/indicator-621/}}</ref> Ọnụ ego dị ugbu a na atụmatụ 2024 nke United Nations bụ na ijeri mmadụ 3.4 enweghị usoro nhicha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Martin|title=Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|accessdate=2025-08-13|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-akọwa ịdị ọcha a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ dị mma dị ka ụlọ ọrụ dị ọcha nke a na-ejikọghị ya na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, na ebe a na-edozi ma tụfuo nsị a na-emepụta n'ebe ahụ, na-echekwa ya nwa oge wee tụfuo ya ma buru ya gaa ọgwụgwọ n'èzí, ma ọ bụ na-ebugharị ya site na nsị nwere mmiri nsị wee gwọọ ya n'èbe.<ref name="unwater"/> N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, usoro nhicha dị n'enweghị nsogbu bụ ọrụ nhicha dị mkpa ebe a na-atụfu nsị n'enweghị ihe mgbochi n'ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ buru ya ma gwọọ ya n'ebe ọzọ. === Idebe ihe ọcha === {{Reflist}} == Ụdị, echiche na usoro ndị ọzọ == {{owidslider|start=2021|list=Template:OWID/death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd, World, 2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd]]|startingView=World}} [[Faịlụ:Wonga_wetlands_sewage_plant.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi nsị, [[Ostraliya|Australia]].]] Nchịkwa mmiri mkpofu na-agụnye nchịkọta, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu (ma ọ bụ mmiri mkpofu nke obodo ma ọ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ), mkpofu ma ọ bụ iji mmiri mkpofu a na-edozi eme ihe. A na-akpọkwa nke ikpeazụ dị ka mmiri mkpocha. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of the collection of [[Mmiri mkpofu|wastewater]] in gravity driven sewers, its treatment in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, a ka na-ewepụ ọtụtụ mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nallapaneni Sasidhar|year=2026|url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v6i1/A187206010526.pdf|title=Economically Viable Nature-based Sewage Treatment Method by Using Life Cycles of Mosquitoes and Non-biting Midges|publisher=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka usoro nsị dị n'etiti gụnyere ịdị ọcha n'ebe ahụ, usoro mmiri nsị dị iche iche, Ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ ejikọtara na njikwa nsị. === Mmiri mmiri ozuzo ===   A na-ejikọta [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] na nsị Mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ kewapụ ha dị ka nsị mmiri. A na-ahụkarị nsị ndị a jikọtara ọnụ n'etiti, akụkụ ochie ma ọ bụ obodo ukwu. [[Ifufe|Mmiri ozuzo]] siri ike na mmezi ezughi oke nwere ike iduga na ngụkọta nke nsị ma ọ bụ nsị nsị dị ọcha, ya bụ, a na-ewepụ nsị na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụkarị mmiri nsị n'ime ụlọ mposi obodo, nke nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ mmiri nsị dị mgbagwoju anya ọ gwụla ma ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri ha.{{owidslider|start=2021|list=Template:OWID/death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd, World, 2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Death rate from unsafe sanitation gbd]]|startingView=World}} [[Faịlụ:Israel_hiriya.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Hiriya Landfill, [[Israel]].]] A na-atụfu [[Ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo|Ihe mkpofu siri ike]] n'[[Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa|ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa]], mana ọkụ, imegharị ihe, composting na ntụgharị gaa na biofuels bụkwa ụzọ. N'ihe banyere ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, mba ndị dị elu na-enwekarị usoro iwu siri ike maka mkpuchi ala kwa ụbọchị, ebe Mba ndị na-emepebeghị emepe na-adabere na usoro iwu siri oke. Mkpa nke mkpuchi kwa ụbọchị dị na mbelata nke njikọ vector na mgbasa nke pathogens. Ihe mkpuchi kwa ụbọchị na-ebelata ikuku na-esi ísì ma belata ihe mkpofu ikuku na-ebugharị. N'otu aka ahụ, mba ndị mepere emepe na-enwekarị ihe achọrọ maka imechi gburugburu ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ụdị ala ụrọ iji belata mbugharị nke leachate nke nwere ike imerụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala (ma si otú a mee ka ụfọdụ [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|mmiri ọṅụṅụ]] dị n'ihe ize ndụ). Maka nhọrọ ọkụ, ntọhapụ nke mmetọ ikuku, gụnyere ụfọdụ ihe na-egbu egbu bụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ. Recycling na biofuel ntụgharị bụ nhọrọ na-adịgide adịgide nke na-enwekarị ọnụahịa ndụ dị elu, ọkachasị mgbe a na-atụle nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọnụ ahịa composting ga-emesị bụrụ nke ahịa chọrọ maka ngwaahịa compost. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nchebe Nri === [[Faịlụ:Canteen_kitchen.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe a na-akwadebe nri n'Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke oge a.]] {{excerpt|Container-based sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}}Nlekọta n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nri pụtara ọgwụgwọ zuru oke nke ebe nri na-emetụ aka site na usoro nke dị irè n'ibibi mkpụrụ ndụ ahịhịa nke microorganisms nke dị mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze, yana ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganismes ndị ọzọ a na-achọghị, mana na-enweghị mmetụta ọjọọ na nri ma ọ bụ nchekwa ya maka ndị na-azụ ahịa (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulations, 21CFR110, USA). Usoro Ọrụ nke Sanitation Standard bụ iwu maka ụlọ ọrụ nri na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. N'otu aka ahụ, na Japan, a ga-enweta ịdị ọcha nri site n'ịgbaso iwu ịdị ọcha nri.<ref name="fslj">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/pdf/food-e.pdf|title=Food Sanitation Law in Japan|author=Japan External Trade Organization|authorlink=Japan External Trade Organization|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409155125/http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/pdf/food-e.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2008|accessdate=1 March 2008}}</ref> N'ime ụlọ ọrụ nri na biopharmaceutical, okwu ahụ bụ "ngwá ọrụ dị ọcha" pụtara ngwá ọrụ nke nwere ike ịsacha kpamkpam site na iji usoro dị ọcha (CIP) na usoro sterilization-in-place (SIP): nke ahụ nwere ike ịpụ kpamkpam na ngwọta nhicha na mmiri ndị ọzọ. Nhazi ahụ kwesịrị ịnwe obere ụkwụ nwụrụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ ebe ọgba aghara n'oge nhicha ezughi ezu iji wepụ ngwaahịa. N'ozuzu, iji melite ịdị ọcha, a na-eji Stainless Steel 316L, (ngwakọta nwere obere molybdenum) emepụta ngwá ọrụ a. A na-ejikarị eletropole elu ya ruo n'ókè dị irè nke na-erughị 0.5 micrometer iji belata ohere nke njikọ nje bacteria. === Nkwalite ịdị ọcha === {{excerpt|Community-led total sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [[Faịlụ:Hygiene_education.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mmụta ịdị ọcha (na Ịsa aka kwesịrị ekwesị) na [[Afghanistan]]]] N'ọtụtụ ntọala, inye naanị ụlọ mposi anaghị ekwe nkwa ahụike dị mma nke ndị mmadụ. Nnyocha atụwo aro na mmetụta nke omume ịdị ọcha nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrịa ndị metụtara ịdị ọcha dị ka inye ihe ndị dị ọcha. N'ihi ya, nkwalite ịdị ọcha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịdị ọcha ma na-abụkarị isi ihe na-eme ka ahụike dị mma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Reed|first=Brian|title=Managing hygiene promotion in WASH programmes|publisher=Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University|year=2014|isbn=978-1-84380-168-9|location=Leicestershire, UK}}</ref> Nkwalite ịdị ọcha bụ usoro a haziri ahazi iji mee ka ndị mmadụ mee ihe ma gbanwee omume ha iji belata na / ma ọ bụ gbochie ihe ndị metụtara [[WASH]]" id="mwAn8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="WASH">mmiri, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha (WASH) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=2021 water, sanitation and hygiene barometer|url=https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/water-barometer-2021.pdf|work=SOLIDARITÉS INTERNATIONAL|accessdate=2021-04-13|archivedate=2021-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325000242/https://www.solidarites.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/water-barometer-2021.pdf}}</ref> . Ọ na-agụnyekarị usoro itinye aka nke itinye ndị nnọchiteanya na mmadụ n'ọrụ iji were ọrụ na akụrụngwa WASH gụnyere ọrụ ya na mmezi ya. Ihe atọ dị mkpa nke ịkwalite ịdị ọcha bụ; ịkekọrịta ozi na ihe ọmụma, ịhazi obodo ndị metụtara na inye ihe na ihe ndị dị mkpa. [[Faịlụ:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|"F-diagram" (nri, mkpịsị aka, ụmụ ahụhụ, ubi, mmiri, nri), na-egosi ụzọ ọrịa na-efe efe. Ahịrị ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi ihe mgbochi: ụlọ mposi, mmiri dị mma, ịdị ọcha na Ịsa aka.]] {{excerpt|Ecological sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}}{{Excerpt|Improved sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ihe ndị na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ === Mgbe a na-enyocha ihe nlele gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-eji ụdị ihe dị iche iche na-egosi ihe iji chọpụta mmetọ nsị nke ihe nlele ahụ. Ihe ngosi ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka Nnyocha mmiri nje nje bacteria gụnyere nje bacteria ''Escherichia coli'' (nke a na-akpọ ''E. coli) '' na fecal coliforms na-abụghị kpọmkwem. Banyere ihe nlele nke ala, nsị, ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe nsị sitere na Ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ, àkwá helminth bụ ihe ngosi a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Site na nyocha nke àkwá helminth, a na-ewepụta àkwá site na sample ahụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na'eme nnọchi anya steeti na-anọchite anya mpaghara wale iji mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti àkwá dị irè na nke na-adịghị adị. A na-agụta akụkụ dị irè nke àkwá helminth na sample ahụ. == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ == === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na-adịgide adịgide 6 === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Faịlụ:Sustainable_Development_Goal_6.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|United Nations SDG 6 Logo]] N'afọ 2016, Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe ụwa-adịgide adịgide nọchiri Ihe mgbaruzu mmepe nke puku afọ. Idebe ihe dị ọcha bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka mmepe zuru ụwa ọnụ ma gụnye [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide 6]] (SDG 6). Ebumnuche bụ maka "mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile" site na 2030.<ref name="SDG6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|title=Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all|accessdate=2017-11-17|archivedate=2019-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416212832/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/}}</ref> A na-eme nke a na-akpọkwa nke e atụmatụ na nde mmadụ 660 ka na-enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015.<ref name="sanitation"/><ref name=":5"/> Kemgbe ọrịa COVID-19 na 2020, ọgụ maka mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha dị mkpa karịa mgbe ọ bụla. Ịsa aka bụ otu n'ime ụzọ mgbochi a na-ahụkarị maka Coronavirus, ma mmadụ abụọ n'ime mmadụ ise enweghị ohere ịnweta ebe ịsa aka.<ref>{{Cite web|author=UN|title=Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|accessdate=2021-01-04|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416212832/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Ring-slab_latrine_in_Kalibari_community_in_Mymensingh,_Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|Example for lack of sanitation: Unhygienic pit latrine with ring slab in Kalibari community in Mymensingh, Bangladesh]] Òtù [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]], n'oge Nzukọ Millennium na New York na 2000 na Nzukọ Ụwa nke 2002 na Mmepe Na-adịgide adịgide na Johannesburg, mepụtara Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) nke e mere iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye na mmepe na-adịgide. Ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha maka afọ 2015 bụ iji ọkara belata ọnụ ọcha na-agụnye gụgụ ndị na-enweghị [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|mmiri ọṅụṅụ]] na ịdị ọcha n'afọ 1990. Dị ka JMP na United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report na 2006 gosipụtara, ọganihu na-ezute ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha nke MDG dị nwere ayọ, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti mkpuchi ebumnuche na eziokwu dị ugbu a. [[Faịlụ:Drive_to_2015_campaign_logo_(6765627649).jpg|thumb|Logo gbanwere nke International Year of Sanitation, nke e ji mee ihe na UN Drive ruo 2015 campaign logo]] N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwupụtara afọ 2008 "Afọ Mba Nile nke Ịdị ọcha", iji kwado ọganihu dị nwayọ a na-eme maka ebumnuche nke ịdị ọcha MDGs.<ref name="Kurian and McCarney">{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/978-90-481-9424-7|title=Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=2010|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9425-4|isbn=978-90-481-9424-7|accessdate=2017-09-11|editor=Kurian}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke afọ ahụ bụ ịzụlite mmata na ihe ndị ọzọ iji mezuo ebumnuch nse ahụ. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara na ahu a ọdịiche a. Otu isi bụ na a naghị enyefe ịdị ọcha nlebara anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na isiokwu ndị ọzọ n'agbanyeghị mkpa ọ dị. Idebe Mmiri adịghị elu na atụmatụ mmepe mba ụwa, a na-ekwukwa ọrụ ndị metụtara ọrụ inye mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abellán|first=Javier|date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194}}</ref> Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation nke WHO na UNICEF (JMP)anọwo na-ebipụta anọwo na-ebipụta akụkọ nke atụmatụ emelitere kwa afọ abụọ na ojiji nke ụdị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha na mba, mpaghara na ụwa. Akụkọ JMP maka afọ 2015 kwuru na: <ref name="sanitation"/> * N'agbata afọ 1990 na afọ 2015, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme nsị n'èzí belatara site na 38% ruo 25% n'ụwa niile. Ihe na-erughị otu ijeri mmadụ (946 nde) ka na-eme nsị n'ụwa niile na 2015. * 82% nke ndị bi n'obodo ukwu zuru ụwa ọnụ, na 51% nke ndị bi na ime obodo na-eji ụlọ mposi ka mma na 2015, dịka nkọwa JMP nke "mposi ka mma". === Omume iji kwalite ịdị ọcha === N'afọ 2011, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation malitere "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" iji kwalite ụzọ dị nchebe, nke dị irè iji gwọọ ihe mkpofu mmadụ. Usoro ihe omume nke mmemme a bụ ịmepụta teknụzụ nke Nke ahụ ike inyere aka dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịdị ọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ Omni Processor, ma ọ bụ teknụzụ maka njikwa nsị). N'afọ 2015, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation bipụtara "Mmiri, ịdị ọcha, na mmelite atụmatụ ịdị ọcha" nke akpọrọ "Mkpa iwu maka ịdị ọcha". Ihe ọhụrụ na mpaghara nke ịdị ọcha nke ahụike ọha na eze na a eze, ugbu a na-anwale, gụnyere - iji 'ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya na-emepụta aka'; 'imeziwanye ụlọ mposi ọhụrụ'; na 'ikpocha nke na-adabere na container'. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze nke United States anabatala atụmatụ atọ ahụ. === Mmepe ikike === A na-ewere Mmepe ikike dị ka usoro dị mkpa iji nweta ọganihu na ngalaba nhicha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na India, e mere ikpo okwu Sanitation Capacity Building (SCBP) iji "kwado ma wuo ikike nke obodo / obodo iji hazie ma tinye n'ọrụ ngwọta nke ịdị ọcha" na ego nke Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation site na 2015 ruo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About SCBP {{!}} SCBP|url=http://www.niua.org/scbp/?q=content/about-scbp|accessdate=2021-06-09|work=www.niua.org|archivedate=2021-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803194142/https://www.niua.org/scbp/?q=content/about-scbp}}</ref> Nsonaazụ sitere na ọrụ a gosipụtara na mmepe ikike kachasị mma na-eme n'ọrụ na n'omenala nzukọ mmụta. N'ime atụmanya matụ mmepe ikike gọọmentị, ọ dị oke mkpa inwe iwu na ego mmemme iji sụgharịa ntinye mmepe ikike n'ime mmemme na mmepe obodo site na ụta akụrụngwa. Mmepe ikike na-ezube inye ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ike, mepụta usoro mmụta, ọdịnaya mmụta na usoro ọzụzụ, yana mmekọrịta siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ mmụta.<ref name=":42" /> Capacity Development Effectiveness Ladder Framework (CDEL) na-akọwa nzọụkwụ ise dị mkpa maka itinye aka na mmepe ikike: Ịmepụta ọdịnaya mmụta mbụ, mmekọrịta maka mmụta na mgbasa ozi, usoro mmụta, ịhụ mgbanwe na imepụta ihe ngwọta, onyinye maka okwu mmepe ikike. <ref name=":42" /> == Ihe Ndị Na-efu == E mere nnyocha na 2018 iji tụnyere ọnụahịa ndụ nke usoro nhicha zuru oke n'obodo ndị na-emepe emepe nke Africa na Eshia. Ọ chọpụtara na usoro nsị ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ nhọrọ mkpofu kachasị ọnụ, na-esote, n'usoro ọnụahịa, usoro mkpofu nke gụnyere tankị septic, ụlọ mposi ikuku ka mma (VIP), ụlọ mposi na-adọba mmiri na ụlọ mposi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Daudey|first=Loïc|date=2018|title=The cost of urban sanitation solutions: a literature review|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=2|pages=176–195|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.058|issn=2043-9083}}</ref> Ihe ndị bụ isi na-ekpebi mmefu ego nke ime obodo gụnyere: Ụdị teknụzụ, ọrụ, ihe onwunwe na ọnụahịa, njupụta, ọdịdị ala, ọkwa ọrụ nke usoro ime ụlọ, ọnọdụ ala, ọnụahị a ike na ndị ọzọ (ebe dị anya na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri, ihu igwe, njedebe nke ngwaahịa hịa ọgwụgwọ, ụdị azụmahịa, ịdị elu nke tebụl mmiri). <ref name=":0" /> Ụfọdụ òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ mposi anwalewo ụlọ mposi na-achịkwa obodo nke ezinụlọ nwere ike ikpuchi ụgwọ owuwu na mmezi ya. Otu nnyocha nke yocha nke Mumbai informal settlements chọpụtara na US $ 1.58 kwa okenye ga-ezu maka owuwu, na ihe na-egbu -erughị US $ 1 / ezinụlọ / ọnwa ga-ezu maka mmezi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patel|first=Sheela|date=2015-04-01|title=The 20-year sanitation partnership of Mumbai and the Indian Alliance|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=27|issue=1|pages=55–72|doi=10.1177/0956247815569698|issn=0956-2478}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Obodo ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịmalite naanị ebe mmiri dị ọcha dị n'elu dị ọtụtụ, dị ka n'akụkụ [[osimiri]] ma ọ bụ isi iyi. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile, ndebirị mmadụ emepụ tala usoro iji nweta mmiri iri n'ime obodo na ezinụlọ ha, na iji kpochapụ (ma mesịa gwọọ) mmiri nsị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/22932774|title=The Art of Plumbing as Recorded through History|work=www.academia.edu|accessdate=2016-03-10|archivedate=2020-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409140553/https://www.academia.edu/22932774}}</ref> Ihe a na-elekwasị anya ya n'ịgwọ nsị n'oge e ahụ bụ ibufe nsị na mmiri sitere n'okike, dịka a osimiri ma ọ bụ [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]], ebe a ga-agbanye ya ma kpochapụ ya. The Sanitation in the Indus Valley Civilization in Asia bụ ihe atụ nke inye mmiri ọha na eze na ịdị ọcha na-agụnye n'oge Bronze Age (3300-1300 BCE). Idebe Oge Ọcha na Rom oge ochie dị nnọọ ukwuu. Usoro ndị a nwere mmiri na-emebi si na nkume na oasis i na-anakọta ma wepụ mmiri na-adịghị mma mma n'ebe e ndị mmadụ bi - lee ihe atụ Cloaca Maxima n'ime Osimiri Tiber na Rom. E wuru ụlọ mposi mbụ nke Rom oge ochie n'etiti 800 na 735 BCE. == Site na mba == {{Excerpt|Sustainable sanitation|paragraphs=1|file=no}}E nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị na-etinye aka na ngalaba nke ịdị ọcha, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'akụkụ teknụzụ na ọrụ: ndị ọrụ ịdị ọcha, Ndị na-anakọta ihe mkpofu, ndị injinia dị ọcha. == Hụkwa == == Ihe odide == == Njikọ mpụga == *   * [http://www.susana.org Njikọ Na-adịgide Adịgide Na-eme Ka Ịdị Na Nche] * [https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/sanitation-and-wastewater-atlas-africa Nchịkọta na Mmiri Waste Atlas nke Africa] * Florence Nightingale (1863), Sanitary Statistics of Native Colonial Schools and Hospitals''[[gutenberg:52653|Statistics Sanitary nke Native Colonial Schools na Hospitals]]'' [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l41pt3m0krq883lghp0klxqtj0r22tb 0 28323 742359 541559 2026-11-02T21:57:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742359 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Dakimakura_20141210_20.08.51_(15433129404).jpg|thumb|Dakamakura na-enweghị mbipụta ọ bụla na ya]] A '''''dakimakura''''' (抱き枕; site na daki 抱き "embrace" na makura 枕 "pillow") bụ ụdị nnukwu ohiri ndị mmadụ n'ihe dị ka ndị ọzọ ụra mbụ Nile dị ka onye isi na peeji nke iri abuo isi sitere na [[Japan]] nke a na-ejikọkarị na mkpuchi ohiri isi na-egosi ihe odide anime.<ref name="The Otaku Encyclopedia">{{Cite book|author=Galbraith|first=Patrick W.|title=[[The Otaku Encyclopedia|The Otaku Encyclopedia: An Insider's Guide to the Subculture of Cool Japan]]|year=2009|publisher=Kodansha International|location=Tokyo|isbn=9784770031013}}</ref> A na-asụgharịkarị okwu ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka pillow, '''waifu''' pillow, ma ọ bụ '''husbando''' ohiri isi. Na ,ohiri isi ''dakimakura'' yiri ohiri isi ọkpụkpụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ, ndị ntorobịa Japan na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka "ihe nkasi obi".<ref name="The Otaku Encyclopedia" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Dakimakura_-_5623288757.jpg|thumb|A dakimakura na-egosi agwa Mirai Suenaga]] N'ime ngwụcha '90s na mmalite 2000s, ''dakimakura'' malitere ijikọta na omenala otaku, na-eduga ndị mmadụ n'ihe ndị na eme ka ndị ọzọ ndị nwere mmasị nwanyị Mmekọahụ ike ịbelata ọtụtụ ojiji ndị na ụdị ke amụta na mmepụta nke mkpuchi ohiri isi nke gosipụtara ihe oyiyi e biri ebi nke bishōjo na ''bishōnen'' gosipụtara na-edina ala site na egwuregwu anime ma ọ bụ ''bishōjo'' dị iche iche. A tọhapụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime mkpuchi otaku dakimakura ndị a site na Cospa, ụlọ ahịa ngwaahịa na uwe nke na-aga n'ihu na-ewepụta mkpuchi ''dakimakura''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pillowprofessional.com/dakimakura-pillow/#tab-con-14 |title=Dakimura pillows on Pillow Professional |accessdate=2023-07-17 |archivedate=2021-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206024348/http://pillowprofessional.com/dakimakura-pillow/#tab-con-14 }}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ ''dakimakura'' mgbe ụfọdụ "nwunye Dutch", nkọwa mbụ nke ahịrịokwu a dị nso na ''chikufujin'', ma ọ bụ "nwunye bamboo". Afọ 2015 hụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime akwa ahụ mbụ na-ekwu okwu na ''Ita-Supo'' na mascot ya, Rina Makuraba. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta nke ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ nke Kyushu, Koichi Uchimura, mepụtara ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2015-02-28/make-your-hug-pillow-experience-more-pleasurable-with-rub-activated-talking/.85461|author=Bamboo Dong|title=Make Your Hug Pillow Experience More Pleasurable with Rub-Activated Talking|date=28 February 2015|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lynzee Loveridge|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2016-03-16/interactive-rubbing-activated-hug-pillows-finally-get-release-date/.99866|title=Interactive, Rubbing-Activated Hug Pillows Finally Get Release Date|date=16 March 2016|work=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya == Tupu etiti afọ 00, ''dakimakura'' dị n'otu nha; 160 cm (63 in × 20 in). Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 00, 150 50 cm (59 in × 20 in) ''dakimakura'' ghọrọ ihe dịnụ ma na-ewu ewu ego ụgbọ mmiri na-echekwa site na ịnọ n'okpuru 2 kg (4 ) oke ibu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://casemaka.com/en/blog/the-perfect-size-of-a-dakimakura.html |title=The Perfect Size Of A Dakimakura |accessdate=2023-07-17 |archivedate=2020-11-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116153533/https://casemaka.com/en/blog/the-perfect-size-of-a-dakimakura.html }}</ref> N'ihi mmụba nke ewu ewu, e mepụtara nha ọhụrụ iji kwekọọ na ịdị elu na afọ niile, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nha ndị ọzọ dị, nha 5 kachasị ewu ewu bụ: 180x60, 170x60, 160x60, 150x50 na 140x40 cm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dakimakuras.com|title=Dakimakuras|work=Dakimakuras|date=May 8, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> == Okpu ịhụnanya == Okpu ịhụnanya bụ akụkụ nke ''dakimakura'' na-egosipụtakarị foto ndị dị ndụ nke ndị na-ese onyinyo. Ha nwere ike igosi ihe odide anime, ihe odide furry, ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. == Hụkwa == * Ịrahụ ụra * Nwa bebi mmekọahụ * [[Ihe nkwado]] * Nwunye bamboo == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite news|url=http://archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/news/2004/02/62176|title=Getting in Bed With the Customer|author=Kohler|first=Chris|date=February 6, 2004|work=[[Wired News]]|accessdate=2014-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518174550/http://archive.wired.com/gaming/gamingreviews/news/2004/02/62176|archive-date=2014-05-18|url-status=dead}} cxpc5szp0xhfnw1rdsridr3bdjl1v7c 0 28454 742669 139943 2026-11-03T08:59:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Pascale Domingo''' bu onye Frenchi combushon phisikist nakwa aerothermokist onye na eji ihe ndị dị ọtụtụ na simulashon iji gụọ ihe gbasara ikuku ọkụ ndị si na ihe mwukota nke petrolu . Ọ bu onye direktor na emere ndị Frenchi nchoputa na ihe gbasara sayensi nke metụtara complexes de recherche interprofessionel . == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ya == Domingo gụsịrị Ph.D. na physiks na 1991 na Mahadum Rouen Normandy, na edemede Modélisation numérique de plasmas en écoulement nke Dany Vandromme lekọtara. [1] Ọ bụ onye nyocha postdoctoral na 1992 na ngalaba Aeronautics na Astronautics nke Mahadum Stanford. {{R|coria}} == Nkwado == A họpụtara Domingo na klas 2019 nke Fellows nke The Combustion Institute, "maka onyinye magburu onwe ya na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke ọkụ gụnyere usoro ọkụ na-ebu amụma nnukwu na obere ụdị kemịkal". [1] == Edensibia == <references> <ref name=coria>{{citation|url=https://www.coria-cfd.fr/index.php/User:Domingo|title=Pascale Domingo|work=CORIA CFD|publisher=CORIA|access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref> <ref name=fci>{{citation|url=https://www.combustioninstitute.org/resources/awards/fellows-of-the-combustion-institute/|publisher=The Combustion Institute|title=Fellows of The Combustion Institute|date=20 June 2017|access-date=2022-09-20|archive-date=2023-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608051502/https://www.combustioninstitute.org/resources/awards/fellows-of-the-combustion-institute/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=these>{{citation|url=https://www.theses.fr/1991ROUE5020|title=Modélisation numérique de plasmas en écoulement|work=theses.fr|date=January 1991 |access-date=2022-09-20|type=These de doctorat |last1=Domingo |first1=Pascale |last2=Vandromme |first2=Dany }}</ref> </references> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ ndị ọzọ gasi == * Pascale Domingo publications indexed by Google Scholar [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2qgukul5gy4ac4xqv75fdrf4k19hq6o 742674 742669 2026-11-03T09:10:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Pascale Domingo''' bu onye Frenchi combushon phisikist nakwa aerothermokist onye na eji ihe ndị dị ọtụtụ na simulashon iji gụọ ihe gbasara ikuku ọkụ ndị si na ihe mwukota nke petrolu . Ọ bu onye direktor na emere ndị Frenchi nchoputa na ihe gbasara sayensi nke metụtara complexes de recherche interprofessionel . == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ya == Domingo gụsịrị Ph.D. na physiks na 1991 na Mahadum Rouen Normandy, na edemede Modélisation numérique de plasmas en écoulement nke Dany Vandromme lekọtara. [1] Ọ bụ onye nyocha postdoctoral na 1992 na ngalaba Aeronautics na Astronautics nke Mahadum Stanford. {{R|coria}} == Nkwado == A họpụtara Domingo na klas 2019 nke Fellows nke The Combustion Institute, "maka onyinye magburu onwe ya na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke ọkụ gụnyere usoro ọkụ na-ebu amụma nnukwu na obere ụdị kemịkal". [1] == Edensibia == <ref name=coria>{{citation|url=https://www.coria-cfd.fr/index.php/User:Domingo|title=Pascale Domingo|work=CORIA CFD|publisher=CORIA|access-date=2022-09-20}}</ref></references> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ ndị ọzọ gasi == * Pascale Domingo publications indexed by Google Scholar [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f8p03ow7jhw7lsaate60jsxkm6sx1u1 0 28710 742781 721425 2026-11-03T11:36:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Global Landscapes Forum Logo, 2017.png|thumb|Global Landscapes Forum]] Global Landscapes Forum (GLF) bụ nzukọ nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye aka nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị ndị mmadụ mfe itinye aka na usoro ala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://peoplefoodandnature.org/blog/recognizing-common-ground-finding-meaning-in-integrated-landscape-management/|title=Recognizing Common Ground: Finding Meaning in Integrated Landscape Management|author=Friedman|first=Rachel|date=November 13, 2013|work=EcoAgriculture Partners|accessdate=September 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914034240/http://peoplefoodandnature.org/blog/recognizing-common-ground-finding-meaning-in-integrated-landscape-management/|archive-date=September 14, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == GLF bụ ikpo okwu na iji ala eme ihe na-adịgide adịgide. Kemgbe afọ 2013, ihe karịrị òtù 4,400 na mmadụ 190,000 esonyewo na mmemme Forum n'onwe ha na n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globallandscapesforum.org/about/what-is-glf|title=What is the Global Landscapes Forum? - Global Landscapes Forum|work=Global Landscapes Forum|accessdate=2017-11-14|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) na-eduzi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Landscapes Forum|url=https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/en/project/global-landscapes-forum-17-iii-099-global-m-global-landscapes-forum/|accessdate=2023-05-29|work=www.international-climate-initiative.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529235057/https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/en/project/global-landscapes-forum-17-iii-099-global-m-global-landscapes-forum/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ihe omume GLF mbụ ahụ mere n'akụkụ 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 19) na Warsaw, [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2013/11/17/1256032/-Warsaw-Global-Landscape-Forum-Lanches-Alongside-COP19|title=Warsaw: Global Landscape Forum Launches Alongside COP19|author=Phelan|first=Deborah|date=November 17, 2013|work=[[Daily Kos]]|accessdate=September 13, 2017}}</ref> Ọ mara ọkwa njikọta nke Forest Day na Agriculture and Rural Development Day, na-egosipụta ihu igwe sayensị nke na-ele anya n'ịgbasa silos nyocha na iji usoro ala dị n'otu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://forestsnews.cifor.org/11958/forest-day-time-to-move-on|title=Forest Day – time to move on|date=2012-12-02|work=CIFOR Forests News|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-eme ihe omume GLF anọ mbụ kwa afọ n'akụkụ nke United Nations Climate Change Conference. N'ịgbaso nnukwu ego sitere na gọọmentị Germany, GLF kwagara iji guzobe odeakwụkwọ na Bonn, Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.globallandscapesforum.org/glf-marrakesh/pressroom/cop22-german-government-supports-establishment-global-landscapes-forum-bonn/|title=COP22: German government supports establishment of Global Landscapes Forum in Bonn - 2016 Global Landscapes Forum: Marrakesh|work=2016 Global Landscapes Forum: Marrakesh|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị nke gọọmentị Germany na obodo Bonn iji guzobe "ìgwè na-adịgide adịgide" n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bonn-international.org/international-profile/sustainability-cluster.html|title=Sustainability cluster - Bonn International|work=www.bonn-international.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-16|archivedate=2017-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014136/http://www.bonn-international.org/international-profile/sustainability-cluster.html}}</ref> == Ndị mmekọ == CIFOR na-eje ozi dị ka nzukọ mmejuputa iwu nke GLF, na ndị mmekọ nhazi ugbu a bụ World Bank, na United Nations Environment Programme. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017, ndị mmekọ mba ahụ gụnyere German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), na Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cifor.org/corporate-news/german-government-pledges-commitment-global-landscapes-forum-promote-research-connect-results-communities-ground/|title=German Government supports establishment of Global Landscapes Forum in Bonn|work=Center for International Forestry Research|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe omume == === Ihe ndị mere tupu nke a === N'ịgbaso n'ịga n'ihu n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ na mpaghara ọhịa na akụkụ ọrụ ugbo nke nyocha maka mmepe mmepe, Global Landscapes Forum mụrụ site na njikọta nke ụbọchị ọhịa na Agriculture na Rural Development Day (ARDD), nke bụbu akụkụ kwa afọ.  ihe omume na United Nations Climate Change ogbako (COP) kemgbe 2007 na 2009, n'otu n'otu. ==== Ụbọchị Ọhịa ==== Forest Day bụ ihe omume COP na-eme kwa afọ nke CIFOR na Collaborative Partnership on Forests haziri, kemgbe 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP13) na Bali, Indonesia.<ref name=":0"/> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, site na mkpebi nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Nọvemba 28, 2012, Ụbọchị Ọhịa ghọrọ [[Ụbọchị Oké Ọhịa Mba Nile|Ụbọchị]] Ọchịchị Mba Nile.<ref name="declaration">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200328113135/http://www.fao.org/forestry/36014-02022d20f3c3e226276b36d32b2bc811a.pdf "International Day of Forests,"] United Nations General Assembly, November 28, 2012.</ref> N'ihi ya, e mere ụbọchị ọhịa nke isii na nke ikpeazụ n'akụkụ nke 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP18) na Doha, [[Qatar]]. ==== Ụbọchị Ọrụ Ugbo na Mmepe Ime Obodo ==== Ụbọchị Ọrụ Ugbo na Mmepe Ime Obodo (ARDD) bụ ihe omume COP na-eme kwa afọ. Ihe omume mbụ ahụ mere dị ka ihe omume dị n'akụkụ na 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) na Copenhagen, [[Denmark]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricultureday.org/ARDDay2009/|title=Agriculture and Rural Development Day 2009 Website|work=www.agricultureday.org|accessdate=2017-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116090114/http://agricultureday.org/ARDDay2009//|archivedate=2016-11-16}}</ref> ARDD nke ise na nke ikpeazụ, nke a na-akpọ Agriculture, Landscapes, and Livelihoods Day 5 (ALL-5), mere n'akụkụ Forest Day n'akụkụ nke COP18.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wle.cgiar.org/thrive/2012/12/05/story-agriculture-and-climate-change-road-we%E2%80%99ve-travelled|title=The Story of Agriculture and Climate Change: The Road We've Travelled|date=2012-12-05|work=Water, Land and Ecosystems|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en|archive-date=2018-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708133548/https://wle.cgiar.org/thrive/2012/12/05/story-agriculture-and-climate-change-road-we%E2%80%99ve-travelled|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Ihe omume Kwa Afọ === Ihe omume GLF mbụ dị mkpa mere na Warsaw, [[Poland]] n'oge 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP19).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://forestsnews.cifor.org/19350/a-sustainable-development-goal-on-landscapes-setting-the-agenda-at-cop19-in-warsaw|title=A Sustainable Development Goal on Landscapes: Setting the agenda at COP19 in Warsaw|date=2013-10-04|work=CIFOR Forests News|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref>   E mere ihe omume GLF nke abụọ n'akụkụ 2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP20) site na Disemba 6-7, 2014. E nwere ndị bịara 1700 na òtù 95 bịara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.globallandscapesforum.org/publication/2014-global-landscapes-forum-final-report/|title=2014 Global Landscapes Forum Final Report - Global Landscapes Forum|work=Global Landscapes Forum|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe omume a hụrụ mmalite nke Youth in Landscapes initiative.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/rainforest-activist-found-murdered-in-ecuador-1.2030175|title=Rainforest activist found murdered in Ecuador|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> E mere ihe omume GLF nke atọ n'akụkụ 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), December 5-6, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2015/12/02/hot-button-issues-climate-talks/|title=Hot-Button Issues In The Climate Talks|author=Cadman|first=Timothy|date=December 2, 2015|work=Clean Technica|accessdate=September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://germanwatch.org/en/11464|title=On the Sidelines of COP21 - The Global Landscapes Forum {{!}} Germanwatch e.V.|work=germanwatch.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-16}}</ref> E nwere ndị bịara 3200 si mba 135, gụnyere ndị Minista na ndị isi ala 19, na otu 148.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.globallandscapesforum.org/publication/2015-global-landscapes-forum-outcome-statement/|title=Outcome Statement of the 2015 Global Landscapes Forum - Global Landscapes Forum|work=Global Landscapes Forum|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, a kwadoro ndị nnọchi anya ụmụ amaala 200 ka ha gaa Forum 2015, na 45% nke ndị bịara bụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.globallandscapesforum.org/publication/2015-global-landscapes-forum-donor-partner-report/|title=2015 Global Landscapes Forum Donor and Partner Report - Global Landscapes Forum|work=Global Landscapes Forum|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị e mere na mmemme a gụnyere: * AFR100<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/12/05/at-climate-talks-african-nations-pledge-to-restore-forests?offset=50|title=At UN climate talks African nations pledge to restore forests in fight against climate change|author=Chutel|first=Lynsey|date=December 6, 2015|work=U.S. News|accessdate=September 14, 2017}}</ref> * Ihe Omume Carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/17673/australia-indonesia-costa-rica-establish-international-partnership-blue-carbon-2015-global-landscapes-forum/|title=Australia, Indonesia and Costa Rica establish International Partnership for Blue Carbon at 2015 Global Landscapes Forum - Landscapes News|date=2015-12-11|work=Landscapes News|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Usoro Nchịkọta Mba Carbon nke Indonesia (INCAS)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/12/07/indonesia-introduces-carbon-emissions-monitoring-system.html|title=Indonesia introduces carbon emissions monitoring system|work=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en}}</ref> * Ntọala Belantara * Iwu Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe Ọhụrụ nke Danone<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://downtoearth.danone.com/2015/11/11/danone-commits-to-ambitious-new-climate-policy/|title=Danone commits to ambitious new climate policy|work=Down To Earth|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=fr-fr|archive-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217141102/http://downtoearth.danone.com/2015/11/11/danone-commits-to-ambitious-new-climate-policy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Emere ihe omume GLF nke anọ n'akụkụ 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP22), November 16, 2016. N'oge ihe omume a, German Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) na Federal Ministry maka  Mmekọrịta akụ na ụba na mmepe (BMZ) kwupụtara nnukwu injection nke isi ego iji kwado mmepe nke GLF maka afọ ise na-esote.<ref name=":1"/> Ihe omume ndị e mere na mmemme a gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/global-landscapes-forum-features-climate-and-forest-initiatives/|title=Global Landscapes Forum Features Climate and Forest Initiatives {{!}} News {{!}} SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} IISD|author=Hub|first=IISD's SDG Knowledge|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Mgbanwe ihu igwe site na poteto na-atọ ụtọ (CReSP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/ipc-crt111516.php|title=Climate Resilience through Sweetpotato (CReSP) announced|work=EurekAlert!|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-16|archivedate=2017-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216201457/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-11/ipc-crt111516.php}}</ref> * Tropical Forest Alliance 2020 (TFA 2020) African Palm Oil Initiative (APOI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/11/seven-african-countries-pledge-to-protect-their-tropical-forests-from-unsustainable-oil-palm-development/|title=Seven African countries pledge to protect their tropical forests from unsustainable oil palm development|work=news.mongabay.com|date=16 November 2016|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-16}}</ref> * Ihe Omume Ụwa Nile nke Peatlands<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/11/new-un-initiative-aims-to-save-lives-and-cut-climate-change-by-protecting-peatlands/|title=New UN initiative aims to save lives and cut climate change by protecting peatlands - United Nations Sustainable Development|date=2016-11-17|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|accessdate=2017-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> * Earth Innovation Institute na-emepụta ma na-echebe Platform<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthinnovation.org/2016/11/earth-innovation-institute-launches-the-produce-and-protect-platform/|title=Earth Innovation Institute launches the Produce and Protect Platform {{!}} Earth Innovation Institute|work=earthinnovation.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> * Nnukwu Ọhịa Ise<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.globallandscapesforum.org/glf-marrakesh/launchpad/wednesday-16-november/5-great-forests-initiative/|title=The Five Great Forests Initiative - 2016 Global Landscapes Forum: Marrakesh|work=2016 Global Landscapes Forum: Marrakesh|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> * Atụmatụ nke Mgbukpọsị Oké ọhịa na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ihe na Borneo<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://foreststreesagroforestry.org/for-a-better-borneo-new-map-reveals-how-much-terrain-has-changed/|title=For a better Borneo, new map reveals how much terrain has changed - Forests, Trees and Agroforestry|date=2017-02-16|work=Forests, Trees and Agroforestry|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412111853/http://foreststreesagroforestry.org/for-a-better-borneo-new-map-reveals-how-much-terrain-has-changed/|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'ịgbaso isi ntinye ego sitere na gọọmentị German n'oge mmemme Marrakesh, GLF kwagara iji guzobe ọnụnọ na-adịgide adịgide na Bonn, Germany. Mgbe 2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP23) mere na Bonn n'otu afọ ahụ site na November 6-17, 2017, Global Landscapes Forum omume mere ihe karịrị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị na December 19-20, 2017. Nke a bụ akara mbụ. afọ nke GLF dị ka ihe nke ya na ọ bụghị dịka mmemme akụkụ COP. Maka oge mbụ, a na-enye onyinye mmeri nke Wangari Maathai Forest na GLF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpfweb.org/93397/en/|title=Collaborative Partnership on Forests|author=Nations|first=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|work=www.cpfweb.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-17|archivedate=2017-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210150146/http://www.cpfweb.org/93397/en/}}</ref> === Ihe omume ndị dị n'isiokwu === Ihe omume mbụ nke Investment Case mere na June 10-11, 2015 na Royal Society na [[London]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. Ọ bụ nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ naanị na ndị bịara 220 sitere na ngalaba ego.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.globallandscapesforum.org/publication/london-final-report/|title=Global Landscapes Forum: The Investment Case — Final Report - Global Landscapes Forum|work=Global Landscapes Forum|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ European Investment Bank, UN Environment, World Bank, na Program on Forests (PROFOR) haziri ya. Nzukọ ndị Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Unilever, na Climate Bonds Initiative kwadoro.<ref name=":2" /> E gosipụtara map okporo ụzọ sitere na ihe omume a na ihe omume ala nke 14th World Forestry Congress (WFC XIV) na Durban, South Africa, isiokwu nke bụ Forests and People: Investing in a Sustainable Future.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cifor.org/wfc-2015/session/wednesday/toward-roadmap-sustainable-landscape-investments-at-scale/|title=Toward a roadmap for sustainable landscape investments at scale: Inputs from forestry science|work=Center for International Forestry Research|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Standing Committee on Finance (SCF) atụmatụ ọrụ maka afọ 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecoagriculture.org/event/global-landscapes-forum-the-investment-case/|title=EcoAgriculture Partners {{!}} Global Landscapes Forum: The Investment Case|work=ecoagriculture.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-17|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030061104/https://ecoagriculture.org/event/global-landscapes-forum-the-investment-case/}}</ref> === Mkparịta ụka Mba na Iwu === Riau, Indonesia 2017: Iwu na Omume Kasị Mma Maka Mbelata Ọkụ na Haze Emebere atụmatụ AFR100 na GLF na Paris, 2015, ma gọọmentị German kwadokwara ya.  GLF kwadoro Nzukọ Mmekọ nke Abụọ nke Abụọ na 2017, bụ nke kpọkọtara mba 23 mmekọ, ndị mmeri mweghachi, na ndị mmekọ teknụzụ dị ka Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),  Mmekọrịta ọhụrụ maka mmepe Africa (NEPAD Agency), na World Vision. N'ịbụ nke a haziri na CI FOR, nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mkparịta ụka iwu a lere anya na Forest na Landscape Restoration. == Arụmụka == == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://landscapes.org Global Landscapes Forum] * [https://news.globallandscapesforum.org/ Akụkọ Ala] == Hụkwa == * Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mzfeajw3qq1rq6am79v4gsngnha1lck 0 29014 742662 675002 2026-11-03T08:58:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Ọzara obodo''' na-ezo aka na oghere ahịhịa ndụ na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya n'ime obodo ndị dị anya site na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe ka enweghị ike idebanye aha ọrụ mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Zefferman|first=Emily P.|date=2018-01-01|title=Knoxville’s urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866716305441|journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening|language=en|volume=29|pages=357–366|doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002|issn=1618-8667}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZeffermanMcKinneyCiancioloFritz2018">Zefferman, Emily P.; McKinney, Michael L.; Cianciolo, Thomas; Fritz, Bridgette I. (2018-01-01). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1618866716305441 "Knoxville's urban wilderness: Moving toward sustainable multifunctional management"]. ''Urban Forestry & Urban Greening''. Wild urban ecosystems: challenges and opportunities for urban development. '''29''': 357–366. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002|10.1016/j.ufug.2017.09.002]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1618-8667|1618-8667]].</cite></ref> E gosipụtara na mpaghara ọzara dị n'ime obodo na-emetụta nghọta ọha na eze banyere ọzara na okike, na-eme ka nke a bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka atụmatụ obodo n'ọdịnihu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Diemer|first=Mathias|title=Urban Wilderness in Central Europe: Rewilding at the Urban Fringe|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4f6d428eeadbb2998f178221a0853357f39d58cb|journal=International Journal of Wilderness|volume=9|issue=3|pages=7-11}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDiemerHeldHofmeister2003">Diemer, Mathias; Held, Martin; Hofmeister, Sabine (December 2003). [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4f6d428eeadbb2998f178221a0853357f39d58cb "Urban Wilderness in Central Europe: Rewilding at the Urban Fringe"]. ''International Journal of Wilderness''. '''9''' (3): 7–11.</cite></ref> == Nchịkọta == Ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ọzara obodo nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na oghere ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ukwu: # Ọ na-agụnye oghere ahịhịa ndụ nke dị anya site na obodo ukwu ka a ghara ịhụ omume mmadụ. # Na-akwado ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ - Mgbalị ndị dị n'ọzara n'obodo ukwu na-achọ ịkwalite / imeziwanye [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị ichelekana nke mpaghara site na atụmatụ nlekọta nke ọma.<ref name=":0"/> # Nnukwu njikwa onwe onye - ahịhịa nwere ike ịdị ndụ na obere mgbochi ma ọ bụ njikwa site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Maleki |first1=Shadi |chapter=Social Demand for Urban Wilderness in Purgatory |date=2022 |title=Human-Nature Interactions |pages=247–260 |editor-last=Misiune |editor-first=Ieva |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01980-7_20 |isbn=978-3-031-01979-1 |last2=Julian |first2=Jason P. |last3=Weaver |first3=Russell C. |last4=Lopez |first4=Christina |last5=Kraft |first5=Mike |editor2-last=Depellegrin |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Egarter Vigl |editor3-first=Lukas|doi-access=free }}</ref> E guzobere mpaghara ọzara dị iche iche n'ụwa niile. Ihe atụ gụnyere Knoxville Urban Wilderness na Knoxville, TN, Purgatory Creek Natural Area na San Marcos, TX, Danube-Auen National Park na Vienna na Lower Austria, Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderderness Area na Tulsa, na Milwaukee River Greenway na Milwaikee, WI.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Milwaukee River Greenway|url=https://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/milwaukee-river-greenway/|accessdate=2023-05-16|work=River Revitalization Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505190527/https://www.riverrevitalizationfoundation.org/milwaukee-river-greenway/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na nke iri abụọ, e mere ka obodo ukwu mepụta obodo. Jacob Riis na ndị ọzọ na-eme mgbanwe lụrụ ọgụ maka ogige ntụrụndụ n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-22|title=Jacob Riis: The Photographer Who Showed "How the Other Half Lives" in 1890s NYC|url=https://mymodernmet.com/jacob-riis-how-the-other-half-lives/|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=My Modern Met|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ [[Mézíkọ city|obodo]] nwere omenala nke osisi ndị dị n'obodo ukwu, dị ka elu ụlọ nke Mexico City, omenala ndị a apụtaghị ọzọ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu n'ụwa mepere emepe ruo mgbe e mepụtara ogige ntụrụndụ, dị ka nke Calvert Vaux<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calvert Vaux Park Highlights - Calvert Vaux Park : NYC Parks|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/calvert-vaux-park/highlights/11724|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=www.nycgovparks.org}}</ref> na Frederick Law Olmsted.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brookline|first=Mailing Address: 99 Warren Street|title=Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/frla/index.htm|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ìgwè ndị dị ka squatters na Reclaim The Streets emeela ka a kụọ osisi [[Guerrilla warfare|ndị agha]], rụọ ọrụ n'ime na n'ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, ma gbawaa oghere n'okporo ụzọ awara awara iji jupụta n'ala na okooko osisi. Omume ndị a emeela nke ọma n'ịmepụta mpaghara ọhụrụ a kụrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị akụ na ụba dị ka obodo ukwu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Jémanị|Germany]], ebe a tụgharịrị ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ n'ọnọdụ dị ka ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Urban Wilderness|url=https://www.staedte-wagen-wildnis.de/index.php?id=99|accessdate=2021-09-14|work=Städte wagen Wildnis|language=de|archivedate=2021-08-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805210643/https://www.staedte-wagen-wildnis.de/index.php?id=99}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Hundertwasserhaus * Elu ụlọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Mgbidi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Ọhịa n'obodo * Mgbasa ozi n'obodo * Ọrụ ugbo n'obodo ukwu * Ala ahịhịa dị n'obodo == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 5n9vr7ofj80iw3q9fbchs6l8j5dbj5u 0 29451 742589 118575 2026-11-03T08:46:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742589 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt]] [[Category:Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map alt]] [[Category:Articles using infobox body of water without image bathymetry]] [[Usòrò:Lake_chapala2.jpg|thumb|Lake Chapala from space, 1994]] Ọ gbara ma steeti Jalisco na Michoacán, dị n'ime obodo Ocotlán, Chapala, Jocotepec, Poncitlán na Jamay, na Jalisco, yana na Venustiano Carranza na Cojumatlán de Régules, na Michoacán. <ref name="Bertrab127"/>Ọ dị na <nowiki><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="181"><span about="#mwt41" class="geo-inline" data-cx="[{&amp;#34;adapted&#34"  ;:eziokwu,& #34;ele mmadụ anya n'ihu& #34;:ụgha,& #34;targetExists& #34;:ezi,& #34;amanyere iwuTargetParams& #34;:[],& # 34; optionalTargetParams& # 34;:[]}  ]" data-mw="{&amp;#34;akụkụ& # 34;:[{& # 34; template& # 34;: {& # 34; ebumnuche& # 34;: {& # 34;wt& # 34;: & # 34;  34;Coor&amp;#34;,&amp;#34;href&amp;#34;:&amp;#34;./Àtụ:Coor&amp;#34;},&amp;#34;params&amp;#34;:{&amp;#34;1&amp;#34;:{  & # 34; WT & # 34;: & # 34; 20 & # 34;: 3 & # 34;  34;3&amp;#34;: {& # 34;wt& # 34;: & # 34;N& # 34;},& # 34; 4& # 34;: {& # 34;  103&amp;#34;},& # 34;5& # 34;: {& # 34;wt& # 34;  #34;:&amp;#34;W&amp;#34;},& # 34;7& # 34;: {& # 34;wt& # 34;: & # 34; mpaghara: MX_ụdị: waterbody& # 34;}},&  34;i&amp;#34;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwLA" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span class="geo-inline">.  mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-default,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dms,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-dec{ngosi:inline}.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-nondefault,.mw-  ihe nzacha .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-inline-ezoro ezo{ngosi:ọ dịghị}.mw-parser-mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{ọcha-ofe:nowrap  }</span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>20, kilomita 45 (28 mi) ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Guadalajara, Jalisco, ma dị n'ókè dị n'etiti steeti Jalisco na Michoacán, na mita 1,524 (ụkwụ 5000) n'elu oké osimiri.  ọkwa.  Akụkụ ya dị ihe dị ka 80 km (50 mi) site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana nkezi 12.5 km (7.8 kilomita) site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, na kpuchiri mpaghara ruru 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi) Ọ bụ osimiri Río Lerma, Río Zula, Río Huaracha na Río Duero na-enye ya nri, na Rio Grande de Santiago na-asọpu ya. Mgbe ahụ, mmiri ahụ na-agakarị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ banye n'Oké Osimiri Pasifik. Ọ dịghị mmiri esila n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta n'ime ihe karịrị afọ 30 n'ihi ọdịda nke mmiri na-abata na osimiri Lerma. The city of Guadalajara has relied on Lake Chapala as a principal source of water since the 1950s.<ref name="Bertrab127">{{Cite journal|author=von Bertrab|first=Etienne|title=Guadalajara's water crisis and the fate of Lake Chapala: a reflection of poor water management in Mexico|journal=Environment and Urbanization|date=October 2003|volume=15|issue=2|pages=127–140|doi=10.1177/095624780301500204}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFvon_Bertrab2003">von Bertrab, Etienne (October 2003). </cite></ref> Shortly after, a few consecutive years of poor rainfall dramatically decreased the water level of the lake. The level rebounded until 1979, when Lake Chapala's water level began rapidly decreasing due to increases in urban water consumption. By 2007 and 2008, the level of Lake Chapala had increased drastically, though the levels have yet to surpass the level in 1979, when the levels began a precipitous decline.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niveles Maximos y Minimos del Lago Chapala 1900–2010|url=http://www.ceajalisco.gob.mx/sia/niveles/niveles.html|accessdate=16 April 2011|archivedate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820135902/http://www.ceajalisco.gob.mx/sia/niveles/niveles.html}}</ref> Although it is still subject to agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources of contamination, the actual levels of hazardous materials has not been officially assessed with regularity. The lake is a critical habitat for several species of migratory birds, such as the American white pelican, and home to thousands of indigenous plants and animals. The Audubonistas de Laguna de Chapala holds an annual Audubon Society sponsored Christmas Bird Count. In 2006, some 117 species were identified and, in 2007, the count was 125. By January 2011, some 173 species were recorded. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 9dfq51ijx243sta5dlle7q9brmtmvxm 0 29459 742601 706917 2026-11-03T08:48:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742601 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. The black line indicates Stanley's route.]] .<ref name="Hickling61">{{Cite book|author=C.F. Hickling|year=1961|title=Tropical Inland Fisheries|url=https://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick|location=London|publisher=[[Longmans]]}}</ref>Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọdọ mmiri Africa.  N'ebe elu dị ihe dịka 59,947 km2 (23,146 sq mi),[1] [2] Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria bụ ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa site na mpaghara, ọdọ mmiri kachasị n'ụwa, [3] na ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ nke abụọ kachasị n'ụwa site na mpaghara elu.  mgbe Lake Superior na North America.[4]  N'ihe gbasara olu, ọdọ mmiri Victoria bụ ọdọ mmiri kọntinent nke itoolu kachasị n'ụwa, nwere ihe dị ka 2,424 km3 (1.965×109 acre⋅ft) mmiri.[2][5]  Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria nwere ịda mbà n'obi na-emighị emi n'Africa.  Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nkezi omimi nke 40 m (130 ft) yana omimi kachasị nke 80–81 m (262–266 ft).[2][5][6]  Mpaghara ndọta ya kpuchiri 169,858 km2 (65,583 sq mi).[7]  Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere oke osimiri nke 7,142 km (4,438 mi) mgbe ejiri digitized na ọkwa 1:25,000,[8] nwere agwaetiti nwere 3.7% nke ogologo a.[9] Agbanyeghi na enwere otutu aha obodo (Dholuo: Nam Lolwe; Luganda: 'Nnalubaale; Kinyarwanda: Nyanza; na Ukerewe), [1] [2] ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbanwere aha Queen Victoria site n'aka onye nyocha John Hanning Speke, onye Britain mbụ depụtara akwụkwọ. ya na 1858, mgbe ya na Richard Francis Burton na-eme njem.[3][4] Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị na-ebighị ebe ọzọ, karịsịa cichlids. Azụ ndị na-akpa ike, dị ka osimiri Naịl, emewo ka e kpochapụ ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-akpachapụ anya. [[Usòrò:Topography_of_Lake_Victoria.png|thumb|Topographical map of Lake Victoria]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ouma|first=J. P. B. M.|date=1970|title=Fluvial Differentiation in the Basin of Lake Victoria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43944206|journal=Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand)|volume=9|issue=2|pages=221–223}}</ref>N'ihe gbasara mbara ala, ọdọ mmiri Victoria dị obere na ihe dịka afọ 400,000. E mere ya mgbe e ji ebe mkpọda gbadara agbachie osimiri ndị na-asọga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.[1] N'oge Miocene, ihe bụ ugbu a ebe a na-ejide ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ebe a na-ebuli elu nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nkewa kọntinent, nke iyi dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ na-asọba na mmiri mmiri Congo na iyi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na-asọba na ya. oke osimiri India. Ka East African Rift System guzobere, mgbidi ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Albertine Rift (ma ọ bụ Western Rift) bilitere, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-atụgharị mmiri na-asọ asọ n'ebe bụ ugbu a Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Mmeghe nke isi ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa Rift na Albertine Rift gbadara mpaghara dị n'etiti ha ka mgbidi ndị ahụ gbawara agbawa na-ebili, na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri ọdọ mmiri Victoria ugbu a.[2] Ọdọ mmiri Victoria na-enweta pasent 80 nke mmiri ya site na mmiri ozuzo kpọmkwem.[1] Nkezi ikuku ikuku na ọdọ ahụ dị n'etiti mita 2.0 na 2.2 (6.6 na 7.2 ft) kwa afọ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke mmiri ozuzo nke mpaghara mmiri.[2] Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na-enwetakwa mmiri ya site na osimiri, na puku kwuru puku obere iyi. Osimiri Kagera bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na-asọba n'ime ọdọ a, ọnụ ya dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ọdọ mmiri Victoria na-agbapụta naanị n'akụkụ Osimiri Naịl dị nso na Jinja, Uganda, n'akụkụ oke osimiri ahụ.[3] Na mpaghara Kenya, osimiri ndị kacha emetụta bụ Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, na Migori. Naanị ihe na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria pụta bụ Osimiri Naịl, nke na-esi n'ọdọ mmiri dị nso na Jinja, Uganda pụta. N'ihe gbasara mmiri a na-enye onyinye, nke a na-eme Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke alaka kacha ogologo nke Naịl. Otú ọ dị, a na-ewerekarị isi iyi nke osimiri Naịl, ya mere a na-ewerekarị na ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri ndị na-asọ asọ nke osimiri Kagera (nke bụ kpọmkwem tributary na-anọgide na-adịghị edozi), nke sitere na Rwanda ma ọ bụ [[Burundi]]. A na-akpọkarị akụkụ kacha elu nke Naịl dị ka Victoria Nile ruo mgbe ọ ruru Ọdọ Albert. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu usoro osimiri a maara dị ka White Nile na a na-akpọkwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ikwu okwu nke ọma aha a anaghị emetụta ruo mgbe osimiri ahụ gafechara ókè Uganda banye South Sudan n'ebe ugwu. The lake is considered a shallow lake considering its large geographic area with a maximum depth of approximately 80 metres (260 ft) and an average depth of 40 metres (130 ft).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faculty.salisbury.edu/~sehamilton/LV_Bathy/|title=LV_Bathy|work=faculty.salisbury.edu|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> A 2016 project digitized ten-thousand points and created the first true bathymetric map of the lake.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2016 – LakeVicFish Dataverse|doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr|date=2018-05-17|author=Hamilton|first=Stuart}}</ref> The deepest part of the lake is offset to the east of the lake near Kenya and the lake is generally shallower in the west along the Ugandan shoreline and the south along the Tanzanian shoreline.<ref name=":0" /> Most of these lakes are relatively shallow (like Victoria) and part of the present-day upper Nile basin. The exception is Lake Kivu, which is part of the present-day Congo River basin, but is believed to have been connected to Lakes Edward and Victoria by rivers until the uplifting of parts of the East African Rift.<ref name="Verheyen2003">{{Cite journal|author=Verheyen|year=2003|title=Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=300|issue=5617|pages=325–329|doi=10.1126/science.1080699|pmid=12649486|url=http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-opus-32706}}</ref> This deep lake may have functioned as an "evolutionary reservoir" for this haplochromine group in periods where other shallower lakes in the region dried out, as happened to Lake Victoria about 15,000 years ago.<ref name="Verheyen2003" /> In recent history only Lake Kyoga was easily accessible to Victoria cichlids, as further downstream movement by the Victoria Nile (to Lake Albert) is prevented by a series of waterfalls, notably Murchison. In contrast, the Owen Falls (now flooded by a dam) between Victoria and Kyoga were essentially a series of rapids that did not effectively block fish movements between the two lakes. The Victoria haplochromines are distinctly sexually dimorphic (males relatively brightly colored; females dull),<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rijssel|title=Prevalence of disruptive selection predicts extent of species differentiation in Lake Victoria cichlids|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=285|issue=1871|date=2018|doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2630|pmid=29367400}}</ref> and their ecology is extremely diverse, falling into at least 16 groups, including detritivores, zooplanktivores, insectivores, prawn-eaters, molluscivores and piscivores.<ref name="Lowe2009">{{Cite journal|author=Lowe-McConnell|first=R|year=2009|title=Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems|journal=Freshwater Reviews|volume=2|issue=2|pages=131–51|doi=10.1608/frj-2.2.2}}</ref> As a result of predation by the introduced Nile perch, eutrophication and other changes to the ecosystem, it is estimated that at least 200 species (about 40 percent) of Lake Victoria haplochromines have become extinct,<ref name="Lowe2009" /><ref name="Rijssel2013">{{Cite journal|author=van Rijssel|year=2013|title=Adaptive responses in resurgent Lake Victoria cichlids over the past 30 years|journal=Evol. Ecol.|volume=27|issue=2|pages=253–67|doi=10.1007/s10682-012-9596-9}}</ref> including more than 100 undescribed species. Initially it was feared that this number was even higher, by some estimates 65 percent of the total species,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goldschmidt|year=1993|title=Cascading Effects of the Introduced Nile Perch on the Detritivorous/Phytoplanktivorous Species in the Sublittoral Areas of Lake Victoria|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_1993-09_7_3/page/686|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=7|issue=3|pages=686–700|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030686.x}}</ref> but several species that were feared extinct have been rediscovered after the Nile perch started to decline in the 1990s.<ref name="Lowe2009" /> Several of the remaining species are seriously threatened and additional extinctions are possible. Some species have survived in nearby small satellite lakes,<ref name="IUCNef">IUCN Red Lists: [http://www.iucnredlist.org/initiatives/freshwater/eastafrica/geographicpatternsea Geographic Patterns]. Eastern Africa. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> have survived in refugias among rocks or papyrus sedges (protecting them from the Nile perch),<ref name="Chapman1996">{{Cite journal|author=Chapman|year=1996|title=Wetland ecotones as refugia for endangered fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1996-12_78_3/page/263|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=78|issue=3|pages=263–70|doi=10.1016/s0006-3207(96)00030-4}}</ref> or have adapted to the human-induced changes in the lake itself.<ref name="Lowe2009" /><ref name="Rijssel2013" /> Such adaptions include a larger gill area (adaption for oxygen-poor water), changes in the feeding apparatus, changes to the eyes (giving them a better sight in turbid water)<ref name="Witte2000">{{Cite journal|author=Witte|year=2000|title=Recovery of cichlid species in Lake Victoria: an examination of factors leading to differential extinction|journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries|volume=10|issue=2|pages=233–41|doi=10.1023/a:1016677515930|url=https://boris.unibe.ch/71524/}}</ref><ref name="Lowe2009" /> and smaller head/larger caudal peduncle (allowing faster swimming).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeeuw|year=2013|title=Two new species of zooplanktivorous haplochromine cichlids from Lake Victoria, Tanzania|url=https://archive.org/details/pubmed-PMC3650828|journal=ZooKeys|issue=256|pages=1–34|doi=10.3897/zookeys.256.3871|pmid=23717179}}</ref> The piscivorous (affected by both predation and competition from Nile perch<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McGee|year=2015|title=A pharyngeal jaw evolutionary innovation facilitated extinction in Lake Victoria cichlids|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2015-11-27_350_6264/page/1077|journal=Science|volume=350|issue=6264|pages=1077–79|doi=10.1126/science.aab0800|pmid=26612951}}</ref>), molluscivorous and insectivorous haplochromines were particularly hard hit with many extinctions.<ref name="Lowe2009" /> Others have become extinct in their pure form, but survive as hybrids between close relatives (especially among the detritivores).<ref name="DeWeerdt2004">DeWeerdt, S. (28 February 2004). [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18124365-300-dark-secret-of-the-lake/ Dark secret of the lake.] New Scientist. Retrieved 26 March 2017.</ref><ref name="Lowe2009" /> The zooplanktivores have been least affected and in the late 1990s had reached densities similar to, or above, the densities before the drastic declines, although consisting of fewer species and often switching their diet towards macroinvertebrates.<ref name="Witte2000" /><ref name="Lowe2009" /> Some of the threatened Lake Victoria cichlid species have captive "insurance" populations in zoos, public aquaria and among private aquarists, and a few species are [[A na-adịghịzi n'ọhịa|extinct in the wild]] (only survive in captivity). == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 3hg6texrlc1d9vcqmp2r8i3qkecjh2e 0 29520 742335 727528 2026-11-02T17:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742335 wikitext text/x-wiki Cellulosic ethanol bụ ethanol (ethyl mmanya) nke sitere na cellulose (eriri eriri nke osisi) karịa site na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Enwere ike imepụta ya site na ahịhịa, osisi, algae, ma ọ bụ osisi ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwukarị maka iji ya dị ka mmanụ mmanụ. Carbon dioxide nke ihe ọkụkụ na-amịkọrọ ka ha na-etolite na-ewepụ ụfọdụ n’ime carbon dioxide na-apụta mgbe ethanol nke sitere na ha na-agba ọkụ, ya mere mmanụ cellulosic ethanol nwere ikike inwe akara ụkwụ carbon dị ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ. Mmasị e nwere na ethanol cellulosic bụ ikike ọ nwere iji dochie ethanol nke sitere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikwa osisi ndị a na-emepụta ihe oriri, ịtụgharị ha maka mmepụta ethanol nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ahịa nri na-ebili; N'aka nke ọzọ, isi mmalite nke cellulose, n'ozuzu adịghị mpi nri, ebe ọ bụ na akụkụ fibrous nke osisi na-abụkarị ndị mmadụ anaghị eri ya. Uru ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche na ụba nke isi mmalite cellulose; A na-ahụ ahịhịa, osisi na algae n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla dị n'ụwa. Ọbụna ihe mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo dị ka akwụkwọ nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Isi ihe na-adịghị mma nke ethanol cellulosic ugbu a bụ ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ya dị elu, nke dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọ usoro ndị ọzọ karịa ethanol nke dabeere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ethanol cellulosic nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu na 2000s na mmalite 2010s. Gọọmenti United States kacha nyere ego nyocha n'ime azụmahịa ya wee debe ebumnuche maka oke ethanol cellulosic agbakwunyere na mmanụ ụgbọala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ọkachamara na cellulosic ethanol, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a, tinyere ego na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ethanol dabeere na ọka dị ọnụ ala karị, yana ọnụ ala mmanụ dị na 2010, pụtara na cellulosic ethanol adịghị asọmpi na mmanụ ọkụ ndị a kwadoro. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ refineries e mechiri n'etiti 2010s na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ tọrọ ntọala ghọrọ ihe efu. Ole na ole ka dị, mana a na-ejikarị eme ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ebumnuche nyocha; Dị ka nke 2021, ọ dịghị onye na-emepụta ethanol cellulosic n'ọtụtụ. == Nchịkọta == Cellulosic ethanol bụ ụdị biofuel emepụtara site na lignocellulose, ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nwere ọtụtụ n'ime oke osisi ma mejupụtara ya bụ cellulose, hemicellulose na lignin. Ebe ndị a ma ama nke lignocellulose gụnyere ma ngwaahịa mkpofu ọrụ ugbo (dịka stovu ọka ma ọ bụ ibe osisi) na ahịhịa dị ka switchgrass na ụdị miscanthus. Akụrụngwa ndị a maka mmepụta ethanol nwere uru nke [[Iba|ịba]] ụba ma dị iche iche na ha agaghị mpi mmepụta nri, n'adịghị ka ọka na okpete ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, ha na-achọkwa nhazi karịa iji mee ka monomers shuga dị na microorganisms a na-ejikarị emepụta ethanol site na gbaa ụka, nke na-ebuli ọnụ ahịa ethanol sitere na cellulos. Cellulosic ethanol nwere ike ibelata ikuku griin haus site na 85% karịa mmanụ ụgbọala emezigharịrị. N'ụzọ dị iche, starch ethanol (dịka, site na ọka), nke na-ejikarị gas sitere n'okike na-enye ume maka usoro ahụ, nwere ike ọ gaghị ebelata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọlị dabere n'otú e si emepụta nri nri starch. Dabere na National Academy of Sciences na 2011, ọ nweghị ihe nrụpụta bio-refinery dị adị maka ịtụgharị lignocellulosic biomass ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ. Enweghị mmepụta nke cellulosic ethanol n'ogo nke iwu chọrọ bụ ihe ndabere nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia mara ọkwa January 25, 2013, na-emebi ihe a chọrọ n'aka ndị na-emepụta mmanụ ụgbọala na ụgbọala na United States site na. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ mgbakwunye nke cellulosic biofuels na ngwaahịa ha. Okwu ndị a, yana ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike, mere ka ndị nchọpụta amụma Mahadum George Washington kwupụta na "n'oge dị mkpirikpi, [cellulosic] ethanol enweghị ike izute nchekwa ike na ihe mgbaru ọsọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmanụ ụgbọala ọzọ." == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Onye French chemist, Henri Braconnot, bụ onye mbụ chọpụtara na cellulose nwere ike ime ka mmiri ghọọ shuga site na iji sulfuric acid na 1819. A pụkwara ịhazi sugar hydrolyzed ka ọ ghọọ ethanol site na gbaa ụka. Emepụta ethanol mbụ a na-ere ahịa malitere na Germany na 1898, bụ́ ebe a na-eji acid mee ka cellulose hydrolyze. Na United States, Standard Alcohol Company meghere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ethanol cellulosic mbụ na South Carolina na 1910. Mgbe e mesịrị, e meghere ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na Louisiana. Otú ọ dị, e mechiri osisi abụọ ahụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị n'ihi ihe kpatara akụ na ụba. Mgbalị mbụ nke ịzụ ahịa usoro maka ethanol sitere na osisi ka emere na Germany na 1898. Ọ gụnyere iji acid dilute hydrolyze cellulose na glucose, ma nwee ike iwepụta 7.6 lita ethanol kwa 100 kg nke ahịhịa osisi (18 US gal (68 L) kwa ton). N'oge na-adịghị anya ndị Jamanị mepụtara usoro mmepụta ihe ahaziri maka mpụta ihe ruru galọn US 50 (190 L) kwa tọn biomass. N'oge na-adịghị anya, usoro a chọtara ụzọ ya na United States, na-ejedebe na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Osisi ndị a na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "Usoro America" - otu akụkụ nke sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị a amịpụtara bụ ọkara nke usoro German mbụ (galọn US 25 (95 L) nke ethanol kwa ton na 50), ntinye nke usoro America dị elu karịa. Mbelata mmepụta osisi na-amanye ihe ọkụkụ ndị ahụ imechi obere oge ka njedebe nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ntakịrị nyocha nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na dilute acid hydrolysis gara n'ihu na Laboratory USFS's Forest Products. N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], US tụgharịrị ọzọ na cellulosic ethanol, oge a maka ntụgharị na butadiene iji mepụta roba sịntetik. Enyere ụlọ ọrụ Vulcan Copper na Supply nkwekọrịta ịrụ na ịrụ ọrụ osisi iji gbanwee sawdust ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Ihe ọkụkụ a dabere na ngbanwe na usoro izizi German Scholler dịka ụlọ nyocha nke Forest Products Laboratory mepụtara. Osisi a nwetara mkpụrụ ethanol nke 50 US gal (190 L) kwa ton kpọrọ nkụ, mana ọ kaghị uru ma mechie ya mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị. Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ enzyme n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, usoro acid hydrolysis ejiriwo enzymatic hydrolysis dochie ya nke nta nke nta. Kemịkalụ pretreatment nke feedstock a chọrọ ka hydrolyze (iche iche) hemicellulose, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ghọọ sugars. A na-emepụta pretreatment nke acid dilute dabere na ọrụ mbụ na acid hydrolysis nke osisi na Laboratory Products Forest USFS. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Laboratory Products Forest yana Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison mepụtara pretreatment sulfite iji merie recalcitrance nke lignocellulose maka enzymatic hydrolysis siri ike nke cellulose osisi. N'okwu 2007 State of the Union na Jenụwarị 23, 2007, Onye isi ala US George W. Bush kwupụtara ikike echere maka galọn US ijeri 35 (130×109 L) nke ethanol n'afọ 2017. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Ngalaba Ike US nyere onyinye. $385 nde na onyinye ezubere iji malite mmepụta ethanol na-awụlikwa elu site na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị omenala dị ka ibe osisi, switchgrass, na peels citrus. == Ụzọ e si emepụta ya == [[Usòrò:Pg166_bioreactor.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bioreactor maka nyocha cellulosic ethanol.]] Usoro iji mepụta ethanol site na iji usoro ndu bụ: # Usoro "pretreatment" iji mee ka ihe lignocellulosic dị ka osisi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-eme ka hydrolysis nwee ike. # Cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis) iji gbarie ụmụ irighiri ihe n'ime shuga # Microbial gbaa ụka nke shuga ngwọta # Distillation na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ iji mepụta mmanya dị ọcha N'afọ 2010, e mepụtara ụdị yist sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta enzymes na-agbari cellulose nke ya. N'ịbụ ndị na-eche na nkà na ụzụ a nwere ike ịba ụba na ọkwa mmepụta ihe, ọ ga-ewepụ otu usoro ma ọ bụ karịa nke cellulolysis, na-ebelata ma oge achọrọ na ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta. Ọ bụ ezie na lignocellulose bụ akụ ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ukwuu, a na-ebelata ojiji ya site na nhazi ya siri ike. N'ihi ya, a na-achọ ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji tọhapụ cellulose site na lignin seal na usoro crystalline ya iji mee ka ọ nweta ya maka nzọụkwụ hydrolysis na-esote. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eme ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ site n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal. Iji nweta arụmọrụ dị elu, a chọrọ ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal. Pretreatment anụ ahụ na-agụnye ibelata urughuru biomass site n'ibu nhazi ụzọ dị ka egwe ọka ma ọ bụ extrusion. Ngwọta kemịkalụ na-ebelata akụkụ nke lignocellulose ka enzymes wee nweta cellulose maka mmeghachi omume microbial. Usoro pretreatment kemịkalụ gụnyere acid hydrolysis, uzuoku mgbawa, amonia fiber mgbasa, organosolv, sulfite pretreatment, SO2-ethanol-water fractionation, alkaline wet oxidation na ozone pretreatment. E wezụga ntọhapụ cellulose dị irè, ọgwụgwọ dị mma kwesịrị ibelata mmepụta nke ngwaahịa mmebi n'ihi na ha nwere ike igbochi usoro hydrolysis na gbaa ụka. Ọnụnọ nke ndị na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mgbagwoju anya ma na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta ethanol n'ihi usoro nkwụsị nke achọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'agbanyeghị na acid hydrolysis bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ izizi kacha ochie na nke amụrụ, ọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi nwere ike gụnyere furfural na hydroxymethylfurfural. Amonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) bụ ihe atụ nke pretreatment na-ekwe nkwa nke na-emepụta dịghị inhibitors. Ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mbụ adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe etinyere ya na nri nri nwere ọdịnaya lignin dị elu, dị ka biomass ọhịa. Ndị a chọrọ ụzọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ pụrụ iche. Organosolv, SPORL ('Sulfite pretreatment iji merie recalcitrance nke lignocellulose') na SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP®) usoro bụ atọ usoro nwere ike nweta n'elu 90% cellulose ntughari maka ọhịa biomass, karịsịa ndị softwood ụdị. SPORL bụ ihe kacha arụ ọrụ ike (mmepụta shuga kwa nkeji ike oriri na pretreatment) yana usoro siri ike maka pretreatment nke biomass ọhịa nwere obere mmepụta nke ihe mgbochi gbaa ụka. Organosolv pulping dị irè karịsịa maka [[osisi siri ike]] ma na-enye mgbake dị mfe nke ngwaahịa hydrophobic lignin site na dilution na ọdịda. e ji arụ ọrụ mgbake nke chemicals. === Usoro cellulolytic === Hydrolysis nke cellulose (cellulolysis) na-emepụta shuga dị mfe nke nwere ike ịgbanye n'ime mmanya. Enwere usoro cellulolysis isi abụọ: usoro kemịkalụ iji acid, ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume enzymatic site na iji cellulases. ==== Hydrolysis nke kemịkal ==== N'ime usoro ọdịnala ndị e mepụtara na narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, a na-eme hydrolysis site na iji acid wakpo cellulose. Enwere ike iji acid dilute n'okpuru oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide dị elu, ma ọ bụ acid nwere ike tinyekwuo nwere ike iji na okpomọkụ dị ala na nrụgide ikuku. Ngwakọta cellulosic nke acid na sugars decrystallized na-emeghachi omume n'ihu mmiri iji mechaa mkpụrụ ndụ shuga n'otu n'otu (hydrolysis). Ngwaahịa sitere na hydrolysis a na-ewepụsị ya, a na-eji gbaa ụka yist emepụta ethanol. Dị ka e kwuru, ihe mgbochi dị ịrịba ama na usoro itughari acid bụ na hydrolysis dị oke ike nke na a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emebi ihe na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike igbochi gbaa ụka. BlueFire Renewables na-eji acid concentrated n'ihi na ọ naghị emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ ndị na-egbochi gbaa ụka, mana a ga-ekewapụ ya na mmiri shuga maka recycle [nkewa akwa chromatographic nke na-emegharị emegharị, dịka ọmụmaatụ] ka ọ mara mma n'ahịa. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọrụ nyocha ọrụ ugbo chọpụtara na ha nwere ike ịnweta ma gbaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ shuga niile fọdụrụ na ahịhịa ọka. Ndị shuga dị na mgbidi cell nke osisi ahụ, bụ nke a ma ama na ọ siri ike ịkụda. Iji nweta shuga ndị a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji alkaline peroxide dozie ahịhịa ọka wit, wee jiri enzymes pụrụ iche kwatuo mgbidi cell. Usoro a weputara galọn US 93 (350 L) nke ethanol kwa tọn ahịhịa ọka. ==== Hydrolysis nke enzymes ==== Enwere ike ịgbaji agbụ cellulose n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ glucose site na enzymes cellulase. Mmeghachi omume a na-eme na okpomọkụ nke ahụ dị n'ime afọ nke anụ anụ dị ka ehi na atụrụ, bụ ebe ụmụ nje na-emepụta enzymes. Usoro a na-eji ọtụtụ enzymes na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ntụgharị a. N'iji usoro enzymatic yiri nke ahụ, ihe lignocellulosic nwere ike iji enzymaticly mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dịtụ nro (50 ° C na pH 5), si otú a na-eme ka cellulose dị irè na-agbaji na-enweghị nguzobe nke ngwaahịa ndị ga-egbochi ọrụ enzyme. Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ niile bụ isi, gụnyere acid dilute, chọrọ usoro enzymatic hydrolysis iji nweta mkpụrụ shuga dị elu maka ịgba ụka ethanol. Enwere ike iji enzymes fungal mee ka cellulose hydrolyze. Akụrụngwa (mgbe osisi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa) ka ga-ebu ụzọ gwọọ ya iji mee ka ọ dị mma na hydrolysis. N'afọ 2005, ụlọ ọrụ Iogen kwupụtara na ọ na-eji ero Trichoderma reesei na-emepụta usoro iji zoo "enzyme ndị emepụtara pụrụ iche" maka usoro enzymatic hydrolysis. Ụlọ ọrụ Canada ọzọ, SunOpta, na-eji pretreatment mgbawa uzuoku, na-enye nkà na ụzụ ya na Verenium (nke bụbu Celunol Corporation) na Jennings, Louisiana, ụlọ ọrụ Abengoa na Salamanca, Spain, na China Resources Alcohol Corporation na Zhaodong. Ebe nrụpụta CRAC na-eji stovu ọka dị ka akụrụngwa. === Mgbasa nke nje ===   Dị ka o si dị, yist na-eme bred (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), adịla anya n'ụlọ ọrụ ebe a na-emepụta mmanya na-emepụta ethanol sitere na hexoses (sugar carbon isii). N'ihi ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke carbohydrates dị na lignocellulosic biomass, nnukwu xylose na arabinose (sugar carbon ise sitere na akụkụ hemicellulose nke lignocellulose) dịkwa na hydrolysate. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na hydrolyzate nke ọka ọka, ihe dịka 30% nke ngụkọta shuga na-agba agba bụ xylose. N'ihi ya, ikike nke microorganisms na-agba agba iji jiri ụdị shuga niile dị na hydrolyzate dị mkpa iji mee ka asọmpi akụ na ụba nke cellulosic ethanol na protein ndị nwere ike na-emepụta ihe. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, injinia metabolic maka microorganisms ejiri na-emepụta ethanol mmanụ egosila ọganihu dị ukwuu. E wezụga Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microorganisms dị ka Zymomonas mobilis na Escherichia coli ka ezubere iche site na injinịa metabolic maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ n'akụkụ akụkụ ahụ mgbakasị ọzọ bụ ike ya ịgbasa shuga carbon ise na-eme ka mkpụrụ nke ngwaahịa nri dịkwuo mma. A na-ahụkarị ikike a n'ime ihe ndị sitere na nje bacteria. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kọwapụtara yist ndị emepụtara nke ọma na-agbakọ xylose, na arabinose, na ọbụna ha abụọ ọnụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ yist na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka usoro ethanol cellulosic n'ihi na ejirila ha na nkà na ụzụ biotechnology ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na-anabata ethanol dị elu na ntinye ihe mgbochi ma nwee ike itolite na obere pH ụkpụrụ iji belata mmetọ nje. === Ngwakọta hydrolysis na fermentation === A hụla ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria nwere ike ịtụgharị mkpụrụ okwu cellulose ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Otu ihe atụ bụ Clostridium thermocellum, bụ́ nke na-eji cellulosome dị mgbagwoju anya gbarie cellulose na synthesize ethanol. Agbanyeghị, C. thermocelum na-emepụtakwa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ n'oge metabolism cellulose, gụnyere acetate na lactate, na mgbakwunye na ethanol, na-ebelata arụmọrụ nke usoro ahụ. A na-atụkwa ụfọdụ mbọ nyocha iji kwalite mmepụta ethanol site na nje bacteria injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-elekwasị anya n'okporo ụzọ na-emepụta ethanol. === Usoro gas (ụzọ okpomọkụ) === [[Usòrò:Holzvergaser_Güssing.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mmiri na-agbanye n'àkwà na Güssing Burgenland [[Austria]]]] Usoro gasification anaghị adabere na kemịkalụ kemịkalụ nke cellulose yinye (cellulolysis). Kama ịgbaji cellulose n'ime ụmụ irighiri shuga, a na-eme ka carbon dị n'ihe ndị dị n'ime ya ghọọ gas na-emepụta ihe, na-eji ihe ruru ọkụ ọkụ. Enwere ike inye carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ka ọ bụrụ ụdị fermenter pụrụ iche. Kama ịgbakọ sugar na yist, usoro a na-eji nje bacteria Clostridium ljungdahlii. Ihe microorganism a ga-etinye carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ma mepụta ethanol na mmiri. Ya mere enwere ike imebi usoro a ụzọ atọ: # Gasification - A na-agbajikwa molekul gbagọrọ agbagọ nke carbon iji nweta carbon dị ka carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen. # Fermentation - Tugharia carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ka ọ bụrụ ethanol site na iji organism Clostridium ljungdahlii. # Distillation - Ethanol kewapụrụ na mmiri Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya achọpụtala nje bacteria Clostridium ọzọ nke yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ugboro abụọ n'ịme ethanol sitere na carbon monoxide dị ka nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-enyefe gas na-emepụta gas site na gasification na reactor catalytic ebe a na-eji emepụta ethanol na mmanya ndị ọzọ dị elu site na usoro thermochemical. Usoro a nwekwara ike ịmepụta ụdị mmanụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ, echiche ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Montreal Enerkem gosipụtara nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ ha na Westbury, Quebec. == Hemicellulose na ethanol == A na-eme nnyocha siri ike iji zụlite ụzọ akụ na ụba iji gbanwee ma cellulose na hemicellulose na ethanol. Fermentation nke glucose, bụ isi ngwaahịa nke cellulose hydrolyzate, na ethanol bụ usoro emebelarị ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, ntughari nke xylose, shuga pentose nke hemicellulose hydrolyzate, bụ ihe na-egbochi ya, ọkachasị na ọnụnọ glucose. Ọzọkwa, a pụghị ileghara ya anya dị ka hemicellulose ga-eme ka arụmọrụ na ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta ethanol cellulosic dịkwuo elu. Sakamoto (2012) et al. gosi ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa injinia iji gosipụta enzymes hemicellulase. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ mepụtara ụdị Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant nke nwere ike: # hydrolyze hemicellulase site na codeisplaying endoxylanase n'elu cell ya, # assimilate xylose site na ngosipụta nke xylose reductase na xylitol dehydrogenase. Ahụhụ ahụ nwere ike ịtụgharị ahịhịa ahịhịa osikapa ka ọ bụrụ ethanol, nke nwere akụkụ hemicellulosic. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ike ịmepụta 2.5x ọzọ ethanol karịa njikwa njikwa, na-egosi usoro dị irè nke elu cell-engineering na-emepụta ethanol. == Uru ya == === Uru ndị ethanol na-arụ n'ozuzu ha === Ethanol na-ere ọkụ nke ọma na nke ọma karịa mmanụ ụgbọala. N'ihi na osisi na-eri carbon dioxide ka ha na-etolite, bioethanol nwere akara ukwu carbon dị ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ. Ịgbanwe ethanol maka mmanụ nwekwara ike ibelata ndabere obodo na mbubata mmanụ. === Uru nke cellulosic ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ethanol sitere na shuga === {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyDraft ndụ ndụ ndụ GHG emissions reduction results for different horizon time and discount rate approaches (gụnyere indirect land use changes mmetụta)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref name="EPAdraft">{{Cite web|title=EPA Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Fuels - Technical Highlights|url=http://www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420f09024.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-07|archive-date=2009-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629060803/http://epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420f09024.pdf|url-status=dead}} ''See Table 1''.</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |Ụzọ Mmanụ ! style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |100 afọ + 2% discount<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> ! style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |Afọ 30 + 0% ọnụego ego<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe na-ekpo ọkụ) (¹) | style="text-align:center" | -16% | style="text-align:center" | +5% |- |Ethanol ọka (Ng DM kacha mma) (²) | style="text-align:center" | -39% | style="text-align:center" | -18% |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe na-akpụ akpụ) | style="text-align:center" | +13% | style="text-align:center" | +34% |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe kpọrọ nkụ) | style="text-align:center" | -39% | style="text-align:center" | -18% |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe kpọrọ nkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ na ike)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | style="text-align:center" | -47% | style="text-align:center" | -26% |- |Ethhanol shuga nke Brazil | style="text-align:center" | -44% | style="text-align:center" | -26% |- |Cellulosic ethanol sitere na switchgrass | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -128% | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -124% |- |Cellulosic ethanol sitere na ọka stover | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -115% | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -116% |- | colspan="3" |<small>Rịba ama: (1) Osisi ndị na-egweri ihe (DM) na-egwe ihe niile ma na-emepụta naanị otu isi ihe: distillers grains with solubles (DGS). (2) Osisi kachasị mma na-emepụta distillers mmiri grains co-product.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></small> |} Mmepụta ethanol cellulosic nke a na-ere n'ahịa, nke n'adịghị ka ọka na okpete agaghị mpi mmepụta nri, ga-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu ebe ọ ga-ebelata nrụgide a na-enwe n'ubi nri ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa nhazi ya dị elu, ọnụahịa cellulose biomass dị ọnụ ala karịa nke ọka ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Ọzọkwa, ebe ọ bụ na cellulose bụ isi ihe na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ, a pụrụ iweta ihe ọkụkụ ahụ dum, ọ bụghị nanị mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Nke a na-ebute mkpụrụ kacha mma; dịka ọmụmaatụ, switchgrass na-amịpụta ethanol okpukpu abụọ karịa ọka. Ihe biomass maka mmepụta cellulose chọrọ ntinye ole na ole, dị ka fatịlaịza, ahịhịa ahịhịa, na mgbọrọgwụ ha buru ibu na-eme ka mma ala dị mma, belata mbuze, ma na-abawanye njide na-edozi ahụ. Mgbasa ụkwụ carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ethanol cellulosic dị ala nke ukwuu (lee eserese) na ike ụgbụ a na-enweta dị elu ọtụtụ ugboro karịa nke ethanol dabere na ọka. Ngwa akụrụngwa nwere ike hiri nne. Ihe dị ka 44% nke mkpofu ụlọ a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile bụ nri na elu. A na-atụfu ihe dị ka nde tọn 323 nke akụrụngwa nwere cellulose nke enwere ike iji mepụta ethanol kwa afọ na US naanị. Nke a gụnyere nde tọn 36.8 nke mkpofu nkụ n'obodo mepere emepe, nde tọn 90.5 nke ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, nde tọn 45 nke ahịhịa ahịhịa, na 150.7 nde tọn nkụ ọka na ahịhịa ọka. Ọzọkwa, a pụrụ iji ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta cellulose kụọ ọbụna akụkụ ala maka ọrụ ugbo, nke na-ebute mmepụta zuru oke iji dochie anya mbubata mmanụ ugbu a na United States. Akwụkwọ, kaadiboodu, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nwere ihe dị ka 17% nke mkpofu ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ; ọ bụ ezie na a na-emegharị ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a. Dị ka ngwaahịa ndị a nwere cellulose, ha na-agbanwe ghọọ cellulosic ethanol, nke ga-ezere mmepụta nke methane, ikuku griin ha siri ike, n'oge ire ere. == Ọghọm ya == === Ọghọm ndị ọzọ === Isi ihe ndọghachi azụ nke mmanụ ethanol bụ akụ na ụba mmanụ ala ya dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala mgbe ị na-eji ethanol n'ime injin emebere maka mmanụ ụgbọala nwere oke mkpakọ dị ala. === Ọghọm nke cellulosic ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ethanol sitere na shuga === Ihe kachasị njọ nke ethanol cellulosic bụ ọnụ ahịa dị elu na mgbagwoju anya nke mmepụta ya, bụ nke bụ isi ihe na-egbochi azụmahịa ya. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Ọ bụ ezie na ahịa bioethanol zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere oke (ihe dị ka ijeri lita 110 na 2019), ihe ka ukwuu bụ sitere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete, ọ bụghị cellulose. N'afọ 2007, a na-eme atụmatụ ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ethanol site na isi mmalite cellulosic ca. USD 2.65 kwa galọn (€0.58 kwa lita), nke dị ihe dị ka ugboro 2–3 dị ọnụ karịa ethanol nke sitere na ọka. Agbanyeghị, ahịa ethanol cellulosic ka dị obere ma dabere na enyemaka gọọmentị. Gọọmenti US bu ụzọ debere ebumnuche cellulosic ethanol nke nta nke nta na-agbago site na ijeri lita 1 na 2011 ruo ijeri lita 60 na 2022. Agbanyeghị, ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a kwa afọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile ka ewepụrụ ya mgbe ọ bịara doo anya na enweghị ohere izute ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị na-emepụta ethanol cellulosic kagburu ma ọ bụ gbahapụrụ na mmalite 2010s. Osisi ndị DuPont, General Motors na BP wuru ma ọ bụ kwadoro ya, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, mechiri ma ọ bụ ree ya. Dị ka nke 2018, ọ bụ naanị otu nnukwu osisi fọdụrụ na US. Ka e wee too ya na nnukwu mmepụta, cellulose biomass aghaghị ịsọ mpi n'iji ala ubi a na-eme ihe, karịsịa maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. N'ime ijeri acres 2.26 nke United States (nde 9.1 km2) nke ala enweghị mmiri, 33% bụ oke ọhịa, 26% ala ịta ahịhịa na ahịhịa, na 20% ala ihe ọkụkụ. Nnyocha nke Ngalaba Maka Ike na Ọrụ Ugbo nke U.S. na 2005 tụrụ aro na 1.3 ijeri tọn nkụ nke biomass dị maka iji ethanol eme ihe ma na-ejigide mmetụta a na-anakwere na ọhịa, ọrụ ugbo. === Ntụnyere ya na ethanol sitere na ọka === Ka ọ dị ugbu a, cellulose na-esi ike ma dị ọnụ karịa ịhazi n'ime ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ngalaba ike nke United States mere atụmatụ na 2007 na ọ na-efu ihe dịka $2.20 kwa galọn iji mepụta ethanol cellulosic, nke bụ 2-3 ugboro karịa ethanol sitere na ọka. Enzymes nke na-emebi mgbidi cell cell na-eri US $ 0.40 kwa galọn ethanol ma e jiri ya tụnyere US $ 0.03 maka ọka. Otú ọ dị, cellulosic biomass dị ọnụ ala karịa ọka, n'ihi na ọ na-achọ ntinye ole na ole, dị ka ume, fatịlaịza, ahịhịa ahịhịa, na-esonyere ya na obere mbuze nke ala na mma ala ọmụmụ. Na mgbakwunye, ihe siri ike na-adịghị agba agba na enweghị ntụgharị nke fọdụrụ mgbe emechara ethanol nwere ike ịgba ọkụ iji nye mmanụ ọkụ dị mkpa iji rụọ ọrụ ngbanwe ma mepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ike a na-eji na-arụ ọrụ ethanol sitere na ọka sitere na coal na gas. Ụlọ ọrụ maka ịdabere na onwe onye na mpaghara na-eme atụmatụ ọnụahịa cellulosic ethanol sitere na ọgbọ mbụ nke osisi azụmahịa ga-adị na $ 1.90- $ 2.25 kwa galọn, ewezuga ihe mkpali. Nke a tụlere ọnụ ahịa ugbu a bụ $1.20–$1.50 kwa galọn maka ethanol sitere na ọka yana ọnụ ahịa mkpọsa ugbu a karịrị $4.00 kwa galọn maka mmanụ ụgbọala mgbe niile (nke a na-enye nkwado na ụtụ). === Ihe mgbochi nke ọnụ ahịa enzyme === Cellulases na hemicellulases eji na mmepụta nke cellulosic ethanol dị ọnụ karịa ndị ọgbọ mbụ ha. Enzymes achọrọ maka mmepụta ethanol ọka ọka na-efu 2.64-5.28 US dollar kwa cubic mita nke ethanol emepụtara. Enzymes maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic na-atụ anya na ọ ga-efu 79.25 US dollar, nke pụtara na ha dị okpukpu 20-40 karịa ọnụ. A na-ekwu na ọnụ ahịa dị iche na ọnụọgụ achọrọ. Ezinụlọ cellulase nke enzymes nwere usoro nke otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'usoro pere mpe nke arụmọrụ. Ya mere, ọ na-achọ 40 ruo 100 ugboro karịa nke enzyme ka ọ dị na mmepụta ya. Maka tọn nke ọ bụla biomass ọ chọrọ 15-25 kilogram nke enzyme. Atụmatụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya dị ala, na-atụ aro 1 kg nke enzyme kwa tọn kpọrọ nkụ nke nri nri biomass. Enwekwara ọnụ ahịa isi obodo dị elu jikọtara ya na ogologo oge nnabata maka ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ hydrolysis enzymatic. N'ozuzu, enzymes nwere akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke 20-40% maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Otu akwụkwọ na-adịbeghị anya na-eme atụmatụ na nsonye dị na 13-36% nke ọnụ ahịa ego, na isi ihe bụ otú e si emepụta enzyme cellulase. Maka cellulase emepụtara na mpụga, mmepụta enzyme ruru 36% nke ọnụ ahịa ego. Maka enzyme emepụtara na saịtị na osisi dị iche, akụkụ ya bụ 29%; Maka mmepụta enzyme agbakwunyere, akụkụ ya bụ 13%. Otu n'ime uru ndị bụ isi nke mmepụta agbakwunyere bụ na biomass kama glucose bụ usoro uto enzyme. Biomass na-efu obere ego, ọ na-eme ka ethanol cellulosic na-esi na ya pụta bụrụ 100% biofuel nke abụọ, ya bụ, ọ dịghị eji 'nri maka mmanụ'. == Nri nri == N'ozuzu, e nwere ụdị nri nri abụọ: ọhịa (osisi) biomass na biomass ugbo. Na US, ihe dị ka ijeri tọn 1.4 akọrọ nke biomass ka enwere ike imepụta nke ọma kwa afọ. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 370 ma ọ bụ 30% bụ biomass nke ọhịa. Ohia biomass nwere cellulose na lignin dị elu yana ọdịnaya hemicellulose na ntụ dị ala karịa biomass ugbo. N'ihi ihe isi ike na mkpụrụ ethanol dị ala na fermenting pretreatment hydrolysate, ọkachasị ndị nwere shuga dị elu 5 carbon hemicellulose dị ka xylose, biomass ọhịa nwere nnukwu uru karịa biomass ugbo. Biomass nke ọhịa nwekwara nnukwu njupụta nke na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa njem. Enwere ike iweta ya n'afọ nke na-ewepụ nchekwa ogologo oge. Ọdịnaya ntụ ntụ dị nso nke biomass nke ọhịa na-ebelata nke ọma ibu n'ime njem na nhazi. Iji gboo mkpa maka ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, biomass nke ọhịa ga-abụ ngwakọta ihe oriri dị mkpa na-enye nri n'ime akụ na ụba biobased n'ọdịnihu. Otú ọ dị, biomass nke ọhịa na-atụgharị uche karịa biomass nke ugbo. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, USDA Forest Products Laboratory yana Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison mepụtara teknụzụ dị mma nke nwere ike imeri ike recalcitrance nke ọhịa (osisi) biomass gụnyere nke ụdị softwood nwere obere xylan ọdịnaya. Omenala kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke obere oge ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo osisi nwere ike inye ohere na-enweghị oke maka mmepụta biomass nke ọhịa. Osisi osisi sitere na slashes na n'elu osisi wee hụ uzuzu sitere na igwe igwe, na akwụkwọ mkpofu bụ nri anụ ọhịa biomass maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa toro ogologo. Amara maka isi ike ya na uto ngwa ngwa, afọ a na-eto n'ime ọnwa ọkụ ruo n'ogo nke 2–6 ụkwụ. Enwere ike ito ahịhịa ahịhịa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States, gụnyere swampland, larịị, iyi, na n'akụkụ oke osimiri & okporo ụzọ interstate. Ọ bụ mkpụrụ nke onwe (ọ dịghị traktọ maka ịgha mkpụrụ, naanị maka ịgha mkpụrụ), na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọrịa na pests, ma nwee ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ dị elu na ngwa ngwa nke fatịlaịza na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-anabatakwa ala dara ogbenye, idei mmiri, & ụkọ mmiri ozuzo; na-eme ka mma ala dị mma ma na-egbochi mbuze n'ihi ụdị mgbọrọgwụ ya. Switchgrass bụ ihe mkpuchi akwadoro maka ala echedoro n'okpuru Mmemme Nchekwa Federal (CRP). CRP bụ mmemme gọọmentị na-akwụ ndị na-emepụta ego ụgwọ maka emeghị ihe ọkụkụ n'ala nke ihe ọkụkụ toro na nso nso a. Usoro a na-ebelata mbuze nke ala, na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo mma, na-abawanye ebe obibi anụ ọhịa. Ala CRP na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi maka egwuregwu ugwu, dị ka pheasants na ọbọgwụ, na ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ. A tụlere Switchgrass maka mmepụta biofuel maka ojiji na ala Mmemme Nchekwa Nchekwa (CRP), nke nwere ike ịbawanye nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi wee belata ọnụ ahịa mmemme CRP. Agbanyeghị, iwu CRP ga-agbanwerịrị iji kwe ka ojiji akụ na ụba a nke ala CRP. Miscanthus × giganteus bụ nri ọzọ bara uru maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Ụdị ahihia a sitere na Eshia ma bụrụ ngwakọ na-adịghị mma nke Miscanthus sinensis na Miscanthus sacchariflorus. O nwere ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọ dị ọnụ ala itolite, ma na-eme nke ọma n'ụdị ihu igwe dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọ na-adịghị ike, ọ na-achọkwa ịgbasa ahịhịa, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ọnụ. Atụwo aro na Kudzu nwere ike bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke biomass. == Ahịa ethanol cellulosic == N'ịbụ nke e nwetara site na enyemaka na enyemaka, mmụba na nyocha ethanol cellulosic na osisi ndị na-anya ụgbọelu mere na mmalite 2000s. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Iogen, POET, na Abengoa wuru ụlọ nrụpụta ndị nwere ike ịhazi biomass ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ethanol, ebe ụlọ ọrụ dịka DuPont, Diversa, Novozymes, na Dyadic tinyere ego na nyocha enzyme. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị a kagburu ma ọ bụ mechie na mbido 2010 dịka ihe mgbochi teknụzụ siri ike imeri. Dị ka nke 2018, ọ bụ naanị otu cellulosic ethanol osisi ka nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ. N'ime afọ 2010 gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-anwa oge ụfọdụ mgbalị dị nta n'ịzụ ahịa ethanol cellulosic, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-anọgide na-adị n'ọtụtụ nyocha ma na-adaberekarị na enyemaka. Ụlọ ọrụ Granbio, Raízen na Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira ọ bụla na-agba ọsọ a pilot-scale facility na-arụ ọrụ na Brazil, nke ọnụ na-emepụta gburugburu 30 nde lita na 2019. Iogen, nke malitere dị ka onye na-emepụta enzyme na 1991 wee maliteghachi onwe ya iji lekwasị anya na isi. na cellulosic ethanol na 2013, nwere ọtụtụ patent maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic ma nye nkà na ụzụ maka osisi Raízen. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe teknụzụ ethanol cellulosic dị ka nke 2021 bụ Inbicon (Denmark); Ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta ụgbọelu gụnyere New Energy Blue (US), Sekab (Sweden) na Clariant (na Romania). Abengoa, ụlọ ọrụ Spen nwere akụ ethanol cellulosic, kwụsịrị na 2021. Agencylọ ọrụ ume ọhụrụ nke Australia, yana gọọmentị steeti na ime obodo, nyere ego maka ụlọ ọrụ na-anya ụgbọ elu na 2017 na 2020 na New South Wales dịka akụkụ nke mbọ iji mee ka akụ na ụba mpaghara pụọ na mgbapụta kol. === Nkwado Gọọmentị US === Site na 2006, gọọmentị etiti US malitere ịkwalite mmepe ethanol sitere na nri nri cellulosic. Na May 2008, Congress weputara ụgwọ ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ nke nwere ego maka ịzụ ahịa nke biofuels ọgbọ nke abụọ, gụnyere cellulosic ethanol. Iwu nri, nchekwa, na ike nke 2008 nyere maka onyinye na-ekpuchi ihe ruru 30% nke ọnụ ahịa mmepe na iwulite ihe ngosi biorefineries maka imepụta "ihe ọkụkụ dị elu," nke gụnyere nke ọma mmanụ ọkụ niile esighị na starch ọka ọka. O kwekwara ka mbinye ego ruru nde $250 maka iwu ụlọ biorefineries nke azụmahịa. Na Jenụwarị 2011, USDA kwadoro $405 nde na nkwa mbinye ego site na ụgwọ ọrụ Ugbo 2008 iji kwado azụmahịa nke ethanol cellulosic na ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke Coskata, Enerkem na INEOS New Planet BioEnergy nwere. Ọrụ ndị a na-anọchi anya mkpokọta 73 million US galọn (280,000 m3) ikike mmepụta kwa afọ ma ga-amalite imepụta ethanol cellulosic na 2012. USDA wepụtakwara ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta biofuel dị elu bụ ndị ga-anata ụgwọ iji gbasaa mmepụta nke biofuels dị elu. Na Julaị 2011, Ngalaba Energy nke US nyere POET nde $105 na nkwa mbinye ego maka ụlọ ahịa nke a ga-ewu Emmetsburg, Iowa. == Hụkwa == <references responsive="0"></references> * Ọgbọ nke abụọ biofuels * Nri vs. mmanụ == Ihe odide ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070430004536/http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/locations/ Ndepụta nke U.S. Ethanol Plants] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101028194523/http://ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=4269 A na-eji teknụzụ dị iche iche eme ihe maka Cellulosic Ethanol Path] * [http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/reinsider/story?id=53353 Mgbanwe gaa n'Ọgbọ nke Abụọ Ethanol] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090724160452/http://www.energy.gov/news/6633.htm USDA & DOE Release National Biofuels Action Plan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204002709/http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/001764.html Ịzụ ahịa Cellulosic Ethanol] * [https://www.reuters.com/article/smallBusinessNews/idUSTRE50869B20090109 Cellulosic ethanol mmepụta nwere ike "gbawaa"] * [http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/17460 Onye na-ede uri na-emepụta Cellulosic Ethanol na Pilot Scale] * [https://archive.today/20130201090324/http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUKTRE50C6LU20090113 Nkwado ndị ọzọ nke US hụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume maka osisi ethanol] * [http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2238561/shell-fuels-cellulosic-ethanol Shell na-agbanye cellulosic ethanol push na Codexis ọhụrụ] * [https://archive.today/20130122103130/http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=5517 Enerkem iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ ethanol cellulosic na US] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090604134300/http://techfragments.com/news/431/Science/Ethanol_Production_Could_Reach_90_Billion_Gallons_by_2030.html Ethanol Production nwere ike iru 90 Billion Gallons site na 2030 nke Sandia National Laboratories na GM Corp kwadoro.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151754/http://hitectransportation.org/news/2009/Exec_Summary02-2009.pdf Sandia National Laboratories & GM study: usoro PDF sitere na hitectransportation.org] * Mgbanwe ahịhịa Mmanụ na-emepụta Ike dị ukwuu. * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-017.html Ethanol] Site na Cellulose: A General Review - P.C. Badger, 2002 * US DOEOffice nke Biological and Environmental Research (OBER). * [http://www.nrel.gov/biomass National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Research Advances - Cellulosic Ethanol.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114400/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/ USDA Forest Products Laboratory] E debere Wayback Machine * [https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE51C5R320090213 reuters.com, New biofuels ga-abịa site n'ọtụtụ isi mmalite: nzukọ, Fri Feb 13, 2009 2:50pm EST] * [https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE51C6DT20090213 reuters.com, US kwa izu ethanol margins na-arị elu ruo n'elu break even, Fri Feb 13, 2009 4:01pm EST] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140315074752/http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/15-10/ff_plant wired.com, Otu Molecule nwere ike ịgwọ ịṅụbiga mmanụ ókè anyị, 09.24.07] == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == p86ltnyu5d0no0t67iqev115jplr0p9 0 29554 742778 727731 2026-11-03T10:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742778 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:George Willis Pack.png|thumb|George Willis Pack na 1906]]   '''George Willis Pack''' (amụrụ 1831, Peterboro, New York; nwụrụ. August 31, 1906, Southampton, Long Island, New York) bụ onye naegbu osisi nke ọgbọ nke abụọ na Lower Peninsula nke Michigan. Nịdabere nihe nketa nna ya, nime ọtụtụ iri afọ, Pack nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nịzụlite azụmaahịa osisi ya, naaghọ otu nime ndị nde mmadụ mbụ nke Michigan. Nwa ya nwoke, Charles Lathrop Pack, na nwa nwa ya, Randolph Greene Pack, gara nihu na omenala ezinụlọ. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Nna ya, George Pack, Jr. guzobere ebe a na-awa osisi abụọ na mpụga Lexington, Michigan, n'ebe a maara dị ka Pack's Mills. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ịrụ ọrụ na okenye Pack, na 1860 George Willis Pack, ya na John L. Woods, guzobere Carrington, Pack & Company, na Sand Beach, Michigan. Nafọ 1864, ya na Woods na Jeremiah Jenks, George Willis [[Pack, Jenks & Company|Pack]] guzobere ebe a naawa osisi nke abụọ, Pack, Jenks & Company, dịkwa nso na Sand Beach. E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nke atọ, Woods & Company, na Port Crescent, Michigan, na 1870. Nafọ 1876, e guzobere Pack, Woods & Company na Oscoda, Michigan, na Osimiri Au Sable. George Willis Pack ghọrọ nwoke bara ọgaranya. A gaecheta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị nde mmadụ ole na ole biri na Huron County.<ref>Eyle, pp. 2–9</ref> Ogige ọha na eze dị na Asheville, North Carolina malitere na 1797. Pack nyere ala maka ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ nke Buncombe County, nke a rụchara na 1903 ma ọ dịghịzi adị. Otu ọnọdụ nke onyinye a bụ na ebe ụlọ ikpe mbụ ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke [[Pack Square|ogige]] ọha na eze, a naakpọkwa mpaghara ahụ Pack Square nihi ya. Pack nyekwara ọtụtụ nime ihe ncheta nke onye bụbu Gọvanọ North Carolina Zebulon Baird Vance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asheville/pac.htm|title=Pack Square, Asheville, North Carolina|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|accessdate=2020-12-15|archive-date=2022-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220032243/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asheville/pac.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ, ebe, na ụbọchị == * Carrington, Pack & Company, Sand Beach, Michigan, 1860-70 * Pack, Jenks & Company, Sand Beach, Michigan, 1864-70 * Woods & Company, Port Crescent, Michigan, 1870-78 * Pack, Woods & Company, Oscoda, Michigan, 1878-1901 == Ala == * Huron County, Michigan - 5,000 acres (20 km2) nke osisi * Osimiri Pinnebog, Michigan - 25,000 acres (100 km2) nke ala pine == Njikọ mpụga == * "[https://web.archive.org/web/20231107050545/http://toto.lib.unca.edu/web_exhibits/WNC_pack/default_pack.htm George Willis Pack]: A Name That Will Endure", A Virtual Exhibition, Mahadum nke North Carolina na Asheville, August 2006 == Ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ === o7egqjx4no1ae9bbypzjecab9hhc19u 0 29856 742583 119306 2026-11-03T08:45:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742583 wikitext text/x-wiki Anambra Basin bụ otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime ala nke nwere ike dị na Naịjirịa: 153 Ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ triangular embayment na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 3000 km2 na ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ nke ihe dị ka 9 km.: 2: 25 Basin nke dị n'etiti 6°-7.8°N latitude na 6°40'-7°30'E longitude, bụ mpaghara ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ.<ref name="www.ajol.info"/><ref name="www.searchanddiscovery.com"/><ref name="www.bookpump.com"/> Ụdị azụ nke ụdị Clarias bụ ''ihe'' a na-ahụkarị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ karịsịa n'oge ọkọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SEMINAR ON RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT / SEMINAIRE SUR L'AMENAGEMENT ET LA MISE EN VALEUR DES BASSINS FLUVIAUX|url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/docs/CDrom/aquaculture/a0844t/docrep/008/AD793B/AD793B07.htm|accessdate=2022-03-12|work=www.fao.org}}</ref> == Ebe == Anambra Basin dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Benue Trough dị ala ma a na-elekarị ya anya dị ka nke kachasị ọhụrụ na Benue Troux.<ref name="George2009">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1VBp7aItooC&pg=PA57|chapter=4 - The Benue Trough|title=Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria|author=Obaje Nuhu George|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-3-540-92684-9}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ebe ndịda site na akara nkwonkwo Niger Delta Basin.<ref name="www.sciencedirect.com" /> Ọ na-agbasa n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime Ndagwurugwu Niger, n'ebeebe ugwu ruo Jos Massif na n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Lafia.<ref name="www.sciencedirect.com" /> Abakaliki Anticlinorium na Ibadan massif na-akọwa ókè ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ: 193: 145<ref name="www.sciencedirect.com">{{Cite journal|title=Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the Nkporo Group (Campanian–Maastrichtian), Anambra Basin, Nigeria|author=Shirley O. Odunze|journal=Journal of Palaeogeography|date=April 2013|volume=2|pages=192–208|doi=10.3724/SP.J.1261.2013.00026|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383615301462}}</ref><ref name="www.ajol.info">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njphy/article/viewFile/38166/7325|title=Burial History Analysis and Subsidence in the Anambra Basin, Nigeria|author=Anthony .S. Ekine|work=Department of Physics University Of Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Geology University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria|publisher=www.ajol.info|date=2008|accessdate=September 20, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAnthony_.S._EkineK._M._Onuoha2008">Anthony .S. Ekine; K. M. Onuoha (2008). [http://www.ajol.info/index.php/njphy/article/viewFile/38166/7325 "Burial History Analysis and Subsidence in the Anambra Basin, Nigeria"]. ''Department of Physics University Of Port Harcourt, Nigeria; Department of Geology University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria''. www.ajol.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>  == Ihe onwunwe eletrik == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere nnukwu ego coal na lignite na Naijiria.: 2 Coal mining na Naijeria malitere na [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="www.searchanddiscovery.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/abstracts/pdf/2010/intl/abstracts/ndx_babatunde.pdf.html|title=The main oil source formations of the Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria|author=Olubayo Leye Babatunde|work=Geology Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria|publisher=www.searchanddiscovery.com|accessdate=June 22, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlubayo_Leye_Babatunde">Olubayo Leye Babatunde. [http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/pdfz/abstracts/pdf/2010/intl/abstracts/ndx_babatunde.pdf.html "The main oil source formations of the Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria"]. ''Geology Department, University of Ibadan, Nigeria''. www.searchanddiscovery.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Albert Kitson chọpụtara coal na 1909 na Udi Ridge, Enugu; na-agbanwe mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara azụmahịa Britain.<ref name="enugustatetourismboard.com">{{Cite web|url=http://enugustatetourismboard.com/p.php?t=coal-mine-in-enugu-the-black-gold&id=68|title=Coal Mine in Enugu: The Black Gold|work=Enugu State Tourism Board|publisher=enugustatetourismboard.com|accessdate=September 18, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234448/http://enugustatetourismboard.com/p.php?t=coal-mine-in-enugu-the-black-gold&id=68|archivedate=September 18, 2016}}</ref><ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/1909-sad-tale-enugu-coal-industry/|title=From 1909: Sad tale of Enugu coal industry|work=Francis Igata|publisher=www.vanguardngr.com|date=March 30, 2016|accessdate=September 18, 2016}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe a na-egwupụta coal na Enugu gụnyere Ogbete, Ribadu, Onyeama, Okaba na Okpara.<ref name="www.vanguardngr.com" /> Anambra Basin nwere ike ịnọ n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Niger Delta na ikike hydrocarbon.: 153 Na mgbakwunye na coal, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike gas na mpaghara nke 10 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="www.ajol.info"/> A na-eme atụmatụ na ebe nchekwa gas ahụ nwere ihe karịrị otu puku puku puku ijeri cubic ụkwụ ka ọ ka na-enweghị nchọpụta Ugwuoba gas dị nso na [[Óká|Awka]], na Igbariam gas dị nso n'Onitsha - ebe akụ na ụba dị na mpaghara ahụ, nwere ụfọdụ n'ime olulu gas ndị e nyochara nke ọma na ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="www.gecpetroleum.com" /><ref name="www.gecpetroleum.comA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gecpetroleum.com/operations/opl-917/|title=Onshore OPL-917|work=GEC Petroleum Development Company|publisher=www.gecpetroleum.com|accessdate=September 18, 2016|archivedate=October 12, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012035537/http://www.gecpetroleum.com/operations/opl-917/}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmiri nke Shell / BP dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ gụnyere Igbariam-1 na Ajire-1. E nwekwara Akukwa-1 na Akukwa-2 na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti 1938 - 1939 na Ugwuoba.<ref name="www.gecpetroleum.com" /><ref name="www.gecpetroleum.comA" /> A kọwakwara mmanụ ala n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Anambra Basin: 1 nke nwere atụmatụ ijeri barrels 50 ma ọ bụ karịa na nchekwa: 16<ref name="www.searchanddiscovery.com"/><ref name="www.bookpump.com">{{Cite book|url=http://www.bookpump.com/dps/pdf-b/9423391b.pdf|title=Subsurface Evaluation of Source Rock and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Anambra Basin, South Eastern Nigeria|author=Iheanacho Princewill Ugochukwu|isbn=978-1-59942-339-5|publisher=www.bookpump.com|accessdate=June 22, 2016|date=2010-09-02}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIheanacho_Princewill_Ugochukwu2010">Iheanacho Princewill Ugochukwu (2010-09-02). [http://www.bookpump.com/dps/pdf-b/9423391b.pdf ''Subsurface Evaluation of Source Rock and Hydrocarbon Potential of the Anambra Basin, South Eastern Nigeria''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche: Akwụkwọ/978-1-59942-339-5|<bdi>978-1-59942-339-5</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;work=</code> ignored ([[Enyemaka: njehie CS1|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored]]</ref><ref name="www.gecpetroleum.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gecpetroleum.com/operations/opl-907/|title=Onshore OPL-907|work=GEC Petroleum Development Company|publisher=www.gecpetroleum.com|accessdate=June 22, 2016|archivedate=June 17, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617070215/http://www.gecpetroleum.com/operations/opl-907/}}</ref><ref name="www.sevenenergy.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sevenenergy.com/operations/upstream/anambra-basin|title=Anambra Basin|work=Seven Energy|publisher=www.sevenenergy.com|accessdate=June 22, 2016|archivedate=August 6, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806230732/http://www.sevenenergy.com/operations/upstream/anambra-basin}}</ref>  == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 1kphvhhzpmyw6w1zjt3cwdt4pj808oi 0 30031 742580 450421 2026-11-03T08:44:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742580 wikitext text/x-wiki     {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |Unic (société anonyme des automobiles Unic) | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Unic_motif_-_Flickr_-_exfordy.jpg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[[File:Unic_Beaulieu_8578498006.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Unic Taxicab (1908)</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |1905 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Defunct | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |1938 (last automobiles manufactured: continued as a manufacturer of commercial vehicles)<br /><br /><br /><br />1952 (sold to [[Simca]]) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="locality" style="display: inline;">[[Puteaux]], [[France]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div> | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Georges Richard]] (founder)<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Henri de Rothschild|Baron Henri de Rothschild]] (main investor) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Products | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Automobiles<br /><br /><br /><br />commercial vehicles |} [[Category:Pages using infobox company with a logo from wikidata]] [[Usòrò:Denver_transport_museum_180.JPG|thumb|Ụgbọ ala na-adọba ụgbọala 1909]] Unic bụ onye na-emepụta ụgbọala na France nke e guzobere na 1905, ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-emepụta ụgbọala ruo July 1938.<ref name="Automobilia1938"/> Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na-emepụta ụgbọala azụmahịa, na-ejigide nnwere onwe ya ruo afọ iri na anọ ọzọ tupu Henri Pigozzi azụta ya na 1952, onye chọsiri ike ịzụlite Unic dị ka akụkụ ụgbọ ala azụmahịa nke azụmahịa Simca na-aga nke ọma n'oge ahụ. == Mmalite ya == Georges Richard guzobere Unic mgbe ọ hapụrụ Richard-Brasier. N'afọ 1905, Richard nwere nzukọ na onye ọchụnta ego Baron Henri de Rothschild ma nweta ego maka ịmepụta "société anonyme des automobiles Unic", nke dị na Puteaux.<ref name="Gazoline n°185">''[http://www.gazoline.net/ Gazoline] n°185'', décembre 2011.</ref> Ebumnuche ya bụ imepụta ụgbọala "dị iche" (karịa ndị nkịtị), na mbido ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere naanị ụgbọala na tagzi dị mfe nwere injin abụọ na anọ. Azụmaahịa tagzi ga-anọgide na-adị mkpa nye Unic ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ, ebe nkwado ego Rothschild na-aga n'ihu n'oge dị mma na nke ọjọọ, nyere nkwụsi ike nke kwadoro azụmahịa ahụ, n'ụzọ dị egwu n'oge afọ ndị na-esote [[World War II|agha]]. == Uto na ụdị dị iche iche == Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-emepụta ihe na mbụ bụ naanị ụgbọ ala ndị dị mfe, ewu ewu ha dị ka tagzi dugara na mmepụta nke ụgbọala nnyefe na obere ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ.<ref name="gazoline.net"/> 1943 cc 12 CV (9 kW) ụdị cylinder anọ (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka tagzi) nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ma dịrị ndụ na mmepụta ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 20. (E mechara gbasaa injin ahụ ruo 2120 cc.) N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, tagzi ndị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ rụrụ sonyere na ọrụ Marne. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, e nyere cylinder anọ ọhụrụ (1847 cc), tinyere tagzi. == Ụgbọala mbụ na ọnwụ onye guzobere ya == N'afọ 1922, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụgbọala dị tọn atọ, nke a na-akpọ Unic MSC, nke gosipụtara mmalite nke mgbanwe gaa na mmepụta nke ụgbọala azụmahịa buru ibu. 1922 bụkwa afọ onye guzobere Unic, Georges Richard, nwụrụ mgbe ọ na-echere ịkwaga n'ụlọ ọgwụ Paris, na-esote ihe mberede ụgbọala na-aga Rouen.<ref name="gazoline.net">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazoline.net/category/essais/|title=Essais Archives|accessdate=Dec 14, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gazoline.net/category/essais/ "Essais Archives"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Georges Dubois, onye na-ahụ maka nnwale ụgbọ ala, weghaara ọrụ maka azụmahịa ahụ. == Ụgbọala ndị njem n'afọ ndị 1920 == N'ime afọ 1920, a na-ere ụdị egwuregwu 1997 cc ma jiri engines valve mee ihe na ụdị ụfọdụ. Ka ọ na-erule oge nke 19th Paris Motor Show, n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1924, Unic na-egosi ụgbọala ndị njem atọ.<ref name="Automobilia1925">{{Cite journal|title=Automobilia|journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1925 (Salon 1924)|volume=Nr. 72s|pages=80|year=2005}}</ref> Ha niile nwere injin cylinder anọ, ọ bụ ezie na nnukwu injin 4-cylinder dị ka nke a na-etinye na ụdị 16HP ka a na-ahụ ugbu a dị ka nke ochie: * Unic "Type L1T" 10 CV/HP: 4-cylinder 1843 cc: wheelbase 3,050 mm (120.1 in) * Unic "Type L3T" 11 CV/HP: 4-cylinder 2000 cc: wheelbase 3,050 mm (120.1 in) * Unic 16 CV/HP: 4-cylinder 3450 cc: wheelbase 3,450 mm (135.8 in) Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, na 22nd Paris Motor Show, ọ bụ naanị otu n'ime ụgbọala abụọ a na-egosi na-etinye injin 4-cylinder. Nke a bụ mmepe nke ụdị lita abụọ gosipụtara na 1924, nke a na-akpọzi Unic "Type L9", nke nwere 3,150 mm (124.0 in) wheelbase ma na-ejikarị "Torpedo" ma ọ bụ "Berline" (saloon / sedan). Otú ọ dị, maka afọ nlereanya nke 1929, a na-elekwasị anya ugbu a na ụdị 8-cylinder mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Unic 14 CV / HP ọhụrụ "Type H1" gosipụtara 2 1⁄-litre kwụ ọtọ-8 power unit ma nọrọ na 3,460 mm (136.2 in) wheelbase. A na-ere ya na 55,000 francs n'ụdị chassis efu.<ref name="Automobilia1929">{{Cite journal|title=Automobilia|journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1929 (Salon 1928)|volume=Nr. 84s|pages=80|year=2006}}</ref> == Ụgbọala ndị njem n'afọ ndị 1930 == [[Usòrò:Autocar_excursion_UNIC_1937_(14).jpg|thumb|Bọs njem UNIC 1937 L20]] 8-cylinder Unic "Type H1" nke e webatara na 1928 ka a na-emelite nke ọma dịka mgbanwe nke oge ahụ si dị: ka ọ na-erule afọ 1933, ụgbọ ala aghọwo Unic "ụdị H3" na ogo injin ahụ etoola site na 2 + 1⁄2 lita ruo 2646 cc.<ref name="Automobilia1934" /> Ọktọba 1933 bụ oge ikpeazụ ụgbọ ala ndị njem 8-cylinder ga-apụta na Unic show stand.<ref name="Automobilia1934"/> N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na ụgbọala 4-cylinder na 11 CV / HP tax band, dịka ha nwere n'etiti afọ 1920.<ref name="Automobilia1934">{{Cite journal|title=Automobilia|journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1934 (Salon 1933)|volume=Nr. 22|pages=77|year=2002}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true">"Automobilia". ''Toutes les voitures françaises 1934 (Salon 1933)''. Paris: Histoire & collections. Nr. 22: 77. 2002.</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> N'afọ 1934, Unic kwupụtara ụdị ọhụrụ ha "Type U4" nke gosipụtara injin valve abụọ dị n'akụkụ ma ugbu a na-ejikwa nnyefe 4-ọsọ.<ref name="Automobilia1934" /> Ọrụ ahụ nke "berline" nke nwere oche ise (sedan / salon) abụghịzi nke dị larịị, mana ọnụọgụ nke ụgbọ ala ahụ nwere ike ịkpata nkatọ, ebe ọ bụ na n'etiti mwepụta ụgbọ ala ahụ n'October 1933 na Mee 1934, e mere ka azụ azụ dị ntakịrị, ebe n'ihu ya dịtụ ala dochie anya nke dị larịrị, na njirimara zuru ezu ghọrọ nke dịtụ mma.<ref name="Automobilia1934" /> Na mgbakwunye na ụgbọ ala ndị njem a, Unic gara n'ihu na-emepụta site na 1934 tagzi yiri ya nke "nnukwu ike".<ref name="Automobilia1934" /> == Afọ ikpeazụ nke mmepụta ụgbọ ala == Na Machị 1937 Unic melite ụdị ụgbọ ala ndị njem anọ maka oge ikpeazụ, maka 1937 October Motor Show e nyekwara ụdị cylinder isii anya dị mfe karị, n'ikwekọ na ejiji nke oge ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge a, ụgbọ ala ndị njem gbadatara naanị ụdị abụọ a. Unic Type U4D bụ ụgbọ ala nwere cylinder 2,150 (12CV) nke nwere valvụ n'elu ma nye mmepụta kachasị nke 55 hp (41 ), nke a kwadoro site na chassis siri ike, nke ọdịnala nwere 3,160 mm (124.4 in). Nnuu Unic Type U6C nke nwere cylinder isii nyere 85 hp (63 kW) site na injin 3,000 cc (17CV), nke a na-ebute site na igbe eletromagneti "Cotal" pre-selector gear, yana nhọrọ nke ogologo wheelbase n'etiti 3,200 (126.0 in) na 3,370 mm (132.7 in).<ref name="Automobilia1938">{{Cite journal|title=Automobilia|journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1938 (Salon 1937)|volume=Nr. 6|pages=92–93|year=1998}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" data-ve-ignore="true">"Automobilia". ''Toutes les voitures françaises 1938 (Salon 1937)''. Paris: Histoire & collections. Nr. 6: 92–93. 1998.</cite> [[Category:CS1: long volume value]]</ref> Mkpesa nke ụgbọ ala ndị njem Unic n'oge a sitere na nkà na ụzụ ma ọ bụ site na ihe ọhụrụ dị egwu. Ndị nwere ekele maka ụgbọ ala ahụ nwere mmasị n'ịkwado dị mma nke sitere na usoro nke ọma e mere n'oge usoro mmepụta. Ihe ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị bụ ahụ ha mara mma, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere n'aka onye na-ewu ụgbọ ala Letourneur et Marchand ma ọ bụ site na enyemaka ha, Autobineau. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a naghị ere ụgbọala ndị pụrụ iche n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ma nke a gosipụtara na ọnụahịa. Na 1937 Motor Show ọkọlọtọ ígwè-bodied Unic Type U-4 D na 12CV engine ya dị na 53,750 francs (ma ọ bụ 35,500 francs na ụdị chassis).<ref name="Automobilia1938"/> E depụtara 13CV Talbot Type T4 "Minor" dị ike karịa na 42,500 Francs (ma ọ bụ 35,000 Francs n'ụdị chassis), ebe site na njedebe nke Citroën dị ogologo "ezinụlọ" nke Traction 11CV Longue nwere ike ịnwe maka 28,900 francs gụnyere ahụ, ebe nnwale prototype adịlarị n'ụzọ nke 2867 cc (15/16CV) nke Citroë Traction a na-ere ma na-ere ahịa.<ref name="Automobilia193801">{{Cite journal|title=Automobilia|journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1938 (Salon 1937)|volume=Nr. 6|pages=89|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="Automobilia193802">{{Cite journal|title=Automobilia|journal=Toutes les voitures françaises 1938 (Salon 1937)|volume=Nr. 6|pages=26|year=1998}}</ref> Ndị ahịa ole na ole nọ na klas a dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ maka omume ọma Unic nke ntụkwasị obi, ụdị na ohere, na mmepụta ụgbọ ala ndị njem Unic kwụsịrị na July 1938.<ref name="Automobilia1938" /> Mgbe 1938 gasịrị, Unic lekwasịrị anya na azụmaahịa gwongworo, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-emepụta French. N'afọ 1966, ụlọ ọrụ ndị [[Italy|Ịtali]] bụ Fiat weghaara ya ma mesịa sonye na Iveco n'afọ 1975. == Usoro iheomume mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị == N'afọ 1952, Simca weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke Henri Pigozzi duziri, onye chọrọ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ụgbọala azụmahịa. A na-akpọkarị ụgbọala nke oge a dị ka ụgbọala Unic-Simca. N'afọ 1956, e weghaara aka French nke onye na-emepụta ụgbọala na [[Switzerland]] Saurer. N'afọ 1966, Unic sonyeere Fiat Group. N'afọ 1975, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ na-ejide ụgbọala aha ya bụ IVECO na-ekpuchi ụdị ụgbọala na bọs dịka Fiat, OM, Lancia, UNIC na Magirus. Na 1976 UNIC-FIAT S.A. ghọrọ UNIC S.A Na 1992 IVECO UNIC S.A. gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ IVECO FRANCE S.A N'afọ 2003, isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ si Villejuif kwaga Boissy St Léger, ebe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ n'afọ 1995. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|UNIC vehicles}} * http://perso.wanadoo.fr/vis/historique.htm * Unic taxicab 1912, na-arụ ọrụ na The London General Cab Company, Camberwell. 1950s video [dead link] * [http://cdn.ebaumsworld.com/mediaFiles/picture/2104182/83052658.jpg 1906 Unic taxi] (ebaumsworld) {{Authority control}} qvord8m89v244g58tobxdjmmijtiuoo 0 30285 742539 729840 2026-11-03T08:12:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Scientology sidebar}} '''Ịmụ nwa n'enweghị''' ụda, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka ịmụ nwa n'ụzọ dị jụụ, bụ usoro ịmụ nwa nke L. Ron Hubbard tụụrụ aro ya ma ndị Scientologists kwadoro ebe "onye ọ bụla na-aga '''ọmụmụ''' kwesịrị izere okwu dị ka o kwere mee" na ebe "... ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ na-akparịta ụka, na-eti mkpu 'PUSH, PUSH' na okwu dara ụda ma ọ bụ ọchị iji 'gba ume'.<ref name="CoSFAQ">{{Cite web|author=Church of Scientology|year=2006|url=http://www.scientology.org/html/en_US/news-media/index.html|title=Scientology Newsroom|accessdate=2006-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813105405/http://www.scientology.org/html/en_US/news-media/index.html|archivedate=2006-08-13}}</ref> Dị ka ozizi Scientology si kwuo, nke a bụ n'ihi na "okwu ọ bụla a na-ekwu na-edekọ n'uche na-emeghachi omume ma nwee mmetụta na-ezighi ezi na nne na nwatakịrị".<ref name="CoSFAQ" /> Hubbard kwenyere na iji okwu mebie ịgbachi nkịtị n'oge ịmụ nwa nwere ike imetụta nwatakịrị ahụ n'oge ndụ. Ndị òtù chọọchị kwenyere na mkpọtụ, ụda na okwu mgbe a na-amụ nwa nwere ike ịkpata mmerụ ahụ, nke na-akpata mmepụta nke engrams, si otú a na-achọ ọmụmụ nkịtị. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na ọ bụkwa ụzọ isi nyere nwa ọhụrụ aka na uto ime mmụọ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ashcraft-Eason|first=Lillian|title=Women and New African Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/womennewafricana0000unse|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2010|isbn=9780275991562}}</ref> Echiche nke ịmụ nwa n'emeghị mkpọtụ bụ omume iwu na nkuzi Scientology. Ọ dabeere n'ụkpụrụ na a ga-enye ndị nne dị ime nlekọta na nkwanye ùgwù na okwu Hubbard: "Onye ọ bụla ga-amụta ikwu ihe ọ bụla n'ime ịnụ nke nne dị ime site na ịrụ ọrụ na ịmụ nwa. Karịsịa n'oge ọmụmụ, a ghaghị ịnọgide na-agbachi nkịtị kpamkpam ma ka a na-amụ nwa n'ụzọ dị nro, ka mma. A na-eme ka ịmụ nwa n'emeghị mkpọtụ iji mee ka mgbanwe gaa na nkewa anụ ahụ site na nne ghara ịdị mgbu maka nwatakịrị ahụ. Chọọchị anaghị ekpe ikpe megide ọgwụ na ịmụ nwa na ngalaba ọwa. Enweghị mgbalị iji gosipụta nke a n'ụzọ ahụike ma ọ bụ nke sayensị na chọọchị anaghị ekwu na ọmụmụ nkịtị dị ka usoro ahụike kama ọ bụ nke okpukpe na nke nkà ihe ọmụma.<ref name="WebMD">{{Cite web|author=Shaw|first=Gina|year=2006|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,191731,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230061118/https://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,191731,00.html|archivedate=2007-12-30|title=Doctors Sound Off About TomKat 'Silent Birth' Plan|publisher=WebMD|accessdate=2006-05-01}}</ref><ref name="Pande">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pande |first=Navodita |editor-last=Sange |editor-first=Mary Zeiss |editor2-last=Oyster |editor2-first=Carol K. |encyclopedia=The Multimedia Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World |title=Silent Birth (Scientology) |date=2016-05-01 |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781452270388.n385 |isbn=9781452270388 }}</ref> == Echiche sayensị == Ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na ndị ọrụ ahụike ndị ọzọ ajụla ịdị irè nke ịmụ nwa n'enweghị ụda. Patricia Devine, MD, ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ọrịa nne na nwa nke na-eduzi Ngalaba [[Ọmụmụ nwa|Ọrụ na Nkwado]] na Mahadum Columbia Medical Center, kwuru, sị, "Enweghị ihe akaebe sayensị ọ bụla na iwepụ [ụda] n'oge ịmụ nwa ga-enwe mmetụta ọ bụla na nsonaazụ maka nwa ma ọ bụ nne".<ref name="WebMD"/> Mgbe a jụrụ ya ma enwere ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke na-egosi na ịmụ nwa n'olu bara uru, Damian Alagia, MD, osote prọfesọ na ngalaba nke obstetrics na gynecology na George Washington University Medical Center, zara, "Ọ nwere ike ịbụ na akwụkwọ Scientology, mana ọ bụghị na akwụkwọ sayensị. Na nghọta m, L. Ron Hubbard etinyeghị oge ọ bụla n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike, na-amụ banyere ụmụaka ma ọ bụ na-amụ mmepe nwa ọhụrụ. Ide na nwa amụrụ n'ime mkpọtụ ga-eme ihe ọ bụla ka mma karịa nwa amụrụ, kwuo, ige Hank Williams ntị bụ naanị nzuzu.<ref name="WebMD"/> == Ray na Louise Spiering == N'afọ 2004, ndị Scientologists Ray na Louise Spiering gara n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti iji kwuo na nyocha ọbara iwu Nebraska maka ụmụ ọhụrụ ga-emebi ikike ha ime "Ụzọ ọmụmụ na-adịghị ekwu okwu" nke okpukpe ha. Dị ka ikpe ahụ si kwuo "a ga-eme mgbalị ọ bụla iji zere ime ka nwa ahụ daa ụda, ikwu okwu, nrụgide ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu n'ime ụbọchị asaa mbụ nke ndụ nwa ahụ. N'ihi na nwa ọhụrụ na-enwe ọtụtụ ihe mgbu n'oge ọmụmụ, ndị Scientologists kwenyere na nwa ọhụrụ ekwesịghị inwe ihe mgbu ọ bụla ọzọ ma ọ bụ ahụmahụ mmetụta dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cooper|first=Todd|title=Blood test for newborns faces religious challenge|work=Omaha World-Herald|date=21 December 2004}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na iwu ụlọ ikpe nwa oge nyere ha ohere igbu oge ule ahụ, ha mechara merie ikpe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2007|title=Infant blood test clashes with religion in Nebraska|url=https://tucson.com/news/science/health-med-fit/infant-blood-test-clashes-with-religion-in-nebraska/article_14a448a0-9fa7-5e29-adc8-afdf6d0b6e57.html|accessdate=2022-11-17|work=Arizona Daily Star|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218045444/https://tucson.com/news/science/health-med-fit/infant-blood-test-clashes-with-religion-in-nebraska/article_14a448a0-9fa7-5e29-adc8-afdf6d0b6e57.html|archive-date=2025-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Hanlon|first=Kevin|date=13 September 2006|title=Couple Loses Challenge on Blood Test Law|url=https://wwrn.org/articles/22716/|accessdate=2022-11-17|work=World-wide Religious News}}</ref> == Katie Holmes == "Ọmụmụ na-adịghị ekwu okwu" ghọrọ ihe mgbasa ozi na-adọrọ mmasị mgbe a maara na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Scientologist Tom Cruise, na nwunye ya Katie Holmes bụ ndị si na Roman Katọlik gbanwee gaa na Scientology, na-atụ anya nwa. Akụkọ na di na nwunye ahụ ga-agbaso omume nke ịmụ nwa n'ekwughị okwu, ruo mgbe e wepụtara foto nke nnukwu bọọdụ na-ebuga n'ụlọ di na nwunye na-ebu ntụziaka maka ịmụ nwa n"ekwughị okwu ya, dị ka "Ịgbachi nkịtị ma mee ka mmegharị ahụ niile dị nwayọ ma dị mfe nghọta".<ref>{{Cite web|year=2006|url=https://www.today.com/news/giddy-romance-leading-holmes-silent-birth-wbna12211173|title=Giddy romance leading Holmes to silent birth: Scientologists believe baby can remember traumatic experiences|accessdate=2006-05-01}}</ref> == Izu mgbe amuchara ya == A kọwakwara ya na mgbasa ozi n'oge a na ịgwa nwa ọhụrụ okwu n'izu mbụ nke ndụ ya bụ nke ozizi Scientology machibidoro.<ref>{{Cite web|author=MSNBC|year=2006|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/silent-scientology-birth-tom-katie-wbna9620245|title=Silent Scientology birth for Tom and Katie?: Group's birth principles call for no music or talking during labor|accessdate=2006-05-07}}</ref> Onye na-ekwuchitere Chọọchị kpọrọ nke a "ihe e chepụtara echepụta". Church of Scientology International dere, "L. Ron Hubbard edeghị na ndị nne na nna ekwesịghị ịgwa nwa ha okwu ruo ụbọchị asaa mgbe amuchara".<ref name="SilentBirthDotOrg">{{Cite web|author=Church of Scientology International|year=2006|url=http://www.silentbirth.org/|title=All About Silent Birth|accessdate=2006-05-01|archivedate=2006-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427220825/http://www.silentbirth.org/}}</ref> Otu ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na-ekwukwa na "[t]echiche nke ọmụmụ nkịtị dabeere na nyocha L. Ron Hubbard banyere uche na mmụọ. Ọ chọpụtara na okwu ndị a na-ekwu n'oge ihe mgbu na amaghị ihe nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ n'ahụ mmadụ mgbe ndụ ya gasịrị.<ref name="SilentBirthDotOrg" /> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na-ekwukwa na "[ndị nne] chọrọ inye nwa ha mmalite kachasị mma na ndụ ma si otú a mee ka ọmụmụ dị jụụ dị ka o kwere mee".<ref name="SilentBirthDotOrg" /> == Hụkwa == * Isiokwu nke abụọ nke Scientology: ** Scientology na okike ** Scientology na mmasị mmekọahụ ** Scientology na mmekọahụ ** Scientology na ite ime ** Scientology na alụmdi na nwunye == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.scientologyparent.com/silent-birth/silent-birth-questions-answers/#Is_it_true_that_Scientologists_can8217t_touch_or_talk_to_their_baby_for_three_days_to_a_week_Or_are_there_seven_days_of_silence_after_birth|title=Silent Birth Questions & Answers|work=Scientology Parent|date=October 28, 2010|accessdate=January 17, 2017}} *   Made available on the web by [[Akụkọ Ọgwụ Taa|Medical News Today]]. * {{Cite web|title=Scientology Silent Birth: 'It's A Natural Thing'|work=An interview with Rev. John Carmichael from the [[Church of Scientology]]|publisher=[[Beliefnet]]|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/189/story_18985_1.html}} * {{Cite web|title='What is Silent Birth?'|work=Article by Thorsten Overgaard, father to twins delivered by Silent Birth.|url=http://www.overgaard.dk/silent_birth.html}} {{Scientology}}{{Pregnancy}} gebyv5kgbrar450l3402zeu16unjlxz 0 30298 742537 120938 2026-11-03T08:12:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ịmụ naanị ya''' bụ ọnọdụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-amalite na izu okè pụrụ iweta nkasi obi site ụmụ naanị ha.<ref name=":1"/> Ịmụ naanị ya anaghị eme atụmatụ ma si otú a dị iche na ịmụ nwa na-enweghị enyemaka. Carla Emery nyere ntuziaka maka ịmụ naanị "ụmụaka ọhịa" na ''Encyclopedia'' of Country Living. Ntuziaka dị mkpa sitere na ngalaba "Ịmụ site n'onwe gị" gụnyere ịghara ịdọrọ eriri umbilical ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na imi na ọnụ nwa agbọghọ nwere ike ịbelata ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ ndị na ụdị nke na adịghị anya ndị pụtara mmụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Emery|first=Carla|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1097577213|title=The encyclopedia of country living|date=2019|isbn=978-1-63217-289-1|edition=50th anniversary|location=Seattle|oclc=1097577213}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị [[Born before arrival|amụrụ]] n'amaghị ama tupu ha abịarute (BBA) n'èzí ụlọ ọgwụ na-amụ nwa n'ụgbọ ala bụ ọmụmụ naanị ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Unexpected births in cars and bathrooms: Why some babies are born before arrival at hospital - ABC News|url=https://amp.abc.net.au/article/9547520|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=amp.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ndị a na-abụkarị nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref name=":0" /> Ịmụ naanị ya bụ omenala nke !Ndị Kung; ọmụmụ naanị n'etiti iri abụo nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ nkụzi afọ okuku n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị !Kung na-egosipụta obi ike ụmụ nwanyị. N'omume, ndị ikwu nwanyị na-enyere primigravidas aka mana multigravidas na-ejikarị usoro ọmụmụ niile naanị ya (na n'emeghị mkpọtụ) n'ime ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Konner|first=Melvin|date=1987|title=Timing and Management of Birth among the !Kung: Biocultural Interaction in Reproductive Adaptation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/656392|journal=Cultural Anthropology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=11–28|doi=10.1525/can.1987.2.1.02a00030|issn=0886-7356}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị Bariba na [[Benin]] na-amụkwa naanị ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=OLENJA|first=J.M.|title=The Role of Men in Birthing and Postpartum Care|date=1998|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23820314|journal=Cambridge Anthropology|volume=20|issue=1/2|pages=136–145|issn=0305-7674}}</ref> Ndị Rarámuri nke ugwu [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] abụwo ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mbọ ahụike ọha na eze na-eme iji belata ọnwụ nne site n'ịgba ndị na-elekọta ọmụmụ ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chopel|first=Alison M.|date=2014-05-04|title=Reproductive health in indigenous Chihuahua: giving birth 'alone like the goat'|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13557858.2013.771150|journal=Ethnicity & Health|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=270–296|doi=10.1080/13557858.2013.771150|pmid=23444879|issn=1355-7858}}</ref> A na-eche na ojiji a na-ejikarị ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere ha aka ịmụ nwa n'omenala mmadụ ka ọ malitere na "reorientation pelvic metụtara bipedalism" ma mee ka ọ sikwuo ike site na "encephalization a hụrụ na ụdị ''Homo''".<ref>Evolution and Childbirth: An Evaluation of Obstetrical Practices from an Evolutionary Perspective Caitlin Garland (Department of Anthropology, University of Florida), https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/02/70/00001/caitlinegarland-Thesis-finaldraft.pdf</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịmalite ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe na-akwado ọdịbendị na ịmụ nwa n'ihi ọnọdụ occiput nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na-apụta site na akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, n'ihi na ụmụ ọhụrụ mmadụ bụ ndị ọzọ, na maka ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadu di megide okike ime ihe ike ịbelata ọtụtụ ndị na eme Ìhè ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime Anyị mụtara n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ụwa họrọ site na afo nwela onwa iri na abụọ ahụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Sociality of Birth and the Prevalence of Obligate Midwifery|url=https://ebrary.net/166370/health/sociality_birth_prevalence_obligate_midwifery|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=Ebrary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ebrary.net/166370/health/sociality_birth_prevalence_obligate_midwifery "The Sociality of Birth and the Prevalence of Obligate Midwifery"]. ''Ebrary''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, nnyocha nyocha nke afọ 2018 chọpụtara na bonobos na-egosipụtakwa omume "mmekọahụ" ma kwuo na omume ahụ nwere njikọ na ọkwa primate "ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị njikọ iji mepụta njikọ mmekọrịta siri ike ma rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Demuru|first=Elisa|date=September 2018|title=Is birth attendance a uniquely human feature? New evidence suggests that Bonobo females protect and support the parturient|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513817302817|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=502–510|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.003}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nsogbu Na-agbagwoju Anya == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 75b2s3o54aezxnoo0haan7mbgkjdh84 742538 742537 2026-11-03T08:12:48Z KiranBOT 25138 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1s 742538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ịmụ naanị ya''' bụ ọnọdụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-amalite na izu okè pụrụ iweta nkasi obi site ụmụ naanị ha.<ref name=":1"/> Ịmụ naanị ya anaghị eme atụmatụ ma si otú a dị iche na ịmụ nwa na-enweghị enyemaka. Carla Emery nyere ntuziaka maka ịmụ naanị "ụmụaka ọhịa" na ''Encyclopedia'' of Country Living. Ntuziaka dị mkpa sitere na ngalaba "Ịmụ site n'onwe gị" gụnyere ịghara ịdọrọ eriri umbilical ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na imi na ọnụ nwa agbọghọ nwere ike ịbelata ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ ndị na ụdị nke na adịghị anya ndị pụtara mmụọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Emery|first=Carla|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1097577213|title=The encyclopedia of country living|date=2019|isbn=978-1-63217-289-1|edition=50th anniversary|location=Seattle|oclc=1097577213}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị [[Born before arrival|amụrụ]] n'amaghị ama tupu ha abịarute (BBA) n'èzí ụlọ ọgwụ na-amụ nwa n'ụgbọ ala bụ ọmụmụ naanị ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Unexpected births in cars and bathrooms: Why some babies are born before arrival at hospital - ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2018-03-15/unexpected-births-why-some-babies-dont-wait-for-hospital/9547520|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=amp.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ndị a na-abụkarị nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref name=":0" /> Ịmụ naanị ya bụ omenala nke !Ndị Kung; ọmụmụ naanị n'etiti iri abụo nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ nkụzi afọ okuku n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị !Kung na-egosipụta obi ike ụmụ nwanyị. N'omume, ndị ikwu nwanyị na-enyere primigravidas aka mana multigravidas na-ejikarị usoro ọmụmụ niile naanị ya (na n'emeghị mkpọtụ) n'ime ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Konner|first=Melvin|date=1987|title=Timing and Management of Birth among the !Kung: Biocultural Interaction in Reproductive Adaptation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/656392|journal=Cultural Anthropology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=11–28|doi=10.1525/can.1987.2.1.02a00030|issn=0886-7356}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị Bariba na [[Benin]] na-amụkwa naanị ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=OLENJA|first=J.M.|title=The Role of Men in Birthing and Postpartum Care|date=1998|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23820314|journal=Cambridge Anthropology|volume=20|issue=1/2|pages=136–145|issn=0305-7674}}</ref> Ndị Rarámuri nke ugwu [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] abụwo ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mbọ ahụike ọha na eze na-eme iji belata ọnwụ nne site n'ịgba ndị na-elekọta ọmụmụ ume.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chopel|first=Alison M.|date=2014-05-04|title=Reproductive health in indigenous Chihuahua: giving birth 'alone like the goat'|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13557858.2013.771150|journal=Ethnicity & Health|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=270–296|doi=10.1080/13557858.2013.771150|pmid=23444879|issn=1355-7858}}</ref> A na-eche na ojiji a na-ejikarị ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere ha aka ịmụ nwa n'omenala mmadụ ka ọ malitere na "reorientation pelvic metụtara bipedalism" ma mee ka ọ sikwuo ike site na "encephalization a hụrụ na ụdị ''Homo''".<ref>Evolution and Childbirth: An Evaluation of Obstetrical Practices from an Evolutionary Perspective Caitlin Garland (Department of Anthropology, University of Florida), https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/02/70/00001/caitlinegarland-Thesis-finaldraft.pdf</ref> Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịmalite ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe na-akwado ọdịbendị na ịmụ nwa n'ihi ọnọdụ occiput nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na-apụta site na akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, n'ihi na ụmụ ọhụrụ mmadụ bụ ndị ọzọ, na maka ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadu di megide okike ime ihe ike ịbelata ọtụtụ ndị na eme Ìhè ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime Anyị mụtara n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ụwa họrọ site na afo nwela onwa iri na abụọ ahụ na ibe ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Sociality of Birth and the Prevalence of Obligate Midwifery|url=https://ebrary.net/166370/health/sociality_birth_prevalence_obligate_midwifery|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=Ebrary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ebrary.net/166370/health/sociality_birth_prevalence_obligate_midwifery "The Sociality of Birth and the Prevalence of Obligate Midwifery"]. ''Ebrary''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-15</span></span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, nnyocha nyocha nke afọ 2018 chọpụtara na bonobos na-egosipụtakwa omume "mmekọahụ" ma kwuo na omume ahụ nwere njikọ na ọkwa primate "ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị njikọ iji mepụta njikọ mmekọrịta siri ike ma rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Demuru|first=Elisa|date=September 2018|title=Is birth attendance a uniquely human feature? New evidence suggests that Bonobo females protect and support the parturient|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513817302817|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=502–510|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.003}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nsogbu Na-agbagwoju Anya == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} obz4gka1b7wld3vga3c8x8d4f74enty 0 30470 742443 166193 2026-11-03T07:57:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox Russian district|en_name=Udomelsky District|ru_name=Удомельский район|image_map={{Russia district OSM map}}|map_caption=Location of Udomelsky District in Tver Oblast|image_view=|image_caption=|coordinates={{coord|57|52|N|35|01|E|type:adm2nd_region:RU|display=inline,title}}|image_flag=Flag of Udomelsky rayon (Tver oblast).png|flag_caption=|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Udomlya (Tver oblast).png|coa_caption=|anthem=|anthem_ref=|holiday=|holiday_ref=|federal_subject=[[Tver Oblast]]|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|28 256}}</ref>|adm_data_as_of=2014|adm_ctr_type=[[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]]|adm_ctr_name=[[Udomlya]]|adm_ctr_ref=<ref name="OKATO" />|town_of_district_significance_type=Urban settlements|no_of_towns_of_district_significance=1|selsoviet_type1=Rural settlements|no_of_selsoviets_type1=11|no_of_cities_towns=1|no_of_rural_localities=304|counts_ref=|mun_data_as_of=October 2014|mun_formation1=Udomelsky Municipal District|mun_formation1_ref=<ref name="TverO_mun" />|mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=1|mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=11|mun_formation1_counts_ref=<ref name="TverOUdomelskyD_mun">Law #51-ZO</ref>|mun_formation1_leader_title=|mun_formation1_leader_title_ref=|mun_formation1_leader_name=|mun_formation1_leader_name_ref=|mun_formation1_representative_body=|mun_formation1_representative_body_ref=|area_of_what=|area_as_of=|area_km2=2476.2|area_km2_ref=<ref name="distgen" />|pop_2010census=40292|urban_pop_2010census=77.1%|rural_pop_2010census=22.9%|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>|pop_latest=|pop_latest_date=|pop_latest_ref=|established_date=|established_date_ref=|prev_name1=|prev_name1_date=|prev_name1_ref=|website=http://udomlya-region.ru/|website_ref=|date=April 2013}} Udomelsky District (Russian) bụ mpaghara ọchịchị na nke obodo (raion), otu n'ime iri atọ na isii dị na Tver Oblast, Russia.<ref name="TverO_mun">Law #4-ZO</ref> Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke ógbè ahụ ma nwee ókèala na Moshenskoy District nke Novgorod Oblast n'ebeebe ugwu, Lesnoy District n'ebe ndịda, Maksatikhinsky District n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, Vyshnevolotsky District n"ebe ndịda. Mpaghara distrikti ahụ bụ uare kilomita 2,476.2 (956.1 sq mi).<ref name="distgen">{{Cite web|url=http://udomlya-region.ru/|publisher=Удомельский район Тверской области|language=ru|accessdate=October 26, 2013|title=Archive copy|archivedate=November 23, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123234538/http://udomlya-region.ru/}}</ref> Ebe nchịkwa ya bụ obodo Udomlya.<ref name="OKATO" /> Ndị bi na ya: 40,292 (2010 Census); 10,401 (2002 Census); 12,426 (1989 Census). Ndị bi na Udomlya mejupụtara 77.1% nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="2010Census" /> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Usòrò:Udomlya_Pesvo_Lake_01.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Pesvo]] [[Usòrò:Час_тишины._Озеро_Удомля.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Udomlya|Ọdọ Mmiri Udomlya]] nke Vitold Byalynitsky-Birulya]] Mpaghara ahụ dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Valdai ma kewaa n'etiti ọdọ mmiri nke Oké Osimiri Baltic na Caspian. Osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ na-abanye na Msta, isi mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ilmen, nke dị na ndagwurugwu Neva na ya mere nke Oké Osimiri Baltic. Msta n'onwe ya gafere akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke distrikti ahụ ma mee ka ókèala dị n'etiti Udomelsky na Bologovsky Districts. Akụkụ etiti na akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara ahụ bụ nke ọdọ mmiri nke Mologa, nke na-esite na Rybinsk Reservoir na ọdọ mmiri nke Volga nke na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Caspian. Udomelsky District bụ akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri dị na Valdai Hills, ebe ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ime mpaghara ahụ bụ Lake Udomlya, Lake Pesvo, na Lake Navolok, niile dị na [[Lake Udomlya|ọdọ mmiri]] nke Msta. Oké ọhịa kpuchiri ọtụtụ n'ime mpaghara distrikti ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị Finnic bi na mpaghara ahụ na mbụ, na narị afọ nke iri na otu, ndị Slav malitere ịbịa. Ruo na narị afọ nke iri na ise, mpaghara ahụ bụ nke Novgorod Republic, ma mesịa, ya na Novgorod, Grand Duchy nke Moscow weghaara ya. Mpaghara ahụ bụ nke [[Bezhetsk Pyatina]], otu n'ime pyatinas ise nke e kewara Novgorod Lands. N'oge mgbanwe nchịkwa nke Peter the Great mere na 1708, a gụnyere mpaghara ahụ na Ingermanland Governorate (malite na 1710 a maara dị ka Saint Petersburg Governorate), na 1727 Novgorod Governorate kewara. N'afọ 1775, e guzobere Tver Viceroyalty site na ala ndị bụbu nke Moscow na Novgorod Governorates. N'afọ 1770, a gụnyere mpaghara ahụ na Vyshnevolotsky Uyezd nke Tver Governorate, n'etiti afọ 1775 na 1796 ọ bụ nke Tver Viceroyalty, nke e mechara gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ Tver Governonate. N'afọ 1870, ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè meghere, nke dugara na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="hist">{{Cite web|url=http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=34|publisher=Муниципальное Образование Удомельский район|language=ru|accessdate=October 30, 2013|title=Archive copy|archivedate=November 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131853/http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=34}} [[Òtù:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)]] [[Òtù:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref> Na Julaị 12, 1929, e wepụrụ steeti na uyezds. E guzobere Udomelsky District, nke nwere ebe nchịkwa na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Udomlya, n'ime Tver Okrug nke Moscow Oblast. Na Julaị 23, 1930, e wepụrụ ógbè ndị ahụ, ma mee ka mpaghara ndị ahụ nọrọ n'okpuru ógbè ahụ. Na Jenụwarị 29, 1935, e guzobere Kalinin Oblast, ma wegara Udomelsky District na Kalinin Obast.<ref name="arx">{{Cite web|url=http://guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guidebook.html?bid=225&sid=767186|publisher=Архивы России|language=ru|accessdate=October 30, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419140741/http://guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guidebook.html?bid=225&sid=767186|archivedate=April 19, 2012|title=Archive copy}} [[Òtù:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)]] [[Òtù:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref> Na Jenụwarị 1961, e nyere Udomlya ọnọdụ ebe obibi ọrụ. Na Febụwarị 1963, n'oge mgbanwe nchịkwa nke Nikita Khrushchev, e jikọtara Udomelsky District na Bologovsky District, mana na Jenụwarị 1965 e guzobeghachiri ya.<ref name="hist1">{{Cite web|url=http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=46|publisher=Муниципальное Образование Удомельский район|language=ru|accessdate=October 30, 2013|title=Archive copy|archivedate=November 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101231559/http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=46}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1974 na afọ 1984, e wuru ụlọ ọrụ nuklia Kalinin. Na Septemba 11, 1981, e nyere Udomlya ọnọdụ obodo.<ref name="hist"/> N'afọ 1990, a gbanwere aha Kalinin Oblast ka ọ bụrụ Tver Oblast. Na June 1, 1936 e guzobere Brusovsky District na ebe nchịkwa na ebe obibi Brusovo dị ka akụkụ nke Kalinin Oblast. Na Nọvemba 14, 1960, e wepụrụ ya ma kewaa ya n'etiti Maksatikhinsky na Udomelsky District.<ref name="arx"/> == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == === Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe === [[Usòrò:Kalinin_site_view_2013.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nuklia Kalinin]] Isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ahụ bụ Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant, nke dị na Udomlya. E nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ osisi na ụlọ ọrụ nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=31|publisher=Муниципальное образование Удомельский район|language=ru|accessdate=29 October 2013|title=Archive copy|archivedate=30 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075833/http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15&Itemid=31}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo === Isi ọrụ ugbo nke mpaghara ahụ bụ ịzụ ehi na mmepụta anụ na mmiri ara ehi. Ịkpa azụ dịkwa mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=60|publisher=Муниципальное образование Удомельский район|language=ru|accessdate=October 29, 2013|title=Archive copy|archivedate=December 14, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214172817/http://udomlya-region.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=60}}</ref> === Njem === Ụgbọ okporo ígwè jikọtara Rybinsk na Bologoye site na Bezhetsk gafere mpaghara ahụ site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Udomlya bụ isi ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị na distrikti ahụ. Okporo ụzọ nke jikọtara Maksatikha na Vyshny Volochyok gafere nsọtụ ndịda nke distrikti ahụ. Udomlya nwere ụzọ ịbanye n'okporo ụzọ a. E nwekwara okporo ụzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ, na okporo ụzọ bọs sitere na Udomlya. Enweghị okporo ụzọ gafere ókèala n'ime Novgorod Oblast, Lesnoy, ma ọ bụ Bologovsky Districts. == Omenala na ntụrụndụ == Mpaghara ahụ nwere ihe ncheta ihe nketa ọdịbendị anọ nke gọọmentị etiti na mgbakwunye ihe iri atọ na asaa e kewara dị ka ihe nketa omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mpaghara. Ihe ncheta gọọmentị etiti bụ ili nke onye na-ese ihe Alexey Venetsianov na sel nke [[Venetsianovo]], yana ebe atọ e gwupụtara ihe mgbe ochie. E nwere ebe ngosi nka dị na Udomlya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museum.ru/M1023|publisher=Российская сеть культурного наследия|language=ru|accessdate=29 October 2013}}</ref> Ihe bụbu Datcha Chayka n'ikperé mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Udomlya, nke bụ nke onye na-ese ihe Vitold Byalynitsky-Birulya, na-emeghe dịka ebe ngosi nka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://starina.tverlib.ru/us-0082.htm|author=Михайлов|first=Ю.С.|year=2002|publisher=Удомельская старина|language=ru|accessdate=29 October 2013}}</ref> == Ihe odide == === Ihe edeturu === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * Законодательное Собрание Тверской области. Закон №4-ЗО от 18 января 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Тверской области и наделении их статусом городских округов, муниципальных районов», в ред. Закона №65-ЗО от 24 июля 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 2 Закона Тверской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований Тверской области и наделении их статусом городских округов, муниципальных районов"». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тверские ведомости", №3, 21–27 января 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Tver Oblast. Law #4-ZO of January 18, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tver Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of Urban Okrugs, Municipal Districts, as amended by the Law #65-ZO of July 24, 2012 On Amending Article 2 of the Law of Tver Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations of Tver Oblast and on Granting Them the Status of Urban Okrugs, Municipal Districts". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.). * Законодательное Собрание Тверской области. Закон №51-ЗО от 28 февраля 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, входящих в состав территории муниципального образования Тверской области "Удомельский район", и наделении их статусом городского, сельского поселения», в ред. Закона №75-ЗО от 8 октября 2014 г. «О преобразовании муниципальных образований Таракинское сельское поселение Удомельского района Тверской области и Удомельское сельское поселение Удомельского района Тверской области и внесении изменений в Закон Тверской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, входящих в состав территории муниципального образования Тверской области "Удомельский район", и наделении их статусом городского, сельского поселения"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Тверские ведомости", №10, 11–17 марта 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Tver Oblast. Law #51-ZO of February 28, 2005 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Comprised by the Territory of the Municipal Formation of "Udomelsky District" and on Granting Them the Status of Urban, Rural Settlements, as amended by the Law #75-ZO of October 8, 2014 On the Transformation of the Municipal Formations of Tarakinskoye Rural Settlement in Udomelsky District of Tver Oblast and Udomelskoye Rural Settlement in Udomelsky District of Tver Oblast and on Amending the Law of Tver Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Comprised by the Territory of the Municipal Formation of "Udomelsky District" and on Granting Them the Status of Urban, Rural Settlements". Effective as of the day of the official publication.). {{Tver Oblast}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ji54d3dm1nui4s3fxnyh9ky8kz6e968 0 30508 742782 514971 2026-11-03T11:48:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742782 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Godson Oghenebrume''' (amụrụ na 27 Mee 2003) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu track and field nke na-asọ mpi dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/godson-oke-oghenebrume-14830854|work=World Athletics|title=Godson Oghenebrume|accessdate=9 June 2023}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Site na Ughelli, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], ọ gara Onoriede International School. Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ na Mahadum Steeti Louisiana na 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsusports.net/sports/tf/roster/player/godson-oghenebrume/|work=lsusports.net|accessdate=6 July 2023|title=GODSON OGHENEBRUME}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/guc-relays-celebrates-godson-brumes-world-championship-ticket/|accessdate=6 July 2023|work=Guardian.ng|title=GUC relays celebrates Godson Brume’s World Championship ticket|date=10 June 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ gbara ọsọ nke atọ kachasị ọsọ U20 100m n'ụwa n'oge oge 2021 na oge 10.13 na Nigerian Trials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/american-varsity-grants-brume-admission/?amp|work=punchng.com|accessdate=6 July 2023|title=American varsity grants Brume admission|date=18 August 2021|first=Tosin|author=Oluwalowo}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya aha dị ka onye ọzọ maka ndị otu relay nke Naijiria na egwuregwu Olympic nke 2020 na-egbu oge ma gaa ogige ọzụzụ nke ndị otu ahụ na [[Abuja]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nigeriaworld.com/news/source/2021/jul/6/16.html|work=Nigeria World|accessdate=6 July 2023|date=July 6, 2021|title=Blessing Okagbare, Divine Oduduru, others take Olympics build-up to Monaco|archivedate=7 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162458/https://nigeriaworld.com/news/source/2021/jul/6/16.html}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2023, ọ dabara n'okpuru ihe mgbochi nke 10 nke abụọ maka 100m maka oge mbụ, na-agba ọsọ na-enyere 9.97s aka na LSU Alumni Gold na Baton Rouge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2023/04/23/godson-brume-goes-sub-10-to-win-mens-100m-at-the-lsu-alumni-gold/|work=Making of Champs|accessdate=6 July 2023|title=Godson Brume goes sub-10 to win men’s 100m at the LSU Alumni Gold|first=Oluwadare|author=Popoola|date=April 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163012/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2023/04/23/godson-brume-goes-sub-10-to-win-mens-100m-at-the-lsu-alumni-gold/|archive-date=7 July 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otu izu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ meriri Erriyon Knighton na 100m na ihe omume LSU Invitational na Baton Rouge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/erriyon-knighton-third-lsu-invitational-100m-nigeria-godson-brume-results|work=Olympics.com|accessdate=6 July 2023|first=Nick|author=McCarvel|title=Erriyon Knighton third in LSU Invitational 100m as Nigeria's Godson Brume captures title - Results|date=April 30, 2023}}</ref> Na-agba ọsọ maka LSU na 2023 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships, nke emere na Austin, Texas na June 2023, Oghenebrume gbara ọsọ 100m ya na 9.93s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports247.ng/ncaa-godson-brume-shatters-records-with-blazing-9-93s-100m-dash/|work=sports247.ng|title=NCAA: Godson Brume Shatters Records with Blazing 9.93s 100m Dash|first=Lovette|author=Ochicha|date=June 8, 2023|accessdate=June 9, 2023}}</ref> Ọ meziwanyere ya ruo 9.90s na ngwụcha, wee bụrụ onye nke abụọ na Courtney Lindsey nke Texas Tech.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flotrack.org/articles/11040738-courtney-lindsey-of-texas-tech-dips-to-win-100m-title-at-ncaa-championships|title=Courtney Lindsey of Texas Tech Dips To Win 100m Title At NCAA Championships|first=Joe|author=Battaglia|date=June 10, 2023|accessdate=June 10, 2023|work=Flotrack}}</ref> U.S. Track & Field and Cross-Country Coaches Association kpọrọ Oghenebrume South-Central Region Men's Track Athlete of the Year na June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsutigerswire.usatoday.com/2023/06/15/lsu-track-godson-oghenebrume-named-ustfccca-south-central-region-athlete-of-the-year/|work=LSUWire|accessdate=6 July 2023|title=LSU track's Godson Oghenebrume named USTFCCCA South Central Region Athlete of the Year|date=June 15, 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ nwanne nwoke nke onye egwuregwu ibe ya na onye nwetara ihe nrite Olympic bụ Ese Brume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports247.ng/godson-brume-absence-at-national-trials-casts-doubt-on-world-championships-participation/|work=Sports247.ng|accessdate=6 July 2023|title=Godson Brume Absence At National Trials Casts Doubt On World Championships Participation|first=Hashim|author=Kolawole|date=July 6, 2023}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwanyị ọzọ, Karo Brume, onye na-asọ mpi na sprints ma nweta agụmakwụkwọ egwuregwu maka Mahadum Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://refinedng.com/seven-things-to-know-about-ese-brume-one-of-nigerias-gold-medalists-at-the-commonwealth-games/|work=refinedng.com|accessdate=6 July 2023|title=Seven things to know about Ese Brume, one of Nigeria’s gold medalists at the Commonwealth Games|date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] djb9b240bf74gy5lmz6474fxaxk4x43 0 31155 742610 200621 2026-11-03T08:49:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <ref name="guardian271009"/>Olabode Ibiyinka George Listen (help·info) ("Bode George") ( 21 Nọvemba 1945) bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, nke ikpe gọvanọ ndịagha [1] nke Ondo Steeti, ma mechaa onye isi oche nke Nigerian Ports Authority, mgbe ahụ  osote onye isi oche mba na mpaghara ndịda egwuregwu.  nke [[Peoples Democratic Party|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). == Afọ mbụ == .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/10/24/20041024int01.html|title=Nobody Can Muscle Me in Ogun, Says Osoba|author=Olawale Olaleye|publisher=This Day|date=2004-10-24|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119192649/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/10/24/20041024int01.html#|archivedate=2005-01-19}}</ref>A mụrụ George na November 21, 1945 na Lagos.  O nwetara B.Sc na MBA.[1]  Bode George ghọrọ onye Commodore na ndị agha mmiri Naijiria, ma bụrụkwa onye a họpụtara Gọvanọ ndị agha nke Ondo State (1988–1990).[2]  Akwụkwọ akụkọ African Concorde kọrọ na George lekwasịrị anya na mmefu ego steeti dị ka nke ya, na-emefu ego nke ọma ma na-enyefe ego n'ịgba ụgwọ maka nnukwu ịgba ọsọ.[3]  N'ajụjụ ọnụ Julaị 2002 gbara Gọvanọ Legọs steeti bụ [[Bola Tinubu]] kwuru na Bode George kwesịrị ịga n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpụ maka ọrụ ya na steeti Ondo.  O kwuru na "Bode George na ndị njem ibe ya bụ ndị kwenyere n'aka ndị agha ka ekwesịrị ka a gwa ha n'ụzọ doro anya na oge ha agafeela, anyị nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ugbu a."[4] Na nzaghachi onye isi oche pati PDP, Alhaji Muhammed Muritala Ashhorobi, kwuru.  Bode George nwere akụkọ pụtara ìhè dị ka gọvanọ Ondo Steeti ochie, na ihe owuwu ndị o wuru bụ nnukwu ihe ncheta.[5]  O guzobere Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo site n'iwu n'afọ 1990, ụlọ akwụkwọ nwere ụmụakwụkwọ karịrị puku anọ ugbu a.[6]  Mgbe gọvanọ, a wakporo ya na emume na mahadum Lagos (UNILAG), nke ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ n'ime ya. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọrụ onye isi, nye General Oladipo Diya mgbe onye nke ikpeazụ bụ onye isi ndị ọrụ izugbe, n'etiti 1993 na 1997. George bụkwa onye ntụzi aka na Nigerian National War College (NWC). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/27/night-of-long-knife-for-bode-george-a-news-analysis/|title=Night of long knife for Bode George...a news analysis|date=October 27, 2009|author=Jide Ajani|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/07/03/20020703news23.html|title=NPA Boss Seeks End to Truck Owners Strike|author=Francis Ugwoke|date=2002-07-03|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040929035700/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/07/03/20020703news23.html#|archivedate=2004-09-29}}</ref>A ahụmahụ George onye isi oche nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Nigeria na 1999. [1] N'anyị Febụwarị afọ 2001, mgbe Bode George na-eleta ụgbọ mmiri Delta, Bode George hụrụ oku ka e guzo nchekwa, ma kparịtakwa nsogbu nke igbu oge.  n'ịkwụ ụgwọ nnukwu ego ji ndị na-ahụ maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'aka ndị otu dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Petroleum Products Marketing, Nigeria National Shipping Line., Delta Steel Company na Central Water Transport Company.  [2] N’April 2001, George kwuru na otu n’ime ihe na-akpata mkpọkọ n’ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri bụ nke ndị na-ebubata ngwá ahịa na-adị ngwa ngwa ikpochapụ ngwá ọrụ ha n’ihi ajụjụ nke njide.  [3] Na Mee 2001, Bode George gboo oku ka e wuo ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ọhụrụ na ụlọ nkwakọba ihe iji gboo mkpakọ.  [4] Na September 2001, Chief Bode George nyere iwu ka ebupụ akpa niile efu n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos iji wepụta ìhè.  [5] N'Ọnọ Julaị 2002, ọ na-abụ ndị nwe gwongworo na-arụ ọrụ maka mkpochapụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos ka ha ga-enweta . " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/08/22/20030822bus10.html|title=NPA Plans for New Role in Port Landlord Model|author=Francis Ugwoke|publisher=This Day|date=2003-08-22|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425020020/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/08/22/20030822bus10.html#|archivedate=2005-04-25}}</ref>Na Ma ọchịchị 2003, George jara ndị Grimaldi Group mma maka ike ego na Nigeria, ma kwuo na NPA ga-edozi ụkọ ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ọdụ mmiri RORO site na mgbasawanye mgbe dị ugbu a ike ike n'April.  [1] N'August 2003, na-ekwu okwu nke nke privatize ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, Bode George kwuru, sị: "The Nrọ na NPA bụ a buoyant na- Mwepụta isi iyi nke ego, nke na-agba ume a omenala.  nke carefreeness na njikwa nke contracts na ihe, ndị na-enye-isi igodo ụgbọ ka. ihe na-egosi echiche ndị a na-achọghị maka mkpa ọrụ anyị, ezigbo onye njikwa njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ụgwọ mma na njikwa akụ anyị.  , ihe ndị niile ga-enye nhọrọ iji mebie eziokwu nke ọrụ ọhụrụ anyị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article16/indexn3_html?pdate=271009&ptitle=How%20the%20bubble%20burst%20at%20NPA&cpdate=271009|title=How the bubble burst at NPA|publisher=The Guardian|date=October 27, 2009|accessdate=2009-11-12}}</ref>N'October 2003, a chụrụ ndị isi ọrụ na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Nigeria.  [1] Onye isi njikwa ọhụrụ, Chief Adebayo Sarumi, goro ndị na-agbasa ka ha ngosi ngosi ndị dị adị.  Ntụleghachi ha mmetụta ezinụlọ ezi.  E nyere ya na Economic and Financial Crimes Commission n'okpuru Nuhu Ribadu, nke mgbaàmà na 2005 George bụ onye isi ala Olusegun Obasanjo nso, e nyere ya mmasị n'ịre ụlọ na Legọs steeti. N'afọ 2001, e mere George ka ọ bụrụ osote onyeisi oche nke PDP na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche nke PDP, South, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke mba PDP. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/27/night-of-long-knife-for-bode-george-a-news-analysis/|title=Night of long knife for Bode George...a news analysis|date=October 27, 2009|author=Jide Ajani|publisher=Vanguard|accessdate=2009-11-12}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/17/20020217cov02.html|title=Guber Battle in the South-West: AD Versus Everybody|author=Yusuph Olaniyonu|publisher=This Day|date=2002-02-17|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107152242/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/02/17/20020217cov02.html#|archivedate=2005-11-07}}</ref>Na ọnụ iwe nke March 2001, George dị na-akwado Chief Funsho Williams, onye gbara ọsọ na 1998 Lagos State primaries nke Alliance for Democracy (AD), dị ka onye na-azọkwa ọkwa PDP maka ibu aka 2003. [1  ] Williams mechara kwaba na PDP . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/14/20020814pol01.html|title=Bode George's Electoral Committee Auctioned Anambra PDP - APF Chieftain|author=Kola Ologbondiyan|publisher=This Day|date=2002-08-14|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226010834/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/08/14/20020814pol01.html#|archivedate=2004-12-26}}</ref>N'Ọnọ Febụwarị afọ 2002, n'ịzaghachi ebubo na PDP na-atụnye ndị na-achọ ịzọ ọkwa dị ụtụ isi, Bode George kwuru na ọ dị element mgbe pati ahụ nyere iwu dị otú ahụ, na onye ọ echebe jidere na-eme ya.  ga-ejide ya ma ebi ya n'aka ndị Juu.  [1] N'August 2002, Nick Mbaezue, onye isi otu Anambra People's Forum (APF) ogwe aka Anambra People's Democratic Party (PDP) nke steeti Anambra boro Bode George ebubo na ọ na-ere ndị isi PDP ọnụ n'otu aka nchekwa.  . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/04/13/20040413news01.html|title=Fayose Uncouth, Says Lagos Govt|author=Shaka Momodu|date=2004-04-13|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202065730/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2004/04/13/20040413news01.html#|archivedate=2005-12-02}}</ref>N'ọnọ Jenụarrị afọ 2003, Chief Olorunfunmi Bashorun, bụ Ogaoche ntọala Peoples Democratic Party na Legọs steeti, na ndị isi ndị ọzọ, nọmba oche mba ahụ maka nsogbu dị na pati ahụ.  Ha boro George na onye aha ya bụ Alhaji Murtala Ashhorobi ebubo ihu ọma.  [1] N'April 2004, George gọrọ agọ na aka mgba mgba aka na njide nke Gọvanọ Bola Tinubu nke Lagos State na abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ ibu ibu.  [2] Mmadụ atọ ahụ na-aga olili n'Iyin-Ekiti mgbe ndị agha na ndị uwe ojii nwụchiri ha . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/07/15/20030715news01.html|title=Ngige: Anambra Assembly Reverses Self|author=Chuks Okocha and Charles Onyekamuo|date=2003-07-15|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425022814/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/07/15/20030715news01.html#|archivedate=2005-04-25}}</ref>Na June 2004, otu ndị na-agbawara agba nke PDP boro Bode George, onye isi oche ndịda ikike ikike nke pati ahụ, Senator Adeseye Ogunlewe, na Mohammed Ashhorobi, onye isi oche PDP steeti maka ịwasa pati ahụ site na iyi egwu, nkwutọ, nna oke.  na iji ike eme ihe n'ụzọ na- ike ezi.  .  [1] N'nanọ Julaị afọ 2004, e nwere ọgba aghara na steeti Anambra ebe ụlọ ụlọ iwu buru ụzọ kwuo na ụdị Chris Ngige agbaala arụkwaghịm na osote mmanya, Okey Udeh ga-emekwa ya, ma me egwu ha sị na a kpachaara  anya duhie ha.  Bode George bụ onye isi otu ndị otu PDP faịlụ aro ka Okey Udeh gbaa arụkwaghịm N'afọ Jenụarị afọ 2005, akwụkwọ ozi This Day kwuru na a na-atụ anya na a ga-akpọ Bode George onye isi oche otu PDP na azụ pati ahụ na Nọvemba.  [1] N'nanọ Julaị afọ 2005, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche PDP (South).  [2] N'Nana Febụwarị 2007, Olabode George ọtọ oku ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm nke osote onye isi ala Atiku Abubakar, onye gbagoro na pati [[Action Congress]] (AC) . Na Ma ọchịchị 2008, onye isi oche PDP mba, Prince Vincent Ogbulafor chụrụ Bode George na Board Governing of the Peoples Democratic Institute (PDI).  [1] N'April 2008, ndị PDP National Disciplinary Committee (NDC), nke Bode George na-isi, kagburu. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=16649|title=NPA Fraud: Bode George Threatens Court Action|author=Ndubuisi Francis|date=2005-05-08|publisher=This Day|accessdate=2009-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509062221/http://thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=16649#|archivedate=2005-05-09}}</ref>N'April 2005, Olabode George faịlụ egwu na nkọwa ga-eme ya maka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndị na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ ụgwọ naira iri na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ n'ihi na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri nke Naijiria (NPA) mgbe ọ  bụ Louis oche nke ụlọ ọrụ NPA.  Ọka ebubo dị ka akara isi, akara isi na echiche echiche . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weekly.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1604&catid=1&Itemid=109|publisher=Weekly Trust|title=Fall of Bode George, other Obasanjo men|author=DANIEL OCHENELU|accessdate=2009-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221545/http://www.weekly.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1604&catid=1&Itemid=109#|archivedate=2011-07-08}}</ref>Ndị nwe Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) boro ebubo ebubo mgbe onye isi bụ Nuhu Ribadu maka ebubo ebubo na NPA.  Otú ọ dị, a na-anụ kepu kepu na e chebe ya ike n'ikpe site n'aka President Olusegun Obasanjo .  [1] Akụkọ EFCC nke e metụtara na 1 April 2005 kwuru na ndị òtù NPA, pasto oche Bode George, na ndị na-ekwu nke NPA kwesịrị ka a mara maka ụma na nke ọma ike iwu na ike na-enye ike, na  a ga-amanye ya maka iwu.  nkewa mmetụta na ịrị elu nke ọnụ ọnụ, n'agbanyeghị na iwu na egwuregwu atọ.  [2] Onye isi ala Obasanjo kagburu nchoputa ahụ dịka akara njedebe, ma nye iwu ka ndị ọzọ.  Akụkọ EFCC nke mere ka Bode George iwu . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=42461|title=NPA Fraud : AD Wants Bode George Prosecuted|author=Philip Ogunmade|publisher=This Day|date=March 6, 2006|accessdate=2009-11-12|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070621015143/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=42461#|archivedate=2007-06-21}}</ref>N'Ọnọ Nọvemba afọ 2005, EFCC hụrụ Bode George ka ọ bịa nzụkọ iji kparịta okwu pati ebe aha ya ọnụ.  [1] Na March 2006, Alliance for Democracy (AD) kpọkuru President Olusegun Obasanjo ka ọ gbaa osote onye isi oche nke National Democratic Party (PDP), Olabode George, na ndị isi oche na ndị isi nke NPA n'ihi ebubo na ha  na-enye ọrụ na- ike uru nke echiche ruru eru.  nde naira iri isii. . <ref name="guardian271009">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts|title=Bode George goes to jail over NPA contracts|author=Abiodun Fanoro and Yetunde Oyegbami|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=2009-11-12|archivedate=2020-05-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505204512/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAbiodun_Fanoro_and_Yetunde_Oyegbami">Abiodun Fanoro and Yetunde Oyegbami. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200505204512/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts "Bode George goes to jail over NPA contracts"]. Guardian. Archived from [http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/article01/indexn2_html?pdate=271009&ptitle=Bode%20George%20goes%20to%20jail%20over%20NPA%20contracts the original] on 2020-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-12</span></span>.</cite></ref>N'August 2008, EFCC n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ ha bụ Farida Waziri nwụchiri Olabode George na Lagos ma kpụpụta ya na mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ n'ihi ikpe maka ebubo 163 nke ịgba izu, nnupụ isi n'iwu iwu, ime ihe n'  ụlọ ọrụ ebubo inye onyinye nke ruru ụgwọ naira 84 n'ụzọ megidere iwu.  ọ bụ onye isi oche NPA.  [1] Ka ikpe malitere ikpe ahụ, EFCC wedara ebubo a na ebubo iri isii na atọ.  [2] N'October 2009, a mara Bode George ikpe ma ejegharị ya maka ọnwa 30. [3] Ọkaikpe Joseph Olubunmi Oyewole nyere ikpe a.  [4] Ọkàikpe ahụ mara ndị a na-azara ikpe na ebubo 47 n'ime 68. Mkpokọta ahịrị ahịrị helre ruo afọ 28, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ maka nnupụisi n'iwu iwu ka ọ na-agba ọsọ n'otu oge ruo ọnwa 28.  isii, na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị enyi ga-agba ọsọ n'otu oge ruo afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Supreme Court Discharges PDP Chieftain Bode George of Corruption Conviction|date=2013-12-13|journal=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref>Ndị ọka iwu George na-akọ akwụkwọ ma ikọ ka a gbapụta ya ka ha ga- ekiri mkpegharị ahụ.  [1] akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ.  [2] Dị ka onye nche, Chief Bode George na ndị ọrụ ibe ya ka etinyere na ngalaba VIP nke ụlọ ọrụ.  Achọghị ka ha yi uwe ụlọ nche, a na-ahapụkwa ha ihe ha sie nri.  [3] Na Disemba 13, 2013, Onyeikpe Kasị Elu wepụrụ ikpe Bode George.  ikpe ahụ, nke onye ọka ikpe John Afolabi Fabiyi na-achị, kwuru na EFCC nri ndị ọkachamara na George bu n'obi ime wayo na NPA, na ebubo nke "nkewa nsogbu" iwu iwu. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6rqwzh8c8ulhpqeheer5idorzlivq0v 0 31585 742630 698565 2026-11-03T08:53:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742630 wikitext text/x-wiki Okwu ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa) na-ezo aka n'ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nne dị ime nwere ike iwere n'oge usoro ịmụ nwa. <ref name="pmid2332746">{{Cite journal|title=Maternal birthing positions and perineal injury|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-family-practice_1990-05_30_5/page/n54|journal=J Fam Pract|volume=30|issue=5|pages=553–7|date=May 1990|pmid=2332746}}</ref> A pụkwara ịkpọ ha ọnọdụ nnyefe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọrụ. ọnọdụ nnyefe ọnọdụ ọrụ Na mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ lithotomy (n'azụ na ụkwụ a dọtara elu), ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-ejikarị eme ihe, ndị na-amụ nwa na ndị na-elekọta ọmụmụ ọdịnala na-eji ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ eme ihe nke ọma gburugburu ụwa. Ọnọdụ lithotomy ndị na-amụ nwa Ọrụ Engelmann nke afọ otu puku narị asatọ iri asatọ na abụọ"Ọrụ n'etiti ndị mbụ" kpọsara ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa n'etiti ọdịbendị mbụ na ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ. Ha na-ejikarị squatting, iguzo, ikpere n'ala na ọnọdụ anọ niile, ugboro ugboro n'usoro. <ref>Engelmann GJ Labor among primitive peoples (1883)</ref> A na-akpọ ha ọnọdụ ọmụmụ kwụ ọtọ.<ref>Non-Supine (e.g., Upright or Side-Lying) Positions for Birth. Lamaze International Education Council, Keen R, DiFranco J, Amis D, Albers L, Journal of Perinatal Education. 2004 spring; 13(2): 30–34.</ref> == Ọnọdụ Lithotomy == N'ọnọdụ lithotomy, nne ahụ dina n'azụ ya na ụkwụ ya n'elu na eriri ma afọ ya dị nso na nsọtụ tebụl.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lithotomy Position for Labor|url=http://www.birthingnaturally.net/barp/lithotomy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025223022/http://birthingnaturally.net/barp/lithotomy.html|archivedate=2010-10-25|accessdate=2010-10-25}}</ref> Ọnọdụ a dị mma maka onye na-elekọta ya n'ihi na ọ na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na perineum.Otú ọ dị, nke a abụghị ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa, na-atụle nrụgide na mgbidi akụkụ ahụ nwanyị n'ihi na isi nwa ahụ adịghị mma na usoro ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ megide ike ndọda.<ref name="childbirthsolutions.com"/> == Ọnọdụ ọmụmụ kwụ ọtọ n'ozuzu == Ndị mmadụ dị iche iche akwalitewo nnabata nke ọnọdụ ọmụmụ kwụ ọtọ, ọkachasị squatting, maka mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, dị ka Grantly Dick-Read, Janet Balaskas, Moysés Paciornik na Hugo Sabatino. N'ụzọ dị mma Dick-Gụọ Janet Balaskas Moysés Paciornik Hugo Sabatino Nkwado nke ọnọdụ ndị na-abụghị lithotomy na-akwalite site na mmegharị ọmụmụ nwa. ịmụ nwa n'okike Ịkwụ ọtọ n'oge ịmụ nwa na ịmụ nwa nwere ike ịbawanye ohere dị n'ime pelvis site na pasent iri abụọ na asatọ ruo iri atọ na-enye nwa ohere maka ntụgharị na ịrịda. Enwekwara mbelata parent iri ise na anọ nke ọrịa obi nwa e bu n'afọ mgbe nne kwụ ọtọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gupta|first=JK|title=Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=25 May 2017|volume=2017|issue=5|pages=CD002006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002006.pub4|pmid=28539008}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọmụmụ ndị a nwekwara ike belata oge nke oge nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa yana belata ihe ize ndụ maka ngalaba ịwa ahụ mberede site na pasent iri abụọ na itoolu. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140430065608/http://apps.who.int/rhl/pregnancy_childbirth/childbirth/2nd_stage/tlacom/en/ Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia: RHL commentary.] Lavender T and Mlay R. The WHO Reproductive Health Library; Geneva: World Health Organization. (last revised: 15 December 2006).</ref><ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003934.pub4|pmid=24105444|title=Maternal positions and mobility during first stage labour|year=2013|journal=Reviews|issue=10|pages=CD003934|author=Lawrence A}}</ref> A na-ejikọkwa ha na mkpa dị ala maka epidural. l<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com" /> Ọnọdụ dị iche iche nwere ike ijikọta ya na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke mmerụ ahụ perineal.<ref name="pmid11843786">{{Cite journal|title=Birth position, accoucheur, and perineal outcomes: informing women about choices for vaginal birth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_birth_2002-03_29_1/page/n8|journal=Birth|volume=29|issue=1|pages=18–27|date=March 2002|pmid=11843786|doi=10.1046/j.1523-536x.2002.00151.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid17479052">{{Cite journal|title=Getting through birth in one piece: protecting the perineum|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mcn-the-american-journal-of-maternal-child-nursing_may-june-2007_32_3/page/158|journal=MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs|volume=32|issue=3|pages=158–64|year=2007|pmid=17479052|doi=10.1097/01.NMC.0000269565.20111.92}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ squatting == [[Usòrò:Pre-Columbian_collection,_Dumbarton_OaksDSCF7954.JPG|thumb|Ihe oyiyi ọmụmụ Dumbarton Oaks Ihe oyiyi ọmụmụ]] Ọnọdụ squatting na-enye mmụba dị ukwuu nke nrụgide na oghere pelvic na obere mgbalị nke uru ahụ. Ọwa ọmụmụ ga-emeghe iri abụọ ruo pasent iri atọ karịa na squat karịa na ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ. A na-atụ aro ya maka ọkwa nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ nke ịmụ nwa<ref name="Russell">Russell JG. Moulding of the pelvic outlet. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1969;76:817–20.</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị okenye si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na-esiri ike iji ụkwụ gbadaa, a na-emekarị nkwekọrịta dịka itinye nkwado n'okpuru ụkwụ ụkwụ dị elu ma ọ bụ onye ọzọ na-akwado onye squatter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://activebirth.org/Pages2/PAGES2PDFs/bbd13art6.pdf|title=Balaskas J Using the squatting position during labour and for birth|accessdate=2013-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309045503/http://activebirth.org/Pages2/PAGES2PDFs/bbd13art6.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-09}}</ref> N'Ijipt oge ochie, ụmụ nwanyị mụrụ ụmụ mgbe ha na-anọdụ ala na brik abụọ, nke a maara dị ka brik ọmụmụ. ụ<ref name="Wilkinson">{{Cite book|author=Wilkinson, Richard H.|title=The complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|year=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/152 152–53]|isbn=978-0-500-05120-7|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0/page/152}}</ref> == Ihe anọ niile == Ụfọdụ ndị nne nwere ike ịhọrọ ọnọdụ anọ niile n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa. Ọ nwere ike inyere nwa ahụ aka ịgbanwe ma ọ bụrụ na isi ya adịghị mma. Ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ a na-eji ike ndọda, ọ na-ebelata azụ mgbu, ebe nne nwere ike ịtọgbọrọ úkwù ya.<ref name="childbirthsolutions.com">{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033917/http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php|archivedate=2010-10-24|accessdate=2010-10-25}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033917/http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php "Archived copy"]. Archived from [http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/birth/pushingpositions/index.php the original] on 2010-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ([[:Category: CS1 maint: echekwara dị ka aha|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/centres/pregnancy/childbirth/positions.html|title=Childbirth: Coping with Pain: Positions for Labour and Birth|accessdate=2010-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109041945/http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/centres/pregnancy/childbirth/positions.html|archivedate=2011-01-09}}</ref> == Ịgha ụgha n'akụkụ == Ịda n'akụkụ nwere ike inye aka belata n'ụzọ ọmụmụ nwa ahụ, si otú a na-enye perineum oge ka ọ gbatịa. Iji were ọnọdụ a, nne ahụ dina n'akụkụ ya na ikpere ya gbagọrọ agbagọ. Iji kwalite, a na-eji obere mmegharị nke mere na a na-akwado nne n'otu ogwe aka, ebe a na-eweli otu ụkwụ elu. Ọnọdụ a anaghị eji ike ndọda mee ihe mana ọ ka nwere uru karịa ọnọdụ lithotomy, ebe ọ na-adịghị etinye venae cavae n'okpuru akpa nwa, nke na-ebelata ọbara na-aga nne na nwa. venae cavae uterus<ref name="childbirthsolutions.com"/> == Hụkwa == * Ọnọdụ ndị na-apụ apụ * Ọnọdụ mmekọahụ * Ngwaọrụ nsị ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma maka nsị ụmụ agbọghọ == Ebemsị dee == {{Reflist|30em}} sgad8d7cq5f935o0at0uerf5906kbru 0 31719 742336 673865 2026-11-02T18:12:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/|title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution}}</ref>Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips ( Iye 6 Maachị 1966 na London, England) bụ onye bụbu onye ikpe gbasara mpụ na mpụ agha nke United Nations, onye ọka iwu mba ụwa na onye Charles Anthony (Ndị ọka iwu) LLP. == ndabere == Ọ bụ nwa Prọfesọ Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun, onye bụ Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Iwu azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ na osote onye isi oche, Mahadum Lagos, na ngwaahịa n'iwu ọrụ mba ụwa.  [1] Nne ya, Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun (née Williams), bụ ike na midwife lagoro ezumike nka. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|work=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref>Ọ bụ nwa nwa Phillip Bamgbose na Theresa Fatola Adeogun nke Ajale Compound Igbajo, Osun State, Federal Republic of Nigeria, na Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams, nke Cape Coast, Republic of Ghana na Joanna Olasumbo Williams nke Itesi, Abeokuta, Ogun Steeti,  Federal Republic of Nigeria .  Aha ya "Ayodeji" sere "Ahụrị m okpukpu abụọ" na Yoruba . . Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na CMS Grammar School, Lagos, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndekọ mbụ nke Nigeria (nke ntọala ntọala na 1859) na n'ibu akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Britain a ma ama, Repton (nke ntọala ntọala na 1557).  Ọ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Warwick ebe ọ mmụta akwụkwọ na 1989 na na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), Mahadum London, bụ ebe ọ ikike nzere masters na iwu na 1994. A nabatara dị ka Barrister na onye ọka iwu nke ndị nwe ikpe ikpe.  Kasị Elu nke Nigeria na 1992 na na 1996, dịka onye ọka iwu nke Ndịikpe Kasị Elu nke England na Wales.  N'afọ 2019, Alma Mata ya, Mahadum Warwick, gosiri ya ka ọ gwa ụmụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'afọ ahụ. Charles sonyeere Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) na United Nations International Criminal Tribunal maka Rwanda (UN-ICTR) dị ka onye akwụkwọ gbasara iwu, site na omume dị ka onye ọka iwu na United Kingdom, ebe onye isi ọka ikpe nke UN n nyocha.  'oge ahụ.  -ICTY/UN-ICTR, Ọkaikpe Louise Arbor (Onyeikpe nke Onyeikpe Kasị Elu nke Canada na emesịa UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) na Jenụwarị 1998 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-04-23|title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda|url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Lacuna Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>Na Ma ọchịchị 2001, mgbe ọ dị afọ 35, onye ọka ikpe nke UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR n'oge ahụ, bụ Ms. Carla Del Ponte (onye bụbu Attorney-General nke Switzerland), nchọpụta ya dị ka onye ọka iwu ukwu  na onye ndu ọkpa iwu maka onye ọkpa iwu.  otu osisi Kibuye na Kigali-ime obodo na OTP.  Iwu ya bụ iduru otu ndị ọka iwu mpụ na ndịyọ na-ekpechite ọnụ ndị mmadụ bụ ndị buru oke ọrụ maka ogbugbu ndị dị na mpaghara Kibuye, Bisesero na Bugesera - ebe ndị Tutsi siri ike [1] [2] n'oge mgbukpọ.  tupu 1994 Rwandan.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi mgbaka iche na UN-ICTR n'etiti 2008 na 2009, ebe onye ọka ikpe nke UN-ICTR n'oge ahụ àmà ya, Justice Hassan B. Jallow (Chief Justice nke Gambia). N'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri, n'etiti 2000 na 2010, Charles gara nke ọma duru otu ìgwè nke ndị ọkàiwu mba ụwa na ndị nyocha na nhazi 12 dị mgbagwoju anya na mpụ mgbukpọ na mpụ agha n'ihu UN-ICTR, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị ọka iwu igbuchapụ agbụrụ kacha nwee ahụmahụ na nke ọma. akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite web|title=CHARLES ADEOGUN-PHILLIPS|url=https://charlesadeogunphillips.academia.edu/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=charlesadeogunphillips.academia.edu|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003546/https://charlesadeogunphillips.academia.edu/}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> Site na ikpe mpụ agha nke Nuremberg na Tokyo na 1940 na-eje ozi dị ka naanị ihe mbụ, ọrụ Charles dị ka ọka onye iwu na-edu ndú, na-alụ ogụ maka ikpe ziri ezi n'aha ihe 800,000 ndị mpụ.  njọ njọ nke ihe a mmadụ maara, debere ya n'ihu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ụzọ.  asụsụ na ngalaba nke iwu ndị na mpụ nke mba ụwa, na-agbakọta n' akwụkwọ ndị na-eso ụzọ nke “Who's Who in Public International Law” na 2007 yana na Akwụkwọ Afọ Mba Nile na Ndị Onye Na-ahụ na 2011  . Ikpe ikpe mgbukpọ ọnụ nke ọ dugara n'etiti 2001 na 2002 [1] [2] [3] nke Dr. Gerard Ntakirutimana na nna ya, pastọ Elizaphan Ntakirutimana [4] [5] - onye isi nke Seventh Day Adventist Church nke e  bufere gaa n' ewepụikpe UN sitere na United States - bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ onye America bụ Philip Gourevitch dere, nke isiokwu ya bụ anyị ike ịgwa gị na Echi ga-egbu anyị na akara anyị . <ref>{{Cite web|title=ICTR-95-1B {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-95-1b|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=ICD - Muhimana - Asser Institute|url=http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/105/Muhimana/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003548/http://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/105/Muhimana/}}</ref>Ọ durukwa ikpe nke onye n'ike n'ike n'ike Mikaeli Muhimana, [1] ebubo ebubo ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na obi ndị ekere ụmụ ekere, n'etiti 2004 na 2005. Okwu Muhimana mere ka o doo anya ma wulite ikike.  nke ụlọ ikpe ndị omempụ mba ụwa na ihe ndị isi iwu na mkpa nke mpụ idina mmadụ n'ike n'ihe gbasara nnukwu ọnụ na mpụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'agbata 2006 na 2007, Charles duuru ikpe ikpe ahụ dị elu nke Francois Karera, [1] [2] onye bụbu Gọvanọ Kigali-ime obodo boro ebubo iduzi na isonye na ogbugbu nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ 5,000 ( puku ise) Tutsi gba ụgbọ mmiri.  na ebe ahụ.  ọyọka njọ Ntarama na 15 ika 1994 na n'ime ndị na-eso Tutsi 50,000 ( puku iri ise) ọzọ mpaghara Nyamata ka nke ahụ ofufe.  Ụka Ntarama [3] na ebe ogbugbu Nyamata abụrụla ebe n'ime ebe ebe ogbugbu isii na Rwanda. N'ịbụ onye duziri iri ụka dị anya anya na Vincent Rutaganira, [1] Paul Bisengimana [2] na Juvenal Rugambarara [3] ikpe n'etiti 2004 na 2007 nke butere nkeji ikpe mara oke iwu mba ụwa, Adeogun-Phillips bụ bụ  otu n'ime ole na ole.  ndị ọka iwu mba ụwa n'ụwa ndị aka na ike na omume nke mmepụta ụka ikpe ikpe n'ihe gbasara mpụ mba ụwa buru ibu. Charles durukwa otu ndị ọka iwu mba ofesi na ikpegharị Lt. Col Tharcisse Muvunyi, n'etiti 17 June na 2 October 2009, na ebubo nke ịkpali ọha na eze ozugbo ime mkpochapụ. Ọ durula ikpe mbụ n'okwu ikpe n'etiti 28 February 2005 na 23 June 2006 nke na-esochi onye ahụ a gbara akwụkwọ ikpe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ICTR-00-55 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-00-55|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na 29 Ọgọst 2008, Ụlọ Mkpegharị Mkpegharị weghaara ikpe niile e kpere n'ikpe megide onye a na-azara ọnụ ma nye iwu ka a maliteghachi ya na ebubo nke ịkpali ọha na eze kpọmkwem iji mee mgbukpọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Muvunyi Sentenced to 15 Years After Retrial {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/muvunyi-sentenced-15-years-after-retrial|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> Mkpegharị ikpe Muvunyi na 2009 bụ nke mbụ ụdị ya n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpụ nke mba ụwa. Nnwale mgbuchapụ ndị ọzọ ama ama nke mba ụwa ọ duru gụnyere nke onye bụbu osote gọvanọ, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo, na 2009 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-18|title=allAfrica.com: Rwanda: Trial of Former Sub-Prefect Ntawukulilyayo Opens|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200905070384.html|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=18 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418193100/http://allafrica.com/stories/200905070384.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Appeals Chamber Affirms Ntawukulilyayo's Conviction but Reduces his Sentence {{!}} Nations Unies Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/fr/node/118|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003638/https://unictr.irmct.org/fr/node/118}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-11|title=06.05.09 - ICTR/NTAWUKULILYAYO - TRIAL OF FORMER SUB-PREFECT NTAWUKULILYAYO OPENS-Hirondelle News Agency - Fondation Hirondelle - Arusha|url=http://www.hirondellenews.com/content/view/12340/533/|accessdate=2021-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808184457/https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170820/http://www.hirondellenews.com/content/view/12340/533/|archivedate=8 August 2017}}</ref> na nke onye bụbu minista ego, Emmanuel Ndindabahizi n'etiti 2003 na 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-07|title=Ndindabahizi Emmanuel {{!}} Radio Netherlands Worldwide|url=http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052815/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel}}</ref> ] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-07|title=Ndindabahizi Emmanuel {{!}} Radio Netherlands Worldwide|url=http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052815/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/ndindabahizi-emmanuel}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ gbasara ikpe na ikpe Ignace Bagilshema <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-07|title=Where was Alfred Musema ? {{!}} Radio Netherlands Worldwide|url=http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/where-was-alfred-musema|accessdate=2021-05-17|archivedate=7 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052830/http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/where-was-alfred-musema}}</ref> na Alfred Musema n'etiti 1999 na 2000. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-06-07|title=Rwanda shocked at Arusha acquittal|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1375848.stm|accessdate=2021-05-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Musema's genocide conviction upheld {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/news/musema%E2%80%99s-genocide-conviction-upheld|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> .Dị ka onye ọka iwu mba ụwa, Charles meri n'Ụdịnwa ụfọdụ ụfọdụ ndị ọka iwu na-ahụ ndị omekome kacha ewu ewu n'ụwa Ramsey Clarke --onye ọka iwu 66th Attorney-General nke United States (1967-69) [  1] na onye ọka iwu nye ndị na-ese okwu dị ka Slobodan Milošević., Radovan Karadžić na Saddam Hussein ;  Edward Medvene-- onye nọchitere anya Fred Goldman na omume obodo egwu OJ Simpson maka ogbugbu nke nwa ya nwoke, Ron Goldman ;  Onye ọka iwu French, François Roux;  na Steven Kay, QC, onye ọka iwu nke nchọpụta maka onye bụbu onye isi ala Serbia Slobodan Milošević . Ụbọchị ya n'aha ndị lanarịrịnụ na ndị e gburu gburu nke Rwandan abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Court of Remorse [1] nke Thierry Cruvellier (Wisconsin Press 2010);  Arịrịọ ikpe mara na iwu mpụ mba ofesi [2] nke Nancy Combs na pụta na-eduga ikpe ikpe mpụ nke mba ụwa [3] nke André Klip na Goran Sluiter (Intersentia 2005).  Ọ na-akọwa na akwụkwọ UN, Towards Reconciliation Yana ndị ọzọ na-eduga mba iwu mpụ iwu, Charles nyere aka n'akwụkwọ: ''International Criminal Investigations: Law and Practice'', <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIIoygEACAAJ&q=International+Criminal+Investigations:+Law+and+Practice|title=International Criminal Investigations: Law and Practice|first=Akingbolahan|author=Adeniran|date=15 March 2019|publisher=Eleven International Publishing|isbn=9789462369399}}</ref> nke Eleven na Hague bipụtara na 2017. O bipụtakwala ọtụtụ akụkọ n'akụkụ iwu mpụ mba ụwa, ụgwọ ndị a na-ata ahụhụ na "ụkpụrụ mmekọ" na Rome Statute nke ICC. Akpọrọ ya òkù dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu ọbịa na ọtụtụ mmemme TV nke mba na mba yana n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a ma ama n'ụwa niile n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke nyocha na ịgba akwụkwọ maka mpụ mba ụwa, iwu mba ụwa, nrụrụ aka, ịchụpụ na / ma ọ bụ iweghachi ihe ndị zuru ohi, ụgwọ ndị e merụrụ na / ma ọ bụ nkwughachi. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi ọbịa na iwu gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ na mba ụwa na National Defence College, Nigeria na na Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Counter-Terrorism in Nigeria – the Rule of law and strategies for law enforcement – BNLF|url=https://bnlf.org.uk/event/counter-terrorism-in-nigeria-the-rule-of-law-and-strategies-for-law-enforcement/|accessdate=2021-05-17|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429164750/https://bnlf.org.uk/event/counter-terrorism-in-nigeria-the-rule-of-law-and-strategies-for-law-enforcement/|archive-date=2025-04-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=Wayamo and NIALS first joint international criminal law and international humanitarian law course|url=https://www.wayamo.com/archives/wayamo-and-nials-first-joint-international-criminal-law-and-international-humanitarian-law-course/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Wayamo Foundation|language=en-GB}}</ref> . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=ICCBA-ABCPI {{!}} Focal Points|url=https://www.iccba-abcpi.org/focalpoints|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=ICCBA-ABCPI|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164520/https://www.iccba-abcpi.org/focalpoints}}</ref>Na June 2010, na-agba ọsọ ọrụ UN ya a ma ama, Charles la omume na omume onwe wee guzobe Charles Anthony (Ndị ọka iwu) LLP, ụlọ ọrụ na-agafe agafe nke ndị na-ahụ maka iwu na Lagos na London, nwere ike  na iwu mpụ mba ụwa na iwu ndị ruuru mmadụ, eserese anya ọcha- mpụ olu, na ihe mgbake akụ mba ụwa.  [1] nabatara ya ugbu a ka onye ọrụ dị ka onye ndepụta ndepụta n'ihu ọtụtụ ụlọ ikpe mba ụwa na mpaghara International Criminal Court (ICC), [2] Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL), [3] United  Nations Residual Mechanism for International Tribunals (UNMIT) na Ndị Ikpe Afrịka na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ndị mmadụ na Tanzania (AfCHPR).  Nwa afọ 2018, ọ jerela ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ International Criminal Court Bar Association's focal point maka Naijiria. N'afọ 2013, mgbe ọ na-anọchite anya onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tanzania nke nkwuwa okwu, onye nwụrụ anwụ Rev Christopher Mtikila, n'okwu ikpe mara mma na nke mbụ megide United Republic of Tanzania n'ihu Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Africa, ọ gara nke ọma n'amachibido iwu iwu Tanzania megidere iwu. ndoro-ndoro ochichi nọọrọ onwe ya maka nhọpụta n'ọkwa ọchịchị dịka mmebi iwu nke African Charter on Human and People's Rights. Mtikila vs. Okwu ikpe Tanzania bụ ikpe mbụ nke ụlọ ikpe a kwuru gbasara uru ya kemgbe mmalite ya na 2004. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-17|title=A Watershed Case for African Human Rights: Mtikila and others v. Tanzania|url=https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/a-watershed-case-for-african-human-rights-mtikila-and-others-v-tanzania/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=OHRH|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanganyika Law Society & Anor v. The United Republic of Tanzania (PDF)|url=https://www.african-court.org/en/images/Cases/Judgment/Judgment%20Application%20009-011-2011%20Rev%20Christopher%20Mtikila%20v.%20Tanzania.pdf|accessdate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126182029/https://www.african-court.org/en/images/Cases/Judgment/Judgment%20Application%20009-011-2011%20Rev%20Christopher%20Mtikila%20v.%20Tanzania.pdf|archivedate=26 November 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa okwu ikpe mbụ nke Ụlọikpe ga-ekpebi maka onye na-arịọ arịrịọ na ikpe mbụ n'ihu Ụlọikpe gbasara nkwụghachi ụgwọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Makulilo|first=Alexander B.|date=December 2013|title=Tanganyika Law Society and the Legal and Human Rights Centre V. Tanzania and rev. Christopher R. Mtikila V. Tanzania (Afr. CT. H.R.)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/abs/tanganyika-law-society-and-the-legal-and-human-rights-centre-v-tanzania-and-rev-christopher-r-mtikila-v-tanzania-afr-ct-hr/5270B84E83A92640D8FE96B9E4EE57FF|journal=International Legal Materials|language=en|volume=52|issue=6|pages=1327–1362|doi=10.5305/intelegamate.52.6.1327|issn=0020-7829}}</ref> Omume ndụmọdụ ya na iwu mpụ na mba ụwa gụnyere inye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara na ndị agha High Command na Nigeria gbasara nyocha mbụ nke ICC malitere n'ime mpụ megidere mmadụ na / ma ọ bụ mpụ agha e mere na ọnọdụ nke agha n'etiti " Boko Haram” na ndị nchekwa Naịjirịa. <ref name=":2"/> Ọ na-adụkwa ndị ọchịchị Afrịka dị iche iche ndụmọdụ gbasara okwu ikpe ziri ezi gbasara mgbanwe ICC. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Charles A. Adeogun-Phillips – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/charles-a-adeogun-phillips/|accessdate=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> He has acted on matters involving corruption, asset forfeiture, money laundering<ref>{{Cite web|title=EFCC Urges Final Forfeiture Of Funds Allegedly Diverted By Allison-Madueke|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/01/24/efcc-urges-final-forfeiture-funds-allegedly-diverted-allison-madueke/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-01|title=Diezani cash: Ex-bank chief appeals N9.08bn forfeiture judgment|url=https://punchng.com/ex-bank-chief-appeals-n9-08bn-forfeiture-judgment/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-16|title=Court orders final forfeiture of $153m linked to Alison-Madueke, First Bank Director -|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/court-orders-final-forfeiture-of-153m-linked-to-alison-madueke-first-bank-director/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Supreme Court orders EFCC to return N9 billion to ex-First Bank director, Dauda Lawal|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/448585-supreme-court-orders-efcc-to-return-n9-billion-to-ex-first-bank-director-dauda-lawal.html|accessdate=2021-05-18|language=en-GB}}</ref> and fraud (including tracing the proceeds of fraud), international recognition of anti-money laundering protocols and jurisdictional issues. In 2016, Charles was appointed by the Attorney-General of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to lead the unprecedented corruption trials of senior judicial officers, including a serving Judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the late Honourable Justice Sylvester Ngwuta, JSC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alleged Money Laundering: Justice Ngwuta Pleads Not Guilty, Granted Bail|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/11/21/alleged-money-laundering-justice-ngwuta-pleads-not-guilty-granted-bail/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Blueprint|date=2016-11-22|title=Ngwuta, S' Court Justice arraigned, gets N100m bail|url=https://www.blueprint.ng/ngwuta-s-court-justice-arraigned-gets-n100m-bail/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Blueprint Newspapers Limited|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-11-21|title=Nigerian Supreme Court judge charged with corruption|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38053755|accessdate=2021-05-18}}</ref> Since 2017, Charles has been retained by the Asset Management Corporation of Nigeria to investigate, trace and recover over 5 trillion Naira (14 billion US Dollars) currently owed to the Nigerian Government, following its acquisition in 2011, of non-performing loans from some of the country’s ailing commercial banks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-22|title=AMCON takes possession of Gateway Portland Cement over N3b debt|url=https://guardian.ng/news/amcon-takes-possession-of-gateway-portland-cement-over-n3b-debt/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518003547/https://guardian.ng/news/amcon-takes-possession-of-gateway-portland-cement-over-n3b-debt/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=InvestAdvocate|date=2017-07-21|title=Unpaid Debt: AMCON Takes Over Gateway Portland Cement -|url=https://investadvocate.com.ng/2017/07/21/unpaid-debt-amcon-takes-gateway-portland-cement/|accessdate=2021-05-18|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT: Adeogun-Phillips, Charles A}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mdorzzi84ilx59gdv9ec2ujncrlifqm 0 31936 742776 693254 2026-11-03T10:07:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Oluwagbenga Adedoyin Salu, onye a maara dị ka Gbenga Salu, bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Naijiria, onye nchịkọta ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri. Oluwagbenga Adedoyin Salu, Gbenga Salu, onye nduzi ihe nkiri Naijiria onye nchịkọta ihe nkiri<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-10-31|title=I'm proudly self-taught - Gbenga Salu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/i’m-proudly-self-taught-gbenga-salu/|accessdate=2022-07-16|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ meriri ma họpụta ya maka ọtụtụ onyinye maka mmepụta vidiyo egwu ya.<ref name="kid">{{Cite news|title=The Kid with the Master Stroke – Meet Gbenga Salu, award-winning Music Video Director & Visual Effects Artist|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/04/08/the-kid-with-the-master-stroke-meet-gbenga-salu-award-winning-music-video-director-visual-effects-artist/|work=Bella Naija|date=8 April 2011|accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Ọ debanyere aha na Mechanical Engineering, wee gaa na Ngalaba nke Creative Arts na Mahadum Lagos Nigeria, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2005.<ref name="kid" /> Ọ lụrụ Temitope-Gbenga Salu (née Oshofisan) onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Lagos. Mahadum Lagos Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ese ihe na onye edemede.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/04/11/bn-exclusive-award-winning-video-director-gbenga-salu-set-to-wed-april-20th/|title=BN Exclusive: Award-Winning Director Gbenga Salu & His Sweetheart Temitope Oshofisan to Wed on April 20th 2013 {{!}} Photos from their Pre-Wedding Shoot - BellaNaija|work=www.bellanaija.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-22}}</ref> Gbenga gụrụ ihe nkiri na London Film Academy . Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ihe nkiri nke London Ụfọdụ n'ime onyinye ndị ọ meriri gụnyere: * Best Special Effects/editing- Soundcity Music Video Awards (SMVA) - 2008 * Onye nduzi kachasị mma- Nigerian Music Video Awards (NMVA) - 2009 == Ndị na-agba bọọlụ == N'afọ 2017, Gbenga guzobere Naijafootballers, ikpo okwu n'ịntanetị nke na-ede akụkọ banyere bọọlụ na ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria. Ikpo okwu ahụ bụ otu n'ime ikpo okwu egwuregwu ndị a na-agbaso na Naijiria. Nkwurịta okwu Naijafootballers mụkwara The Ballers Awards; ihe omume nke na-eme emume kacha mma nke bọọlụ Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Victor Osimhen, Paul Onuachu and Maduka Okoye lead The Ballers Award nominations.|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/victor-osimhen-paul-onuachu-and-maduka-okoye-lead-the-ballers-award-nominations/2myjzkd|accessdate=2021-01-28|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128043924/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/victor-osimhen-paul-onuachu-and-maduka-okoye-lead-the-ballers-award-nominations/2myjzkd|archive-date=2021-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-03|title=The best of Nigerian football leads nominations for The Ballers Awards|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/the-best-of-nigerian-football-leads-nominations-for-the-ballers-awards/pqqjbeb|accessdate=2021-01-28|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208124740/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/the-best-of-nigerian-football-leads-nominations-for-the-ballers-awards/pqqjbeb|archive-date=2021-02-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> E mere mbipụta nnwale ahụ na 2018, ọ bụ Murphy Ijemba kwadoro ya, ebe mbipụta mbụ ya bụ na Jenụwarị 12, 2020. Murphy Ijemba<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewuyi|first=Lolade|date=2018-01-18|title=Naijafootballers broadcasts The Ballers Awards via Instagram Live|url=https://loladeadewuyi.com/2018/01/18/naijafootballers-broadcasts-the-ballers-awards-via-instagram-live/|accessdate=2021-01-28|work=Lolade Adewuyi|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302204153/https://loladeadewuyi.com/2018/01/18/naijafootballers-broadcasts-the-ballers-awards-via-instagram-live/}}</ref> Ọ bụ FunnyBone na Debola Adebanjo kwadoro mbipụta nke abụọ, ebe mbipụta kachasị ọhụrụ nwere Simi Drey na Emmanuel Sabastine nwere ndị ọbịa ya. Ihe nrite Ballers Awards a na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu Naijiria bụ nke Federation Football nke Naijiria kwadoro. == Vidio egwu == Ọrụ vidio egwu ya gụnyere: * Iri na iri - Mohits Allstars * Omoba - Prince * TWO Legit, Kwere na m na Atewo - T.W.O (Tunde na wunmi Obe) * Tinko Angel - Jaywon Jaywon * Viva Africa - Fela Anikulapo-Kuti * Gbanwee ngagharị gị - Lynxxx * Ayeole na ụkwụ isii - Enweghị njedebe * Omo Jayejaye - Lagbaja == Ihe nkiri == * Atụmatụ Dị Mfe (Nke Dị Mkpirikpi) Atụmatụ Kasị Mfe * 10:10 (Web Obere usoro) 10:10 * Ezigbo Scarlet (Ihe nkiri TV) Ezigbo scarlet == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Salu, Gbenga}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qifma0s4mwhxkxgoshwjzyn4l8upglv 0 32027 742401 538318 2026-11-03T06:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Nigerian athlete}} {{Databox}}  {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Ezekiel Nathaniel</div> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;" |Personal information |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nationality | class="infobox-data category" |Nigerian |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2003-06-20</span>)</span> 20 June 2003<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;20)</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #CCCC99;" |Sport |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sport | class="infobox-data" |[[Track and Field]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Event(s)</span> | class="infobox-data" |[[400 metres hurdles]] |} Ezekiel Nathaniel (amụrụ na 20 June 2003) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme egwuregwu track and field onye bụ onye na-agba ọsọ mita 400. Ezekiel Nathaniel track na field __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ hurdler <ref name=World>{{IAAF|14960533}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nathaniel na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Baylor na Texas. Mahadum Baylor N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2022, n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ ọhụrụ, ọ gbara ọsọ 400m na oge kachasị mma nke 48.42, merie Big 12 Conference title ma mebie ihe ndekọ Naijiria nke Henry Amike setịpụrụ na 1987. Nnukwu Nzukọ 12 Henry Amike<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oluwadare Popoola|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/05/16/nathaniel-ezekiel-breaks-henry-amikes-35-year-old-400mh-national-record-wins-big-12-title-in-texas/|title=Ezekiel Nathaniel breaks Henry Amike's 35-year-old 400mH NR to win Big 12 title in Texas!|work=Making of Champions|date=16 May 2022|accessdate=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704094900/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/05/16/nathaniel-ezekiel-breaks-henry-amikes-35-year-old-400mh-national-record-wins-big-12-title-in-texas/|archive-date=4 July 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Remi Sulola|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nathaniel-ezekiel-breaks-34-year-nigerian-record-in-400m|title=Nathaniel Ezekiel breaks 34-year Nigerian record in 400m|work=The Cable|date=16 May 2022|accessdate=8 August 2022}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ na 2022 World Athletics Championships na Eugene, Oregon, ọ gbara ọsọ nke mbụ ya na 49.64, na-eru eru maka ọkara ikpeazụ. 2022 World Athletics Championship Eugene, Oregon<ref name="World" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=James Agberebi|url=https://www.completesports.com/world-athletics-championships-nathaniel-becomes-4th-nigerian-to-reach-400m-hurdles-semis/|title=World Athletics Championships: Nathaniel Becomes 4th Nigerian To Reach 400m Hurdles Semis|work=Complete Sports|date=17 July 2022|accessdate=8 August 2022}}</ref> Na Budapest, na-asọmpi na 2023 World Athletics Championships n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2023, ọ ruru ọkara ikpeazụ. 2023 World Athletics Championships semifinal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/4555/men-s-400m-hurdles-results-world-athletics-championships-2023|work=Watch Athletics|accessdate=23 August 2023|title=Men's 400m Hurdles Results: World Athletics Championships 2023}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m9uebn04ld5l9esi19v0zpl6n6h0url 0 32349 742663 197495 2026-11-03T08:58:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Weather box|width=auto|metric first=yes|single line=yes|collapsed=yes|location=Maiduguri|Jan record high C=40|Feb record high C=42|Mar record high C=44|Apr record high C=46|May record high C=47|Jun record high C=42|Jul record high C=43|Aug record high C=36|Sep record high C=38|Oct record high C=39|Nov record high C=39|Dec record high C=38|Jan high C=31.9|Feb high C=34.6|Mar high C=37.8|Apr high C=40.1|May high C=39.4|Jun high C=36.4|Jul high C=33.2|Aug high C=32.0|Sep high C=33.7|Oct high C=36.4|Nov high C=34.2|Dec high C=32.3|year high C=35.2|Jan mean C=21.8|Feb mean C=24.8|Mar mean C=29.3|Apr mean C=32.6|May mean C=32.5|Jun mean C=30.2|Jul mean C=27.5|Aug mean C=26.6|Sep mean C=27.2|Oct mean C=27.9|Nov mean C=24.9|Dec mean C=23.2|year mean C=27.4|Jan low C=12.6|Feb low C=15.3|Mar low C=19.7|Apr low C=21.9|May low C=25.5|Jun low C=24.5|Jul low C=22.9|Aug low C=22.3|Sep low C=22.4|Oct low C=20.7|Nov low C=16.0|Dec low C=13.1|year low C=19.9|Jan record low C=8|Feb record low C=10|Mar record low C=15|Apr record low C=12|May record low C=18|Jun record low C=19|Jul record low C=20|Aug record low C=19|Sep record low C=20|Oct record low C=15|Nov record low C=10|Dec record low C=5|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=0.0|Feb precipitation mm=0.0|Mar precipitation mm=0.3|Apr precipitation mm=13.0|May precipitation mm=30.5|Jun precipitation mm=73.8|Jul precipitation mm=147.1|Aug precipitation mm=193.2|Sep precipitation mm=83.0|Oct precipitation mm=11.1|Nov precipitation mm=0.0|Dec precipitation mm=0.1|year precipitation mm=552.1|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=0.0|Feb precipitation days=0.0|Mar precipitation days=0.5|Apr precipitation days=1.6|May precipitation days=4.0|Jun precipitation days=7.0|Jul precipitation days=10.7|Aug precipitation days=10.7|Sep precipitation days=6.8|Oct precipitation days=1.4|Nov precipitation days=0.0|Dec precipitation days=0.0|year precipitation days=42.7|time day=15:00 [[Standard time|LST]]|Jan humidity=15.4|Feb humidity=11.2|Mar humidity=12.0|Apr humidity=17.5|May humidity=28.4|Jun humidity=38.4|Jul humidity=55.5|Aug humidity=63.4|Sep humidity=54.8|Oct humidity=30.2|Nov humidity=19.0|Dec humidity=19.6|year humidity=30.2|Jan sun=266.6|Feb sun=249.2|Mar sun=257.3|Apr sun=237.0|May sun=263.5|Jun sun=249.0|Jul sun=217.0|Aug sun=204.6|Sep sun=225.0|Oct sun=285.2|Nov sun=282.0|Dec sun=275.9|year sun=3012.3|Jand sun=8.6|Febd sun=8.9|Mard sun=8.3|Aprd sun=7.9|Mayd sun=8.5|Jund sun=8.3|Juld sun=7.0|Augd sun=6.6|Sepd sun=7.5|Octd sun=9.2|Novd sun=9.4|Decd sun=8.9|yeard sun=|source 1=NOAA,<ref name = NOAAma> {{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/NI/65082.TXT | title = Maiduguri Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = 22 July 2016}}</ref> ''Climate Charts'' (latitude: 11°51'N<span style="margin:2px">;</span> longitude: 013°05'E<span style="margin:2px">;</span> elevation: <span style="margin-right:2px">354m, 1161'</span>)<ref name="Climate Chartsmaidug">{{Cite web |url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/n/NI65082.php |title=Maiduguri, Nigeria Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data |publisher=Climate Charts |access-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919001338/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/n/NI65082.php |archive-date=19 September 2017 |url-status=dead |accessdate=24 October 2023 |archivedate=19 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919001338/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/n/NI65082.php }}</ref>|source 2=''Voodoo Skies'' for record temperatures<ref name="Voodoo Skies">{{Cite web |url=http://voodooskies.com/weather/nigeria/maiduguri |title=Maiduguri, Nigeria |publisher=Voodoo Skies |access-date=3 December 2013 |accessdate=24 October 2023 |archivedate=6 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206043749/http://voodooskies.com/weather/nigeria/maiduguri }}</ref>}}West Sudan savanna bụ mpaghara savanna na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-agbasa n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. == Ọdịdị ala == Mpaghara ahụ gbatịrị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gafee West Africa, site n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] nke Senegal ruo n'Ugwu Mandara n'ókè ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Sahelian Acacia savanna kpọrọ nkụ dị n'ebe ugwu, na Guinea forest-savanna mosaic dị n'akụkụ ndịda. == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe bụ Ọnọdụ ihu igwe savanna na-ekpo ọkụ na ihu igwe na-ekwo ọkụ (Köppen climate classification ''Aw'' na ''BSh'') na oge ọkọchị na oge mmiri na okpomọkụ na-ekpuchi ma na-ekpomọkụ n'afọ niile. Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo kwa afọ site na 1000 mm na ndịda ruo 600 mm na ugwu na nsọtụ Sahel. &nbsp;&nbsp;Mmiri ozuzo na okpomọkụ na-adịgasị iche site n'oge ruo n'oge, na oge mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ site na Mee ruo Septemba, na oge ọkọchị dị jụụ site na Ọktoba ruo Eprel. Okpomọkụ dị site na 30 °C ruo 33 °C n'oge ọnwa kachasị ọkụ, na 18 °C ruo 21 °C n"oge ọnwa kachasị jụụ.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references> {{Weather box|width=auto|location=Ouagadougou (1971-2000, extremes 1902-present)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|collapsed=yes|Jan record high C=39.8|Feb record high C=42.3|Mar record high C=43.8|Apr record high C=46.1|May record high C=44.5|Jun record high C=41.3|Jul record high C=38.8|Aug record high C=36.6|Sep record high C=38.6|Oct record high C=41.0|Nov record high C=40.5|Dec record high C=40.1|year record high C=46.1|Jan high C=32.9|Feb high C=35.8|Mar high C=38.3|Apr high C=39.3|May high C=37.7|Jun high C=34.7|Jul high C=32.1|Aug high C=31.1|Sep high C=32.5|Oct high C=35.6|Nov high C=35.9|Dec high C=33.4|year high C=34.9|Jan low C=16.5|Feb low C=19.1|Mar low C=23.5|Apr low C=26.4|May low C=26.1|Jun low C=24.1|Jul low C=22.8|Aug low C=22.2|Sep low C=22.4|Oct low C=23.0|Nov low C=19.6|Dec low C=16.9|year low C=21.9|Jan record low C=8.5|Feb record low C=10.4|Mar record low C=14.8|Apr record low C=16.2|May record low C=17.0|Jun record low C=17.0|Jul record low C=15.0|Aug record low C=17.9|Sep record low C=17.6|Oct record low C=17.6|Nov record low C=13.0|Dec record low C=9.5|year record low C=8.5|rain colour=green|Jan rain mm=0.1|Feb rain mm=0.5|Mar rain mm=5.9|Apr rain mm=26.5|May rain mm=66.8|Jun rain mm=97.5|Jul rain mm=176.2|Aug rain mm=214.2|Sep rain mm=121.2|Oct rain mm=33.5|Nov rain mm=1.2|Dec rain mm=0.2|year rain mm=743.8|unit rain days=0.1 mm|Jan rain days=0|Feb rain days=0|Mar rain days=1|Apr rain days=3|May rain days=8|Jun rain days=10|Jul rain days=14|Aug rain days=16|Sep rain days=11|Oct rain days=5|Nov rain days=0|Dec rain days=0|year rain days=68|Jan humidity=24|Feb humidity=21|Mar humidity=22|Apr humidity=36|May humidity=50|Jun humidity=64|Jul humidity=72|Aug humidity=80|Sep humidity=77|Oct humidity=60|Nov humidity=38|Dec humidity=29|year humidity=48|Jan sun=287|Feb sun=263|Mar sun=264|Apr sun=256|May sun=277|Jun sun=264|Jul sun=240|Aug sun=223|Sep sun=217|Oct sun=273|Nov sun=288|Dec sun=284|year sun=|source 1=[[World Meteorological Organization]],<ref name=WMOouag> {{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1532 |title=World Weather Information Service – Ouagadougou Aero |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name=meteoclimat> {{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=681 |title=Station Ouagadougou |publisher=Meteo Climat |language=fr |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>|source 2=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1961–1967, and sun, 1961–1990)<ref name=DWDouag> {{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_655030_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta) |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=DWDsun>{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-10-17 |title=Station 65503: Ouagadougou |work=Global station data 1961–1990—Sunshine Duration |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref>{{efn|[https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195318/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/help/stations_list_CLIMAT_data.txt Station ID for Ouagadougou is 65503] Use this station ID to locate the sunshine duration}}}}{{Weather box|width=auto|location=Niamey, Niger (1961–1990, extremes: 1961–2015)|metric first=yes|single line=yes|collapsed=yes|Jan record high C=38.2|Feb record high C=44.0|Mar record high C=45.0|Apr record high C=45.6|May record high C=45.1|Jun record high C=43.5|Jul record high C=41.0|Aug record high C=39.6|Sep record high C=41.8|Oct record high C=41.2|Nov record high C=40.7|Dec record high C=40.0|Jan high C=32.5|Feb high C=35.7|Mar high C=39.1|Apr high C=40.9|May high C=40.2|Jun high C=37.2|Jul high C=34.0|Aug high C=33.0|Sep high C=34.4|Oct high C=37.8|Nov high C=36.2|Dec high C=33.3|year high C=36.2|Jan mean C=24.3|Feb mean C=27.3|Mar mean C=30.9|Apr mean C=33.8|May mean C=34.0|Jun mean C=31.5|Jul mean C=29.0|Aug mean C=27.9|Sep mean C=29.0|Oct mean C=30.8|Nov mean C=27.9|Dec mean C=25.0|year mean C=29.3|Jan low C=16.1|Feb low C=19.0|Mar low C=22.9|Apr low C=26.5|May low C=27.7|Jun low C=25.7|Jul low C=24.1|Aug low C=23.2|Sep low C=23.6|Oct low C=24.2|Nov low C=19.5|Dec low C=16.7|year low C=22.4|Jan record low C=12.6|Feb record low C=14.3|Mar record low C=18.0|Apr record low C=21.6|May record low C=22.6|Jun record low C=20.5|Jul record low C=20.0|Aug record low C=20.2|Sep record low C=20.3|Oct record low C=15.8|Nov record low C=13.0|Dec record low C=12.6|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=0.0|Feb precipitation mm=0.0|Mar precipitation mm=3.9|Apr precipitation mm=5.7|May precipitation mm=34.7|Jun precipitation mm=68.8|Jul precipitation mm=154.3|Aug precipitation mm=170.8|Sep precipitation mm=92.2|Oct precipitation mm=9.7|Nov precipitation mm=0.7|Dec precipitation mm=0.0|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=0.0|Feb precipitation days=0.0|Mar precipitation days=0.2|Apr precipitation days=0.8|May precipitation days=2.9|Jun precipitation days=5.9|Jul precipitation days=9.9|Aug precipitation days=12.2|Sep precipitation days=7.4|Oct precipitation days=1.6|Nov precipitation days=0.1|Dec precipitation days=0.0|humidity colour=green|Jan humidity=22|Feb humidity=17|Mar humidity=18|Apr humidity=27|May humidity=42|Jun humidity=55|Jul humidity=67|Aug humidity=74|Sep humidity=73|Oct humidity=53|Nov humidity=34|Dec humidity=27|Jan sun=280|Feb sun=264|Mar sun=264|Apr sun=251|May sun=257|Jun sun=251|Jul sun=238|Aug sun=203|Sep sun=228|Oct sun=285|Nov sun=285|Dec sun=276|source 1=[[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_610520_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Niamey (Aéro) / Niger |publisher=Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure |access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>|source 2=[[Danish Meteorological Institute]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |title=Stationsnummer 61052 |publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate |access-date=14 June 2016 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=24 October 2023 |archivedate=27 April 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf }}</ref>}} == Flora == Savanna na ọhịa mepere emepe bụ ụdị ahịhịa mara mma. Ụdị ''Combretum'' na ''Terminalia'' bụ osisi savanna, ala juputara na ahịhịa ogologo, ahịhịhịa, na obere osisi. Ụdị ''Hyparrhenia'', ma ọ bụ ahịhịa enyí, bụ ahịha kachasị, ọ na-eto 1 mita ma ọ bụ karịa n'ịdị elu. Osisi ndị dị n'ọhịa ndị kpọrọ nkụ na-erughị mita 10 n'ịdị elu, ma gụnyere ''Anogeissus'' spp. na ''Akasia'' spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum glutinosum, Commiphora africana, Prosopis africana, Tamarindus indica, na ''Ziziphus mucronata''. Ọtụtụ osisi na-efunahụ akwụkwọ ha n'oge ọkọchị, ahịhịa na-akpọnwụkarị. Acacia anaghị adịkarị n'ọhịa ndị na-ede mmiri n'ebe mmiri ozuzo dị elu na n'akụkụ mmiri, ebe ''Afzelia africana, Burkea Africa, Combretum'' spp. na ''Terminalia'' spp. bụ ndị a ma ama. Obere ebe nke ''Isoberlinia'' woodland na-apụta n'akụkụ mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda ecoregion. == Anụmanụ == Mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnukwu anụ na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere enyí ọhịa Africa (Loxodonta africana), [[Ágụ|agụ owuru]] West Africa (''Giraffa camelopardalis peralta''), Nnukwu eland (Taurotragus derbianus derbianis), antelope roan (''Hippotragus equinus''), buffalo Africa (''Syncerus caffer brachyceros''), [[Odúm|ọdụm]] (''Panthera leo''), agụ owụ (Panthus pardus) cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus''), na nkịta ọhịa Africa (Lyca picontus). Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara ugbu a pere mpe na ọnụọgụ. == Nchekwa == Nnyocha nke afọ 2017 chọpụtara na 233,942 km2, ma ọ bụ 14%, nke ecoregion dị n'ebe echedoro.&nbsp;<ref name="doi.org">Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref> == Ihe edeturu == == Njikọ mpụga == *   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] jzwllwyicqn0bl3s1p8vl6001bqlzpv 0 32366 742571 698986 2026-11-03T08:43:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742571 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" | style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Usòrò:India_climatic_disaster_risk_map_en.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mpaghara ndị nwere ọdachi na India.]] | style="vertical-align:top;" |[[Usòrò:India_wind_zone_map_en.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map na-egosi mpaghara ifufe, nke a na-ekpuchi site na nkesa nke ọsọ nke ifufe na-achịkwa.]] |} '''Ọdachi na-emere onwe ya na India''', ọtụtụ n'ime ha metụtara ihu igwe nke India, na-akpata nnukwu ọnwụ nke ndụ na ihe onwunwe. Oké ọkọchị, idei mmiri, Oké ifufe, ala ọma jijiji, mbuze ala nke nnukwu Mmiri ozuzo wetara, na snowstorms na-eweta nnukwu egwu. Ọdachi sitere n'okike nwere ike ibute site na ala ọma jijiji, idei mmiri, mgbawa ugwu, mbuze ala, ajọ ifufe wdg. Iji kewaa ya dị ka ọdachi, ọ ga-achọ inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na / ma ọ bụ ọnwụ mmadụ ma na-enwekarị mfu ego. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming environment|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-12-01_314_5804/page/1442|journal=Science|volume=314|issue=5804|pages=1442–1445|year=2006|doi=10.1126/science.1132027|pmid=17138899}}</ref>Ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye oké ifufe uzuzu n'oge ọkọchị, nke na-esikarị n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda; ha na-akpata nnukwu mmebi ihe onwunwe na North India ma na-etinye nnukwu uzuzu na unyi site na mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ. A na-ahụkarị akụ́ mmiri igwe n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke India, na-akpata nnukwu mmebi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị kwụ ọtọ dị ka osikapa na ọka wit na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmetụta ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.''ihe ọkụkụ na mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.'' == Ala na-agbada == Ala na-agbada na Lower Himalayas. Afọ ndị na-eto eto nke ugwu ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-ebute ọdịdị nkume, nke nwere ike ịdọrọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-arịwanye elu na nrụgide mmepe, ọkachasị site na igbu osisi na njem nleta, na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ugwu ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nke na-eme ka oke mbuze ala ka njọ; ebe ọ bụ na osisi, mkpuchi na-egbochi mmiri na-agbadata. Akụkụ nke Western Ghats na-enwekwa nsogbu site na mbuze ala dị ala. Avalanches na-ahụkarị na Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, na Sikkim wdg. Ala na-agbada na India dịkwa oke egwu dịka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ India na ndị ọrụ ugbo bi na ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu.'''bi n'ugwu ma ọ bụ ugwu.''' == Idei Mmiri na India == Idei mmiri bụ ọdachi na-emere onwe ya na India. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na-eme ka Brahmaputra na osimiri ndị ọzọ gbasaa, na-emekarị ka idei mmiri na-emebi ebe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ bụ ezie na ha na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo osikapa ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ịgba mmiri na itinye fatịlaịza, idei mmiri ahụ nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ puku ma chụpụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Mmiri ozuzo gabigara ókè, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma nwekwara ike ịsacha ma ọ bụ mebie ihe ọkụkụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ India niile nwere idei mmiri, na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, dị ka idei mmiri na nnukwu mmiri, aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti India n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, na-adaba na okpomọkụ na-arị elu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ngụkọta mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ egosila mbelata nke nta nke nta, n'ihi mgbasa nke mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị ike n'ihi okpomọkụ ngwa ngwa na Oké Osimiri India na mbelata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpomọkụ ala na oké osimiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roxy|first=Mathew Koll|date=2015-06-16|title=Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian Ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=6|pages=7423|doi=10.1038/ncomms8423|pmid=26077934|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01322870/document|accessdate=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roxy|first=Mathew Koll|date=2014-09-11|title=The Curious Case of Indian Ocean Warming|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=27|issue=22|pages=8501–8509|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1|issn=0894-8755|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01141647/file/jclim2015_roxy_etal.pdf|accessdate=2019-06-29}}</ref>Nke a pụtara na e nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya na ogologo oge ọkọchị n'etiti India n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. == Oké ifufe na India == Mpaghara Intertropical Convergence nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ puku ndị India bi na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Cyclogenesis nke okpomọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ugwu nke [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] na gburugburu Ọwara Bengal. Cyclones na-eweta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, Oké ifufe, na ifufe nke na-egbakarị ebe ndị metụtara site na enyemaka na ihe enyemaka. Na North Indian Ocean Basin, oge cyclone na-aga site na Eprel ruo Disemba, na ọrụ kachasị n'etiti Mee na Nọvemba. <ref name="AOML_FAQ_G1">{{Cite web|author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?|publisher=[[NOAA]]|accessdate=2006-07-25|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|archivedate=2006-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html}}</ref>Kwa afọ, nkezi nke oké ifufe asatọ na-aga n'ihu na ọsọ ifufe karịrị kilomita 63 kwa elekere (39 ; n'ime ndị a, abụọ na-esikwu ike n'ime ezigbo oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-agafe ikpo ọkụ karịrị kilomita 117 kwa elekere (73 mph). Na nkezi, nnukwu (Category 3 ma ọ bụ karịa) cyclone na-eme kwa afọ.<ref name="AOML FAQ G1">{{Cite web|author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=July 25, 2006|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|archivedate=July 18, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718065833/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html}}</ref><ref name="AOML FAQ E10">{{Cite web|author=[[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]], Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What are the average, most, and least tropical cyclones occurring in each basin?|publisher=[[NOAA]]|accessdate=2006-07-25|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E10.html|archivedate=2012-07-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731201905/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E10.html}}</ref> N'oge okpomọkụ, Ọwara Bengal na-enwe okpomọkụ siri ike, na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke na-emepụta cyclones. Ọtụtụ ajọ ifufe dị ike, gụnyere ajọ ifufe nke Calcutta nke 1737, ajọ ifufe Bhola nke 1970, ajọ ifufe Bangladesh nke 1991, ajọ ifufe Odisha nke 1999, na ajọ ifufe Fani nke afọ 2019 na Odisha na ajọ ifuf Vayu na Gujarat, emeela ka e bibie ihe n'akụkụ akụkụ ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Bangladesh dị nso. A na-akọ akụkọ ọnwụ na mbibi ihe onwunwe kwa afọ na Tamil Nadu, na West Bengal. Ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ India, nke dị n'ókè nke Oké Osimiri Arebia dị jụụ, na-enwe oké ifufe na-adịghị ahụkebe; ndị a na-emetụtakarị Gujarat na, obere oge, Kerala na mgbe ụfọdụ Odisha. N'ihe gbasara mmebi na ọnwụ nke ndụ, 1999 Odisha cyclone, nnukwu cyclone nke dakwasịrị Odisha na 29 Ọktoba 1999, bụ nke kachasị njọ n'ihe karịrị otu narị afọ na iri anọ. Na oke ifufe nke 160 kilomita kwa elekere (257 km / h), ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ajọ ifufe nke 5. <ref name="npmoc" />Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ abụọ enweghị ebe obibi; ndụ nde mmadụ 20 ọzọ mebiri site na oké ifufe ahụ. <ref name="bapscare">{{Cite web|url=http://baps-care.org/services/disaster/1990/1999supercyclone.htm|title=1999 Supercyclone of Orissa|year=2005|work=BAPS Care International|accessdate=2007-04-08|archivedate=2007-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927144115/http://baps-care.org/services/disaster/1990/1999supercyclone.htm}}</ref><ref name="bapscare" />N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mmadụ 9,803 nwụrụ site na oké ifufe ahụ; atụmatụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ihe karịrị 10,100.<ref name="npmoc"/><ref name="bapscare" /> N'ihe gbasara mmebi na mbibi akụ, Cyclone Amphan, nnukwu cyclone nke wakporo West Bengal, Odisha na Bangladesh na 20 Mee 2020 bụ, ka ọ dị ugbu a, nke kachasị njọ na India na narị afọ nke 21. <ref name="Cyclone Amphan">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/imd-cyclone-amphan-turns-into-severe-cyclonic-storm-odisha-bengal-on-high-alert/as75801393.cms|title=2020 Supercyclone Amphhan|work=[[The Times of India]]|year=2020|accessdate=2020-06-05|archivedate=2020-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604110132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/imd-cyclone-amphan-turns-into-severe-cyclonic-storm-odisha-bengal-on-high-alert/as75801393.cms}}</ref>Site na oke ifufe nke 260 kilomita kwa elekere (162 ruo 280 kilomita kwa elekọ (174 mph), ọ bụ ihe yiri nke ajọ ifufe nke 5. <ref name="npmoc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone 05B|work=Naval Maritime Forecast Center (Joint Typhoon Warning Center)|accessdate=2007-04-08|archivedate=2011-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012159/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012159/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf "Tropical Cyclone 05B"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Naval Maritime Forecast Center (Joint Typhoon Warning Center)''. Archived from [http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr/pdf/05b.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-08</span></span>.</cite></ref>Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ 5 (50 lakh) enweghị ebe obibi na West Bengal, Odisha na Bangladesh; ndụ ndị ọzọ dị nde mmadụ 10 (1 crore) mebiri site na oké ifufe ahụ. <ref name="Cyclone Amphan" />N'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, mmadụ 128 nwụrụ site na oké ifufe ahụ. Mmebi na mbibi nke gọọmentị bụ 13.40 ruo 13.69 ijeri US Dollars; ọ bụ oké ifufe kachasị ọnụ na nke kachasị emebi emebi na Bay of Bengal. <ref name="US Dollar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.xe.com/currency/usd-us-dollar|title=US Dollar|accessdate=2020-06-05|archivedate=2020-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522042815/https://www.xe.com/currency/usd-us-dollar}}</ref> 2021 Cyclone Tauktae gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 104, nke kachasị elu n'ime afọ iri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Explained: How does Tauktae compare with other cyclones in severity and damage?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-tauktae-compares-with-other-cyclones-in-severity-damage-7324998/|accessdate=2021-09-19|work=The Indian Express|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607112520/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-tauktae-compares-with-other-cyclones-in-severity-damage-7324998/}}</ref> == Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi == === Mmiri ozuzo === Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na India ekwuputala na okirikiri mmiri ga-adịwanye ike, na mmiri ozuzo dị elu kwa afọ yana oke ọkọchị n'afọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. A na-ebu amụma na mmụba nke pasent 20 nke mmiri ozuzo ga-eme n'ọtụtụ steeti. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237247341|title=Climate change, sustainable development and India: Global and national concerns|first=Jayant|author=Sathaye|date=30 November 2005|journal=Curr Sci|volume=90}}</ref>Mmụba 2 °C na nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa ga-eme ka mmiri ozuzo India bụrụ ihe a na-amaghị ama. &nbsp;Na 4 °C mmiri ozuzo nke ukwuu nke nwere ohere 1 n'ime 100 afọ ugbu a ga-eme n'ime afọ 10 ọ bụla site na 2100. &nbsp;Okpomọkụ kachasị elu na nke kachasị ala na mmiri ozuzo ga-abawanye karịsịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India.<ref name="wb_impacts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/india-climate-change-impacts|title=India: Climate Change Impacts|accessdate=2018-07-03|archivedate=2018-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133455/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/india-climate-change-impacts}}</ref>A na-atụ anya na afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ ga-abụ ndị kpọrọ nká na ndị mmiri na-ezo n'ihi Mgbanwe ihu igwe. === Osimiri na ice === A na-atụ anya na mmiri dị ọcha na India ga-ada n'okpuru 1000 cubic mita ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025 n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mmiri dị iche iche nke Kaveri, Penna, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapi, Luni na ole na ole ndị ọzọ adịlarị ụkọ mmiri. Krishna na Subarnarekha nwere ike ịghọ otú ahụ site na 2025. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị mmadụ, idei mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ntinye mmiri nnu na ikpughe na oké ifufe na-eme ka Ganga, Godavari, Krishna na Mahanadi osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri "ebe dị ọkụ" nke [[Adịghị ike mgbanwe ihu igwe|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]].Glaciers bụ isi iyi mmiri maka Osimiri Himalayan dị ka Ganga, Brahmaputra na Indus. 67% nke ice ndị Himalayan alaalayan n'ime afọ iri gara aga ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata na ọnụego na-arịwanye elu. O yikarịrị ka Ganga na Indus ga-abụ ụkọ mmiri ka ọ na-erule afọ 2025.<ref name="iwp_water_crisis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/news/india-will-be-hotspot-water-crisis-2025-un|title=India will be the hotspot of water crisis by 2025: UN|work=www.indiawaterportal.org|accessdate=2018-07-03|archivedate=2018-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133416/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/news/india-will-be-hotspot-water-crisis-2025-un}}</ref>Kemgbe afọ 1962, mpaghara ice n'ozuzu ya ejirila pasent 21 belata site na kilomita 2077 ruo kilomita 1628. &nbsp;²&nbsp;²Nke a ga-eme ka ụkọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka oge na-aga ma nwee ike itinye nchekwa nri na mmepụta ike n'ihe ize ndụ. == Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ == {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4n43gpq6nudibvcut0scoih84tlm9nr 0 32422 742534 698095 2026-11-03T08:12:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742534 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="0"></references> Ịma agụ na ide nke ndị na-amalite amalite bụ okwu a na-eji akọwa ihe ọmụma nwatakịrị nwere banyere ịgụ na ide tupu ha amụta otú e si agụ na ide okwu. <ref name="provolibrary1">{{Cite web|title=Emergent Literacy|url=http://www.provolibrary.com/emergent-literacy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405193056/http://www2.provolibrary.com/emergent-literacy|archivedate=2010-04-05|work=Provo City Library at Academy Square}}</ref>Ọ na-egosi nkwenye na, n'ebe enwere ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ụmụaka - ọbụna ndị nọ otu afọ na afọ abụọ - na-aga ịghọ ndị nwere mmụta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Learning Point Associates - Emergent Literacy|url=http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li1lk1.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000831010615/http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li1lk1.htm|archivedate=2000-08-31|work=Emergent Literacy|publisher=North Central Regional Educational Laboratory}}</ref>Site na nkwado nke ndị nne na nna, ndị na-elekọta, na ndị nkụzi, nwatakịrị nwere ike ime nke ọma site n'ịpụ na ndị ọgụgụ na-apụta apụta bàa na ndị mụtarala agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name="ncrel1">{{Cite web|title=Learning Point Associates - Critical Issue: Addressing the Literacy Needs of Emergent and Early Readers|url=http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li100.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817063554/http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li100.htm|archivedate=2000-08-17|work=Emergent Literacy|publisher=North Central Regional Educational Laboratory}}</ref> Ihe ndị bụ isi nke ịgụ na ide nke ndị na-apụta apụta gụnyere: * '''Ihe na-akpali ibipụta''' akwụkwọ: Ịnwe mmasị n'ịgụ nakwa ịnụ ụtọ akwụkwọ. * Vokabụarị: Ịmara aha ihe. * '''Mmetụta mbipụta''' Ịmata mbipụta, ịmara otu esi ejikwa akwụkwọ, na ịmara otu isi soro okwu na íbé * Amamihe ịkọ akụkọ: Ịbụ onye nwere ike ịkọwa ihe na ihe ndị emere eme nakwa ịkọ akụkọ. * '''Imara mkpụrụ edemede gasị''': Ịghọta na mkpụrụ edemede dị iche òtù na ibe ha, ịmara aha na ụda ha, na ịmata mkpụrụ edemede n'ebe niile. * Ịmara maka ụda: Ịbụ onye nwere ike ịnụ ma jiri obere ụda na okwu egwuri egwu.<ref name="provolibrary1"/> Ịma agụ na ide nke ndị na-apụta apụta dị oke mkpa na agụmakwụkwọ nwata n'ihe nke nyocha na-egosi na ụmụaka na-amụta nkà nke na-akwadebe ha ịma agụ ihe ọtụtụ afọ tupu ha amalite ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref name="provolibrary1"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Dị ka omenala si dị, ọha mmadụ atụlewo ịgụ na ide ihe n'echiche ha, ma na-ele ụmụaka anya dị ka ndị maara ihe banyere ịgụ na ide naanị mgbe ha nwere ike ịchọpụta okwu edere na-enweghị ihe ngosi inyeaka, nakwa ịsụpe okwu ndị okenye nwere ike ịgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Emergent Literacy|url=http://www.lcsc.edu/RE303/what_is_emergent_literacy.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026153623/http://www.lcsc.edu/re303/what_is_emergent_literacy.htm|archivedate=2004-10-26|work=Academics|publisher=Lews-Clark State College}}</ref> N'afọ 1966, onye na-eme nnyocha nke mba New Zealand bụ Marie Clay webatara echiche nke ịgụ ihe nke ndị na-apụta apụta, na-eji ya akọwa omume na echiche ndị mbụ nke ụmụaka na-eji eme ihe na-mmekọrịta ha na akwụkwọ ọbụna tupu ha enwee ike ịgụ ihe n'ezie. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clay|first=Marie|title=Reading: The Patterning of Complex Behaviour|year=1967|publisher=Heinemann Educational|location=Auckland, New Zealand}}</ref>Afọ 1970 ha na mmalite afọ 1980 ha hụrụ ọrụ nyocha mụbara amụba na mmepe asụsụ mbụ nke ụmụaka, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka, na nyochagharị nke echiche nke ịdị njikere ịgụ akwụkwọ. Ọrụ a mere ka Teale na Sulzby chịkọta akwụkwọ nke ndị na-eme nnyocha dị iche iche ama ama n'oge ahụ dere, nke na-atụ aro ịmegharị ihe na-eme site na ọmụmụ ruo n'oge ụmụaka na-agụ ma na-ede n'ụzọ omenala dị ka oge agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị na-apụta apụta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Teale|first=William H.|title=Emergent Literacy: Writing and Reading|year=1986|publisher=Ablex|location=Norwood, NJ}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ nnyocha emere agbasawo echiche ahụ, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na mmepe agụmakwụkwọ nwatakịrị na-amalite ogologo oge tupu edebanye ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke enwekwara ike inwogha site na mmekọrịta ha na ndị okenye, ikpughe nye ihe amụmakwụkwọ, na iji ọrụ mmụta na-etinye aka.<ref name="ncrel1"/>Ebe echiche nke ịdị njikere ịgụ ihe na-atụ aro na e nwere oge a kapịrị ọnụ mgbe ụmụaka dị njikere ịmụta ịgụ na ide, echiche Clay banyere ịgụ na ide nke ndị na-apụta apụta na-atụ aro na enwere ọganihu na mmepe agụm na odide nke ụmụaka n'etiti omume agụm na odide ndị mbụ na ndị gosipụtara ozugbo ụmụaka nwere ike ịgụ ihe n'onwe ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is emergent literacy?|url=http://www.ets.uidaho.edu/cdhd/emerlit/intro.htm|publisher=Idaho Center on Developmental Disabilities.|accessdate=18 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021003220059/http://www.ets.uidaho.edu/cdhd/emerlit/intro.htm|archivedate=3 October 2002}}</ref>Clay kwusiei ike mkpa ọ dị bụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ide na ịgụ ihe dị na mmepe agụmakwụkwọ na odide mbụ. Ruo mgbe ahụ, a kwenyere na ụmụaka ga-amụtarịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ tupu ha amụta ide ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Clay|first=Marie|title=What Did I Write?|year=1975|publisher=Heinemann Educational|location=Auckland, New Zealand}}</ref> Dịka ụdịdị agụm na odide nke ndị na-apụta apụta nke Whitehurst na Lonigan mere site na usoro sayensị ọgụgụ isi maka ịgụ ihe, enwere mpaghara mmepe abụọ a ma ama. <ref>Whitehurst, G.J., & Lonigan, C.J. (2001). Emergent literacy: Development from prereaders to readers. In S.B. Neuman & D.K. Dickinson (Eds.), ''Handbook of early literacy research'' (pp. 11-29). Guilford Press.</ref>Mpaghara ndị ahụ dị n'ime na n'èzí na nkà.Nkà n'ime gụnyere ịmara ụdaolu na ihe ọmụma mkpụrụedemede.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206"/>N'èzí na nkà gụnyere asụsụ na ihe ọmụma echiche.Nkà ndị a na-etolite n'oge dị iche iche site na ọmụmụ n'oge niile.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" />N'èzí na nkà na-ejikọta na gburugburu ebe obibi.Otú ọ dị, mmalite nke mgbe n'ime n'èzí nkà na-etolite adịghị edo anya. Ihe doro anya bụ na ntinye aka nke na-akụzi n'èzí na nkà na n'ime na-eme ka mmepe ịgụ na ide dịkwuo ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whitehurst|first=Graver J.|title=Child Development and Emergent Literacy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_1998-06_69_3/page/848|journal=Child Development|volume=69|issue=3|year=1998|issn=0009-3920|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06247.x|pages=848–872|pmid=9680688}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta ịgụ na ide nke ndị ka na- apụta apụta == === Ihe na-akpali ibipụta ihe === Akụkụ a metụtara mmasị nwatakịrị na ịnụ ụtọ ịgụ akwụkwọ. <ref name="provolibrary1"/>Nwatakịrị nwere mkpali ibipụta akwụkwọ nwere ike ịnụ ụtọ ịgụ akwụkwọ, iji akwụkwọ egwu egwu, ime ka ọ na-ede ihe, ma ịga n'ọbá akwụkwọ. <ref name="loudoun1">{{Cite web|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=67|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403044046/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=67|archivedate=2014-04-03|title=Print Motivation|work=Library.loudoun.gov|accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref>Ụmụaka ndị nwere mmasị n'akwụkwọ nwere ike ịchọ ịgụ akwụkwọ, na ịnọgide na-anwa, ọbụlagodi mgbe o siri ike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Print Motivation|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/28476215/Print-Motivation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521001712/http://www.scribd.com/doc/28476215/Print-Motivation|archivedate=2010-05-21|work=Scribd.com|accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref> === Okwu Mmejuru === Akụkụ "[[Okwu|okwu mmejuru]]" metụtara ịmara aha ihe gasị.<ref name="provolibrary1"/>Ụmụaka nwere okwu mmejuru bara ụba nwere nnukwu uru agụmakwụkwọ karịa ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na okwu mmejuru bụ ihe kachasị agba àmà maka nghọta ọgụgụ ihe na njedebe nke akara nke abụọ na nke atọ ma n'aka nke ọzọ ọ na-ejikọta ya na ihe ịga nke ọma agụmakwụkwọ n'ozuzu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shoot for the SSTaRS Strategy|url=http://www.hanen.org/Helpful-Info/Articles-%281%29/Shoot-for-the-SSTaRS-Strategy.aspx|work=The Hanen Centre}}</ref> === Imata maka mbipụta === Akụkụ a metụtara ịchọpụta mbipụta, ịmara otu esi ejikwa akwụkwọ, na ịmara otu esi eso okwu dị n'ibe. <ref name="provolibrary1"/>Ọ na-agụnye ịmara na a na-ahazi akwụkwọ site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri, a na-agụ okwu dị na ya site n'aka ekpe gaa n"aka nri na site n'elu ruo n'ala, na otu esi akọwa okwu site na mkpụrụedemede. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|title=Emergent Literacy: Concepts about Print|url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104163220/http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/1.html|archivedate=2007-11-04|work=George Mason University}}</ref>Nkà ndị a bara uru rinne maka mmepe agụm na odide akwụkwọ nke nwatakịrị n'ihi na ewepụ nkà ndị a, nwatakịrị ga-enwe nsogbu ịmụta otú e si agụ na ide.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> === Asụsụ A Na-asụ N'ọnụ === Enwere ike ime ka ịma agụ akwụkwọ nke ndị na-apụta apụta dị na ngalaba abụọ. Òtù ngalaba bụ ǹkà ndị gbasara iji ákàrà arụ orụ .Mmụta ụdaolu na ihe ọmụma mkpụrụedemede na-adị n'okpuru ụdị a. <ref name="Schwanenflugel">{{Cite book|author=Schwanenflugel|first=Paula J.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/925779955|title=The psychology of reading : theory and applications|isbn=978-1-4625-2355-9|oclc=925779955}}</ref>Nkà ndị a na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka ịkọwa okwu ma gụọ ha. Ụdị nke ọzọ dị mkpa bụ asụsụ na nkà okwu. Ebe nkà metụtara koodu na-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka ịgụ okwu, asụsụ ọnụ na nkà okwu dị mkpa iji nyere aka ịghọta ihe ederede a makwaara dị ka nghọta ịgụ ihe.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu na-agụnye nkà ndị dị ka: ịghọta na imepụta ahịrịokwu, nchịkọta okwu, na ikike ndị ọzọ adịmike nke ịge ntị.Nkà metụtara koodu ga-ewe naanị onye na-agụ ya ruo ugbu a.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Ozugboederede ahụ siri ike karị, okwu ọhụrụ, echiche na echiche ga-esiri ike ịghọta ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na a gụọ ya nke ọma.Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị nwere ike ịgụ okwu mana amaghị ihe ha pụtara, nghọta ga-ata ahụhụ n'ihi ya.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Iji nweta nghọta kachasị elu mgbe ọ na-agụ ihe, onye na-agụ ya ga-achọ inwe koodu siri ike na nkà asụsụ.    <ref name="Schwanenflugel" /><ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> E mere nnyocha iji chọpụta ógó mmetụta asụsụ na-ekwu n'ọnụ na nkà metụtara koodu na pre-k nwere na nghọta ọgụgụ afọ ise ka e mesịrị, na klas nke atọ.<ref name="Chiu 289–303" />Nke a bụ ọmụmụ ihe dị ogologo ebe a nwalere otu ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe ha nọ na pre-k na nke ọzọ ya dịka ndị nọ na klas nke atọ.A nwalere ụmụ akwụkwọ narị anọ na iri abụo na pre-k na otu ikpeazụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ dị narị atọ na ise na klaasị nke atọ. Ndị ọzọ hapụrụ ọmụmụ ihe ahụ n'ihi ihe dịgasị iche iche.Ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ, mgbe ha nọ na Pre-k, a na-etinye ha n'ime nnwale dịgasị iche iche nke na-anwale nkà asụsụ ndị a: okwu, mkparịtaụka na ụtọ asụsụ. A nwalekwara otu ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị a na nkà metụtara koodu: ihe ọmụma mkpụrụedemede na mbipụta na nhazi ụda. Dị ka ndị nọ na klas nke atọ, nkà ndị a nwalere gụnyere iji tụọ nghọta ịgụ ihe, nghọta ige ntị na nchọpụta okwu. A chọtara mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti nkà ndị a nwalere na Pre-K na otu o si emetụta nkà klaasị nke atọ. Enwere ike iji nkà ndị Pre-K a mee ihe dị ka ihe na-agba ama ikike nghọta ọgụgụ ihe n'ọdịnihu na klas nke atọ. <ref name="Chiu 289–303">{{Cite journal|author=Chiu|first=Y. D.|date=September 2018|title=The Simple View of Reading Across Development: Prediction of Grade 3 Reading Comprehension From Prekindergarten Skills|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741932518762055|journal=Remedial and Special Education|volume=39|issue=5|pages=289–303|doi=10.1177/0741932518762055|issn=0741-9325}}</ref>Otu nnyocha ahụ chọpụtakwara na nkà pre-k na asụsụ ọnụ na nkà metụtara koodu na-ejikọkarị ya. Ọ bụrụ na nwa akwụkwọ maara asụsụ ọnụ nke ọma, ha na-abụkarịkwa ndị siri ike na nkà metụtara koodu nakwa n'ọnọdụ nke ọzọ ma atụgharịa ya. Otú ọ dị, maka ndị nọ na klas nke atọ, nkà nke ige ntị nghọta na ịmata okwu enweghị otu njikọ ahụ.<ref name="Chiu 289–303" />Otu abụghị ezigbo onye na-agba ama nke ọzọ.  <ref name="Chiu 289–303" /> === Nkà ịkọ akụkọ === Nkà ịkọ akụkọ nke akọwapụtara dị ka: inwe ikike ịkọ akụkọ, ya na ịkọwa ihe na ihe omume. <ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" />A pụkwara ịkọwa ha dị ka inwe ikike iji ọnụ gosipụta usoro ihe omume gasị n'ụzọ dakọrọ adakọ dịka achọrọ iji mepụta ma ọ bụ kọọ akụkọ. <ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" />A na-akwado nkà ndị a site na mkparịta ụka na ndị okenye.N'oge a na-agụ ya n'olu dara ụda, a pụrụ ịkwado nkà ịkọ akụkọ nwatakịrị site na mkparịta ụka na mkparịtaụka banyere akwụkwọ ahụ. Nkà ndị a ga-enyere nwatakịrị aka ịghọta usoro akụkọ ma nwekwaa ike ịbawanye nghọta na ntinye aka nwatakịrị n'ọgụgụ ihe. <ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" /><ref name="Piasta 1479–1498">{{Cite journal|author=Piasta|first=Shayne B.|date=2018-04-19|title=Young children's narrative skill: concurrent and predictive associations with emergent literacy and early word reading skills|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9844-7|journal=Reading and Writing|volume=31|issue=7|pages=1479–1498|doi=10.1007/s11145-018-9844-7|issn=0922-4777}}</ref>E nweela ọmụmụ agwara ọgwa banyere otu esi ejikọta chikọta nkà ịkọ akụkọ nwatakịrị ya na nkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-apụta apụta dị ka nkà ịkọwapụta ihe ndị dị na koodu.Tụkwasị na nke a, ekwughị ihe akaebe banyere otu nkà ndị a si emetụta nkwalite ọgụgụ ihe n'oge nke ụmụaka.  <ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" /> N'ime nnyocha ogologo ihe karịrị afọ abụọ, a nwalere ụmụaka narị abụọ na iri anọ na atọ nọ n'agbata afọ atọ na afọ ise na ụma iji hụ ma enwere njikọ n'otu oge n'etiti ịkọ akụkọ, nkà na-apụta apụta na nke mbụ.<ref name="Piasta 1479–1498"/>Ule ndị a gụnyere: nkà ịkọ akụkọ, nkà na-anabata na nke na-ekwupụta asụsụ, ihe ọmụma mkpụrụedemede, echiche nke ibipụta, ọgụgụ okwu mbụ, mmata ụda olu, na akwụkwọ ozi ụda.A nwalere ha ọzọ ka afọ abụọ gasịrị na-atụle nkà ọgụgụ okwu mbụ ha. Nchọpụta ahụ kwubiri na enwere njikọ dị ịrịba ama na nke dị mma n'etiti nkà ịkọ akụkọ na nkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-apụta.Ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ eziokwu, nnyocha ahụ kwubiri na nkà mmụta na-apụta nwere njikọ siri ike na ibe ya karịa na nkà ịkọ akụkọ.<ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" /><ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" /> === Ịmata ụdaolu === Ịmata ụdaolu bụ akụkụ ọzọ nke ịmara ịgụ na ide ihe nke ndị na-apụta apụta.Ọ bụ ikike na nkà iji chịkwaa ụda n'okwu n'ejighị mbipụta.<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịchịkwa na ịchọpụta ụda na okwu ndị dị ka mkpụrụedemede, rhyme, na ụda dị iche iche n'otu n'otu gụnyere ịgwakọta ha ọnụ bụ nkà ịmara ụda. <ref name=":1" />Akụkụ a metụtara inwe ike ịnụ ma jiri obere ụda na okwu kpọọ egwu, nke a maara dị ka mmata fonem. <ref name="provolibrary1"/>Ụdị mmata phonological gụnyere: mmata phonemic, mmata syllable, mmata okwu, na mmata ahịrịokwu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Fouts|first=Lauren|title=Emergent Literacies: Phonological Awareness|url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104163225/http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/2.html|archivedate=4 November 2007|publisher=George Mason University|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref>Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ mepụta nkà ndị a mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ na okwu.Ọtụtụ nnyocha egosila na ụmụaka ndị maara nke ọma n'ịmụta ịgụ ihe ma nwee ike ịgụ okwu ọhụrụ enweela nghọta siri ike.Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị na-enwe nsogbu ịgụ ihe na-enwekarị nkà na-adịghị mma maka ịmara ụda olu.<ref name=":1" />Ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị nwere nkà ịmara ụdaolu siri ike, o yikarịrị ka ha ga-enwe nsogbu dị ala n'ịmụta ịgụ ihe karịa nwatakịrị na-enweghị.Mmata ụdaolu dị n'okpuru nchebe nke mmata ụdaolu.<ref name=":1" />Naanị ụdaume ma ọ bụ ụda nke ọ bụla na okwu ka a na-eji. Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ụda mkpụrụedemede /c/ /a/ ma ọ bụ digraph /ch/ /sh/ ma ọ bụrụ na trigraphs /tch/.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụedemede adịghị mkpa, ọ bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-emepụta naanị otu ụda.Amamihe dị na nke a gụnyere ịchọpụta, ịgwakọta na ịchịkwa ụdaume ndị a ma ọ bụ ụda nke ọ bụla. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" />A na-ekwu na ịmara ụdaolu bụ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ịmara ụda olu mgbe ị na-amụta ịgụ ihe.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> N'ihi mkpa ya, ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọtụrụ na ọkwa dị elu nwere mmemme mmata ụdaolu.Ntuziaka doro anya na nke doro anya nke ịmara ụdaolu bụ ụzọ kachasị dị irè maka ụmụaka ịmụta ihe.Nke a bụ mgbe onye nkuzi ga-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ nkà dị iche iche kpọmkwem ma jiri ya tụnyere itinye ha n'ime ntụziaka agụmakwụkwọ mana ọ bụghị izi ha ozugbo.<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịgụ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ rhyming dị ka (Hop on Pop) mana ọ bụrụ na anaghị akụziri ụmụaka kpọmkwem ihe rhyming bụ na otu esi eme rhyme, ha nwere ike ha gaghị ama otu esi eme ya. Otú ọ dị, itinye nkà ndị a n'ime ntụziaka ịgụ na ide n'elu ịkụziri ha n'ụzọ doro anya nwere ike ime ka nkà ndị a kụzirila sikwuo ike.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Ekwenyere na enwere ike ịkụziri ntụziaka ụda site na akụkụ ndị buru ibu nke okwu dịka rhyming na syllables na mbụ, na obere akụkụ dị ka phonemes n'otu n'otu wee dee ha.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> === Ihe E bipụtara na gburugburu ebe obibi === Mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ okwu na ederede anyị na-ahụ kwa ụbọchị.Ọ na-agụnye ụdị edemede niile e gosiri anyị.<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Ihe atụ gụnyere: akara ngosi na akwa eyi n'ahụ, akara nkwụsị, mgbasa ozi, akara, aha akara, wdg. Otu isi ihe dị na mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ na emere ya ka ọ dị mfe ma dọta mmasị ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />N'ihi nke a, ụmụaka nwere ike ijikọ mbipụta ndị ahụ ngwa ngwa ma mụta na mbipụta ahụ na-anọchite anya ihe.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /><ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Dịka ọmụmaatụ: Nwatakịrị nwere ike ịmata na arches ọla edo M nke McDonalds pụtara na e nwere nri dị ụtọ n'ebe ahụ.Mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ otu n'ime ebe mbụ ụmụaka na-esi amalite ịghọta na mbipụta ndị ahụ nwere ike inwe ihe ọ pụtara.A hụla ụmụaka ka ha na-emekọrịta ihe na mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ha dị afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />N'oge a, ha na-amalitekwa inwe ikike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbipụta a na nọmba na foto.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />N'ime ụdị dị iche iche nke mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi (ihe ịrịba ama obodo, akara na ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ, wdg) mbipụta ehiweere ụmụaka nwere ike ịbụ nke ụmụaka ga-ahụ ma mara ha, ọkachasị ndị na-aga akwụkwọ.Ihe odide a bụ aha ihe egwuregwu dị iche iche dị ka Barbie, lego na crayons.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />N'ihi ọtụtụ mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị, ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya anaghị emetụta ikpughe ma ọ bụ nghọta nwatakịrị.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> Mgbe nwatakịrị nwere ike ịmata akara ngosi na mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha na-ahụ ya, ha bụ onye na-agụ logographic.<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Ha enweghị ike ịgụ mbiputa ahụ n'ezie n'ihi na ha enweghị ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ nkà ịkọwapụta.Ụfọdụ kwenyere na mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ mmalite iji jikọta okwu na ihe ọ pụtara ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpali ịgụ.  <ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> Otú ọ dị, enweghi nkwubi okwu ọbụla na ihe ọmụma nwatakịrị banyere mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi ga-enwe mmetụta ọ bụla n'ịmụta ịgụ na ide ha mgbe e mesịrị. <ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ eziokwu, iji mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi na klas iji kwado mmụta ụmụ akwụkwọ egosila uru dị ukwuu karịa iji mbipụta nkịtị naanị na mpaghara nke ihe ọmụma mkpụrụedemede, ederede akwụkwọ ozi, na ọgụgụ akwụkwọ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye nkuzi nwere ike ime ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mụta mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche na akara KWỤSỊ wee mụọ ide ha.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> === Ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ edemede === Ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ akwụkwọ bụ akụkụ dị oké mkpa nke ịgụ na ide na-apụt apụta. Ọ na-agụnye ịmara, ịkpọ aha na ide mkpụrụedemede. Ọ bụ ihe ọmụma nke mkpụrụedemede niile (nke bụrụ ibu na nke di nta) ya na ụda ha.Akụkụ a metụtara nghọta na mkpụrụedemede dị iche, otu na ibe ya, na ịmata mkpụrụedemede n'ebe niile. <ref name="Schwanenflugel"/><ref name="provolibrary1"/>N'ozuzu, usoro ụmụaka si na-amụta ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ edemede bụ: mkpụrụedemede ndị dị elu, mkpụrụedemede dị ala mgbe gbanye na ụda mkpụrụedemede. <ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Otu mmalite ama ama maka ịmụta ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ịbụ abụ ABCs.Ọtụtụ ụmụaka nwere ike ịgụ mkpụrụ edemede mgbe ha dị afọ ise ma ọ bụ ihe a na-emekarị n'etiti ụmụaka.Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ịgụghachi ma ọ bụ ịbụ abụ ahụ apụtaghị na nwatakịrị nwere ike ịme njikọ mkpụrụedemede na ụda ya, ha nwere ike iburu abụ n'isi naanị <ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Enweghị data siri ike na recitation a ga-enyere nwatakịrị aka na ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ha ma ọ bụ bụrụ ihe na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgụ na ide.N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere njikọ n'etiti aha mkpụrụedemede, nke bụ ikike ịkpọ aha mkpụrụedemedo mgbe egosiri ya na mberede na n'onwe ya, na ikike nwatakịrị nwere ịgụ nke ọma na akara n'ọdịnihu.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Ụmụaka ndị maara ọ dịkarịa akaraedemede iri na ngwụcha ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe nsogbu ịgụ ihe mgbe e mesịrị.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /><ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> Mgbe nwatakịrị na-amụta ákàrà edemede ihe dị iche iche nwere ike imetụta otú ha si amụta ha n'ụzọ dị mfe.Mkpụrụ edemede ndị dị nnọọ iche dị ka /T/ dị mfe maka ụmụaka ịmụta, ma atụnyere ha na mkpụrụ edemede ndị yiri ibe ha dị ka b, d, q, na p. Ụmụaka nwekwara ike ịmara mkpụrụ edemede ndị a na-ejikarị ede ihe na ederede dị ka a, t, b karịa X,Q, Z .<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ ụmụaka na-amụta na-abụkarị ndị a na-ahụ n'aha ha nakwa na mmalite nke mkpụrụ edemede dịka ha ga-abụ ndị mbụ nne na nna ga-akụziri ụmụ ha.  <ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> Tinyere aha mkpụrụedemede, ụda mkpụrụedemede bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke nkà mkpụrụedemede.Ụmụaka ndị maarala aha mkpụrụedemede ha na-amụta ụda mkpụrụedemede ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe karị karịsịa mgbe mkpụrụedemede na-agbaso ụkpụrụ acrophonic.<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Nke a bụ mgbe aha akwụkwọ ozi na-amalite na ụda mkpụrụedemede. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụrụedemede /b/ na-amalite na ụda /b/.Ọ dị mkpa maka ụmụaka ijikọ mkpụrụedemede anya na ụda ya.Ịmara aha mkpụrụedemede na ụda na-egosi iji nyere ụmụaka aka ide akwụkwọ ozi ahụ.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Ikike nwatakịrị nwere ide aha ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi bụ ezigbo ihe na-egosi nkà ha na-apụta na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ.Ụmụaka nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ a ga-ama otú e si ede mkpụrụedemede ndị ọzọ, mara aha mkpụrụedemede na ụda ndị ọzọ ma nwee nghọta ụda olu ka mma.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> '''<big>Imeziwanye mmụta mkpụrụụedemede na klas</big>''' Ọ kachasị mma ịkụziri mkpụrụedemede site na iji usoro nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba.Nke a bụ ebe a na-akụzikọta aha mkpụrụedemede, ụda, njirimara, na odide ha ọnụ.<ref name="Schwanenflugel"/>Mgbe ị na-akụzi akwụkwọ ozi, itinye ọdịnaya na ederede ebe a hụrụ akwụkwọ ozi ga-aba uru.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" />Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na a kụziiri mkpụrụedemede /c/, ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ime ka mkpụrụedemede ahụ pụta ìhè n'abụ ma ọ bụ n'ụdị mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka akara Coca-Cola.Ọzọkwa, mgbe a na-amụta mkpụrụedemede ugboro ugboro ma na-ahụ ya ọtụtụ ugboro n'ime afọ, ọ na-enyere nwatakịrị aka n'icheta akaraedemede ndị ahụ.<ref name="Schwanenflugel" /> === Ịmụta Ígụ na Ide n'ebe obibi (HLE) === Ebe obibi agụmakwụkwọ (HLE) bụ agụmakwụkwọ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ụlọ.Nke a na-agụnye mmekọrịta dịgasị iche iche nke nne na nna na nwa metụtara ịgụ na ide.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206"/>Nnyocha achọpụtala na HLE bụ ihe na-atụ aka n'asụsụ na nkà mmụta ụmụaka.Nke a bụ eziokwu n'ebe asụsụ dị iche iche dị.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" />HLE bụ ngwakọta nke mmekọrịta metụtara koodu (nke a haziri ahazi) na mmekọrịta metụtara ihe ọ pụtara (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) n'etiti nne na nna na nwatakịrị.Usoro metụtara koodu na-ezo aka na nkuzi kpọmkwem nke nkà ịgụ na ide, ịgụ, mkpụrụ okwu na ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" />Ihe omume ndị metụtara ihe ọ pụtara na-ekpughe ụmụaka ka ha gụọ akwụkwọ ma ha anaghị akụzi ha ozugbo dịka ịgụ ihe n'olu dara ụda.Ihe omuma nke ịgụ na ide, ihe omume nke ịgụ na ịgụ, na ozi enyere site na ahụmịhe ịgụ na ide niile na-enye aka n'ịmepụta ịgụ na ide. <ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206">{{Cite journal|author=Çakıroğlu|first=Ahmet|date=2019-01-07|title=The Language Acquisition Approaches and the Development of Literacy Skills in Children|journal=Lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education|volume=11|issue=2|pages=201–206|doi=10.26822/iejee.2019248600|issn=1307-9298}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFÇakıroğlu2019">Çakıroğlu, Ahmet (2019-01-07). [[doi:10.26822/iejee.2019248600|"The Language Acquisition Approaches and the Development of Literacy Skills in Children"]]. ''Lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education''. '''11''' (2): 201–206. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.26822/iejee.2019248600|10.26822/iejee.2019248600]]</span>. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1307-9298|1307-9298]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150227623 150227623].</cite></ref>Ihe ndị e ji mara ịgụ na ide bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka mbipụta gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere mbipụta a hụrụ gburugburu ha: igbe ọka, kalenda, akara, wdg. Ihe omume ịgụ na ide na-eme bụ mmekọrịta nke nwatakịrị na-ele onye toro eto na-arụ ọrụ ịgụ na ide dị ka ịgụ n'olu dara ụda. <ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" />Mgbe ụmụaka na-etolite n'ebe ihe ndị a na-adị mgbe niile, ụmụaka ga-enwe nnukwu uru karịa ụmụ akwụkwọ na-adịghị.Ụmụaka ndị a nwere ike ịmalite ịmụ ihe ndị e dere ede n'oge ha dị obere. <ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" /><ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" />N'ime mmekọrịta ịgụ na ide, ịgụ akwụkwọ bụ otu n'ime omume kachasị mkpa na nke kachasị dị irè. <ref name="Piasta 1479–1498"/>Ịgụ akwụkwọ na-ejikọta ya na asụsụ ọnụ, ịmara ụdaolu, ịgụ, mkpụrụ okwu na IQ. <ref name="Piasta 1479–1498" />Dị ka anyị maara, nkà ịgụ na ide dị ka phonics, ịmara ụdaolu, ihe ọmụma mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, na ịmara okwu yana nkà ịgụ na ederede ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ụmụaka ịzụlite n'oge ha dị obere.Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche mgbe ị na-ahụ ụmụaka ka ha na-amụpụta ịgụ na ide na nkà ndị a nwere njikọ zuru oke na inweta asụsụ.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" />Iji mee ka ụmụaka, ụmụ ọhụrụ, na ụmụ ọhụrụ malite imeziwanye nkà ha, ha kwesịrị inweta asụsụ.Ịmụta asụsụ bụ usoro na-amalite site na ọmụmụ na n'ịhụnanya ịgụ na ide n'ụlọ.<ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" /><ref name="Çakıroğlu 201–206" /> == Ihe mmụta na ihe omume dị iche iche == Ihe mmụta ịgụ na ide na-apụta apụta nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'otu nkà ịgụ na ide ma ọ bụ jikọta ọtụtụ n'ime ha. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke egwuregwu na ihe omume nke ịgụ na ide ndị na-apụta apụta nke na-elekwasị anya n'otu n'otu na nkà ịgụ na ide na-apụta apụta. Iwulite mmejuru okwu Ịhazi egwuregwu nwere ike inyere ụmụaka aka iwulite nkà okwu site n'ịjụ ha ka ha mata njirimara nkọwa nke ihe ndị a na-ahazi. Special Connections, bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Kansas nyere, na-atụ aro egwuregwu nhazi akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke gụnyere na nwatakịrị ọ bụla ga-eyipụ otu akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya. Ụmụaka na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji hazie akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị ahụ site na njirimara dị iche iche, si otú a na-ewulite okwu mmejuru metụtara ụ̀chá, ụdị nkedo (buckle, velcro), ụdị akpụkpọ ụkwụ (sandal, akpụkpọ ụkwụ mmega ahụ), wdg. Ọrụ a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka legos na pasta. Ọrụ a nke zuru ezu dị n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emergent Reader Vocabulary|url=http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/specconn/main.php?cat=instruction&section=main&subsection=ra/shoe|accessdate=April 17, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903012942/http://www.specialconnections.ku.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/specconn/main.php?cat=instruction&section=main&subsection=ra%2Fshoe|archivedate=September 3, 2006}}</ref>Ụlọ ọrụ Hanen na-akọwa usoro ọzọ maka ịkụzi okwu mmejuru iji kwalite ịgụ na ide.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Weitzman|first=Elaine|title=Shoot for the SSTaRS: A Strategy for Teaching Vocabulary to Promote Emergent Literacy|url=http://www.hanen.org/Helpful-Info/Articles-%281%29/Shoot-for-the-SSTaRS-Strategy.aspx|publisher=The Hanen Centre|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> Ịmata akaraedemede Egwuregwu Ịmata akaraedemede na-enyere ụmụaka aka ịmụta mkpụrụedemede ndị enwere.N'otu egwuregwu dị mfe, onye nkuzi na-ede mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla na akwụkwọ ozi dị iche ma nyefee ha ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ ga-ahazizi onwe ha n'usoro mkpuru edemede. A Na-enye gwuregwu a site na Special Connections, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Kansas nyere, ma dị n'ịntanetị. '''Ịmata ụdaolu''' Otu ụdị egwuregwu ịmara ụdaolu na-agụnye ndakọrịta ụda, nke na-enyere ụmụaka aka ịchọpụta ụda yiri onwe ha n'okwu. N'otu egwuregwu ndakọrịta ụda, onye nkuzi nwere ike igosi okwu atọ dị iche iche dị n'ụdị "mgbochiume-udaume-mgbochiume" ma jụọ ụmụaka okwu na-adịghị adaba. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwamba, osisi, na nkịta. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phonologicalawareness.org/4.html|title=Phonological Awareness|publisher=Phonologicalawareness.org|accessdate=2015-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002253/http://phonologicalawareness.org/4.html|archivedate=2012-06-15}}</ref>Ọrụ zuru ezu na ihe omume ndakọrịta ụda ndị ọzọ yiri ya dị n'ịntanetị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://phonologicalawareness.org/4.html|title=Phonological Awareness|publisher=Phonological Awareness|accessdate=2015-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615002253/http://phonologicalawareness.org/4.html|archivedate=2012-06-15}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere: abụ na ûkwé; egwuregwu okwu, egwuregwu, ndakọrịta ụda na gwa m gwa m gwa m; akwụkwọ akụkọ gasị, uri, ndakọrịta ụda maka ndị ọtaakara, Dr. Seuss; Akụkọ ọnụ; ịkụ aka, ịwụli elu, ịchịkwa mkpụrụedemede, blọk.Ihe niile kwesịrị ịbụ ihe na-atọ ọchị, na-akpali akpali, na- akwali mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke akpachapụrụ anya na-eme, akpali ọchịchọ imatakwu ihe, ma na-agba ume ịnwale asụsụ na mmemme asụsụ zuru oke na ịgụ na ide.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fouts|first=Lauren|title=Emergent Literacy Phonological Awareness|url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/2.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104163225/http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/2.html|archivedate=4 November 2007|publisher=George Mason University|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> Mkpali maka ihe ndị ebipụtara ebipụta Ebe ọ bu na mkpali maka ihe ebipụtara ebipụta gụnyere mmasị n'ịgụ na n'ịnụ ụtọ akwụkwọ nke nwatakịrị, enwere ụdịrị ihe omume dị iche iche nke nne na nna na ndị nkụzi nwere ike ikere maọbu igosi ụmụ ha iji kwalite mkpali maka ihe ndị ebipụtara ebipụta. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere: harị nke obibi akwụkwọ na-agụnye mmasị nwatakịrị na ịnụ ụtọ akwụkwọ, enwere ọrụ dịgasị iche iche ndị nne na nna na ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịkọrọ ụmụaka iji nyere aka kwalite mkpali obibi akwụkwọ. Ihe atụ gụnyere: * Gụọ ihe ọtụtụ ugboro ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ * Gụkọọ ihe ọnụ mgbe okenye na nwatakịrị nọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma, ka ahụmahụ dị na ya nwee ike dị mma. * Gbanwee olu gị mgbe ị na-agụ n'olu dara ụda * Debe akwụkwọ ebe ụmụaka nwere ike ịnweta ha mfe mfe * Kwụsị ịgụ ihe mgbe ike gwụrụ nwatakịrị ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ kwụsịrị inwe mmasị Ntuziaka maka mkpali maka ihe ndị ebipụtara ebipụta nke sitere na Loudon County Public Library.<ref name="loudoun1"/> '''Ịma maka mbipụta''' Ịa m ma maka mbipụta bụ nghọta nke nwatakịrị banyere akụkụ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na òtù akwụkwọ si arụ orụ bipụta bụ nghọta nwatakịrị banyere aknke akwụdị ichegụnyere a niche kwọ na otu akwụkwọ si arụ ọrụ. Ọbá akwụkwọ steeti nke [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] na-atụ aro ọrụ nke nwatakịrị na onye oksị na-ekerịta akụkụ nke akwụkwọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye nkuzi ma ọ bnụị d nne na nna nwere ike ya, nwa yk; aịrị ka ọ kọwaa akụkụ dị icótù he ichótù mkpụrụedemedewọ ahmkpuchi azụ yadị n'ime ya, dị ka ihu ihu; aha; ahịrị mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ; okwu; akwụkwọ ozi; na igi na hu azụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.lib.la.us/empowerlibrary/Print%20Awareness%20Activities.pdf|title=Print Awareness Activities|publisher=State.lib.la.us|accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref>Mahadum George Mason na-atụ aro ọụ ezinụldi nwéré ndị ọzọ. Ndị a gụnyere: Mee ka ụmụ gị dee akwụkwọ. Ị nwere ike ịgụnye foto ndị a ma ama na akara n'okpuru foto ọ bụlndị ahụ a, ma ọ bụ ụmụaka nwere ike igosi akwụkwọ ahụ n'onwe ha. Ndị nne na nna nwere ike idndétu iheworiri dịnụ u ka ụmụha aka nndị ahụ a-ekwu akụkọ ahụ. Ma ọ bụ, mgbe ị na-aga ụlọ oriri ya na ọṅụṅụ, gosi ụmụ parntaụka. gosi okwu ka ị na-agụ ha. Ka ha họrọ ihe ha chọrọ iri ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ahụmahụ mmekọrịta. Nke a ga-enyere ụmụaka aka ịghọta etu mbipụta si ejikọta na ndụ n'ezie. Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ịntanetị.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iantosca|first=Elena|title=Emergent Literacy Concepts About Print|url=http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104163220/http://mason.gmu.edu/~cwallac7/TAP/TEST/literacy/1.html|archivedate=4 November 2007|publisher=George Mason University|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> '''Nkà ịkọ akụkọ''' Ụmụaka nwere ike iwuli nkà ịkọ akụkọ site n'ịkọwa ihe mere ya, ọbụnadị ihe dị mfe dị ka ịsa ahụ. Ndị nne na nna na ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịkwalite nkà ịkọ akụkọ site n'ịkpali ụmụaka maka nkọwakwu ihe. Ihe omume ndị ọzọ iji kwalite nkà ịkọ akụkọ na ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụ ka gawara ije ọhụrụ dị na Loudon County Library.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=69|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709163509/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=69|archivedate=2012-07-09|title=Narrative Skills|work=Library.loudoun.gov|accessdate=2015-04-24}}</ref> == Ihe Nlereanya nke Ịma Ịgụ na Ide == A na-egosi ọtụtụ ụmụaka nkà ịgụ na ide site na nlele na ime ihe nlereanya site n'aka ndị gbara ha gburugburu. Ndị nkuzi, ndị nne na nna, na ọbụna ụmụnne ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'inwe mmetụta n'ịmepụta mmepe agụm na odide Ndị nne na nna nwere ike imetụta nkà mmụta na-apụta apụta site na egwuregwu na-abụghị nke edere n'akwụkwọ. N'izo aka na mmụta ihe, nkọwa nke egwuregwu bụ ọrụ nwatakịrị na-ahọrọ ime n'enweghị nrụgide si na mpụga. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Mary|date=2003-10-01|title=Literacy through play: how families with able children support their literacy development|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0300443032000088276|journal=Early Child Development and Care|volume=173|issue=5|pages=527–533|doi=10.1080/0300443032000088276|issn=0300-4430}}</ref>Ihe atụ ụfọdụ gụnyere: egwuregwu ụgbọ ala, abụ, na ịkọ akụkọ. <ref name=":0" />Ndị nne na nna nwere ike ịbụ ndị nduzi ebe ọ bụa na ha nwere ike ịma usoro echiche nwa ha aka n'ụzọ nwere ike ịmegharị echiche ha. Ụmụaka chọrọ enyemaka iji wughachi atụmatụ ma mụta otu esi ajụ ajụjụ. <ref name=":0" />Dịka ọmụmaatụ, itinye aka ga-adị n'ụdị ndị nne na nna ịjụ nwa ha ajụjụ ma ọ bụ na-akọwa ụzọ ha si eche echiche. Ime nke a ga-agba nwatakịrị ume iche echiche n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na nwata. <ref name=":0" />Nke a nwere ike ịda ka: * "Ọ bụrụ na ejiri R dochie C na nwamba, ọ ga-agbanwe okwu ahụ?" * "Ọ bụrụ na m wepụ okwute marble abụọ n'ime akpa ahụ, ole ka fọdụrụ?" * "Nke ahụ abụghị nkịta, ọ bụ nwamba" (nwatakịrị nwere ike iche na anụmanụ niile nwere ajị ahụ bụ nkịta, mgbazi ga-emepụta usoro ọhụrụ) Ọbụna na n'ọnọdụ klas, ndị nkuzi nwere ike ịkụziri nkà ịgụ na ide n'ụzọ nkịtị. N'ime nnyocha Laura Klenk mere n'afọ 2001, ọ hụtara ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara abụọ chọrọ ịchọpụta otú ụmụaka si amụta site na nchọpụta n'ọnọdụ egwuregwu karịa gburugburu na-arụgide dị ka ule a haziri ahazi, ebe ọ na-emepụtakwa oghere ọrụ nke na-egosipụta ọdịiche dị iche iche na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Klenk|first=Laura|date=2001-03-01|title=Playing with Literacy in Preschool Classrooms|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2001.10522150|journal=Childhood Education|volume=77|issue=3|pages=150–157|doi=10.1080/00094056.2001.10522150|issn=0009-4056}}</ref>Ndị nkuzi abụọ ahụ ghọọrọ ihe nlereanya nke ịma ịgụ na ide nke kpaliri ndị nne na nna iṅomi mmụta eji ịkpa-ọchị eweta n'ụlọ. Ụfọdụ ihe omume ndị nkuzi tụrụ aro gụnyere: oge n'efu nke na-abawanye ojiji nke ngwá ọrụ ederede, na-emegharị akụkọ sitere na akwụkwọ ha gụrụ dị ka klas iji dekọọ nghọta ịgụ ihe, na ime ihe efu (ime ndepụta nri, na-arụ ọrụ ọfịs, ịbịanye aka). <ref name=":5" />Ndị nkuzi nwekwara ohere ịmanye njikọta ọdịbendị site na egwu, ihe ịchọ mma, na akwụkwọ dị iche iche. Site na nnọchiteanya a, mkpali ụmụ akwụkwọ ịmụ ihe na-abawanye. Inwe ụmụnne nwere ike ịkwalite ịgụ na ide nke ndị na-apụta apụta, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụnne ndị obere ga-achọ iṅomi ụmụnne ha ndị okenye. Ụmụnne ndị okenye kwa ga-enwe ọnụnụ-ọkụ ịkụziri ụmụnne ha ndị obere, nke na-abawanye nkà nghọta mmụta. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Gregory|first=Eve|date=December 2001|title=Sisters and Brothers as Language and Literacy Teachers: Synergy between Siblings Playing and Working Together|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14687984010013004|journal=Journal of Early Childhood Literacy|language=en|volume=1|issue=3|pages=301–322|doi=10.1177/14687984010013004|issn=1468-7984}}</ref>Nke a nwere ike ịnwe ọdịdị n'ịkọ akụkọ na ịgụ akwụkwọ n'etiti nwanne nke okenye na nwanne nke nta. <ref name=":12" />Nwanne nke okenye nwere ike ịgụgara nwanne ya nke obere, ebe nwanne nke nta ga na-ege ntị ma na-azaghachi akụkọ ahụ. N'ọnọdụ a, nwanne nke okenye na-amụta otu esi aghọta ederede ma zie ya n'ụzọ ndị na-ege ha ntị ga-aghọta ebe nwanne nke obere nwere ike iji ajụjụ na-azaghachị ma ọ bụ na-ghọta okwu ahụ n'asụsụ. Ụmụnne na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nlereanya ịgụ na ide bara uru n'ihi na ọ pụtara na otu nwanne na-eme ka ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ sie ike ebe nwanne nke ọzọ na-amụta ma na-akọwapụtagharị ihe a na-egosi.<ref name=":12" /> == Ọmụma Ịgụ na Ide Asụsụ Abụọ nke ndị na-apụta apụta <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Flores|first=Nelson|date=September 2014|title=Dynamic Bilingualism as the Norm: Envisioning a Heteroglossic Approach to Standards-Based Reform|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tesq.182|journal=TESOL Quarterly|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=454–479|doi=10.1002/tesq.182}}</ref> == Okwu ọhụrụ a a na-akpọ ịmara asụsụ abụo dị n'ụdị na-ezo aka n'omume nke mmekọrịta asụsụ dị iche iche nke na-eme kwa ụbọchị na ọdịbendị. <ref name=":2"/>Ọ bụ otu ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche si emepụta ihe na usoro nkwurịta okwu. N'ịgụ na ide, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ìgwè ndị a, ndị na-adịghị asụ otu asụsụ na Bekee, iwepụ ha ma ịhapụ ha n'enweghị nkwado. Ọmụma ịgụ na ide asụsụ abụọ nke ndị na-apụta apụta na-aghọ nsogbu ịgụ na ide mgbe a na-anaghị enye ìgwè ndị a na-akpapụ n'ókè otu ohere ahụ dị ka ndị na-amụ naanị [[asụsụ Bekee]] na agụmakwụkwọ. <ref name=":2" />Enwere mkpa maka mgwakọrịta na klas, ọkachasị ebe ọ bụ na ịgụ na ide na inweta agụmakwụkwọ siiri ike ịnweta nye ndị a na-akpapụ n'ókè n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ebumnuche abụghị naanị ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ Bekee, ọ bụ ịgba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume iji nkà asụsụ ha nakwa ịzụlite njirimara ịsụ asụsụ abụọ ha. <ref name=":2" />Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike iji ịma asụ asụsụ abụọ ha n'ịgụ na ide dị ka ike ha iji dọta ìgwè dị iche iche n'ime otu ndị na-ege ha ntị, ya na ímé nnyocha site n'iji ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche sitere na ọdịbendị dị iche iche. <ref name=":2" />Usoro agụmakwụkwọ nke na-akwado asụsụ a haziri ahazi, asụsụ nwèrè ótụ mbụrụ anaghị agụnye ụmụ akwụkwọ n'asụ asụsụ abụọ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, nke a nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na njirimara ndị a ga-echefunwu.<ref name=":2" /> [[Usòrò:Fairy_Tales_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg|thumb|Onye nlekọta na-agụ ihe nye ụmụaka]] == Ịma Ịgụ na Ide Ihe Na-apụta Apụta Nke Ụmụaka<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Karrass|first=Jan|date=2005-03-01|title=Effects of shared parent–infant book reading on early language acquisition|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0193397304001418|journal=Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=133–148|doi=10.1016/j.appdev.2004.12.003|issn=0193-3973}}</ref> == Ịgụ na ide nke ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịmalite site na mgbe a na-egosi ụmụaka amụrụ ọhụrụ akwụkwọ na ụda. Ndị nne na nna na-agụrụ ụmụ ha akwụkwọ ugboro ugboro ma na-akọrọ ha akụkọ na-enye aka n'ịzụlite ikike nwa ha nwere ijikọta ihe ngosi na ụda. <ref name=":6"/>Njikọ dị n'etiti akwụkwọ ndị e mere maka ụmụ ọhụrụ, nke na-enwekarị ihe osise karịa okwu, na-enye ụmụ ọhụrụ ohere ịmalite ịgbasa okwu ha n'iji ụda nke ha na-ejikọta ma malite ikwughachi ha ma mụta ha. Nwatakịrị nwere ike ịmalite ikwughachi ahịrịokwu a gụụrụ ha ma ọ bụ ụda eji akọwa ihe oyiyi n'akwụkwọ ndị a na-agụ. <ref name=":6" />Ụmụaka na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị otú ahụ ebe ha nwere ike ịnụ ụda na okwu dị iche iche na-enye ha ohere ịmụta ma zụlite okwu ha karịa 'okwu nwa'. <ref name=":6" />Mkpughe na ime ihe ngosi n'uche nwa ọhụrụ na-enyekwa ohere maka ịmata ihe dị iche iche kwa ụbọchị, ụdị, foto, na ọdịnaya egosiri ha n'ihi asụsụ na ngosipụta anya ndị a. [[Usòrò:Itsy_Bitsy_Spider_(Abby_the_Pup).jpg|thumb|'Itsy Bitsy Spider' - abụ etinye na akụkọ]] == Egwú n'ịma agụ na Ide nke Ụmụaka <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Hooper|first=Alison|date=January 2023|title=Sing and Play Your Way to Reading: Building Emergent Literacy Skills in Infants and Toddlers Through Music|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/trtr.2167|journal=The Reading Teacher|language=en|volume=76|issue=4|pages=451–458|doi=10.1002/trtr.2167|issn=0034-0561}}</ref> == Ịma ịgụ na ide ihe nke ndị na-apụta apụta n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka ga-adabere na ụda na mmata karịa ịgụ na ide ihe, dị ka okwu na usoro ha anaghị emepe n'ụzọ zuru ezu site n'aka ndị ọgbọ abụọ ahụ. <ref name=":7"/>Mgbakwunye nke egwu na abụ n'ime akụkọ nwa ọhụrụ / nwatakịrị na-enye ohere maka nkà asụsụ nke ha ịbawabyekwu site n'inwe ike ịmata ma zaghachi abụ ndị na-elekọta ha na-agụrụ ha. Mgbe a na-ejikọta abụ na ịmata akwụkwọ, njirimara nke abụ a ga-enye nwa ọhụrụ / nwata ohere ịmata akwụkwọ ahụ kpọmkwem site na ihe ha na-anụ. <ref name=":7" />Ha nwere ike ikwughachi ahịrịokwu n'abụ na-egosi nghọta ha banyere ihe a na-abụ site na akwụkwọ ahụ nye ha. Iji egwu na-enye ohere maka ebe mmụta mmekọrịta ebe ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka nwere ike ijikọta abụ na egwu ndị a na akụkọ ụmụaka kwa ụbọchị iji wulite okwu ha na nghọta nke ọrụ kwa ụbọchị.<ref name=":7" /> == Ịma agụ na Ide Ihe karịrị otu na-apụta apụta nke Ndị toro Ntorobịa<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Pettitt|first=Nicole|date=2021-03-01|title=Adult L2 writers with emergent literacy: Writing development and pedagogical considerations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1060374321000126|journal=Journal of Second Language Writing|language=en|volume=51|pages=100800|doi=10.1016/j.jslw.2021.100800|issn=1060-3743}}</ref> == Ịmata ahuihe ndị na-apụta apụta anaghị eme naanị n'ụmụaka. Ọ nwere ike ime n'oge okenye, ọ bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ asụsụ nke abụọ, nke a na-akpọkwa ndị edemede L2. Ọtụtụ ndị edemede L2 enweghị nkà ụfọdụ ịgụ na ide n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro ma ọ bụ n'ihi agha, omenala ọdịbendị, ọkwá ọha na eze, ma ọ bụ esemokwu obodo. <ref name=":3"/>Ụdị ịgụ na ide dị iche iche siri ike ịzụlite n'oge okenye, dị ka ịgụ na ide. <ref name=":3" />Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị okenye na-amụ ihe ga-amụta ma grapheme-phoneme correspondences yana akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dum n'asụsụ ọhụrụ. <ref name=":3" />Ndị toro eto nwere nghọta dị elu, mana ọ na-esikwa ndị nkuzi ike ime ihe ntụziaka. <ref name=":3" />Ihe mgbochi ndị nkuzi L2 na-ahụ n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ha bụ enweghị ike ịgbanwe site na ọrụ klas ma tinye nkà ndị ahụ n'ime ederede onwe onye. <ref name=":3" />Nnyocha nke ndị edemede L2 na ahụmịhe ha na-emepụta ajụjụ na-emegiderịta onwe ya: olee otu anyị si eme nchọpụta nke ìgwè ndị a? <ref name=":3" />Mana okwu a na-ekwu maka ya na-eweta nlebara anya na nyocha dị mkpa nke na-agba ume ịdị iche iche na itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye.<ref name=":3" /> == Ịgụ na Ide Ihe Na-apụta Apụta n'Ụmụ Akwụkwọ Na-adịghị Amụ == E mere nnyocha nkọwa iji nyochaa nkà mmụta na-apụta n'ime ụmụaka na-asụ Spanish nwere nsogbu asụsụ mmepe (DLD). <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Pratt|first=Amy S.|date=2020-12-14|title=Emergent Literacy in Spanish-Speaking Children With Developmental Language Disorder: Preliminary Findings of Delays in Comprehension- and Code-Related Skills|url=http://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00239|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|language=en|volume=63|issue=12|pages=4193–4207|doi=10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00239|pmid=33259739|issn=1092-4388}}</ref>A na-akọwa Nsogbu Asụsụ Ọganihu site na enweghị ike ma ọ bụ ịlụ ọgụ na nkà nghọta asụsụ nke na-emetụtaghị ihe ndị dị ka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, autism, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ ụbụrụ. <ref name=":4" />E jiri ya tụnyere ìgwè ụmụaka na-emepe emepe, nkà ịgụ na ide metụtara koodu adịghị ike n'etiti ndị nọ n'òtù DLD. <ref name=":4" />Nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ a na-atụ aro na enwere ahụmịhe zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ndị nwere nsogbu mmepe na mmepe ọgụgụ, n'agbanyeghị asụsụ ha na-asụ. <ref name=":4" />Ndị nwere DLD na-enwekarị nsogbu na mmepụta okwu ọnụ yana asụsụ edere ede. <ref name=":4" />A chọrọ nyocha ọzọ nke asụsụ iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọgụ n'oge na-adịghị anya na-ezo aka na nkwarụ ịgụ ihe n'oge okenye, mana nyocha ahụ na-egosi nnọchiteanya na nyocha maka ụmụaka ndị a na-adịghị ele anya dị ka "ndị a na-ahụkarị" ma na-egosi na ịgụ na ide na-apụta na-adị iche na nwatakịrị ọ bụla.<ref name=":4" /> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Ụmụaka * Ịma ịgụ na ide * Ịgụ (usoro) == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cjxg568w8wdxhboikvivydwbipqyeyi 0 32433 742640 736958 2026-11-03T08:54:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:להקת דיסלקציה.jpg|thumb|Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị]] . <ref name="Lancet2012">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=Robin L.|title=Developmental dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_may-26-june-1-2012_379_9830/page/1997|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|date=May 2012|pmid=22513218|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60198-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sexton|first=Chris C.|date=November 2012|title=The Co-occurrence of Reading Disorder and ADHD: Epidemiology, Treatment, Psychosocial Impact, and Economic Burden|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-learning-disabilities_november-december-2012_45_6/page/538|journal=Journal of Learning Disabilities|volume=45|issue=6|pages=538–564|doi=10.1177/0022219411407772|pmid=21757683}}</ref>Dyslexia, nke a na-akpọbu okwu ịsị, bụ nhọrọ ('ịmụ ihe siri ike' na UK [1] ) nke na-emetụta ma ọ bụ ịgụ ma ọ bụ ide ihe.  [2] [3] Ndị dị iche iche na-emetụta ogo dị iche iche.  [4] Nsogbu nwere ike ike ihe isi ike n'ịssụpe okwu, ịgụ ngwa, ide okwu, "ịkpọpụta" okwu n'isi, ihe okwu mgbe ị na-agụpụta ihe na-agụ ihe na- labarin.  [4] [5] Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ahụta ihe isi ike ndị a n'ibu akwụkwọ.  [6] Ihe isi ike ndị a bụ nke a na-ama ụma, ndị nwere nsogbu a na-enwekwa ozi ozi.  [4] Ndị nwere dyslexia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nlebara anya dị elu nke nsogbu hyperactivity hyperactivity (ADHD), nsogbu, na ihe isi ike na ọnụọgụgụ . <ref name="Lancet2012" />Ekwenyere na ọ bụ ndị nke mmetụta ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi osisi dyslexia.  [1] ụfọdụ ikpe na-agba na mpaghara.  [2] Dyslexia nke na-etolite n'ihi nkọwa ahụ nke ọma, ọrịa strok, ma ọ bụ dementia mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "dyslexia enwetara" [3] ma ọ bụ alexia .  [2] Usoro akpata dyslexia na-esite na ndịiche dị na aha nna nke ezi.  [2] Ebe nchekwa dyslexia n'ọtụtụ ule nke ebe nchekwa, nchekwa, mkpoputa, na nkatọ.  [4] Dyslexia dị iche na ihe isi ike nke nsogbu ntĩ ma ọ bụ na-akpata ma ọ bụ site na nkuzi zuru oke ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|title=The Advantages of Dyslexia|date=August 2014|accessdate=10 August 2016|work=ScientificAmerican.com|publisher=Scientific American|author=Mathew|first=Schneps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804232616/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-advantages-of-dyslexia/|archivedate=4 August 2016}}</ref>Ọgwụgwọ egwu egwu ụzọ nkuzi iji gboo mkpa onye ahụ.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-ahụta nsogbu dị n'okpuru, ọ nwere ike ibelata ogo ma ọ bụ m nkerị.  [2] Ọgwụgwọ ezubere maka ịrụ ọrụ.  [3] Dyslexia bụ ọrụ a na-ama ma na-eme n'ụdị niile nke ụwa.  [4] Ọ na-emetụta 3-7% nke ndị mmadụ;  [5] [6] Otú ọ dị, ihe ruru 20% nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu nwere ike inwe ụfọdụ akara ike.  [7] Ọ bụ ebe na a na-karị dyslexia n'ime ụmụ nwoke, nke a na-achọta nke ọma site na nhụsianya na- emeju onwe ya n'etiti ndị nkuzi na ndị na-eso.  [5].  [4] ụfọdụ ọrịa na a na-ewere dyslexia dị ka ụzọ dị iche, na-enwe ma uru ma ọ dị njọ.   == Nhazi == <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Coslett HB|title=Acquired dyslexia|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_seminars-in-neurology_2000_20_4/page/419|journal=Semin Neurol|volume=20|issue=4|pages=419–26|year=2000|pmid=11149697|doi=10.1055/s-2000-13174}}</ref>Dyslexia na-ekewa n'ime ụdị na nke enwetara.  [1] Dyslexia enwetara na-esote mkparị akwa akwa ozi, dị ka akara ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa strok .  Ndị nwere ike dyslexia na- nọmba ụfọdụ akara ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche nke ike, mana ụzọ ntule dị iche iche na ụzọ ụzọ.  [2] Alexia dị ọcha, nke a asụsụ dị ka agnosic alexia ma ọ bụ okwu kpuru ìsì dị ọcha, bụ otu ụdị alexia nke mebere "otu dyslexia peripheral". == Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà == . <ref name="Handler2011"/>N'oge nwata, ihe dị iche na-azụ ya na ike nke dyslexia emechara eme okwu okwu n'egbughị oge na ihe mmata ụkwụ .  [1] Akụkọ ifo a na-ama na-akpata dyslexia na ide enyo na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi ma ọ bụ okwu azụ.  [2] A na-ahụhụ ndị a n'ebe nseka ka ha na- ịgụ na ide, na-ewere ya dị ka ike nke dyslexia. . <ref name="PeerReid2014">{{Cite book|author=Peer|first=Lindsay|title=Multilingualism, Literacy and Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-aoABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-60899-5}}</ref>Aha ndị n'iche nwere akwụkwọ nwere dyslexia ike ike ike ihe isi ike n'ịchọpụta ma ọ bụ ike okwu ndị na-ada, ma ọ bụ na-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nkeokwu n'okwu-ha abụọ dabere na mmata mgbalị.  [1] Ha mmetụta ike igosi ihe isi ike n'ịkewa okwu n'ime ụkwụ onye mgba ( , ike pụta ihie atọ nke k, a, na t na pusi ) ma ọ bụ enwe ike ịgbakọta ịgwakọta, na-egosi mbelata mmetụta.  atụ <ref name="Handler2011">{{Cite journal|author=Handler|first=SM|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818–56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHandlerFiersonSection_onCouncil_on_Children_with2011">Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision". ''Pediatrics''. '''127''' (3): e818–56. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3670|10.1542/peds.2010-3670]]. [[PMID (ihe nchọpụta)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21357342 21357342]. [[S2CID (ihe nchọpụta)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11454203 11454203].</cite></ref>Ihe isi ike na iweghachi okwu ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpata ya na dyslexia.  [1] : 647 Ndị na-arrịa ọrịa dyslexia na- ndị na-asụrụ dara ogbenye, ihe a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dysorthographia ma ọ bụ dysgraphia, nke dabere na nka nke ike koodu n'asụsụ . . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jarrad|first=Lum|title=Procedural learning is impaired in dyslexia: evidence from a meta-analysis of serial reaction time studies|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|date=October 2013|pages=3460–76|pmid=23920029|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2013.07.017|volume=34|issue=10}}</ref>Nsogbu na-aga n'ihu n'oge uto na-eso okenye, ọ jagora ihe isi ike n'ịchịkọta , n'isi, PIAPPE, ma ọ bụ ụgbọ e nyere mba ọzọ.  Ndị okenye nwere dyslexia nwere ike iji ike dị mma na-agụkarị ihe, ọ bụ ebe na ha na-eji ntụziaka na-agụ ihe ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ n'iche ihe isi ike ma na-eme nke ka njọ n'ule mkpoputa.  ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-agụ okwu ndị na- ike isi-ihe e ji mara ike olu === Ọnọdụ emetụtara === Dyslexia na-ebutekarị nsogbu mmụta ndị ọzọ, mana akọwapụtabeghị ihe kpatara nsogbu a. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum|journal=Cortex|volume=47|issue=1|pages=117–27|date=September 2009|pmid=19818437|doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2009.08.016|author=Nicolson|first=R. I.}}</ref> Ọlụsị ndị a metụtara gụnyere: ; Dysgraphia : Ọgba aghara na-agụnye ihe isi ike na ide ma ọ bụ dee ihe, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi nsogbu na nchikota anya-aka ; ọ nwekwara ike igbochi ntụzịaka- ma ọ bụ usoro dabere n'usoro, dị ka ijikọ eriri ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ ugboro ugboro. <ref name="ReynoldsFletcherJanzen2007">{{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=Cecil R.|title=Encyclopedia of Special Education|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp0001unse_x4r7|date=2 January 2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-67798-7}}</ref> Na dyslexia, dysgraphia na-abụkarị multifactorial, n'ihi enweghị ike ide akwụkwọ ozi- akpaghị aka, nhazi nhazi na nkọwa okwu, na enweghị ike ịmepụta okwu anya, nke na-eme ka ọ sie ike iweghachite foto a na-ahụ anya nke okwu achọrọ maka mkpoputa. <ref name="ReynoldsFletcherJanzen2007" /> ; Nsogbu hyperactivity nlebara anya (ADHD) : Ọgba aghara nke nwere nsogbu na-edobe nlebara anya, ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ ime ihe n'echeghị echiche. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder|date=March 2016|publisher=NIH: National Institute of Mental Health|accessdate=26 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723192735/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/index.shtml|archivedate=23 July 2016}}</ref> Dyslexia na ADHD na-emekarị ọnụ. <ref name="Koo2013">{{Cite book|author=Kooij|first=J. J. Sandra|title=Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781447141389|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&pg=PA83}}</ref> <ref name="ComerGould2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySIc1BcPJu8C&pg=RA1-PA233|title=Psychology Around Us|date=2011|publisher=RR Donnelley|isbn=978-0-471-38519-6|author=Comer, Ronald}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|year=2010|title=Comorbidity of ADHD and Dyslexia|url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/260009__925867416.pdf|journal=Developmental Neuropsychology|volume=35|issue=5|pages=475–493|doi=10.1080/87565641.2010.494748|pmid=20721770|author=Germanò|first=E}}</ref> Ihe dị ka 15% <ref name="Handler2011"/> ma ọ bụ 12-24% nke ndị nwere dyslexia nwere ADHD; <ref name="FatemiSartorius2008">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJOy1vy2RKQC&pg=PA308|title=The Medical Basis of Psychiatry|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59745-252-6|edition=3rd|author=Fatemi, S. Hossein}}</ref> na ihe ruru 35% nke ndị nwere ADHD nwere dyslexia. <ref name="Handler2011" /> ; Ọgba aghara nhazi ihe : Nsogbu ige ntị nke na-emetụta ikike ịhazi ozi anụ ahụ. <ref name="Capellini2007a">{{Cite book|author=Capellini, Simone Aparecida|title=Neuropsycholinguistic Perspectives on Dyslexia and Other Learning Disabilities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uiEaMQVwyzYC&pg=PA94|year=2007|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-60021-537-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The diagnosis and management of auditory processing disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_language-speech-hearing-services-in-schools_2011-07_42_3/page/303|journal=Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools|volume=42|issue=3|pages=303–8|date=July 2011|pmid=21757566|doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2011/10-0032)|author=Moore|first=D. R.}}</ref> Nke a nwere ike bute nsogbu na ebe nchekwa ihe na usoro ihe nkiri. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere dyslexia nwere nsogbu nhazi nke ịnụ ihe, ma nwee ike ịmepụta akara ngosi nke ha iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ụdị mperi a. Ụfọdụ nnyocha na-egosi na nkà nhazi nke ịnụ ntị nwere ike ịbụ isi ụkọ na dyslexia. <ref name="Pammer2014">{{Cite journal|author=Pammer|first=Kristen|title=Brain mechanisms and reading remediation: more questions than answers.|journal=Scientifica|date=January 2014|pmid=24527259|doi=10.1155/2014/802741|volume=2014|pages=802741}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Law|first=J|title=relationship of phonological ability, speech perception, and auditory perception in adults with dyslexia|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|date=2014|pmid=25071512|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00482|volume=8|pages=482}}</ref> ; Nsogbu nhazi mmepe : Ọnọdụ akwara ozi nke siri ike na-arụ ọrụ oge niile gụnyere nguzozi, njikwa mma na nhazi kinesthetic ; ike n'iji ụda okwu eme ihe; na nsogbu na ncheta oge dị mkpirikpi na nhazi. <ref name="Pickering2012">{{Cite book|author=Susan J. Pickering|chapter=Chapter 2. Working Memory in Dyslexia|editor=Alloway, Tracy Packiam|title=Working Memory and Neurodevelopmental Disorders|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoXidOBdNpMC&pg=PA29|year=2012|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-135-42134-2}}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta na-agbalị ịchọta ndabere neurobiological nke dyslexia ebe ọ bụ na a chọpụtara ọnọdụ ahụ na 1881. <ref name="Oswald Berkhan ref 1">{{Cite journal|author=Berkhan O|year=1917|title=Über die Wortblindheit, ein Stammeln im Sprechen und Schreiben, ein Fehl im Lesen|language=de|journal=Neurologisches Centralblatt|volume=36|pages=914–27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmEsAQAAIAAJ&q=Wortblindheit}}</ref> <ref name="ReidFawcett2008x">{{Cite book|author=Reid, Gavin|title=The SAGE Handbook of Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=937rqz4Ryc8C&pg=PA127|year=2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-84860-037-9}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ agbalịwo ijikọ nsogbu nkịtị nke ndị nwere dyslexia nke enweghị ike ịhụ akwụkwọ ozi nke ọma na mmepe na-adịghị mma nke mkpụrụ ndụ akwara ha na-ahụ anya. <ref name="Stein2014">{{Cite journal|first=John|author=Stein|year=2014|title=Dyslexia: the Role of Vision and Visual Attention|journal=Current Developmental Disorders Reports|volume=1|issue=4|pages=267–80|pmid=25346883|doi=10.1007/s40474-014-0030-6}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sharifi|first=S|title=Neuroimaging essentials in essential tremor: a systematic review.|journal=NeuroImage: Clinical|date=May 2014|pages=217–231|pmid=25068111|doi=10.1016/j.nicl.2014.05.003|volume=5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brandler|first=William|title=The genetic relationship between handedness and neurodevelopmental disorders|journal=Trends in Molecular Medicine|date=February 2014|pages=83–90|pmid=24275328|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2013.10.008|volume=20|issue=2}}</ref>Usoro neuroimaging, dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ magnetik resonance imaging ( fMRI ) na positron emission tomography (PET), egosila njikọ dị n'etiti ma ọrụ na nhazi dị iche iche na jide nwere ikike ihe.  [1] ụfọdụ ndị nwere dyslexia na-egosi obere ịgbalite n'akwụkwọlụ nke aka ekpe nke ikpe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, dị ka gyrus n'ihu nke dị ala, lobule dị ala, na etiti na ventral temporal cortex .  [2] N'ime awụ iri gara aga, ịgba ịgbalite site na iji PET na-amụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi n'ịghọta ntọala ozi nke akwụkwọ.  Atụpụtala ntọala akwaabọ maka lexicon anya na maka ngwa ngwa nchekwa nchekwa okwu dị ike, [3] na-egosi na egosi akwa ahụ nke dyslexia ike bụ nke nchoputa (ya bụ, na-arụ ọrụ nhazi).  fMRI nke ndị nwere dyslexia na-egosi ọrụ ndị nke cerebellum na cerebral cortex yana ngwá ndị ọzọ n'ịgụ ihe. === Genetics === . <ref name="Rosen2013v">{{Cite book|author=Rosen, Glenn D.|title=The Dyslexic Brain: New Pathways in Neuroscience Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHBxBEekGSkC&pg=PA342|year=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-81550-0}}</ref>ihe n'ime ihe nwere ike arata mgbanaka ndụ ihe nketa dyslexia gbanyere ọgwụ na-achọpụta nke mbụ nke ndị nwere dyslexia gachara.  [1] Ndịiche anatomical nke a na-ahụ anya na mpaghara nhọrọ nke ọma ndị dị ndị dị otú ahụ ndị microscopic cortical malformations nke a mara dị ka ectopias, na erughị, vaskụla micro-malformations, na microgyrus - nke dị diẹ ẹka ọ na  -adị maka gyrus.  [2] Ihe ndị kpatara a aha na mbụ na ndị ọzọ [3] na-atụ aro na ntọ cortical na-adịghị mma, nke e chere na ọ ga-eme tupu ma ọ bụ n'ime ụnwa nke isii nke nwa  ebu n'afọ, nwere ike iketa nsogbu ahụ.  A kọwokwa usoro ndị ndụ na-adịghị mma n'ime ndị nwere dyslexia n' Maris na-azụ na ngwaahịa na dhaawac.  [4] Ejikọtala ọtụtụ ndụ ihe nketa na dyslexia, ndị DCDC2 [5] na KIAA0319 [6] na chromosome 6, na DYX1C1 na chromosome 15 Ntinye aka nke mmekọrịta nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịgụ nkwarụ ka enyochala nke ukwuu site na iji ọmụmụ ejima, bụ nke na-eme atụmatụ nha mgbanwe dị na gburugburu mmadụ na oke metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha. Ma ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yiri ka ọ na-enye aka na mmepe ịgụ akwụkwọ. Nnyocha na-enyocha mmetụta nke ihe gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka agụmakwụkwọ nne na nna <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Parental Education Moderates Genetic Influences on Reading Disability|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2008-11_19_11/page/1124|journal=Psychol. Sci.|volume=19|issue=11|pages=1124–30|date=November 2008|pmid=19076484|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02213.x|author=Friend|first=A}}</ref> na àgwà nkuzi <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Teacher Quality Moderates the Genetic Effects on Early Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-04-23_328_5977/page/n123|journal=Science|volume=328|issue=5977|pages=512–4|author=Taylor|first=J.|year=2010|doi=10.1126/science.1186149|pmid=20413504}}</ref> ekpebiwo na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nkwado, kama ịbụ ndị na-adịghị mma, gburugburu. <ref name="pmid19209992">{{Cite journal|author=Pennington|first=Bruce F.|date=January 2009|title=Gene × Environment Interactions in Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_developmental-psychology_2009-01_45_1/page/77|journal=Developmental Psychology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=77–89|doi=10.1037/a0014549|pmid=19209992}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, ọnọdụ kachasị mma nwere ike ikwe ka ihe egwu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ nweta ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị na nsonaazụ ya n'ihi na ebelatala ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="pmid19209992" /> . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders – a commentary on proposals for DSM-5|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-child-psychology-and-psychiatry_2012-05_53_5/page/593|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines|date=1 May 2012|pmid=22141434|pages=593–607|volume=53|issue=5|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02495.x|first=Margaret J|author=Snowling}}</ref>Ịdị ụdị anya nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem otú o si esi ike ịgụ ya.  [1] : 26 [[Asụsụ Bekee|Asụsụ bekee]] na French nwere ụdị ụfọdụ olu “miri miri emi” n'ime usoro edemede ahụ Latin, nwere usoro dị eserese anya na-eji usoro mkpọpụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ngwaọrụ, ahụ, na morphemes .  [2] : 421 Asụsụ ndị dị ka Spanish, [[Italy|Ịtali]] na Finnish na-eke akwụkwọ ozi na-ada anọ-nke a na-akpọ "ndị na-emighị eme ihe" - nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ọrụ maka ndị nwe  dyslexia.  [1] : 26 Sistemụ ederede logographic, dị ka ihe China, nwere nnukwu akara akara;  na ndị a na-ebutekwa nsogbu nye ndị agha dyslexic . <ref name="habi">{{Cite book|author=Habib|first=Michael|title=Pediatric Neurology Part I|chapter=Dyslexia|date=2013|pages=229–235|chapterurl=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444528919000233|accessdate=19 December 2018|language=en|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00023-3|series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology|isbn=9780444528919}}</ref>Ịdị ụdị anya nke na-emetụta kpọmkwem otú o si esi ike ịgụ ya.  [1] : 26 Asụsụ bekee na French nwere ụdị ụfọdụ olu “miri miri emi” n'ime usoro edemede ahụ Latin, nwere usoro dị eserese anya na-eji usoro mkpọpụta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ngwaọrụ, ahụ, na morphemes .  [2] : 421 Asụsụ ndị dị ka Spanish, Ịtali na Finnish na-eke akwụkwọ ozi na-ada anọ-nke a na-akpọ "ndị na-emighị eme ihe" - nke na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ọrụ maka ndị nwe  dyslexia.  [1] : 26 Sistemụ ederede logographic, dị ka ihe China, nwere nnukwu akara akara;  na ndị a na-ebutekwa nsogbu nye ndị agha dyslexic . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sprenger-Charolles|first=Liliane|title=Prevalence and Reliability of Phonological, Surface, and Mixed Profiles in Dyslexia: A Review of Studies Conducted in Languages Varying in Orthographic Depth|journal=Scientific Studies of Reading|date=2011|pages=498–521|doi=10.1080/10888438.2010.524463|volume=15|issue=6|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00733553}}</ref>Ozizi ụzọ nke abụọ pụtara ihe ka akọwara na ịbụ 1970s.  [1] Ozizi a na-enye echiche na echiche abụọ dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ụzọ abụọ na-etinye aka n'ịgụ ihe n'olu dara ụzọ.  [2] Otu ụzọ bụ ụzọ okwu, nke bụ usoro nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere nkà nwere ike okwu ndị a ma ama site na anya, site na usoro "akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu".  [3] Usoro nke ọzọ bụ ụzọ na-azụ nke ma ọ bụ nke na-akpa uche, nke bụ usoro nke onye na-agụ nwere ike "ịkpọpụta" okwu edere.  [3] [4] A na-eme nke a site n'ịchọpụta nke okwu ahụ ( akwụkwọ ozi, fọ n'ìmen, graphemes ) na ekiri ihe pụtara otu onye na-eso ụzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ka eriri nke agbataobi ha.  obi na-adakọ ọnụ.  [1] Usoro ụzọ abụọ nwere ike dị iche dị iche iche nke dyslexia na-eme n'etiti ụkpụrụ dị iche iche (ihe atụ, nkwekọ nke iwu arọ olu n'asụsụ Spanish nwere ike kwesịrị maka eziokwu bụ na-eme na-asụ asụsụ).  Spanish na-egosi ọkwa dị elu nke nwunye na-agụghị okwu, ma e jiri ya mere ndị na-asụ Bekee) Dyslexia bụ nsogbu mmụta dị iche iche nke na-emebi agụ na mkpope okwu ziri ezi na nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Boada|first=Richard|date=2012|title=Understanding the Comorbidity Between Dyslexia and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Topics in Language Disorders|volume=32|issue=3|doi=10.1097/tld.0b013e31826203ac}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pennington|first=B|date=September 2006|title=From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cognition_2006-09_101_2/page/385|journal=Cognition|volume=101|issue=2|pages=385–413|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2006.04.008|pmid=16844106}}</ref> Njirimara—ma ọbụghị nke zuru ụwa ọnụ — gụnyere ihe isi ike na mmata ụda olu; adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mgbe mgbe nhazi ụda na-ezighị ezi n'asụsụ ọnụ ( ''nhazi ụda olu'' ); na mbelata ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=Robin L.|date=28 March 2015|title=Developmental Dyslexia|journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=283–307|doi=10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842|pmid=25594880}}</ref> <ref name="ninds1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Dyslexia-Information-Page|title=Dyslexia Information Page|date=2 November 2018|publisher=[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]}}</ref>Dyslexia bụ ọrịa neurodevelopmental ọrịa, nke subcategorized na mgbochi ndị dị ka ike ike nwere ike n'ịgụ ihe (ICD-11 prefixes "mmepe" na "nsogbu were"; DSM-5 na-eji"kpọmkwem").  [1] [2] [3] Dyslexia ndu nsogbu na mbụ isi .  nsogbu nsogbu uche na-ebilite nke abụọ n'ihe isi ike ike.  [4] Ndị ọrụ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke na-enweta dyslexia dị ka "ihe isi ike na nhazi ọrụ (ịgbanwe mgbanwe), mkpọputa, na/ma ọ bụ nzaghachi ngwa ngwa anya-okwu" . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stahl|first=Steven A.|title=Defining phonological awareness and its relationship to early reading.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-educational-psychology_1994-06_86_2/page/221|journal=Journal of Educational Psychology|volume=86|issue=2|pages=221–234|doi=10.1037/0022-0663.86.2.221|date=1994}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Phonological Awareness and Phonemic Perception in 4-Year-Old Children With Delayed Expressive Phonology Skills|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-speech-language-pathology_2003-11_12_4/page/463|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology|date=1 November 2003|volume=12|issue=4|pages=463–471|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2003/092)|pmid=14658998|author=Rvachew|first=Susan}}</ref>Otu British Dyslexia Association na-ihe dyslexia dị ka "ihe isi ike ike nke na-emetụta n'ụzọ bụ isi nkà ndị dị n'ịgụ akwụkwọ na mkpoputa okwu ziri ezi na nke ọma" ma e ji "ihe isi ike dị na mmata  ọgụ olu, ebe nchekwa okwu na ọsọ nhazi okwu".  [1] Mmata, olu na-enyere mmadụ aka akara, akara oke, icheta ( ebe nchekwa ọrụ), na n'uche na-achụ olu nke ahia — fọ nhụnanya, onsite-rime, syllables, na okwu. Mụta ịmara nke ọma na afọ ndụ ụmụaka na-erute ọkwa mmepe dị iche iche n'ozuzu ha, yana ọkwa dị iche iche nke ngalaba, dị ka ịma ụda olu (ịmata okwu ndị na-ada ụda; ịmata ụda mbụ n'okwu). <ref>Mather, Nancy and Barbara J. Wendling. ''Essentials of Dyslexia Assessment and Intervention''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.</ref> Atụkwasịla obi na ule naanị. Nleba anya nke ọma nke nwatakịrị n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe obibi, na mmetụta dị nro, ajụjụ ọnụ nke nne na nna dị oke mkpa dị ka ule. <ref>Reid, Gavin and Jennie Guise. ''The Dyslexia Assessment''. London: Bloomsbury, 2017 ("... assessment for dyslexia includes more than tests; it involves comprehensive insights into the student's learning. This requires a full and comprehensive individual assessment as well as consideration of the environment and contextual factors.").</ref> <ref>M. S. Thambirajah, ''Developmental Assessment of the School-Aged Child with Developmental Disabilities: A Clinician's Guide'' (London: Jessica Kingsley, 2011), 74.</ref> Leba anya na nzaghachi nke akwadoro maka ntinye aka (RTI), <ref>Jimerson, Shane R., Matthew K. Burns, and Amanda M. VanDerHeyden. ''Handbook of Response to Intervention: The Science and Practice of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support''. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2016.</ref> nke "... gụnyere nyochaa ọganihu nke otu ụmụaka site na mmemme ntinye aka kama ịme nyocha nyocha nke nkà ha ugbu a. Ụmụaka nwere ọtụtụ ihe. mkpa bụ ndị na-anabataghị nkuzi dị irè, a na-achọpụtakwa ha ngwa ngwa site na iji usoro a." <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Snowling Margaret J|year=2013|title=Early Identification and Interventions for Dyslexia: A Contemporary View|journal=Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs|volume=13|issue=1|pages=7–14|doi=10.1111/j.1471-3802.2012.01262.x|pmid=26290655}}</ref> Enwere ule dịgasị iche iche nke a na-eji na ụlọ ọgwụ na ebe mmụta iji nyochaa ohere nke dyslexia. <ref name="testing">{{Cite web|url=http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/dyslexics/learn-about-dyslexia/dyslexia-testing/tests|title=Tests for Dyslexia and Learning Disabilities|publisher=University of Michigan|accessdate=15 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313000802/http://dyslexiahelp.umich.edu/dyslexics/learn-about-dyslexia/dyslexia-testing/tests|archivedate=13 March 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na nnwale mbụ na-egosi na mmadụ nwere ike ịnwe dyslexia, a na-agbasokarị ule ndị dị otú ahụ na nyocha nyocha zuru oke iji chọpụta oke na ụdị nsogbu ahụ. <ref name="PeerReid2013p">{{Cite book|author=Peer, Lindsay|title=Introduction to Dyslexia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-37290-3|pages=35–40}}</ref> Enwere ike ịme ụfọdụ ule site na onye nkuzi ma ọ bụ kọmputa; ndị ọzọ chọrọ ọzụzụ pụrụ iche ma ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-enye ya. <ref name="balexia" /> Ụfọdụ nsonaazụ ule na-egosi otu esi eme usoro nkuzi. <ref name="balexia">{{Cite web|title=Screening and assessment|url=http://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/educator/screening-and-assessment|work=British Dyslexia Association|accessdate=11 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330101403/http://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/educator/screening-and-assessment|archivedate=30 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="flet">{{Cite journal|author=FLETCHER|first=JACK M.|title=Dyslexia: The evolution of a scientific concept|journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society|date=2009|volume=15|issue=4|pages=501–508|doi=10.1017/S1355617709090900|pmid=19573267|issn=1355-6177}}</ref> N'ihi na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche nke ọgụgụ isi, omume, mmetụta uche, na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike inye aka n'ịmụta ịgụ ihe siri ike, nyocha zuru oke kwesịrị ịtụle ohere ndị a dị iche iche. Nlele na nlebanya ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye: <ref name="gerd">{{Cite journal|author=Schulte-Körne|first=Gerd|title=The Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Dyslexia|journal=Deutsches Ärzteblatt International|date=October 2010|volume=107|issue=41|pages=718–727|doi=10.3238/arztebl.2010.0718|pmid=21046003|issn=1866-0452}}</ref> * Usoro izugbe nke ikike ọgụgụ isi, dị ka Wechsler ọgụgụ isi Scale maka ụmụaka, Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, ma ọ bụ Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale . Ikike ọgụgụ isi dị ala ga-eme ka ịgụ ihe sikwuo ike. Usoro ikike ọgụgụ isi na-agbalịkwa tụọ usoro ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche, dị ka ikike ikwu okwu, echiche okwu ọnụ na mbara ala, ebe nchekwa ọrụ, na nhazi ọsọ. Enwere ụdị ule dị iche iche maka ndị ọgbọ dị iche iche. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ndị a niile chọrọ ọzụzụ ọzọ iji nye na akara nke ọma, ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-eme ya. Dị ka Mather and Schneider (2015) si kwuo, achọpụtabeghị profaịlụ nkwenye na/ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ nke akara na nyocha nyocha nke na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa nsogbu ịgụ akwụkwọ. <ref>Mather, N., & Schneider, D. The use of intelligence tests in the diagnosis of specific reading disability.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylzEBQAAQBAJ&q=Handbook+of+Intelligence:+Evolutionary+theory,+historical+perspective,+and+current+concepts|title=Handbook of Intelligence: Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts|author=Goldstein|first=Sam|date=2014|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781493915620|pages=415–434|language=en|accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref> * Nyochaa ma ọ bụ nyocha maka ọnọdụ ahụike uche: Nne na nna na ndị nkuzi nwere ike mejupụta ọkwa ọkwa ma ọ bụ ndepụta omume iji kpokọta ozi gbasara ọrụ mmetụta uche na omume maka ndị na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ ndebanye aha nwere ụdị nsụgharị maka ndị nne na nna, ndị nkuzi, na ndị na-eto eto tozuru oke ịgụ nke ọma (na-abụkarị afọ 11 na karịa) iji mechaa. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Sistemụ Nleba Omume Maka Ụmụaka, yana ajụjụ ajụjụ siri ike na ihe isi ike . Ihe ndị a niile nwere ụkpụrụ nnochite anya nke mba, na-eme ka o kwe omume iji ọkwa mgbaàmà tụnyere ihe ga-adị maka afọ onye na-eto eto na mmekọahụ. Ndepụta ndenye ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta kpọmkwem na nchọpụta ọrịa uche, dị ka Vanderbilt ADHD Rating Scales ma ọ bụ Ihuenyo maka Nsogbu Mmetụta Mmetụta Mmetụta Ụmụaka (SCARED) . Nyochaa na-eji ngwa dị nkenke emebere iji jide ndị nwere nsogbu, mana ha na-enwetakarị akara dị mma maka ndị na-enweghị nsogbu ahụ. Ndị nyocha kwesịrị ka a na-esochi ya site na nyocha ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ajụjụ ọnụ nyocha n'ihi nke a. Nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi na nsogbu nchekasị dị okpukpu abụọ na atọ karịa ndị nwere dyslexia, na nlebara anya-deficit / hyperactivity na-adịkarị, yana. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Collett|first=Brent R.|title=Ten-Year Review of Rating Scales. V: Scales Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry|date=1 September 2003|volume=42|issue=9|pages=1015–1037|doi=10.1097/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6|pmid=12960702|url=https://jaacap.org/article/S0890-8567(09)60999-0/fulltext|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en|issn=0890-8567}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stone|first=Lisanne L|title=The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: psychometric properties of the parent and teacher version in children aged 4–7|journal=BMC Psychology|date=20 February 2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=4|doi=10.1186/s40359-015-0061-8|pmid=25815194|issn=2050-7283}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Swart|first=G. T.|title=The Clinician's Guide to the Behavior Assessment System For Children|journal=The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review|volume=14|issue=3|pages=90|issn=1716-9119|year=2005}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Birmaher|first=B.|title=The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_1997-04_36_4/page/545|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry|volume=36|issue=4|pages=545–553|doi=10.1097/00004583-199704000-00018|pmid=9100430|issn=0890-8567|year=1997}}</ref> * Nlebanya nke mmezu na nka agụmakwụkwọ: Nkezi mkpope/ikike ịgụ ihe maka onye dyslexic bụ ogo pasenti <16, nke dị n'okpuru nkịtị. Na mgbakwunye na inyocha akara ule na ndetu ndị nkuzi, nsonaazụ ule a haziri ahazi na-enye aka n'ịtụle ọganihu. Ndị a na-agụnye ule ndị a na-enye otu, dị ka ule Iowa nke Development Education, na onye nkụzi nwere ike inye otu ma ọ bụ klas dum nke ndị na-eto eto n'otu oge. Ha nwekwara ike ịgụnye ule nke mmezu nke onye ọ bụla na-enye, dị ka Wide Range Achievement Test, ma ọ bụ Woodcock-Johnson (nke gụnyekwara usoro nyocha nke mmezu). Nnwale ndị a na-eme n'otu n'otu chọkwara ọzụzụ pụrụ iche karịa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lindquist|first=E. F.|title=The Iowa tests of educational development: how to use the test results; a manual for teachers and counselors|date=1953|publisher=Science Research Associates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOc9AAAAYAAJ&q=Iowa+Tests+of+Educational+Development|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dell|first=Cindy Ann|title=Test Review: Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test—Fourth Edition. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. WRAT4 Introductory Kit (includes manual, 25 test/response forms [blue and green], and accompanying test materials): $243.00|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rehabilitation-counseling-bulletin_2008-10_52_1/page/57|journal=Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin|date=1 October 2008|volume=52|issue=1|pages=57–60|doi=10.1177/0034355208320076|language=en|issn=0034-3552}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Semrud-Clikeman|first=Margaret|title=Child Neuropsychology: Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2nd Edition|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387889634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBGSF9Jyg6AC&pg=PT119|accessdate=3 October 2019|language=en}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara ahụike, onye na-ahụ maka ahụike ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma MS Thambirajah na-ekwusi ike na "[g] n'ihi oke nsogbu mmepe mmepe na ụmụaka na-eto eto, ụmụaka niile a na-ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwesịrị iji nlezianya nyochaa maka nsogbu mmepe n'agbanyeghị nsogbu/s na-egosi. " Thambirajah na-atụ aro nyocha maka nsogbu mmepe mmepe, gụnyere dyslexia, site n'ịme akụkọ mmepe dị nkenke, nyocha mmepe mmepe nke psychosocial mbụ, na ịnweta akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Developmental assessment of the school-aged child with developmental disabilities : a clinician's guide|url=https://archive.org/details/developmentalass0000tham|author=Thambirajah, M. S.|date=2011|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|isbn=9780857003256|location=London|oclc=747410566}}</ref> This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Medicine for external academic peer review in 2018 (reviewer reports). The updated content was reintegrated into the Wikipedia page under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 license (2019). The version of record as reviewed is: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Osmin Anis; et al. (15 October 2019). "Dyslexia" (PDF). WikiJournal of Medicine. 6 (1): 5. doi:10.15347/WJM/2019.005. ISSN 2002-4436. Wikidata Q73053061. == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 48jfq4mna6ynf88dh4lfoc5mvbr3esk 0 32436 742519 726330 2026-11-03T08:09:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Senator_Robert_McKnight_sits_on_a_toilet_seat_dnd0276.jpg|alt=A laughing man wearing a suit sits on a toilet. In front of him is a desk with papers.|thumb|Onye omeiwu Florida Robert W. McKnight nọdụrụ n'oche ụlọ mposi na tebụl ya n'ụlọ omeiwu Florida]] '''ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ''' bụ omume nke ịgụ ihe ederede mgbe ị nọ n'ụlọ mposi, ọ na-abụkarị mgbe ị na-anọdụ ala n'ụlọ ntu ma na-eme nsị. Omume a abụwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile ma ka na-agbasa taa na ihe ndị e biri ebi na smartphones. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ abụwo ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile. Tupu e mepụta Akwụkwọ mposi nke oge a, ndị America n'Oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-ejikarị akwụkwọ akụkọ ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya e biri ebi iji hichaa onwe ha, n'ihi na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị nro ma na-amịkọrọ. <ref name="Wolf">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/WolfFiles/story?id=91568&page=1|author=Wolf|first=Buck|title=Bathroom Reading: Good, Clean Fun|work=[[ABC News]]|date=June 4, 2002|accessdate=September 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.farmersalmanac.com/what-did-people-use-before-toilet-paper-24419|author=Higgins|first=Edward|title=What Did People Use Before Toilet Paper?|work=[[Farmers' Almanac]]|date=June 4, 2002|accessdate=September 4, 2018}}</ref>N'ide na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, onye ọchịchị England bụ Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield kọrọ na ọ maara "nwoke nke bụ ezigbo onye njikwa nke oge ya nke na ọ gaghị atụfu obere akụkụ ya nke oku nke okike manyere ya ịgafe n'ụlọ dị mkpa; mana ọ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gafee Ndị na-ede uri Latin niile, n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Alford">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/books/review/23alford.html|author=Alford|first=Henry|authorlink=Henry Alford (writer)|title=Chamber Plots|work=The New York Times|date=July 23, 2006|accessdate=September 4, 2018}}</ref> The advent of the mobile phone is believed to have significantly increased bathroom reading. A 2009 study conducted in Israel found that a majority of adults read from their cell phones on the toilet, and a 2015 study conducted by Verizon found that 90% of cell phone users admitted to reading from their phones while on the toilet. == Ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ na akwụkwọ == Okwu ahụ bụ "ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ" na-ezo aka n'ihe ọ bụla e weere dị ka ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịgụ ihe n'ụzọ nkịtị ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị mfe. N'afọ 2011, onye Canada na-ede akwụkwọ Margaret Atwood dere, sị:   A na-ejikọta Magazin Pulp na ọgụgụ ụlọ ịsa ahụ, nke ihe nkiri Pulp Fiction na-ezo aka na ihe nkiri ugboro ugboro nke onye John Travolta bụ Vincent Vega na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị nledo pulpy Modesty Blaise mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ. <ref name="screenprism">{{Cite web|url=http://screenprism.com/insights/article/in-pulp-fiction-how-do-bathrooms-serve-as-motifs|author=Perrotta|first=Anthony|title=Q: In 'Pulp Fiction,' why are bathrooms a notable motif?|work=ScreenPrism|date=September 8, 2015|accessdate=September 4, 2018|archivedate=September 5, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905023029/http://screenprism.com/insights/article/in-pulp-fiction-how-do-bathrooms-serve-as-motifs}}</ref>Ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ na-ezo aka n'ụdị akwụkwọ nwere ọchị na ihe ndị na-adịghị mkpa, dị ka usoro Uncle John's Bathroom Reader.<ref name="screenprism" /> N'akwụkwọ akụkọ James Joyce bụ ''Ulysses'', onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Leopold Bloom na-agụ magazin n'elu ụlọ mposi wee jiri ya kpochaa onwe ya. == Ịdị ọcha, ịdị ọcha na ahụike == Dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum Columbia Medical Center si kwuo, ịgụ ihe n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ nwere ike ime ka mgbasa nke ọrịa ahụ dị mfe ma ọ bụrụ na nje bacteria na-efe efe daa na ihe ọgụgụ ma nyefee ya onye na-agụ ya; Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ahụ abụghị nnukwu nchegbu ahụike ma ọ bụrụhaala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụ akwụkwọ dị ọcha, onye na-ede akwụkwọ enweghị usoro ahụike mebiri emebi, onye na ya na-agụ na-eme omume ịdị ọcha nkịtị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/2012/09/24/is-your-bathroom-reading-making-sick.html|author=Bartiromo|first=Michael|title=Is Your Bathroom Reading Making You Sick?|work=[[Fox News]]|date=September 24, 2012|accessdate=September 4, 2018|archive-date=September 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905024850/http://www.foxnews.com/lifestyle/2012/09/24/is-your-bathroom-reading-making-sick.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otu onye Mahadum nke Arizona microbiologist nke nyochara isiokwu ahụ na 2002 chọpụtara na ịgụ ụlọ ịsa ahụ n'ebe ọrụ abụghị nnukwu ihe ize ndụ dị ọcha, na-ekwu na akwụkwọ bụ ebe na-adịghị mma maka nje bacteria na ebe tebụl na-enwekarị nje bacteria karịa ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ n'ihi na a na-ehicha ha ugboro ugboro.<ref name="Wolf"/> Ọ bụ ezie na oge a na-etinye n'ụlọ mposi nwere ike ịbawanye Ọbara ọgbụgba, nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2009 chọpụtara na ndị na-agụ ụlọ mposi nwere ohere karịa ndị na-abụghị ndị na-ede ụlọ mposi inwe ọbara ọgbgbụgba. == Ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ na nkà mmụta uche == Ọbụna mgbe ndị mmadụ na-agụ akwụkwọ ruo ogologo iwe n'oge nsị, ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ndị na-agụ ụlọ ịsa ahụ ka ha na-asọ oyi site na ísì nke nsị ha, ma ọ bụ ọbụna iji mara ísì ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/perception-and-performance/201707/bathroom-reading|author=Rosenbaum|first=David A.|title=Bathroom Reading: Your brain probably suppresses your own poop smells|work=[[Psychology Today]]|date=July 4, 2017|accessdate=September 4, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Praeger">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M09jCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|title=Poop Culture: How America Is Shaped by Its Grossest National Product|author=Dave Praeger|publisher=Feral House|year=2007|isbn=9781932595628}}</ref>Sigmund Freud kwukwara ihe omume a na Civilization and Its Discontents, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kọwara enweghị nghọta banyere ísì nsị n'ozuzu ya, ọ bụghị naanị mgbe ọ na-agụ: "n'agbanyeghị ọganihu niile nke mmadụ, ọ naghị ahụ ísì nsí nke ya dị njọ, mana naanị nke ndị ọzọ. "<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzYqEA-wiO4C&q=%22in+spite+of+all+man%27s+developmental+advances%2C+he+scarcely+finds+the+smell+of+his+own+excreta+repulsive%2C+but+only+that+of+other+people%27s%22&pg=PA189|pages=188–89|title=Disgust: Theory and History of a Strong Sensation|year=2012|author=Menninghaus|first=Winfried|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5831-0}}</ref> onye na-enyocha uche Otto Fenichel kwenyere na ịgụ ihe n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ bụ ihe na-egosi mmerụ ahụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata. O dere na ọrụ ahụ bụ "mgbalị iji chekwaa nguzozi nke ego; akụkụ nke ahụ mmadụ na-efu ma yabụ ihe ọhụrụ ga-amịkọrọ site n'anya. " James Strachey, onye sụgharịrị ọrụ Freud n'asụsụ Bekee, n'otu aka ahụ kwuru na ọrụ ịgụ ihe mgbe ị na-eme nsị bụ n'ụzọ bụ n'ezie omume "nwatakịrị".<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine | url = https://time.com/5233044/toilet-phone-reading-germs-smartphone-addiction-bathroom/ | last = Haslam | first = Nick | title = In Defense of Using Your Phone on the Toilet | magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date = April 4, 2018 | access-date = September 4, 2018 }}</ref> DiMassimo Brand Advertising nwalere Mgbasa ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ site na itinye ozi dị iche iche gbasara George W. Bush na Al Gore na ụlọ mposi ọha na eze nke New York City. Nnyocha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ chọpụtara na pasent 62 nke ndị mmadụ "chetara kpọmkwem ozi" nke mgbasa ozi ụlọ ịsa ahụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere pasent 16 maka mgbasa ozi mkpọsa.<ref name="Wolf"/> == Hụkwa ==   * Nri ụlọ mposi * Mmekọahụ n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ * Ihe omume Mariko Aoki, nke ísì ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na-akpali mkpali ịpụ nsị == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="0"></references> ofon1gtkz4ecwf2baiwwbwu6p9yvi1j 0 32458 742522 697544 2026-11-03T08:10:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742522 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma''' na-ezo aka n'ikike ndị nọ n"afọ iri na ise nwere ịgụ na ide. N'oge uto bụ oge nke mmepe ngwa ngwa nke uche na akwara, n'oge ụmụaka na-etolite omume (n'ezie ịghọta ihe si n'omume ha pụta), n'ụzọ nghọta (idozi nsogbu, iche echiche, icheta), na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (na-emeghachi omume na mmetụta, imekọ ihe ọnụ). Ụdị mmepe atọ a niile nwere mmetụta - na ogo dịgasị iche iche - na mmepe nke nkà mmụta. Ọganihu ịgụ na ide nke ndị na-eto eto nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche n'ụlọ na n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Mmekọrịta ndị nne na nna dị oke mkpa ma nwee mmetụta dị mma na ịzụlite nkà mmụta nwatakịrị. Ụlọ akwụkwọ na-etinye ọtụtụ atụmatụ dị iche iche iji melite mmepe agụmakwụkwọ nke nwa akwụkwọ dịka nkuzi mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara, ụdị mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ịkwado ezinụlọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-alụ ọgụ na nkà agụmakwụkwọ. == Ịghọta ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma == International Reading Association (IRA) na-ekwu na akparamagwa na akwara pụrụ iche nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, dị iche na mmepe agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị okenye. Ha na-egosi ụkpụrụ asaa na-eduzi mmepe agụmakwụkwọ maka ọgbọ a, nke achọrọ maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ịghọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ndụ: * ịnweta ihe dịgasị iche iche a na-agụ iji kwekọọ na ọdịmma ha * ntụziaka nke na-ewulite ma na-azụlite nkà ọgụgụ ha na mmasị ha n'ịgụ ihe maka ederede ndị dị mgbagwoju anya * nyocha nke na-eme ka ike na mkpa pụta ìhè * ndị nkuzi ọkachamara na-emepụta ma na-enye ntụziaka doro anya n'ofe usoro mmụta * nkwado sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara n'ịgụ akwụkwọ (maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enwe nsogbu mmụta) * ndị nkuzi na-aghọta mgbagwoju anya nke ndị na-eto eto na-agụ akwụkwọ * ụlọ, obodo, na mba na-akwado mkpa nke ndị na-eto eto na-amụ ihe == Ịzụlite ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma == Ọganihu ịgụ na ide na-amalite n'oge ọ dị obere, kpọmkwem ụzọ ọ ga-esi mee ga-emetụta ndị mmadụ n'ime okenye. Afọ atọ mbụ nke agụmakwụkwọ bụ ndị kachasị emetụta nkà na nkà ụmụaka na-agụ akwụkwọ. Ọrụ ncheta mepụtara n'ime afọ atọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị mkpa maka usoro mmepe agụmakwụkwọ. Ọrụ ndị a gụnyere icheta ndepụta, ọnụọgụ n'ihu na azụ, na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi. Ikike ndị e mepụtara n'ime afọ atọ mbụ nke agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa iji zụlite nkà mmụta n'oge na-adịghị anya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Abadzi|first=Helen|date=May 31, 2004|title=Strategies and policies for literacy|journal=Literacy for Life}}</ref> Enwere ike itinye mmepe agụ na agụmakwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ iji bulie ịdị irè nke nkuzi. Ịgụ na ide ihe na-eme ka ibe ha sikwuo ike ma na-azụlite nkà n'otu n'ime ha nwere ike ịba uru n'ịgụ na ide n'ozuzu. Ụlọ klas ndị na-ejikọta ma ederede na ntụziaka ịgụ ihe mgbe niile karịa ndị ọzọ na-emepụta nkà mmụta dị elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bitter|first=Catherine|date=2009-02-17|title=What Works to Improve Student Literacy Achievement? An Examination of Instructional Practices in a Balanced Literacy Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-education-for-students-placed-at-risk_january-march-2009_14_1/page/17|journal=Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17–44|doi=10.1080/10824660802715403|issn=1082-4669}}</ref>Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na United States na-etinye mmejuputa mmụta sayensị dị ka ntụziaka jikọtara ọnụ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-etinye aka n'ụdị ntụziaka agụmakwụkwọ a emeela ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ntụziaka asụsụ na sayensị dị iche iche.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Duke |first1=Nell |chapter=Essential Elements of Fostering and Teaching Reading Comprehension |date=2011-04-20 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1598/0829.03 |title=What Research Has to Say About Reading Instruction |pages=51–93 |publisher=International Reading Association |access-date=2022-05-14 |last2=Pearson |first2=David |last3=Strachan |first3=Stephanie |last4=Billman |first4=Alison|doi=10.1598/0829.03 |isbn=9780872078291 |chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na ọha mmadụ taa nwere ike igosipụta na ọtụtụ atụmatụ dị iche iche a na-etinye n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mmemme mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gachara maka agụmakwụkwọ. Òtù ndị na-enweghị uru, dị ka Reading Partners, na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka na njem mmepe agụmakwụkwọ ha site na nkuzi mpụga na-agbakwunye nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ndị nkuzi afọ ofufo na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eto eto nwee ọkwa ịgụ na ide site na nkuzi ịgụ na ide. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Learn how Reading Partners increases literacy in our youth!|url=https://readingpartners.org/about-us/|accessdate=2022-05-02|work=Reading Partners|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521115830/https://readingpartners.org/about-us/}}</ref>Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na United States na-etinye usoro mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ niile iji nweta usoro nhazi maka mmepe agụmakwụkwọ. Ụdị mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike ịgụnye mmepe ọkachamara zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ndị nkuzi, ihe agụmakwụkwọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na usoro nkuzi, yana ndị nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ a zụrụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dum. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Tivnan|first=Terrence|date=May 2005|title=Comparing Four Literacy Reform Models in High‐Poverty Schools: Patterns of First‐Grade Achievement|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/431885|journal=The Elementary School Journal|volume=105|issue=5|pages=419–441|doi=10.1086/431885|issn=0013-5984}}</ref>Ụdị mgbanwe nke ịgụ na ide egosila na ọ dị irè na mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ buru ibu.<ref name=":1" /> Omume mmepe nke ndị na-eto eto nwekwara ike itinye aka n'ụzọ miri emi na ndị na-elekọta ha. Ihe ngwọta ụfọdụ maka amaghị akwụkwọ nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma sitere n'ịkụziri ndị nne na nna nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dara ogbenye otu esi agụ akwụkwọ na ụmụ ha, na ịgba ndị nne na nne na nna ume isonye n'ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ ha site n'ịga ọmụmụ ihe ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bhattacharya|first=Alpana|date=March 2010|title=Children and Adolescents From Poverty and Reading Development: A Research Review|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10573560903547445|journal=Reading & Writing Quarterly|volume=26|issue=2|pages=115–139|doi=10.1080/10573560903547445|issn=1057-3569}}</ref>N'ozuzu, atụmatụ ndị metụtara itinye aka na nne na nna na omume ụlọ nwere mmetụta dị mma na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ezinụlọ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kennedy|first=Eithne|date=2010-10-12|title=Improving Literacy Achievement in a High-Poverty School: Empowering Classroom Teachers Through Professional Development|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-research-quarterly_october-december-2010_45_4/page/384|journal=Reading Research Quarterly|volume=45|issue=4|pages=384–387|doi=10.1598/rrq.45.4.1|issn=0034-0553}}</ref> Na United States, nkà ịgụ na ide nwere njikọ chiri anya na agụmakwụkwọ na ogo ndụ. <ref name=":0"/>Ịgụ na ide bụ isi ihe na-egosi ihe ịga nke ọma na obi ụtọ n'ọdịnihu. Enweghị akwụkwọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na enweghị ọrụ n'oge okenye.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Zaghloul|author=Morsy|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1082192314|title=The challenge of illiteracy : from reflection to action|isbn=978-1-315-04972-4|oclc=1082192314}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta akwụkwọ ụmụaka ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma dere * Akụkọ ifo ndị na-eto eto * Akwụkwọ ịhụnanya maka ndị na-eto eto == Ihe odide == <references /> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] N'etiti. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. * Moore, D. na ndị ọzọ, 1999. Ịgụ na ide nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma: Nkwupụta Ọnọdụ. Òtù Na-agụ Ihe Mba Nile [https://web.archive.org/web/20060929072339/http://www.reading.org/downloads/positions/ps1036_adolescent.pdf] * Ule agụ na ide nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Ontario. 2006. Ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, ogo na ịza ajụjụ nke Ontario. [http://www.eqao.com] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Agụrụ m ya mana enwetaghị m ya. Portland, ME: Stenhouse. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061211024703/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/8613-e.htm Iwu Ndị Na-eto Eto Na-eme Ihe Ike na Canada] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwupụta: Gịnị mere ị ga-eji nwee nsogbu ịkọwa agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto n'ịntanetị maka omume na nyocha na klas? Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 52, 8-19. Enwekwara ya na: http://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/JAAL.52.1.2&F=JAAL-52-1-Alvermann.html{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Ruth Shagoury, Ph.D., Malite na Nghọta: Atụmatụ Ịgụ Ihe Maka Ndị Mmụta Kasị Ntorobịa, Stenhouse Publishers, 200 {{Literacy}} 6lqejwejmxvt7rco22e3nwngziokqyr 0 32506 742378 208068 2026-11-03T03:26:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Electracy bụ echiche nke [[Gregory Ulmer]] nke na-akọwa nkà ndị dị mkpa iji jiri ikike nkwurịta okwu zuru oke nke [[Hypermedia|mgbasa ozi]] eletrọniki ọhụrụ dị ka multimedia, hypermedia, [[Ngwá ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya|ngwanrọ mmekọrịta]] mmadụ na ibe ya, na ụwa mebere emepe. Dị ka Ulmer si kwuo, electracy "bụ na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ ihe ịgụ na ide bụ ibipụta. " Ọ na-agụnye ọdịbendị, ụlọ ọrụ, nkuzi, na echiche dị na mgbanwe ọha na eze site na mbipụta gaa na [[mgbasa ozi eletrọniki]] <ref>Ulmer, G. L. (2003). ''Internet Invention: From Literacy to Electracy''. New York: Longman.</ref>Electracy bụ ngwakọta nke "electricity" na okwu Jacques Derrida "trace".''' '''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1178638795|title=Situated knowing : epistemic perspectives on performance|date=2021|others=Ewa Bal, Mateusz Chaberski|isbn=978-1-000-08208-1|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1178638795}}</ref>''' '''Electracy''' bụ echiche nke Gregory Ulmer nke na-akọwa nkà ndị dị mkpa iji jiri ikike nkwurịta okwu zuru oke nke mgbasa ozi eletrọniki ọhụrụ dị ka multimedia, hypermedia, ngwanrọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ụwa mebere emepe. Dị ka Ulmer si kwuo, electracy "bụ na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ ihe ịgụ na ide bụ ibipụta. " Ọ na-agụnye ọdịbendị, ụlọ ọrụ, nkuzi, na echiche dị na mgbanwe ọha na eze site na mbipụta gaa na mgbasa ozi eletrọniki <ref>Ulmer, G. L. (2003). ''Internet Invention: From Literacy to Electracy''. New York: Longman.</ref>Electracy bụ ngwakọta nke "electricity" na okwu Jacques Derrida "trace".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1178638795|title=Situated knowing : epistemic perspectives on performance|date=2021|others=Ewa Bal, Mateusz Chaberski|isbn=978-1-000-08208-1|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1178638795}}</ref> == Echiche == Electracy na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe nyocha gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme na imepụta ihe ederede na omume mnemonic, mgbanwe epistemological na ontological sitere na omume ndị dị otú ahụ, mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke uche nke ọdịbendị netwọk, na mmejuputa nkuzi nke omume ndị sitere na nyocha dị otú ahụ.<blockquote>Gịnị ka ịgụ na ide bụ n'uche nyocha, electracy bụ n'ahụ mmetụta uche: Ọkpụkpụ aka nke na-eme ka ikike mmadụ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ. Ihe odide mkpụrụ akwụkwọ bụ ihe ncheta nke na-akwado ogologo agbụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke arụmụka na-agaghị ekwe omume ịnọgide na-enwe n'ime uche. Ihe oyiyi dijitalụ n'otu aka ahụ na-akwado mgbagwoju anya nke ọnọdụ uche karịa ikike nke anụ ahụ. Echiche eletrate na-atụ aro imepụta ikuku ndị a n'ime ọgụgụ isi nke ìgwè mmetụta uche. Ịgụ na ide na ime ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe na mmekorita na-emepụta njikọta nke ụbụrụ aka ekpe na aka nri. Ọ bụrụ na ịgụ na ide lekwasịrị anya na usoro ihe ọmụma zuru ụwa ọnụ (sayensị), electracy na-elekwasị anya na ọnọdụ uche nke onye ọ bụla nke ihe ọmụma na-ewere ọnọdụ (nkà).<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/glue/longman/pedagogy/electracy.html|title=Electracy and Pedagogy|work=CLAS Users}}</ref></blockquote>Ọrụ Ulmer na-atụle oge ndị ọzọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mgbanwe teknụzụ dị ka ihe ndị e mepụtara na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, ederede, na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ. Ọzọkwa, electracy bụ ụtọ asụsụ n'inweta usoro site na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ederede na omume mnemonic. Ulmer webatara electracy na Teletheory (1989), a malitekwara ịkọwa ya na agụmakwụkwọ na 1997. <ref>Porter, David. ''Internet Culture''. New York: Routledge, 1997.</ref>James Inman weere electracy dị ka otu n'ime "ihe kachasị ama" nke oge a maka ihe Walter J. Ong kọwara n'otu oge dị ka "okwu nke abụọ" nke ga-emesị dochie agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>Inman, James. A. ''Computers and Writing: The Cyborg Era''. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.</ref><ref>Ong, Walter J. ''Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word''. London: Metheun, 1982.</ref>Inman na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti electracy na agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ (dị ka metamedia), na-ekwu na ọ bụ echiche sara mbara pụrụ iche maka ịbụ onye na-adabere naanị na mgbasa ozi eletrọniki. <ref>Inman, James A. "Electracy for the Ages: Collaboration with the Past and Future." ''Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities: Issues and Options''. Ed. James A. Inman, Cheryl Reed, and Peter Sands. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. p. 52</ref>Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ''eletrik'' anya, yana "echiche ngwaọrụ" ndị ọzọ dị ka Ong, na obi abụọ, na-arụ ụka na ha bụ "ndị dị mkpa" ma ọ bụ "ndịrị na-eme ihe".<ref>See, for example, Inman's cautionary statement on page 161 of ''Computers and Writing: The Cyborg Era'' and a response essay by Stephen Tchudi in ''Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities'', pp. 79–88.</ref> == Nkụzi nkuzi == Lisa Gye na-ekwu na mgbanwe site na ịgụ na ide gaa na electracy agbanweela "ụzọ anyị si eche echiche, dee ma nyefee echiche," nakwa na nchegbu bụ isi nke Ulmer bụ ịghọta etu nke ahụ si gbanwee mmụta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue2/issue2_gye.html|title=FCJ-006 Halflives, A Mystory: Writing Hypertext to Learn &#124; The Fibreculture Journal : 02|publisher=Journal.fibreculture.org|date=1999-02-22|accessdate=2011-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115072538/http://journal.fibreculture.org/issue2/issue2_gye.html|archive-date=2011-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Electracy dị ka ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ ka ndị ọkà mmụta n'ọtụtụ ngalaba gụnyere ihe odide Bekee na okwu, nkatọ akwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi, mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na nka, na ihe owuwu. <ref>See Inman and also Leander, Kevin, and Paul Prior, "Speaking and Writing: How Talk and Text Interact in Situated Practices," ''What Writing Does and How It Does It: An Introduction to Analyzing Texts and Textual Practices'', ed. Charles Bazerman and Paul Prior, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004)</ref><ref>O'Gorman, Marcel. ''E-Crit: Digital Media, Critical Theory, and the Humanities''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.</ref><ref>Mitrasinovic, Miodrag, ''Total Landscape, Theme Parks, Public Space'', Aldershot, England, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2006; Muecke, Mikesch W. ''Gottfried Semper in Zurich: An Intersection of Theory and Practice''. Ames, IA: Culicidae Architectural Press, 2005.</ref>Mikesch Muecke na-akọwa na "echiche Gregory Ulmer banyere ''eletrik'' na-enye ... ihe nlereanya maka nkuzi ọhụrụ ebe mmụta dị nso na ihe e mepụtara karịa nkwenye. " Alan Clinton, na nyocha nke Internet Invention, dere na "nkụzi Ulmer na-emecha mee ka egwuregwu dị n'etiti nwa akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi".<ref>Muecke, p. 4</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reconstruction 5.1 (Winter 2005)|url=http://reconstruction.eserver.org/051/clinton.shtml|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120717113746/http://reconstruction.eserver.org/051/clinton.shtml|archivedate=2012-07-17|accessdate=2011-06-05|publisher=Reconstruction.eserver.org}}</ref> Ulmer n'onwe ya dere, sị:<blockquote>Electrate pedagogy dabeere na nka / ịma mma dị ka relays maka ịrụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ a haziri dị ka ihe aka maka ịmụta isiokwu ọ bụla. Enweghị nka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke oge a bụ ihe yiri enweghị sayensị n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ oge ochie maka ịgụ na ide. Mgbochi nke nyocha nke ihe omimi site na nkwenkwe okpukpe n'oge a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ "oge ọchịchịrị" (na-egosipụta ibu iro nke ngwaọrụ ọnụ na ịgụ na ide), na-ejikọta taa site na mgbochi nke egwuregwu mara mma site na utilitarianism (na-egosi ibu iro nke ngwá ọrụ na-agụ na electracy). Mmekọrịta ambivalent nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na ntụrụndụ taa na-ekwughachi ambivalence na-agwa mmekọrịta chọọchị na sayensị n'oge agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name="autogenerated1"/></blockquote>Ụzọ agụmakwụkwọ Ulmer dabara n'echiche na omume nkuzi constructivist. Ọ na-atụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti pedagogy na electracy n'ogologo n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sung-Do Kim bipụtara na 2005.<ref>Kim, Sung-Do. "The Grammatology of the Future" (An Interview with Gregory Ulmer). ''Deconstructing Derrida: Tasks for the New Humanities''. Ed. Peter Pericles Trifonas and Michael A. Peters. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005. 137–64.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịgụ na ide na kọmputa * Ịgụ na ide ihe ọmụma * Ịgụ na Ịgụ na Ụzọ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} oq7lqx8o9474pqmu7nho6meqa4iwx6f 0 32558 742521 142161 2026-11-03T08:10:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nwatakịrị hụrụ anya nke na-agụ ihe n'ọkwa bụ́ isi kwesịrị inwe ike ịghọta okwu nkịtị ma zaa ajụjụ ndị dị mfe banyere ozi a na-enye. Ha kwesịkwara inwe nghọta zuru ezu iji gụchaa ihe omume ahụ n'oge. N'ime oge agụmakwụkwọ nwata, a na-ewulite ntọala ndị a iji kuzie ọkwa dị elu nke mgbakọ na mwepụ, sayensị na nka nghọta. <ref name="Grover">{{Citation | url = http://www.childrenofthecode.org/ | title = Research: Evidence Based Education Science and the Challenge of Learning to Read | author = Dr. Grover (Russ) Whitehurst | quote = The Children of the Code is a Social Education Project and a Public Television Series intended to catalyze and resource a social-educational transformation in how we think about and, ultimately, teach reading | access-date = 2009-04-20 | archive-date = 2009-02-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207175442/http://childrenofthecode.org/ | url-status = live }}</ref> Ụmụaka ndị kpuru ìsì ọ bụghị nanị na ha nwere nkwarụ mmụta nke enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ: ha na-atụfukwa akụkụ ndị bụ isi nke agụmakwụkwọ oge mbụ na nke dị elu ma ọ bụrụ na enyeghị ha ngwá ọrụ ndị dị mkpa. N'afọ 1960, 50 nke akara ndị kpuru ìsì na United States bụ ndị kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu akwụkwọ agụ ihe ndị ịsị .  [1] [2] Enwere otutu mbelata nke ojiji breelụ, mmachi ፉpu ego nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, iche iche, na echiche dị iche nke nkà ihe ebe otu esi agụ kpuru ìsì. <ref name="Ranalli2008">{{Citation}}</ref>Isi akara akwụkwọ maka ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ọnụ bụ nke United States Congress of the Rehabilitation Act nke 1973, bụ nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku umu si n'iche akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iche maka ndị isi banye n'akwụkwọ ozi na eze.  [1] N'ihi na ọ bụ nanị obere ole na ole nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze nwere ike ma were ndị nkuzi ruru eru n'amụma, ịgụ na ịgụ ịsị belala akwụkwọ iwu ahụ. N'afọ 1998 ruo 1999, e nwere ihe dị ka ụmụaka 55,200 ndị kpuru ìsì n'ụzọ iwu na United States, ma nanị 5,500 n'ime ha ji braille mee ihe dị ka akwụkwọ ọgụgụ isi ha. Nkuzi mkpuru ìsì dị oke mkpa maka ịgụ na agụmagụ maka nwa nwere nsogbu ịhụ ụzọ. Nnyocha e mere na steeti Washington chọpụtara na ndị mmadụ mụtara braille mgbe ha ka dị obere mere ka ndị ọgbọ ha na-ahụ ụzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere okwu na nghọta. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe izizi nke ndị okenye, achọpụtara na pasent 44 nke ndị sonyere na-amụ ka e si agụ braille enweghị ọrụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere pasent 77 nke enweghị ọrụ nke ndị amụtara iji akwụkwọ agụ ihe. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 511urduo99qluhbyy32ji9wmhuphskt 0 32570 742523 706581 2026-11-03T08:10:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742523 wikitext text/x-wiki ịgụ na ide na àgwà, nke Patrick J. Finn dere, na-anwa ịkọwa ịgụ na ide dịka okwu ahụ dị n'ime ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. <ref name=":3"/>Na ndụ ọkachamara ya, Finn jere ozi dị ka Associate Professor Emeritus nke Graduate School of Education na Mahadum Buffalo. <ref name=":2">Johnson, L. (2005). ''Urban education with an attitude''. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.</ref>Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche kọmitii nke Urban Education site na Mahadum Buffalo nke na-enyere aka inye nkwado maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Buffalo, NY. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gse.buffalo.edu/about/directory/faculty/10373|title=Patrick Finn {{!}} UB Graduate School of Education|work=gse.buffalo.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-18}}</ref>Akwụkwọ ya na-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti 'ịzụlite' na 'ịtọhapụ' agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-enye ndụmọdụ banyere otu esi edozi ọdịiche dị na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu na nke dị ala. Finn na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ nke ndị edemede ndị ọzọ bipụtara n'ime ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Jean Anyon na James Gee.<ref name=":3" /> == Nkọwa == === Isi nke 1-3 === Finn na-akọwa ọkwa dị iche iche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na ya, ma na-akọpụta omume agụmakwụkwọ ndị a na-ahụkarị maka nke ọ bụla. <ref name=":1">Whiting, E. (2011). Literacy with an attitude: Educating working-class children in their own self interest. ''Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 54(8),'' pp. 638-640.</ref>Ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a gụnyere ndị isi, ndị ọkachamara bara ọgaranya, ndị nọ n'etiti, na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>A na-ahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka usoro, na isiokwu kachasị dị ka [[wiktionary:resistance|nguzogide]]. <ref name=":0" />A na-akọwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dị n'etiti site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka inweta azịza ziri ezi, yana isiokwu kachasị mma nke ohere. <ref name=":0" />A na-akọwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara bara ọgaranya site na ọrụ a na-arụ dị ka ọrụ okike a na-eme n'onwe ya, yana isiokwu kachasị nke onye ọ bụla na obere isiokwu nke [[Ịhụnanya maka ọdịmma mmadụ|Ọrụ ebere]]. <ref name=":0" />A na-eji isiokwu kachasị mma mara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":0" /> === Isi nke 4-6 === Akụkụ a na-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị mbịarambịa na ndị na-achọghị. Finn na-ewebata echiche nke njirimara ndị na-emegide John Ogbu, nke na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, dị ka ndị si n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-ahụ na ọdịbendị ha na-emegiderịta ihe a na-akụzi na klas. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Literacy as Praxis: Culture, Language, and Pedagogy|author=Ogbu|first=John U.|publisher=Ablex, Publishing Corporation|year=1991|editor=Walsh|location=Norwood, N.J|chapter=Cultural Diversity and School Experience}}</ref><ref name=":0" />Finn na-egosi na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere njirimara ndị na-emegide onwe ha na-ahụ ya ka ọ na-esiri ha ike ịkwado onwe ha maka agụmakwụkwọ ha karịa ndị na-enweghị ha.<ref name=":0" /> === Isi nke 7-10 === Akụkụ a na-atụle ihe dị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa dị ala, nke dị n'ọkwá dị elu na ụzọ ha si eji asụsụ eme ihe. A na-ahụkarị ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa dị ala ka ha na-eji asụsụ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na klas dị n'etiti na nke dị elu na-eji okwu doro anya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>Finn na-ekwukwa na ụmụ akwụkwọ niile n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ha kwesịrị inwe ohere inweta agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Finn na-atụle otu obodo si agbakọta ọnụ iji mepụta okwu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta okwu mbụ ha site n'aka ezinụlọ ha mana n'ime obodo ka ukwuu ụmụ akwụkwọ ga-azụlite okwu nke abụọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere njirimara mmegide na-enwekarị nsogbu inweta okwu kachasị.<ref name=":0" /> N'isi nke iri, Finn na-ewebata ụdị agụmakwụkwọ anọ. Enwere ọgụgụ isi na-arụ ọrụ, na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-enye ihe ọmụma, na nke dị ike. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>Mmụta ndị a dị n'ime ọha mmadụ. === Isi nke 11-12 === Isi nke iri na otu na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke agụmakwụkwọ na America. Mgbe ọ nyochachara mmalite nke usoro agụmakwụkwọ, Finn kọwara na Corresponding Societies jụrụ ikike ma jiri ike iji mụta, kwurịta, nyochaa, kwubie, ịhazi, na mgbanwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>Nke a dị ka ịgụ na ide "n'omume" karịa ụdị ịgụ na ide a na-emeri emeri nke egosiri na mbido akwụkwọ ahụ. Isiokwu ahụ na-aga n'ihu site n'ịgafe akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Corresponding Societies ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na nke a mechara bụrụ agụmakwụkwọ maka domestication. N'isi nke iri na abụọ, Finn na-atụle agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ site n'inye ihe atụ nke klas na-eji ya. Na New Literacies, nkwurịta okwu adịghị edo anya ma na-ekwusi okwu ike karịa izi ezi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>"Gatekeeping" bụ ụzọ ziri ezi nke na-agbakarị ọdịnaya nke ihe nwa akwụkwọ na-anwa ikwurịta okwu. <ref name=":0" />Finn na-ekwu na usoro agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ nwere ike inyere nsogbu a aka. Finn na-atụle ụzọ ndị New Literacies siri ike iji mee ihe na klas. Ụlọ klas dị mma iji kwalite ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ga-adị ka nke agụ na agụ ọhụrụ.<ref name=":0" /> === Isi nke 13-20 === Site na isi iri na atọ ruo iri abụọ, Finn na-azọrọ na ọ na-enye ngwọta maka nsogbu ndị ọ na-eweta na isiakwụkwọ mbụ nke ederede ahụ. Ọ na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta ya na ọrụ Paulo Freire. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Literacy with an Attitude|url=https://archive.org/details/literacywithatti0000finn_u9r4|author=Finn|first=Patrick J.|publisher=SUNY|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4384-2806-2|location=Albany, NY|edition=second}}</ref>Friere na-atụ aro na a ga-achọpụta ma wepụ nsogbu site na ime ihe ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freire.org/paulo-freire/|title=Paulo Freire|work=Freire Institute University of Central Lancashire|accessdate=19 April 2017}}</ref>Dabere na nke a, Finn na-atụ aro mkpali Frieian na klas, ma ọ bụ echiche nke ndị nkuzi na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha guzoro onwe ha. <ref name=":0" />Ọ na-enye nyocha nke na-akwado edemede a, yana òtù ndị na-esetịpụ ezi ihe nlereanya na-eji ụdị agụmakwụkwọ a.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://cae.americananthro.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Finn_Patrick-Literacy_with_an_Attitude.pdf|title=Inquiry and Learning for Change|author=Watkins|first=John M.|date=September 2000}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWatkins2000">Watkins, John M. (September 2000). [http://cae.americananthro.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Finn_Patrick-Literacy_with_an_Attitude.pdf "Inquiry and Learning for Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></ref> == Nnakwere == === N'ibipụta === Mgbe mbụ e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị ọkà mmụta agụmakwụkwọ nwere nyocha dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ, dị ka John M. Watkins, na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere echiche siri ike nke a na-apụghị itinye n'ọrụ. Na nyocha ya, Watkins na-ekwu na ịgụ na ide nwere àgwà bụ "mmasị" na "mkpa ngwa ngwa". <ref name=":3"/>Ọ na-ekwu na Finn anaghị egosi onwe ya n'ebe dị anya site na isiokwu ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, Watkins na-ekwu na ndị na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ọdịda ụlọ akwụkwọ kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ a na mgbalị ha "ịkụziri ụmụ amaala anyị niile okwu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya dị ike". Agbanyeghị, Watkins kwenyere na anyị agaghị enwe ike iji ndụmọdụ Finn mee ihe. Ọ na-ekwu na ya ekwenyeghị na anyị nwere uche nakwa na anyị agaghị enwe ike "inyere ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ aka iji àgwà zụlite ịgụ na ide".<ref name=":3" /> N'ime nyocha ya niile, Watkins kwuru ugboro ugboro na "enweghị ahụ iru ala" ya nke mere mgbe ọ na-agụ Literacy with a Attitude. Watkins na-ekwu na "nchegbu" a sitere na ọdịdị ederede Finn. Watkins na-ekwu na oge kachasị njọ bụ akụkọ onwe onye Finn banyere "ihe mgbu nke onwe ya banyere ókè agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze raara ya nye".<ref name=":3"/> N'ụzọ dị iche, Honey Halpern na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ nyere onyinye dị ukwuu maka ndị agụmakwụkwọ. Na nyocha ya, Halpern na-ekwu na akwụkwọ Finn meghere "ụzọ ọhụrụ na nghọta nke ile anya n'ọnọdụ ndị a maara nke ọma" na agụmakwụkwọ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Halpern|first=Honey|date=April 2000|title=Literacy with an Attitude|journal=Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy|volume=43|pages=7}}</ref>N'ime nyocha ya niile, ọ na-ekwu na njirimara Finn banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agụmakwụkwọ bụ ihe nghọta. Halpern na-ekwu na mgbanwe nke Finn na-achọ ga-ekwe omume site na ịhazi usoro mmụta na ịgụ na ide dị ike. <ref name=":5" />Ọ mechiri site n'ịgba ndị nkuzi niile ume ka ha mụta banyere ụzọ dị irè iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa dị n'etiti aka ịgụ na ide.<ref name=":5" /> === Kemgbe e bipụtara ya === Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọhịa agụmakwụkwọ anabatala ịgụ na ide na àgwà, gụnyere Donna E. Alvermann, prọfesọ nke ịgụ na ide nke Mahadum Georgia, onye jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke National Reading Research Center, ma bipụta ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ịgụ na ide. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.readinghalloffame.org/donna_alvermann|title=Donna E. Alvermann (Inducted 1999) {{!}} Reading Hall of Fame|work=www.readinghalloffame.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-14}}</ref>Alvermann zoro aka na mkparịta ụka Finn banyere "ịzụlite agụmakwụkwọ" n'isiokwu ya "Ịgụ ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma" na-agụ njirimara: Na-eleghachi anya azụ iji hụ n'ihu," iji gosipụta ntụpọ nke "ụzọ enweghị ike" usoro maka ịgụ na ide nke na-egosi na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-adighi ike. Ọ na-ekwu na mgbe a na-eche ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụzọ a, ha na-enwetakarị agụmakwụkwọ na enweghị nhata nke ọha na eze. N'ihi nke ahụ, a ga-ezere akara "onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na-agba mbọ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alvermann|first=Donna E|date=2001|title=Reading adolescents' reading identities: Looking back to see ahead.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-adolescent-adult-literacy_2001-05_44_8/page/680|journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|volume=44|issue=8|pages=680–681}}</ref> Rosalie Romano, prọfesọ agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadum Western Washington, kọwara na nyocha ya na arụmụka Finn banyere ịkụzi ịgụ na ide dị ike dị ka okwu ikpe ziri ezi dị mkpa maka ihe ịma aka ọha na eze na "ebe anyị nọ, akụrụngwa anyị, usoro mmekọrịta anyị, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze anyị". <ref name=":4">Romano, Rosalie M. (2012) "Literacy with an Attitude: Educating Working-Class Children in their Own Self-Interest By Patrick J. Finn," Journal of Educational Controversy: Vol. 6: No. 1, Article 27.</ref>Ụzọ ọ na-esi agụ na ide nke ọ na-abịaru nso na nzaghachi maka "ịgụ na ide na àgwà" bụ otu n'ime itinye aka na ebumnuche na ọha mmadụ na-achị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Nkatọ nke ịgụ na ide na àgwà sitere na Whiting na nkọwa ya nke akwụkwọ ahụ; ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na Finn nwere arụmụka a haziri nke ọma, ọ naghị enye ndị na-agụ ya ngwọta bara uru na nke bara uru iji mee ihe.<ref name=":1"/> === Mmetụta na Mmụta === Akwụkwọ Finn metụtara nyocha maka akwụkwọ Urban Education with an Attitude, nke na-achọ inye ike na imezigharị ndị mmadụ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na usoro agụmakwụkwọ obodo. <ref name=":2"/>Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-eji ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke Finn's Literacy na àgwà iji mepụta ihe ngwọta ha maka nsogbu ndị na-agbasa na agụmakwụkwọ obodo. Romano na-ekwu na echiche ya nke ịgụ na ide dị ike nwere ike ịsụgharị iji kụzie ọrụ ọha na eze n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na ebumnuche ya. <ref name=":4"/>A na-ekwukarị na nyocha ya gbasara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na adịghị ike ha ma na-ezo aka na ya n'etiti ndị agụmakwụkwọ na isiokwu ndị na-akwado mgbanwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Glass|first=Ronald David|date=March 2001|title=On Paulo Freire's Philosophy of Praxis and the Foundations of Liberation Education|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-researcher_2001-03_30_2/page/n16|journal=Educational Researcher|volume=30|issue=2|pages=15–25|doi=10.3102/0013189X030002015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jimenez|first=Robert T.|date=Winter 2003|title=Literacy and Latino Students in the United States: Some Considerations, Questions, and New Directions|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_reading-research-quarterly_january-march-2003_38_1/page/122|journal=Reading Research Quarterly|volume=38|issue=1|pages=122–128}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jones|first=Stephanie|date=April 2013|title=Living Contradictions and Working for Change: Toward a Theory of Social Class- Sensitive Pedagogy|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/stoken/rbtfl/Zm0mApvRpqaJU/full|journal=Educational Researcher|volume=42|issue=3|pages=129–141|doi=10.3102/0013189X13481381}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1ylbz4dvsrey79mce7jxemkhbcohzu5 0 32590 742520 707924 2026-11-03T08:10:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ndị ọrụ National Center for Education Statistics ekewa agụmagụ na United States n'ọkwa agụmagụ dị iche iche, yana 92% nke ndị okenye America nwere opekata mpe "Ọkwa 1" na 2014. [1] Na mba, ihe 20% nke ndị America  toro eto nwere nka mmuta na ma ọ bụ n'okpuru Ọkwa 1. Ndị okenye nọ na mpaghara a na-enwe nsogbu iji ma ọ bụ ozi ihe ọsọ.  nọ n'ọkwa dị elu nke ngalaba a nwere ike ọrụ dị mfe dabere na ozi ndị ha ndabere, mana ndị okenye nọ n'okpuru ọkwa 1 nwere ike ikike okwu ndị bụ isi ma ọ bụ na ha agụghị akwụkwọ.  Dabere na ụdị 2020 sitere na ngalaba US, 54% nke ndị okenye nọ na United States nwere ikike akwụkwọ Bekee n'okpuru ọkwa 6th. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Framework -> Definition of Literacy|url=https://nces.ed.gov/naal/fr_definition.asp|accessdate=25 September 2019|work=National Assessment of Adult Literacy|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics}}</ref>N'enwere mba, ikike ikike dị ike mfe zuru oke dị ka mmuta, ọ bụkwa ibu gara aga maka US nkọwa nke ịgụ akwụkwọ agbanweela nke ukwuu;  A kọwa okwu ahụ ugbu a dị ka ikike iji ozi e biri ebi na nke dere arụ ọrụ n'ime mmadụ, imezu mmadụ, na ihe ihe na ikike ya. <nowiki>:</nowiki> Ngalaba Agụm akwụkwọ nke United States na- ịgụ na agụmagụ na ọha mmadụ site na nyọcha mba nke ndị isi okenye (NAAL).  [1] ụdị NAAL ụdị agụmagụ atọ * Prose : ihe ọmụma na nka dị mkpa iji chọọ, ghọta na iji ederede na-aga n'ihu. Ọmụmatụ na-agụnye nchịkọta akụkọ, akụkọ akụkọ, broshuọ, na ihe nkuzi. * Akwụkwọ : ihe ọmụma na nka achọrọ iji chọọ, ghọta na iji ederede na-adịghị aga n'ihu n'ụdị dị iche iche. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere ngwa ọrụ, ụdị ịkwụ ụgwọ, usoro njem, maapụ, tebụl, na akara ọgwụ na nri. * Quantitative : ihe ọmụma na nkà achọrọ iji chọpụta na ịrụ mgbakọ, ma ọ bụ naanị ya ma ọ bụ n'usoro, na-eji nọmba agbakwunyere na ihe ndị ebipụtara. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere ịhazi akwụkwọ nrịbama, ịchọpụta ndụmọdụ, imecha fọm ịtụ, ma ọ bụ ikpebi ego. Ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na-achọkarị ọkwa mmụta dị elu, a mụọlakwa ụkọ ya na ndị okenye na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. Na-eme ihe mere eme nke United States, nkata ka ha na-agụ ihe bụ ọrụ dịịrị ndị nne na nna maka nzube nke ịgụ Bible .  Iwu Massachusetts nke 1642 na iwu Connecticut nke 1650 mmetụta na ọ bụghị nanị iche ndị ohu na ndị na-amụ ihe ka a poly ka ha enwe ihe.  [1] N'oge ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ihe, e hiwere ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara iji hazie.  [1] Ọtụtụ ndị ahụ nọ na steeti ndị na-egosi iketa ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo n'afọ 1920. [2] N'ime akpa afọ nke 20 dum, egosi na omume omume etiti na ụdị iji hụ na-a nkà nkà.  akwụkwọ agụ na akwụkwọ na onye.  [1] Malite na 2000s, enweela RSS nke ndị kwabatara n'obodo ukwu, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ha na-asự ndi ozo na-asụ Bekee ma si otú a na-ada n'azụ ndị ọgbọ ha n'  akwụkwọ.  [3] Ịmụ akwụkwọ n'Ịmụ akwụkwọ elementrị bụ ihe a na- anya anya na-eche ihu oge ahụ. ọgụgụ ọgụgụ na agụ na ike afụ nke 19 na United States dị elu nke ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị ike mba ahụ na-achịghị.  [1] Ka ọ na-erule 1875, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị akwụkwọ US dị ihe dị ka oyiyi 80. [2] Enweela ụdị ìhè na mmuta ụmụ amaala America ahụ, mana ọkụ egosikwala mbelata n'ịgụ akwụkwọ nke akụkọ n'ime 1970s.  .  [3] Ọ bụ ebe na US Adult Education and Literacy System (AELS) na iwu dị ka Economic Opportunity Act nke 1964 emewo ka ụkpụrụ pụta dị ka ihe mkpa mkpa mba dị mkpa, [4] n'ịkwalite ọkwa dị elu nke agụmagụ.  ọnụ bụ ike na nso nso a;  nkuzi na ideamụbaala nke ukwuu n'ime iri afọ gara aga.  [5].  N'ihi na (na baba nke ọma) nke bute nsogbu, a na-etinye ihe nke akwụkwọ n'ọha na ndị US dum. mmuta nwere ihe dị mkpa n'oge ntozu ebe ọ bụ na iwu nke akara ọrụ America na-achọ nkà na ihe nke onye ọrụ mgbasa ozi.  Na 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy, ndị na-eto eto na-amaka ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ihe isi ike eji ọrụ.  Dị iche iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ agụmagụ dị ala na nke dị ala bụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na- ndọrọ ndọrọ dị elu, [1] na imeziwanye ma na-akwado agụmagụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụzọ mbụ nke aha  nsogbu ihe na- anya nke ndị isi America na ndị na-eme iwu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Narrowing the literacy gap : what works in high-poverty schools|author=M.|first=Barone, Diane|date=2006|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-1593852771|oclc=64555680|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781593852764}}</ref>Site na akara ngosi nke A Nation at Risk nke National US National Commission on Excellence in Education .  na 1983, akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ America n'ihe ngosi òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ n'ụwa nile siri ike.  Aሜla na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-enwe mmetụta dị oke egwu n'oge a mgba ha nke na-akwado ha egosi na agụ ihe n'omume na omume ha na-ahụ ụwa.  [1] Ka eji ọrụ na-achọsiwanye ike, ike nke ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ okpurula iji ụmụ akwụkwọ maka ọrụ dị ndị dị anya nke a ga-atụ anya n'aka ha.  [2] Ịkwado ọrụ nke sub-par na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agha dị ala mkpa iji nweta ọkwa nke elu nke isi n'ihi na okwu nke ndị òtù sub-par na-elele ngwaọrụ.  Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike mgbe ha dị obere na-aga n'ihu na mgba n'oge njikọ ha niile n'ihi na ha otu otu ntọala nke ike na emegide nke ihe enyemaka iji wulite na ndị ọgbọ ha;  nke a na-akpa ka ọ bụrụ nke dị n'okpuru-nkezi,kwa agụghị akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma na akara ule ndị ọzọ na nọmba. . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=July 2019|title=Report on Adult Literacy in the United States|url=https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2019/2019179.pdf|accessdate=October 16, 2021|work=nces.ed.gov|publisher=United States Department of Education}}</ref>N'afọ 2019, National Centre for Educational Statistics kọrọ na 4.1% nke ndị okenye US nwe ikike ikike akwụkwọ n'okpuru ọkwa 1, ụfọdụ dị ka "ihe ike ihe ihe m na-eme nke ọma, ụfọdụ ederede dị iji otu ozi,  ma ọ bụ zuru ezu dị mfe. ụdị", ike kewaa ya dị ka ndị na-agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ Nkọwa kacha mfe maka ịgụ na agụ na mba bụ pasentị nke ndị dị afọ 15 ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịgụ na ide, nke a na-eji na-enye ọkwa mba dị iche iche. Nkọwa ndị gbagwojuru anya, gụnyere ụdị ọgụgụ a chọrọ maka ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ka a na-akpọ mmuta arụrụ arụ, ịgụ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ. Nkọwa ndị a gbagwojuru anya nke ịgụ na agụ na-aba uru nye ndị nkuzi, ngalaba mmụta na-ejikwa ya. . <ref name="NCESLiteracyTypes2003">{{Cite web |url=https://nces.ed.gov/naal/literacytypes.asp |title=Three Types of Literacy |work=National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), U.S. Department of Education |access-date=May 23, 2019}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>Na 2003 nke mkpagbu nke ndị okenye, National Center for Education Statistics (maka Education Department) faịlụ ọrụ mmuta.  [1] Ebe etiti ahụ bụ ụdị agụmagụ na-arụ ọrụ atọ: agụmagụ prose, agụ akwụkwọ, na-egbu isi.  Ịmụ akwụkwọ na-agụnye "ihe isiokwu na nkà dị mkpa iji ọrụ prose", ma gụnye ikike ịgụ ịmụ na broshuọ.  [1] Ịmụ akwụkwọ nrị "ihe ndị na nkà dị iji mkpa ọrụ akwụkwọ", nke ihe ngwa ọrụ, ụdị ozi na-amata.  [1] N'otu aka ahụ, agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ "ihe ndị na nkà a ndị iji ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ";  Ọrụ ndị ahụ akara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nrịbama na de akwụkwọ iwu . <ref name="FactbookRate">{{Cite book|title=Literacy – The World Factbook|year=2010}}</ref> <ref name="CIAfactbookDefs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403222917/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html|archivedate=April 3, 2015|title=References: Definitions and Notes, Literacy|publisher=CIA World Factbook|accessdate=October 29, 2017}}</ref>Ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ụfọdụ ndị isi akwụkwọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha akara ike ịgụ isi nke ozi edere, dị ka akara akara aka ná ntĩ na ntụzịaka ịkwọ ọkwọ.  Dị ka akwụkwọ bụ́ The World Factbook sitere na US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) si kwuo, "Enweghịghị zuru ụwa ọnụ na akwụkwọ nke ịgụ akwụkwọ" na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dabere na nna a na-: "ikike ịgụ na ide n  'oge a kapịrị ọnụ."  Ndị Ozi National Centre for Education Statistics na-ama mmuta dị ka "ikike ụgbọ, Sị, iji na ihe aka na ederede iji sonye na ọha mmadụ, iji nweta ebumnobi mmadụ, na ihe ụmụaka na ikike ya."  [1] "Ịkọwa akwụkwọ nke mba ndị mmadụ n'otu na-eji iji ikike ikike ịgụ na ide ihe ikike nke akwụkwọ Factbook. Ozi gbasara mmuta, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị ọkwa zuru oke nke njide, nwere ikike.  ike ịbụ nke mfe ma dị irẹ maka mba ụwa. ntụnyere."  [2] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa enweghị ọnụ ọgụgụ agụmagụ US na ndekọ ya.  [3] N'iji nwa ya, mmuta na-ezo aka na isiokwu nke ndị afọ 15 ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ndị nwere ike ịgụ na ide. Enwere ike ikewa agụmagụ na-arụ ọrụ na agụmagụ bara uru, agụmagụ ozi na agụmagụ na-atọ ụtọ. mmuta bara uru na-egosipụta omume a na-ahụkarị nke iji nghọta nke ederede ederede na-agagharị ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike ịkọwa agụmagụ ozi dị ka nghọta ederede na ike ijikọ ozi ọhụrụ ewepụtara na ederede na ihe ọmụma gara aga. Ịmụ akwụkwọ na-atọ ụtọ bụ ikike mmadụ nwere ịgụ, ịghọta na itinye aka n'ihe odide ndị na-amasị ya. <ref name="Gallego2000">{{Cite book|title=What counts as literacy: challenging the school standard|url=https://archive.org/details/whatcountsaslite0000unse|author=Gallego|first=Margaret A.|date=2000|publisher=Teachers College Press|isbn=978-0807739730|oclc=44133067}}</ref> N'echiche nkịtị karịa, enwere ike kewaa ọtụtụ agụmagụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ, obodo, na echiche nkeonwe. Nkeji ndị a na-ezo aka n'ikike mmadụ nwere ịmụta gbasara ihe ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ, ịghọta ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala, na ịmụta banyere onwe ya site na nyocha nke nzụlite ha. <ref name="Gallego2000" /> N'afọ 1988, ndị Congress gwara Ngalaba Mmụta ka ha mee nyocha agụmagụ nke mba nke ndị okenye America. : xi Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-akọwapụta otu klas nke ndị okenye bụ ndị, n'agbanyeghị na ha eruteghị ụkpụrụ maka agụghị akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ, na-eche mbelata ohere ọrụ na atụmanya ndụ n'ihi agụghị akwụkwọ ezughị ezu n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị e wepụtara n'April 2002 wee tinyeghachi na 2003 dị ka data ọnọdụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2002 gụnyere ogologo ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị okenye bụ ndị dabara na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka afọ, okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ, na ọnọdụ (obodo, ime obodo, ma ọ bụ ime obodo) na steeti iri na abụọ n'ofe mba ahụ, ma e mere ya iji nọchite anya ọnụ ọgụgụ US n'ozuzu ya. . Nnyocha ọgụgụ isi nke mba ndị okenye, nke e mere na 1992, bụ nyocha mbụ gbasara ịgụ na ide nke nyere "ozi ziri ezi na nke zuru oke gbasara nkà nke ndị okenye n'ozuzu." US esonyela na mmemme ntule cyclical, nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) mere yana National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) na-akwado kemgbe 1992. Nnyocha ahụ gosiri na ọgụgụ akwụkwọ nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 40 bụ ndị toro eto na-ejedebe na ọkwa 1 (ọkwa kachasị ala, nghọta nke ntụziaka ederede). == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} n8k34p1u2qq4q1c7t2f1vs9xoi2b6qh 0 32924 742446 654541 2026-11-03T07:57:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Dahomey-Nigeria_boundary._LOC_76696106.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Map nke oke ala Benin-Nigeria]] Ókèala Benin-Nigeria bụ 809 km (503 m) n'ogologo wee si na tripoint na Niger na ugwu gbadaa Bight nke [[Benin]] na ndịda. == Nkọwa == . <ref name="Brownlie, I."/>Ókè-ala ahụ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu na tripoint ya na Niger dị n'osimiri Niger wee gaa n'ihu na mpaghara ndịda-na ndị òtù egwuregwu, tupu eruo osimiri Okpara dị nso na egwuregwu nke Waria.  Ókèala ahụ gakwara n’ebe ndịda, na-eji Okpara mee ihe dị ka otu kilomita, obere iyi dị iche iche, na iche dị iche iche nke dị n’elu ala, tupu ya echere na Bight of Benin. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == . <ref name="Brownlie, I." />N'ime ọkara nke abụọ nke mfe awụ nke 19 France eserese obere ụlọ n'ọhụụ egwu egwu egwu Africa.  N'afọ 1851, e binyere aka na ekere nke enyi n'etiti France na nwa Dahomey n'ebe dị ugbu a n'ebe ndịda Benin, sochiri ya mkpa nchekwa na Porto Novo na 1863. [1] [2] Ekwuputara putara Dahomey  (nke bụbu aha Benin) na 1894 ma iko tinye ya n'ime obodo etiti buru ibu nke French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, nke ihuenyo AOF) na 1899. [1] [2] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Briten nwere  (site na Royal Niger Company ) na-elekọta mpaghara dị na Lagos ikpe 1861 na Nchekwa ịhụnanya  na Northern Nigeria Protectorate .  N'afọ 1900, e bufere ụmụaka nke mpaghara ndị a n'aka ụdị Britain, ebe ndị ugwu na ndịda (gụnyere Lagos na Calabar) Mkpa dị n'otu dị ka nsogbu Nigeria na 1914 Oke siri ike n'etiti mpaghara abụọ ahụ ruo n'ebe ugwu dịka nke 9th myirịta ka a kparịtara ụka na 10 Ọgọst 1889; A kọwakwuru nke a n'ụzọ zuru ezu site na nkwekọrịta nke 12 October 1896. <ref name="Brownlie, I.">{{Cite book|title=African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia|author=Brownlie|first=Ian|authorlink=Ian Brownlie|publisher=Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co.|year=1979|pages=164–89}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrownlie1979">[[Ian Brownlie|Brownlie, Ian]] (1979). ''African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia''. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp.&nbsp;164–89.</cite></ref> Nkwekọrịta nke Anglo-French nke 14 June 1898 kwadoro ókè-ala a, ma gbasaa ya n'ebe ugwu ruo n'osimiri Niger. <ref name="IBS091">{{citation |url= https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS091.pdf|title=International Boundary Study No. 91 – Benin-Nigeria Boundary |date=15 October 1969|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Brownlie, I." /> E kwadoro ókè a site na nkwekọrịta nke 19 October 1906, na ụfọdụ obere mgbanwe mere na 1912 na-esote n'elu-ala nke e mesịrị mechaa n'ihu ọha site na mgbanwe nke ndetu na 1914. <ref name="Brownlie, I." /> <ref name="IBS091" /> Akụkụ dị n'etiti osimiri Atlantic na osimiri Okpara ka ejiri akara mgbịrịgba 142 mara n'ala, nke a na-eji akara kwụ ọtọ n'etiti ha kpụrụ ókè ahụ. <ref name="Brownlie, I." /> . <ref name="Brownlie, I."/>Ka-iche dị iche na-eto n'oge Agha nke egwu gachara, Briten na France ji ozi nyekwuo ikike njikere ndị na-egosi anya mba Africa ha na-achị.  [1] Dahomey sere onwe zuru oke na 1 Ọgọst 1960, Nigeria sochiri ya na 1 October 1960, oke oke ha wee bụrụ nke mba ụwa n'etiti steeti abụọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004-05, ọtụtụ n'ime akara ókèala sitere na mbido mbụ na-efu efu, nke mere ka Benin na Nigeria gbanwee akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oke. <ref name="HoungnikpoDecalo2013">{{Cite book|author=Houngnikpo|first=Mathurin C.|title=Historical Dictionary of Benin|year=2013|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-7171-7}}</ref> == Ebe obibi dị nso na oke == === Benin === * Mandécali * Segbana * Nneganzi * Basso * Wara * Adékambi * Pobè * Porto-Novo === Nigeria === * Bani * Samia * Swate * Babana * Yashikera * Suya * Orieke * [[Benin-Nigeria relations|Mmekọrịta Benin na Nigeria]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} gxe4wb9p0k0v2f8qp0di4kdxjk94q9s 0 32940 742565 141988 2026-11-03T08:42:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Post-and-Grant-Avenue-Look.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|369x369px| Mkpọmkpebe sitere na ala ọmajiji San Francisco 1906, nke e chetara dị ka otu n'ime usoro ikpe njọ na mberede ntolite United States]] . <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":4"/>Ọdachi bụ nnukwu nsogbu na-eme n'ime oge nke na-ebute mfu mmadụ, ihe, mmetụta, akụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ezinụlọ obodo ma ọ bụ ọha mmadụ ihe mmetụta iji nagide iji ihe nke ya.  A na-ekewa ịhụnanya gaa n' ụdị " ndị na-emere onwe ha " nke ihe ize ndụ ndị na-emere onwe ha na-akpata ma ọ bụ "ọdachi ndị mmadụ na-akpata" na-akpata site n'ihe ize ndụ  ndụ ụmụ mmadụ.  Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, nkewa dị n'etiti ngwaọrụ ndị sitere n'okike, nke mmadụ mere na nke mmadụ mere ngwa ngwa siri ike ise. Ihe atụ nke ihe ize ndụ sitere n'okike egwu oke mmiri ozuzo, idei mmiri, ebili oyi mmiri na ebili mmiri ọkụ, ọkụ mmiri mmiri, ala ọma jijiji, ifufe, mbuze ala, àmụmà, mbufịt mbufịt, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu, ọkụ.  ike, na mmiri mmiri .  [1] Ọmụma nke ihe egwu anthropogenic tụrụ mpụ, ọgba aghara obodo, iyi egwu, agha, ihe egwu ụlọ ọrụ, ihe egwu injinia, ọkụ, ihe egwu ndị njem na-ebute, na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe.  obibi . . Mba ndị na-emepe egwu na-enweta nnukwu ego mgbe ụfọdụ dakwasịrị - ihe ụmụaka 95% nke ọnwụ niile nke ihe egwu na-akpata na-eme na mba ndị ka na-emepe ụzọ, na mfu n'ihi ihe ize ndụ sitere n  'okike ji okpukpu 20 uzo (dị ka kaadị nke nnukwu ụlọ ) na mba ndị ka na-emepe ụzọ ụzọ mba ndị mepere emepe . <ref>[http://etymonline.com/?term=disaster "Disaster"] in Etymology online</ref>Okwu sitere na Middle French désastre<nowiki></link></nowiki> na nke si Old Italian disastro<nowiki></link></nowiki> , nke n'aka nke ya sitere na prefix pejorative Greek ochie ochie δυσ<nowiki></link></nowiki> - ( dus - ) "ọjọọ" [1]  na ἀστήρ<nowiki></link></nowiki> ( aster ), "kpakpando".  [2] Mgbọrọgwụ nke okwu ahụ ("kpakpando ego" na Grik) sitere n'ịche echiche nke mmetụta a na-ata na ọnọdụ nke mbara ala A na-ekewakarị ọdachi gaa n'okike ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ mere. Otú ọ dị, n'oge a, nkewa dị n'etiti ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike, nke mmadụ mere na nke mmadụ mere ngwa ngwa siri nnọọ ike ise. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-26|title=Why natural disasters aren't all that natural|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131113/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/|archivedate=2020-11-29|accessdate=2020-12-29|work=openDemocracy}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ "Why natural disasters aren't all that natural"]. </cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Gould|first=Kevin A.|date=1 December 2016|title=Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile|journal=Journal of Political Ecology|volume=23|issue=1|pages=93|doi=10.2458/v23i1.20181}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGouldGarciaRemes2016">Gould, Kevin A.; Garcia, M. Magdalena; Remes, Jacob A.C. (1 December 2016). </cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Neil|date=2006-06-11|title=There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster|url=https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104324/https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/|archivedate=2021-01-22|accessdate=2020-12-29|work=Items}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith2006">Smith, Neil (11 June 2006). </cite></ref> . <ref name="China.NYT">{{Cite news|author=Didi Kirsten Tatlow|date=15 December 2016|title=Don't Call It 'Smog' in Beijing, Call It a 'Meteorological Disaster|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/world/asia/beijing-smog-pollution.html}}</ref>Ọdachi dị a anya anya, bụ́ ebe a na-anya otu ihe agba ya, na-agha na mba ndị ka na-emepe gbara .  Ọdachi iche nwere ike ike esereselite ihe nke abụọ na-egosipụta.  Ihe atụ mara mma bụ ala ọma jijiji nke na-ebute mbufụt mbufịt, na-ebute idei mmiri n'afọ oké osimiri, na-ebute ihe nke ụlọ ọrụ ike (dị ka elekere Fukushima).  E kwuwo n ụzọ na- isiokwu ezi na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe okike, dị ka ọkụ ọkụ na mmiri ozuzo acid === metụtara ihe egwu eke === Ọdachi ndị nwere njikọ na ihe egwu okike ka a na-akpọkarị ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha n'agbanyeghị na a na-akpọ okwu a okwu ụgha kemgbe ogologo oge. <ref>Cannon, Terry. </ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ọdachi nwere njikọ na ihe egwu eke ! style="width:8em" | Ọmụmaatụ ! Profaịlụ |- | Oké mmiri ozuzo | Na mberede, oke mmiri ozuzo na-agbada na mkpọda, na-eme mgbe ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpalite ebumpụta ụwa, dị ka ịkwanye site na snow ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo, ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali, dị ka ihe mgbawa ma ọ bụ skier azụ azụ. |- | Blizzard | Nnukwu oke mmiri ozuzo nke ifufe siri ike na obere okpomọkụ mara |- | [[Ala ọma jijiji]] | Ma jijiji nke jikọrọ ọnụ nke ụwa, nke ike mgbawa mgbawa n'okpuru ala kpatara na-agbaji ma na-atụgharị nkume n'okpuru elu ụwa. |- | [[Ọku|Ọkụ (anụ ọhịa)]] | Ọkụ na-esi n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi na nke na-ebute ihe ize ndụ ịgbasa n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi (leekwa Wildfire § Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe ) |- | [[Idei mmiri|Iju mmiri]] | Idei mmiri na-egbuke egbuke: Obere ọwa mmiri, olulu mmiri, ebe mmiri akọrọ, ọwara mmiri, ọwa mmiri ma ọ bụ ọbụna ebe dị ala na-ejupụta ngwa ngwa (leekwa [[Mmetụta nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe|Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe]] ) |- | Mmiri na-ezo | Mmiri ozuzo na-eme mgbe ihu igwe dị n'èzí dị n'okpuru oyi |- | Okpomọkụ ife | Ogologo oge nke oke ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihe gbasara usoro ihu igwe na-emebu na mpaghara na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ maka oge (leekwa [[Mmetụta nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe|mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe § Okpomọkụ ebili mmiri na oke okpomọkụ]] ). |- | Mbibi | Ihe omume geological nke gụnyere ọtụtụ mmegharị ala, dịka ọdịda nkume, ọdịda miri emi nke mkpọda na irighiri ihe na-emighị emi. |- | Àmụmà tie | Mwepu ọkụ eletrik nke ọkụ na-ebute, na-abụkarị n'oge égbè eluigwe |- | [[Mgbawa ugwu Limnic|Ọkpụkpụ limnic]] | Mgbawa nke carbon dioxide na mberede sitere na mmiri ọdọ mmiri miri emi |- | Okpomọkụ cyclone | Usoro mmiri ozuzo na-agbagharị ngwa ngwa nke e ji ebe etiti nrụgide dị ala, mgbasa ozi ikuku dị ala mechiri emechi, ifufe siri ike, na nhazi okirikiri nke égbè eluigwe nke na-emepụta oké mmiri ozuzo na squalls (lee kwa Tropical cyclones na mgbanwe ihu igwe ) |- | Tsunami | Usoro ebili mmiri na-akụtu n'ikpere mmiri siri ike, nke kachasị n'ihi nchụpụ nke oke mmiri, ọkachasị oke osimiri ma ọ bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke a na-ebutekarị site na ala ọma jijiji, mgbawa ugwu mgbawa, mgbawa mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri, mbuze ala, glacier calvings, meteorite mmetụta na nsogbu ndị ọzọ n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru mmiri |- | Mgbawa ugwu | Ntọhapụ nke magma na-ekpo ọkụ, ntụ mgbawa ugwu na/ma ọ bụ gas sitere na ugwu mgbawa |} {| class="wikitable" |+Ọdachi na-enweghị njikọ na ihe egwu eke | '''Ọdachi''' | '''Profaịlụ''' |- | Bioterrorism | Ntọhapụ ma ọ bụ ịgbasa ụma na-ekesa ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka ụzọ mmanye |- | Ọgba aghara obodo | Ọgbaghara nke otu ndị mmadụ kpatara nke nwere ike ịgụnye nọdụ ọdụ na ụdị mgbochi ndị ọzọ, ọgbaghara, imebi iwu na ụdị mpụ ndị ọzọ, nke e bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi nye ọha na eze na gọọmentị, mana nwere ike ịba n'ọgba aghara n'ozuzu. |- | [[Ọku|Ọkụ (obodo)]] | Ọbụlagodi na koodu ọkụ ụlọ siri ike, ndị mmadụ ka na-ala n'iyi n'ọkụ |- | [[Dangerous goods|Awụfu ihe dị ize ndụ]] | Mgbapụ nke ihe siri ike, mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ gas nwere ike imerụ ndị mmadụ, ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ, ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, site na gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-achịkwa dị ka akpa. |- | Ihe mberede nuklia na radieshon | Ihe omume metụtara mwepụta dị ịrịba ama nke redioactivity na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze nke na-eduga na nnukwu nsonaazụ na-adịghị mma nye ndị mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu ahụ. |- | Ike ọdịda | Ihe kpatara n'oge ọkọchị ma ọ bụ oke mmiri ozuzo, àmụmà ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa na-egwu ala n'ebe adịghị mma |} <blockquote>ihe omume, gbadoro anya n'oge na oghere, nke obodo na-enwe nnukwu ihe egwu ma na-ebute mfu ndị dị otú ahụ na ndị òtù ya na ọdịdị anụ ahụ nke na-emebi usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma gbochie mmezu nke ihe niile ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke ọha mmadụ. <ref name="Smith 1996">Smith 1996 quoted in {{Cite book|title=Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature|editor=Marzluff|edition=illustrated|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=9780387734125|chapter=Megacities as Global Risk Areas|author=Kraas|first=Frauke|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwyObkXjvk0C&q=an+event%2C+concentrated+in+time+and+space%2C+in+which+a+community+undergoes+severe+danger+and+incurs+such+losses+to+its+members+and+physical+appurtenance&pg=PA588|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref></blockquote>Dị ka nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ọdachi, nkọwa a ọ bụghị nanị na-agụnye akụkụ mmekọrịta nke mmetụta ọdachi na nrụgide nwere ike ịkpata ma na-elekwasị anya na mfu, na-egosi mkpa ọ dị maka nzaghachi mberede dị ka akụkụ nke ọdachi ahụ. <ref name="Smith 1992">{{Cite book|title=Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster|series=Routledge Physical Environment Series|first=Keith|author=Smith|edition=first|publisher=Routledge|date=1992|isbn=9780415012171}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ naghị ewepụta ọnụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ akpịrịkpa maka mmebi, ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ, n'otu n'otu. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup>  {{Reflist}} * International Federation of Red Cross na Red Crescent Societies - [https://www.ifrc.org/ IFRC] * ReliefWeb nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Nchikota nke Ọrụ Ndị Mmadụ - [https://reliefweb.int/ ReliefWeb] * Ụlọ ọrụ United Nations maka mbelata ihe egwu ọdachi - [https://www.undrr.org/ UNDRR] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080811021537/http://www.em-dat.net/ EM-DAT Database International Disaster Database] nke Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters * Sistemụ Nkwakọba Ọdachi na Ọdachi zuru ụwa ọnụ - ntinye aka nke United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na European Commission. * [http://www.un-spider.org/ UN-SPIDER] – UN-SPIDER, United Nations Platform for Space based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response], oru ngo nke United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) 7nv5dwb6g0y451j1asmyt6iz4lz0a4b 0 33325 742391 641857 2026-11-03T04:57:54Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Enoch Obaloluwa Adegoke''' (amụrụ na 8 Machị 2000) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/264095-2018-commonwealth-all-you-need-know-about-nigerias-team-prospects.html|title=2018 Commonwealth: All you need know about Nigeria's team, prospects - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2018-04-05|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=2018-04-16|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mmeri Afrịka U20 nke 2019 na mita 100. Ọ bụkwa onye Egwuregwu Olimpik na Commonwealth Games finalist na 100 mita. Na 2018 Commonwealth Games, ọ sonyere na 100 mita na 4x100 mita relay. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020236-enoch-olaoluwa-adegoke.htm|title=Enoch Olaoluwa Adegoke|work=results.gc2018.com|accessdate=15 April 2018|archivedate=15 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190153/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/athlete-profile-n6020236-enoch-olaoluwa-adegoke.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportsration.com/2018/04/09/44303/|title=GC 2018: Ogunlewe misses out narrowly as Adegoke finishes 7th in 100m final - Sportsration|author=ajike|date=2018-04-09|work=Sportsration|accessdate=2018-04-16|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-100m-fnl-000100-.htm|title=Result - Men's 100m Final|work=results.gc2018.com|accessdate=15 April 2018|archivedate=27 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227224423/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-100m-fnl-000100-.htm}}</ref> mita 100, Adegoke meriri ma okpomọkụ ya ma ọkara ikpeazụ iji gaa n'ihu na nke ikpeazụ ebe ọ mechara nke asaa n'ime oge nke 10.35s. == Ọrụ == === 2018 Commonwealth Games na African Championships === <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|title=Commonwealth Games Trials, Abuja (Nigeria) 14-16/02/2018 {{!}} Africathle|url=http://www.africathle.com/2018/02/17/commonwealth-games-trials-abuja-nigeria-14-16022018/|accessdate=2021-08-13|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520224610/http://www.africathle.com/2018/02/17/commonwealth-games-trials-abuja-nigeria-14-16022018/}}</ref> mbido afọ 2018, Adegoke meriri 100m na ule nke Nigerian Commonwealth Games na oge kachasị mma nke 10.31s. Ule ndị e mere na Abuja hụrụ Adegoke dị afọ iri na asaa ka ọ banye na nke ikpeazụ dị ka onye egwuregwu nke ise kachasị ọsọ n'azụ ndị ọkacha mmasị Seye Ogunlewe na Ogho-Oghene Egwero. Ogunlewe amaliteghị na nke ikpeazụ, Adegoke jikwa ohere ahụ nweta ohere na ndị otu Naijiria na egwuregwu ahụ site na mmeri n'ọsọ ahụ ebe Egwero nọ nke abụọ. Na asọmpi mbụ ya na-abụghị Naijiria, Adegoke setịpụrụ ihe kacha mma nke 10.19s na 100m okpomọkụ na Commonwealth Games. Ọ kwadoro arụmọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ laghachiri iji merie asọmpi ọkara ikpeazụ ya n'ihu Henricho Bruintjies, onye mechara n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gwụchara n'ọnọdụ nke asaa na nke ikpeazụ, <ref name=":0"/> ọ nwetala akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'ịbụ onye mbụ na-eme egwuregwu n'ụlọ na Commonwealth, World ma ọ bụ Olympic final n'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ENOCH ADEGOKE|url=https://saveoursports.ng/dag-sos-ambassadors/enoch-adegoke/|accessdate=2021-08-13|work=Save Nigeria Sport|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813172928/https://saveoursports.ng/dag-sos-ambassadors/enoch-adegoke/}}</ref> Na 4x100 mita relay ọ bụ otu n'ime Ndị otu Naijiria ruru eru maka nke ikpeazụ. Otú <ref>{{Cite web|title=Result - Men's 4 x 100m Relay Final|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm|accessdate=15 April 2018|work=results.gc2018.com|archivedate=13 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813045053/https://results.gc2018.com/en/athletics/result-men-s-4-x-100m-relay-fnl-000100-.htm}}</ref> dị, ndị otu ahụ emeghịcha ma mesịa bụrụ ndị a chụpụrụ na nke ikpeazụ. A kpọrọ Adegoke aha dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-anọchite anya mba ya na 2018 World U20 Athletics Championships. Otú <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-10|title=Nigeria misses World Juniors after visa hitch|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-misses-world-juniors-after-visa-hitch/|accessdate=2021-08-13|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> dị, ndị na-eme egwuregwu Naijiria ahapụghị mba ahụ n'ihi na visa ha adịbeghị njikere mgbe ihe omume ahụ malitere. Ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na 2018 African Championships na 100m na 4 × 100m relay. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gbaghị ọsọ na ngwụcha nke {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 100 m}} relay, o nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka iru eru maka ọnọdụ na ngwụchi. Ndị otu Naijiria gara n'ihu merie ihe nrite ọlaọcha na ihe omume ahụ. === 2019 U20 Championship na Relays === Adegoke banyere na 2019 African U20 Championship na Abidjan dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkacha mmasị maka 100m title. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenya and South Africa shine at African U18/U20 Championships in Abidjan {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/african-u18-u20-championships-abidjan-2019|accessdate=2021-08-13|work=worldathletics.org}}</ref> meriri okpomọkụ ya, agbụrụ ọkara ikpeazụ, na aha na oge kachasị mma nke 10.29s. Na 200m, ọ gwụchara n'ọkwa nke anọ. O mechara mee ka ndị otu Naijiria nke Gershon Omubo, Shedrack Akpeki, Alaba Akintola na onwe ya nwee mmeri na 4x100 mita relay na asọmpi ahụ. Ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na relays na 2019 World Relays nakwa na Doha World Championships. === 2020 Tokyo Olympics na National Titles === <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=Edo Deputy Governor to host Olympics-bound Nigerian sprinter Enoch Adegoke|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/edo-deputy-governor-to-host-olympics-bound-nigerian-sprinter-enoch-adegoke/|accessdate=2021-07-10|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710000856/https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/edo-deputy-governor-to-host-olympics-bound-nigerian-sprinter-enoch-adegoke/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Okagbare runs wind-assisted 10.63 100m in Lagos {{!}} REPORT {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/report/okagbare-1063w-100m-lagos|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=www.worldathletics.org}}</ref> ruru eru maka Tokyo 2020 Olympics, merie 100m na Naịjirịa Championships na 10.00s. Oge elekere ahụ gosipụtara 9.97 ka ọ na-agafe akara njedebe ma chee na ọ dabara n'okpuru 10s na nke mbụ ya mana oge gọọmentị gbakọrọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-17|title=Okagbare, Adegoke set new records at Olympic trials -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/06/17/okagbare-adegoke-set-new-records-at-olympic-trials/|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=The NEWS}}</ref> o sina dị, ndị nta akụkọ nwere obi ụtọ kọrọ ngwa ngwa na ọ dabara n'okpuru 10s tupu e kwado oge ahụ. Nke <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogeyingbo|first=Deji|date=2021-03-30|title=Omanyala & Nwokocha qualify for Tokyo Olympics on Day 1 of 3rd MoC Grand Prix!|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2021/03/30/omanyala-nwokocha-qualify-for-tokyo-olympics-on-day-1-of-3rd-moc-grand-prix/|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419114317/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2021/03/30/omanyala-nwokocha-qualify-for-tokyo-olympics-on-day-1-of-3rd-moc-grand-prix/|archive-date=2021-04-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> bụ naanị oge ọ dabara n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Olympic nke 2020 mgbe ọ dị nso na mgbalị ndị gara aga na-eme 10.06s na 10.05s ikuku. Ọ bụ nwoke kachasị ọsọ ugbu a na Naịjirịa mgbe ọ kụrụ ndị dị ka [[Usheoritse Itsekiri]] na Jerry Jakpa iji kwuo na ọ bụ ya. O meriri 100 mita ikpeazụ na Nigeria National Sports Festival (EDO 2020) na oge nke 10.28s n'ihu onye otu ya Alaba Akintola onye nọ na nke abụọ na 10.29s. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-31|title=Tokyo 2020: Impressive Adegoke beats world's fastest man|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tokyo-2020-impressive-adegoke-beats-worlds-fastest-man/|accessdate=2021-07-31|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> 2020 Summer Olympics na Tokyo, Adegoke gbara ọsọ nke 9.98 na 100m ihe omume ya, na-aghọ onye Naijiria nke iri na otu na-agba ọsọ iji mebie ihe mgbochi nke 10 nke abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-01|title=Tokyo Olympics: Adegoke injured as Italy’s Lamont Jacobs wins gold in men’s 100m|url=https://www.thecable.ng/tokyo-olympics-adegoke-injured-as-italys-lamont-jacobs-wins-gold-in-mens-100m|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-01|title=100 metres Semi-final Results|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/competitions/olympic-games/the-xxxii-olympic-games-athletics-7132391/results/men/100-metres/semi-final/result|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=World Athletics|language=en-US}}</ref> ahụ, ọ mechara nke abụọ na okpomọkụ nke ọkara ikpeazụ ya na oge nke 10.00s iji gaa na nke ikpeazụ, mana na nke ikpeazụ Adegoke nwere mmerụ ahụ doro anya na ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ ma ghara inwe ike ịmecha ọsọ ahụ. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Adegoke, Enoch Olaoluwa}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0zdum89ahxhlqnw5fk84uzmzqqqq7cq 0 33636 742355 720774 2026-11-02T21:46:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Cyril Agodi Onwumechili|image=Onwumechili wiki pix.jpg|image_size=|caption=Onwumechili in 1979|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date|1932|1|20|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Oji River]], Southern Region, [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] (now in [[Enugu State]], Nigeria)|death_date={{Death date and age|2023|5|16|1932|1|20|df=y}}|death_place=|nationality=Nigerian|occupation={{hlist|Educator|physicist|researcher}}|known_for=|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Cyril Agodi Onwumechili''' (20 Jenụwarị 1932 - 16 Mee 2023) bụ onye [[Naijiria]] na-ahụ maka physics, onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ, na prọfesọ nke geophysics na Mahadum Ibadan na mgbe e mesịrị Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka . Ọ bụ osote onye isi nke anọ nke Mahadum Ife <ref name="THISDAYLIVE 2023">{{Cite web|title=OAU Loses Former Vice Chancellor, Cyril Onwumechili at 91|work=THISDAYLIVE|date=2023-05-20|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/20/oau-loses-former-vice-chancellor-cyril-onwumechili-at-91|accessdate=2023-06-02}}</ref> (nke bụzi [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]]) site na Jenụwarị 1979 ruo Disemba 1982 na onye bụbu onye isi oche / osote onye bụbu Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Anambra State, Enugu, Nigeria, site na Jen'ọnwa 1983 ruo Disemba 1986 (mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ Enugu ugbu a; [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe]] ugbu a, Awka; na Mahaduma Ebonyi State, Abakaliki ugbu a). <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/05/oau-mourns-fourth-vice-chancellor-professor-onwumechili/|title=OAU mourns fourth Vice Chancellor, Professor Onwumechili|date=19 May 2023|work=Sunnews|accessdate=20 May 2023}}</ref>O kwuru okwu Ahiajoku na 20 Nọvemba 2000. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ahiajoku.igbonet.com/2000/|title=The 2000 AhỊajỌkỤ lecture:Igbo Enwe Eze: The Igbo Have No Kings|date=2000|work=Sunnews|accessdate=20 May 2023|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521151935/http://ahiajoku.igbonet.com/2000/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/society/25937-celebrating-an-icon.html|title=The Nation - Celebrating an icon|work=The Nation News|accessdate=7 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709121519/http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/society/25937-celebrating-an-icon.html|archivedate=9 July 2015}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria mbụ geophysicist na onye isi oche nke abụọ nke Nigerian Academy of Science . [1]<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adebayo|first=Adesoye|title=Scientific Pilgrimage: 'The Life and times of Emeritus Professor|date=25 March 2015|isbn=978-1504937856|pages=179|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdbBBwAAQBAJ&q=Professor+Victor+Adenuga+Oyenuga&pg=PT26|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref> họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Academy na 1979 iji nọchie Prọfesọ [[Victor Adenuga Oyenuga]], prọfesọ mbụ emeritus nke Mahadum Ibadan na prọfesor mbụ nke sayensị ọrụ ugbo n'Afrịka. == Oge ọ malitere == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyril Agodi Onwumechili is a Nigerian Professor of Physics and staff of the University of Ibadan. He was the first Nigerian Nuclear physicist and the second Pre|url=https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/47176451/1/cyril-agodi-onwumechili.html|accessdate=2021-05-20|work=ww.en.freejournal.org|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520151013/https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/47176451/1/cyril-agodi-onwumechili.html}}</ref> mụrụ Onwumechili na 1932 n'obodo Inyi na [[Oji River|Osimiri Oji]], obodo dị na Enugu Steeti, n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Nigeria. Ọ gara [[King's College, Lagos]] ma nweta nzere bachelọ na [[Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị|Physics]] na Mahadum London na 1953 na nzere masta na physics na Mahadim Ibadan na 1954.   <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/nuc-rewards-17-dons-others-anniversary/|title=NUC rewards 17 dons, others at anniversary|work=The Nation News|date=18 December 2013|accessdate=7 June 2015}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">[https://thesun.ng/cyril-agodi-onwumechili-1932-2023/?amp citation needed]</span>''&#x5D;</sup> O mechara nweta nzere Doctorate na Mahadum nke London. [1] == Ọrụ == Onwumechili joined the Department of physics, University of Ibadan as academic staff. He was promoted to the rank of Professor in 1962 and appointed Head of the Department of Physics and Dean of Faculty of Science at Ibadan before he left in 1966 to join the services of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka as Head of the Department of Physics.{{cn|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> During the Nigerian Civil War, he was appointed Acting Vice Chancellor of the University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt.{{cn|date=January 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> After the Civil War, he took over from Associate Prof. J.C. Ene as Dean of the Faculty of Science, University of Nigeria, from December 1970 - June 1971. In 1973, he was elected the first Dean of the Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, thrice elected (1973-1974; 1975-1976; October 1978- December 1978).{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Onwumechili left to become the Vice Chancellor, University of Ife (Now Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=In pursuit of university excellence amid ethnic sentiments|url=https://guardian.ng/features/in-pursuit-of-university-excellence-amid-ethnic-sentiments/|accessdate=2022-03-04|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304101403/https://guardian.ng/features/in-pursuit-of-university-excellence-amid-ethnic-sentiments/}}</ref>.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} == Ọnwụ == Onwumechili nwụrụ <ref>{{Cite news|title=UNIFE’s First Non-Indigenous VC, Cyril Onwumechili Is Dead!|url=https://theyesng.com/unifes-first-non-indigenous-vc-cyril-onwumechili-is-dead/|accessdate=20 May 2023|publisher=Yes! International Magazine|date=19 May 2023}}</ref> 16 Mee 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 91. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20220812212126/https://education.gov.ng/tertiary-education/ * [https://www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng/publications/staff_publications/taiwo_mb/history-of-education-in-nigeria-its-implication-to-educational-management-taiwo-mb-conf.pdf https://www.kwcoeilorin.edu.ng/publications/staff_publications /taiwo_mb/history-of-education-in-nigeria-its-implication-to-educational-management-taiwo-mb-conf.pdf] 82h32vi4bgr3o6lw7bz644hjoxovccr 0 33777 742353 197628 2026-11-02T21:43:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   <ref name="upenn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.classics.upenn.edu/people/cynthia-damon|title=Cynthia Damon {{!}} Department of Classical Studies|work=www.classics.upenn.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-20}}</ref>'''Cynthia Ellen Murray Damon''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1957) bụ Prọfesọ nke Classical Studies na Mahadum [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] ma dee ọtụtụ ihe gbasara Akwụkwọ Latin na Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Rom, ebe o bipụtara nsụgharị na nkọwa gbasara ndị edemede dịka Caesar na Tacitus. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ọrụ == <ref name="upenn"/> Damon nwetara B.A. ya na History site na Mahadum Stanford na 1979, M.A. na Classics site na Boston College na 1984 na Ph.D. site na Machị Stanford na 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://classics.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/summer_1990_newsletter.pdf|title=Classics Stanford Newsletter Summer 1990|date=1990|accessdate=30 Jul 2018|archivedate=11 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311115522/https://classics.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/summer_1990_newsletter.pdf}}</ref> yana A.M. nsọpụrụ site na Amherst College na 2004. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1989|title=Dissertations in Progress|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/456166/summary|journal=Syllecta Classica|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=133–138|doi=10.1353/syl.1989.0012|issn=2160-5157}}</ref> Damon kụziri na Mahadum Harvard dị ka Onye Nkwado Prọfesọ site na 1990-1995, <ref name=":0"/> na Amherst College dị ka Onye Inkwado Pròfesọ na Prọfesụ 1995-2007, wee kwaga Mahadum Pennsylvania dị ka Prọfesor nke Ọmụmụ Ọdị Ọdị na 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/cynthia-damon/33564/|title=Cynthia Damon|work=www.penguin.co.uk|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730141124/https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/cynthia-damon/33564/|archivedate=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.classics.upenn.edu/sites/www.classics.upenn.edu/files/damoncvupdatedfeb2018.pdf|title=Cynthia Damon CV|date=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170605/https://www.classics.upenn.edu/sites/www.classics.upenn.edu/files/damoncvupdatedfeb2018.pdf|archivedate=30 July 2018|accessdate=30 July 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/lps/students/current/graduation/faculty-awards-2015|title=Faculty Awards for 2015 {{!}} The College of Liberal and Professional Studies (LPS)|work=www.sas.upenn.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308152947/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/lps/students/current/graduation/faculty-awards-2015|archive-date=2016-03-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1" />'afọ 2015, e nyere Damon onyinye College of Liberal and Professional Studies Distinguished Teaching Award for Standing Faculty. Damon bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Transactions nke American Philological Association site na 2001 ruo 2005 <ref>[https://gustavus.edu/classics/cam/10-06CAMnewsletter.pdf Classical Association of Minnesota newsletter, 2006]</ref> na onye otu ndị nduzi nke American Philology Association site na 2007 ruo 2010. <ref>[https://classicalstudies.org/publications-and-research/newsletter/spring-2010-newsletter APA newsletter, Spring 2010]</ref> Damon <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/editors.html|title=Bryn Mawr Classical Review (BMCR) Editorial Board|work=bmcr.brynmawr.edu|accessdate=2018-07-30}}</ref> na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ Bryn Mawr Classical Review. N'afọ 1997, Damon bipụtara The Mask of the Parasite: A Pathology of Roman Patronage dabere na thesis doctoral ya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEJ-aA_XQQQC&q=%22Cynthia+Damon%22+dissertation+stanford+university&pg=PR4|title=The Mask of the Parasite: A Pathology of Roman Patronage|author=Damon|first=Cynthia|date=1997|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472107607|language=en}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1997, Damon lekwasịrị anya na ntụgharị na nkọwa banyere ihe odide oge ochie gụnyere ọrụ Augustus, Nepos, Tacitus, na Caesar. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL039/2016/volume.xml|title=Caesar, Civil War {{!}} Loeb Classical Library|work=Loeb Classical Library|accessdate=2018-07-30|language=en}}</ref> nyere Damon Loeb Classical Library Foundation Fellowship na 2013/14 iji rụọ ọrụ na nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke Caesar's Civil War, nke e bipụtara na 2016 na-anọchi nsụgharị 1914 nke A. G. Peskett. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arsedendi.org/?page_id=1777|title=− Conference August 2016|work=www.arsedendi.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-30}}</ref><ref name="upenn"/> na-elekwasị anya ugbu a na <nowiki><i id="mwSg">Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme</i></nowiki> nke Pliny na nnabata ya [1] ma nye okwu dị mkpa nke Plinian layers: Na idezi nnabata nke echiche mbara ala Pliny na 2016 na nzukọ The Arts of Editing: Past, Present and Future (17-19 August 2016) na Mahadum [[Stockholm]]. [2] A na-eto Damon maka ụzọ o si akọ akọ ya maka ederede. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Antonio Moreno Hernández kwuru na Studies on the Text of Caesar's Bellum civile:<blockquote>Mbipụt<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hernández|first=Antonio Moreno|date=2018|title=Review of: C. Iuli Caesaris Commentariorum Libri III De Bello Ciuili. Recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit C. D., Studies on the Text of Caesar's 'Bellum civile'|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2018/2018-01-45.html|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|issn=1055-7660}}</ref> a magburu onwe ya na-enye aka n'ịrụzigharị ederede ahụ, na ọgụgụ ya nke ọma na nke miri emi nke ederede nke BC na ọmụmụ nke ọma nke ọdịnala ya na-esonyere nkọwa nghọta banyere akụkụ ndị na-enye nsogbu nke na-eme ka nnukwu mgbagwoju anya nke ederede nke e nyefere n'ụzọ dị otú ahụ, na-enye echiche ọhụrụ na-akpali ntụgharị uche na ọgụgụ na nkọwa nke ọrụ Siza. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/studies-on-the-text-of-caesars-bellum-civile-9780198724063?cc=us&lang=en&|title=Studies on the Text of Caesar's Bellum civile|date=2015-11-24|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198724063|location=Oxford, New York}}</ref></blockquote>N'afọ 2016/17, e nyere Damon Andrew W. Mellon Fellowship na Price Lab for Digital Humanities iji rụọ ọrụ na ọrụ ''Bellum Alexandrinum''. Ọrụ a bụ onye nduzi iji nwalee ikpo okwu nhazi nke Digital Latin Library ọhụrụ ma tinye ntinye sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gaa na ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ iji bụrụ ihe nlereanya maka mbipụta mmekọrịta nke ederede oge ochie na ihe atụ nke otu mmadụ nwere ike isi tinye nhazi ederede na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pricelab.sas.upenn.edu/fellows/damon-cynthia|title=Price Lab for Digital Humanities|work=pricelab.sas.upenn.edu|language=en|accessdate=2018-07-30}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Caesar, Civil War (mbipụta na nsụgharị, Loeb Classical Library, 2016)   * ''C. Iuli Caesaris Commentariorum libri III de bello civili'' (Oxford Classical Texts, 2015).   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780199659746|9780199659746]]<ref name=":2"/> * Nnyocha na ederede nke Caesar's Bellum Civile (Oxford, 2015) <ref name=":2" />  * Tacitus, Annals (Penguin Classics, 2012) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pagán|first=Victoria E.|date=2014|title=Review of: Tacitus: Annals. Penguin Classics|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2014/2014-05-56.html|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|issn=1055-7660}}</ref>  * ya na Brian Breed na Andreola Rossi Citizens of Discord: Rome and its Civil Wars (Oxford University Press, 2010) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/citizens-of-discord-9780195389579?cc=us&lang=en&#|title=Citizens of Discord: Rome and Its Civil Wars|date=2010-08-26|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195389579|location=Oxford, New York}}</ref>  * na William Batstone Caesar's Civil War (Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature, 2006)   * Tacitus, Histories, Book I (Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics, 2003) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v26/n02/mary-beard/four-day-caesar|title=Four-Day Caesar|author=Beard|first=Mary|date=2004-01-22|work=London Review of Books|accessdate=2018-07-30|pages=16–18}}</ref>  * The Mask <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tylawsky|first=Elizabeth|date=1999|title=Review of: The Mask of the Parasite: A Pathology of Roman Patronage|url=http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1999/1999-04-22.html|journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review|issn=1055-7660}}</ref> the Parasite: A Pathology of Roman Patronage (University of [[Michigan]] Press, 1997) [1]  == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gmk4h77zbnk6dbwbxypchf760gew06o 0 33802 742380 721059 2026-11-03T03:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Elizabeth Ann Clark''' (September 27, 1938 - September 7, 2021) bụ prọfesọ nke John Carlisle Kilgo prọfesor nke okpukpe na Mahadum Duke . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://religiousstudies.duke.edu/people/elizabeth-clark|title=Elizabeth A. Clark {{!}} Duke Religious Studies|work=religiousstudies.duke.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-01-23|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071107/https://religiousstudies.duke.edu/people/elizabeth-clark}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na ngalaba nke Patristics, na nkuzi nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke US. <ref>{{Cite web|title='Her generosity was legendary': Duke professor Elizabeth Clark remembered for strong advocacy, revolutionary change|url=https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2021/10/elizabeth-clark-obituary-duke-university-religion-history-professor-christian-judaism-graduate-school-yale?fbclid=IwAR1z6vYxIJOkBIjC6-RiODtPZnL6RnK0AciE3x8uuFEdrAJXtRL_hT5vatc|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=The Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://patten.indiana.edu/lecturers2/Clark-A.-Elizabeth.html|title=The William T. Patten Foundation: Past Lecturers: Elizabeth A. Clark|work=patten.indiana.edu|accessdate=2017-01-31|archivedate=2016-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110124727/http://patten.indiana.edu/lecturers2/Clark-A.-Elizabeth.html}}</ref> gbasaa ọmụmụ nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/imce/Clark.pdf|title=Elizabeth Clark, Doctor of Divinity|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220094931/http://news.yale.edu/sites/default/files/imce/Clark.pdf|archivedate=2015-12-20}}</ref> bụrụ onye nkwado siri ike maka ụmụ nwanyị, na-ebute ụzọ n'iji echiche nke oge a dịka Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, echiche netwọk mmekọrịta, na nkatọ akwụkwọ na isi mmalite oge ochie. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Clark na Port Chester, [[Nú Yọk|New York]], na 1938. <ref name=":2"/> kwagara Delhi, New York, mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=Elizabeth A.|year=2015|title=The Retrospective Self|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/575747/pdf|journal=The Catholic Historical Review|volume=101|pages=vi-27|doi=10.1353/cat.2015.0046}}</ref> gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ebe ahụ ma mesịa kọwaa agụmakwụkwọ ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka 'ihe na-adịghị mma'. Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ steeti wee gaa Vassar College, ebe ọ natara BA ya na Religion na 1960. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> Campbell, Mary Martin McLaughlin, na J. B. Ross kụziiri Clark akụkọ ihe mere eme, Jack Glasse kụziiri ya okpukpe. Clark nwetara <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gradschool.duke.edu/about/news/2010-dean%E2%80%99s-award-elizabeth-clark|title=2010 Dean's Award: Elizabeth A. Clark {{!}} Duke Graduate School|work=gradschool.duke.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-01-23|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070137/https://gradschool.duke.edu/about/news/2010-dean%E2%80%99s-award-elizabeth-clark}}</ref> na PhD ya na Mahadum Columbia na 1962 na 1965. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Clark mụrụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Oge Ochie na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]], gụnyere usoro nke Paul Oskar Kristeller na nkà ihe ike Hellenic mgbe Aristotle gasịrị. Clark kọwara Kristeller dị ka 'onye ọkà mmụta kachasị m maara'. <ref name=":1">Clark, "Retrospective Self," 6</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral nke Clark The Influence of Aristotelian Thought on Clement of Alexandria: A Study in Philosophical Transmission, [1] nke edere n'okpuru nduzi nke ngalaba nke Union Theological Seminary. == Ọrụ == <ref name=":1">Clark, "Retrospective Self," 6</ref>'afọ 1964, Clark guzobere Ngalaba Okpukpe na Mary Washington College (nke bụzi akụkụ nke Ngalaba Classics, Philosophy, na Religion na Mahadum Mary Washington) na Fredericksburg, Virginia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://t.e2ma.net/message/6eeq6/i41qei|title=email : Webview : "In Honor of Elizabeth Clark"|work=t.e2ma.net|accessdate=2017-05-12}}</ref> nọ n'ọkwa onye isi oche nke Ngalaba 1979-82. [1] <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Duke Flags Lowered: Elizabeth Clark, Taught Religion at Duke for Four Decades, Dies at Age 82|url=https://today.duke.edu/2021/09/duke-flags-lowered-elizabeth-clark-taught-religion-duke-four-decades-dies-age-82|accessdate=2021-09-10|work=today.duke.edu|language=en}}</ref>'afọ 1982, a họpụtara Clark ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ nke Okpukpe na Mahadum Duke, ebe o mechara rụọ ọrụ afọ iri anọ. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ancientjewreview.com/articles/2018/10/1/98bs5tc21ha71w35lqv1aki6ahakg1|title=Duke/UNC CLAS Symposium Report {{!}} De Malo: Evil and Theodicy in Late Antiquity|work=Ancient Jew Review|accessdate=2018-10-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020106/http://www.ancientjewreview.com/articles/2018/10/1/98bs5tc21ha71w35lqv1aki6ahakg1|url-status=dead}}</ref> guzobere Center for Late Ancient Studies na Duke na 1986. [1] <ref name=":0"/>'oge a họpụtara ya na College of Arts and Sciences, ngalaba ahụ dị ihe dị ka 500; naanị ụmụ nwanyị anọ nwere ọkwa prọfesọ zuru oke. Clark nwere mkpakọrịta na National Humanities Center, North Carolina, 2001-02. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/theology/|title=Honorary Doctors of the Faculty of Theology - Uppsala University, Sweden|work=www.uu.se|language=sv|accessdate=2017-02-17}}</ref>Mahadum Uppsala nyere Clark nzere nsọpụrụ n'afọ 2001. <ref name=":1">Clark, "Retrospective Self," 6</ref> nyere ya ogbunigwe a gbagburu n'oge emume ahụ dị ka ihe ncheta. Clark nwetara akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] n'afọ 2013. Clark jere ozi <ref name=":0"/> bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society . [1] <ref name=":1" /> nyere aka ịmalite ma soro dezie ''Journal of Early Christian Studies.'' . [1] Clark bụ onye edemede na-emepụta ihe, na-ede ma ọ bụ na-edezi akwụkwọ iri na atọ na ihe karịrị isiokwu iri asaa. Nnyocha <ref name=":2"/> lekwasịrị anya na Augustine, John Chrysostom, Origen, netwọk mmekọrịta, omume ịta ahụhụ mbụ, na ụmụ nwanyị na chọọchị mbụ. Clark lara ezumike nká na Duke na 2014 dị ka John Carlisle Kilgo Prọfesọ. Ọ nọgidere na bọọdụ nke Center for Late Ancient Studies na Duke. <ref name=":1" />'ịtụgharị uche n'ọrụ ya, Clark kwuru na ọ bụ 'ihe dị iche iche': 'M gbanyere n'okporo ụzọ dị iche iche nakwa n'okporong ụzọ awara awara, tụbọrọ m n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ kwadebeghị m.' [1] == Nkwado na onyinye == Clark jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke American Academy of Religion (1990), American Society of Church History (1987), na North American Patristics Society (1989). <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":3" /> bụ ya malitere Journal of Early Christian Studies, akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị na ngalaba nke Patristics, Iso Ụzọ Kraịst oge ochie, na ọmụmụ oge ochie. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/elizabeth-a-clark/|title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Elizabeth A. Clark|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25|archivedate=2020-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322224546/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/elizabeth-a-clark/}}</ref> nyere ya Guggenheim Fellowship na 1988. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://securegrants.neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx?q=1&a=0&n=1&ln=clark&fn=elizabeth&o=0&ot=0&k=0&f=0&s=0&cd=0&p=0&d=0&y=0&prd=0&cov=0&prz=0&wp=0&ob=year&or=DESC|title=NEH grants|work=securegrants.neh.gov|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> bụ onye natara onyinye site na National Endowment for the Humanities na American Council of Learned Societies . [1] N'afọ 2003, ọ natara onyinye Distinguished Career Award site na American Society of Church History. <ref name=":2"/>'afọ 2006, e nyere ya onyinye Distinguished Service Award nke North American Patristic Society . [1] <ref name=":3"/> na-egosipụta mmetụta dị egwu nke Clark na ''Festschriften'' abụọ e bipụtara iji sọpụrụ ya: nke mbụ, The Cultural Turn in Late Ancient Studies (2005) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=Dale B.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56419977|title=The cultural turn in late ancient studies: gender, asceticism, and historiography|date=2005|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-3411-9|oclc=56419977}}</ref> nke Dale Martin na Patricia Cox Miller dezigharịrị; nke abụọ nke C. M. Chin na Caroline T. Schroeder dezigharị: Melania: Early Christianity through the Life of One Family (2017). <ref name=":4"/>'afọ 2018, Mahadum Duke gbanwere aha Center for Late Ancient Studies dị ka Elizabeth A. Clark Center for Late Antique Studies, "iji sọpụrụ ọrụ Dr. Clark na idu ndú n'ọhịa". Clark jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ edemede maka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-eduga n'ọhịa. Maka nkwado <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gradschool.duke.edu/about/news/2010-dean%E2%80%99s-award-elizabeth-clark|title=2010 Dean's Award: Elizabeth A. Clark {{!}} Duke Graduate School|work=gradschool.duke.edu|accessdate=2020-01-12|archivedate=2021-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202164627/https://gradschool.duke.edu/about/news/2010-dean%E2%80%99s-award-elizabeth-clark}}</ref> nye ndị ọkà mmụta na-eto eto, ọkachasị mkpebi ya ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọzọ a na-anọchite anya ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, e nyere Clark onyinye Dean maka Ịdị Mma na Mentoring. A kọwara akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, The Fathers Refounded, dị ka 'akwụkwọ dị egwu n'ezie, nke a na-eme nnyocha nke ukwuu, nke e dere nke ọma, nke na-abụkarị ihe omimi, ma nwee nghọta'. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15895.html|title=The Fathers Refounded {{!}} Elizabeth A. Clark|work=www.upenn.edu|accessdate=2019-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325122946/http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/15895.html|archive-date=2019-03-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Clark nwụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title='Her generosity was legendary': Duke professor Elizabeth Clark remembered for strong advocacy, revolutionary change|url=https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2021/10/elizabeth-clark-obituary-duke-university-religion-history-professor-christian-judaism-graduate-school-yale|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=The Chronicle}}</ref> 7 Septemba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-29|title=In Memoriam: Elizabeth Ann Clark, 1938-2021|url=https://www.wiareport.com/2021/09/in-memoriam-elizabeth-ann-clark-1938-2021/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Women In Academia Report}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth A. Clark – Elizabeth A. Clark Center for Late Ancient Studies|url=https://sites.duke.edu/clas/elizabeth-a-clark/|accessdate=2021-11-24|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":5"/> wepụrụ ọkọlọtọ na Mahadum Duke n'ihi ya. == Mgbalị == Clark sonyere n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị site na ngwụcha afọ 1960, na-akwado ntọala Fredericksburg nke National Organization for Women (NOW) . <ref name=":1">Clark, "Retrospective Self," 6</ref>   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3ml7qyiwof59smxozwgj9jittpbt58f 0 33895 742395 730009 2026-11-03T05:28:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Eric Stark Maskin''' (amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1950) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na mgbakọ na mwepụ. nyere ya 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize na sayensị akụ na ụba ya na Leonid Hurwicz "n'ihi na ọ tọrọ ntọala nke usoro nhazi". Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Mahadum Adams na Prọfesor nke Economics na Mathematics na Mahadum Harvard. Ruo 'afọ 2011, ọ bụ Albert O. Hirschman Prọfesọ nke Social Science na Institute for Advanced Study, na onye nkuzi nleta na ọkwa prọfesọ na Mahadum Princeton. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Maskin na New York City na Disemba 12, 1950, n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Juu, ma nọrọ na Alpine, New Jersey. gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Tenafly High School na Tenafly, New Jersey, na 1968. N'afọ 1972, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na A.B. na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Harvard College, kọleji na-agụsị akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Harvard. N'afọ 1974, ọ nwetara A.M. na mgbakọ na mwepụ a na-etinye n'ọrụ ma n'afọ 1976 nweta Ph.D. na mgbakọ n'ọrụ, ma na Mahadum Harvard. N'afọ 1975-76, ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nleta na Darwin College, Mahadum Cambridge. == Ọrụ na isiokwu == N'afọ 1976, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere doctorate ya, Maskin ghọrọ onye nyocha na Jesus College, Mahadum Cambridge. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ sonyeere ngalaba na Massachusetts Institute of Technology. N'afọ 1985, ọ laghachiri Harvard dị ka Louis Berkman Prọfesọ nke Economics, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 2000. N'afọ ahụ, ọ kwagara na Institute for Advanced Study na Princeton, New Jersey. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.as.huji.ac.il/schools/econ23|title=The 23rd Jerusalem School in Economic Theory - Intertemporal Public Economics &#124; the Institute for Advanced Studies}}</ref> mgbakwunye na ọnọdụ ya na Princeton Institute, Maskin bụ onye nduzi nke Jerusalem Summer School in Economic Theory na The Institute for Advanced Studies na The Hebrew University of Jerusalem . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uc.edu.kh/ucb/List%20of%20Honorary%20Doctorates%20(2004%20-%202014)/2015-07-22%2006:45:24/1889/|title=Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)|work=uc.edu.kh|accessdate=2018-05-07}}</ref>'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere doctoral na akụ na ụba site na Mahadum nke Cambodia . [1] <ref>Gautam S. Kumar and Julia L. Ryan. </ref>'afọ 2011, Maskin laghachiri Harvard dị ka Prọfesọ Mahadum Adams na prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Maskin arụwo ọrụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Echiche akụ na ụba, dị ka Echiche egwuregwu, akụ na ụba nke ihe mkpali, na echiche nkwekọrịta. A maara ya karịsịa maka akwụkwọ ya gbasara usoro imepụta / mmejuputa usoro na egwuregwu dị ike. Ya na Jean Tirole, ọ kwalitere echiche nke nguzozi zuru oke nke Markov. Ọrụ nyocha ya gụnyere iji tụnyere iwu ntuli aka dị iche iche, nyochaa ihe kpatara enweghị nhata, na ịmụ nhazi nke njikọ aka. Maskin bụ Fellow nke ''American Academy of Arts and Sciences'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eric Stark Maskin|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/eric-stark-maskin|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> Econometric Society, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows {{!}} The Econometric Society|url=https://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/fellows|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=www.econometricsociety.org}}</ref> na European Economic Association, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows {{!}} EEA|url=https://www.eeassoc.org/fellows|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=www.eeassoc.org}}</ref> na onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke ''British Academy''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Professor Eric Maskin FBA|url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/eric-maskin-FBA/|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=The British Academy|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Presidents {{!}} The Econometric Society|url=https://www.econometricsociety.org/society/organization-and-governance/executive-committee-2021/past-presidents|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=www.econometricsociety.org|language=en}}</ref> bụ onye isi oche nke Econometric Society na 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Mojeed|author=Alabi|work=[[New Telegraph]]|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/nobel-laureate-joins-covenant-varsity/|title=Nobel laureate joins Covenant varsity|date=16 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811055122/http://newtelegraphonline.com/nobel-laureate-joins-covenant-varsity|archive-date=11 August 2014|access-date=5 November 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>'afọ 2014, a họpụtara Maskin dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Covenant, Naijiria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=HEC PARIS HONORIS CAUSA PROFESSOR 2017 REWARDS LIFELONG WORK OF NOBEL LAUREATE ERIC MASKIN|url=https://www.hec.edu/en/news-room/hec-paris-honoris-causa-professor-2017-rewards-lifelong-work-nobel-laureate-eric-maskin|work=HEC Paris|accessdate=10 November 2019|date=Oct 12, 2017}}</ref> Septemba 2017, Maskin natara utu aha [[HEC Paris]] Honoris Causa Professor . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hec.edu/Knowledge/Events/Nobel-Prize-Eric-MASKIN-Conference-on-Improving-French-and-American-presidential-elections|title=Nobel Prize Eric MASKIN Conference on "Improving French and American presidential elections"|author=Paris|first=HEC|work=HEC Paris|accessdate=2018-04-02|archive-date=2018-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402230017/http://www.hec.edu/Knowledge/Events/Nobel-Prize-Eric-MASKIN-Conference-on-Improving-French-and-American-presidential-elections|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ọka ikpe nke Social Sciences maka Infosys Prize na 2018. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke ndị ndụmọdụ nke International Economics Olympiad . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing bodies|url=https://ecolymp.org/committees|work=International Economics Olympiad}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foley|first=Ned|title="Total Vote Runoff" & Baldwin's method|url=https://electionlawblog.org/?p=133027|accessdate=2022-11-20|work=Election Law Blog|date=10 November 2022|language=en-US|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Foley|first=Ned|authorlink=Edward B. Foley|date=November 8, 2022|title=An Additional Detail about "Total Vote Runoff"|url=https://electionlawblog.org/?p=132963|accessdate=2022-11-09|work=Election Law Blog|language=en-US|quote=}}</ref> na Ned Foley, ọ tụwo aro iji usoro ịtụ vootu Baldwin, n'okpuru aha "Total Vote Runoff", dị ka ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu na Usoro ịgba ọsọ ozugbo ("Ranked Choice Voting") na ikike US nke na-eji ya, na-ahụ maka nkwado ka ukwuu nke onye mmeri ma na-ahọpụta ndị ọzọ a nabatara. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Foley|first=Edward B.|authorlink=Edward B. Foley|date=November 1, 2022|title=Alaska's ranked-choice voting is flawed. But there's an easy fix.|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/11/01/alaska-final-four-primary-begich-palin-peltola/|accessdate=2022-11-09|quote=the way Alaska uses ranked-choice voting also caused the defeat of Begich, whom most Alaska voters preferred to Democrat Mary Peltola … A candidate popular only with the party’s base would be eliminated early in a Total Vote Runoff, leaving a more broadly popular Republican to compete against a Democrat.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foley|first=Ned|authorlink=Edward B. Foley|date=November 1, 2022|title="Total Vote Runoff" tweak to Ranked Choice Voting|url=https://electionlawblog.org/?p=132792|accessdate=2022-11-09|work=Election Law Blog|language=en-US|quote=a small but significant adjustment to the “instant runoff” method}}</ref> == Ikike ngwanrọ == Maskin tụrụ aro na ikike ngwanrọ na-egbochi ihe ọhụrụ kama ịkpali ọganihu. Software, semiconductor, na ụlọ ọrụ kọmputa abụwo ihe ọhụrụ n'agbanyeghị nchebe patent na-adịghị ike n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, o kwuru. Ihe ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ abụwo nke na-agbakwunye ma na-akwado, yabụ asọmpi nwere ike ịbawanye uru ụlọ ọrụ n'ọdịnihu. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ dị otú ahụ dị ike, "nchebe ikike nwere ike belata ihe ọhụrụ na ọdịmma ọha na eze". Nnyocha sitere n'okike mere n'afọ ndị 1980 mgbe a gbatịrị nchebe patent na ngwanrọ", ka Maskin na onye edemede James Bessen dere. "Arụmụka ọkọlọtọ ga-ebu amụma na ike R&D na mmepụta kwesịrị ịbawanye n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ikike. N'ikwekọ n'ihe nlereanya anyị, Otú ọ dị, mmụba ndị a emeghị. " Ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1756-2171.2009.00081.x|title=Sequential innovation, patents, and imitation|year=2009|author=Bessen|first=J.|journal=The RAND Journal of Economics|volume=40|issue=4|pages=611|url=http://publications.ut-capitole.fr/16447/1/bessen.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520185357/http://publications.ut-capitole.fr/16447/1/bessen.pdf|archive-date=2022-05-20|access-date=2023-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>-akwado ihe nlereanya a gụnyere usoro pụrụ iche nke ikikere na mmekọrịta dị mma n'etiti ọnụego nke ihe ọhụrụ na ntinye ụlọ ọrụ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba * Nhazi nke usoro * Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Eric S. Maskin gụnyere ihe nrite Nobel Lecture Mechanism Design: Otu esi etinye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọrụ''Mechanism Design: Otu esi emezu ebumnuche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017151649/http://dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2007/10/16/news/19009.shtml Profaịlụ na The Daily Princetonian] * Vidio nke Eric Maskin **   **   **   ** [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwupụta maka Mechanism Design. Warwick Economics Summit. E debere ya na nke mbụ na 2021-12-21. Maskin na-enye okwu dị mkpa na 'Olee otu esi eme mkpebi ziri ezi n'amaghị ihe ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ'  **    {{DEFAULTSORT:Maskin, Eric}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] niur0073tazvgze9k5luikjgw8xfoqm 0 33913 742543 135092 2026-11-03T08:13:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742543 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isa ntutu mmiri n'ejighi shampoo ana erere, nke ana akowa no poo''', nke gunyere iji nani mmiri asa ntutu maobu Isa ntutu mmiri n'ejighi ihe is obula ana erere dika baking soda na vinegar. Ndi nkwusite so na shampoo di onu ma nwekwa ngwa iji eme ya na emery ahu. == Ihe kpatara ya == webatara shampoos aka mere n'afọ ndị 1930. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Jennifer|author=Marsh|title=Healthy Hair|chapter=Cosmetic Products and Hair Health|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=978-3-319-18385-5|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-18386-2_7}}.</ref> kwa ụbọchị ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na US na 1970s na 1980s, mana ịsa ntutu na-ekpebi site na omenala ọdịbendị na mmasị onye ọ bụla, na ụfọdụ ndị na-asa kwa ụbọchị, ụfọdụ kwa izu abụọ, na ụfọdụ anaghị asa ma ọlị. Site <ref>{{Cite book|first=Zoe Diana|author=Draelos|chapter=Hair Cosmetics|title=Hair Growth and Disorders|editor=Blume-Peytavi|publisher=Springer|year=2008|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-46911-7_25}}</ref>'echiche ahụike, "ebumnuche bụ isi maka shampoo bụ ịsacha akpụkpọ isi", ọ bụghị "ime ka ntutu dị mma". -akwado ịsa ntutu isi na-enweghị shampoo kwenyere na ngwaahịa azụmahịa adịghị mkpa, ya mere ọ bụ ego na-adịghị mkpa. N'ịgbaso mkparịta ụka redio na 2007 na Matthew Parris (''Oge'' na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Times "onye na-ejighị shampoo mee ihe karịrị afọ iri"), onye na-eme ihe ngosi redio nke Australia bụ Richard Glover mara ndị na-ege ya ntị aka ịnwa ịga na-enweghị shampoo ruo izu isii. percent nke ihe karịrị 500 sonyere kọrọ na "ntutu ha ka mma ma ọ bụ otu" mgbe ihe ịma aka ahụ gasịrị.&nbsp; Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na site n'iwepụ mmanụ sitere n'okike (sebum) nke akpụkpọ isi mepụtara, shampoo azụmahịa na-emepụta usoro ọjọọ nke mmepụta mmanụ na ịsa ntutu ugboro ugboro, nke nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu isii iji mebie. [1] [2] Ndị ọzọ na-akwado ya na-ezere shampoos n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị ahụ na-emerụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/fashion/30Skin.html|title=Sulfate-Free Products Have Some in a Lather|first=Catherine|author=Saint Louis|date=September 29, 2010|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=7 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate|date=December 1983|journal=International Journal of Toxicology|volume=2|issue=7|pages=127–181|doi=10.3109/10915818309142005|issn=1091-5818}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679819/|pmid=16679819|year=2006|author=Marrakchi|first=S.|title=Sodium lauryl sulfate-induced irritation in the human face: Regional and age-related differences|journal=Skin Pharmacology and Physiology|volume=19|issue=3|pages=177–80|doi=10.1159/000093112}}</ref>Sulfates dị ka sodium lauryl sulfate nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akpasu iwe; [1] [2] a na-erekwa shampoos na-enweghị sulfate dabere na nchegbu a. Enwekwara nchegbu banyere mmetọ <ref>{{Cite web|first=David|author=Biello|title=Scientific American: dandruff shampoos mess up the water|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=dandruff-shampoo-could-mess-up-wate-13-12-01|publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> fungicides na [[Ncha ntụtụ|shampoo dandruff]]. == Ụzọ e si eme ya == Ụdị kachasị ọcha nke izere shampoo iji naanị mmiri asa ntutu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Apple Cider Vinegar Uses, Benefits, Claims|url=http://www.webmd.com/diet/apple-cider-vinegar/|work=WebMD}}</ref>'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike iji soda na-eme achịcha saa ntutu ahụ, na-esote mmiri acidic dị ka vinegar apụl. Enwere ike iji mmanụ <ref name="MC">{{cite magazine |first=Penny |last=Goldstone |url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/beauty/hair/no-poo-method-698751 |title=I've been trying the no poo method during the lockdown |magazine=Marie Claire |date=May 22, 2020}}</ref> mkpa mee ka ntutu nwee ísì ụtọ. A na-eji ntụ ọka mmiri eme ka ntutu isi dị ọcha.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|marsh(2015).]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} 6z8w2auo3fl9oqi52p7jwkhimz4vsjl 0 34104 742772 741416 2026-11-03T09:41:12Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742772 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="reflist"> <ref name="va.bulletin.2014.07.08"/> <ref name="va.bulletin.2015.03.28"/> <ref name="CH.dmaku"/> <ref name="CH.banagbe"/> <ref name="acni.2022.19.07"/> <ref name="acni.2022.10.17"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240301020221/https://acninternational.org/church-in-nigeria-under-attack/ "Church in Nigeria under attack"]. </cite></ref> </references> </div> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="background-color: #DFB0DF;" |<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">Onye Ukwu ya, Onye Mọnk[[Monsignor|Mọnkịnọ]]</div><br /><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">[[Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|C.M.F.]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role" |[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi|Bishọp nke Makurdi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Chọọchị | class="infobox-data org" |[[Catholic|Katọlik]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Diocese | class="infobox-data label" |[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi|Makurdi]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E debere ya | class="infobox-data" |28 Machị 2015 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Athanasius Atule Usuh]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDDDDD;" |Nkọwa nke onwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |2 Eprel 1965 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1965-04-02</span>)&nbsp;</span> (afọ 58) &nbsp;<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Aondona, Raav-Udem District, [[Gwer West]], Benue State, Nigeria</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide gara aga | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Onye isi bishọp nke Makurdi (2014-15) * Onye ụkọchukwu agha (2009-15) * Onye otu Kansụl Akụnụba nke Claretian Generalate na Rom (2008-13) * Bursar nke mpaghara nke Claretians na Naịjirịa (2005-15) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * St. James' Minor Seminary na Makurdi (1980-85) * Claretian Institute of Philosophy, Owerri (1987-90) * Spiritan International School of Theology, Enugu State (1990-94) (Master's in theology) * Mahadum nke Salamanca (2004-2005) (kwụsịrị) </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"><span style="font-size:100%">Akụkọ banyere nhọpụta</span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee" |<span style="font-size:100%;">Akụkọ ihe mere eme</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;" |<div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Ịchọpụta ndị ụkọchukwu</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị | class="infobox-data" |6 Ọgọst 1994 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |Katidral nke Makurdi |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;" |<div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Ịrapara Onye Bishọp</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye isi na-edo nsọ | class="infobox-data" |Augustine Kasujja |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Ndị na-edo onwe ha nsọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * William Amove Avenya, * [[Michael Ekwoy Apochi]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị | class="infobox-data" |4 Ọktoba 2014 |} |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" |} |} C.M.F."> {{Databox}} Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe C.M.F (amụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Naijiria nke Chọọchị Katọlik, na-eje ozi dị ka bishọp nke Diocese nke Makurdi . <ref name="CH.dmaku"/><ref name="va.bulletin.2015.03.28"/> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ bishọp nke Makurdi n'afọ 2014, <ref name="va.bulletin.2014.07.08"/> ma nọchie ya n'ọfịs bishọp n'afọ 2015. <ref name="CH.banagbe"/> == Mkpagbu e kpagburu Ndị Kraịst == <ref name="acni.2022.19.07"/>'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022 Anagbe gwara Aid to the Church in Need na e gbuola ihe karịrị Ndị Kraịst 60 na Benue State n'ime ọnwa abụọ gara aga. <ref name="acni.2022.10.17"/>'okwu o kwuru n'ụlọ omebe iwu Europe n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Anagbe jiri ọnọdụ Ndị Kraịst nọ na mba ya tụnyere "ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị Jihad nke yi ọtụtụ aha: iyi ọha egwu, ịtọrọ mmadụ, ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-egbu egbu, ndị ohi, ndị agha ndị ọzọ" ma kpọọ ndị mba ụwa ka ha hapụ ihe ọ kpọrọ "nkwekọrịta ịgbachi nkịtị" n'okwu ahụ. == Ihe odide ==  <div class="reflist "> <ref name="va.bulletin.2014.07.08"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="183">[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2014/07/08/0506/01126.html "Rinunce e nomine, 08.07.2014"] &#x5B;Resignations and Appointments, 08.07.2014&#x5D; (Press release) (in Italian). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="184">[[Holy See Press Office]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="186">8 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="187"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</span></cite></ref> <ref name="va.bulletin.2015.03.28"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">[https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2015/03/28/0223/00498.html "Rinunce e nomine, 28.03.2015"] &#x5B;Resignations and Appointments, 28.03.2015&#x5D; (Press release) (in Italian). </cite></ref> <ref name="CH.dmaku"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmaku.html "Diocese of Makurdi"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="CH.banagbe"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/banagbe.html "Bishop Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="acni.2022.19.07"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://acninternational.org/recent-attacks-in-nigeria/ "Recent attacks in Nigeria"]. </cite></ref></references> </div> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="background-color: #DFB0DF;" |<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">Onye Ukwu ya, Onye Mọnk[[Monsignor|Mọnkịnọ]]</div><br /><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;">[[Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|C.M.F.]]</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role" |[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi|Bishọp nke Makurdi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Chọọchị | class="infobox-data org" |[[Catholic|Katọlik]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Diocese | class="infobox-data label" |[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi|Makurdi]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |E debere ya | class="infobox-data" |28 Machị 2015 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bu ya ụzọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Athanasius Atule Usuh]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDDDDD;" |Nkọwa nke onwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |2 Eprel 1965 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1965-04-02</span>)&nbsp;</span> (afọ 58) &nbsp;<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Aondona, Raav-Udem District, [[Gwer West]], Benue State, Nigeria</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe odide gara aga | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Onye isi bishọp nke Makurdi (2014-15) * Onye ụkọchukwu agha (2009-15) * Onye otu Kansụl Akụnụba nke Claretian Generalate na Rom (2008-13) * Bursar nke mpaghara nke Claretians na Naịjirịa (2005-15) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * St. James' Minor Seminary na Makurdi (1980-85) * Claretian Institute of Philosophy, Owerri (1987-90) * Spiritan International School of Theology, Enugu State (1990-94) (Master's in theology) * Mahadum nke Salamanca (2004-2005) (kwụsịrị) </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |<div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"><span style="font-size:100%">Akụkọ banyere nhọpụta</span></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox mw-collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee" |<span style="font-size:100%;">Akụkọ ihe mere eme</span> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;" |<div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Ịchọpụta ndị ụkọchukwu</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị | class="infobox-data" |6 Ọgọst 1994 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe | class="infobox-data" |Katidral nke Makurdi |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;" |<div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Ịrapara Onye Bishọp</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye isi na-edo nsọ | class="infobox-data" |Augustine Kasujja |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Ndị na-edo onwe ha nsọ</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * William Amove Avenya, * [[Michael Ekwoy Apochi]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụbọchị | class="infobox-data" |4 Ọktoba 2014 |} |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none" |} |} C.M.F."> {{Databox}} Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe C.M.F (amụrụ n'afọ 1965) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Naijiria nke Chọọchị Katọlik, na-eje ozi dị ka bishọp nke Diocese nke Makurdi . <ref name="CH.dmaku"/><ref name="va.bulletin.2015.03.28"/> họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ bishọp nke Makurdi n'afọ 2014, <ref name="va.bulletin.2014.07.08"/> ma nọchie ya n'ọfịs bishọp n'afọ 2015. <ref name="CH.banagbe"/> == Mkpagbu e kpagburu Ndị Kraịst == <ref name="acni.2022.19.07"/>'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022 Anagbe gwara Aid to the Church in Need na e gbuola ihe karịrị Ndị Kraịst 60 na Benue State n'ime ọnwa abụọ gara aga. <ref name="acni.2022.10.17"/>'okwu o kwuru n'ụlọ omebe iwu Europe n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2022, Anagbe jiri ọnọdụ Ndị Kraịst nọ na mba ya tụnyere "ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị Jihad nke yi ọtụtụ aha: iyi ọha egwu, ịtọrọ mmadụ, ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-egbu egbu, ndị ohi, ndị agha ndị ọzọ" ma kpọọ ndị mba ụwa ka ha hapụ ihe ọ kpọrọ "nkwekọrịta ịgbachi nkịtị" n'okwu ahụ. == Ihe odide ==  <div class="reflist "> <references group="" responsive="1"> <ref name="va.bulletin.2014.07.08"/> <ref name="va.bulletin.2015.03.28"/> <ref name="CH.dmaku"/> <ref name="CH.banagbe"/> <ref name="acni.2022.19.07"/> <ref name="acni.2022.10.17"/> </references> </div> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows]] pmx2hhug3mp7wbutkprtime3rwmpbri 0 34171 742319 727457 2026-11-02T13:46:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bassam Talhouni''' ({{lang-ar|بسام التلهوني}}; born 1964) is a Jordanian lawyer, academic and politician. He served as industry minister. Between August 2013 and September 2016 he was minister of justice. Talhouni jere ozi dị ka minista ikpe na ụlọ ọrụ Bisher Al-Khasawneh. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jordan's Justice, Interior Ministers Resign|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2832811/jordans-justice-interior-ministers-resign|accessdate=2021-04-06|work=Asharq AL-awsat|language=en}}</ref> gbara arụkwaghịm na Samir Mobeideen na 28 Febụwarị 2021 n'ihi mmebi mkpọchi na ọrịa COVID-19 na Jọdan. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name="aea">{{Cite web|title=List of attorneys|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/jordan/231771/PDFs/List%20of%20Attorneys%20-%20June%202012.pdf|work=American Embassy Amman|accessdate=25 August 2013|archivedate=30 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154206/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/jordan/231771/PDFs/List}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''American Embassy Amman''. Archived from <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> mụrụ Talhouni na Amman na 1964. O nwetara nzere bachelọ na nzere masta na Mahadum Jọdan . <ref name="aea" /> <ref name="midg">{{Cite web|title=Attorney Profiles|url=http://www.midglobe.com/index.php?Itemid=47&id=28&option=com_content&task=view|work=MidGlobe|accessdate=25 August 2013|archivedate=30 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233412/http://www.midglobe.com/index.php?Itemid=47&id=28&option=com_content&task=view}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''MidGlobe''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> nwekwara PhD na iwu site na Mahadum Edinburgh nke ọ nwetara na 1997. [1] == Ọrụ == Talhouni debanyere aha <ref name="midg"/> Jordan Bar Association na 1988 ma nwee ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu na Amman. <ref name="aea"/> <ref name="jtim">{{Cite news|title=Profiles of New Ministers|url=http://jordantimes.com/uploads/downloads/2ff98a350023ffc0dee8870e6fcab62a3629a4d3.pdf|accessdate=25 August 2013|work=Jordan Times|archive-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822152915/http://jordantimes.com/uploads/downloads/2ff98a350023ffc0dee8870e6fcab62a3629a4d3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> bụ osote prọfesọ na ngalaba iwu nke Mahadum nke Jọdan. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign investments rise by 7.8 per cent in 2010|url=http://www.aci.org.jo/development/en/news_details.php?NEWS_ID=16123&page=5|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130825144625/http://www.aci.org.jo/development/en/news_details.php?NEWS_ID=16123&page=5|archivedate=25 August 2013|work=Amman Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=25 August 2013|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="jtim" /> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu na ngalaba iwu na ikpe ziri ezi n'ime kọmitii na-ahụ maka atụmatụ mba na onye na-ahụ Maka ụlọ ọrụ. <ref name="midg" /> bụ onye otu Arab Society for Intellectual Property (ASIP). [1] <ref>{{Cite news|title=Jordan PM reshuffles cabinet ahead of local elections|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/jordan-pm-reshuffles-cabinet-ahead-of-local-elections|accessdate=19 October 2013|work=The National|date=22 August 2013|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020112052/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/jordan-pm-reshuffles-cabinet-ahead-of-local-elections|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gov't reshuffle sees 13 ministers in, five out|url=http://jordantimes.com/article/govt-reshuffle-sees-13-ministers-in-five-out|accessdate=25 August 2013|work=The Jordan Times|author=Hani Hazaimeh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024045907/http://jordantimes.com/article/govt-reshuffle-sees-13-ministers-in-five-out|archive-date=24 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista ikpe ziri ezi na kansụl nke Praịm Minista Abdullah Ensour duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Omar Obeidat|url=http://jordantimes.com/news/local/mulki%E2%80%99s-government-takes-oath-office-king|title=Mulki's government takes oath of office before King|publisher=The Jordan Times|date=2 June 2016|accessdate=18 June 2016}}</ref> nọgidere na kọmitii Hani Al-Mulki gosipụtara na June 2016. [1] Ọ tụfuru ọnọdụ ya na mgbanwe nke kansụl na 29 Septemba 2016, [[Awad Mashagbeh]] nọchiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Omar Obeidat|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/mulki%E2%80%99s-new-government-sworn|title=Mulki's new government sworn in|publisher=The Jordan Times|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=9 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220133910/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/mulki%E2%80%99s-new-government-sworn|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> họpụtara Talhouni ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}t [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Talhouni, Bassam}} t8d4t43hpa873sw7i4wozn4urbwwv7r 0 34293 742465 135776 2026-11-03T08:00:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742465 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fenjal''' bu aha ahia ngwa Nke eji elekota onwe Nke uwa nile Nke ndi pharmaceutical na cosmetic company Doetsch Grether AG Nke Basel, Switzerland. <ref>[http://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/764719/DE ''Markenregister von fenjal'']</ref> hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1899 ma ngwaahịa Fenjal mbụ bụ mmiri ara ehi e webatara na 1962 na njirimara dị ịrịba ama na usoro ahụ gụnyere mmanụ osisi. Ụdị akara ugbu a gụnyere ncha, mmanụ ịsa ahụ, mmanụ ịta ahụ, ịsa ahụ ahụ, ịba mmiri, mmanụ ịcha, mousse ịsa ahụ na ngwaahịa nlekọta akpụkpọ ahụ ndị ọzọ. Na June 1, 2016, Fit GmbH sitere na Hirschfelde weghaara akara ahụ site na Doetsch-Grether AG. <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=2016-05-25|date=2016-05-24|publisher=Pressemitteilung der fit GmbH|title=fit GmbH übernimmt die Körperpflegemarke fenjal|url=http://www.fit.de/fit-gmbh/presse/pressemitteilungen/2016/fit-gmbh-uebernimmt-die-koerperpflegemarke-fenjal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525162912/http://www.fit.de/fit-gmbh/presse/pressemitteilungen/2016/fit-gmbh-uebernimmt-die-koerperpflegemarke-fenjal/|archive-date=2016-05-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> afọ 2016, a na-emepụta ya na saịtị Hirschfelde. [1] == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ * Ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na Switzerland == Ihe odide == <references /> rrj9s3q7ai36e963wyvzg06vzmfdcaj 0 34464 742407 136680 2026-11-03T07:47:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Ndị ọrụ nke [[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]] (WPJ) bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Marxist-Leninist na Jamaica. Trevor Munroe, tinyere Elean Thomas na ndị ọzọ guzobere WPJ na 17 Disemba 1978. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,11617,1273286,00.html|title=Elean Thomas: Writer with a message of human rights|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 July 2004|author=Johnson, Buzz|authorlink=Buzz Johnson|accessdate=31 August 2011}}</ref> Trevor Munroe, Onye ọkà mmụta Rhodes si Mahadum Oxford, jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu ya. Onye <ref name="AlexanderParker2004"/> WPJ ụzọ bụ Ndị ọrụ nnwere onwe . [1] WPJ bụ "onye mmekọ" nke People's National Party (PNP) nke Michael Manley. <ref name="AlexanderParker2004">{{Cite book|author=Alexander|first=Robert J.|title=A History of Organized Labor in the English-Speaking West Indies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCmTbz1XdMwC&pg=PA56|accessdate=31 August 2011|date=September 2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97743-6|pages=56–57}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlexanderParker2004">Alexander, Robert J.; Parker, Eldon M. (September 2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fCmTbz1XdMwC&pg=PA56 ''A History of Organized Labor in the English-Speaking West Indies'']. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&nbsp;56–57. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-275-97743-6|<bdi>978-0-275-97743-6</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Site <ref name="Austin-Broos1984" /> nkwado WPJ, gọọmentị PNP mepụtara mmekọrịta chiri anya na Cuba, nke kpasuru [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] iwe. Otú <ref name="NashFernández-Kelly1983">{{Cite book|author=Nash|first=June C.|title=Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRNh464TYQgC&pg=PA138|accessdate=31 August 2011|year=1983|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-87395-683-3}}</ref> dị, na ngwụcha afọ 1970, WPJ sonyere na mmegide a ma ama na Jamaica maka njikwa ego nke Ego mba ụwa Ego tinyere na mba ahụ ma Manley nabatara ya. Ntuli aka nke 1980 mere ka ndị otu Jamaica Labour Party nwee mmeri. Njikọ Manley <ref name="Austin-Broos1984">{{Cite book|author=Austin-Broos|first=Diane J.|title=Urban Life in Kingston, Jamaica: The Culture and Class Ideology of Two Neighborhoods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0F7wXZK59ucC|accessdate=31 August 2011|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|isbn=978-2-88124-006-5}}</ref> WPJ nke ndị Kọmunist nwere ike inye aka na mmeri ya. Òtù ndị ntorobịa WPJ, Ndị Kọmunist na-eto eto nke WPJ, bụ onye otu World Federation of Democratic Youth. <ref name="AlexanderParker2004"/> ọ na-erule afọ 1992, WPJ kwụsịrị. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Gray|first=Obika|title=Demeaned but Empowered: The Social Power of the Urban Poor in Jamaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCMiXEp0c3UC&pg=PP10|accessdate=31 August 2011|year=2004|publisher=University of the West Indies Press|isbn=978-976-640-153-5}} * {{Cite book|editor=Manning Marable|author=Meeks, Brian|authorlink=Brian Meeks|chapter=The Political Moment in Jamaica: The Dimensions of Hegemonic Dissolution|title=Dispatches from the Ebony Tower: Intellectuals Confront the African American Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENJrADtZ3ygC|accessdate=31 August 2011|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11476-9|pages=52–74}} * [http://dloc.com/UF00100337/ Struggle (Kingston, Jamaica), ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke Workers Liberation League] - n'ihu ọha na n'efu dị na [http://dloc.com Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC)] hs9dw4dgnneofr98z3tw6vk0you39qw 0 34495 742332 729901 2026-11-02T16:58:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website={{URL|camilladerrico.com}}|image=10.10.10Camillad'ErricoByLuigiNovi2.jpg|name=Camilla d'Errico|occupation=onye na-ese ihe osise n'akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị onye na-ede ihe osise onye na-eme ihe osise.|nationality=Canadian}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Camilla d'Errico bụ onye na-ese ihe osise n'akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị, onye na-ede ihe osise na onye na-eme ihe osise. == Ọrụ == === Ihe na-atọ ọchị === Camilla d'Errico anọwo na-ese akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị kemgbe afọ 2001, mgbe ọ na-enweta diplọma ya nke Illustration and Design na Capilano College na North Vancouver. Ọrụ mbụ ya na-atọ ọchị bụ na Committed Comics nke Seattle na New York, maka usoro Threads. Mgbe ahụ, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka obere usoro ''Zevon-7'' nke nwere akụkụ anọ. Mgbe onye okike ''Zevon-7'' Quenton Shaw malitere QEW Publishing na 2004, a gbakwunyere usoro manga nke onye okike Camilla, Burn, na ntọala ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma mechaa bipụta ya na Arcana Studios na Mee 2008. <ref>Tramountanas, George A. (May 22, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517201851/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=16520 "Camilla d'Errico Feels the 'Burn'"]. [[CBR.com]].</ref> N'afọ 2006, a gwara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ maka onye na-agụ egwu Avril Lavigne . Ya na Joshua Dysart, d'Errico jikọrọ aka mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese abụọ, nke akpọrọ Make 5 Wishes, nke Del Rey Manga na Random House bipụtara na 2007 na North America na Tokyopop na Eshia. 'afọ 2007, d'Errico ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe maka usoro Serena Valentino, Nightmares & Fairy Tales, nke Slave Labor Graphics bipụtara, site na mbipụta 19 ruo mbipụta 23. [1] Image Comics bipụtara obere ihe nkiri ise na akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese nke d'Errico sere. Obere usoro bụ akụkọ sitere na egwuregwu vidio Sky Pirates of Neo Terra, nke dabeere na ọrụ nka d'Errico. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Leonard|author=Pierce|url=http://www.avclub.com/articles/grant-morrison,30678/|title=Interview Grant Morrison|publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=July 22, 2009|accessdate=September 29, 2011|quote=Then there's ''The New Bible'', the final title for the project I'm doing with Camilla D'Errico.|archive-date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805084919/http://www.avclub.com/articles/grant-morrison,30678/|url-status=dead}}</ref> na-eme atụmatụ na ya na onye edemede, Grant Morrison ga-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ha bụ The New Bible (nke a na-akpọbu Warcop <ref>{{Cite web|first=Scott|author=Thill|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/03/mid-life-crisis/|title=Grant Morrison Talks Brainy Comics, Sexy Apocalypse|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=March 19, 2009|accessdate=September 29, 2011|quote=There's this big comic idea I've been working on for the last few years—briefly called ''Warcop'', and now known as ''The New Bible''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909092900/http://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/03/mid-life-crisis/|archive-date=September 9, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>). === Ihe osise === Ọrụ Camilla d'Errico dị ka onye na-ese ihe malitere na 2006, mgbe ọ sonyere na ngosi na Vancouver's Ayden Gallery na Gastown. Kemgbe mmalite afọ 2007, d'Errico malitere igosi ọrụ ya na gallery gafee US na Canada, na Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Chicago na Vancouver n'ihe a maara dị ka Lowbrow (mgbasa nka) . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.printmag.com/design-inspiration/camilla-derrico-inspiration-pop-surrealism-inappropriate-images/|title=Camilla d'Errico on Inspiration, Pop Surrealism, and "Inappropriate" Images|date=2012-08-03|work=Print Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-03}}</ref> bụ otu n'ime ndị inyom na-ese ihe gụnyere Audrey Kawasaki, na Amy Sol bụ ndị na-ese ụmụ agbọghọ mara mma na ngalaba Pop Surrealism. === Ọrụ azụmahịa === N'otu oge na ihe ọchị na manga, d'Errico emeela ihe osise na ọrụ imewe maka The Walt Disney Company, Ride Snowboards, Hasbro Toys, Wizkids, Microsoft Zune maka Zune Hut na Whistler's Telus World Ski & Snowboard Championship, OSO Design House na Ginch Gonch. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dorothycircusgallery.it/camilla-derrico/|title=Camilla d'Errico|date=2017-04-18|work=Dorothy Circus Gallery|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-03|archivedate=2020-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203213424/https://www.dorothycircusgallery.it/camilla-derrico/}}</ref> Dark Horse Comics enyela ikikere nka ya maka Journal na Stationery Set, Punchbrand ejirila ya mee ihe dị ka onye na-ese ihe ha maka usoro ndị na-ese ha Crazyhats na Panda Hoodies. A na-enye ọrụ ya ikikere na ngwaahịa dị iche iche, gụnyere akara akpa aka na ngwa, akwụkwọ ozi, uwe, kọmputa na ekwentị 'akpụkpọ ahụ', cushions, jigsaw puzzles, postcard set na sketchbooks. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ziacomics.com/tntm-artist-camilla-derrico-interview/|title=TNTM Artist Camilla dErrico interview|date=2016-06-24|work=Zia Comics|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-03|archivedate=2020-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203213423/http://ziacomics.com/tntm-artist-camilla-derrico-interview/}}</ref> nwere nchịkọta nke tshirts na Hot Topic na mgbakwunye na imepụta uwe nke ya. Na June 2009, Neverwear.net wepụtara mbipụta jikọrọ aka nke d'Errico na Neil Gaiman dabere na akụkọ mkpirikpi Gaiman, How to Talk to Girls at Parties . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darkhorse.com/Books/16-033/MySpace-Dark-Horse-Presents-Volume-3-TPB|title=MySpace Dark Horse Presents Volume 3 TPB: Profile: Dark Horse Comics|work=[[Dark Horse Comics]]|accessdate=2020-02-03}}</ref>'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2009, Dark Horse wepụtara azụmahịa ya a ma ama, MySpace Dark Horse Presents Mpịakọta nke 3, nke nwere obere webcomic Vampy Cat Play Friend yana ihe osise ọhụrụ nke d'Errico. === Ihe eji egwuri egwu === D'Errico arụwo ọrụ na ihe eji egwuri egwu vinyl, ebe ọ bụ na ọ haziri ihe ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla maka Ad Funture, Osaka Popstar, DCTO Jibun Project, Mindstyle & Disney's Stitch Experiment na Hasbro's Mighty Mugg maka usoro "The Empire Muggs Back" nke Lucasfilm. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà ahọpụtara iji hazie ma mepụta ihe eji egwuri egwu maka usoro ihe eji egwupụta vinyl nke mbụ nke Canada a na-akpọ Bax Bear . D'Errico ewepụtakwala ihe eji egwuri egwu nke ya, ihe eji egwupụta nke dabeere na agwa ekwensu, "Kuro" site na usoro ya, ''Tanpopo'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.camilladerrico.com/toys/show/Kuro%20Plush|title=Kuro Plush at camilladerrico.com|accessdate=2010-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018222033/http://camilladerrico.com/toys/show/Kuro%20Plush|archivedate=2010-10-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wordpress-305716-980974.cloudwaysapps.com/2011/06/reveal-camilla-derricos-kuro-gid.html|title=Reveal: Camilla d’Errico’s Kuro GID – Vinyl Pulse|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-03|archivedate=2020-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203213426/https://wordpress-305716-980974.cloudwaysapps.com/2011/06/reveal-camilla-derricos-kuro-gid.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://camilladerrico.com/tag/vinyl/|title=vinyl {{!}} Camilla d'Errico|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-03|archivedate=2020-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203213424/https://camilladerrico.com/tag/vinyl/}}</ref>'afọ 2011, a tọhapụrụ usoro vinyl na resin collectibles na San Diego Comic Con. === Usoro na ihe ndị e ji rụọ === D'Errico na-eji ihe osise Holbein Aqua Duo, nke bụ ihe osise mmanụ na-agbaze na mmiri. Ọ na-eji ihe ndị a na ogwe osisi maka ụcha ya, na acrylics na inking pensụl mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ákwà. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, D'Errico ga-eji aka ya see otu, wee tee ya na kọmputa ya. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:d'Errico, Camilla}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a46drf0lp4d0b224im0df6rpf7aqeke 0 34518 742325 538315 2026-11-02T15:20:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742325 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:AkinyodeRBNYII.jpg|thumb|Bolu Akinyode]] '''Boluwatife Akinyode''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1994) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere El Paso Locomotive na USL Championship. == Ọrụ == === Ndị ntorobịa na kọleji === A mụrụ ya na [[Lagos|Lagos, Naịjirịa]], Akinyode kwagara United States wee sonye na New York Red Bulls Academy. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu U-16 Academy ma bụrụ onye otu ndị na-erubeghị afọ 18 na ndị na-eriubeghị afọ 23. Akinyode gbakwara bọọlụ kọleji maka Mahadum Seton Hall site n'afọ 2011 ruo 2014. Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shupirates.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/bolu_akinyode_849225.html|title=Bolu Akinyode Seton Hall Pirates|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419204637/http://www.shupirates.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/bolu_akinyode_849225.html|archivedate=2015-04-19}}</ref> nọ na ndị Pirates, onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti gbara bọọlụ iri isii na atọ, gbara goolu ise ma nye aka anọ. Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ na Premier Development League maka NJ-LUSO Parma . <ref>{{Cite web|title=2014 NJ-LUSO Parma stats|url=http://uslpdl.com/teams/2014/8986441.html#STATS|work=USLPDL.com|publisher=Premier Development League|accessdate=19 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103065510/http://www.uslpdl.com/teams/2014/8986441.html#STATS|archivedate=3 January 2015}}</ref> === Ọkachamara === Akinyode bịanyere aka na New York Red Bulls II na Eprel 18, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorkredbulls.com/news/2015/04/new-york-red-bulls-ii-sign-red-bulls-academy-product-bolu-akinyode|title=Red Bulls II sign Academy product Bolu Akinyode|date=|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorkredbulls.com/news/2015/04/match-recap-charleston-battery-1-new-york-red-bulls-ii-1|title=Abang's equalizer gives NYRB II gutsy road point at Blackbaud|date=|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, na-apụta dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ọkara nke abụọ na 1-1 draw megide Charleston Battery. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=32800&ATCLID=210320831|title=NYRB II Overcomes Two Deficits, Downs Louisville|accessdate=5 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914170849/http://www.uslsoccer.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=32800&ATCLID=210320831|archivedate=14 September 2015}}</ref> Septemba 5, 2015 Akinyode gbara goolu ya dị ka onye ọkachamara, na-agba goolu mmeri na isi n'ime mmeri 3-2 na Louisville City FC. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/post/2015/12/11/bethlehem-steel-fc-sign-boluwatife-akinyode-michael-daly-and-gabe-gissie|title=Bethlehem Steel FC sign Boluwatife Akinyode, Michael Daly and Gabe Gissie|publisher=Philadelphia Union|date=2015-12-11|accessdate=2019-04-08}}</ref> Disemba 11, 2015, Akinyode bịanyere aka na Bethlehem Steel FC. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.northcarolinafc.com/news/2017/01/30/north-carolina-fc-brings-defensive-edge-to-midfield-with-the-addition-of-bolu-akinyode-|title=North Carolina FC Brings Defensive Edge to Midfield With The Addition of Bolu Akinyode|accessdate=2017-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064417/http://www.northcarolinafc.com/news/2017/01/30/north-carolina-fc-brings-defensive-edge-to-midfield-with-the-addition-of-bolu-akinyode-|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jenụwarị 30, 2017, North Carolina FC kwupụtara na ha abanyela na Akinyode. .Na Jenụwarị 30, 2017 north Carolina FC mara ọkwa na ha abanyela aka na Akinyode<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/872024?referrer_id=2333971|title=Nashville Bolsters Back Line with Davis|author=USLSoccer.com Staff|date=2018-01-04|work=United Soccer League|accessdate=2018-05-31|language=en-us}}</ref> Na Disemba 17, 2019, Akinyode sonyeere Birmingham Legion FC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhmlegion.com/news_article/show/1072192|title=LEGION FC SIGNS FORWARD NECO BRETT, MIDFIELDER BOLU AKINYODE|work=bhmlegion.com|date=17 December 2019|accessdate=17 December 2019|archivedate=18 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218004551/https://www.bhmlegion.com/news_article/show/1072192}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Communications|first=Miami FC|title=Miami FC Acquires Midfielder Bolu Akinyode from Birmingham|url=https://www.miamifc.com/news_article/show/1140868|work=Miami FC|accessdate=15 January 2021|language=en-us|date=15 January 2021|archivedate=15 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115153205/https://www.miamifc.com/news_article/show/1140868}}</ref> Jenụwarị 15, 2021, Akinyode bịanyere aka na USL Championship Miami FC. Akinyode bịanyere aka na USL Championship n'akụkụ El Paso Locomotive na 6 Nọvemba 2023 tupu oge 2024 ha.[1].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1290522-locomotive-fc-brings-aboard-veteran-midfielder-bolu-akinyode|title=Locomotive FC brings aboard veteran midfielder Bolu Akinyode|first=USLChampionship com|author=Staff|date=November 6, 2023|work=USL Championship}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140704045518/http://www.shupirates.com/sports/m-soccer/mtt/bolu_akinyode_849225.html shupirates.com profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052947/http://www.npsl.info/teams/58259561/21730387-58259647/36676553.html NPSL Profaịlụ] {{DEFAULTSORT:Akinyode, Bolu}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jx4rruaxmbwqe8q46b1ypqvpylcn5hr 0 34623 742517 698909 2026-11-03T08:09:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742517 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:ArcheryGermanyEarly1980s-2.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu ịgba ụta na June 1983 na Mönchengladbach, West Germany]] [[Usòrò:Brazilarcher.jpg|thumb|Onye na-agba ụta Rikbaktsa na-asọmpi na egwuregwu ụmụ amaala Brazil]] [[Usòrò:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-18-07-16,_Tibetexpedition,_Volksfest,_Bogenschütze.jpg|thumb|Onye na-agba ụta na Tibet, 1938]] [[Usòrò:Master_Heon_Kim.jpg|thumb|Master Heon Kim na-egosi Gungdo, ịgba ụta ọdịnala Korea (Kuk Kung), 2009]] [[Usòrò:Bogenschützen_in_Ili-Mano_2.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-agba ụta na East Timor]] [[Usòrò:Toshi-ya.JPG|thumb|Onye Japan na-agba ụta]] [[Usòrò:Archery_in_Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Ịgba ụta na Bhutan]] [[Usòrò:DEGAN_Gabin_(_archery).jpg|thumb|Onye na-agba ụta na Benin]] <ref name="Paterson17">Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17</ref>'''Ịgbakụ ụta''' bụ egwuregwu, mmega ahụ, ma ọ bụ nkà nke iji ụta gbaa ụta. Okwu <ref>{{Cite web|author=Charlton T. Lewis|title=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, arcus|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=arcus|work=Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary|publisher=Oxford. Clarendon Press|accessdate=23 September 2020|date=1879}}</ref> sitere na Latịn ''arcus'', nke pụtara ụta. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ịgba ụta eme ihe maka ịchụ nta na ọgụ. N'oge a, ọ bụ egwuregwu asọmpi na ntụrụndụ. <ref>The noun "toxophilite", meaning "a lover or devotee of archery, an archer" derives from ''[[Toxophilus]]'' by [[Roger Ascham]] —"imaginary proper name invented by Ascham, and hence title of his book (1545), intended to mean 'lover of the bow'." "toxophilite, n." ''Oxford English Dictionary''. Second edition, 1989; online version November 2010. <http://www.oed.com:80/Entry/204131>; accessed 10 March 2011. Earlier version first published in ''New English Dictionary'', 1913.</ref> na-akpọkarị ''''''onye na-agba ụta'''''', onye na-ebu ụta, ma ọ bụ '''toxophilitis'''. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   === Mmalite na ịgba ụta oge ochie === <ref name="Lombard M">{{Cite journal|title=Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001|volume=38|issue=8|pages=1918–1930}}</ref> <ref name="Lombard">{{Cite journal|title=Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_2010-09_84_325/page/635|journal=Antiquity|volume=84|issue=325|pages=635–648|year=2010|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00100134}}</ref> kachasị ochie a maara banyere ụta na akụ sitere na ebe ndị dị na South Africa dị ka Sibudu Cave, ebe a chọtara ọkpụkpụ na isi ụta nkume nke dị ihe dị ka afọ 72,000 ruo 60,000 gara aga. <ref name="Lombard2020">{{Cite journal|title=The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=33|year=2020|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wadley|first=Lyn|year=2008|title=The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave|journal=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series|volume=10}}</ref>Dabere na ihe akaebe na-apụtaghị ìhè, ụta ahụ yiri ka ọ pụtara ma ọ bụ pụta ọzọ na Eurasia, na nso mgbanwe site na Upper Paleolithic gaa na Mesolithic. Ihe nchoputa mbu nke ụta na akụ sitere na Europe bụ iberibe ihe sitere na Germany nke a chọtara na Mannheim-Vogelstang nke e dere na 17,500 ruo 18,000 afọ gara aga, na Stellmoor nke e dere 11,000 afọ garabega. <ref>« La grotte du Bichon, un site préhistorique des montagnes neuchâteloises », Archéologie neuchâteloise 42, 2009.</ref> Azilian a chọtara na Grotte du Bichon, Switzerland, n'akụkụ ihe fọdụrụnụ nke anụ ọhịa bea na onye na-achụ nta, na iberibe nkume a chọtara n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke atọ nke anụ ọhịa bear, na-atụ aro iji akụ mee ihe afọ 13,500 gara aga. -ignore="true" id="mwWg" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; ">&nbsp;&#x5B;[[:de:Stellmoor|nke]]&#x5D; ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ nke ojiji ya na Europe sitere na Stellmoor [de] na Ndagwurugwu Ahrensburg [de] n'ebe ugwu Hamburg, Germany ma malite na njedebe Paleolithic, ihe dị ka 10,000-9000 BC. A na-eji osisi eme ụta ndị ahụ ma nwee isi ogwe na ogwe 15–20-20 in) n'ihu ogwe nwere isi flint. Enweghị ụta doro anya n'oge gara aga; a maara ụta ndị dị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ na Ndị na-atụba ube na-agbapụ ya karịa ụta. Akụ́ ndị kasị ochie a maara ruo ugbu a sitere na Holmegård marsh na Denmark.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|journal=Nature|pages=394–398|volume=529|issue=7586|doi=10.1038/nature16477|first=M. Mirazón|author=Lahr|pmid=26791728|year=2016|url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253726}}</ref> saịtị Nataruk na Turkana County, Kenya, obsidian bladelets a chọtara n'ime okpokoro isi na n'ime oghere obi nke ọkpụkpụ ọzọ, na-atụ aro iji akụ nwere isi nkume dị ka ngwá agha ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga. Akụ́ mechara dochie onye na-atụ ube dị ka ụzọ kachasị maka ịtụba mgbọ ogbunigwe, na kọntinent ọ bụla ma e wezụga Australasia, ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-atụba ube nọgidere na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ụta n'akụkụ Amerịka, ọkachasị [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] na n'etiti Ndị Inuit. Akụ́ na akụ anọwo na omenala Nubian ndị gbara ya gburugburu kemgbe mmalite predynastic na Pre-Kerma. Na Levant, a maara ihe ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-eme ka ụta dị mma site na ọdịbendị Natufian, (ihe dị ka 10,800-8,300 BC) gaa n'ihu. Isi nke Khiamian na PPN A nwere ubu nwere ike ịbụ isi akụ́. Mmepeanya Ihe ochie, ọkachasị Ndị Asiria, Ndị Gris, Ndị Armenia, Ndị Peshia, Ndị Parthian, Ndị Rom, Ndị India, Ndị Korea, [[History of China|Ndị China]], na Ndị [[Japan]] nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-agba ụta n'ime ndị agha ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zutterman|first=C.|date=2003|title=The bow in the Ancient Near East. A re-evaluation of archery from the late 2nd Millennium to the end of the Achaemenid empire|journal=Iranica Antiqua|volume=XXXVIII}}</ref>Ndị Akkadian bụ ndị mbụ jiri ụta mee ihe n'agha dịka stele mmeri nke Naram-Sin nke Akkad si kwuo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mc Leod|first=W.E.|date=Jan 1962|title=Egyptian Composite Bows in New York|journal=American Journal of Archaeology|volume=66|issue=1}}</ref> Ijipt kpọrọ Nubia "Ta-Seti," ma ọ bụ "Ala nke Akụ́," ebe ọ bụ na a maara ndị Nubian dị ka ndị ọkachamara na-agba ụta, na site na narị afọ nke iri na isii BC, ndị Ijipt na-eji ụta eme ihe n'agha. Ọdịbendị Aegean nke oge ọla nchara nwere ike itinye ọtụtụ ndị <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bakas|first=Spyros|date=2016|title=Composite Bows in Minoan And Mycenaean Warfare|url=https://www.academia.edu/27466913|journal=Syndesmoi|volume=4}}</ref>-eme ụta pụrụ iche nke gọọmentị maka agha na ebumnuche ịchụ nta site na narị afọ nke 15 BC. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bow Evolution|url=http://www.archery-den.com/bow-evolution/|accessdate=12 December 2016|archivedate=20 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091812/http://www.archery-den.com/bow-evolution/}}</ref>Ogologo ụta Welsh gosipụtara uru ya na nke mbụ ya n'agha Continental na Agha nke Crécy . [1] <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zimmerman|first=Larry J.|title=1985 Peoples of Prehistoric South Dakota|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London}}</ref> Amerịka, ịgba ụta zuru ebe niile na kọntaktị ndị Europe. Ịgba ụta mepụtara nke ọma n'Eshia. Okwu Sanskrit maka ịgba ụta, [[dhanurvidya]], bịara na-ezo aka na nkà ọgụ n'ozuzu. <ref>[[Book of the Later Han]] "句驪一名貊耳有別種依小水為居因名曰小水貊出好弓所謂貊弓是也"</ref>'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, Goguryeo, otu n'ime alaeze atọ nke Korea bụ nke a maara nke ọma maka ndị na-agba ụta nwere nkà pụrụ iche. === Ịgba ụta n'oge ochie === Akpụkpọ ụta nke oge ochie yiri nke oge ochie, na-enwe ihe dị ka 91 . Ọ bụ ngwá agha kachasị n'ọgbọ agha site na mmalite oge ochie. N'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri, e webatara ụta na Europe. Crossbows n'ozuzu ha nwere ogologo oge, izi ezi dị ukwuu na ịbanye karịa shortbow, mana ha tara ahụhụ site na ọsọ ọkụ dị ala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bow-medieval-warfare|title=The Bow In Medieval Warfare}}</ref> na-eji ụta ihe na mmalite nke [[Njè Ághá Jésu|Agha Ntụte]], na ụdị nwere ihe dị ka 270 cm (110 in) ma nwee ike ịbanye n'ime ihe agha ma ọ bụ gbuo ịnyịnya. N'oge ngwụcha oge etiti oge, ndị agha England na-adabere na ndị na-agba ụta na-eji ụta ogologo. Ndị agha [[France]] dabere <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.royalarmouries.org/hundred-years-war/people.html|title=People of the Hundred Years' War|publisher=Royal Armouries Collections|accessdate=17 April 2022|date=24 May 2018|archivedate=29 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929195646/https://collections.royalarmouries.org/hundred-years-war/people.html}}</ref> ụta. Dị ka ndị bu ha ụzọ, ndị na-agba ụta nwere ike ịbụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ karịa ndị ikom na-eji ngwá agha. Ogologo ụta ahụ nwere ihe ruru 270 . Otú ọ dị, enweghị izi ezi ya n'ebe dị anya mere ka ọ bụrụ ngwá agha buru ibu karịa nke onwe. Mmeri n<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trebuchet Energy Efficiency – Experimental Results|first=Ronald|author=Rhoten|date=9 January 2006|publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics|doi=10.2514/6.2006-775|isbn=978-1624100390}}</ref> dị ịrịba ama a na-ekwu maka ogologo ụta, dị ka Agha nke Crecy [1] na Agha nke Agincourt mere ka Ogologo ụta nke Bekee bụrụ akụkụ nke akụkọ agha. [[Usòrò:Maximilian_1470.png|thumb|A na-ewere ịchụ nta maka nnụnụ na-efe efe site n'azụ ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ dị ka ụdị kachasị elu nke ịgba ụta. Ihe ntụrụndụ kachasị amasị Prince Maximilian, nke Dürer sere]] Ndị agbụrụ nke Central Asia (mgbe a zụchara ịnyịnya) na ndị American Plains Indians (mgbe ndị Europe nwetasịrị ohere ịnyịnya) ghọrọ ndị maara nke ọma n'ịgba ụta n'elu ịnyịnya. Ndị na-agba ụta na-ebughị ibu, mana ndị na-agba ọsọ na-agagharị agagharị dị mma maka agha na steppes nke Central Asia, ha guzobere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndị agha na-emeri ọtụtụ mpaghara Eurasia ugboro ugboro. ndị dị mkpirikpi dị mma iji mee ihe n'elu ịnyịnya, na ụta ahụ na-eme ka ndị na-agba ụta nwee ike iji ngwá agha dị ike. Ndị Seljuk Turks jiri ndị na-agba ụta na-agba ịnyịnya megide Agha Ntụte Mbụ nke Europe, karịsịa na Agha nke Dorylaeum (1097) . Atụmatụ ha bụ ịgba ndị agha ndị iro égbè, ma jiri ikike ha dị elu gbochie ndị iro ịbịaru ha nso. Alaeze Ukwu 'ime ala Eurasia na-ejikọkarị ndị "barbarian" ha na ojiji nke ụta na ụta, ruo n'ókè ebe mba ndị dị ike dị ka usoro ndị eze Han na-ezo aka na ndị agbata obi ha, ndị Xiong-nu, dị ka "Ndị Na-adọta ụta". [1] <ref name="ChinaEnemies">{{citation |title=Ancient China & Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History |last1=Di Cosmo |first1=Nicola |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521770644}}</ref> ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-agba ụta na Xiong-nu mere ka ha bụrụ ihe karịrị ọgụ maka ndị agha Han, egwu ha bụkwa ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke mgbasawanye China n'ime mpaghara Ordos, iji mepụta mpaghara mgbochi siri ike, dị ike megide ha. O kwere omume na ndị "barbarian" bụ ndị na maka iwebata ịgba ụta ma ọ bụ ụdị ụta ụfọdụ na ndị ibe ha "mepere emepe" - ndị Xiong-nu na ndị Han bụ otu ihe atụ.   'otu aka ahụ, o yiri ka ndị otu ndị dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia webatara ụta dị mkpirikpi na Japan. === Mbelata nke ịgba ụta === Mmepe nke égbè mere ka ụta na ụta ghara ịdị irè n'agha, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eme mgbalị mgbe ụfọdụ iji chekwaa omume ịgba ụta. Na England na Wales, dịka ọmụmaatụ, gọọmentị gbalịrị ịmanye omume na ogologo ụta ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na isii. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a ghọtara na ụta ahụ nyere aka n'inwe ihe ịga nke ọma n'agha n'oge Agha Otu Narị Afọ. N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ dị elu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, uru na-aga n'ihu, na obi ụtọ zuru oke nke ịgba ụta na Armenia, China, Egypt, England na Wales, Amerịka, India, Japan, Korea, [[Turkéy|Turkey]] na ebe ndị ọzọ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ omenala ọ bụla nwetara ohere ọbụna égbè mbụ jiri ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, na ileghara ịgba ụta anya. Ngwá agha ndị mbụ dị ala na ọnụego égbè, ma na-emetụta ihu igwe mmiri nke ukwuu. Otú dị, ha nwere ogologo oge dị irè ma dị elu karịa n'ọnọdụ ndị agha na-agba ibe ha égbè site n'azụ ihe mgbochi. Ha chọkwara obere ọzụzụ iji jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, ọkachasị ihe agha ígwè na-abanye n'ime ya n'enweghị mkpa ọ bụla iji zụlite uru ahụ pụrụ iche. Ndị agha nwere égbè nwere ike inye ike égbè dị elu, ndị na-agba ụta a zụrụ nke ọma ghọkwara ndị na-adịghịzi adị n'ọgbọ agha. <ref>Peace and Poison Arrows in Kenya. By Alexis Okeowo/Nairobi Friday, 29 February 2008. accessed 21at July 2012</ref> <ref>Bows and arrows: deadly weapons of rural Kenya's war. Njoro, Kenya (AFP) 2 February 2008 http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Bows_and_arrows_deadly_weapons_of_rural_Kenyas_war_999.html accessed 21 July 2012</ref> dị, ụta na akụ ka bụ ngwá agha dị irè, ndị na-agba ụta ahụla ọrụ agha na narị afọ nke 21. A ka na-eji ịgba ụta ọdịnala eme ihe maka egwuregwu, na maka ịchụ nta n'ọtụtụ ebe. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Enea Bianchi, “[https://web.archive.org/web/20211231070041/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58763ec0c534a5e7e2b65fe2/t/61cc158783a70e720e772f68/1640764808068/Popular+inquiry_Vol9_2021_2_Bianchi_corr1.pdf Philosophies of Archery]”, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231070041/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58763ec0c534a5e7e2b65fe2/t/61cc158783a70e720e772f68/1640764808068/Popular+inquiry_Vol9_2021_2_Bianchi_corr1.pdf|date=31 December 2021}}, in ''Popular Inquiry'', vol.2, 2021, 22-37. * Ford, Horace (1887) [[iarchive:theorypracticeof00ford|''The Theory and Practice of Archery'']] [[London]]: Longmans, Green * Elmer, Robert P. (Robert Potter) (1917) [[iarchive:americanarcheryv00elmerich|''American Archery; a Vade Mecum of the Art of Shooting with the Long Bow'']] Columbus, OH: National Archery Association of the United States * Hansard, George Agar (1841) [[iarchive:bookofarcherybei00hansuoft|''The Book of Archery: being the complete history and practice of the art, ancient and modern ...'']] London: H. G. Bohn * Hargrove, Ely (1792) [[iarchive:anecdotesofarche00harg|''Anecdotes of Archery; from the earliest ages to the year 1791. Including an account of the most famous archers of ancient and modern times; with some curious particulars in the life of Robert Fitz-Ooth Earl of Huntington, vulgarly called Robin Hood ...'']]. York: printed for E. Hargrove, bookseller, Knaresbro' (later editions: York, 1845 and facsimile reprint, London: Tabard Press, 1970) * Heath, E. G. & Chiara, Vilma (1977) ''Brazilian Indian Archery: a preliminary ethno-toxological study of the archery of the Brazilian Indians''. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation * Johnes, Martin. ''[https://swansea.academia.edu/MartinJohnes/Papers/127610/Archery--Romance-and-Elite-Culture-in-England-and-Wales--c--1780-1840 Archery, romance and elite culture in England and Wales, c.1780–1840]'', 89, 193–208. * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1119/1.1990474|title=Physics of Bows and Arrows|year=1943|author=Klopsteg|first=Paul E.|journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=11|issue=4|pages=175–192}} * Klopsteg, Paul (1963) [[iarchive:chapterintheevol017966mbp|''A Chapter in the Evolution of Archery in America'']] Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution * Lake, Fred & Wright, Hal (1974) ''A Bibliography of Archery: an indexed catalogue of 5,000 articles, books, films, manuscripts, periodicals and theses on the use of the bow for hunting, war, and recreation, from the earliest times to the present day''. Manchester: Simon Archery Foundation * Morse, Edward (1922) [[iarchive:arrowradditional00morsrich|''Additional notes on arrow release'']] Salem, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]]: Peabody Museum * Pope, Saxton (1925) [[iarchive:huntingwiththebo08084gut|''Hunting with the Bow and Arrow'']] New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons * Pope, Saxton (1918) [[iarchive:yahiarcherysaxton00poperich|''Yahi Archery'']] Berkeley: University of California Press * Thompson, Maurice (1878) [[iarchive:witcheryofarcher00thomuoft|''The Witchery of Archery: a Complete Manual of Archery'']] New York: Scribner & Sons * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708085701/http://www.bow-and-arrow-targets.com/FITAbowarrowtargets.html ''FITA-Style Archery Targets''] Bow and Arrow Targets * ''The Traditional Bowyer's Bible''. [Azle, TX]: Bois d'Arc Press; New York, N.Y.: Distributed by Lyons & Burford ** ''The Traditional Bowyer's Bible''; Volume 1. 1992. {{ISBN|1-58574-085-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-58574-085-3|1-58574-085-3]] ** ''The Traditional Bowyer's Bible''; Volume 2. 1992. {{ISBN|1-58574-086-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-58574-086-1|1-58574-086-1]] ** ''The Traditional Bowyer's Bible''; Volume 3. 1994. {{ISBN|1-58574-087-X}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-58574-087-X|1-58574-087-X]]; {{ISBN|1-55821-311-2}} ** ''The Traditional Bowyer's Bible''; Volume 4. The Lyons Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-9645741-6-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-9645741-6-8|978-0-9645741-6-8]] == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231210161223/https://sportsue.com/ Egwuregwu] na Archery Isiokwu * Ịgba ụtanaCurlie * [http://www.paralympic.org/sport/archery Ịgba ụta n'egwuregwu Paralympic] na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IPC * [https://www.usarchery.org USA Archery bụ Òtù Na-achị Isi nke Mba] 2gquupmoulgw1zepovfnq3qnctpl9xt 0 34759 742686 144861 2026-11-03T09:20:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742686 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Speciesbox|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/>|image=GuamRail02.jpg|image_caption=At the [[Cincinnati Zoo]]|genus=Hypotaenidia|species=owstoni|authority=[[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Rothschild]], 1895|synonyms=*''Rallus owstoni'' <small>(Rothschild, 1895)</small> *''Gallirallus owstoni'' <small>(Rothschild, 1895)</small>}} '''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam''' ('''''Hypotaenidia owstoni''''') bụ ụdị nnụnụ na-adịghị efe efe n'ezinụlọ Rallidae, nke dị na mpaghara United States nke Guam. <ref name="">{{Cite web|url=https://www.birdlife.org/guam-rail|title=How did the Guam Rail come back from extinction in the wild?|author=Hurrell|first=Shaun|date=20 January 2020|work=Birdlife.org|accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> maara ya n'ógbè ahụ dị ka nnụnụ '''''Ko'ko''''''. e wepụrụ ya n'àgwàetiti ahụ dum site na ngwụcha afọ 1980 n'ihi oriri nke agwọ osisi Brown, ụdị na-awakpo na-abụghị nke agwaetiti ahụ. A na-azụlite ụdị ahụ ugbu a n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na Division zoo Aquatic and Wildlife Resources na Guam, na ụfọdụ ogige ntụrụndụ US. Kemgbe afọ 1995, ewebatala ihe karịrị 100 okporo ụzọ n'àgwàetiti Rota na Commonwealth nke Northern Mariana Islands, na mgbalị iji guzobe ebe a na-azụ anụ ọhịa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwa ọkụkọ sitere na mgbalị ndị a, anụ ọhịa na-eri anụ na ọnwụ mberede dị oke elu. N'afọ 2010, a tọhapụrụ nnụnụ iri na isii na Cocos Island, ebe a na-ewebata nnụnụ abụọ ọzọ n'afọ 2012. <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2019"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="235">BirdLife International (2019). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="236">[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692441/156506469 "''Hypotaenidia owstoni''"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="237">''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="239">'''2019''': e.T22692441A156506469. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="240">[[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22692441A156506469.en|10.2305/IUCN.]]</span></span><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22692441A156506469.en|<span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="242">UK.2019-3.</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="243">RLTS.</span>]]</span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="244"><span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22692441A156506469.en|T22692441A156506469.en]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="245"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</span></cite></ref><ref name="cnn2019"/><ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" />'afọ 2019, ụdị ahụ ghọrọ naanị nnụnụ nke abụọ na-esote California condor nke [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] gbanwere site na nke [[A na-adịghịzi n'ọhịa|na-adịghịzi n'ọhịa]] gaa na nke na'[[Ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ|N'ihe ize ndụ]]. == Nkọwa == Ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị n'etiti, ihe dị ka sentimita iri na otu (28 cm) n'ogologo. &nbsp;A na-agbatị ahụ ma na-agbakọta ya n'akụkụ, ọkachasị n'olu na mpaghara ara. Ọdịdị nku ma ọ bụ ụcha ábụ́bà na ụkpụrụ nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị yiri, Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwoke site na ogo ha buru ibu. Isi na azụ na-acha nchara nchara. <ref name="cnn2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/19/world/guam-rail-brought-back-from-extinction-in-wild-scn-c2e-intl-hnk/index.html|title=For the second time in history, a bird has been brought back from extinction in the wild|author=Sarah Lazarus|work=CNN|date=19 December 2019|accessdate=2019-12-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSarah_Lazarus2019">Sarah Lazarus (19 December 2019). </cite></ref> nwere akara anya na akpịrị na-acha ntụ ntụ, ara ojii na-acha ọcha, ụkwụ na ọnụ na-acha nchara nchara. == Omume == Ọ bụ ihe nzuzo ma nwee ike ịgba ọsọ ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ ezie na nnụnụ ahụ nwere ike ife obere oge, ọ naghị efe efe efe. A na-ahụkarị ya na savanna na scrubby mixed forest karịa na uniform tracts nke oké ọhịa tozuru etozu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-19|title=Guam rail|url=https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/guam-rail|accessdate=2022-08-03|work=Smithsonian's National Zoo|language=en}}</ref> na-ahụkarị ya na ahịhịa jupụtara mana a na-ahụkwa ya ka ọ na-asa ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eri nri n'akụkụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ọhịa. Ọkpụkpọ ya bụ ụda, ụda ma ọ bụ usoro ụda, nke nnụnụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-enyekarị na nzaghachi maka mkpọtụ dị elu, oku nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọzọ, ma ọ bụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ga-azaghachi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na oku nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọzọ, ụdị ahụ na-agbachi nkịtị. == Ịzụlite == Ọ bụ onye na-anọ n'ala n'oge niile n'afọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emetụta anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha, dị ka onye na-enyocha Mariana ma webata [[Rat|òké]]. Ọ na-eyi àkwá 2-4, nne na nna abụọ na-ekere òkè n'iwu akwukwo na ahịhịa na-adịghị omimi. Ha na-etolite mgbe ha dị ọnwa isii, a makwaara na ha na-emepụta ihe ruru ụmụ iri kwa afọ mgbe a na-ejide ha. == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ọ na-eri ihe niile, mana o yiri ka ọ na-ahọrọ ụmụ anụmanụ karịa nri akwụkwọ nri. A maara ya ka ọ na-eri gastropods, skinks, geckos, ụmụ ahụhụ, na anụ nwụrụ anwụ, yana mkpụrụ na akwụkwọ nkwụ. Ụdị ahụ nwere ihe pụrụ iche, <nowiki><i id="mwQw">Rallicola guami</i></nowiki>, <ref>Emerson, K. C. (1957, August 4). </ref> nke yiri ka ọ bụ onye nchedo na-akpata mkpochapụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji okporo ụzọ Guam e jidere iji nyere aka dịrị ndụ; a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe [[Mgbukpọ|na-adịghịzi adị]]. <ref name="Rózsa2014">{{Cite journal|author=Rózsa|first=Lajos|date=2014-08-22|title=Co-extinct and critically co-endangered species of parasitic lice, and conservation-induced extinction: should lice be reintroduced to their hosts?|url=http://real.mtak.hu/17477/1/oryx.pdf|journal=Oryx|volume=49|issue=1|pages=107–110|doi=10.1017/s0030605313000628}}</ref> == Egwu ==   Ụdị ahụ dị ọtụtụ n'otu oge, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e mere atụmatụ na ha dị ihe dị ka 70,000 tupu afọ 1960. Ọ malitere na enweghị anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha, dị ka agwọ na òké, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na ọ dị ọtụtụ tupu ndị America achị. Mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, e bugara agwọ osisi na-acha nchara nchara na mberede site na ala nna ya na Papua New Guinea gaa Guam, ma eleghị anya dị ka onye na-ebugharị ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha. Malite n'afọ ndị 1960, agwọ ahụ guzobere nke ọma ka ọnụ ọgụgụ malitere itolite n'ụzọ dị egwu, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè wee daa, yana ụmụ nnụnụ ndị ọzọ dị na Guam. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam enweghị ahụmịhe na anụ ọjọọ dị otú ahụ, ọ nweghịkwa omume nchebe megide agwọ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ anụ oriri dị mfe maka anụ a na-eme nke ọma, nke na-eri ibe ya n'abalị. Mfu dị ukwuu nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam apụtaghị ìhè ruo n'etiti afọ 1960. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1963, ọtụtụ okporo ụzọ ndị buru ibu n'oge gara aga apụọla n'akụkụ etiti nke agwaetiti ahụ ebe agwọ kacha nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1960, ọ malitere ịdaba na mpaghara etiti na ndịda nke agwaetiti ahụ, ma nọgide na-aba ụba naanị n'akụkụ ọhịa dịpụrụ adịpụ na njedebe ugwu nke agwaetitiەکە. Agwọ malitere imetụta ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'ebe ugwu etiti na mpaghara ugwu nke agwaetiti ahụ n'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, n'otu n'otu. Ndị bi ebe ahụ belatara nke ukwuu site na 1969 ruo 1973, ma gaa n'ihu na-ebelata ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. A hụrụ ya ikpeazụ n'ọhịa n'afọ 1987. Ihe egwu ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ gụnyere mbibi ebe obibi, anụ oriri nke [[Rat|òké]], nwamba ọhịa, na ezì. == Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji chekwaa == [[Usòrò:Guam_Rail_-_Ko'ko'_statue.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi ememe nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam (Ko'ko), nke Gọọmentị Guam nyere dị ka onyinye.]] A kpochapụrụ itoolu n'ime ụdị nnụnụ iri na otu bi n'ọhịa na Guam. Ise n'ime ndị a bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na ụdị ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche, ma ugbu a ha adịghịzi. Abụọ n'ime ụdị ndị a, Guam rail na Guam kingfisher, na-azụlite n'ụlọ zoo, na-enwe olileanya na ha ga-emesị tọhapụ ha n'ọhịa. Ọtụtụ ụdị ala ndị ọzọ dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta, ọdịnihu ha na Guam dịkwa ize ndụ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ụdị ọhịa, gụnyere ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị mgbe e depụtara ha dị ka ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service na 1984. Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ bụ Bob Beck, onye na-ahụ Maka anụ ọhịa na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na Guam nke Aquatic and Wildlife Resources, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya na-eduga mbọ iji jide okporo ụzọ Guam ndị fọdụrụnụ, Ndị na-egbu azụ na Guam, na nnụnụ ndị ọzọ iji zọpụta ha pụọ na mkpochapụ. Mgbalị ya iji chekwaa ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam malitere na 1982, ma were ihe karịrị afọ 20. A na-ewere Beck dị ka onye na-enyere aka n'ijide ndị fọdụrụ na okporo ụzọ Guam, na ịmepụta mmemme ịzụlite maka ụdị ahụ na Guam. <ref name="pdn">{{Cite news|title=Guam native bird champion dies|url=http://www.guampdn.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080606/NEWS01/806060313/1002|work=[[Pacific Daily News]]|date=2008-06-06|accessdate=2008-06-08}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.guampdn.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080606/NEWS01/806060313/1002 "Guam native bird champion dies"]. </cite></ref> mechara guzobe ebe a na-ahapụ ya na ndị na-amụ ụmụ nke okporo ụzọ Guam na agwaetiti Rota dị nso na Northern Mariana Islands. Beck bụkwa onye na-akpali ihe n'ịmepụta mmemme ịzụlite ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam na zoo niile na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Usoro ịzụlite ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Beck na Guam malitere na mbụ na naanị zoo atọ na US - Bronx Zoo, Philadelphia Zoo, na National Zoo na Washington, D.C. Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara na ọ na-aga nke ọma, n'oge na-adịghị anya, a gbasaa ya iji tinye zoo ndị ọzọ. <ref name="pdn"/> ọ na-erule n'afọ 2008, ogige ntụrụndụ iri na asaa na-ekere òkè ugbu a na mmemme ịzụlite ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam, gụnyere: Ogige Ntụrụndụ Audubon na New Orleans, Ogige ntụ San Diego, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Santa Fe College, na ogige ntụ na [[Chicago]], Houston, na San Antonio. Mgbalị Beck, na ndị ọzọ, na-eme iji chekwaa ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam abụwo ihe na-ekwe nkwa. E nwere ugbu a ihe dị ka okporo ụzọ Guam 120 na Guam, na ihe dị ka nnụnụ 35 na mmemme ịzụlite na United States. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ Gary Wiles, onye rụrụ ọrụ na mmemme ịzụlite ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam site na 1981 ruo 2000, kwuru banyere mbọ Beck na-agba iji chekwaa ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Guam, "Bob bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ malitere ịhazi ijide nnụnụ, ka e wee nwee ha n'agbụ, ma zụlite ha. Ọ malitere ndị a. Anyị ka nwere okporo ígwè Guama taa n'ihi mgbalị ya. " Suzanne Medina, onye na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị dị n'ọhịa ndụ, nke Beck na-azọpụta ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Guam, bụ onye mmeri ko'ko nke Guam". <ref name="pdn"/> Mgbalị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji webata okporo ụzọ na Guam n'ebe ọhịa dị hekta 22 lekwasịrị anya n'ichebe okporo ụzọ site na ibelata agwọ site na iji ngwakọta nke ijide agwọ na ihe mgbochi gburugburu iji belata mwakpo agwọ. Mgbalị a mere ka ọtụtụ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè a tọhapụrụ n'ógbè ahụ dị ndụ. A kọrọ na ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-amụba n'ebe nchịkwa a dabere na ụda a na-ekwu na ụmụ ọkụkọ. Ihe ịga nke ọma m<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp|title=Extinctions and Loss of Species from Guam: Birds|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|date=2 November 2006|accessdate=2 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225194644/http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp|archivedate=25 December 2013}}</ref> ahụ bụ otu n'ime ebe ole na ole na-egbuke egbuke na nchekwa nke anụmanụ ala Guam n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ma na-ekwu maka ohere ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu iji weghachite anụ ọhịa. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2010, a tọhapụrụ okporo ụzọ Guam iri na isii na Cocos Island, obere agwaetiti dị hekta iri atọ na atọ nke dị otu kilomita n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke nsọtụ ndịda Guam, dịka akụkụ nke iweghachi ya afọ iri abụọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'ọhịa. Ọ bụ mgbalị iji nye ebe nchekwa maka okporo ụzọ, yana ebe ọha na eze ga-ahụ ha n'ọhịa. Tupu iweghachi ya, e kpochapụrụ òké n'àgwàetiti ahụ, a gbakwunyere ọhịa ahụ na osisi ndị a mụrụ. E mere nnyocha ezé iji jide n'aka na okporo ụzọ nwere nri zuru ezu iji rie. E belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ezé ndị na-enyocha iji belata mmetụta ha na okporo ụzọ ndị a tọhapụrụ ọhụrụ. Ntinyeghachi ahụ gosipụtara na ọ gara nke ọma, dịka a hụla ihe akaebe nke ịzụlite. Nke <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rare.org/stories/endemic-guam-rail-reintroduced-guam-after-two-decades-extinction-wild#.WGvEbfnc5pg|title=Endemic Guam Rail reintroduced onto Guam after two decades of extinction in the wild|publisher=Rare|date=13 January 2011|first=Patrick|author=Thornton|accessdate=2 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000119/https://www.rare.org/stories/endemic-guam-rail-reintroduced-guam-after-two-decades-extinction-wild#.WGvEbfnc5pg|archivedate=4 January 2017}}</ref> ga-enye ihe nlereanya gburugburu ebe obibi iji mepụta atụmatụ maka reintroductions n'ọdịnihu, yana nka na nchọpụta ụmụ oke na agwọ, mkpochapụ, na usoro nchekwa ndụ. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/guam-rail-hypotaenidia-owstoni/details Akwụkwọ akụkọ Banyere Ndụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050312121407/http://www.mesc.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp USGS: Mgbukpọ na Mfu nke Ụdị site na Guam: Nnụnụ] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fj4i8xludm7wvii0lywggiv0bvn2znm 0 34793 742532 719353 2026-11-03T08:11:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:A_researcher_uses_a_banding_pliers_to_attach_a_band_to_the_leg_of_a_Common_Yellowthroat.jpg|thumb|Onye na-eme nchọpụta na-eji eriri na-ejikọta eriri na ụkwụ nke yellowthroat nkịtị.]] [[Usòrò:Ringing_of_black-headed_gull_Chroicocephalus_ridibundus_nestling.jpg|thumb|''Chroicocephalus ridibundus'' (Laridae) na-eti mkpu]] [[Usòrò:Maletín_de_campo.jpg|thumb|Igbe ngwá ọrụ maka ịtụ, ịtụ ihe n'ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ na ịpị nnụnụ.]] [[Usòrò:1_Students_at_bird_ringing.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekiri ihe omume nnụnụ na-eme n'oge "A day at the wetland", nke otu gburugburu ebe obibi [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|WWF]] haziri. E jidere otu onye ahụ, nwa okorobịa toro eto, n'otu ebe ahụ n'afọ gara aga na Lesbos, Gris.]] Mgba nnụnụ (UK) ma ọ bụ '''banding nnụnụ''', bụ njikọ nke obere, nke nwere nọmba ọla ma ọ bụ plastik n'otu n'otu na ụkwụ ma ọ bụ nku '''Ịkụ nnụnụ''' ọhịa iji mee ka onye ọ bụla mara. Nke a na-enyere aka n'ịgbaso mmegharị nke nnụnụ na akụkọ ndụ ya. Ọ bụ nha a na-ahụkarị iji tụọ ma nyochaa ọnọdụ nke nku, abụba dị n'okpuru akpụkpọ ahụ, ihe ngosi afọ na mmekọahụ n'oge ijide maka ụda. Nchịkọta ma ọ bụ mgbake nke nnụnụ ahụ nwere ike inye ozi gbasara ịkwaga, ogologo ndụ, ọnwụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ókèala, omume iri nri, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị na-amụ nnụnụ na-amụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cottam|first=C|year=1956|title=Uses of marking animals in ecological studies:marking birds for scientific purposes|url=https://archive.org/details/ecology_1956-10_37_4/page/675|journal=Ecology|volume=37|issue=4|pages=675–681|doi=10.2307/1933058}}</ref> pụkwara iji ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke akara nnụnụ mee ihe iji nye ohere maka njirimara dabere na mpaghara nke na-achọghị ijide. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị agha Rom mere mgbalị ndị mbụ e dekọrọ iji gosi nnụnụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge Agha Punic na 218 BC, ndị agha nọchibidoro tọhapụrụ ugoloọma (nke na-egosi na nke a bụ omume a ma ama). Quintus Fabius Pictor jiri eriri dị n'ụkwụ nnụnụ ahụ zighachi ozi. <ref>Fisher, J. & Peterson, R.T. 1964. ''The world of birds''. Doubleday & Co., Garden City, New York.</ref> ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ọzọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye knight nwere mmasị na agbụrụ ụgbọ ịnyịnya n'oge Pliny (AD 1) kpọọrọ ugoloọma gaa Volterra, 135 kilomita (217 wee hapụ ugoloọma na ozi gbasara ndị mmeri agbụrụ. Falconers na Middle Ages na-etinye efere na falcons ha na akara nke ndị nwe ha. <ref>Schechter, Frank I. The Historical Foundations of the Law Relating to Trade-Marks. New York: Columbia University Press, 1925. p. 35</ref><ref>Charles Knight (1842) The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge: of the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) v.11 [n.s. v.2] (pp. 277–278)</ref>'England site n'ihe dị ka afọ 1560 ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-eji akara Swans, akara na ụgwọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haffer, J.|title=The development of ornithology in central Europe|doi=10.1007/s10336-007-0160-2|year=2007|journal=Journal of Ornithology|volume=148}}</ref> chọtara ụgbala ndị ụta merụrụ ahụ (nke a na-akpọ pfeilstorch na German) nke agbụrụ ndị Afrịka nwere ike ịchọta na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na 1822 ma bụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe akaebe mbụ nke njem dị anya na nnụnụ Europe. Na North America John James Audubon na Ernest Thompson Seton bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ ọ bụ ezie na usoro ha nke akara nnụnụ dị iche na ụda nke oge a. Iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na otu nnụnụ ahụ laghachiri n'ugbo ya, Audubon kegidere eriri ọlaọcha n'ụkwụ ụmụ phoebes nke ọwụwa anyanwụ na 1805 (ọ bụ ezie na a na-enyo eziokwu nke ụbọchị ahụ <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.3366/anh.2018.0487|title=Audubon's famous banding experiment: Fact or fiction?|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=45|pages=118–121|year=2018|author=Halley|first=Matthew R}}</ref>), ebe Seton ji ink mee snow buntings na Manitoba na 1882. <ref name="study">{{Cite book|author=North American Banding Council|title=The North American Banders' Study Guide|year=2001|publisher=North American Banding Council|location=Point Reyes Station, Calif.|pages=3–4|url=http://www.nabanding.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/STUDYGUIDE.pdf|accessdate=18 July 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Preuss, Niels Otto|year=2001|title=Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen: aspects of his life and of the history of bird ringing|journal=[[Ardea (journal)|Ardea]]|volume=89|issue=1|pages=1–6|url=http://ardeajournal.natuurinfo.nl/ardeapdf/a89-001-006.pdf}}</ref>Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Danish, malitere ịgba nnụnụ maka ebumnuche sayensị sara mbara na 1899, na-eji mgbaaka Aluminium Ndị kpakpando Europe (Mortensen gbalịrị iji mgbaaka zinc dị ka 1890 mana ọ chọpụtara na ndị a dị oke arọ). [1] Johannes Thienemann guzobere atụmatụ banding mbụ na Germany na 1903 na Rossitten Bird Observatory na Baltic Coast nke East Prussia. Nke a sochiri Hungary na 1908, Great Britain na 1909 (site n'aka Arthur Landsborough Thomson na Aberdeen na Harry Witherby na England), Yugoslavia [nkọwa dị mkpa] na 1910 na mba Scandinavia n'etiti 1911 na 1914.<ref>Spencer, R. 1985. Marking. In: Campbell. B. & Lack, E. 1985. ''A dictionary of birds''. British Ornithologists' Union. London, pp. 338–341.</ref>  <ref name="tautinmetras">{{Cite news|author=Tautin|first=John|title=The North American Banding Program|accessdate=21 May 2012|work=EURING Newsletter|date=December 1988|url=http://www.euring.org/about_euring/newsletter2/namerican_banding_tautin_metras.htm|archive-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220111557/http://www.euring.org/about_euring/newsletter2/namerican_banding_tautin_metras.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> na-ekwu na Paul Bartsch nke Smithsonian Institution bụ onye mbụ na-agba ụta na US: ọ na-agba ịnyịnya 23 na-agba okpueze ojii n'afọ 1902. [1] [2] [3] <ref name="tautin100">{{cite conference|last=Tautin|first=John|title=One Hundred Years of Bird Banding in North America|book-title=Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas|conference=Third International Partners in Flight Conference. 2002 March 20–24; Asilomar, California|access-date=21 May 2012|pages=815–816|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_0815-0816_tatuin.pdf|id=Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-191|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station|location=Albany, California|date=2005|editor1-first=C. John|editor1-last=Ralph|editor2-first=Terrell D.|editor2-last=Rich|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026233820/http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_0815-0816_tatuin.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-26}}</ref>Leon J. Cole nke Mahadum Wisconsin guzobere American Bird Banding Association na 1909; nzukọ a lekọtara banding ruo mgbe e guzobere mmemme gọọmentị etiti na US (1920) na Canada (1923) dịka Migratory Bird Treaty nke 1918 si dị. == Okwu na usoro == [[Usòrò:Mist_net_kinglet.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-ejide okpueze ruby n'ime ụgbụNet anwụrụ ọkụ]] Mgba nnụnụ bụ okwu a na-eji na UK na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe na ụwa. ''Njikọ nnụnụ'' bụ okwu a na-eji na US. A na-akpọ mgbalị ndị a haziri ahazi mgbịrịgba ma ọ bụ atụmatụ banding, na òtù ndị na-achịkwa ha bụ ndị na-akpọ ụda ma ọ bụ ndị na'ịgba egwu. (A na-akpọ nnụnụ ka ha na-akpọ ha ụda kama ịkpọ ha) A na-akpọ ndị na-akpọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-akụ nnụnụ, ha na-arụkwa ọrụ na-akụ ma ọ bụ na-akụ ha. Enwere ike ijide nnụnụ site na iwere ha dị ka ụmụ nnụnụ n'akwụ́, ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị toro eto, e jidere ha na ụgbụ ụfụfụ, ọnyà ndị a na-adọkpụ, ụgbụ ndị na-adọrọ, ụgbụrụ, ma ọ bụghị ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ijide ndị na-eri anụ site n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere ọnyà bal-chatri. Mgbe e jidere nnụnụ, a na-etinye mgbaaka nke nha kwesịrị ekwesị (nke a na-ejikarị aluminum ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị mfe eme) n'ụkwụ nnụnụ ahụ, nwere nọmba pụrụ iche, na adreesị kọntaktị. A na-atụkarị nnụnụ ahụ ma tụọ ya, nyochaa ya maka data metụtara ọrụ mgbịrịgba ahụ, wee hapụ ya. Mgbaaka ndị ahụ dị nnọọ mfe, a na-emekwa ha ka ha ghara inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na nnụnụ - n'ezie, ihe ndabere niile nke iji ụda iji nweta data banyere nnụnụ bụ na nnụisi ndị gbara gburugburu kwesịrị ịkpa àgwà n'ụzọ niile n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ndị na-enweghị mgbaaka. A pụrụ ịmata nnụnụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha mgbe a nwetaghachiri ha, ma ọ bụ chọta ha nwụrụ anwụ, mgbe e mesịrị. == Mmụta == Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://braddockbaybirdobservatory.wordpress.com/education-2/banding-demonstrations/|title=Banding Demonstrations|date=2013-02-26|work=Braddock Bay Bird Observatory|accessdate=2017-10-31|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005014/https://braddockbaybirdobservatory.wordpress.com/education-2/banding-demonstrations/|url-status=dead}}</ref>-akpọ nnụnụ na-enye ngosipụta maka ọha na eze, ebe ndị ọkachamara na-akpọ ụmụ nnụnụ dị ndụ ka ha na-eme ka nzọụkwụ nke usoro ahụ pụta ìhè ma na-aza ajụjụ site n'aka ọha na eze. Ịkụziri ndị nleta banyere usoro ahụ <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/edu/MPitkinMNWithThePublic.pdf|title=Mist-netting with the public: A guide for communicating science through bird banding|author=Pitkin|first=Melissa|year=2006|pages=29|accessdate=31 October 2017|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507002014/http://www.prbo.org/cms/docs/edu/MPitkinMNWithThePublic.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>-enyere aka ịgbasa ozi ziri ezi banyere ya na ọha na eze. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/pifcapemay/duffy.htm|title=A Bird in the Hand is Best|work=www.birds.cornell.edu|accessdate=2017-10-31|archivedate=27 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927064209/https://www.birds.cornell.edu/pifcapemay/duffy.htm/}}</ref> bụ ezie na ụda nnụnụ dị ndụ abụghị naanị usoro ịkụziri ọha na eze banyere nchekwa nnụnụ, ọ nwere ike ịbụ usoro na-adọrọ mmasị na nke pụrụ iche maka ndị ọbịa. Ndị na-ahụ maka ịgba mgba na-achịkwa ọrụ ịgba mgbaaka mana n'ihi na enwere ike ịchọta nnụnụ gbara mgbaaka n'ofe mba, enwere ndị otu na-ahụ na a na-agbakọta mgbake na akụkọ. Na UK, British Trust for Ornithology na-ahazi ụda nnụnụ. Na North America U.S. Bird Banding Laboratory na-arụkọ ọrụ na mmemme ndị Canada ma kemgbe 1996, ya na North American Banding Council (NABC) na-arụ ọrụ. Ndị na-achụ nta nnụnụ mmiri nwere ike ịkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnụnụ ha gburu ma ọ bụ hụ, ma chọpụta nkọwa nke nnụisi ahụ dịka ụdị, afọ, na ebe banding. A na-ahụkarị ìgwè nnụnụ dị ka ihe nrite n'ihi na ha ka dị obere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euring.org/index.html|title=EURING|publisher=EURING|accessdate=2014-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528112858/http://www.euring.org/index.html|archivedate=2014-05-28}}</ref> Union for Bird Ringing (EURING) na-ejikọta data ụda sitere na mmemme mba dị iche iche na Europe. [1] 'Australia, Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme na-achịkwa ozi niile nke nnụnụ na ụsụ. ebe SAFRING <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_safr1.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120721123115/http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/p_safr1.htm|archivedate=2012-07-21|title=Safring|publisher=Web.uct.ac.za|date=2001-10-03|accessdate=2014-06-02}}</ref>-ahụ maka ọrụ ụda nnụnụ na South Africa. Ọ bụ Bombay Natural History Society na-achịkwa ụda nnụnụ na [[Ndia|India]]. Nnụnụ na-agba gburugburu na Neotropics na Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/homepage/aboutbanding.cfm|title=Bird Banding Laboratory|work=usgs.gov|accessdate=24 September 2015|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083354/http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/BBL/homepage/aboutbanding.cfm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/|title=CEMAVE|publisher=Icmbio.gov.br|accessdate=2014-06-02|archivedate=4 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104220550/http://www4.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/}}</ref>National Center for Bird Conservation (CEMAVE) na-ahazi atụmatụ mba maka ụda nnụnụ na Brazil. [1] [2] [3] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|35em}} == Ihe odide == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Onye ọsụ ụzọ na-agba ịnyịnya". BTO News Nke 122, peeji nke 8.&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ebe Ringing Registers nke Mahadum Aberdeen Bird-Migration Inquiry". Ịkpọ ụbọ akwara na ịkwaga mba ọzọ 4: 148. * {{Cite journal|author=Martin-Löf|first=P.|authorlink=Per Martin-Löf|title=Mortality rate calculations on ringed birds with special reference to the Dunlin ''Calidris alpina''|journal=Arkiv för Zoologi|volume=13|issue=21|year=1961}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130810182854/http://birdringing.net/ Birdring.net: Ndepụta nke Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bird Ringing na Bird Banding ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327142007/http://www.a1-idsystems.com/index_files/AnimalProducts.htm A1 ID Systems: Onye na-emepụta mgbaaka nnụnụ eletrọniki. (Nkọwapụta microchip maka ụmụ anụmanụ)] * [http://www.anillamiento.net/ LaB O RINg Project: Nnụnụ nke Western Palearctic n'aka] * [http://www.reportband.gov/ Akụkọ banyere otu egwu a chọtara na United States] * [http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/bbl/ Ụlọ nyocha nnụnụ US] * [http://www.ring.ac Akụkọ nnụnụ na-agba gburugburu n'ịntanetị site na atụmatụ Europe niile] * [http://www.euring.org/ EURING (Nhazi nhazi maka atụmatụ ịpị nnụnụ na Europe)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060202231420/http://www.bsc-eoc.org/national/cmmn.html Canadian Migration Monitoring Network (Na-ahazi nlekota mbugharị nnụnụ (gụnyere banding nnụnụ) na Canada)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064906/http://www.birdrings.eu/bird-rings-in-poland Ụdị na nha nke mgbaaka nnụnụ eji eme ihe na Poland] nke Aranea bipụtara, onye na-emepụta mgbaaka nnwale. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010718132302/http://nabanding.net/nabanding/ Kansụl Banding nke North America (NABC)] * [http://www.birdpop.org/ The Institute for Bird Populations - MAPS banding Program] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3032326.stm Akụkọ BBC nke Bardsey Island, nke a gbara n'afọ 1957''Agwaetiti Bardsey, nke gbara gburugburu 1957''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120104220550/http://www4.icmbio.gov.br/cemave/ CEMAVE-Brazil] * [http://www.calgarybirdbandingsociety.org/ Calgary Bird Banding Society] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190430234939/http://www.hbrcnet.org/ Songbird na Hummingbird Banding Research] E debere ya na Wayback Machine Ohio na Indiana [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5opw37rl7lov9wlgkwf4vp6kwcueco2 0 34948 742638 706591 2026-11-03T08:54:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Clinical geropsychology <ref>[http://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/gero.aspx APA]</ref> itinye n'ọrụ site n'aka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ n'ọtụtụ ngalaba (nkà mmụta uche, ndụmọdụ akparamà mmụta uche) nke "ihe ọmụma na usoro nke nkà mmụta uche iji ghọta ma nyere ndị agadi na ezinụlọ ha aka ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịmma, merie nsogbu ma nweta ikike kachasị elu n'oge ndụ ha". == Mmalite na nkọwa == Ndị bi n'ụwa na-aka nká ngwa ngwa. N'ụwa nile, ndị gbara afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị nde 962 na 2017, ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị okenye na 1980. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017). World Population Ageing 2017|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf|author=|first=|date=|work=un.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122184711/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2017_Highlights.pdf|archivedate=2019-01-22}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agadi ga-eji okpukpu abụọ ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, mgbe a na-atụle na ọ ga-eru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mmadụ 2.1. <ref name=":0" />'ụwa niile, a na-atụ anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị afọ 80 ma ọ bụ karịa ga-abawanye karịa okpukpu atọ n'etiti afọ 2017 na 2050, na-arị elu site na nde 137 ruo nde 425. Maka oge mbụ <ref name=":0" />'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, ụwa nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa ndị dị afọ 5 na n'okpuru. Nchịkwa na Aging na-akọ na ndị mmadụ dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa mejupụtara ihe dị ka 15.6% nke ndị bi na US na 2017, a na-atụkwa anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a ga-eto nke ukwuu. Site <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2018 profile of older Americans|url=https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/Aging%20and%20Disability%20in%20America/2018OlderAmericansProfile.pdf|date=April 2018|work=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref> 2007-2017, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị afọ 65 ma ọ bụ karịa hụrụ mmụba 34%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmụba 4% maka ndị na-erubeghị afọ 65. <ref name=":1" /> ọ na-erule afọ 2040, a ga-eme atụmatụ na a ga-enwe nde mmadụ 80.8 toro eto na US, nke mejupụtara ihe dịka 21.6% nke ndị bi na ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Health Organization, (2017). Mental health of older adults.|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430140059/http://www.who.int:80/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults|archivedate=2018-04-30|accessdate=}}</ref> ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, ihe karịrị 20% nke ndị okenye dị afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa nwere nsogbu uche ma ọ bụ nke akwara (ewepu nsogbu isi ọwụwa), na 6.6% nke nkwarụ niile (afọ ndụ nkwarụ gbanwere nkwarụ-DALYs) n'etiti ndị karịrị afọ 60 na-ekwu na ọ bụ nsogbu uche na nke akwara. Na mgbakwunye, ndị okenye na-enwekarị ọtụtụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha, gụnyere mbelata ahụike, ọnwụ nke ndị ha hụrụ n'anya, mgbanwe ọrụ, mgbanwe na ebe obibi, na enweghị nnwere onwe, na ụzọ ọnwụ ha si abịa. N'iburu n'uche mmụba a na-atụ anya ya nke ndị okenye, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ga-emecha soro ndị okenye rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ya mere ndị ọkà n"akparamá mmadụ niile kwesịrị ịmara nsogbu ndị metụtara ịka nká na ọnọdụ ha. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị okenye nwere ike irite uru site n'ịhụ onye na-enye ọzụzụ pụrụ iche na ịka nká, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists, ndị a na-azụ iji dozie ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike uche na omume a na-ahụkarị na ndụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists enweela ọzụzụ pụrụ iche iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị ka ịda mbà n'obi, nchegbu, Nsogbu ụbụrụ (dịka, dementia, obere nkwarụ [MCI]) nke nsogbu ndị dị na Ọrịa Alzheimer, nrụgide onye nlekọta, iru uju na ọnwụ, nsogbu nlekọta njedebe nke ndụ, na nsogbu ahụike anụ ahụ (dịka Nsogbu ụra, Ọrịa shuga, Ọrịa obi). Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na-emetụtakwa nsogbu ọdịbendị dị iche iche nke ịka nká na ọrụ ahụike, nyocha, na iwu (gerodiversity). Ndị Geropsychologists na-enye nyocha uche na ntinye aka nye ndị okenye na ezinụlọ ha, yana ọrụ ndụmọdụ nye ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ. A na-enye ọrụ ndị a na ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ onwe onye, ahụike uche obodo, ntọala ahụike jikọtara ọnụ (dịka, nlekọta mbụ), nlekọta mmezigharị, ntọala uche, nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ, nlekọta obibi, nlekọta ogologo oge, mmemme ahụike ụbọchị ndị okenye, na ọtụtụ ntọala ndị ọzọ. A na-azụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na-arụ ọrụ na mahadum, ụlọ ọgwụ agụmakwụkwọ na ntọala ahụike, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, na ntọala iwu ọha na eze. == Akụkọ mmalite == Na 1946, Sydney Pressey, PhD., na njikọ nke ndị na-akwado nyere aka guzobe Ngalaba Mmepe na Aging nke American Psychological Association (APA) raara onwe ya nye ọmụmụ nke ndị okenye na mmepe ndị okenye. <ref name="Birren96"/> APA kwadoro Ngalaba Mmepe <ref name="Birren96" /> Nká Ndị Ntorobịa na votu nke 20 na 3, si otú a guzobe ya dị ka mgbasawanye mbụ metụtara nká nke APA. N'afọ 1946, e nwere nzukọ mbụ nke Ngalaba Mmepe na Nká nke ndị okenye na mmadụ iri na atọ bịara. <ref name="Birren96"/>'agbanyeghị mmalite ya dị ala, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1952, e jikọtara nzukọ kwa afọ nke Adult Development and Aging Division na Gerontological Society na Washington, D.C. Na nzukọ a, Harold Jones, onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye nduzi nke California-based Institute of Child Welfare, kwuru okwu na nnọkọ ahụ ma kwuo maka nguzobe nke "A national institute on the problems of aging". Ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-abụ afọ 22 ọzọ tupu e guzobe National Institute of Aging (NIA), n'ime naanị afọ isii, Adult Development and Adging Division nwere ike ịmepụta atụmatụ ya dị ukwuu iji guzobe. Na nzukọ 1953 nke Adult Development and Aging Division, Nathan Shock, PhD., onye guzobere otu n'ime ọmụmụ ihe mbụ gbasara ịka nká, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blazer|first=D. G.|date=2004-11-01|title=Longitudinal Studies on Aging and the Development of Geriatrics in North America|journal=The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences|volume=59|issue=11|pages=1155–1156|doi=10.1093/gerona/59.11.1155|pmid=15602061|issn=1079-5006}}</ref> gwara ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nọ ebe ahụ ka ha tụlee nsogbu "dị irè" nke ntozu okè na ịka nkụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Busse|first=E. W.|date=1993|title=Duke University Longitudinal Studies of Aging|journal=Zeitschrift für Gerontologie|volume=26|issue=3|pages=123–128|issn=0044-281X|pmid=8337904}}</ref> Nke <ref name="Birren96">Birren, B., and Morrow, L (1996, August). The Development of Division 20. Division 20: Past and Future Perspectives. Retrieved from http://apadiv20.phhp.ufl.edu/d20hist.pdf</ref> bụ nke mbụ a maara na a na-ezo aka n'ụzọ a na-etinye n'ọrụ na nke ahụike maka nkà mmụta uche nke ịka nká n'èzí ngalaba ahụike. N'afọ 1959, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) guzobere ngalaba a raara nye ịka nká, wee họpụta James Emmett Birren, PhD, dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba a. Nnyocha Birren lekwasịrị anya <ref name="Birren96"/> ọrụ akwara, mmetụta, nghọta na nghọta na ịka nká, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye nyocha mbụ nke oge a. Dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ịka nká na NIMH, ọ bụ ihe enyemaka dị ka onye nhazi na onye na-akwalite mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|date=2000|editor=Birren|title=A history of geropsychology in autobiography.|doi=10.1037/10367-000|isbn=1-55798-631-2}}</ref> mepụtara ma dezie Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, <ref name="Birren96" /> ghọrọ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal Gerontology, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi oche nke Gerontological Society of America. 'afọ 1971, Nzukọ White House na Aging chọpụtara na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike na-arụ ọrụ na ndị okenye bụ ihe dị mkpa ngwa ngwa. Nzukọ ahụ tụrụ aro <ref>{{Cite web|title=S.775 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): Research on Aging Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/senate-bill/775|author=Eagleton|first=Thomas F.|date=1974-05-31|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2020-05-15}}</ref> e mepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-eme agadi, na 1971 ka ewepụtara Iwu Nnyocha na Aging . <ref name="Binstock2010">Binstock, R (2010, March). 1974: GSA Plays Major Role in NIA's Development. Gerontology News. Gerontological Society of America. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20211102180740/https://www.geron.org/images/stories/newsletters/gerontology_news/March_2010.pdf</ref>'afọ 1974, Iwu Nnyocha Banyere Ịka Nká gafere na Congress, Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na iwu ahụ wee mepụta National Institute on Aging (NIA). [1] Nke <ref>{{Cite web|title=APA Integrated Health Care for an Aging Population Project|url=https://www.apa.org/pi/aging/programs/integrated/overview|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> bụ oge dị mkpa na mpụta nke geropsychology dị ka ngalaba dị iche iche nke omume. == Ọzụzụ ahụike na nzukọ mba == Dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke National Institute of Aging, Robert Butler, MD, mere ọrụ mbụ ya iji bulie agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike n'ọhịa ịka nká. N'ịghọta ụkọ ohere ọzụzụ maka ndị dọkịta na ndị nchọpụta, Ngalaba Mmepe na Nká Ndị Ntorobịa, na nkwado sitere na APA na ego sitere na NIA, kpọkọtara otu ọrụ na Nọvemba 1977 iji "na-enyocha mkpa uche Nkume ndị okenye ma nye aro gbasara itinye aka nke ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na ọrụ ahụike uche nye ndị agadi. Nke a setịpụrụ ọkwa maka nzukọ mbụ nke nzukọ atọ dị egwu na geropsychology: nzukọ 1981 na Training Psychologists for Work in Aging, nke a maara dị ka "Boulder" (Boulder) "Old, nzukọ General Conference of the General" (Bockologists for the General Conference) Na nnọkọ a, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ malitere ikwurịta ihe ọmụma nke geropsychology na otu esi akụziri ndị ọkà n"akparamá ọhụrụ ozi a. Ebumnuche nke Older Boulder bụ "ịchọpụta ihe onwunwe anyị nwere ike iji zụlite ma gbasaa ọzụzụ na ịka nká maka ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ... [na] zụlite usoro ndụmọdụ iwu. " <ref name=":2">{{cite conference |last=Storandt |first=Martha |title=Where have we been? Where are we going? |book-title=Proceedings of the conference on training psychologists for work in aging Boulder, Colorado. Psychology and the older adult: Challenges for training in the 1980s |year=1982 |pages=11–17 |publisher=American Psychological Association |doi=10.1037/10557-001|isbn=0-7837-0490-9}}</ref> Ndị na-ahazi Older Bould kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị usoro dị iche iche maka ọzụzụ ịka nketa, ya mere, ha gbara ndị ọkà n"àgwà mmadụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa gerontology, ndị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ịga nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":2" />'ozuzu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 100 sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ. A kọwapụtara nsonaazụ nke nzukọ Older Boulder na mbipụta Psychology and the Older Adult: Challenges for Training in the 1980s <ref>{{Cite book|date=1982|editor=Santos|title=Psychology and the older adult: Challenges for training in the 1980s.|doi=10.1037/10557-000|isbn=0-78370-490-9}}</ref> yana akụkọ zuru ezu sitere na nzukọ ahụ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na isiokwu dị iche iche. Nke kachasị mkpa, Older Boulder bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ dị mkpa iji mepụta ihe nlereanya ọzụzụ maka ikike maka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. E mere nzukọ mba nke abụọ, "Older Boulder II", na Washington DC na 1992. Na nnọkọ a, a na-elekwasị anya na ọzụzụ nkà yana ọtụtụ ọkwa ọzụzụ ahụike. Nzukọ <ref>{{Cite book|date=1995|editor=Knight|title=Mental health services for older adults: Implications for training and practice in geropsychology.|url=https://archive.org/details/mentalhealthserv0000knig|doi=10.1037/10184-000|isbn=1-55798-334-8}}</ref> lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọwa ntọala ihe ọmụma maka ọrụ geropsychology ọkachamara, na-akọwa ọkwa atọ nke ikike geropsycology: Ikpughe, Ahụmahụ, na Ọkachamara. E mere nzukọ nke atọ nke mba ahụ na 2006 na Colorado Springs, Colorado, nke Prọfesọ Bob Knight na [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michele_Karel Michele Karel] haziri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Knight|first=Bob G.|date=2009|title=Pikes Peak model for training in professional geropsychology.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-psychologist_2009-04_64_3/page/205|journal=American Psychologist|volume=64|issue=3|pages=205–214|doi=10.1037/a0015059|pmid=19348521|issn=1935-990X}}</ref> nnọkọ a, e guzobere ụdị ọzụzụ "Pikes Peak" maka ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. Ihe nlereanya Pikes Peak jikọtara ozi a maara banyere ndị okenye ma tinye ya n'ọrụ iji guzobe ebe ikike maka ọzụzụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychologists. <ref name=":3" /> ọmụmaatụ, ihe nlereanya ahụ gosipụtara mkpa ọ dị maka mmemme ọzụzụ iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha nwee ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịka nká dị mma na nke ọrịa, mgbanwe ndị metụtara ndụ mgbe e mesịrị, mmetụta cohort, ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu banyere mmepe ndị okenye, na ntọala nlekọta dị iche iche maka ndị okenye, ọkachasị nlekọta interdisciplinary. == Society of Clinical Geropsychology (American Psychological Association Division 12, Nkebi nke Abụọ) == N'afọ 1993, Ngalaba 12 (Clinical Psychology) nke American Psychological Association haziri ngalaba (Division 12, Nkebi nke Abụọ) nke a ga-emesị kpọgharịa [https://geropsychology.org Society of Clinical Geropsychology]. Emere nke <ref>{{Cite book|author=Routh|first=Donald K.|chapter=Introduction|date=1994|title=Clinical Psychology Since 1917|pages=3–12|publisher=Springer US|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-9712-1_1|isbn=978-1-4757-9714-5}}</ref> na mbido nke kọmitii na-eduzi nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ mejupụtara, gụnyere: George Niederehe, Barry Edelstein, Dolores Gallagher-Thompson, Margaret Gatz, Alfred Kaszniak, Norm Abels, Michael A. Smyer, George Stricker, na Linda Teri. Ebumnuche nke Society bụ ịkwalite ahụike uche na ahụike nke ndị okenye site na sayensị, omume, agụmakwụkwọ na nkwado na site n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke ọkachamara geropsychology. Society <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://geropsychology.org/officers-and-information/|work=geropsychology.org|accessdate=2020-05-15}}</ref>-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite na ịkwado ọzụzụ na geropsychology na ọkwa doctoral, internship, na postdoctoral, na-akwado geropsycology na iwu ọha na eze, yana ịkwalite nyocha ịka nká nke na-eme ka ọrụ ahụike mara. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Society mere emume ncheta afọ 25 ya na 2018. == Nkwado nke ebe pụrụ iche == Ndị American Psychological Association kwetara na ọ bụ ebe ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọrịa geropsychology na 1997, APA kwetara na ya bụ ebe pụrụ iche na 2010. Tụkwasị na nke a, na 2013, e guzobere geropsychology dị ka mpaghara pụrụ iche na-apụta site na American Board of Professional Psychology, na-enye ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ ohere inweta asambodo ụlọ ọrụ na Geropsychologie site na Disemba 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231216102434/https://abgero.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ABGERO-Procedures-Manual.pdf akwụkwọ ntuziaka] ule dị n'ịntanetị. Mgbe nyocha mbụ na nyocha dị mma nke ihe nlele, ndị na-achọ ọrụ na-anọdụ ala maka nyocha ọnụ nke nwere akụkụ atọ: nyocha nke Practice Sample, nyocha nke Professional Self-Study Statement, na nyocha nke Ezi Omume. N'afọ 2014, Forrest Scogin, prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum Alabama, natara onyinye M. Powell Lawton maka onyinye pụrụ iche na Clinical Geropsychology. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nzoz6c6sbfiws622jncywrk540sec1b 0 35030 742725 145724 2026-11-03T09:27:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Three_toes_of_Harding_County.jpg|thumb|Clyde F. Briggs guzo n'elu Three Toes nke Harding County]] Mkpịsị ụkwụ atọ nke Harding County bụ aha aha e nyere otu nwoke North America Great Plains wolf onye naanị ya gburu anụ ụlọ n'ebe a na-azụ anụ na Harding County, South Dakota, USA, ihe karịrị afọ iri na atọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Ogologo ịchụ nta ya gbadara na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ North Dakota na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Montana <ref name="Elsie"/> Toes atọ malitere mbibi ya na afọ 1912, na-aghọ onye na-egbu anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ zuru oke na afọ 1917. <ref name="Elsie"/> <ref name="Liberty">{{Cite web|url=http://www.libertymatters.org/wolfreintro-myths.htm|title=THE WOLF: MYTH, LEGEND & MISCONCEPTION|work=T. R. Mader|publisher=Abundant Wildlife Society|accessdate=2008-07-30|archivedate=2012-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216015849/http://www.libertymatters.org/wolfreintro-myths.htm}}</ref> mere atụmatụ na ọ gburu anụ ụlọ ruru $ 50,000 n'ime afọ iri na atọ ọ rụrụ ọrụ. <ref name="Liberty" /> maara na ọ gburu atụrụ 66 n'ime abalị abụọ obere oge tupu e jide ya. Ihe karịrị ndị ikom 150 chụrụ ya, naanị ka Clyde F. Briggs, onye osote onye nyocha anụmanụ na-eri anụ na steeti jidere ya na July 23, n'afọ 1925, n'ọhịa Kahoun, nso [[Gallup, South Dakota]]. Mkpịsị ụkwụ atọ ka e bu ụzọ buo ibuga Buffalo ndụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwụrụ anwụ. A na-eche na ọ dị afọ 20, wee tụọ ụkwụ isii n'ogologo ma tụọ n'etiti 75 na 80 pound. <ref name="Elsie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sdhardin/McDonell2.doc|title=Elsie McDonell (Mrs. Fred Dahl) Primary Teacher 1911-16, 1918-19|publisher=|accessdate=2008-07-30}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sdhardin/McDonell2.doc "Elsie McDonell (Mrs. Fred Dahl) Primary Teacher 1911-16, 1918-19"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke anụ ọhịa wolf * Lobo Eze nke Currumpaw * Ogbugbu karịrị akarị == Edemsibe == {{Reflist}} 18jjdbpxwhcwp2quq36ialg88e8dr1t 0 35265 742646 176697 2026-11-03T08:55:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742646 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:First all-sky Galileo Observatory for UAP on the roof of the Harvard College Observatory (Cambridge, MA).png|thumb|Ọrụ Galileo]] Ihe oru Galileo bu oru ngbaka mba ofesi iji choo nke oma maka isi isi nke uwa ma obu ozo ozo na nso uwa na imata udiri ihe ojoo amaghi ama ama ama amaghi ama / UAP Aerial Phenomena (UFOs/UAP). <ref name="sciencefocus">{{Cite news|first=Marcus|author=Chown|title=Project Galileo: The search for alien tech hiding in our Solar System|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/alien-technology-project-galileo/|accessdate=2 November 2022|work=BBC Science Focus Magazine|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="astronomynadis">{{Cite news|author=Nadis|first=Steve|title=The Search for Alien Artifacts Begins|language=en|work=Discover Magazine|url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-search-for-alien-artifacts-begins|accessdate=2 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="bostonShimano">{{Cite news|first=Mihiro|author=Shimano|title=Harvard professor launches new project to discover unidentified aerial phenomena|url=https://www.boston.com/news/national-news/2021/07/30/harvard-professor-launches-new-project-to-discover-unidentified-aerial-phenomena/|accessdate=3 November 2022|work=boston.com}}</ref> <ref name="utWilliams"/>Ọ dị na 2021 site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka mbara igwe nke Mahadum Harvard, Avi Loeb, obere oge ka ndị ODNI UFO (nke US Intelligence akwụkwọ), nke kọrọ na ịhụ ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ  na-efe ọsọ ọsọ ma ọ bụ trajectories dị omimi, na okwu 3 June 2021 site na.  Onye isi NASA, Bill Nelson, bụ nke o kwuru na-akwalite nke Aerial Phenomena a na-egosi ama nke a tara site n'ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.  [1] [2] [3] Na 5 June, Loeb mmetụta NASA email ka ọ na-emepụta aro ọrụ dị otú ahụ mana ọ Nnaghị nke ọ pụtara ọrụ ahụ n'onwe ya na 26 Julaị 2021 site n'ibu nke onyinye. . <ref name="guardianyang">{{Cite news|first=Maya|author=Yang|title=Galileo Project: scientists to search for signs of extraterrestrial technology|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jul/27/galileo-project-search-signs-extraterrestrial-technology|accessdate=13 August 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=27 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="spaceDavid">{{Cite news|author=David|first=Leonard|title=Contact with ET: How would humanity react?|url=https://www.space.com/contact-intelligent-alien-life-humanity-reaction|accessdate=2 November 2022|work=Space.com|date=27 September 2022|language=en}}</ref>Ozi ahụ ozi nke na-achọ ụzọ ndị ọzọ, nke ndị ike iwere ya dị ka ị na-ahụ, asị ịchịkọta data ọhụrụ gbasara UFO iche nwere sistemu egbochi ụzọ nkewa I <ref name="inverseRabie">{{Cite news|author=Rabie|first=Passant|title=Galileo Project: A new hunt for alien objects in the universe|url=https://www.inverse.com/science/new-project-to-hunt-for-alien-objects-in-the-universe|accessdate=2 November 2022|work=Inverse|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="livescienceWeisberger">{{Cite news|author=Weisberger|first=Mindy|title=Harvard-led team to search cosmos for extraterrestrial space tech and UFOs|url=https://www.livescience.com/galileo-project-hunts-alien-tech.html|accessdate=2 November 2022|work=livescience.com|date=26 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="utWilliams">{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=Matt|title=A New Plan to Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts at Earth and Across the Solar System|url=https://www.universetoday.com/151971/a-new-plan-to-search-for-extraterrestrial-artifacts-at-earth-and-across-the-solar-system/|accessdate=3 November 2022|work=Universe Today|date=28 July 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWilliams2021">Williams, Matt (28 July 2021). [https://www.universetoday.com/151971/a-new-plan-to-search-for-extraterrestrial-artifacts-at-earth-and-across-the-solar-system/ "A New Plan to Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts at Earth and Across the Solar System"]. ''Universe Today''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>Ihe oru ngo a bu n'obi iji teliskop dị ugbu a na nke ọhụrụ iji na-achọ ihe n'usoro n'usoro maka arịa dị na mbara ụwa, ihe interstellar, na nka mfe, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ “mkpọgbu.  ala ikuku anomalous” (AAV), [1] [2] na ikuku ụwa.  A na-akatọkarị ndị n'ime UFO, ufology, maka na-amị ọrụ na ma ọ bụ na-enye naanị obere data ma ọ bụ dị ala, .  ntụziaka nke ọhụrụ.  Ihe oru ngo a bu n'obi ileba anya n'okwu di nma data site na onolite usoro ihe ohuru ohuru.  Ụbọchị a bu n'obi ime ka data ana ndị n'ihu nsogbu maka mgbaka wee bipụta akwụkwọ nyọyọyọyọ "n'ụzọ doro anya" na akwụkwọ nchọpụta achọpụtara ndị ọgbọ .  [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Loeb na-ekwu na "ndị agha ma ọ bụ na-alụ agha azụ dị ka ndị na-achị-ejegharị, na e ejekọta ozi ihe ha na-ahụ  na mbara igwe."  [5] [8] [9] [10] Ihe oru ngo a na-eji agnostic (ma ọ bụ "ụwa" [11] ma ọ bụ "akpa, empirical ihe") [12] [13] obibia nke na  - nchegbu nwere ike - echiche ndị bụ.  a na-ewere na ọ zọ ekwe omume site na ụfọdụ ndị siri - a na-ajụ priori ma a na-achịkọta data na mkpa, dabere na enyemaka ya, mgba nkwubi okwu ọ agbata obi. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 4vqtk13tz1ax4l38ksx9ze99wsqia5c 0 35353 742410 207747 2026-11-03T07:48:28Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742410 wikitext text/x-wiki Connecting Organizations for Regional Disease Surveillance (CORDS) bụ "network nlekota ọrịa na-efe efe nkè mba ndị agbata obi n'ụwa niile na-ahazi iji chịkwaa ntiwapụ nke ókèala na isi iyi ha." <ref name="bennet17">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/medlaw/fwx004|title=Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: Global, Regional, and Local Responses to Risk|year=2017|author=Bennett|first=Belinda|journal=Medical Law Review|volume=25|issue=2|pages=223–239|pmid=28379440}}</ref><ref name="bond17"/> N'afọ 2012, edebanyere CORDS aha dị ka ụlọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro, nke na-enweghị uru na Lyon, France. <ref name="procords">{{Cite news|title=WELCOME TO CORDS|url=https://www.cordsnetwork.org/|accessdate=3 April 2021|publisher=CORDS}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2021, CORDS nwèrè "network ndị otu mpaghara isii, na-arụ ọrụ na mba iri abụo na asatọ na [[Afrịka]], [[Asia|Eshia]], Middle East nakwa [[Obodo Békè|Europe]]". == Nkọwa == <ref name="bond17">{{Cite journal|doi=10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19913|title=The Evolution and Expansion of Regional Disease Surveillance Networks and Their Role in Mitigating the Threat of Infectious Disease Outbreaks|year=2013|author=Bond|first=Katherine C.|journal=Emerging Health Threats Journal|volume=6|pmid=23362414}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBondMacFarlaneBurkeUngchusak2013">Bond, Katherine C.; MacFarlane, Sarah B.; Burke, Charlanne; Ungchusak, Kumnuan; Wibulpolprasert, Suwit (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557911 "The Evolution and Expansion of Regional Disease Surveillance Networks and Their Role in Mitigating the Threat of Infectious Disease Outbreaks"]. ''Emerging Health Threats Journal''. '''6''': 19913. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19913|10.3402/ehtj.v6i0.19913]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3557911 3557911]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23362414 23362414].</cite></ref> "dị iche na netwọk ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ndị World Health Organization (WHO) họpụtara)... Ọtụtụ n'ime netwọk mpaghara ndị a dị tupu ntiwapụ mberede nkè SARS n'afọ 2003, dịka ọmụmaatụ: * Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network (PPHSN) (1996), <ref name="bond17"/> * netwọk Nlekọta Ọrịa Mekong Basin (MBDS) (1999), <ref name="bond17" /> na * East African Integrated Disease Surveillance Network (EAIDSNet) (2000) <ref name="bond17" /> * Southeast European Health Network (SEEHN) (2001) <ref name="bond17" /> * Asia Partnership on Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (APEIR) (2006) <ref name="bond17" /> * [[SACIDS Foundation for One Health]] (SACIDS) nke Southern African Development Community (2008) <ref name="bond17" /> * Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe Center for Surveillance and Control of Infectious Diseases (SECID) (2013) == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == CORDS sitere n-ebe afọ 1960s-era Organisations de Coordination et de Cooperation pour la lutte contre les Grandes Endemies (OCCGE) nke bụ netwọk Afrịka, gbanwere n'afọ 1987 iji gbakwunye West African Health Community (WAHC) ma mụọ West African Health Organisation (WAHO). <ref name="bond17"/> E guzobere PPHSN n'afọ 1996 iji "mepụta" "akụkọ na nzaghachi ọrịa" nkè ndị otu. N'afọ 1997, PPHSN guzobere PacNet, iji "kesaa ozi n'oge gbásárá ntiwapụ ọrịa" na "iji hụ na e mèrè ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji meghachi omume na egwu ahụike ọha na eze". <ref name="bond17"/> <ref name="bond17"/>'N'afọ 2000, WHO kwadoro Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. <ref name="bond17"/>'N'afọ 2001, e guzobere Southeastern European Health Network (SEEHN) nke jikọtara gọọmentị [[Albania]], [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Kroatia|Croatia]], [[Moldova]], Montenegro, [[Romania]], na Old Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. N'afọ 2003, [[Israel]], [[Jọdan]] na Palestinian Authority guzobere Middle East Consortium on Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS). <ref name="bond17"/> E nwèrè ike ịkewa uto nke CORDS n'ime ọtụtụ usoro: <ref name="bond17"/> * site na 1996 ruo 2007, mgbalị ahụ bụ ịzụ na ijikọ ndị mmadụ iji gbochie ọrịa na-efe efe * site na 2003 ruo 2009, mgbalị ahụ bụ iji bulie "usoro nlekota ókèala na nke mba iji dozie egwu mpaghara", gụnyere otu nlekota nke EAIDSNet na ọrịa zoonoticỌrịa na-efe efe * site na 2006 ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala 2017 lekwasịrị anya bụ ime ka "kwadebe maka ọrịa na-efe efe na egwu ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara na ụwa sie ike. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 352im5hmdiu3gmv7y33wfdcwtp193i6 0 36191 742529 726337 2026-11-03T08:11:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  Driving Miss Daisy bụ ihe nkiri America na-atọ ọchị nke 1989 nke Bruce Beresford duziri ma Alfred Uhry dere, dabere na egwuregwu ya nke 1987 nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Jessica Tandy, Morgan Freeman, na Dan Aykroyd. Freeman weghachiri ọrụ ya site na mmepụta mbụ nke Off-Broadway. Akụkọ ahụ na-akọwa Daisy na echiche ya site na netwọk mmekọrịta na mmetụta uche site na ilekwasị anya na ndụ ụlọ ya, ụlọ nzukọ, ndị enyi, ezinụlọ, egwu, na nchegbu n'ime afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ịkwọ Miss Daisy <ref name="Oscars1990">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990|title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners|accessdate=August 1, 2011|work=oscars.org|archivedate=April 2, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402002952/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990}}</ref> ihe ịga nke ọma na azụmahịa mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na 62nd Academy Awards natara nhọpụta itoolu, wee merie anọ: Best Picture, Best Actress (maka Tandy), Best Makeup, na Best Adapted Screenplay. {{As of|2023}}, ọ bụ ihe nkiri PG kachasị ọhụrụ nke meriri Best Picture. == Atụmatụ == N'afọ 1948, Daisy Werthan, ma ọ bụ Miss Daisy, onye ọgaranya dị afọ 72, onye Juu, onye di ya nwụrụ, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ lara ezumike nká, bi naanị ya na Atlanta, Georgia, ma e wezụga onye isi ojii na-elekọta ụlọ, Idella. Mgbe Miss Daisy na-akwọ Chrysler Windsor ya nke 1946 n'ogige onye agbata obi ya, nwa ya nwoke dị afọ 40, Boolie, zụrụ ya Hudson Commodore nke 1949 ma were Hoke Colburn dị afọ 60, onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ojii. Boolie gwara Hoke na Miss Daisy nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ekele maka mbọ ọ na-agba, mana ọ pụghị ịchụ ya n'ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na Boolie n'onwe ya bụ onye were ya n'ọkwa. Miss Daisy na mbụ jụrụ ikwe ka onye ọ bụla na-anya ya, mana Hoke mere ka o kwenye ka a chụpụ ya. Ọ na-anabata njem abụọ mbụ, mana ọ na-anwa ime ka Boolie chụpụ Hoke mgbe ọ chọpụtara na otu ite salmon na-efu n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ kwenyere mgbe Hoke, n'enweghị nkenke na tupu ya enwee ike ịlụso ya ọgụ, kwetara na ọ na-eri salmon ma nye ya ihe ọzọ ọ zụrụ. Ka Miss Daisy na Hoke na-anọkọ ọnụ, ọ na-enweta ekele maka ọtụtụ nkà ya ma na-akụziri ya ịgụ akwụkwọ na nke mbụ ya site na iji nkà na ihe onwunwe nkuzi ya. Mgbe Idella nwụrụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1963, kama iwe onye na-elekọta ụlọ ọhụrụ n'ọrụ, Miss Daisy kpebiri ilekọta ụlọ nke ya ma mee ka Hoke sie nri na ịkwọ ụgbọala. Hoke, ka ọ dị ugbu a, na-azụta ụgbọala ndị ọ na-anya Daisy mgbe a zụrụ ha maka ụdị ọhụrụ ma nwee ike ịmekọrịta ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu na Boolie. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-enyocha ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ndị isi ojii, nke na-emetụta Hoke n'onwe ya. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosikwara Mmegide ndị Juu na South. Mgbe a tụrụ ụlọ nzukọ ya bọmbụ, Miss Daisy ghọtara na ọ bụkwa onye ajọ mbunobi. Otú ọ dị, ndị America na-enwe mgbanwe dị egwu, Miss Daisy na-aga nri abalị nke Dr. [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] na-ekwu okwu. Na mbụ, ọ kpọrọ Boolie ka ọ bịa rie nri abalị, mana ọ jụrụ, ma tụọrọ aro ka Miss Daisy kpọọ Hoke. Otú ọ dị, Miss Daisy na-arịọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọbịa ya n'oge njem ụgbọ ala na-aga ihe omume ahụ ma mechaa gaa nri abalị naanị ya. Hoke, onye a kparịrị n'ụzọ a kpọrọ òkù, gere ntị n'okwu ahụ na redio ụgbọ ala n'èzí. Hoke rutere n'ụlọ ahụ n'otu ụtụtụ n'afọ 1971 iji hụ Miss Daisy na-ewe iwe ma na-egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke isi mgbaka; o kwenyere na ọ bụ onye nkuzi na-eto eto ọzọ. Hoke na-eme ka ọ dajụọ site na mkparịta ụka ebe Daisy na-akpọ Hoke "enyi kachasị mma". Boolie na-eme ndokwa ka Miss Daisy banye n'ụlọ ezumike nká. N'afọ 1973, Hoke, onye dị afọ iri asatọ na ise ugbu a ma na-adịghị ahụ ụzọ ngwa ngwa, lara ezumike nká. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Driving Miss Daisy|url=https://archive.org/details/drivingmissdaisy00uhry|first=Alfred|author=Uhry|date=January 1, 1998|publisher=Dramatists Play Service, Inc.|isbn=0822203359}}</ref>, onye dị afọ iri isii na ise ugbu a, na-akwọ Hoke gaa n'ụlọ ndị lara ezumike nká ileta Miss Daisy, onye dị iri itoolu na asaa ugbu a. Hoke wee nye ya achịcha ekele mgbe ha abụọ jidere. Ihe nkiri ikpeazụ bụ onyinyo nke Cadillac ojii na-anya ụgbọala n'okporo ụzọ. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ==   == Nnakwere == === Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ === E wepụtara Driving Miss Daisy na Disemba 15, 1989, na-enweta $ 73,745 na ụlọ ihe nkiri atọ. A tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na Jenụwarị 26, 1990, na-enweta $ 5,705,721 na ngwụsị izu mbụ ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri 895, na-aghọ ihe nkiri nke mbụ na United States. Ọ nọgidere na nọmba 1 n'izu na-esote mana Hard to Kill wepụrụ ya n'elu na ngwụsị izu nke atọ nke ntọhapụ ya. Ọ laghachiri na nọmba mbụ na ngwụsị izu na-esote ma nọrọ ebe ahụ izu nke anọ. nkiri ahụ mechara nweta $ 106,593,296 na North America, na $ 39,200,000 na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, maka ngụkọta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke $ 145,793,296. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.25thframe.co.uk/detail-page/?rimage=driving_miss_daisy|title=Weekend box office 23 February 1990 - 25 February 1990|publisher=www.25thframe.co.uk|accessdate=July 5, 2020|archivedate=July 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706020751/http://www.25thframe.co.uk/detail-page/?rimage=driving_miss_daisy}}</ref> wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na Febụwarị 23, 1990. [1] === Mmeghachi omume nkatọ === Ndị nkatọ nabatara Driving Miss Daisy nke ọma, na otuto pụrụ iche maka ihe nkiri na Freeman, Tandy, na arụmọrụ Aykroyd. Onye nchịkọta nyocha Rotten Tomatoes na-enye ihe nkiri ahụ akara 85% dabere na nyocha sitere na ndị nkatọ 104, na nkezi akara nke 7.70/10. Nkwekọrịta dị oke egwu nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akwalite ya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na stereotypes ochie, Driving Miss Daisy na-ewe ndị na-ege ntị na njem obi ụtọ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri abụọ pụtara ìhè. " <ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/driving_miss_daisy//|title=Driving Miss Daisy (1989)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=July 2, 2023|archivedate=November 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117204050/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/driving_miss_daisy}}</ref> Na Metacritic, nke na-enye ọkwa sitere na 100 dabere na nyocha sitere n'aka ndị nkatọ, ihe nkiri ahụ nwere akara nke 81 dabere na nyocha 17. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/driving-miss-daisy|title=Driving Miss Daisy Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=March 1, 2018|archivedate=September 20, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920153011/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/driving-miss-daisy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/20/|title=18 of the Most Loved or Hated Movies: Films That Got A+ or F CinemaScores (Photos)|date=June 16, 2015|journal=[[TheWrap]]|accessdate=June 15, 2017|archive-date=July 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701020624/http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/20/|url-status=dead}}</ref>CinemaScore n'otu aka ahụ kọrọ na ndị na-ege ntị nyere ihe nkiri ahụ akara "A+" a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Gene Siskel nke ''Chicago Tribune'' kwupụtara na Driving Miss Daisy bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke afọ 1989. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Siskel|first=Gene|authorlink=Gene Siskel|title='Roger & Me' Makes Point About The Common Man|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=January 12, 1990|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-01-12/entertainment/9001030981_1_star-water-tower-common-man|accessdate=April 8, 2016|archivedate=April 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407173138/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-01-12/entertainment/9001030981_1_star-water-tower-common-man}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|title=Driving Miss Daisy|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=January 12, 1990|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/driving-miss-daisy-1990|accessdate=April 8, 2016|archivedate=April 8, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408053845/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/driving-miss-daisy-1990}}</ref>Roger Ebert nke Chicago Sun-Times kpọrọ ya "ihe nkiri nke nnukwu ịhụnanya na ndidi" wee dee, "Ọ bụ ihe nkiri dị oke aghụghọ, nke ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla kachasị mkpa na mkparịta ụka na nke asụsụ ahụ, ụda olu ma ọ bụ anya nwere ike ịbụ ihe kachasị mkpa n'ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọtụtụ ihe nkiri nke ndị na-adịghị omimi na ndị na-eme ihe ike na-agọnahụ mmadụ na nke anyị, olee ihe mmụta ịhụ ihe nkiri nke na-ele anya n'ime obi. " Peter Travers nke Rolling Stone nyekwara ihe nkiri ahụ nyocha dị mma, na-akpọ arụmọrụ Tandy "ebube" ma na-ekwu, "Nke a bụ awa abụọ kachasị mma nke Tandy na ihe nkiri nke laghachiri na 1932." Vincent Canby nke ''The New York Times'' toro ihe nkiri Tandy na Freeman, onye kwuru, "Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ jisiri ike bụrụ ndị na-eme nke ọma n'enweghị isi na ihe nkiri ahụ pụta". <ref name="NYTimes Review">{{Cite news|author=Canby|first=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Canby|title=Review/Film; 'Miss Daisy,' Chamber Piece From the Stage|work=The New York Times|date=December 13, 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=950DEFDA153AF930A25751C1A96F948260|accessdate=April 8, 2016}}</ref> N'aka nke ọzọ, a katọrọ ihe nkiri ahụ maka njikwa ya banyere okwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Candice Russell nke ''South Florida Sun-Sentinel'' kọwara àgwà Freeman dị ka onye nwere "omume na-akpali akpali" nke "na-egbu mgbu ịhụ", ma kwuo na ihe nkiri ahụ bụ "otu ihe nkiri n'azụ nke agadi nwanyị na-eme mpako na-enye iwu na onye na-eje ozi na-anwa ịgbaso site n'ikwu 'yassum.'" <ref>Russell, Candice (January 12, 1990). </ref> Nhọpụta ihe nkiri ahụ maka Best Picture na Academy Awards karịa Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing bụ ihe arụmụka. <ref>Collins, K. Austin (January 22, 2019). </ref> mechara tụgharịa uche <ref>Stern, Marlow (January 15, 2015). </ref> mkpebi ahụ na-ese okwu site n'ikwu na Driving Miss Daisy "anaghị akụzi ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri n'ụwa niile dị ka Do the Right Thing is". === Onyinye na nhọpụta === ''Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss Daisy'' nwetara nhọpụta 9 nke Academy Award ma nwetakwara ọdịiche ndị a na akụkọ ihe mere eme Oscar: * bụ naanị ihe nkiri dabeere na mmepụta na-abụghị Broadway iji merie Best Picture. * <ref name="ADA">{{cite press release |url=http://www3.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2003/03.09.02.a.html |title=Academy's Diamond Anniversary Screening Series to Feature "Driving Miss Daisy" |access-date=January 31, 2008 |date=September 2, 2003 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220131158/http://www3.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2003/03.09.02.a.html |archive-date=February 20, 2008}}</ref>Jessica Tandy (na afọ 80), ghọrọ Onye mmeri kacha okenye n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji merie Best Actress. * Ọ bụ onye mmeri mbụ ''[[1st Academy Awards|1927]]_film)" id="mwow" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wings (1927 film)">nku'' Best Picture kemgbe ''[[5th Academy Awards|1932]]_film)" id="mwlg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Grand Hotel (1932 film)">Grand Hotel'' na 1932 ka ọ ghara ịnata nhọpụta Onye nduzi kacha mma (nke a emeela ugboro atọ kemgbe, ''[[85th Academy Awards|2012]]_film)" id="mwmg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Argo (2012 film)">Argo'' na 2012, Green Book na 2018, na ''[[94th Academy Awards|2021]]_film)" id="mwoA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="CODA (2021 film)">CODA'' na 2021; Wings onye mbụ meriri Best Picture na 1927 enweghị nhọpụta maka onye nduzi William A. Wellman). <ref name="Bestdir">{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/bestdirs1.html|title=Academy Awards Best Director|accessdate=October 23, 2014|work=filmsite.org|archivedate=September 1, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901210327/http://www.filmsite.org/bestdirs1.html}}</ref>'okwu mmeghe ya na Ememe nrite nke iri isii na abụọ, onye na-elekọta ya bụ Billy Crystal mere ihe ọchị maka ihe ọchị a site n'ịkpọ ya "ihe nkiri nke o doro anya na ọ na-eduzi onwe ya". * <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmsite.org/bestpicsmilestones7.html|title=Academy Awards: Best Picture Milestones; 1980s|work=Film Site.org|publisher=AMC Network Entertainment LLC|accessdate=August 23, 2020|archivedate=September 19, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919063811/https://www.filmsite.org/bestpicsmilestones7.html}}</ref> ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ọ bụ onye mmeri kachasị mma nke e nyere PG. Ndị mmeri niile kemgbe a na-ahụta PG-13 ma ọ bụ R. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ndị a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="3" |20/20 Onyinye |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Alfred Uhry| {{Nom}} |- |Ụdị ejiji Kasị Mma |Elizabeth McBride| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="9" |Ihe nrite Academy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990|title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners|accessdate=October 17, 2011|publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095721/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/62nd-winners.html|archivedate=July 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kehr|first=Dave|authorlink=Dave Kehr|title='Miss Daisy,' Jessica Tandy Win Top Oscars|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=March 27, 1990|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-03-27/news/9001250287_1_oldest-best-actress-winner-screenplay-daisy|accessdate=April 8, 2016|archivedate=April 7, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090121/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-03-27/news/9001250287_1_oldest-best-actress-winner-screenplay-daisy}}</ref> |[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Foto Kasị Mma]] |Richard D. Zanuck na Lili Fini Zanuck| {{Won}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Morgan Freeman| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- |Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma |Dan Aykroyd| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nkiri kacha mma - Dabere na Ihe si na Mgbasa Ozi Ọzọ |Alfred Uhry| {{Won}} |- |Ntụziaka nka kacha mma |Onye nduzi nka: Bruno Rubeo; Ihe ịchọ mma: Crispian Sallis| {{Nom}} |- |Ụdị ejiji Kasị Mma |Elizabeth McBride| {{Nom}} |- |Nhazi Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Mark Warner| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe ntecha Kasị Mma |Manlio Rocchetti, Lynn Barber na Kevin Haney| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Ihe nrite American Comedy<ref>{{Cite news|date=1990-03-18|title=AMERICAN COMEDY AWARDS|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1990/03/18/american-comedy-awards/90da5dfb-9c54-4434-a363-ec7d366826b9/|accessdate=2020-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1990-03-11|title=American Comedy Awards winners announced Saturday.|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/03/11/American-Comedy-Awards-winners-announced-Saturday-Funniest-female-performer/1552637131600/|accessdate=2020-07-01|work=UPI, United Press International, Inc|language=en}}</ref> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị egwu na ihe nkiri (Onye isi) |Morgan Freeman| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị egwu na ihe nkiri (Onye isi) |Jessica Tandy| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kachasị egwu na ihe nkiri |Dan Aykroyd| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Emume Ihe nkiri Mba Nile nke Berlin<ref name="Berlinale">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1990/03_preistr_ger_1990/03_Preistraeger_1990.html|title=Berlinale: 1990 Prize Winners|accessdate=March 17, 2011|work=berlinale.de|archivedate=November 23, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123210606/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1990/03_preistr_ger_1990/03_Preistraeger_1990.html}}</ref> |Anụ bear ọlaedo |Bruce Beresford| {{Nom}} |- |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma |Jessica Tandy na Morgan Freeman| {{Won}} |- |BMI Film &amp;amp; TV Awards |Ihe nrite Egwú Ihe nkiri |Hans Zimmer| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite nke Boston Society of Film Critics<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bostonfilmcritics.org/content/past-award-winners|title=Past Award Winners|accessdate=2 July 2017|publisher=[[Boston Society of Film Critics]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008041238/http://www.bostonfilmcritics.org/content/past-award-winners|archivedate=8 October 2014}}</ref> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="4" |Ihe nrite British Academy Film<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1991/film|title=BAFTA Awards: Film in 1991|work=[[BAFTA]]|year=1990|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Richard D. Zanuck, Lili Fini Zanuck na Bruce Beresford| {{Nom}} |- |Ntụziaka Kasị Mma |Bruce Beresford| {{Nom}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma n'ọrụ |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Alfred Uhry| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite David di Donatello |Onye Nwanyị Na-eme Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Ihe nrite Golden Globe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/driving-miss-daisy|title=Driving Miss Daisy – Golden Globes|work=[[HFPA]]|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Ihe nkiri kacha mma - Egwú ma ọ bụ Egwuregwu| {{Won}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri - Egwú ma ọ bụ Egwuregwu |Morgan Freeman| {{Won}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ihe nkiri - Egwú ma ọ bụ Egwuregwu |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite Grammy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/33rd-annual-grammy-awards-1990|title=1990 Grammy Award Winners|publisher=Grammy.com|accessdate=1 May 2011|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719144824/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/33rd-annual-grammy-awards-1990|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Egwú Kasị Mma Edere Maka Ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ Maka Telivishọn |Hans Zimmer - ''Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss Daisy''| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kcfcc.org/kcfcc-award-winners-1980-89/|title=KCFCC Award Winners – 1980-89|date=December 14, 2013|accessdate=July 10, 2021}}</ref> City Film Critics Circle Awards [1] |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Morgan Freeman| {{Won}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Jessica Tandy| {{Won}} |- |Ihe nrite nke Los Angeles Film Critics Association<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lafca.net/Years/1989.php|title=The 15th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|work=[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="2" |Morgan Freeman| {{Runner-up}} |- |Ihe nrite ihe oyiyi nke NAACP |Onye Na-eme Ihe nkiri Dị Mma| {{Won}} |- |Nastro nke Argento |Nkwado Nwanyị Kasị Mma |Micaela Giustiniani <small> (maka ịsụgharị Jessica Tandy) </small> | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |National Board of Review Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalboardofreview.org/award-years/1989/|title=1989 Award Winners|work=[[National Board of Review]]|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> | colspan="2" |Ihe nkiri Kasị Mma| {{Won}} |- | colspan="2" |Ihe nkiri iri kachasị elu| {{Won}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma | rowspan="2" |Morgan Freeman| {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |Ihe nrite National Society of Film Critics<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalsocietyoffilmcritics.com/about-2/|title=Past Awards|work=[[National Society of Film Critics]]|date=December 19, 2009|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma| {{draw|2nd Place}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Jessica Tandy| {{draw|2nd Place}} |- | rowspan="3" |New York Film Critics Circle Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyfcc.com/awards/?awardyear=1989|title=1989 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|work=[[New York Film Critics Circle]]|accessdate=July 5, 2021}}</ref> |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Morgan Freeman| {{Runner-up}} |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |Jessica Tandy| {{Runner-up}} |- |Onye nduzi kacha mma |Bruce Beresford| {{Runner-up}} |- |Ihe nrite nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị | colspan="2" |Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ| {{Nom}} |- |Ndị na-emepụta ihe Guild of America Awards |Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri |Richard D. Zanuck na Lili Fini Zanuck| {{Won}} |- |Retirement Research Foundation, USA |Ihe nrite Wise Owl - Ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri |David Brown, Richard D. Zanuck na Lili Fini Zanuck| {{Nom}} |- |Ihe nrite Guild of America<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551|title=Awards Winners|work=wga.org|publisher=Writers Guild of America|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205095022/http://www.wga.org/awards/awardssub.aspx?id=1551|archivedate=2012-12-05|accessdate=2010-06-06}}</ref> |Ihe nkiri kacha mma - Dabere na Ihe si na Mgbasa Ozi Ọzọ |Alfred Uhry| {{Won}} |} AFI 100 Afọ 100 Cheers - Nke 77 === Oscar "nnwale oge" === N'afọ 2015, The Hollywood Reporter gbara ọtụtụ narị ndị otu Academy ajụjụ ọnụ, na-arịọ ha ka ha tụgharịa vootu na mkpebi ndị dị nso n'oge gara aga. Ndị otu Academy gosipụtara <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/recount-oscar-voters-today-would-773522|title=Recount! Oscar Voters Today Would Make 'Brokeback Mountain' Best Picture Over 'Crash'|work=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|accessdate=January 3, 2020}}</ref>, nyere ohere nke abụọ, ha ga-enye onyinye Oscar nke 1990 maka Best Picture to My Left Foot kama. == Akara ụda == Ọ bụ Hans Zimmer dere ihe nkiri ahụ, onye ritere BMI Film Music Award ma họpụta ya maka Grammy Award maka Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture ma ọ bụ maka Television maka ọrụ ya. Ọ bụ Zimmer mere akara ahụ kpamkpam, jiri kọmputa mee ya site na iji samplers na synthesizers, ọ nweghịkwa otu ngwá egwu dị ndụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe nkiri ebe a na-anụ "Abụ nke ọnwa" site na opera ''Rusalka'' nke Antonín Dvořák na redio dị ka onye sopranist Slovak Gabriela Beňačková na-abụ. hụla myirịta n'etiti isiokwu bụ isi na abụ ọdịnala "Shortnin' Bread". E wepụtara ụdaolu ahụ na Varèse Sarabande. == Mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ == Ihe nkiri ahụ nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma na vidiyo ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hunt|first=Dennis|title=VIDEO RENTALS: 'Born' Can't Pass High-Revving 'Daisy'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=September 27, 1990|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-27/entertainment/ca-1644_1_miss-daisy|accessdate=June 10, 2012}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya na DVD na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na Eprel 30, 1997, a tọhapụrụ mbipụta pụrụ iche na Febụwarị 4, 2003. E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Blu-ray diski na Germany, ma mechaa wepụta ya na Blu- ray na United States na mbipụta pụrụ iche na Jenụwarị 2013 site na Warner Bros. Na UK, Warner Home Video wepụtara Driving Miss Daisy na VHS na 1989. A tọhapụrụ Driving Miss Daisy na DVD na 2005 site na Universal Pictures Home Entertainment na 2008 site na Pathé site na 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. == Edensibia == Ọ bụ Hans Zimmer dere ihe nkiri ahụ, onye ritere BMI Film Music Award ma họpụta ya maka Grammy Award maka Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture ma ọ bụ maka Television maka ọrụ ya. Ọ bụ Zimmer mere akara ahụ kpamkpam, jiri kọmputa mee ya site na iji samplers na synthesizers, ọ nweghịkwa otu ngwá egwu dị ndụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe nkiri ebe a na-anụ "Abụ nke ọnwa" site na opera Rusalka nke Antonín Dvořák na redio dị ka onye sopranist Slovak Gabriela Beňačková na-abụ.{{Reflist|30em}}  * {{IMDb title|0097239}} * Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss DaisynaEbe nchekwa data ihe nkiri TCM * Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss DaisynaAllMovie * Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss DaisynaAmerican Film Institute Catalog * Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss DaisynaTomato rere ure * Ịkwọ ụgbọala Miss DaisynaBox Office Mojo [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dxhzkzb5fvqg4y4spgd0ugs37adtrwj 0 36264 742516 150226 2026-11-03T08:09:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''''Running Against the Wind''''' ({{Lang-am|የነፋሱ ፍልሚያ|translit=yenefasu filimīya}}) bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Etiopia 2019 nke Jan Philipp Weyl duziri. A họpụtara ya dị ka ntinye Etiopia maka ihe nkiri kacha mma International Feature Film na 92nd Academy Awards, mana ahọpụtaghị ya.<ref name="Ethiopia">{{Cite news|url=https://torontosun.com/news/local-news/braun-ethiopia-has-oscar-fever|title=Ethiopia has Oscar fever|author=Braun|first=Liz|work=[[Toronto Sun]]|date=14 September 2019|accessdate=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="THR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/running-wind-is-ethiopias-oscar-submission-1239930|title=Oscars: Ethiopia Selects 'Running Against the Wind' for Best International Feature Category|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Nick|author=Holdsworth|date=14 September 2019|accessdate=16 September 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHoldsworth2019">Holdsworth, Nick (14 September 2019). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/running-wind-is-ethiopias-oscar-submission-1239930 "Oscars: Ethiopia Selects 'Running Against the Wind' for Best International Feature Category"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Atụmatụ == Otu nwanne nwoke na-arọ nrọ ịghọ onye na-agba ọsọ Olympic ebe onye nke ọzọ na-achọ ịbụ onye na-ese foto. <ref name="THR"/> na-aga ụzọ dị iche iche, mana ụzọ ha na-agafe ọzọ dị ka ndị okenye. Abdi (Ashenafi Nigusu) na Solomon (Mikias Wolde) bụ ndị enyi nwata na-etolite n'ime ime obodo Etiopia. Ụzọ ha na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị egwu mgbe Solomon na-agba ọsọ gaa n'obodo ukwu na nrọ nke ịghọ onye na-ese foto, naanị iji mechie n'okporo ámá, na-eri nri ma na-agwakọta ya na ndị enyi ọjọọ. Afọ iri ka e mesịrị, Abdi, onye na-efe onye na-agba ọsọ Olympic Haile Gebrselassie, kwagara n'isi obodo, ebe ọ na-aga n'ihu na ọzụzụ ma ọbụna merie asọmpi mba. Mgbe nnọkọ mmetụta uche gasịrị, Abdi gbalịrị ịdọrọ Solomon n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ ya, mana akara aka nwere atụmatụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-enyocha mgbagwoju anya nke nwanne, ma ọ bụ njikọ dị n'etiti Solomon na ndị enyi ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọbụbụenyi dị n'ime ndị otu egwuregwu Abdi. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-emesi ha obi ike na arụmọrụ ha, Nigusu na Wolde na-ejide mmetụ mbụ ha mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara n'oge dị ilu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/jun/07/running-against-the-wind-review-lure-of-athletics-proves-strong-in-ethiopian-drama|title=Running Against the Wind review – brothers fight for their future in Ethiopian sports drama|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Le|first=Phuong|date=11 June 2021|accessdate=2 October 2021}}</ref>-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị n'ebe ibe ha nọ, ụmụ okorobịa abụọ ahụ na mberede ma jiri obi ụtọ laghachi n'onwe ha mgbe ha bụ nwata. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Mikias Wolde dị ka Solomon * Ashenafi Nigusu dị ka Abdi * Joseph Reta Belay dị ka Kiflom * Samrawit Desalegn dị ka Genet * Genene Alemu dị ka onye nkuzi == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ntinye na 92nd Academy Awards maka Best International Feature Film * Ndepụta nke ndị Etiopia nyere maka onyinye Academy maka ihe nkiri mba ụwa kacha mma == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}is a 2019 Ethiopian [[drama film]] directed by [[Jan Philipp Weyl]]. It was selected as the Ethiopian entry for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[92nd Academy Awards]], but it was not nominated. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|9723240|Running Against the Wind}} tfwrk9lav1gw6zxkj6yt74vzwzemsc4 0 37005 742553 151516 2026-11-03T08:15:30Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742553 wikitext text/x-wiki .<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Oboho|first=Ita|title=Mr|publisher=WonderWorld Ventures|year=2018|isbn=978-978-971-052-2|location=Uyo|pages=1-5|language=English}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOboho2018">Oboho, Ita (2018). ''Mr''. Uyo: WonderWorld Ventures. pp.&nbsp;1–5. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-978-971-052-2|<bdi>978-978-971-052-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref>Eyotai ma ọ bụ Eyo Atai [nakwa Eyonu Atai] bụ obodo na-asụ Oron na otu n'ime nnukwu obodo na mpaghara Udung Uko (LGA) nke steeti Akwa Ibom na Nigeria.[1][2][3]  N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ mba 2006, Eyotai chịkọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 15,387 n'ime ngụkọta nke 53,060, yana kwa n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na 2016, ọ gbagoro na 21,605 n'ime 74,500 ndị gọọmentị obodo niile nwetara.  A na-ahụta ya dị ka obodo kacha nwee mmadụ na mba Oron niile Eyotai dị n'akụkụ ugwu site n'obodo Eyo Okponung; na ndịda site na Ukukim Eyo Nsek, Eyo Uliung na Udung Adatang; n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ n'akụkụ osimiri Oron, na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site n'obodo Udung Esio. Obodo a nwere ọmarịcha mbara ala pụrụ iche nke bụ isi mmiri dị larịị na ala apịtị, gbadara Esuk (ụsọ osimiri) Ilong na Esuk Edet Edem. <ref name=":0"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 7mag8m6o4u1hl5wj7lo7s1pqldagu94 0 37262 742542 151872 2026-11-03T08:13:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeXyDwAAQBAJ&dq=ashley+lazarus+jose+ferrer&pg=PA213|author=Peros|first=Mike|title=Jose Ferrer: Success and Survival|year=2020|accessdate=2023-07-03|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-4968-3017-3}}</ref> Young, Forever Free (aha mbụ nke [[South Africa]]: '''''e'Lollipop''''' <ref name="jenkins">{{Cite book|author=Jenkins|first=Elwyn|title=National Character in South African English Children's Literature|date=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-97676-6|pages=37|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4MFcWRR2X0C&dq=%22e%27Lollipop%22&pg=PA38|accessdate=2023-07-03|chapter=Famous Writers and Books}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJenkins2006">Jenkins, Elwyn (2006). </cite></ref>) bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri South Africa nke afọ 1975 nke Ashley Lazarus duziri na José Ferrer na Karen Valentine. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Vourlias|first=Christopher|title=Ashley Lazarus, Director of Apartheid-Era Cult Classic, Returns to Screen|date=23 July 2019|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/ashley-lazarus-director-apartheid-era-cult-classic-returns-screen-1203277252/|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref> A na-eme ihe nkiri nke ndị na-emeeme ihe nkiri Muntu Ndebele na Norman Knox na 2011 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-esote ihe nkiri Canada A Million Colours, nke Peter Bishai duziri ma soro Andre Pieterse dee. == Atụmatụ == A kpọpụrụ nwa mgbei ọcha, Jannie, n'ụlọ ụmụ mgbei nke onye ụkọchukwu na onye nọn na-elekọta na [[Lesotho]], Southern Africa. Nwa okorobịa ahụ na-emete nwa mgbei ọzọ, Tsepo, onye isi ojii. Ka ọ na-eji taya traktọ egwu egwu, Jannie gbadatara n'elu ugwu, merụọ onwe ya ahụ nke ukwuu. N'oge ihe isi ike a, ọ na-echetara nne na nna ya na-anwụ. A kpọpụrụ Jannie na New York City site na ụgbọ elu ebere USAF, ka a rụọ ọrụ na akụrụ ya, n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya. Ọ nwere mmerụ ahụ na-adịgide adịgide, na-achọ ka ọ ṅụọ ọgwụ maka ndụ ya niile. Obodo nta ahụ na-akpata ego ka Nna Alberto na Tsepo wee nwee ike ịga New York. N'ọdụ ụgbọ elu, e mehiere Tsepo dị ka nwa akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ma dọrọ ya na bọs ụlọ akwụkwọ, tupu ọ gbapụ na bọs akwụkwọ na Harlem. Mgbe ọ zutere Onye na-asụ Zulu, a kpọgara Tsepo na ndị uwe ojii wee zute Nna Alberto, tupu ya na Jannie ezute, ma nyochaa New York tupu ndị enyi abụọ ahụ alaghachi Lesotho. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * José Ferrer dị ka Nna Alberto * Karen Valentine dị ka Carol Anne * Ndebele dị ka Tsepo * Norman Knox dị ka Jannie * Bess Finney dị ka Nwanna Nwanyị Marguerita * Simon Sabela dị ka Rakwaba onye dibịa afa * Ken Gampu dị ka Thomas Luke == Mmepụta == Filming maka ''e'Lollipop'' mere na South Africa na New York City, malite na 8 Julaị 1974. bụ ihe nkiri mbụ maka onye nduzi Ashley Lazarus (onye duziri ihe ngosi n'oge gara aga) na onye na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn Karen Valentine. ''e'Lollipop'' bụ otu n'ime atụmatụ asatọ e mere atụmatụ na Children's Film Theater, atụmatụ ụtụtụ US / Canada nke a ga-amalite na ngwụcha afọ 1975 dị ka ihe yiri mmemme American Film Theatre nke Laundau. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wolf|first=William|title=Family fare: That's what Children's Film Theater will offer|url=https://newspapers.com/image/290970618/?terms=%22e%27Lollipop%22&match=1|accessdate=2023-07-03|work=[[The Post-Crescent]] View Magazine|date=1974-11-24|page=13}}</ref> == Ntọhapụ == <ref name="jenkins"/>'obodo ya bụ South Africa, egosighi ''e'Lollipop'' mbụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri Bloemfontein n'ihi egwu nke mmachibido iwu. <ref name="cineaste">{{Cite journal|author=Tomaselli|first=Keyan|title=Racism in South African Cinema|journal=[[Cineaste Magazine|Cinéaste]]|date=1983|volume=13|issue=1|url=https://jstor.org/stable/41686271|accessdate=2023-07-03|issn=0009-7004}}</ref> Pictures weputara ihe nkiri ahụ maka nkesa <ref>{{Cite news|title=Universal Gets 'e'Lollipop'|url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-south-bend-tribune-universal-gets/127524103/|accessdate=2023-07-03|work=[[The South Bend Tribune]]|date=1975-09-14|page=68}}</ref> na Canada ka ọ dị na 31 Ọgọstụ 1975, [1] <ref>{{Cite news|title=Hoffman, Olivier marathoners|url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-daily-breeze-elollipop-pickup-bri/127524844/|accessdate=2023-07-03|work=[[The Daily Breeze]]|date=1975-08-31|page=E11}}</ref> wee gaa n'ihu dezigharịa ma nye ya aha ọzọ dị ka Forever Young, Forever Free. <ref name="bhm-herald">{{Cite news|author=Deneui|first=David|title=TV movie reviews|url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-bellingham-herald-tv-movie-reviews/127520610/|accessdate=2023-07-03|work=[[The Bellingham Herald]]|page=2{{nbsp}}E|date=1979-06-23}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDeneui1979">Deneui, David (23 June 1979). </cite></ref> ahụ <ref name="cineaste" /> degharịrị, dị ka Keyan Tomaselli nke Cinéaste si kwuo, "megharịrị mmetụta nke obere nwa nwoke ojii nke na-achụ ndụ ya n'àjà maka enyi ya ọcha n'ime njedebe obi ụtọ dị ụtọ nke na-egbochi ihe atụ omume na agbụrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ. " [1] Ọzọkwa, nkesa ya n'ahịa ahụ bụ nke "ọkara ala nke ụgwọ abụọ". [2] N'afọ 2004, e gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na Cannes Film Festival n'etiti atụmatụ maka nkesa. <ref name="jenkins" /> == Nnakwere == Na June 1979, David Deneui nke The Bellingham Herald nyere ihe nkiri ahụ kpakpando abụọ na ọkara, na-ede na "akụkọ dị mfe... nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ n'ile ezinụlọ". <ref name="bhm-herald"/> N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri Leonard Maltin nyere ya otu ọkwa ahụ na Movie Guide ya, na-achọpụta na ọ "na-atọ ụtọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ntakịrị shuga". <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780452289789|author=Maltin|first=Leonard|title=Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide|chapter=Forever Young, Forever Free|year=2008|accessdate=2023-07-03|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-452-28978-9}}</ref> == Edensibia == kwuo, "megharịrị mmetụta nke obere nwa nwoke ojii nke na-achụ ndụ ya n'àjà maka enyi ya ọcha n'ime njedebe obi ụtọ dị ụtọ nke na-egbochkwuo, "megharịrị mmetụta nke obere nwa nwoke ojii nke na-achụ ndụ ya n'àjà maka enyi ya ọcha n'ime njedebe obi ụtọ dị ụtọ nke na-egbochii{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|0074542}} * Ịnọgide na-eto eto, Nnwere Onwe Ruo Ebighị EbinaTomato rere ure 2793x1u1nlkv069aw0xak0fojdlvgj1 0 38576 742400 514716 2026-11-03T06:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742400 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ethel Aderemi (née Ekpe; 30 Nọvemba 1964- 5 Febrụwarị 2024) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria''' == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Light dims on Basi and Company Star, Ethel Ekpe|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/light-dims-on-basi-and-company-star-ethel-ekpe/|accessdate=10 February 2024|work=The Guardian Nigeria News|quote=the screen beauty who delighted fans playing the role of Segilola ... in ''Basi and Company'', marked her 60th birthday on November 30, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Who Was Ethel Ekpe? Age, Wiki, Biography, Husband, Kids, Family, Death, Obituary, and More|url=https://allglobalupdates.com/who-was-ethel-ekpe-age-wiki-biography-husband-kids-family-death-obituary-and-more/|accessdate=10 February 2024|work=allglobalupdates.com|archivedate=22 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222055504/https://allglobalupdates.com/who-was-ethel-ekpe-age-wiki-biography-husband-kids-family-death-obituary-and-more/}}</ref> mụrụ Aderemi dị ka nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ ise na 30 Nọvemba 1963 na Lagos na nne na nna na-arụ ọrụ gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Ethel Ekpe-Aderemi is dead|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/entertainment/2024/02/08/actress-ethel-ekpe-aderemi-is-dead/|accessdate=9 February 2024|work=WITHIN NIGERIA|quote=The University of Calabar graduate .. died of cancer on Monday.}}</ref> gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Calabar . [1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ Segi na Basi and Company . <ref>{{Cite web|title=JUST-IN: Nigerian Actress, Ethel Aderemi Is Dead|url=https://newtelegraphng.com/just-in-nigerian-actress-ethel-aderemi-is-dead/|accessdate=9 February 2024|work=New Telegraph|quote=The deceased was featured in Aguila Njamah’s .., Heartbeat, Tchidi Chikere’s Speak the Word, .. Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen’s Traumatised.}}</ref> nwekwara ọrụ na Forever nke [[Amaka Igwe]] na Sons of the Caliphate, tinyere Heartbeats nke Aguila Njamah, Speak the Word nke [[Tchidi Chikere]] na Traumatised nke [[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]]. == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Ọ bụ onye Yoruba agbụrụ na Onye Kraịst. Ọ lụrụ.Ethel Aderemi bụ nwanne nwanne Damilola Adegbite.N'ịchọpụta ọrịa kansa na njedebe 2023, Aderemi nwụrụ n'ọrịa a na Sacramento, California, ebe o biri, na 5 Febrụwarị 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 60.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethel Ekpe Biography, Education, Career, Controversies, And Death|url=https://contents101.com/2024/02/10/ethel-ekpe-biography-education-career-controversies-and-death/|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=Contents101|language=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tinsel Star Actress, Damilola Shares Exclusive Details Of Her Life...|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/radiotv/201210/137482.php|accessdate=9 February 2024|work=Peacefmonline.com|quote=I have an aunt in the industry, .. Ethel Ekpe.|archivedate=11 March 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311103922/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/radiotv/201210/137482.php}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Light dims on Basi and Company Star, Ethel Ekpe|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/light-dims-on-basi-and-company-star-ethel-ekpe/|accessdate=10 February 2024|work=The Guardian Nigeria News|quote=Ethel Ekpe, .., .. died of cancer on Monday in Sacramento, California, .., where she resides.}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Basi na ụlọ ọrụ'' dị ka Segi * ''Ruo mgbe ebighị ebi'' * ''Ụmụ nke Caliphate'' dị ka Dr. Philomena Lot <ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Cast & Crew: Sons of the Caliphate|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt10202268/fullcredits/cast?ref_=m_ttfc_2|accessdate=12 February 2024}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Heartbeats|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt1194128/?ref_=nmbio_mbio|accessdate=10 February 2024}}</ref>''Obi na-akụ'' dị ka Oriakụ Momoh [1] * ''Kpọọ Okwu ahụ'' dị ka Alice<ref>{{Cite web|title=Speak the Word (2006) Cast|url=https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/movie/pp11451338/cast|accessdate=2024-02-13|work=Peliplat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213062623/https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/movie/pp11451338/cast|archive-date=2024-02-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> * <ref>{{Cite web|title=Traumatised (2006) Cast|url=https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/movie/pp11827251/cast|accessdate=2024-02-13|work=Peliplat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213062623/https://www.peliplat.com/en/library/movie/pp11827251/cast|archive-date=2024-02-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> merụrụ ya ahụ dị ka Mrs. Bassey [1] * ''Kpọọ Okwu 2''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethel Ekpe Net Worth 2024: Wiki Bio, Married, Dating, Family, Height, ...|url=https://networthpost.org/net-worth/ethel-ekpe-net-worth/|accessdate=9 February 2024|work=Net Worth Post|quote=Ethel Ekpe is an actress, known for .., Speak the Word 2 .., ..}}</ref> * ''Ruo Ebighị Ebi 2''<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Forever 2''|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8240556/|accessdate=9 February 2024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == 25o2u7dus4w6vws7zyua9siut0g8053 0 38603 742354 154128 2026-11-02T21:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Cynthia Ogunsemilore''' (amụrụ na 14 Mee 2002) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/cynthia-ogunsemilore/f68dd9aa-f88c-4b15-8c42-068b641c73d6|title=Cynthia Ogunsemilore|work=Birmingham2022.com|publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]]|accessdate=5 August 2022}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria na-akụ ọkpọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/08/04/team-nigeria-preview-2022-commonwealth-games-day-7/|title=Team Nigeria Preview - 2022 Commonwealth Games Day 7|publisher=Making of Champs|date=4 August 2022|accessdate=4 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311191318/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/08/04/team-nigeria-preview-2022-commonwealth-games-day-7/|archive-date=11 March 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> sonyere na 2022 Egwuregwu Commonwealth na Dị fechaa wee nweta ọla nchara. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 536p5qt91o1i76k464bb5xj2w77nsvk 0 38662 742390 641833 2026-11-03T04:56:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742390 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Enku Ewa Ekuta''' (amuru 15 Maachị 1998) bu onye judoka Naijiria nke gbara n'udi umu nwanyi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enku EKUTA / IJF.org|url=https://www.ijf.org/judoka/49279/overview|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=www.ijf.org}}</ref> Ọ gbara Naịjirịa n'asọmpi Judo nke ime obodo na nke mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=JudoInside - Enku Ekuta Judoka|url=https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/143715/Enku_Ekuta/judo-career|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=www.judoinside.com}}</ref> Ekuta sitere n'ezinaụlọ Judokas. Nne ya, [[Catherine Ekuta]] bụ onye judoka nke zọọrọ ọkwa mba ụwa maka Naijiria ebe nna ya bụ Ewa Ekuta bụbu onye Judoka bụ onye mekwara ọkwa nke mba. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Nigeria Judo Federation. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-06|title=Enku Ekuta is Nigeria's 1st female judoka to qualify for the Olympics after her mum competed at Athens 2004! - MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|language=en-US|work=MAKING OF CHAMPIONS|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2021/03/06/enku-ekuta-is-nigerias-1st-female-judoka-to-qualify-for-the-olympics-after-her-mum-competed-at-athens-2004/|accessdate=2023-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604232107/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2021/03/06/enku-ekuta-is-nigerias-1st-female-judoka-to-qualify-for-the-olympics-after-her-mum-competed-at-athens-2004/|archive-date=2023-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Busari|first=Niyi|title=Enku Ekuta The Tatami Philosopher Ready For Olympic Challenge|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/enku-ekuta-the-tatami-philosopher-ready-for-olympic-challenge|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=Enku Ekuta The Tatami Philosopher Ready For Olympic Challenge|archivedate=2023-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412210907/https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/enku-ekuta-the-tatami-philosopher-ready-for-olympic-challenge}}</ref> N'asọmpi Judo nke Afrịka nke afọ 2020 na Dakar, Ekuta meriri na 63&nbsp;emume kg wee nweta ihe nrite ọla edo site na imeri onye mmeri egwuregwu Africa 2019 na onye mmeri ọla ọcha nke 2014 bụ Hélène Wezeu Dombeu nke Cameroun. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Ekuta returns with gold from Senegal 2020 African Judo Open|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/ekuta-returns-with-gold-from-senegal-2020-african-judo-open/|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412211038/https://guardian.ng/sport/ekuta-returns-with-gold-from-senegal-2020-african-judo-open/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enku EKUTA / IJF.org|url=https://www.ijf.org/judoka/49279|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=www.ijf.org}}</ref> N'asọmpi Judo nke Afrịka nke 2019 emere na cameroun, o meriri nrite ọla ọcha na 63.&nbsp;kg omume. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enku EKUTA / IJF.org|url=https://www.ijf.org/judoka/49279/overview|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=www.ijf.org}}</ref> O nwetakwara ihe nrite ọla n'asọmpi Judo nke Afrịka nke 2019 emere na Senegal. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=Judo:Oshodi explains choice as furore trails selection|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/judooshodi-explains-choice-as-furore-trails-selection/|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412211013/https://guardian.ng/sport/judooshodi-explains-choice-as-furore-trails-selection/}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye mmeri egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa nke mba yana onye nwetere ihe nrite ọla edo na Mahadum Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=Judo:Oshodi explains choice as furore trails selection|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/judooshodi-explains-choice-as-furore-trails-selection/|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412211013/https://guardian.ng/sport/judooshodi-explains-choice-as-furore-trails-selection/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jide|first=Olusola Jide|date=2021-04-24|title=Enku Ekuta: My Olympian mum inspired me to be a judoka|url=https://dailytrust.com/enku-ekuta-my-olympian-mum-inspired-me-to-be-a-judoka/|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=Daily Trust|language=en-GB|archivedate=2023-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412212652/https://dailytrust.com/enku-ekuta-my-olympian-mum-inspired-me-to-be-a-judoka/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-30|title=I cried when I missed Olympics – Ekuta|url=https://punchng.com/i-cried-when-i-missed-olympics-ekuta/|accessdate=2023-04-12|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ekuta, Enku}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 77etfv5f604b0a905jqv3ynmr5b1hj4 0 39244 742551 155601 2026-11-03T08:15:04Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742551 wikitext text/x-wiki Oncogene riri ahụ <ref>{{Cite book|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_4222|chapter=Oncogene Addiction|title=Encyclopedia of Cancer|year=2011|author=Joe|first=Andrew K.|pages=2616–2622|isbn=978-3-642-16482-8}}</ref> bụ usoro nke ọrịa kansa nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, epijenetic, ma ọ bụ kromozomal irregularities na-adabere na otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme maka nlekọta na ịdị ndụ. <ref name="Nagel"/>'N' hi ya, mkpụrụ ndụ kansa na-adabere na mgbaàmà na-aga n'ihu site na oncogenes ndị a maka ndụ ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033502|title=Acquired Resistance in Lung Cancer|year=2020|author=Tulpule|first=Asmin|journal=Annual Review of Cancer Biology|volume=4|pages=279–297}}</ref> Ọ bụ dọkịta Amerịka a bụ I. Bernard Weinstein chepụtara okwu ahụ n'afọ 2002. == Ọmụmaatụ == Ihe atụ kachasị mma nke ọrịa kansa nke na <ref name="Pagliarini" />-egosipụta ihe riri ahụ na oncogene bụ ọrịa lukemia myelogenous (CML), nke oncogene na-agbanwe agbanwe a maara dị ka Philadelphia kromozom na-akpali. <ref name="Rajan"/> na-akpọ CML "ọrịa postter-nwatakịrị maka ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ". <ref name="Pagliarini"/> Ịmaatụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere gastrointestinal stromal tumor, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe riri ahụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa KIT; melanoma, nke nwere ikike ịbụ ihe riri ya ahụ na mkpụrụedemede BRAF; na carcinoma akpa ume na-abụghị obere mkpụrụ ndụ, nke nwere ohere ịbụ ihe riri mmadụ ahụ na mkpụrụọn ihe nketa EGFR. E nwere ike ịgwọ ọgwụ Oncogene site n'iji ọgwụgwọ enzyme inhibitor. Ih<ref name="Pagliarini">{{Cite journal|doi=10.15252/embr.201439949|title=Oncogene addiction: Pathways of therapeutic response, resistance, and road maps toward a cure|year=2015|author=Pagliarini|first=Raymond|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=16|issue=3|pages=280–296|pmid=25680965}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPagliariniShaoSellers2015">Pagliarini, Raymond; Shao, Wenlin; Sellers, William R. (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364868 "Oncogene addiction: Pathways of therapeutic response, resistance, and road maps toward a cure"]. ''EMBO Reports''. '''16''' (3): 280–296. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.15252/embr.201439949|10.15252/embr.201439949]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364868 4364868]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680965 25680965].</cite></ref> atụ nke ihe mgbochi ndị e ji gbochie oncogenes ma mebie oncogene riri ahụ gụnyere imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, na ponatinib, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Nagel">{{Cite journal|doi=10.15252/embr.201643030|title=Drugging the addict: Non‐oncogene addiction as a target for cancer therapy|year=2016|author=Nagel|first=Remco|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=17|issue=11|pages=1516–1531|pmid=27702988}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNagelSemenovaBerns2016">Nagel, Remco; Semenova, Ekaterina A.; Berns, Anton (2016). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5090709 "Drugging the addict: Non‐oncogene addiction as a target for cancer therapy"]. ''EMBO Reports''. '''17''' (11): 1516–1531. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.15252/embr.201643030|10.15252/embr.201643030]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5090709 5090709]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702988 27702988].</cite></ref><ref name="Pagliarini" /> bụ ezie na ọgwụgwọ mbụ nwere ike inwe nsonaazụ dị mma maka ịchịkwa ọrịa kansa, ọgwụgwọ na-adịghị ala ala na-akpatakarị iguzogide ọgwụ na ịlaghachi. Mgbochi Oncogene na-akpatakarị ndụ na-enweghị ọganihu nke ọnwa ole na ole, nke pụtara na ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa na-adabere na ọgwụgwọ kemịkal. Ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọgwụgwọ inhibitorna ịgwọ CML. Usoro ọgwụgwọ inhibitor enweela ihe ịga nke ọma <ref name="Rajan">{{Cite journal|doi=10.4137/BIC.S29326|title=Oncogene Overdose: Too Much of a Bad Thing for Oncogene-Addicted Cancer Cells|year=2015|author=Amin|first=Amit Dipak|journal=Biomarkers in Cancer|volume=7s2|issue=Suppl 2|pages=25–32|pmid=26688666}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAminRajanGroysmanPongtornpipat2015">Amin, Amit Dipak; Rajan, Soumya S.; Groysman, Matthew J.; Pongtornpipat, Praechompoo; Schatz, Jonathan H. (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681422 "Oncogene Overdose: Too Much of a Bad Thing for Oncogene-Addicted Cancer Cells"]. ''Biomarkers in Cancer''. '''7s2''' (Suppl 2): 25–32. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4137/BIC.S29326|10.4137/BIC.S29326]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681422 4681422]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26688666 26688666].</cite></ref> ọrịa a, a ka na-amaghị oge ndụ na-enweghị ọganiihu, ebe ọ bụ na enwetabeghị ya n'ihe karịrị afọ iri nke nsochi azụ. Nghọta ndị ọzọ na-adịbeghị anya banyere mgbochi mgbochi bụ na mgbochi nke otu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ime ka ụzọ mgbaàmà laghachi. Mgbe<ref name="Rajan"/> e nwere ike ịzọpụta usoro ndị na-agbadata na-egosi ma na-elekọta ọrịa kansa.{{Reflist}} 60gr9lp2smikwbjctu8wfcnzl81rg0h 0 39648 742641 156376 2026-11-03T08:54:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742641 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụkọ Iron anemia bụ [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]] nke ụkọ iron kpatara.<ref name="NIH2014Def"/> A na-akọwa ụkọ ọbara dị ka mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ Hemoglobin dị n'ọbara.[1] Mgbe mmalite dị nwayọ mgbaàmà na-abụkarị ihe na-edoghị anya dị ka ike ọgwụgwụ, ike ọgwụgwụ ya, ume ya adịghị, ma ọ bụ ikike mmega ahụ belatara.<ref name="EBM2013" /> Ọrịa ụkọ ọbara nke na-abịa ngwa ngwa na-enwekarị mgbaàmà siri ike karị, gụnyere mgbagwoju anya, mmetụta dị ka mmadụ ga-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ oke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ.[2] Anemia na-adịkarị ịrịba ama tụpụ mmadụ aghọọ ihe na-acha ọcha.[2] Ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa ụkọ iron anemia nwere ike inwe nsogbụ na ụtọ́ na mmepe.[1] Enwere ike inwe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ dabere na ihe kpatara ya.[2]<ref name="EBM2013">{{Cite journal|title=Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=15|issue=11|pages=1–15; quiz 15–6|date=November 2013|pmid=24716235}}</ref> Ụkọ Iron anemia kpatara ụkọ ọbara,nri na-ezughị oke ma ọ bụ ịmịkọrọ iron na nri.<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{Cite web|title=What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia? – NHLBI, NIH|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida/|work=www.nhlbi.nih.gov|accessdate=17 July 2017|date=26 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716003915/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida|archivedate=16 July 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida/ "What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia? – NHLBI, NIH"]. ''www.nhlbi.nih.gov''. 26 March 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716003915/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida Archived] from the original on 16 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Isi mmalite nke ọbara mfu nwere ike ịgụnye oge dị arọ, [[Ọmụmụ nwa|ịmụ nwa]], fibroids nke akpa nwa, Ọnyá afọ, kansa eriri afọ, na ọbara ọgbụgba.<ref name="NIH2014Ca">{{cite web|title=Causes and Risk Factors|website=[[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] (NHLBI)|date=24 March 2022|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/anemia/causes|access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref> Mmiri na-adịghị mma nke iron site na nri nwere ike ime n'ihi nsogbụ eriri afọ dị ka ọrịa ọzịza ma ọ bụ Ọrịa celiac, ma ọ bụ ịwa ahụ dị ka gastric bypass.[2] Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ikpuru parasitic, [[Iba|ịba]], na HIV / AIDS na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ụkọ iron.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Micronutrient deficiencies|url=https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=17 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713171156/http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ida/en/|archivedate=13 July 2017}}</ref> A na-akwado nchọpụta ahụ site na [[Nnyocha ọbara]].<ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?|url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida/diagnosis|work=NHLBI|accessdate=17 July 2017|date=26 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715141331/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida/diagnosis|archivedate=15 July 2017}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 5gmcqx9yn136107dbet80aci02l2l5d 0 39965 742471 205552 2026-11-03T08:01:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Malaysia_(orthographic_projection).svg|alt=Country marked in green on map|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| [[Malaysia]] na ụwa]] [[Usòrò:SalakSouth001.JPG|alt=Shack beside road|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ Shanty na Kuala Lumpur, 2006]] '''Squatting na Malaysia''' bụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ma ọ bụ ala ejighị ya ma ọ bụ nke arụrụ arụ na-enweghị ikike nke onye nwe ya. Ịkụkụba malitere mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, iwu dị iche iche na-achịkwa ya. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, gọọmentị ekwupụtala ebumnobi ya ịdebe ndị squatters n'ụlọ dị ọnụ ala . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Tupu Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a na-enwechaghị squatting na [[Malaysia]] . Ntugharị nke ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ mụbara n'oge ndị [[Japan]] na-achị n'etiti 1941 na 1945. <ref name="GR" /> Ka ha na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe site na Alaeze Ukwu Britain, ndị agha nnwere onwe nke Malayan (MNLA) nwetara nkwado n'etiti ndị squatter China 500,000 bi na nsọtụ oke ọhịa. <ref name="Bottiglieri">{{Cite web|author=Bottiglieri|first=Michael A.|title=How to defeat insurgencies: Searching for a counter-insurgency strategy|date=2000|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9342}}</ref> <ref name="Ness">{{Cite book|author=Ness|first=Gayl D.|title=Bureaucracy and Rural Development in Malaysia: A Study of Complex Organizations in Stimulating Economic Development in New States|date=8 January 2021|publisher=University of California|isbn=978-0-520-36140-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSHsDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> Iji gbochie ihe iyi egwu ahụ, a manyere ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị n'ogige ndị agha. <ref name="Ness" /> Mgbe nkwupụta nnwere onwe nke Malayan na 1957 gasịrị, ịgbagharị na Malaysia mụbara ka mba ahụ mepere emepe na ọtụtụ mmadụ si n'ime ime obodo kwaga isi obodo Kuala Lumpur . Ndị squatters weghaara ala gọọmentị ma na-ejupụta ebe dị ka igbutu okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko na ala apịtị. <ref name="Procedia"/> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1970, atụmatụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị squatters na Kuala Lumpur sitere na 175,000 ruo 225,000 mmadụ. <ref name="GR">{{Cite journal|author=Aiken|first=S. Robert|title=Squatters and Squatter Settlements in Kuala Lumpur|journal=Geographical Review|date=1981|volume=71|issue=2|pages=158–175|doi=10.2307/214185|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/214185|issn=0016-7428}}</ref> Na 1973, 80% enweghị ọkụ eletrik, 75% enweghị mmiri pọmpụ na 35% enweghị ọwa mmiri. <ref name="GR" /> == Iwu kwadoro == Koodu Ala nke mba 1965 (Ngalaba 425) kọwara squatting dị ka ọrụ nke ala na-enweghị ikike n'aka ndị ọchịchị kwesịrị ekwesị. Iwu dị mkpa (Clearance of Squatters) 1969 kwuru na ihe ọ bụla a na-ewu n'ala na-enweghị ikike site n'aka ndị ọchịchị kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike iwere ya dị ka squatter. Na 1974, a gbanwere nke a iji kpuchie ala. <ref name="Procedia" /> Otu ihe dị mkpa bụ ''Sidek bin Haji Mohamad & 461 Ors v Gọọmenti Malaysia'' (1982, 1 MLJ 313), nke kwadoro squatters enweghị ikike na iwu. <ref name="Procedia">{{Cite journal|author=Ibrahim|first=Irini|title=Issues and Policies on the Aftermath of Squatters Resettlement: A Case Study on Kg. Desa Hormat Tambahan, Selangor|journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences|date=2012|volume=36|pages=698–706|doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.076}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIbrahimAzizHussainAminudin2012">Ibrahim, Irini; Aziz, Norazlina Abdul; Hussain, Faridah; Aminudin, Noraini; Yahya, Michael Andrew Young Suleiman (2012). [[doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.076|"Issues and Policies on the Aftermath of Squatters Resettlement: A Case Study on Kg. Desa Hormat Tambahan, Selangor"]]. ''Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences''. '''36''': 698–706. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.076|10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.076]]</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="SSRN">{{Cite journal|author=Kader|first=Abdul|title=Eviction of Unlawful Occupiers of Land in Malaysia – Judicial Responses and Policy|journal=SSRN|date=14 December 2011|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2199758|url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=2199758|language=en}}</ref> Ịrụ ala nke steeti bụ mpụ ga-ata ntaramahụhụ ruru RM10,000 ma ọ bụ 1 afọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. <ref name="SSRN" /> A naghị amata ihe onwunwe ọjọọ na Malaysia. <ref name="SSRN" /> Iwu 89 nke Iwu nke Ụlọikpe 2012 na-enye ohere ka ndị nwe ha kwuo na ha nwere ihe onwunwe nke ndị squatters nwere, ka a ga-emejuputa ya site na ederede nke ihe onwunwe. Mgbe iwu a metụtara, agbaala aka n'okwu ikpe dịka Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke ''Tekad Urus Sdn v Penduduk-penduduk yang Menduduki Kawasan yang dipanggil Desa Perwira'' (2004, 2 CLJ 516). <ref name="Conventus">{{Cite web|title=Malaysia – The Problem With Squatters|url=https://www.conventuslaw.com/report/malaysia-the-problem-with-squatters/|work=Conventus Law|date=11 October 2017|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref> == Ihe omume na nso nso a == Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka mpaghara Federal Khalid Abdul Samad kwupụtara na 2019 na gọọmentị bu n'obi idobe ndị squatters n'ụlọ dị ọnụ ala. <ref name="MM">{{Cite news|author=Staff writer|title=Khalid: Provide adequate houses to overcome squatter problems {{!}} Malay Mail|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/04/21/khalid-provide-adequate-houses-to-overcome-squatter-problems/1745443|accessdate=7 March 2021|work=Malay Mail|date=21 April 2019|language=en}}</ref> N'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na-efe efe na Malaysia, ndị si Palau gbadara na [[Kampung Sembulan Tengah|Kampung Sembulan Tenah]] . <ref name="DE">{{Cite news|author=Goh|first=Jimmy|title=Squatting in the open amid the Covid scare {{!}} Daily Express Online – Sabah's Leading News Portal|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/167224/squatting-in-the-open-amid-the-covid-scare/|accessdate=7 March 2021|work=Daily Express|date=3 March 2021}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Johnstone|first=Michael|title=Urban Squatters in Peninsular Malaysia: A Marginal Workforce or a Third World Proletariat?|journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology|date=December 1983|volume=19|issue=3|pages=491–516|doi=10.1177/144078338301900307}} 4qw6byrecbudotmgmw0fzvj1g9z73cp 0 40000 742489 452173 2026-11-03T08:04:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A na-ewere [[Moldova]] dị ka otu n'ime mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] n'agbanyeghị ọganihu dị ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17601580|title=Moldova country profile|date=2019-06-21|accessdate=2019-08-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ UN Development Program 's 2016 si kwuo, 9.6% nke ndị bi na ya bi na ịda ogbenye zuru oke nke mba (dị ka National Bureau of Statistics [NBS) kọwara) <ref name=":0"/> na [[World Bank]] na-akọ na 0.2% na 0.1% nke Ndị mmadụ bi na $1.90 kwa ụbọchị na 2016 na 2017 n'otu n'otu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/MDA|title=Poverty & Equity Data Portal|work=povertydata.worldbank.org|accessdate=2019-08-11}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, pasentị nke ndị bi n'okpuru ahịrị ịda ogbenye mba bụ 30.2 na 2006 na 9.6 na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MD|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) {{!}} Data|work=data.worldbank.org|accessdate=2019-08-11}}</ref> Na 2012, Moldova nwetara 0.004 dị ka Multidimensional ịda ogbenye index (MPI). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/38406|title={{!}} Human Development Reports|work=hdr.undp.org|accessdate=2019-08-11}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Isi ihe na-echegbu steeti ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ pụrụ iche na-apụ na mba ahụ. N'ihi ohere dị ala maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ngalaba na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo, ọtụtụ na-achọ ọrụ na mpụga obodo. Site na atụmatụ ụfọdụ, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ ná mba ọzọ, 11th kasị elu n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.md.undp.org/content/moldova/en/home/blog/2018/making-the-most-of-emigration.html|title=Making the most of emigration {{!}} UNDP in Moldova|work=UNDP|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-11}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-ezigaghachi ego n'ụlọ, ọtụtụ nchọpụta na-egosi na ego ego mba ụwa nwere ike itinye obere ego na mmepe akụ na ụba ma na-ebelata oke ịda ogbenye ma nyere aka bulie ọnọdụ obibi ndụ maka ndị na-anata ego na obere oge na ọkara. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ito|first=Katsuya|date=2017|title=Remittances and the Dutch Disease: Evidence from the Republic of Moldova|journal=International Economic Journal|volume=31|issue=3|pages=451–471|doi=10.1080/10168737.2017.1326514}}</ref> <ref>International Organisation for Migration. 2012. ''Extended Migration Profile of The Republic of Moldova.'' 2012. Chisinau: IOM Mission to Moldova</ref> Enwere ihe ndị ọzọ na-ebute ịda ogbenye na Moldova: * Enweghị nnukwu mmepụta ihe. * Nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye n'etiti 1920 ruo etiti 1980s. * Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị akarị n'ime ime obodo butere ike ịkparịta ụka n'ọrụ dị ala. * Ọrụ ugbo na-adịghị arụpụta ihe n'ihi obere ugbo na mkpụrụ nri dị ala. * Ihe oriri na-esote. * Ndakpọ akụ na ụba n'oge mgbanwe na akụnụba ahịa . * Oke oke nke ngalaba ugbo na GDP . * Ihe mgbochi ahia na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] gbara agbata obi. * Njehie na amụma ọha . * Enweghị ezigbo akụrụngwa agụmakwụkwọ pụtara na ọ nweghị ike ịgabiga mmepụta ihe ọdịnala wee banye na mgbanwe akụ na ụba ihe ọmụma dị ka [[Ndia|India]] ma ọ bụ [[Turkéy|Turkey]]. * N'ihi otu ihe ahụ dị ka n'elu, enweghị ndị ọrụ na-acha ọcha nke nwere ike ịchọ ọrụ na mba ndị ka baa ọgaranya ma na-ezigaghachi ego, dị ka o mere na Hungary, [[Poland]], na Estonia. <ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/moldova/MOLDOVA_2006_en.pdf The Republic of Moldova National Human Development Report - 2006. pp. 58-59]</ref> == Ogbenye obodo na obodo == Ọtụtụ ndị bi na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. Na 2014, nkezi ụgwọ ọnwa maka ndị ọrụ a bụ MDL 2773.9 nke bụ 33.5% dị ala karịa nkezi mba. Ndị ọrụ ime obodo sitere na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na-emetụta ihe egwu ịda ogbenye karịa ndị ọrụ sitere na ngalaba na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo. Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ (25.5%) nke ezinụlọ ndị nwere ego sitere na ọrụ ugbo na 6.8% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo na-etinye aka n'ihe ize ndụ ịda ogbenye. Ya mere, mmụba na ọrụ ugbo n'ime ime obodo naanị enweghị ike idozi okwu ịda ogbenye na obodo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/2757/raport_en_nhdr.pdf|title=NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA|date=2017|work=National Human Development Report 2016: Moldova|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=August 11, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/2757/raport_en_nhdr.pdf "NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015/2016 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''National Human Development Report 2016: Moldova''. United Nations Development Programme. 2017. p.&nbsp;42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ọnụọgụgụ ịda ogbenye zuru oke (%) <ref name=":0"/> ! Ebe ! 2006 ! 2009 ! 2015 |- | Ime obodo | 34.1 | 36.3 | 14.5 |- | Obodo | 24.8 | 12.6 | 3.1 |- | Mkpokọta | 30.2 | 26.3 | 9.6 |} == Obere obodo/agbụrụ/agbụrụ == Roma nọgidere na-abụ otu n'ime obere obere ndị na-adịghị ike na mba ahụ ma na-eche ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mwepu, enweghị nnọchite anya na mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụghị akwụkwọ, na ajọ mbunobi ọha. Roma nwere ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị ala, ohere nlekọta ahụike nwere oke, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ dị elu karịa ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya. Ụmụ nwanyị Romania bụ ndị kacha dịrị mfe na mwepu na ịkpa oke ọha. Ndị ọchịchị enweghị usoro dị irè iji lebara ezinụlọ ndị na-adịghị ike nke ụmụ ha na-agaghị akwụkwọ anya. Ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ezinụlọ ndị Romania bi n'ime ime obodo. Ụfọdụ ógbè ndị Romania enweghị mmiri pọmpụ, ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha, na ikpo ọkụ. Nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eche Roma ihu gụnyere enweghị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike mberede na ebe ndị zoro ezo, ọgwụgwọ ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ aka ike site n'aka ndị ọkachamara ahụike, ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpuchi mkpuchi ahụike dị ala, na ịkpa ókè n'ahịa ọrụ. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ọhụrụ na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, nanị pasent 21 nke ndị Rom na-arụsi ọrụ ike. N'ime afọ ahụ dum, ndị otu Rome kwuru na a gọnarị ha ọrụ n'ụlọ nri dị na Soroca na Riscani. Ụlọ akwụkwọ na-asụ Latin na Transnistria gara n'ihu na-abụ esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọchịchị Moldovan na ndị ọchịchị Transnistrian, n'agbanyeghị na e binyere aka na nkwekọrịta iwu iji belata ụgwọ ụlọ nke ndị ọchịchị Moldovan na-arụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin na Transnistria na-akwụ. == Ụbịam nwa == Ịda ogbenye ụmụaka bụ otu n'ime nsogbu kachasị mkpa na Moldova. Ụmụaka bi n'ime ime obodo nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịda ogbenye karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ụmụaka nọ n'ezinaụlọ dara ogbenye nwere nnukwu ihe egwu nke enweghị mmezu agụmakwụkwọ yana enweghị ohere ịnweta ọrụ nlekọta ahụike. == Edensibia == Ya{{Reflist}}{{Moldova topics}}{{Europe topic|Poverty in}}{{Poverty|state=Syria}} l3jlrmu3pwdn9h36bc4b7k07qtybzgx 0 40001 742483 707568 2026-11-03T08:03:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Homeless_people_@_Piazzale_Lodi_@_Milan_(49623197518).jpg|thumb| Enweghị ebe obibi na Milan]] '''Ịda ogbenye na Ịtali''' na-ahụ maka ọkwa ịda ogbenye na enweghị ebe obibi na mba ọdịda anyanwụ Europe nke [[Italy]] . Ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na Italy abawanyela kemgbe nsogbu ego nke 2008 . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Saraceno|first=Chiara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l5r6DwAAQBAJ&q=%22Poverty+in+Italy%22+-wikipedia|title=Poverty in Italy: Features and Drivers in a European Perspective|date=2020-09-02|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-4473-5222-8|pages=vii|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na " ụbịam zuru oke " ruru nde 5.1, bụ nke kachasị elu n'ime afọ iri na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jones|first=Gavin|date=2018-06-26|title=Poverty in Italy at worst for 12 years, new government vows action|language=en-US|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1JM2GL/|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> Dabere na akụkọ na 2022 nke Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) kwuru, ihe karịrị nde 5.6 ndị ,tali, nke nwere ihe dị ka 1 n'ime mmadụ iri na abụọ nke ndị ,tali, enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ ihe ndị dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Carbonaro|first=Giulia|date=2023-10-27|title=Nearly 1 in 12 Italians live in 'absolute poverty', report finds|url=https://www.euronews.com/business/2023/10/27/nearly-1-in-12-italians-live-in-absolute-poverty-due-to-higher-inflation-report-finds|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[euronews]]|language=en}}</ref> Nke a bụ n'ihi oke ọnụ ahịa . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2023/10/REPORT-POVERTA-2022.pdf|title=Increasing absolute poverty due to inflation|language=it|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> 3 n'ime 10 (1.6 nde; 29%) nke klas ndị ahụ dị ka 'oke ịda ogbenye' bụ ndị mba ọzọ, na-anọchite anya ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ (32.4%) nke ndị mba ọzọ niile bi na mba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-29|title=Italy: 2022 IDOS statistical dossier on immigration {{!}} European Website on Integration|url=https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/italy-2022-idos-statistical-dossier-immigration_en|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=ec.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> Akụkọ 2022 kwụsịrị n'azụ mmụba gara aga nke ọrịa COVID-19 kpatara na Italytali . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-16|title=Extreme poverty jumps in Italy on back of COVID woes|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/extreme-poverty-jumps-italy-back-covid-woes-2021-06-16/|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, dị ka Eurostat si kwuo, site na 2023, 63% nke ezinụlọ Ịtali ga-enwe ihe isi ike na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe siri ike, na-eme ka Ịtali bụrụ otu n'ime mba Europe nke nwere nsogbu akụ na ụba zuru ebe niile, karịa [[France]], [[Poland]], [[Spain]] na Portugal. Nkezi Europe bụ 45.5%. <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 21, 2023|title=Oltre il 63% delle famiglie italiane fatica ad arrivare a fine mese|url=https://www-ansa-it.translate.goog/sito/notizie/economia/2023/10/21/oltre-63-delle-famiglie-italiane-fatica-ad-arrivare-a-fine-mese_fea729ab-2939-4094-98e1-c8dc4017b406.html?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|language=it}}</ref> Gọọmenti Meloni dị ugbu a ebipụlarị enyemaka enyemaka ịda ogbenye ewebata na 2019, na-ebute ngagharị iwe na ụbọchị Mee . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-01|title=Italy cuts anti-poverty subsidies as critics slam 'provocation'|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230501-italy-cuts-anti-poverty-subsidies-as-critics-slam-provocation|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:City_Angels_helping_the_homeless_in_Milan,_Italy.jpg|thumb| Ndị mmụọ ozi obodo na-enye ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Milan aka]] N'ime oge nke ịdị n'otu Ịtali na 1861, ndị Ịtali, ebe ndị kasị ibu na Europe, chere ihe ịma aka akụ na ụba ndị pụtara ìhè ihu, ebe ihe karịrị 40% nke ndị mmadụ na-enweta ego a na-apụghị ikpofu ezughị ezu iji gboo mkpa ndị bụ isi. Ihe e ji mara oge a bụ amaghị agụ na akwụkwọ na ọrụ ụmụaka. Ọzọkwa, ọrụ, ngwa ahịa na ahịa isi obodo enwechaghị nke ọma, yana akụrụngwa njem, ọkachasị na mpaghara ndịda, ezughị oke. Afọ iri isii sochirinụ, bu ụzọ ịrị elu nke Fascism na nsogbu akụ na ụba zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1929, hụrụ mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ofe ngalaba dị iche iche, n'agbanyeghị na ekesara n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi n'etiti ngalaba na mpaghara. <ref name=":0"/> Usoro ndị a kwubiri na mbelata dị ukwuu nke ọkwa ịda ogbenye zuru oke na ,tali, na gburugburu 26% na 1921. Mgbe nsogbu akụ na ụba nke 1929 gasịrị, na n'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọchịchị Fascist, ịda ogbenye zuru oke malitere ịrị elu ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọchịchị Fascist nakweere mmemme ọdịmma ọha na eze nke oge a maka ndị ọrụ ọha, mkpa na ihe ize ndụ nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo, ndị ogbenye bi n'obodo mepere emepe, na ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na-edozighị nke ọma. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Saraceno|first=Chiara|title=Poverty in Italy: Features and Drivers in a European Perspective|date=2020|publisher=Bristol University Press|pages=40–53|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSaracenoBenassiMoricchio2020">Saraceno, Chiara; Benassi, David; Moricchio, Enrica (2020). ''Poverty in Italy: Features and Drivers in a European Perspective''. Bristol University Press. pp.&nbsp;40–53.</cite></ref> Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ atumatu butere mmụba nke ịda ogbenye n'etiti ndị bi n'ime obodo na ndị mepere emepe, dị ka nlebanya ''oke 90'', nke hụrụ Mussolini na-abawanye uru nke lira n'ihe gbasara paụnd. Nke a, Otú ọ dị, kpatara ihe mgbochi kredit, mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ, na emetụta ego mbupụ, n'ozuzu oke ịda ogbenye na-akawanye njọ ma na-emetụta akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ, ma n'ofe ime obodo na obodo na North-South nkewa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Neville|first=Peter|title=Mussolini|url=https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000nevi|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=0-415-24989-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000nevi/page/77 77]|language=en}}</ref> N'ime afọ 1890 niile, Ịtali tara ahụhụ site na ụnwụ nri, na enweghị ohere maka ọnọdụ ahụ n'ihi nyocha ndị nta akụkọ . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Papa|first=Dario|date=1898|title=Hunger and Poverty in Italy|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25119041|journal=The North American Review|volume=167|issue=500|pages=126–128|issn=0029-2397}}</ref> N'oge a, 88% nke ndị a mara ikpe bụ ndị klaasị ka daa ogbenye, ebe naanị 12% bụ ndị klaasị bara ọgaranya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Henderson|first=C. R.|date=1897|title=Review of Problèmes Sociaux Contemporains.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761710|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=116|issn=0002-9602}}</ref> N'ime 1950s, a na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye dị elu na Ịtali ka ọ na-atụnye ụtụ na Italian Communist Party, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Times|first=George Dugan Special To the New York|date=1951-10-20|title=POVERTY IN ITALY HELD 'FRIGHTENING; Aid Money Must 'Seep Down' to People or Reds Will Triumph, Catholic Group Hears|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1951/10/20/archives/poverty-in-italy-held-frightening-aid-money-must-seep-down-to.html|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na [[Wilfred Beckerman]], Emeritus Fellow nke Balliol College, Oxford dere na ọkwa ịda ogbenye na Ịtali n'oge 1970 dị n'okpuru nkezi ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya. nye ndị otu ya na Europe. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Beckerman|first=Wilfred|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De1ZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Poverty+in+Italy%22+-wikipedia|title=Estimates of Poverty in Italy in 1975|date=1978|publisher=International Labour Office|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == A na-akpata ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali n'ozuzu site na obere ego na ọnọdụ ọrụ dị egwu, kama enweghị netwọk nkwado. Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụkpụrụ ịda ogbenye Ịtali na-achọpụta mmalite ha na oge nke ịdị n'otu Ịtali na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 19, na-emetụta nke ọma ọdịiche akụ na ụba mpaghara tupu adịbu adị, karịsịa nkewa North/South. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amendola|first=Alessandra|title=Variable Selection in Forecasting Models Corporate Bankruptcy.|url=https://www.risk.net/journal-of-risk-model-validation/2161267/variable-selection-in-default-risk-models|journal=Journal of Risk Model Validation|date=17 March 2011|pages=}}</ref> Nhọpụta ndị a mere n'oge mwughachi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị na mgbanwe "afọ ọganihu" nke mmalite 1960s, bụ nke hụrụ ngbanwe Italy si n'ime ime obodo gaa n'ọtụtụ ebe obodo mepere emepe na obodo mepere emepe. == Enweghị ebe obibi == N'isi obodo Italy, Rome, ihe dị ka 8,000 enweghị ebe obibi dịka nke 2021. Ọnwụ abawanyela n'oge ọrịa coronavirus, ebe ọtụtụ ụlọ na-atụgharị ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Giuffrida|first=Angela|date=2021-02-01|title=Deaths among Rome's rough sleepers surge as shelters turn many away due to Covid|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/01/rome-covid-rough-sleeper-deaths-italy|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> Ọtụtụ enwekwaghị ike ịgbaso iwu mkpọchi mkpọchi, ndị ọrụ ebere gbalịsiri ike ịzaghachi nsogbu ahụ, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Povoledo|first=Elisabetta|date=2020-03-24|title=Rome's Homeless Don't Have the Luxury of Staying Home|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/europe/italy-coronavirus-homeless.html|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> na-akwalite mmụba nke ịda ogbenye. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Giuffrida|first=Angela|date=2020-06-29|title='They are the new poor': Covid-19 fuels rising poverty in Italy|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/29/they-are-new-poor-covid-19-fuels-rising-poverty-italy|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> N'oge okpomọkụ nke Europe 2023, Ịtali Red Cross malitere ọrụ iji nyere ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi aka ndị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-emetụta. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-22|title=Italy's homeless struggle in ongoing heatwave|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-22/rome-homeless-during-heatwave/102635838|accessdate=2023-12-04}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Italy topics}}{{Europe topic|Poverty in}}{{Poverty}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tfqpse3wf93ol65gnj70jc61kwqjkke 0 40045 742689 157283 2026-11-03T09:21:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742689 wikitext text/x-wiki shugaban ala nke ndị bụ ihe nkiri 2008 National Film Board of Canada nke Murray Siple dere otu ndị ikom na-ahụ ebe obibi n'obodo North Vancouver, ndị na-eji ụgbọ akara njikwa na-anakọta karama na mkpọ iji wepụ maka ego.  ma na-agba ọsọ na steepụ obodo ahụ.  maka mkpali <ref name="Pablo"/> Ihe ndị dị na ihe nkiri ahụ na-ejikwa ụgbọ ala ndị ahụ na-eji naanị ịdị arọ ha na otu ụkwụ, n'oge mgbanaka na-agafe n'okporo ụzọ, na nnukwu ọsọ na-ekwu na ọ ruru 70.&nbsp;km/h. <ref name="Monk">{{Cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/cns_writers/story.html?id=98c288d0-f57f-44b9-b537-6451aef0fe56&k=65534|title=Carts of Darkness a socially-probing thrill ride.|author=Monk|first=Katherine|date=February 22, 2008|work=[[Canwest News Service]]|accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref> . <ref name="Pablo">{{Cite news|url=https://www.straight.com/article-142899/lessons-street|title=Intimate lessons on Vancouver's streets|author=Pablo|first=Carlito|date=April 24, 2008|work=[[Georgia Straight]]|publisher=Vancouver Free Press|accessdate=6 January 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPablo2008">Pablo, Carlito (April 24, 2008). [https://www.straight.com/article-142899/lessons-street "Intimate lessons on Vancouver's streets"]. ''[[Georgia kwụ ọtọ|Georgia Straight]]''. Vancouver Free Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref>Siple, onye bụbu onye nke egwuregwu dị oke egwu na onye na-ahụ skateboarder na onye na-agba snow, ngwaọrụ onye ahụ hụrụwụrụ akpọnwụ mgbe ihe ụgbọ ala nchebe na 1996. Ihe nkiri mbụ ya mgbe ihe nkiri ya nchebe, Carts  of Darkness kwere ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri,ghachi obi ụtọ ọ egwuregwu na egwuregwu ndị dị egwu na imekọ ihe na ndị otu ndị ọzọ. == nnabata == <ref name="nfb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?id=53834|title=Carts of Darkness|work=Collection|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref>E ụgbọ ala nke ndị na-ebu ibu na Vancouver na Victoria, ndị isiokwu ihe nkiri ahụ bịara.  Ahọpụtara maka Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival .  [1] Ihe nkiri ahụ ihe nrite Leo maka mmemme akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba okike / gburugburu / ihe omume / mmetụ / na-eme ihe nri maka akwụkwọ kacha mma mpaghara 30 na Foto a Ememme Nkiri na Calgary. == Hụkwa == * ''Ihere: ART nke nkwarụ'' * ''Mgbapụta'', ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ 2012 gbasara ndị na-agbapụta karama na mkpọ na New York City == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] pfiax23t5mr14id2d36ns67r7yfxnk7 0 40052 742474 157290 2026-11-03T08:02:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742474 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:MEX_orthographic.svg|alt=Country marked in green|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mexico na ụwa]] {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Ramos_Arizpe_slums.jpg|alt=Self-built housing|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ ihe nkiri na Ramos Arizpe]] Ịgbagharị na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] emeela na mpụta [[Mézíkọ city|Mexico City]] malite na narị afọ nke 19 gawa. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2017, ihe dị ka pasentị 25 nke ndị bi na Mexico bi n'ime obodo . Na Mexico City, e nwere ebe ndị mmadụ na-elekọta onwe ha . Mmemme CORETT (Commission for the Regularization of Land Holdings) na-achọ inyere ndị squatter aka ịdebanye aha ala ha. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị mbata na-akwaga mba ọzọ akwaala n'akụkụ obodo ndị dị ka [[Mézíkọ city|Mexico City]] malite na narị afọ nke 19 gawa. <ref name="PC">{{Cite journal|author=González|first=Robert|title=Squatted and Self-Managed Social Centres in Mexico City: Four Case Studies from 1978–2020|journal=Partecipazione e Conflitto|date=2020|doi=10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1269}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGonzálezde_SantiagoRodríguez2020">González, Robert; de Santiago, Diego; Rodríguez, Marco Antonio (2020). "Squatted and Self-Managed Social Centres in Mexico City: Four Case Studies from 1978–2020". ''Partecipazione e Conflitto''. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1269|10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1269]].</cite></ref> Iwu 1917 nke Mexico nyere ụmụ amaala ikike inwe ihe onwunwe, ma squatting na-aga n'ihu dị ka ụzọ iji nweta ala maka ọtụtụ ndị Mexico dara ogbenye. Iji mee ka mkpa ụlọ pụta ìhè na 1940s, otu squadron ikuku gbagoro n'elu ala wee guzobe mpaghara Escuadrón 201. A bịara mara ndị squatters dị ka "paracaidistas" (ndị parachutists). <ref name="PC" /> N'afọ ndị 1970, a na-akpọ squated squated informal ógbè dị ka "colonias paracaidistas". <ref name="LE">{{Cite journal|author=Ward|first=Peter M.|title=The Squatter Settlement as Slum or Housing Solution: Evidence from Mexico City|journal=Land Economics|date=1976|volume=52|issue=3|pages=330–346|doi=10.2307/3145530|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3145530|issn=0023-7639}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 2017, ihe dị ka pasentị 25 nke ndị bi na Mexico bi n'obodo mepere emepe, na mpaghara dịka ugwu ma ọ bụ akwa ọdọ mmiri. <ref name="USAID">{{Cite book|title=MEXICO – PROPERTY RIGHTS AND RESOURCE GOVERNANCE|date=2017|publisher=USAID}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">''MEXICO – PROPERTY RIGHTS AND RESOURCE GOVERNANCE''. USAID. 2017.</cite></ref> Squatting na-eme n'obodo ndị dị ka Puebla, Playa del Carmen na Tijuana . <ref name="SDUT">{{Cite news|author=McDonnell|first=Patrick|title=How Mexico's murky property ownership helps criminals get away with murder|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/border-baja-california/story/2020-10-11/mexico-property-laws-murder|accessdate=30 April 2021|work=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=11 October 2020}}</ref> <ref name="MND">{{Cite news|title=Police fail to remove illegal squatters in Playa del Carmen|url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/police-fail-to-remove-illegal-squatters/|accessdate=30 April 2021|work=Mexico News Daily|date=3 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="PRPR">{{Cite journal|author=Cummings|first=Scott|title=Community development in a Mexican squatter settlement: A program evaluation|journal=Population Research and Policy Review|date=1 May 1988|volume=7|issue=2|pages=159–188|doi=10.1007/BF00125465|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00125465|language=en|issn=1573-7829}}</ref> Na [[Mézíkọ city|Mexico City]], e nwere ebe ndị mmadụ na-elekọta onwe ya dị ka Biblioteca Social Reconstruir, Chanti Ollin, Escuela de Cultura Popular Mártires del 68 na Okupa Che . Chanti Ollin na Okupa Che bụ ndị kụdara. <ref name="PC"/> Enwekwara squats nka dị ka Casa Matus na Colonia Roma . <ref name="Guernica">{{Cite news|author=Biller|first=David|title=Okupa México|url=https://www.guernicamag.com/biller_2_15_12/|accessdate=30 April 2021|work=Guernica|date=15 February 2012}}</ref> == Iwu == Mmemme CORETT (Commission for the Regularization of Land Holdings) chọrọ inyere ndị squatter aka ịdebanye aha ala ha ma nyekwa ụlọ nde 2.5 aha kemgbe e guzobere ya na 1993. CORETT na-agba ọsọ na Programa de Apoyo de los Avecindados en Condiciones de Pobreza Patrimonial para Regularizar Asentimientos Humanos Irregulares (PASPRAH, Mmemme na-akwado Regularization maka ndị bi na Informal Settlement ndị na-enweghị aha na ibi na ọnọdụ nke ihe ịda ogbenye) nke na-enye nkwado ego nke 0,000. pesos iji nyere ezinụlọ aka ịdebanye aha ala ha. <ref name="USAID"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} Mmemme na-akwado Regularization maka ndị bi na Informal Settlement ndị na-enweghị aha na ibi na ọnọdụ nke ihe ịda ogbenye) nke na-enye nkwado ego nke 0,000. 723z1j6sgwn70e79ocfz1x2sl1yonuu 0 40077 742486 719327 2026-11-03T08:04:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Teodor_Axentowicz_-_Pogrzeb_huculski.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Hutsul Funeral, nke Teodor Axentowicz, 1882]] .Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria dị oke egwu, na-achọrọ afụ nke 19. Ihe ndị na-eme ihe ndị na-ese ihe na-eme ka Austria, onye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ebute obere ọrụ ugbo.  , ikike ikike oke, usoro ugbo oge ochie, ajị ọrịa nke erighị nri na-adịghị ala ala, ụnwụ nri na ọrịa, na-በላta ihe. Ịda ogbenye n' ahụ juru ebe niile nke na okwu ahụ bụ "nhụsianya Galicia" ( nędza galicyjska ) ma ọ bụ "ụbịam Galicia" ( bieda galicyjska ) sere ilu, na Poles na--eke mmetụta emo na-agbagọ aha ekiri Galicia na  Lodomeria na "Golicja".  i Głodomeria ", na- egwuregwu na okwu Polish, n'otu n'otu, maka "ọtọ" na "agụụ" ("Nakedia na Hungrymeria").  na British Ireland. [[Usòrò:Jan_Gniewosz,_Rozdawanie_posiłków_w_Sanoku,_24.10.1847_r..jpg|thumb|300x300px| ''Inye nri na Sanok'', nke Jan Gniewosz, 1847]] {{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name="Crowley">David Crowley, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHy7AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22bieda+galicyjska%22&pg=PA12 National Style and Nation-state: Design in Poland from the Vernacular Revival to the International Style''], Manchester University Press ND, 1992; {{ISBN|0-7190-3727-1}} (Google Print) p.12.</ref> <ref name="cepr20">Stephen Broadberry and Alexander Klein. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.361.386&rep=rep1&type=pdf AGGREGATE AND PER CAPITA GDP IN EUROPE, 1870–2000: CONTINENTAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA WITH CHANGING BOUNDARIES] pg.20 Conversion from 1990 to 2010 dollars [http://stats.areppim.com/calc/calc_usdlrxdeflator.php here]</ref> <ref name="google230">Richard Sylla, Gianni Toniolo. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TepeBUZDCKsC&dq=per+capita+growth+regions+austria-hungary+dalmatia&pg=PA230 ''Patterns of European Industrialisation: The Nineteenth Century.''] pg. 230. Conversion from 1970 to 2010 dollars [http://stats.areppim.com/calc/calc_usdlrxdeflator.php here]</ref> <ref name="BartalPolonsky1999">{{cite book|author1=Israel Bartal|author2=Antony Polonsky|title=Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians, 1772–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wS8AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=Littman Library of Jewish Civilization|isbn=978-1-874774-40-2|page=19|quote=Galician poverty became proverbial in the second half of the nineteenth century}}</ref> <ref name="Bodnar1973">{{cite book|author=John E. Bodnar|title=The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiWs1AMfWasC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1973|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-1155-2|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Bodnar1973-48">{{cite book|author=John E. Bodnar|title=The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiWs1AMfWasC&pg=PA48|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1973|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-1155-2|page=48}}</ref> <ref name="Czuma1998">{{cite book|author=Mieczysław Czuma|title=Austriackie gadanie czyli encyklopedia galicyjska|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UdMAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1998|publisher=Oficyna Wydawniczo-Handlowa Anabasis|isbn=978-83-85931-06-5|page=145}}</ref> <ref name="Davies2001">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=Heart of Europe:The Past in Poland's Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWi-WLvY_v0C&pg=PT331|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=31 May 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164713-0|pages=331–}}</ref> <ref name="Davies2005">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Tbed6iMNLEC&pg=PA106|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=24 February 2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925340-1|pages=106–108}}</ref> <ref name="Frank2005-4344">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|pages=43–44}}</ref> <!-- not used<ref name="Frank2005-4445">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|pages=44–45}}</ref>--> <ref name="Frank2005-45">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Frank2005-47">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA47|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|page=47}}</ref> <ref name="Frucht2005">{{cite book|author=Richard Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA53|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=53}}</ref> <ref name="Harzig1997">{{cite book|author=Christiane Harzig|title=Peasant Maids, City Women: From the European Countryside to Urban America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0rjYhmuCIMC&pg=PA9|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1997|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8395-0|page=9}}</ref> <ref name="Lehmann2001">{{cite book|author=Rosa Lehmann|title=Symbiosis and ambivalence: Poles and Jews in a small Galician town|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmquXyIjVF8C&pg=PA33|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-505-7|pages=33–}}</ref> <ref name="MarkovitsSysyn1982">{{cite book|author=Ivan L. Rudnytsky|editor1=Andrei S. Markovits|editor2=Frank E. Sysyn|chapter=The Ukrainians in Galicia Under Austrian Rule|title=Nationalbuilding and the politics of nationalism: essays on Austrian Galicia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0II-Dy6KbzQC&pg=PA52|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1982|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-60312-7|page=52|author1-link=Ivan L. Rudnytsky}}<br> *Also appears online in {{cite book |chapter=The Ukrainians in Galicia Under Austrian Rule |last1=Rudnytsky|first1=Ivan L. |title= Essays in Modern Ukrainian History |date= 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn= 9780916458195 |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinmodernuk00rudn |author1-link=Ivan L. Rudnytsky|page=315}}</ref> <ref name="Petryshyn1985">{{cite book|author=Jaroslav Petryshyn|title=Peasants in the Promised Land: Canada and the Ukrainians|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsinpromis0000petr|url-access=registration|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=1 January 1985|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-0-88862-925-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsinpromis0000petr/page/31 31]}}</ref> <ref name="Rothstein2008">{{cite book|author=Robert Allen Rothstein|title=Two words to the wise: reflections on Polish language, literature, and folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmEpAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=31 December 2008|publisher=Slavica Publishers|isbn=978-0-89357-361-4|page=185}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-2122">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=2122}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-24">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-2425">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA24|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|pages=24–25}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-26">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=26}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-27">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA27|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=27}}</ref> <ref name="Szlaga2012">{{cite book|author1=Kamil Kowalczyk |author2=Grzegorz Moskal |author3=Michał Rapta |author4=Józef Szlaga |title=Rabka Juliana Zubrzyckiego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3cfB65HSOgC&pg=PA43|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2012|publisher=Historia Rabki|isbn=978-83-931788-4-1|page=43}}</ref> <ref name="Wolff2012-256">{{cite book|author=Larry Wolff|title=The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjQYHn7BTkC&pg=PA256|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7429-1|page=256}}</ref> <ref name="Wolff2012-289">{{cite book|author=Larry Wolff|title=The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjQYHn7BTkC&pg=PA289|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7429-1|page=289}}</ref> <ref name="Zadoks2008">{{cite book|author=Jan C. Zadoks|title=On the Political Economy of Plant Disease Epidemics: Capita Selecta in Historical Epidemiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq9cyVB313QC&pg=PA102|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=15 October 2008|publisher=Wageningen Academic Pub|isbn=978-90-8686-086-9|page=102}}</ref>}} Austria-Hungary Nweghị obere njem dị mkpa maka ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ na akara n'ime Ime ukwu ahụ.  N'obodo ka ndị Ukwu German, ndị Habsburgs na-eche echiche nke iwu usoro ụgbọ oloko na ngwaọrụ ma ngwaọrụ na-edozi n'ime obodo nke ha.  Bohemia Austrian dum bụ naanị otu ahịrị jere ozi n'ime 1860s.  Emperor Francis Joseph I megidere iwu n'ihu "ka ghara ịbata na mba ahụ."  Eji okporo ụzọ okporoko na-aga na Austria-Hungary tupu 1881 ma jiri ikike site na steeti ruo mgbe mgba nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ.  Viennese bank - dere Clive Trebilcock nke Cambridge - na-akụ osisi dị n'ebe ụmụaka [nke Galicia] n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ụdị colonial <ref name="Trebilcock">{{Cite book|title=The Industrialisation of the Continental Powers 1780-1914|author=Clive Trebilcock|chapter=Austria-Hungary|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|pages=349–350, 351–352|isbn=978-1317872153}}</ref> . <ref>P. R. Magocsi. </ref>Oke steeti ahụ ebipụla Galicia n'ụzọ dị iche iche ọdịiche ya na akara nke mbụ Crown Polish, butere ndakpọ akụ na ngwaọrụ yana mbelata nke obodo Galician.  Lviv tụfuru ọkwa ya dị ka nnukwu ebe nchekwa.  Mgbe oge oge nke mmetụta ego na obere ego obere, ndị na-ekiri Austria egosi irigbu ego Galicia ma mebie mpaghara ndị mmadụ site na ide aha na ndị agha ibubanye ukwu.  Ọstria nke na Ndị Galicia ahọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ ihe kama ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ọrụ ugbo ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ebubata ngwaahịa nri na ngwaahịa na mpaghara Habsburg ndị ọzọ.  E hiwere ụtụ isi ọhụrụ, a naghị adi ego n'anya ma leghara obodo ukwu na obodo nta anya <ref>P. Wandycz. </ref> <ref>K. Stauter-Halsted. </ref> Agụm akwụkwọ la azụ azụ, ebe naanị 15% ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aga ụdị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọlụ, nke akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ugbo ole na ole nwere ikike ikikeso ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  Ọ nna na ha mere ya, ọ na-eme nnukwu obodo Galician ( Kraków ma ọ bụ Lviv) bụ ebe etiti ụlọ ọrụ dị mma, nke nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo obere ụzọ ọzọ maka ọrụ ha.  Iji ibe ukwu nke Ọstrelia , na ọ dịghị ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ na, ndị na-esote dị ka amị ihe, nke ga-ewe iwe na usoro nke Galicia bụ onye na-enyeRere ugbo maka ndị Ukwu ahụ, na-na-enye maka inye ụlọ  ọrụ dị ala, ọnọdụ bara uru maka ma ike na ndị nwe ala.  Gọọmenti Ọstria lekwasịrị Galicia anya dị ka obodo a ga-ewere dị ka obodo ọzọ, ma tụnye ya ụtụ isi ego na ya.  N'ime obere ụlọ ọrụ Galicia nwere, otu n'ime alaka obodo mgbasa ụba (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ nke ihe) bụ ọrụ na-aba n'anya, na-erigbu ma na-eme ka ndị ọrụ  ugbo daa ogbenye.  Ịbigabiga ókè bụ nnukwu nsogbu nsogbu. Nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo nke ndị Galician bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ala na Europe n'ihi usoro ugbo oge ochie, nke dị nnọọ iche na nke e ji mee ihe n'oge mmalite akara anya .  Ọnọdụ dị na Northern (Polish) Galicia gbagoro n'ihi ezigbo ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-eto eto, na-eme ka onyinye onye ọrụ ugbo na-abụ nke ukwuu.  Ihe ụgwọ 70% nke ndị Galicia bi na ala.  Na ọkara nke abụọ nke mbụ afụ nke 19, ebe ọ bụ ikike ikike nke ala ubi (ihe dị ka 7%), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mụbara okpukpu abụọ.  Na 1899, 80% nke nkata ahụ nwere ihe na- egwuregwu 5 acres (2.0 ha), na ọtụtụ ike ike nri zuru oke na ala ha iji kwado ngwa ha.  ezi ndị mmadụ a paa na Galicia adịla njọ nke na a onyonyo ya dị ka ebe ndị na-eso ụzọ tra na Europe ma e jiri yaa [[Ndia|India]] na China . Ntọhapụ nke ndị serfs na 1848 azụ ka ọnọdụ ha ìhè mma, n'ihi na ndị isi obodo na-enye ha ọrụ na-maka-pahin nke ọma, bụ ndị nwere 43% nke ala ubi na 1848, nke mere obere ihe ijikọ  ọrịa ndị ọrụ ugbo site n'oge ochie gara aga.  isi.  Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na iwu ahụ mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-atụfukwa nchekwa ezinụlọ ọtụtụ na ala ịtagharị, bụ ndị nnukwu ndị nwe ala na-akpa ichekwa onwe ha. == Nsonaazụ == N'ihi ogbenye nke ndị Galici, ndị ọrụ ugbo nri nri na-edozi ahụ nke ọma ọrụ nke ọma, ha akarakwa ihe dị nta maka ọrịa ndị dị ka ọgbụgbọ, typhus, kịtịkpa na syphilis .  Stauter-Halsted na-ịhụnanya nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Galici na-arụ ọrụ "na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi na [ha].  ] na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa."  Frank hotara Szepanowski: "Onye ọ llala bi na Galicia na-arụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ma na-eri ọkara nke nri mmadụ."  A kọwawo ụnwụ nri dị nso na Galicia mgbe nile, nke na-akpata ọnwụ 50,000 kwa awụ dị ka nke na-efe efe .  Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ji akwụ ụgwọ dị ukwuu ma ndị na-agbazinye ego furu ala ha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Juu, nke butere iwe na-abata nke okwukwe Semitism . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Zamorski|first=Krzysztof|url=https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/19866/zamorski_galicyjskie_dole_i_niedole_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=W krainie metarefleksji : księga poświęcona profesorowi Czesławowi Robotyckiemu|publisher=Jagiellonian University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-83-233-3782-9|location=[[Kraków]]|pages=174–185|language=pl|chapter=Galicyjskie dole i niedole. Spór o rozwój cywilizacyjny zaboru austriackiego|archive-date=2022-04-11|access-date=2024-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411194404/https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/19866/zamorski_galicyjskie_dole_i_niedole_2015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|url-status=dead}}</ref>Nhụsianya nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Galici mere ka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike dị ka Ivan Franko pụta na n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dị ka Scarcity and Famine in Galicia site n'aka Roger Łubieński (1880).  Stanisław Szczepanowski na 1888 Carlo Galician Misery nke a na-akpọkarị na Buka Ọgụgụ [1] na nkebi aṅụ Galician nhụsianya ma ọ bụ nri ogbenye Galician ( nędza galicyjska ma ọ bụ bieda galicyjska ) .  dara mbà n'obi nke mpaghara ahụ.  Ọnọdụ akụ na ọnọdụ nke mpaghara ahụ mere ka ndị mmadụ jiri emo na-ezo aka na mpaghara dị ka Golicja i Głodomeria, pun na aha aha nke egwuregwu ahụ, Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii, na-rọ okwu Polish " goły " ("  gba ɔtɔ") na " głodny. "("agụụ na-agụ") - "Nakedia na Hungrymeria". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaps|first=Klemens|date=2019-09-30|title=Gospodarka, polityka a tożsamości: Galicja i Monarchia Habsburska w długim XIX wieku na tle debaty historiograficznej o imperium, narodzie i regionie|url=http://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/pl/10-15804/hso/937-hso2019/hso20193/5793-hso2019306|journal=Historia Slavorum Occidentis|language=pl|volume=22|issue=3|pages=127–156|doi=10.15804/hso190306|archive-date=2020-12-14|access-date=2024-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214061138/https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/pl/10-15804/hso/937-hso2019/hso20193/5793-hso2019306|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilk|first=Edyta|date=2019-12-12|title=Obraz galicyjskiej nędzy - Szymona Jakubowskiego gawędy o przeszłości|url=https://tygodniksanocki.pl/2019/12/12/obraz-galicyjskiej-nedzy-szymona-jakubowskiego-gawedy-o-przeszlosci/|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=Tygodnik Sanocki|language=pl-PL|archivedate=2021-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903065747/https://tygodniksanocki.pl/2019/12/12/obraz-galicyjskiej-nedzy-szymona-jakubowskiego-gawedy-o-przeszlosci/}}</ref> Na nzaghachi maka nri ogbenye na obere ego, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo mkpuchi mba ọzọ.  Usoro a nsogbu na 1870 na puku mmadụ ole na ole, mgbe ahụ ihe ụmụaka 80,000 kwagara na 1880s, ihe dị ka 340,000 na 1890s, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu na 1900s.  Davies na-ekwu na site n'etiti 1890 ruo 1914 (mmalite nke Agha Mbụ Mbụ ), ọ na-arọ ala nde mmadụ abụọ Galicia, ọ post ala 400,000 na 1913 naanị.  Harzig na-enye onyinye nke nde 3. Afọ 1911-1914 nwere ike ịhụ nke 25% nke ndị Galician.  Ụfọdụ ụdị bụ mpaghara, gaa n'ụdị ndị bara isi nke Galicia na Bukovina dị nso;  ndị ọzọ kwagara Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ nke Austria, Prussia na Russia (gụnyere Russian [[Poland]] ).  Apost na- ndị mbụ kwagara United States (Herzig na-ekwu ma bere anya ihe ruru 800,000 n'ime akara nde atọ ya). == Ntụnyere == Norman Davies kwuru na ọnọdụ Galicia nwere ike ịka njọ n'Irland, na Galicia nwere ike ịbụ "ka kacha daa ogbenye na Europe".  Galicia bụ n'ezie onye kasị daa ogbenye na mpaghara Austria ma bụrụkwa nke dara ogbenye Western Europe.  Na 1890,gbanwee onye ọlụa, na dollar 2010, maka Galicia bụ $1,947.  N'ụzọ dị iche, atụ onye ọ àlà na Austria bụ $3,005 na na Bohemia bụ $2,513.  Galicia dara ogbenye dị ka ndị mụrụ Hungary, onye Ntụgharị onye ọ bleba bụ $1,824 na Croatia-Slavonia, onye Ntụgharị onye ọ mgbasa na 2010 dollar bụ $1,897.  Ngwa ahihia onye ọ lụ nke Galicia ụzarị nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke Transylvania, nke bụ $1,956 na dollar 2010. Ịdịego uto Galicia kwa afọ site na 1870 ruo 1910 bụ 1.21 , dị radi ala ƙarin nkezi nke ukwu nke 1.5%.  N'ịtụnyere mba ndị ọzọ, Galicia 1890 maka magịdi onye ọ mgbasa bụ $1,947 na dollar 2010 ji okpukpu atọ dị ala nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] ($6,228) ma dị ala nke obodo ọ na-ekwu dị na ugwu ike Europe.  Otú ọ dị, ọ dị n'akụkụ nke Portugal ($1,789), [[Bulgaria]] ($1,670), [[Greece]] ($1,550), Russia ($1,550), na [[Serbia]] ($1,295). == Hụkwa == * Ụnwụ na Galicia Austria * Ndị Galili na-egbu egbu == Ihe ndetu == '''a''' Ọ bụ ezie na dị ka e gosipụtara site na nyocha nke njedebe 1840s ọnwụ na Zadoks, ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọnwụ na-ejikọta ndị sitere na agụụ na ọrịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Bodnar na-ekwu na ọnwụ bụ "typhus na-esote ụnwụ nduku". == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name="Crowley">David Crowley, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DHy7AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22bieda+galicyjska%22&pg=PA12 National Style and Nation-state: Design in Poland from the Vernacular Revival to the International Style''], Manchester University Press ND, 1992; {{ISBN|0-7190-3727-1}} (Google Print) p.12.</ref> <ref name="cepr20">Stephen Broadberry and Alexander Klein. [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.361.386&rep=rep1&type=pdf AGGREGATE AND PER CAPITA GDP IN EUROPE, 1870–2000: CONTINENTAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA WITH CHANGING BOUNDARIES] pg.20 Conversion from 1990 to 2010 dollars [http://stats.areppim.com/calc/calc_usdlrxdeflator.php here]</ref> <ref name="google230">Richard Sylla, Gianni Toniolo. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TepeBUZDCKsC&dq=per+capita+growth+regions+austria-hungary+dalmatia&pg=PA230 ''Patterns of European Industrialisation: The Nineteenth Century.''] pg. 230. Conversion from 1970 to 2010 dollars [http://stats.areppim.com/calc/calc_usdlrxdeflator.php here]</ref> <ref name="BartalPolonsky1999">{{cite book|author1=Israel Bartal|author2=Antony Polonsky|title=Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians, 1772–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wS8AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=Littman Library of Jewish Civilization|isbn=978-1-874774-40-2|page=19|quote=Galician poverty became proverbial in the second half of the nineteenth century}}</ref> <ref name="Bodnar1973">{{cite book|author=John E. Bodnar|title=The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiWs1AMfWasC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1973|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-1155-2|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Bodnar1973-48">{{cite book|author=John E. Bodnar|title=The ethnic experience in Pennsylvania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiWs1AMfWasC&pg=PA48|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1973|publisher=Bucknell University Press|isbn=978-0-8387-1155-2|page=48}}</ref> <ref name="Czuma1998">{{cite book|author=Mieczysław Czuma|title=Austriackie gadanie czyli encyklopedia galicyjska|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UdMAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1998|publisher=Oficyna Wydawniczo-Handlowa Anabasis|isbn=978-83-85931-06-5|page=145}}</ref> <ref name="Davies2001"/> <ref name="Davies2005"/> <ref name="Frank2005-4344">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|pages=43–44}}</ref> <!-- not used<ref name="Frank2005-4445">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|pages=44–45}}</ref>--> <ref name="Frank2005-45">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA45|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|page=45}}</ref> <ref name="Frank2005-47">{{cite book|author=Alison Fleig Frank|title=Oil empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNaFc1OdN-QC&pg=PA47|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03718-2|page=47}}</ref> <ref name="Frucht2005"/> <ref name="Harzig1997">{{cite book|author=Christiane Harzig|title=Peasant Maids, City Women: From the European Countryside to Urban America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0rjYhmuCIMC&pg=PA9|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1997|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8395-0|page=9}}</ref> <ref name="Lehmann2001">{{cite book|author=Rosa Lehmann|title=Symbiosis and ambivalence: Poles and Jews in a small Galician town|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmquXyIjVF8C&pg=PA33|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-505-7|pages=33–}}</ref> <ref name="MarkovitsSysyn1982">{{cite book|author=Ivan L. Rudnytsky|editor1=Andrei S. Markovits|editor2=Frank E. Sysyn|chapter=The Ukrainians in Galicia Under Austrian Rule|title=Nationalbuilding and the politics of nationalism: essays on Austrian Galicia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0II-Dy6KbzQC&pg=PA52|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=1982|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-60312-7|page=52|author1-link=Ivan L. Rudnytsky}}<br> *Also appears online in {{cite book |chapter=The Ukrainians in Galicia Under Austrian Rule |last1=Rudnytsky|first1=Ivan L. |title= Essays in Modern Ukrainian History |date= 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn= 9780916458195 |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysinmodernuk00rudn |author1-link=Ivan L. Rudnytsky|page=315}}</ref> <ref name="Petryshyn1985">{{cite book|author=Jaroslav Petryshyn|title=Peasants in the Promised Land: Canada and the Ukrainians|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsinpromis0000petr|url-access=registration|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=1 January 1985|publisher=James Lorimer & Company|isbn=978-0-88862-925-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsinpromis0000petr/page/31 31]}}</ref> <ref name="Rothstein2008">{{cite book|author=Robert Allen Rothstein|title=Two words to the wise: reflections on Polish language, literature, and folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmEpAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=31 December 2008|publisher=Slavica Publishers|isbn=978-0-89357-361-4|page=185}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-2122">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=2122}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-24">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-2425">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA24|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|pages=24–25}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-26">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA26|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=26}}</ref> <ref name="Stauter-Halsted2005-27">{{cite book|author=Keely Stauter-Halsted|title=The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7Nwn-WzLC4C&pg=PA27|accessdate=4 April 2013|date=28 February 2005|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8996-9|page=27}}</ref> <ref name="Szlaga2012">{{cite book|author1=Kamil Kowalczyk |author2=Grzegorz Moskal |author3=Michał Rapta |author4=Józef Szlaga |title=Rabka Juliana Zubrzyckiego|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3cfB65HSOgC&pg=PA43|accessdate=8 April 2013|year=2012|publisher=Historia Rabki|isbn=978-83-931788-4-1|page=43}}</ref> <ref name="Wolff2012-256">{{cite book|author=Larry Wolff|title=The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjQYHn7BTkC&pg=PA256|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7429-1|page=256}}</ref> <ref name="Wolff2012-289">{{cite book|author=Larry Wolff|title=The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgjQYHn7BTkC&pg=PA289|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=9 January 2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-7429-1|page=289}}</ref> <ref name="Zadoks2008">{{cite book|author=Jan C. Zadoks|title=On the Political Economy of Plant Disease Epidemics: Capita Selecta in Historical Epidemiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq9cyVB313QC&pg=PA102|accessdate=8 April 2013|date=15 October 2008|publisher=Wageningen Academic Pub|isbn=978-90-8686-086-9|page=102}}</ref>}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] li8t79wpxln372ptckcrkba5amd1bih 0 40124 742541 157398 2026-11-03T08:13:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Inweta Ndụ''' bụ ọrụ ebere dabere na Canterbury, England na-enyere ndị na-ehi ụra aka ike, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ndị nọ n'ụlọ enweghị nchebe. Ọ na-adabere na onyinye, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na inye ego n'ime obodo ya. <ref name="pack">{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchinglives.org/pdf/Partner-Pack.pdf|title=Info Pack|publisher=Catching Lives|accessdate=2010-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516213323/http://www.catchinglives.org/pdf/Partner-Pack.pdf|archivedate=2011-05-16}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} </link></link> , Achịbishọp nke Canterbury Rowan Williams bụ onye nkwado . <ref name="pack" /> Catching Lives' Open Center na-enye ndị ahịa ya ọrụ dịka nri, ịsa ahụ, ịsa ákwà, uwe na adreesị ozi-e. Ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụkọ ọrụ na ha iji dozie nsogbu ha nwere; nweta ebe obibi dabara adaba, wee chọta ihe mkpali ime usoro maka ibi ndụ kwụụrụ onwe ya. Ọrụ ebere ahụ na-arụ ebe nchekwa abalị oyi yana njikọ ụka dị n'ime obodo. 2016–2017 bụ oge nke asaa ya. Ọrụ a na-emepe ụlọ ụka maka Canterbury rough sleepers. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ebu ihe ndina, sie nri ma na-anabata ndị ọbịa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catchinglives.org/winter-shelter/|title=Winter Shelter|work=Catching Lives|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=4 December 2022|archivedate=6 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106113738/https://catchinglives.org/winter-shelter/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Aha === Inweta Ndụ malitere dị ka ''Canterbury Open Christmas'' ; tupu ọ bụrụ ''Canterbury Open Center'', wee bụrụ ''Scrine Foundation'' mgbe ndị guzobere Joan Scrine MBE na di ya Rev Ralph Scrine <ref name="3s"/> Na 1 Julaị 2010 ndị ọrụ ebere nakweere aha ya ugbu a. Ọ bụ Charity edebanyere aha, nọmba 1014868, yana ụlọ ọrụ nwere oke 2719436. === Evolution === Ebe mbụ Canterbury Open Center nyere ohere nnabata maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Canterbury. Na 2002 ọ na-etinye uche na ''Kent Literacy Scheme'' ; na 2004 ọrụ ndụmọdụ enweghị ebe obibi nke ''Canterbury Youth Project'' maka ndị na-eto eto, yana n'afọ 2005 ''ịchọta atụmatụ ụkwụ gị'' maka ndị na-achọ mgbaba . <ref name="3s">{{Cite web|first=Matthew|author=Little|title=Collaborators: Mergers save Kent care charities|url=http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/|work=Third Sector|date=2007-01-10|accessdate=2010-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930085907/http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/|archivedate=30 September 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLittle2007">Little, Matthew (10 January 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930085907/http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/ "Collaborators: Mergers save Kent care charities"]. ''Third Sector''. Archived from [http://www.thirdsector.co.uk/news/archive/628647/Collaborators-Mergers-save-Kent-care-charities/ the original] on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ntọala ahụ enyochala usoro mmezi mmanya na-aba n'anya maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na ọzụzụ pụrụ iche, ọzụzụ ọrụ. Otu ntọgharịgharị debere ndị ahịa ma nyere ndị nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ aka na-achọ ụlọ ogologo oge. Site na 2007 ọ na-arụ ọrụ oghere ụlọ mbikọ 146 ma nwee ndị ọrụ 60 oge niile. <ref name="3s"/> Na 2009, ọnwụ nke nkwekọrịta ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ £ 600,000 kwa afọ site na Kent County Council, bụ ndị na-ekwu na a naghị emezu ụkpụrụ dị mma, kpatara nsogbu ego. Ndị na-ahụ maka ntọala ahụ gọnarịrị ebubo ahụ mana ha ga-enye ndị ọrụ 66 niile ọkwa maka nrụkwa ọrụ . <ref name="Warren">{{citation | title=Funding crisis for Canterbury's homeless charity, the Scrine Foundation | first=Gerry | last=Warren | journal=Kentish Gazette | date=23 July 2009 | url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2009/july/23/funding_blow_for_scrine.aspx | accessdate=2010-09-02 | archive-date=16 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616141110/http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2009/july/23/funding_blow_for_scrine.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref> Na 31 October 2009 ebe nchekwa abalị nke Scrine Foundation mechiri mgbe afọ 14 gachara. Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, ọ meghere ka ọ bụrụ ebe etiti ụbọchị . == Ịnweta ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Old_Kings_School_Shop_Canterbury_1_(4901200691).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ndụ, 2010]] Inweta Lives Bookshop bụ ụlọ ọrụ afọ ofufo na-agba ọsọ akwụkwọ na-enyere aka ịkwado ọrụ ebere ahụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na ''The Crooked House'', nke a na-akpọkwa ''Sir John Boy's House'' ma ọ bụ ''Old Dutch House'', ihe dị egwu, nke narị afọ nke 17 skewed, okpukpu abụọ, ụlọ nke nwere ọkara na njedebe nke Palace Street, na-abụghị Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Eze . Ụlọ ahịa ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ndị kacha ese foto na Canterbury ma na-echekwa akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ akụkọ, yana CD, vinyl na DVD. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catchinglives.org/bookshop/|title=Catching Lives Bookshop|archivedate=24 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924151444/https://catchinglives.org/bookshop/|work=Catching Lives|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=2022-12-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.machadoink.com/Sir%20John%20Boys%20House.htm|title=Sir John Boy's House|work=Historic Canterbury|accessdate=4 December 2022|archivedate=9 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209011100/http://www.machadoink.com/Sir%20John%20Boys%20House.htm}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Enweghị ebe obibi na England == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|title=Every Day of the Year: A History of Canterbury Open Centre|first=Ralph|author=Scrine|publisher=Scrine Foundation|year=2004}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|51|16|27.5|N|1|4|38|E|type:landmark_region:GB-KEN}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1obtjioi4jcr9xxna2qq1n0rwmxdxoq 0 40139 742631 157414 2026-11-03T08:53:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Chichester_local_rates_bill_1929.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụgwọ ụtụ isi obodo 1928/29 sitere na Obodo Chichester na-egosi ụtụ maka Ọnụ Ọdịmma.]] Na England na Wales '''ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dara ogbenye''' bụ ụtụ isi n'ihe onwunwe a na-ana na parish ọ bụla, bụ nke e ji weta enyemaka na-adịghị mma . A chịkọtara ya n'okpuru ma Iwu Ogbenye Ochie na Iwu Ogbenye Ọhụrụ . A na-etinye ya n'ụtụ isi obodo 'n'ozuzu' n'afọ ndị 1920, ma na-aga n'ihu na Ụtụ Kansụl dị ugbu a. == Okwu mmalite == Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1601 chịkọtara iwu enyemaka na-adịghị mma na mbụ wee webata usoro nke akụrụngwa. <ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315040646/eg-council-tax-handbook-geoff-parsons-tim-rowcliffe-smith|title=EG Council Tax Handbook|first=Geoff|author=Parsons|date=1 October 2017|publisher=Estates Gazette|doi=10.4324/9781315040646}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFParsonsSmith2017">Parsons, Geoff; Smith, Tim Rowcliffe (1 October 2017). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315040646/eg-council-tax-handbook-geoff-parsons-tim-rowcliffe-smith "EG Council Tax Handbook"]. Estates Gazette. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9781315040646|10.4324/9781315040646]].</cite></ref> Iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye chọrọ ndị ọchịchị, nke a maara dị ka vestry, na parish ọ bụla na-ezukọ otu ugboro n'afọ iji tọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye na ịhọpụta onye nlekọta nke ndị ogbenye na-anakọta ọnụego. Ndị ikpe ziri ezi nke udo na nkeji nkeji anọ nwere òkè n'ịlele ndekọ ego nke ọnụego dara ogbenye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vahs.org.uk/vahs/papers/charlesworth.pdf|title=The Acts of 1601: Connections Between Poor Relief and Charity in a Legal and Local Context|author=Lorie Charlesworth|work=[[Voluntary Action History Society]]}}</ref> == Mgbanwe == Usoro nke nrịbama bụ isiokwu mgbanwe, dị ka ewepu ihe onwunwe na-abụghị nke parish ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ. <ref name="handbook"/> N'ihi na anakọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye ma mefuo na mpaghara n'ime otu parish ahụ , Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1662 kwadoro echiche nke mmezi iji wepụ ndị ogbenye na parish ndị ọzọ. Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 wepụrụ ọrụ maka nnakọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye site na akwa akwa parish. Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye nọgidere na-ahazi site na parish, nke ndị nlekọta iwu dara ogbenye na-anakọta ugbu a maka parish. N'agbanyeghị na a na-achịkọtakarị parish n'otu, parish ọ bụla nwere ike ịtọ ọnụego dị iche dabere na mmefu. N'ime narị afọ nke 19, a na-edozi ọtụtụ ihe na-adịghị mma na usoro parish, dịka ọmụmaatụ ebe a na-ekewa parish ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ụka nke ọ bụla na-eme ihe dị ka parish dị iche. Ụkpụrụ nke [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1866|Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1866]] ji mee ihe maka mpaghara kwesịrị ịmalite parish obodo bụ na ha na-esetịpụ ọnụ ọgụgụ adịghị mma nke ha. === London === Iwu Ogbenye Obodo 1867 ( 30 &amp;amp; 31 Vict. c. 6) hibere ọnụ ọgụgụ ogbenye obodo a ga-anakọta n'ofe mpaghara Board of Works nke Obodo ukwu . [[London (Equalisation of Rates) Act 1894|Iwu London (Equalisation of Rates) 1894]] nyere na parish bara ụba na ebe bụ ugbu a County nke London ga-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye nke ndị nwere obere ego nwere nnukwu mmefu. == Mkpochapụ == A na-eji usoro ọkwa maka ọnụego dara ogbenye dị ka ndabere nke ọnụego ndị ọzọ, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo izugbe sitere na 1738. Ejikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye dị iche na mpaghara mpaghara ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo site na [[Rating and Valuation Act 1925|Iwu Rating and Valuation Act 1925]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1925/90/pdfs/ukpga_19250090_en.pdf|title=Rating and Valuation Act, 1925|work=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> Ọrụ nke parish na ndị nlekọta na nhazi na nchịkọta ọnụego ka ewepụrụ site na 1930. Mpaghara na mpaghara ahụ ghọrọ [[Rating authorities|ndị nwe ọkwa]] maka ịtọ na ịnakọta ọnụego na nke a na-aga n'ihu na [[Billing authorities|ndị isi ịgba ụgwọ]] ugbu a na-edobe ma na-anakọta ụtụ isi kansụl . == Edensibia == dara ogbenye ma mefuo na mpaghara n'ime otu parish ahụ , Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1662 kwadoro echiche nke mmezi iji wepụdara ogbenye ma mefuo na mpaghara n'ime otu parish ahụ [[Iwu enyemaka ogbenye 1662|, Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1662]] kwadoro echiche nke mmezi iji wepụ{{Reflist}} 6l6ha5re07g9nmaqn99rraeit4y8tw1 0 40187 742504 157484 2026-11-03T08:07:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Beggars-sleep-near-the-LUKOIL.jpg|thumb| Ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-ehi ụra n'akụkụ isi ụlọ ọrụ Lukoil na Moscow]] '''Uperism''' ( from Latịn ogbenye 'ogbenye' ) bụ ịda ogbenye ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu ọnọdụ nke ịbụ ogbenye, ma ọ bụ karịsịa ọnọdụ nke ịbụ "onye ogbenye", ya bụ ịnweta enyemaka a na-elekọta n'okpuru Iwu Ogbenye Bekee . Site na nke a, pauperism nwekwara ike ịbụ karịa n'ozuzu ọnọdụ nke ịbụ na-akwado na ọha ego, n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí nke almshouses, na ka n'ozuzu, nke ndabere maka ihe ọ bụla bukwanu oge na ọrụ ebere enyemaka, ọha ma ọ bụ nzuzo. N'echiche a, a ga-amata oke ịda ogbenye na ịda ogbenye. <ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pauperism |volume=20 |page=967}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'okpuru Iwu Ogbenye Bekee, onye a ga-enwere onwe ya ga-abụ onye dara ogbenye, na oge ọ na-enwere onwe ya ọ ghọrọ ogbenye, n'ihi ya, ọ kpatara ụfọdụ nkwarụ obodo .  Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D; ''<span title="Statement needs to be''</sup> banyere ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye n'echiche a adịghị egosi ọnụọgụ nke ịda ogbenye n'ezie, kama nkọwa nke ndị mmadụ na nnata enyemaka iwu na-adịghị mma. <ref name="EB1911" /> Afọ 1830 wetara Europe nnukwu ihe isi ike akụ na ụba. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 19, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi ná mba Europe nile rịa elu nke ukwuu. Nke a rụpụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-achọ ọrụ karịa ọrụ. Ndị mmadụ si n'ime ime obodo kwagara n'obodo ukwu ka ha biri n'ime ụlọ mkpọmkpọ ebe karịrị akarị . Obere ndị na-emepụta ihe n'obodo chere asọmpi siri ike ihu site na ngwa ahịa dị ọnụ ala na-ebubata na England. Mmụba nke ọnụ ahịa nri butere n'ụkọ juru ebe niile. Ịda ogbenye n'ime afọ ndị agha (1918-1939) bụ maka ọtụtụ usoro nke gburu n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na usoro Iwu Ogbenye. Iwu ime obodo 1929 kagburu ụlọ ọrụ, na n'etiti 1929 na 1930 [[Kọmitii ndị nlekọta|ndị nchekwa iwu ogbenye]], " nnwale ụlọ ọrụ ," na okwu ahụ bụ "ụbịam" kwụsịrị. == Ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ == Ndị dara ogbenye na-amụ akwụkwọ n'England na Wales bụ ụmụ ndị dara ogbenye bụ́ ndị ndị nlekọta parish na ndị chọọchị nọ n'ógbè ahụ chụpụrụ. Ụfọdụ aghaghị ime njem dị anya iji jee ozi n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha jere ozi n'ime kilomita ole na ole nke ụlọ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Workhouse Children|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/IRworkhouse.htm|accessdate=2023-11-18|work=Spartacus Educational|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pauper Apprentices|url=http://www1.conyers.stockton.sch.uk/sparkingthegap/victorians/pauper.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504023959/http://www.conyers.stockton.sch.uk/sparkingthegap/victorians/pauper.asp|archivedate=4 May 2006|accessdate=18 November 2023|work=www.conyers.stockton.sch.uk}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omenala nke ịda ogbenye * Ndị ji ụgwọ amaghị aha * Olili ozu onye ogbenye * Ndị agha nchekwa nchekwa * Mwepu ọha * Ihere ọha mmadụ * ''Onye isi ala na onye ogbenye'' * Ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Leighton|first=Baldwyn|authorlink=Sir Baldwyn Leighton, 8th Baronet|title=[[s:Pauperization: cause and cure|Pauperization: cause and cure]]|year=1871|publisher=Messrs. Sandford|location=Shrewsbury}} dklstyinehtdxwu16dyqv1v8lzh4yzg 0 40434 742750 176924 2026-11-03T09:31:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742750 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Trinity House Maritime Museum - geograph.org.uk - 626296.jpg|thumb|Trinity House Maritime Museum]] Ụmụ akwụkwọ Atọ n'Ime Otu, 99 Kirkgate, bụ ụlọ dị na Leith, Edinburgh, Scotland, nke bụ ụlọ ụlọ guild, ụlọ omenala, na etiti maka ụgbọ mmiri na-eme ka mma .  N'ọgwụ Middle Ages na Early Modern Era ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ebere na ụlọ ọgwụ .  Ugbu a steeti, ọ nwere ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie nke ụgbọ mmiri .  Ọ bụ ngalaba A depụtara ụlọ == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Nna-ukwu na Mariners nke Leith === [[Usòrò:Convening_Room_Trinity_House,_Leith_N_wall.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ụlọ Nzukọ Atọ n'Ime Otu]] <ref name="electric">{{Cite web|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/leith/11.htm|title=The Story of Leith - The Trade Guilds of Leith|publisher=Electric Scotland|accessdate=25 August 2020}}</ref>Na 1380 Eze Robert II nyere Incorporation nke Master na Mariners nke Leith ikike ikike ọrụnye ọrụ, nke a na-akpọ praịm gilt, nke pennies 12 na tɔn ngwa-ahịa ụgbọ ala rutere na Leith.  A na-anakọta ego ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọ ego okpueze.  A na-eme azụmahịa nke ukwuu n'elu oke osimiri North, yana mpaghara Nordic na Baltic, Mba ndị dị ala na France.  A na- Iche ego ndị isi na ego okpueze kpalitere maka nhọrọ nke ndị ọrịa, ndị ogbenye na ndị inyom di ha die na ụmụ mgbei nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri furu efu ma ọ bụ ndị e jidere;  na ilekọta ndị agadi na-akọ mmiri.  [1] Ndị Nna-ukwu na ndị ụgbọ mmiri nke ndị nwe Atọ n'Ime Otu dị na Kirkgate bụ ndị kacha ochie wee bụrụ ndị kacha baa anụ na ụlọ ọrụ nke Leith Mgbidi dị n'ebe ugwu nke Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nwere nkume ntọala nke e dere na 1555. Nke a na-emegidetụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ochie nke na-ekwu na e wuru Atọ n'Ime Otu na 1560 iji dochie anya "St Anthony's blockhouse" (nke a makwaara dị ka St Anthony's Kirk) ihe owuwu yiri nke siri ike na-achịkwa ịnweta Kirkgate. Ụlọ mgbochi St Anthony metụtara nke ọma na St. Anthony's Perceptory, obere saịtị monastic. Ihe ndekọ na-ekwu na a kụdara ụlọ ahụ n'ala na 1560. O doro anya na nke a hapụrụ ụlọ arụrụ arụ nke ka dị n'okpuru Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu. <ref>''Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh''; vol. 6, ch. 24</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/about-us/branches/edinburgh/programme-2019-2020/january-branch-visit-trinity-house/|title=Trinity House|publisher=Saltire Society|accessdate=25 August 2020|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930211358/https://www.saltiresociety.org.uk/about-us/branches/edinburgh/programme-2019-2020/january-branch-visit-trinity-house/}}</ref>N'ịgbaso ọtụtụ faịlụ mgbasa ozi, na 1566 Mary Queen nke Scots ikike ikike nke Incorporation nakọta ọnụ: na-akwado "onyinye, ntọala, ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ na nke praịm gilt".  jụjụ nchegbu ga-ebute njichi nke ụgbọ mmiri na arịlịka . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8516000/8516036.stm|title=London's lighthouse and the story of Trinity Quay Wharf|publisher=BBC|date=19 February 2010}}</ref>N'ịche maka imeziwanye nchekwa n'oké osimiri, Trinity House hiwere egwu mmiri mbụ na mba ahụ ndị ụgbọ mmiri elu nwera ikike maka Forth na gburugburu oke osimiri Scottish .  Site na ndịkọta ego Licht (ego dị mfe), ka ọ na-erule ụtụtụ nke 17, ha nọ na-edobe ọkụ na-agba ọkụ n'oge ochie.  Na dandan afã nke 19, Ndị nwe Atọ n'Ime Otu ngosi aka na nhazi na ego nke ụlọ ọkụ na nke ike na ya bụ ndị na-enweta nri na nkà na eze.  Ndị ọkụ ụlọ ọkụ Bell Rock, ụlọ ọkụ Fidra na ụlọ ọkụ Isle nke May Na 29 June 1797 Ụlọọrụ nke Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith ka enyere ikike ikike eze . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/api/file/3ce41469-1993-4e61-958c-ab3c00d590fe|title=Statement of Significant: Trinity House|publisher=Historic Environment Scotland|accessdate=25 August 2020|archivedate=22 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022035450/https://pub-prod-sdk.azurewebsites.net/api/file/3ce41469-1993-4e61-958c-ab3c00d590fe}}</ref> Nke a gbanwere ahụ ahụ site na naanị ụlọ ọrụ n'aha, ọkwa ọrụ ebere, gaa n'ezi ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge a, ha nwetara ọrụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ịhọrọ na inye ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ikike. Ha kwadokwara ikike ịtụ ụtụ isi ha, na-ana otu penny maka tọn ngwá ahịa ọ bụla a na-ebupụ, na-eji ego a na-enyere ndị ogbenye aka. Na mgbakwunye, onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla ga-akwụ 6d kwa afọ, a na-ekesakwa ego a maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dara ogbenye. <ref>''Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh''; vol. 6, ch. 24</ref> Na narị afọ nke 18, Masters na Mariners tinyere ego na ala, nke a bịara mara dị ka Trinity Mains, na nso obodo Newhaven . Ala a mechara ghọọ mpaghara Leith wee bata na mpaghara Atọ n'Ime Otu . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.nls.uk/directories/browse/archive/84927458?mode=transcription|title=Leith: Trinity Mains|publisher=Scottish Post Office Directory|year=1830|accessdate=25 August 2020}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/6dd34d87-5faa-3d6e-b18c-238506de6c53|title=Leith Nautical College|publisher=Archives Hub|accessdate=25 August 2020}}</ref>N'ihi ihe a maka iru eru nke iwu akwụkwọ na Merchant Seamen Act 1844, na 1855 Trinity House na ndị ọzọ Leith òtù nzuzo ntọala Leith Navigational School (nke a na-akpọkwa Ndị Akwụkwọ Navigation Government), nke onyeisi na ọnụ ụlọ dị  na St Ninian Church (nke a na-akpọkwa).  Churchka Mariners), na Commercial Street.  Na 1903 Leith Navigation School bịara n'okpuruokpuru nke Scottish Education Department, na aha a akara na Leith Nautical College (ebe merged ngwaọrụ nke Jewel & Esk College, nke na 2012 mergedi Edinburgh College ) === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ahụ === <ref name="historic scotland">{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB27834|desc=99 New Kirkgate, Trinity House|cat=A|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>Na 1555 Incorporation nwere ego zuru ezu iji wuo ụlọ ọgwụ na Kirkgate.  A na-etinye okpuru ulo na oghere nke ụlọ awụ nke 16 n'ime ụlọ dị ugbu a, nke Thomas Brown mere n'ụdị neoclassical ma wuchaa na 1818. [1] [2] Ndị nwe ahụ nwere ọnụ ụzọ atọ n'  ihu elu ma nwere ihe owuwu ụzọ mbata nke ogidi Doric na ọnụ n'ala ala;  ikiri windo nwere ogidi Ionic yana mpio fanlight ፊልም dì n'elu n'ala nke mbụ. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] dh764ns1853gs0h7hiany1o2ucc23yi 0 40580 742670 158047 2026-11-03T08:59:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ụbọchị Jumper Christmas''' bụ mkpọsa ego kwa afọ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] na Ireland nke ndị ọrụ ebere Save the Children na UK haziri. N'otu ụbọchị a kapịrị ọnụ na Disemba, a na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ka ''ha jiri sweta mee ka ụwa ka mma'' ma nweta ego maka Save the Children site na iyi uwe ekeresimesi na inye onyinye a tụrụ aro nke £ 2 (€ 2) maka ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lake|first=Howard|date=2012-11-29|title=Save the Children announces Christmas Jumper Day campaign|url=https://fundraising.co.uk/2012/11/29/save-children-announces-christmas-jumper-day-campaign/|accessdate=2022-12-05|work=UK Fundraising|language=en}}</ref> Na 2023, Save the Children's Christmas Jumper Day bụ Tọzdee 7 Disemba. Iji sonye ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịdebanye aha ebe ọrụ ha, ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ otu ezinụlọ na ndị enyi na webụsaịtị Save the Children Christmas Jumper Day. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Save the Children chọsiri ike ịhụ na ụbọchị Jumper ekeresimesi na-adigide dịka o kwere mee. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-07|title=Christmas jumper day goes green to cut down on plastic waste|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/dec/07/christmas-jumper-day-goes-green-to-cut-down-on-plastic-waste|accessdate=2022-12-02|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Ndị na-ekere òkè nwere ike iyi uwe mwụda ekeresimesi ha nweburu, zụọ ahịa maka onye na-agbapụta mmanya vine, jiri ihe ịchọ mma mma chọọ onye dị adị ugbu a mma, ma ọ bụ ọbụna kee nke ha. Ụbọchị Jumper Christmas na-ewu ewu na ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe ọrụ. Otu dị iche iche nwere ike isonye na mmemme inye ego ọzọ n'ụbọchị, yana inye onyinye. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Jenkins|first=Bethan Rose|date=2021-11-09|title=Holly Willoughby and Kate Garraway join Save the Children's Christmas Jumper Day's 2021 campaign|url=https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/news/a38198928/holly-willoughby-kate-garraway-christmas-jumper-day/|accessdate=2022-12-02|work=Good Housekeeping|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJenkins2021">Jenkins, Bethan Rose (9 November 2021). [https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/news/a38198928/holly-willoughby-kate-garraway-christmas-jumper-day/ "Holly Willoughby and Kate Garraway join Save the Children's Christmas Jumper Day's 2021 campaign"]. ''Good Housekeeping''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Save the Children ewepụtala ụbọchị Jumper ekeresimesi ha na 2012 na Fraịde, Disemba 14, wee nwetala £30 nde iji nyere ụmụaka aka gburugburu ụwa. Ndị a ma ama kwadoro ihe omume ahụ n'oge gara aga gụnyere onye na-egosi TV Holly Willoughby, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Helen Mirren, ihe nlereanya Kate Moss, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Luke Evans na Olympian Mo Farah . <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dame Helen Mirren among stars supporting Christmas Jumper Day|url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/dame-helen-mirren-among-stars-supporting-christmas-jumper-day-41087653.html|accessdate=2022-12-02|work=independent|date=25 November 2021|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sansome|first=Jessica|date=2018-11-28|title=Save the Children launch celebrity-backed festive jumpers|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/save-children-launch-celebrity-backed-15473354|accessdate=2022-12-02|work=Manchester Evening News|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == nwere ike iyi uwe mwụda ekeresimesi ha nweburu, zụọ ahịa maka onye na-agbapụta mmanya vine, jiri ihe ịchọ mma mma chọọ onye dị adị ugbu{{Reflist}} aypx101zjkqguao95znp28svsu0xqzo 0 40583 742743 707872 2026-11-03T09:30:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742743 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Wilbrahams_Almshouses_Welsh_Row_Nantwich2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Tollemache Almshouses, 118–128 Welsh Ahịrị, Nantwich]] Tollemache Almshouses, nke na-atọ dị ka Wilbraham Almshouses ma ọ bụ Wilbraham's Almshouses, bụ ụlọ isii mbụ na Nantwich, Cheshire, England.  Ha nọ na nọmba nke ụlọ atọ nke ọlụ, nke dị n'ụdị ugwu Welsh Row na 118-128 (na SJ6442852469).<nowiki></link></nowiki> ).  Ndị agha ndị dị ugbu a, bụ ndị ụfọdụ na ɔkwa II, [1] bụ ndị wuru na 1870 site n'aka John Tollemache (emesịa akwado Baron Tollemache mbụ) iji nwunye ụlọ nkwari akụ dị n'ụdị nke Sir Roger Wilbraham ntọala na  1613. Emezi nye ụlọ ọrụ ebere ndị ahụ na 1980 ma na- ịgba na-eji ebe obibi.  ọgwụ St Lawrence, ụlọ ochie maka ndị ekpenta, dị na ma ọ bụ n'ikiri ebe a na-enye onyinye ebere ugbu a. Nikolaus Pevsner na-ewere Welsh Row "okporo ụzọ ámá kacha mma nke Nantwich".  [1] Okporo ámá ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ma mara ya maka maka nke ụdị ụlọ ụlọ, [2] ụlọ ndị oji na ndị ọcha osisi dị ka ụlọ Wilbraham na ndị di ha nwụrụ, ụlọ obodo Georgian dị ka Townwell House na  ọnụ ọgụgụ 83, na ndị ọchịchị Victoria dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar mbụ, Ndị Akwụkwọ Methodist Primitive na Savings Bank == Hospitallọ ọgwụ St Lawrence == <ref>Hall, pp. 53–54</ref>Tollemache Almshouses nwere ike dị na ma ọ bụ nso saịtị nke Ndị Mmekọ Ọgwụgwụ St Lawrence, ụlọ ochie maka ndị ekpenta nke ezinụlọ ntọala ya;  ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndị ogbenye na- arịa ọrịa na gburugburu 1348.  Ahịrị.  Ọ bụ ebe e na mpaghara ya na mpaghara n'ụdị ụlọ ochie almshouse site n'aka Joseph Partridge, onye edemede nke ihe mere eme mbụ nke Nantwich, ọ dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ akara kpọmkwem maka ebe ọ dị <ref name="Lamberton">Lamberton & Gray, p. 12</ref> <ref name="Garton_Saxon">Garton 1972, pp. 8–9</ref> <ref name="Garton_Tudor">Garton 1983, p. 13</ref> == Ụlọ nkwari akụ nke Wilbraham == <ref name="Blacklay">Blacklay, pp. 33–35</ref>Na 1613, Sir Roger Wilbraham nke Dorfold Hall hiwere ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị ogbenye isii n'oge ahụ bụ njedebe nke Welsh Row (mgbe e ebere The Maltkilns na ọnụọgụ 112–116);  ha bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke obodo ahụ.  [1] Ezin, Wilbraham na-elekọta Wilbraham's Almshouses ruo 1692, mgbe ọrụ maka ha kpọrọ n'ime ihe Tollemache n'ihi ozi na nke mbụ nke Grace Wilbraham, onye nketa Wilbraham, nye Lionel Tollemache, Earl nke Dysart nke atọ <ref>Hall, p. 21</ref> == Akụkọ banyere ụlọ alms dị ugbu a == <ref name="Hall">Hall, pp. 249, 358, 379</ref>Ọ bụ John Tollemache, onye sitere n'agbụrụ Sir Roger Wilbraham, wuru ụlọ alms dị ugbu a na 1870 iji akara Wilbraham's Almshouses nke guzoro n'ụdị.  [1] [2] Tollemache, nke Peckforton Castle na Helmingham Hall, Suffolk, jere ozi nke ọma dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu South na West Cheshire, wee jide Baron Tollemache mbụ na 1876. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye nwe ala kacha na  Cheshire;  na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ebere, o wuru ihe ụlọ ụlọ iri ise na ọtụtụ ụlọ, ma nyekwa ala maka ndị ahịa Nantwich. <ref name="Blacklay"/>Ezinụlọ Tollemache Alms na-eso ụzọ n'ụdị ụlọ Alms nke Wilbraham, ma e wuru ya n'ubi ha, n'oge ahụ bụ njedebe nke Welsh Row.  Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ebere mbụ, ha na-anabata ndị ikom isii;  anɔ si Nantwich na abụọ si n'obodo nta dị nso nke Acton .  [1] [2] N'afọ 1880, ndị bi na ya bụ ndị nwoke na-egosi ochie;  e kwere ka ndị inyom ha di ha edi ka ha ngwaọrụ ma ọ jiid na ha 'mere onwe ha nke ọma.  [1] Ọkọ ihe mere eme James Hall ụlọ ọrụ ebere n'oge ahụ dị ka "ihe dị mma nke ụlọ okpukpu abụọ, nke ubi ha dị n'ihu" bụ "ihe omume mma na nstụtụ ihuenyo nke obodo ahụ"  .  [1] Na 1892, afọ afụfụ afọ ebere mbụ bụ £12.  Ndị ọrụ ahụ ahụ ebere na-anata shilling 10 kwa ndị, otu ụzọ ụkwụ kwa afọ yana £ 1 4s 6d kwa afọ maka uwe ndị ọzọ sitere na sitere na Tollemache.  Na mgbakwunye, onyinye na onyinye izizi sitere n'aka Peter Sprout yana site n'aka Elizabeth na Mary Bennion, n'otu n'otu, butere mgbakwunye £2 kwa isi gbakwunyere òkè nke £21 10s kwa afọ.  [1] [2] nhụjuanya e mere n’ụbọchị 23 Jun 1870 siri dị, otu onye nke Wilbraham Almshouse Charity bụ John Tollemache, onye àmà ọrụ ebere;  Eziniche Tollemache gara n'ihu na-edobe ụlọ ọrụ ebere ruo 1978 <ref name="Kellys_1892">''Kelly's Directory'' (1892)</ref> <ref name="Blacklay" />Na 1975, ụlọ ọrụ alms na-akwado onwe ha, yana ihe ego kwa afọ site na nrụzi nke ihe ọmụmụ £700, na mgbakwunye na £18.30 sitere na ụlọ Tollemache dị na Peckforton na £20 sitere na ọrụ ebere nke Bennions ozugbo.  [1] (Ntụnye aka sitere na Peter Sprout Charity echerela tupu 1939. [2] ) Na 21 Ma ọchịchị 1978, afọ ole na ole mgbe Major John Tollemache nwụsịrị, Baron Tollemache nke anọ, ụmụaka nke Wilbraham Almshouse Charity na-aka ndị ikwu  nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Almshouse Charities nke Sir Edmund Wright, Crewe na ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị jigidere Wright's, Crewe na Harriet Hope Almshouses, n'agbanyeghị na ndị ọrụ ebere ahụ ka dị iche.  Emezi ebere ma mezi ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ebere ahụ na 3 June 1980, na ọnụ ahịa £71,500.  Dinah, Lady Tollemache, Manjo Tollemache meghere ya na 24 Nọvemba p in ff ll1980 [[Usòrò:Tollemache_badge_detail.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|160x160px| Window nwere oghere na plaque]] == Nkọwa == Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ahụ dị n'ime ụlọ abụọ yiri nke e debere nke ọma n'okporo ámá dị n'azụ ogige dị n'ihu mgbidi. Ngwongwo nke ọ bụla nwere ụlọ atọ nwere brik na-acha uhie uhie nke otu ụlọ elu gbakwunyere ọnụ ụlọ dị n'okpuru ụlọ elu tiedi, nwere nku njedebe abụọ nwere obere nku. The gables nwere sham osisi akpụ akpụ na nke dị gịrịgịrị n'ikpeazụ . Enwere mmechi ndị yiri ya na nsọtụ elu ụlọ yana kpọkọtara chaimni abụọ a ma ama. Ngwongwo nke ọ bụla nwere ọnụ ụzọ atọ na-enweghị mma nke nwere isi mgbago. N'elu ọnụ ụzọ etiti ahụ bụ ihe nkedo nkedo nke nwere akwa mkpuchi nke ezinụlọ Tollemache na ụbọchị 1870. <ref name="IoE">{{NHLE |num= 1249725|desc= Wilbraham's Almshouses, Nantwich|accessdate= 11 August 2012}}</ref> <ref>Simpson, plate 117</ref> Ala ala nwere windo mkpuchi anọ, otu n'ime ọkụ abụọ na atọ nke ọkụ atọ; enwere oghere anọ nwere ọkụ abụọ n'ala ụlọ elu ahụ, abụọ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-edobe oghere. Window niile bụ ígwè nwere ụkpụrụ diamond ma nwee isi mgbawa. <ref name="IoE" /> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Isi mmalite == * {{Cite book|author=Bavington|first=G|title=Nantwich, Worleston & Wybunbury: A Portrait in Old Picture Postcards|publisher=Brampton Publications|year=1987|isbn=0 9511469 6 3}} * {{Cite book|author=Blacklay|first=F|title=Almshouses of Nantwich|publisher=A4 Media Services|year=1995}} * {{Cite book|author=Garton|first=E.|title=Nantwich, Saxon to Puritan: A History of the Hundred of Nantwich, c 1050 to c 1642|publisher=Johnson & Son|location=Nantwich|year=1972|isbn=0950273805}} * {{Cite book|author=Garton|first=E.|title=Tudor Nantwich: A Study of Life in Nantwich in the Sixteenth Century|publisher=Cheshire County Council Libraries and Museums|year=1983|isbn=0 903017 05 9}} * {{Cite book|author=Hall|first=J.|title=A History of the Town and Parish of Nantwich, or Wich Malbank, in the County Palatine of Chester|edition=2|publisher=E. J. Morten|year=1972|isbn=0-901598-24-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Lamberton|first=A.|title=Lost Houses in Nantwich|publisher=Landmark Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1 84306 202 X}} * {{Cite book|author=Pevsner|first=Nicholas|title=The Buildings of England: Cheshire|url=https://archive.org/details/buildingsofengla0000niko_a9e6|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1971|isbn=0 14 071042 6}} * {{Cite book|author=Simpson|first=R.|title=Crewe and Nantwich: A Pictorial History|publisher=Phillimore|year=1991|isbn=0 85033 724 0}} [[Òtù:Aha]] ged3uzadxsh23qqsxb44yeaphonbs80 0 40586 742746 158054 2026-11-03T09:30:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742746 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:112-116_Welsh_Row_Nantwich.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ụlọ Almshouse nke Wilbraham, 112–116 Welsh Row, Nantwich]] .Wilbraham's Almshouses, nke akwụkwọ dị ka Wilbraham Almshouses, bụ ụlọ ọrụ isii mbụ na Nantwich, Cheshire, England, nke dị n'ụdị ugwu Welsh Row na nọmba 112–116 (na SJ6444252448).<nowiki></link></nowiki> ).  Sir Roger Wilbraham ntọala ntọala na 1613, ha bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke obodo.  A ila na-eji ha dị ka ebe a na-ere nri ruo ruo 1870, mgbe Tollemache Almshouses nọchiri anya ha.  Eji ahụ ejiri osisi, nke afọ na ọkwa II, [1] emesịa jiri ya dị ka ụlọ malt na ụlọ, ma emesịa jiri nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ otu ụlọ.  Hospitallọ ọgwụ St Lawrence, ụlọ ochie maka ndị ekpenta, nwere ike dị nso Nikolaus Pevsner na-ewere Welsh Row "okporo ụzọ ámá kacha mma nke Nantwich".  [1] Okporo ámá ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ma mara ya maka maka nke ụdị ụlọ, [2] ụlọ ndị ọzọ na-acha oji na ndị na-acha ọcha dị ka ụlọ ndị di ha nke sitere n'eriri Sir  Roger, ụlọ obodo Georgian dị ka Townwell House na ọnụ ọgụgụ 83 .  na ụlọ ndị Victoria dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ Grammar mbụ, Primitive Methodist Chapel na Savings Bank == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Almshouses,_Acton_churchyard2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px| Almshouses dị na Acton, nke Sir Roger Wilbraham hiwere na 1613]] <ref>Latham, pp. 115–119</ref> Sir Roger Wilbraham (1553–1616) bụ ọkaiwu ama ama nke jere ozi dị ka onye ọka iwu na Ireland n'okpuru Elizabeth I wee nwee ọtụtụ ọkwa n'okpuru ikpe n'okpuru James I. Amụrụ na Nantwich, ọ ụlọ ala Dorfold na  parish dị nso nke Acton na 1602<ref>Hall, p. 437</ref> Na 1613, Sir Roger ntọala almshouses maka ndị ogbenye isii n'oge ahụ bụ njedebe nke Welsh Row;  ha bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke obodo ahụ.  [1] ọgwụ St Lawrence, ụlọ ochie maka ekpenta, sere na ọ dị nso ebe a na-ere nri.  [2] [3] A ga- ojiji n'ime ndị isi isii ahụ site na Nantwich, na abụọ sitere na parish nke Acton.  Onye ọgwụ ọ nsogbu na-enwetabu akara anɔ (£ 2 13 s 4 d ) kwa afã (dị ka William Webb si kwuo, akara ise, ma ọ bụ £ 3 6 s 8 d ), yana akwa akwa abụọ.  [1] N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ntọala otu ụzọ almshouse n'ime obodo Acton.  [4] [5] mbụ Nantwich almshouse bụ Ọ ga- obodo na ọ dị ka ụdị ụlọ Acton dị iche ka ụlọ ahụ agbanweela nke ukwuu nke dị na ahịrị Welsh.  [1] Webb ụlọ ụlọ alms ọ àlà na 1622 dị ka "ihe mara mma" nwere "obere ubi".  [2] Mgbidi mbụ dị n' okporo ama nwere ọnụ ụzọ ámá nkume;  A na-eche na nke a bugara n'ogige Townsend House (nke a kwatuola ugbu a), ụlọ Welsh Row nke Wilbraham, ma ọzọ gaa n'ogige Dorfold Hall. <ref>Hall, pp. 306, 362</ref>Tupu 1661–62, onyunyo Nantwich almshouse ji £12 kwa afọ site n'aka Lady Grace Wilbraham nke Woodhey .  [1] Ezin akara Wilbraham na-elekọta Wilbraham's Almshouses ruo 1692, mgbe ọrụ maka ha kpọrọ n'ime ihe Tollemache n'ihi ozi na nke mbụ nke Grace Wilbraham, onye nketa Wilbraham, nye Lionel Tollemache, Earl nke Dysart nke atọ.  [2] [3] Ka ọ na-erule 1774, ndị ọrụ na-anata shilling 40 na otu akpụkpọ ụkwụ kwa afọ, na uwe isi awọ na-eche ihu na-acha ọgụ na okpu kwa afọ.  [1] [4] N'afọ 1856, onyunyo onyunyo almshouse ,arọla nke ukwuu site n'arọọ nke £738 13 s 7 d sitere n'aka Elizabeth na Mary Bennion, nchoputa nke onye ozi St Mary <ref>''Morris & Co's Directory'' (1874)</ref> N'afọ 1870, e ji ihe dị nso Tollemache Almshouses mkpa Wilbraham's Almshouse, nke John Tollemache, onye sitere na Sir Roger Wilbraham wuru, n'ogige nke Wilbraham's Almshouses.  E mechara jiri ụlọ almshouse dị ka ụlọ malt, na ስጋ afụ nke 20, a mara ya dị ka Maltkilns.  [1] [2] Elu ụlọ mbụ ahụ a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ ka dị na 1907, mgbe e kewara ụlọ ahụ ka ọ ọnụ ụlọ anọ nwere okpukpu abụọ.  Ka ọ na-erule n'ihe dị ka afọ 1930, e jirila corrugated ụlọ ahụ, e mebiekwara ụlọ ahụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 1971. [3] [1] onye ọrụ mbụ mbụ emesịa enwee ike dị ukwuu iji guzobe otu  ụlọ. == Nkọwa == <ref name="IoE">{{NHLE |num= 1249568|desc= 112–116 Welsh Row, Nantwich|accessdate= 11 August 2012}}</ref>112–116 Ahịrị Welsh bụ ụlọ ejiri osisi, na-acha oji na-acha ọcha, nke siri n'okporo ụzọ dị n'azụ dị ala.  Ọ nwere ụlọ abụọ dị ala nke nwere n'iche brik ọgbara ọhụrụ n'okpuru elu ụlọ.  [1] [2] Otu ụlọ dị ugbu a na-agụnye nke osisi osisi nke ncheta afọ nke 16. [1] Pevsner na-ede na "[t] ọ facade yiri ka ọ na-agbago n'ihu."  [2] N'ala ala nwere windo ise nke ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke transomed, yana ọnụ ụzọ etiti nwere echiche nke ntakiri n'elu. == Ojiji nke oge a == Ụlọ alms bụzi otu ebe obibi, Malthouse Cottage. == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ ndị edepụtara na Nantwich * Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ ebere na United Kingdom == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Isi mmalite == * Bavington G ''et al'' . ''Nantwich, Worleston & Wybunbury: Eserese dị na kaadị akwụkwọ ozi foto ochie'' (Brampton Publications; 1987)  ) * Blacklay F. ''Almshouses nke Nantwich'' (Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi A4; 1995) * Ụlọ Nzukọ J. ''A History nke Obodo na Parish nke Nantwich, ma ọ bụ Wich Malbank, na County Palatine nke Chester'' (2nd edn) (EJ Morten; 1972) (  ) * Latham FA, ed. ''Acton'' (Ndị otu akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo; 1995) (  ) * Lamberton A, Grey R. ''Ụlọ ndị furu efu na Nantwich'' (Mbipụta Ala; 2005) (  ) * Pevsner N, Hubbard E. ''Ụlọ ndị England: Cheshire'' (Akwụkwọ Penguin; 1971)  ) * Simpson R. ''Crewe na Nantwich: Akụkọ ihe osise'' (Philmore; 1991) (  ) * Vaughan D. ''Nantwich: Ọ Dị Ka Nke a'' (Nantwich Museum; 1987) [[Òtù:Aha]] ikw25a3cmw2djt7srio843zkcwi9unt 0 40587 742759 177002 2026-11-03T09:32:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Historic Site|name=Nine Houses, Chester|native_name=|image=The Nine Houses - geograph.org.uk - 137218.jpg|image_size=250|caption=Nine Houses, Chester|locmapin=Cheshire|map_width=250|map_caption=Location in Cheshire|alt=|coordinates={{coord|53.1884|-2.8881|display=inline,title}}|location=Park Street, [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]], England|gbgridref=SJ 408 661|area=|elevation=|formed=|founded=|built=c. 1650|built_for=|demolished=|rebuilt=|restored=1968–69|restored_by=[[Chester City Council]]|architect=|architecture=|visitation_num=|visitation_year=|governing_body=|designation1=Grade II|designation1_offname=|designation1_type=|designation1_criteria=|designation1_date=28 July 1955|delisted1_date=|designation1_parent=|designation1_number=1376376|designation1_free1name=|designation1_free1value=|designation1_free2name=|designation1_free2value=|designation1_free3name=|designation1_free3value=|designation2=|designation2_offname=|designation2_type=|designation2_criteria=|designation2_date=|delisted2_date=|designation2_parent=|designation2_number=|designation2_free1name=|designation2_free1value=|designation2_free2name=|designation2_free2value=|designation2_free3name=|designation2_free3value=}} Ndị ọchịchị, nke naanị isii, dị na Park Street, Chester, Cheshire, England.  Edere ahịrị ụlọ ahụ na Ndekọ Ihe Nketa Mba maka England dịka ọkwa ọkwa ahapụtara II depụtara ụlọ .  [1] Ha chere ihu n'amara mmalite nke obodo Chester [[Usòrò:The Nine Houses - geograph.org.uk - 137218.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ itoolu dị na Chester ]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="lang">{{Citation |editor1-last= Langtree|editor1-first= Stephen|editor2-last= Comyns|editor2-first= Alan| year = 2001| title = 2000 Years of Building: Chester's Architectural Legacy| publication-place = Chester| publisher = Chester Civic Trust| page = 103| isbn = 0-9540152-0-7}}</ref>Ndị nwe ahụ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ ebere ndị dị na Chester tupu apụ nke 19. [1] E wuru ha n'ihe dị ka afọ 1650. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1960, ụlọ ndị ahụ dara.  ada ma mmetụta n'ihe egwu nke ego.  Enwere ike iji ike ha nke Chester Civic Trust na Chester Archaeological Society duziri.  Ndị Society maka Nchedo nke ndị Ochie akpụkpọ ụkwụ, na-esochi nke Chester City Council rụzi ma wughachi ha na 1968–69.  A faịlụ iji brik ochie rụzie ikike ikpeazụ, e wughachikwara akwụkwọ ahụ azụ ahụ kpam kpam == Nhazi == <ref name="nhl">{{NHLE|num=1376376|desc=The Nine Houses (of which six remain), Chester|accessdate=1 November 2011|mode=cs2}}</ref>Ahịrị dị nwera ọnụ ụlọ isii ndị ọnụ na ụlọ elu abụọ.  Ndị nke ọ lesara otu ọnụ mmiri .  [1] A na-eji brik ụlọ ụlọ dị n'okpuru ebe a na-eji okwute dị ala, yana akwa akwa n'ụdị ụzọ mbata nke nwere ọnụ ụzọ osisi oak.  Ndị ike elu dị n'elu bụ osisi na jettied, ma nwee osisi a na-adzọba n'ihu.  [2] N'ime ọnụ ụlọ dị n'okpuru nke ụlọ nke ọ gbakwunye, windo sash nwere pane 12, nke na-amịpụta n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ.  Ndị nwe elu nke nwere mgbara nwere windo sash pane 16 na-amịpụta == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] e20xz6a3rhmayyfhk11cb5xhdu2vf29 0 40792 742375 177032 2026-11-03T02:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Snap Lake mine in Feb.jpg|thumb]]   Snap Lake Mine bụ ọrụ dịpụrụ iche nke ijife na-efe efe dị ihe dịka 220 km (140 mi) n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu nke Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, na, dị ka De Beers si kwuo, bụ nke mbụ De Beers m na  obodo Africa.  Ọ bụkwa nke mbụ Canada nwere diamond n'okpuru ala kpamkpam<ref name="debeers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_2/snap_lake/factsheet.html|title=Snap Lake: Project Factsheet|publisher=De Beers Canada|date=May 28, 2009|accessdate=August 13, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424060707/http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_3/snap-lake-mine.php|archivedate=April 24, 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_3/snap-lake-mine.php|title=Snap Lake Mine|publisher=DeBeers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424060707/http://www.debeerscanada.com/files_3/snap-lake-mine.php|archivedate=April 24, 2012}}</ref>Owuwu nke site na mmeghe nke ụzọ oyi ga-enweta na 2005. Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 2013, De Beers ejirila US $ 1.8 ijeri na-ewu na m ọrụ.  N'ime ahụ ahụ, De Beers mefuru US $ 1.3 ijeri ya na ndị ọrụ na ndị na-ebubata ihe dabere na Northwest Territories,  ndị US $ 723 nde ndị nwere azụmahịa ndị Aboriginal ma ọ bụ ndị mmekọ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=De Beers Analyst Seminar|url=http://www.angloamerican.com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-PLC-V2/presentations/2014pres/de-beers-analyst-seminar-presentation.pdf|work=Anglo American|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>ogbunigwe ahụ ahụ iwu azụmahịa na Jenụwarị 16, 2008 ma meghere nke ọma na Julaị 25, 2008. N'afọ 2013, Snap Lake Mine nyere mmadụ 776 ọrụ afọ, afã mmadụ 274 nye ndị bi na Northwest Territories, na nso ndị ọrụ 300  bi na NWT buru n'oge ntule gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogbunigwe.  Ihe dị ka mmadụ 400 na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ụbọchị ọ llaba.  E mere dị na ndụ ogbunigwe ahụ ihe dị ka awụ iri na ise.  Atụmatụ na-atụ aro 16.1 nde ụgbọ ala nri ndụ m Akwụkwọ ogbunigwe Snap Lake na Ice Road Truckers, onyonyo na Channel History .  E gosikwara ogbunigwe Snap Lake na Channel Discovery Channel show Daily Planet dị ka dị ka ihe nke ihe iche 'Daily Planet Goes North - More Ice for the Arctic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://broadband.discoverychannel.ca/?vid=20671|title=Daily Planet Goes North – More Ice for the Arctic|publisher=Discovery Channel|accessdate=February 22, 2008}}</ref> Ọdụ ụgbọ elu Snap Lake na-eje ozi ahụ, ọdụ ụgbọ elu nkeonwe nke bụ naanị maka ibu na ndị njem na-abanye ma na-enyere na saịtị dị ike na-enyere aka. == Mmechi == <ref>{{Cite web|title=N.W.T.'s Snap Lake diamond mine halts operation, De Beers says|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/n-w-t-s-snap-lake-diamond-mine-to-cease-operations-immediately-1.3350770|work=CBC.ca|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref>Na Disemba 4, 2015, De Beers na-enye na n'ihi mbelata nke ihe ịrịba ama nke diamond na akwụkwọ onwe ikike dị oke ọnụ, ha ga-eche diamond na Snap Lake Mine, na-etinye ya na steeti "nlekọta na akwụkwọ" nchekwa  ike imeghe ọzọ n'oge ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ya.  Ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 70 ga-anọ na saịtị ahụ n'ihi ya, mana 434 chụrụ n'enwe. == Hụkwa == [[Usòrò:Snap_Lake_Diamond_Mine_Processing_Plant.jpg|thumb| Ndị na-ebu abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na mgbake ọla]] * Ekati Diamond Mine * Diavik Diamond Mine * Volcanism nke Northern Canada == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903095743/http://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-12/ff_diamonds_sb "Na-egwu ala maka ola diamond 24/7 N'okpuru Ọdọ Mmiri Frozen Snap"], ''Wired'', Nọvemba 24, 2008 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091114130932/http://debeerscanada.com/files_3/image-galleries-snap-lake-mine.php Foto foto] na [[De Beers|De Beers Canada]] * [https://www.flickr.com/photos/mrfuller/sets/72057594132472740/with/144903107/ Ọrụ Snap Lake], gallery na Flickr [[Òtù:Aha]] rjjl5m3vn9b51goagy4ao9m8h236ah6 0 40892 742604 158484 2026-11-03T08:48:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742604 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref name="Oficina de Envigado"/>La Oficina de Envigado ( English: <nowiki></link></nowiki> ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ na ndị omempụ hibere na mbụ dị ka ụzọ mmanye na nnakọta nke Pablo Escobar's Medellín Cartel .  [1] N'agbanyeghị ama maka njikọ ihe mere eme ya na akara ọgwụ ahụ na mmemme mpụ ndị ọzọ ahaziri ahazi, ọrụ mpụ Oficina de Envigado ahụghị aka na ịhịa aka na mmemme dị otú ahụ n'afọ 2019 ma na-  aro anya ugbu a n'inye ọrụ ndị na-ere ọgwụ na ndị otu mafia dị ala.  [2] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Colombia niile, mana mana n'obodo Medellín na Envigado.  Ọ chịkwaara ịpụnara mmadụ ihe, ịgba chaa chaa, na azụmahịa mpụ ego n'ime Valle de Aburrá nke gbara Medellín gburugburu.  Ọ debere onwe ya dị ka onye isi ogbugbo na onye na-anakọtata n'esemokwu ahopụtara aha aha ma ndị na-enwe njikọ dị ukwuu na ndị agha Colombia na ndị agha okpuru == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref>{{Cite news|author=Toby Muse in Medellín|title=New drug gang wars blow Colombian city's revival apart|work=The Guardian}}</ref>E hiwere La Oficina dị ka nku mmanye maka Medellín Cartel site na Diego Murillo Bejarano, aka Don Berna (onye na-agbahapụ ndị agha Liberation Army guerrilla), Otú ọ dị Murillo dabara na Escobar ma ike sonye na Los Pepes iji chụpụ ya.  Murillo wee malite ijikọ Oficina ya na United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ("Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia", AUC, na Spanish), na-hazi ọrụ ndị eji ọgwụ n'aha ha.  La Terraza, otu òtù ndị nwoke kacha atụ egwu na mba ahụ, nọkwa n'okpuru ikike La Oficina La Oficina mechara ghọọ nnukwu ọrụ ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ sitere na Medellín ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu Colombia, gụnyere mpaghara ókèala Panama, na-adọta ọtụtụ ndị isi ya site na ndị agha ndị agha Colombia mbụ. Ndị nọ n'ọkwa ya juputara na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ụmụ okorobịa si n'ógbè ndị dara ogbenye na ugwu Medellin, tumadi Robledo na Manrique, bụ ndị ìhè ọnwa kụrụ ụmụ nwoke dị njikere igbu ihe dị ka US $ 25. <ref name="Oficina de Envigado">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/groups-colombia/oficina-de-envigado|title=Oficina de Envigado|work=InsightCrime|accessdate=16 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829103724/http://www.insightcrime.org/groups-colombia/oficina-de-envigado|archivedate=29 August 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140829103724/http://www.insightcrime.org/groups-colombia/oficina-de-envigado "Oficina de Envigado"]. </cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19187008|work=BBC News|title=Colombia drug lord 'Sebastián' arrested|date=August 8, 2012|accessdate=2012-10-14}}</ref>Mgbe AUC dị na 2005, e jidere Murillo maka igbu ọchụ nke onye agha ndị obodo, n'agbanyeghị na o jisiri ike gbapụ Ime ukwu ya n'ahụ, ma soro ndị na-eme ihe iji ike ya mee ka ime ihe ike dị.  Na 2008, a ịchụpụrụ Murillo na ndị isi ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ndị agha, na La Oficina akwụkwọ ahụ site na ndu n'etiti òtù ndị na- esemokwu onwe ha bụ Maximiliano Bonilla Orozco, alias Valenciano, na Jordan Acevedo, alias Sebastian  , nwa amaala Barrio Popular na Medellin, yana edi.  ya na ndi Usuga .  E jidere Bonilla na 2011, [1] ebe ijidere Vargas n'ike anụ ya n'August 2012. Na July 20, 2014, Hernán Alonso Villa, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka El Ratón (The Mouse), kwụsịrị ka ọ na-aga n'otu n'ime ụlọ nchekwa ya na mpaghara ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Alicante na-ebu € 40,000 (£ 31,660) na ego, dịka ndị uwe ojii, sitere na ịgba ọsọ ọgwụ ọjọọ na igbu ọchụ <ref name="villaarrest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/20/colombian-drug-lord-el-raton-arrested-spain|title=Colombian drug lord el Ratón arrested in Spain|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=20 July 2014}}</ref> Villa rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ndị agha Oficina wee kwenye na o mere igbu mmadụ 400, yana mpụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere mpụ, ịpụnara mmadụ n'ike na ịtọrọ mmadụ. <ref name="villaarrest" /> Na Disemba 9, 2017, e jidere ndị isi Oficina Juan Carlos Mesa Vallejo, nke a makwaara dị ka "Tom" ma ọ bụ "Carlos Chata," na Disemba 9 ka ọ na-eme ememe ụbọchị ọmụmụ 50th ya ma bo ya ebubo na ọ bụ ndị omempụ jọgburu onwe ya, na-ebu ngwá agha ndị agha na-akwadoghị. na iji akwụkwọ ụgha eme ihe. <ref name="recovery2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/colombia-arrests-top-figure-medellin-underworld-but-impact-likely-limited/|title=Colombia Arrests Top Figure in Medellín Underworld, but Impact Likely Limited|date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Na Machị 23, 2019, e jidere Iván Darío Suárez Muñoz, nke a na-akpọ “Iván el Barbado,” n'oge mwakpo a wakporo ụlọ ezumike okomoko dị na Piedecuesta, obodo dị na ngalaba ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Santander. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/captura-de-ivan-suarez-munoz-alias-barbas-BG10430221|title=Cayó alias "Barbas", otro peso pesado del crimen organizado en Medellín|date=25 March 2019}}</ref> <ref name="evigadofive" /> N'April 3, 2019, e jidere Mauricio Zapata Orozco, nke a na-akpọ "Chicho," n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na mpaghara El Poblado bara ọgaranya. Orozco bịara iduzi “La Terraza,” otu n'ime otu obere Oficina, afọ abụọ ka a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/medellin/capturan-a-alias-chicho-maximo-cabecilla-de-la-terraza-en-medellin-345368|title=Cómo cayó en Medellín alias Chicho, máximo cabecilla de la 'Terraza'|date=3 April 2019}}</ref> <ref name="evigadofive" /> Na Mee 8, 2019, e jidere John Eduard Barbosa, onye bụbu onye uwe ojii na onye isi Oficina, ka ọ na-anya ụgbọ ala na Sabaneta, na mpụga Medellín. <ref name="evigadofive" /> Njide nke mmadụ atọ a hapụrụ Oficina de Evigado na naanị ndị ọrụ ise na ndị isi ka nọ n'ala nna otu ahụ bụ Medellín. <ref name="evigadofive">{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/medellin-oficina-envigado-capos-shuffle-game/|title=For Medellín's Oficina Capos, the Shuffle is Part of the Game|date=24 May 2019}}</ref> == Omume òtù ọjọọ == Nakwa ọgwụ, La Oficina na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ụlọ ịgba chaa chaa na ịgba chaa chaa, nke ọ na-eji eme ego.  La Oficina foto njikọ na ndị isi obodo na ndị uwe ojii, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-enwu ụgbụ dị ka ndị na-egbu mmadụ, yana ya na Los Rastrojos na Los Zetas na Mexico nwere njikọ.  [1] N'afọ 2014, Mpụ Insight kọrọ na La Oficina adala n'ihi ọgbaghara.  [2] Na 2017 Otú ọ dị, Insight Crime kọrọ na otu ahụ agbakeela.  [3] Na Julaị 2019, Insight Crime kwuru na " Oficina nke taa bụ njikọ nke otu ndị omekome dị n'etiti ndị na-enye ndị na-ere ahịja ọgwụ na mba ọzọ ọrụ na ndị isi mafia ndị ọzọ, na-eji njikọ  aka na ndị otu na-achịkwa mpaghara na mpụ na Medellín.Dị ka nke a, ọ bụ ya. ihe atụ sere anya nke mafia Colombia taa: webụsaìtì nke ndị na-enye ọrụ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-etinye aka.  na ihe niile site na ahụnye ego na akara cocaine nke mba ụwa ruo n'ahịa ọgwụ na-ere akara n'okporo ụzọ ámá na ịpụnara mmadụ. ihe." <ref name="smaller">{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/colombia-organized-crime-news/oficina-de-envigado-profile/|title=Oficina de Envigado|date=7 July 2004}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] lkfpxie5g61xp0qrfz300qujstxt057 0 40927 742419 158540 2026-11-03T07:49:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742419 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="cl">{{Cite web|title="El Cartel de los Sapos: El origen": Quién es quién en la serie colombiana de Netflix|url=https://www.meganoticias.cl/tendencias/348182-el-cartel-de-los-sapos-el-origen-reparto-1ab.html|work=meganoticias.cl|accessdate=17 August 2021|language=Spanish|date=18 August 2021}}</ref>Snitch Cartel: Origins (Spanish maka El Cartel de los Sapos: el origen ) bụ usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mpụ Colombia akwụkwọ maka Caracol Televisión site n'aka Asier Aguilar.  [1] Ọ dabere na akwụkwọ El Cartel de los Sapos nke Andrés López López, [2] na- ina anya kpọmkwem na ndụ ndị Villegas, nke a mara nke ọma dị ka Los Caballeros de Cali.  [3] Edebere usoro a n'ime oge abụọ, nke mbụ Juan Pablo Urrego, na Sebastián Osorio na-egwu njikọ Villegas n'oge ngwaọrụ ha, [3] ma ike agbara ya Gustavo Angarita Jr., na Carlos Manuel Vega n'  oge ọ bụ okenye. <ref name="mag"/>Ọ hụrụ na vidiyo na-achọ na 28 Julaị 2021 na Netflix == Nkedo == * Gustavo Angarita Jr. dị ka Leonardo Villegas <ref name="mag">{{Cite web|author=Osco|first=Nelly|title="El Cartel de los Sapos: El origen": fecha de estreno y cómo ver online, tráiler, historia, actores, personajes y todo|url=https://mag.elcomercio.pe/fama/el-cartel-de-los-sapos-el-origen-fecha-de-estreno-y-como-ver-online-trailer-historia-actores-personajes-y-todo-sobre-la-secuela-de-el-cartel-de-que-trata-colombia-series-de-netflix-caracol-television-video-fichas-tv-nnda-nnlt-noticia/|work=mag.elcomercio.pe|accessdate=18 August 2021|language=Spanish|date=30 July 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOsco2021">Osco, Nelly (30 July 2021). [https://mag.elcomercio.pe/fama/el-cartel-de-los-sapos-el-origen-fecha-de-estreno-y-como-ver-online-trailer-historia-actores-personajes-y-todo-sobre-la-secuela-de-el-cartel-de-que-trata-colombia-series-de-netflix-caracol-television-video-fichas-tv-nnda-nnlt-noticia/ ""El Cartel de los Sapos: El origen": fecha de estreno y cómo ver online, tráiler, historia, actores, personajes y todo"]. ''mag.elcomercio.pe'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> ** Juan Pablo Urrego dị ka Leonardo na-eto eto <ref name="mag" /> * Carlos Manuel Vesga dị ka Emanuel Villegas <ref name="mag" /> ** Sebastián Osorio dị ka Emanuel na-eto eto <ref name="mag" /> * Patricia Tamayo dị ka Marlén Ulloa <ref name="mag" /> * Verónica Velásquez dị ka Nora Villegas <ref name="mag" /> * María Camila Zárate dị ka Rosario Villareal <ref name="mag" /> * Nicole Santamaría dị ka Mayerly Salcedo <ref name="mag" /> * Laura Rodríguez dị ka Raquel Villegas <ref name="mag" /> * Eduardo Pérez dị ka Hugo de la Cruz <ref name="mag" /> * Julián Farrieta dị ka onye isi obodo Nacho Soto <ref name="mag" /> * Juan Sebastián Vega dị ka Alfonso Torres <ref name="mag" /> * Valeria Galviz dị ka Dayana Tirado <ref name="mag" /> * Susana Rojas dị ka Deisy <ref name="mag" /> * Hans Martínez dị ka Hernando Parra <ref name="mag" /> * Ernesto Benjumea dị ka Coronel Mauricio Tirado <ref name="mag" /> * Julián Bustamante dị ka Alirio <ref name="mag" /> * Alexander Ceter dị ka Farfan == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|14417802}} * The Snitch Cartel: Origins on Netflix [[Òtù:Aha]] jnzdkdkxv56rir2juqzfmqoqvukc1mo 0 41261 742728 189045 2026-11-03T09:27:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742728 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: lavender" |Havasupai Elementary School |- class="mw-file-description" href="./File:Havasupai_Elementary_School.jpg" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Havasupai_Elementary_School.jpg|250x250px]]</img><div class="infobox-caption">Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 2012</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender" | Adreesị | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="270">[ {"properties":{"title":"Havasupai Elementary School","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q107639570"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Havasupai Elementary School"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q107639570"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[-112.689,36.2369],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Havasupai Elementary School","marker-symbol":"school"}} ]</mapframe></img> |- class="adr" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="street-address" style="display:inline;"> 40 Main St Supai, Arizona 86435</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="locality" style="display:inline;"> [[Supai, Arizona]]</div><div class="postal-code" style="display:inline;"> 86435</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="country-name" style="display:inline;"> United States</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | [[Geographic coordinate system|Nhazi]] | class="infobox-data" | |} Havasupai Elementary School ( HES ) bụ Akwụkwọ nke India Education (BIE) na-arụ ọrụ K-6 ​​ụlọ akwụkwọ na Supai, Arizona .  [1] Ọ na-eje ozi na Havasupai Indian Reservation . <ref name="BIAlist">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/inline-files/appendix_a_b_school_listing_profiles_508.pdf|title=List of Federal Indian Boarding Schools|publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]|accessdate=2023-03-17}}</ref>A mmasị dị ka Havasupai Indian School, ma bụrụ Havasupai Boarding na Day School <ref name="WoodsTroubledYear"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?ID2=5900165&DistrictId=5900165|title=Havasupai Elementary School|publisher=[[National Center for Education Statistics]]|accessdate=2021-07-10}}</ref>akwụkwọ Ụlọ a dị na elu nke 3,500 feet (1.1 km) . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E E hiwere ya na 1895. N'otu oge, ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ.  [1] N'oge dị iche iche nke ihe mere eme, isi etiti na-achịkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kpọmkwem.  N'oge ndị ọzọ, ebo Havasupai na-achịkwa akwụkwọ ahụ.  [2] Na 1908, ndebanye aha ya bụ 42. Na 1910, e nwere idei mmiri Supai nke ike obodo ahụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.  [1] N'afọ 1911, Onye Ndú India dere na ihe owuwu ahụ, mgbe iju mmirika, dị "n'aka dị mma." akwụkwọ ahụ ọrụ ọrụ na 1960s.  [1] N'afọ 1967, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ jere ozi ruo nke abụọ, nke ụmụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na akara ule na-esote ga-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-azụ Supai.  [2] Martin Goodfriend, onye nna ndị Supai, faịlụ aro ka a mpempe akwụkwọ Havasupai ruo ọtụtụ afọ N'afọ 1988, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere akwụkwọ nkuzi n'asụsụ Bekee na akwụkwọ Havasupai n'akwụkwọ abụọ, ma nwee nkuzi na omenala ndị Havasupai . <ref name="WongAliaCrisis"/>Na 2017 Alden Woods nke Arizona Republic dere na ọ "pụtara dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ kacha njọ" na BIE.  [1] Woods zoro aka na "ntụlegharị nke ndị isi na ụkọ ndị nkuzi oge niile", nke ikpeazụ butere mmechi izu ole na ole, [1] ma ọ bụ dị ka onye akwụkwọ bụ onye nkuzi nọchiri anya, dịka akwụkwọ gbara BOE  n'afọ ahụ.  [2] Dị ka ikpe ahụ si kwuo, ndị ndekọ agụcha akwụkwọ afọ.  [3] Woods akara na akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ, akara ihe omume mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ, yana akara kacha ala na akwụkwọ na Bekee n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ BIE n'agbanyeghị na- akwụkwọ ikike ndị ahụ.  [1] E bu n’obi ka ụlọ akwụkwọ a kuziekwa egwu Havasupai na omenala omenala Havasupai, mana o meghị, dịka ikpe siri kwuo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Alden|url=https://www.azcentral.com:443/story/news/local/arizona-investigations/2020/10/02/havasupai-students-agree-settle-part-lawsuit-over-schools/3593373001/|title=Havasupai students who sued for better education reach settlement with federal government|date=2020-10-02|accessdate=2021-07-10}}</ref>A gbara akwụkwọ ikpe na Jenụwarị 2017. [1] Steven P. Logan, onye ọka ikpe mpaghara US, kwere ka ikpe ahụ gaa n'ihu na March.  [2] N'ime usoro ikpe ahụ, onye nduzi BIE, Tony Dearman, nwere ihe na Supai na ndị obodo.  [3] A mmetụta n'October 2020. == Ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ == {{As of|2017}} the school had 70 students, with around 35 classified as having special needs. Despite the high number of special needs students, the school offered no special needs services.<ref name="WongAliaCrisis">{{Cite web|author=Wong|first=Alia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/01/the-longstanding-crisis-facing-tribal-schools/513053/|title=The Longstanding Crisis Facing Tribal Schools|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=2017-01-12|accessdate=2021-07-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWong2017">Wong, Alia (2017-01-12). [https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/01/the-longstanding-crisis-facing-tribal-schools/513053/ "The Longstanding Crisis Facing Tribal Schools"]. ''[[Atlantic|The Atlantic]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe owuwu == Ụlọ ahụ nwere otu akụkọ. <ref name="WoodsTroubledYear">{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Alden|url=https://www.azcentral.com:443/story/news/local/arizona-education/2018/05/24/havasupai-elementary-school-ends-another-troubled-year-grand-canyon/613665002/|title=A year after parents sue over Havasupai school, little has changed for Grand Canyon tribe|date=2018-05-24|accessdate=2021-07-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWoods2018">Woods, Alden (2018-05-24). [https://www.azcentral.com:443/story/news/local/arizona-education/2018/05/24/havasupai-elementary-school-ends-another-troubled-year-grand-canyon/613665002/ "A year after parents sue over Havasupai school, little has changed for Grand Canyon tribe"]. ''[[Arizona Republic]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2011, iji belata oke mmadụ, ndị BIE mere ndokwa ka ebuga klaasị modular n'ụgbọelu gaa na ngalaba na Havasupai Elementary, ebe a ga-agbakọta ya. <ref name="ModularClass">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bia.gov/sites/bia.gov/files/assets/as-ia/pdf/idc013402.pdf|title=Modular Classroom to be Helicoptered into Grand Canyon|work=[[Indian Affairs (magazine)|Indian Affairs]]|publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]|date=April 2011|accessdate=2021-07-19}}</ref> == Ọchịchị == Ọ bụ ezie na ebo Havasupai na-ejigide bọọdụ maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, Woods kwuru na 2017 na bọọdụ enweghị "ezigbo mmetụta". <ref name="WoodsTroubledYear"/> N'afọ 1950, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ejighị ntaramahụhụ anụ ahụ maka na ebo ahụ megidere omume ahụ. N'afọ 2017, a gbara akwụkwọ ikpe mara mma megide gọọmentị etiti maka njikwa ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Alden Woods and Alden|title=A year after parents sue over Havasupai school, little has changed for Grand Canyon tribe|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2018/05/24/havasupai-elementary-school-ends-another-troubled-year-grand-canyon/613665002/|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=The Arizona Republic|language=en-US}}</ref> == arụmọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name="CanoLawsuit">{{Cite web|author=Cano|first=Ricardo|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2017/01/18/lawsuit-claims-federal-government-systemically-deprived-havasupai-schoolkids-decent-education-arizona/96540656/|title=Havasupai students sue federal government for better teachers|date=2017-01-18|accessdate=2021-07-10}}</ref>Ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ nọ na nke nkịrịka atọ maka ebumnuche na ajụjụ na mbụ maka ịgụ ihe n'ime akwụkwọ 2012–2013 Havasupai Elementary School debere na 50% kacha elu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị na Arizona maka akara ule n'ozuzu maka afọ akwụkwọ 2020-21. Pasent ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta nke ọma na mgbakọ na mwepụ bụ 41%, nke dị elu karịa nkezi steeti Arizona nke 32% maka afọ akwụkwọ 2020-21. Pasent ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta nke ọma n'ịgụ / nka asụsụ bụ 45%, nke dị elu karịa nkezi steeti Arizona nke 39% maka afọ akwụkwọ 2020-21. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-12-25|title=Havasupai Elementary School (2024 Ranking) - Lake Havasu City, AZ|url=https://www.publicschoolreview.com/havasupai-elementary-school-profile|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=Public School Review|language=en}}</ref> == Ịdọ aka ná ntị ụmụ akwụkwọ == <ref name="WongAliaCrisis"/>Na 2017, Alia Wong nke The Atlantic dere "A na- ntitụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ugboro ma ọ bụ mmetụta ndị mmanye iwu". N'ụlọ akwụkwọ Elementary Havasupai, enweela ebubo ndị nkuzi na-eme usoro ntaramahụhụ maka obere omume ọjọọ n'ihi enweghị ihe onwunwe na oke nghọta nke omenala obodo. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ echewo nkatọ maka njikwa ịdọ aka ná ntị ụmụ akwụkwọ, ebe ụfọdụ ndị nne na nna na ndị obodo na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka nnukwu nsonaazụ maka obere mmejọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-30|title=On the Havasupai Indian Reservation, a failing school has sparked a battle against the government|url=https://www.mic.com/articles/175358/on-the-havasupai-indian-reservation-a-failing-school-has-sparked-a-battle-against-the-government|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=Mic|language=en}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ndị a, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ka bụ naanị nhọrọ maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na Havasupai Indian Reservation, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị na-eche na ha akwadobeghị na-ejedebe na-ahapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'oge. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Fonseca|first=Felicia|title=Federal court revives claim in Havasupai education case|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2022/03/17/federal-court-revives-claim-havasupai-education-case-arizona/7085591001/|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=The Arizona Republic|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Woods|first=Alden|title=A hidden tribe, a disastrous school and finally, a cry for help|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-best-reads/2017/03/15/havasupai-elementary-grand-canyon-supai/98355588/|accessdate=2024-01-21|work=The Arizona Republic|language=en-US}}</ref>Enweghị ọbá akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na Havasupai Elementary School.  E bu n’obi ka ụlọ akwụkwọ a kuziekwa ncheta Havasupai na omenala Havasupai, mana o meghị, dịka ikpe siri kwuo. == Ụkpụrụ nri == Dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 1988 gara n'ihu n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ịbanye, ebe Sherman Indian High School dị na Riverside, California bụ nhọrọ a na-ama.  [1] Supai n'onwe ya ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fonseca|first=Felicia|url=https://www.durangoherald.com/articles/arizona-tribe-ruling-could-help-native-students-across-u-s/|title=Arizona tribe: Ruling could help Native students across U.S.|date=2018-04-05|accessdate=2023-03-21}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite web|author=Newman|first=Joanne|url=https://law.stanford.edu:443/2020/10/07/native-american-students-with-disabilities-and-denied-their-educational-rights-reach-a-landmark-settlement-with-the-federal-government-clearing-a-path-toward-greater-equity/|title=Native American Students with Disabilities and Denied Their Educational Rights, Reach a Landmark Settlement with the Federal Government, Clearing a Path Toward Greater Equity|publisher=[[Stanford Law School]]|date=2020-10-07}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * Official website * [http://www.nativedisabilitylaw.org/images/press-release/COMPLAINT.pdf Lawsuit] - [http://unitefornativestudents.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/BIE-Complaint-1.12.17.pdf Alternate link] {{NativeAmericanhighschoolsU.S.}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7rf65zrrd8ezfc2q73o8c3g5irskegg 0 41407 742374 200096 2026-11-03T02:00:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Nkè '''Chronic Poverty Research Centre''' (CPRC) bụ njikọ mba ofesi Britain nke mahadum, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, na NGO guzobere na 2000 site na ntinye ego mbụ sitere na ngalaba UK maka mmepe mba ụwa . Ejiri ego izizi sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmepe Mba Nile nke UK (DFID). <ref>[https://odi.org/en/about/our-work/chronic-poverty-research-centre/ Overseas Development Institute, ''Chronic Poverty Research Centre'']</ref> Mmekọrịta ahụ wepụtara mmemme nke gbara afọ 10 wee kwụsị na 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/chronic-poverty-research-centre-cprc |title=Social Protection website, ''Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC)'' |accessdate=2024-04-10 |archivedate=2024-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118151152/https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/chronic-poverty-research-centre-cprc }}</ref> CPRC bu n'obi ilekwasị anya na ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala, kpalie arụmụka mba na nke mba ụwa, ghọtakwuo ihe kpatara ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala, na inye nyocha, nyocha, na nduzi amụma nke ga-enye aka na mbelata ya. Ihe dị iche iche nke ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala bụ ogologo oge ya. CPRC na-eji ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala kọwaa oke ịda ogbenye na-adịte aka ogologo oge - ọtụtụ afọ, ndụ dum, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'ọgbọ. Ndị dara ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala bụ ndị riteworo uru kacha nta site na uto akụ na ụba na mmepe. A na-anapụkarị ndị ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala n'ọtụtụ akụkụ. Nchikota nke enweghị ikike, obere ihe onwunwe na oke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme ka ha daa ogbenye ogologo oge. Ịkwado ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala bụ ihe dị mkpa na ebumnuche mmepe nke Millennium na mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye . Gordon Brown na Hilary Benn weputara akụkọ gbasara ịda ogbenye nke mbụ na Mee 2004. Emechara akụkọ nke abụọ na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chronicpovertyresearch.org/page/chronic-poverty-reports |title=CPRC archive website, ''Chronic Poverty Report'' |access-date=2024-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118151159/http://www.chronicpovertyresearch.org/page/chronic-poverty-reports |archive-date=2024-01-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Netwọk ndụmọdụ ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala == Ọrụ nke mmemme CPRC dugara n'ichepụta [[Chronic Poverty Advisory Network]] (CPAN). <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/chronic-poverty-advisory-network-cpan#:~:text=CPAN%20emerged%20from%20the%20Chronic%20Poverty%20Research%20Centre,published%20the%20first%20two%20international%20Chronic%20Poverty%20Reports. |title=Social Protection website, ''Chronic Poverty Advisory Network (CPAN)'' |accessdate=2024-04-10 |archivedate=2024-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118151325/https://socialprotection.org/connect/stakeholders/chronic-poverty-advisory-network-cpan#:~:text=CPAN%20emerged%20from%20the%20Chronic%20Poverty%20Research%20Centre,published%20the%20first%20two%20international%20Chronic%20Poverty%20Reports. }}</ref> CPAN bụ netwọk nke ndị nchọpụta, ndị na-eme amụma na ndị na-eme ihe n'ofe mba 17 na-eleba anya n'ịlụso ịda ogbenye na-adịghị ala ala; A na-akwado ya na Institute of Development Studies (IDS) na Brighton, <ref>[https://www.chronicpovertynetwork.org/what-we-do CPAN website, ''What We Do'']</ref> mgbe afọ 11 gachara ya na Overseas Development Institute . <ref>[https://www.chronicpovertynetwork.org/blog/2021/6/28/social-protection-links-across-sectors-critical-in-getting-to-zero-poverty-smgc6 CPAN website, ''CPAN moves to Institute of Development Studies'', dated October 17, 2022]</ref> CPAN wepụtara akụkọ gbasara ịda ogbenye ọrịa na-efe efe na 2023. <ref>[https://www.chronicpovertynetwork.org/resources/2023/7/1/chronic-poverty-report-2023 CPAN website, ''Chronic Poverty Report 2023'']</ref> Na 2023, onye isi CPAN bụ Andrew Shepherd. <ref>[https://www.ids.ac.uk/people/andrew-shepherd-2/ Institute of Development Studies, ''Andrew Shepherd'', retrieved 2024-01-10]</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240621193422/http://www.chronicpovertyresearch.org/ Official site, archived] * [https://www.chronicpovertynetwork.org/ CPAN website] phfuuvo0a8yvc1ocp0ah5visxhyx54b 0 41514 742568 159345 2026-11-03T08:42:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742568 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="rte2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/history/post-famine/2021/0309/1202980-living-skeletons-the-doolough-tragedy/|publisher=RTÉ|work=rte.ie|first=Kathleen|author=Villiers-Tuthill|title='Living skeletons': the Doolough Tragedy|date=25 March 2021|accessdate=9 January 2022|quote=five starving people died by the roadside in Mayo after being forced to walk for miles to present themselves for inspection [..] two more bodies were found on the mountain pass, nine or ten others who left for the inspection never returned home [..] and a number of [other] deaths occurred soon afterwards}}</ref> <ref name="afri2009"/>Ọdachi Doolough bụ ihe omume mere n'oge oke ụnwụ Irish dị nso na Doo Lough na ndị ihu egwuregwu County Mayo .  [1] Ọ̀ ala asaa (ma zọ anya 20 ma ọ bụ mpaghara) ndị agụụ na-agụ ọnwụ mgbe "manyere ije ije ọtụtụ kilomita iji onwe ha maka nsogbu" nke ndị ọrụ otu iwu dara ogbenye ga- agụ ma ha ga  -aga n'ihu na-enweta akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ . <ref name="NS"/> == Ihe omume == <ref name="NS" />Na akwụkwọ 30 Ma Achị 1849, ndị ọrụ abụọ nke Westport Poor Law Union bịarutere Louisburgh inyocha ndị ahụ na nnata ihuenyo dị n'iji akara nna na ha kwesịrị ịga n'ihu nata ya.  [1] ahụ nyocha, n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, ma ndị ma ndị ọrụ ahụ gara n'ihu na Delphi Lodge – ụlọ nha nta - 19 kilometers (12 miles) ndụ Louisburgh ebe ha bu n'obi ịrahụ ọdịdị.  [2] N'ihi ya, e nyere ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ndị na-agba àmà maka mgbaka ahụ, ma ọ bụ mechaa mee otú ahụ, ka ha na Delphi Lodge n'elekere asaa nke ụtụtụ echi ya ma ọ na ha ikike na-  enweta.  [3] [4] N'ihi na ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ozi na ehihie sochiri ihe yiri ka ọtụtụ ndị ogbenye na agụụ na-agụ imere ha ihe, n'ihi ọnọdụ ada ike ha dị adị, bụ njem na  -agwụ ike nke ukwuu, n'oge ihu igwe jọgburu onwe ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0811/808544-first-doolough-festival/|publisher=RTÉ|work=rte.ie|title=RTÉ Archives - Fáilte Go Féile Dhubhlocha (1991)|first=Eileen|author=Magnier|date=1991|accessdate=9 March 2021}}</ref> <ref name="afri2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afri.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/famine-walk-2009.pdf|publisher=[[Afri (organisation)|Afri]]|work=afri.ie|first=Leon|author=O'Morchain|title=Famine Walk 2009|date=2009|accessdate=9 March 2021|quote=According to this account the total number of deaths was no more than twenty on the road and an uncounted number in their homes [..] however, a strong folk tradition in the local Louisburgh community that the numbers who died [..] should be counted in hundreds}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFO'Morchain2009">O'Morchain, Leon (2009). [https://www.afri.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/famine-walk-2009.pdf "Famine Walk 2009"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''afri.ie''. [[Afri (nzukọ)|Afri]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>According to this account the total number of deaths was no more than twenty on the road and an uncounted number in their homes [..] however, a strong folk tradition in the local Louisburgh community that the numbers who died [..] should be counted in hundreds</q></cite></ref>Otu onye dere akwụkwọ ozi nyere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ The Mayo Constitution n'oge na-adịghị anya na a imera ozu mmadụ asaa, ndị mmadụ na-eme, n' okporo ụzọ dị n'etiti Delphi na Louisburgh nke na-ele anya n'  mmiri mmiri nke ịhụnanya Doolough, [1] na ozi ma ọ bụ iri ọzọ.  ndị mmadụ eru ụlọ ha.  [2] Ọ bụ ebe na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka mmadụ 20, akwụkwọ ozi mpaghara na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ akarị. <ref name="NS">{{Cite web|author=Connelly|first=Charlie|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night|title=The Black Lake's Secret|publisher=New Statesman|date=7 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053614/https://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night|archivedate=4 March 2012|quote=Nobody knows for certain how many perished at Doolough. Estimates range wildly from 20 to 400}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFConnelly2009">Connelly, Charlie (7 May 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053614/https://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night "The Black Lake's Secret"]. New Statesman. Archived from [http://www.newstatesman.com/travel/2009/05/ireland-louisburgh-night the original] on 4 March 2012. <q>Nobody knows for certain how many perished at Doolough. Estimates range wildly from 20 to 400</q></cite></ref>Obe na njem 'ụnwụ nri' kwa afụ n'etiti Louisburgh na Doolough na-echeta mmemme a.  [1] Ihe nwere ike nke dị na Doough Valley ihe odide sitere na Mahatma Gandhi : "Olee otú ndị mmadụ ga-esi nwee ike nwee ike na ha na-enye saịtị na mmechuihu nke ndị ibe ha?" == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 47z4bop2bq7zfy7ayg3umis5zpmujhl 0 41527 742628 159362 2026-11-03T08:52:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Na 22 Eprel 2021, nwa agbọghọ na-eto eto na-eto eto, '''Sumila Ronghangpi''' Assamese ) a hụrụ na ọ gbara ọkụ n'ụlọ onye ọ na-arụrụ ọrụ na Raha, Assam . Ọ bụ onye bi na West Karbi Anglong district . <ref name="probe">{{Cite news|author=Dutta|first=Devabrata|date=27 April 2021|title=Assam governor constitutes enquiry committee to investigate Sumila Ronghangpi's death|url=https://www.insidene.com/assam-governor-enquiry-sumila-ronghangpis-death/|work=InsideNE}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDutta2021">Dutta, Devabrata (27 April 2021). [https://www.insidene.com/assam-governor-enquiry-sumila-ronghangpis-death/ "Assam governor constitutes enquiry committee to investigate Sumila Ronghangpi's death"]. ''InsideNE''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211009092304/https://www.insidene.com/assam-governor-enquiry-sumila-ronghangpis-death/ Archived] from the original on 9 October 2021.</cite></ref> <ref name="report1">{{Cite news|author=Sai|first=Rana Pratap|date=23 April 2021|title=Karbi domestic help charred to death in Assam; 2 employers arrested by police|url=https://www.insidene.com/karbi-domestic-help-charred-to-death-in-assam-2-employers-arrested-by-police/|work=InsideNE}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSai2021">Sai, Rana Pratap (23 April 2021). [https://www.insidene.com/karbi-domestic-help-charred-to-death-in-assam-2-employers-arrested-by-police/ "Karbi domestic help charred to death in Assam; 2 employers arrested by police"]. ''InsideNE''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211009092303/https://www.insidene.com/karbi-domestic-help-charred-to-death-in-assam-2-employers-arrested-by-police/ Archived] from the original on 9 October 2021.</cite></ref> <ref name="report2">{{Cite news|author=Rongpi|first=Vivian Longki|date=24 April 2021|title=Minor girl reportedly burned alive in Nagaon district|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/minor-girl-reportedly-burn-alive-in-nagaon-district/|work=Eastern Mirror}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRongpi2021">Rongpi, Vivian Longki (24 April 2021). [https://easternmirrornagaland.com/minor-girl-reportedly-burn-alive-in-nagaon-district/ "Minor girl reportedly burned alive in Nagaon district"]. ''Eastern Mirror''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211009092258/https://easternmirrornagaland.com/minor-girl-reportedly-burn-alive-in-nagaon-district/ Archived] from the original on 9 October 2021.</cite></ref> == Ọnwụ == A kpọtara Sumila n'ụlọ onye ọrụ ya Borthakur na 2017 na nkwa agụmakwụkwọ. Na 22 Eprel 2021, a hụrụ na a gbara ya ọkụ n'ụlọ onye were ya n'ọrụ. Dị ka onye agbata obi si kwuo, onye ọ na-arụrụ ọrụ na nwa ya nwoke nọ mgbe ọ nwụrụ, a na-akparịkwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ. Onye were ya n'ọrụ kwuru na ọ bụ igbu onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sai|first=Rana Pratap|date=24 April 2021|title=Karbi student body suspects domestic servant was raped & murdered; demands 'justice' from CM|url=https://www.insidene.com/karbi-student-body-suspects-domestic-servant-was-raped-demands-justice-from-cm/|work=InsideNE}}</ref> == Ejidere == E jidere mmadụ abụọ n'ime ndị ọrụ Rongangpi n'ihe gbasara ọnwụ ya. Nnyocha mbụ e mere gosiri na e gburu ya ma gbaa ya ọkụ iji kpuchie ogbugbu ahụ. <ref name="probe"/> <ref name="report1"/> <ref name="report2"/> == Mmeghachi omume == Onye a tara ahụhụ dị afọ 12, onye na-erubeghị afọ site na mpaghara Karbi, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka enyemaka ụlọ, onye bi na obodo Sar Kro Kudam Ronghang na West Karbi Anglong, Assam. Ọnwụ Sumila Ronghangpi kere akwa na akwa n'etiti agbụrụ dị iche iche nke Assam . Emere ngagharị iwe na ngagharị iwe na-achọ ikpe ziri ezi maka Sumila Ronghangpi. <ref>{{Cite news|date=1 May 2021|title=Assam: Motorcycle rally demanding justice for Sumila Ronghangpi draws out hundreds|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/assam/assam-motorcycle-rally-demanding-justice-for-sumila/cid2827420.htm|work=The North East Today}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-elekọta mmadụ kwuru okwu megide ọdịda nke gọọmentị na-echebe ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite news|date=24 April 2021|title=Karbi girl death incident draws serious repercussion|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/karbi-girl-death-incident-draws-serious-repercussion-1090474|work=The Assam Tribune}}</ref> Ihe a mere megide ndabere nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na India . Ihe omume ahụ kpughere ikpe dị egwu nke mmetọ ụmụaka, ọnwụ, ileghara ikike ụmụaka nwere ịgụ akwụkwọ anya, nrigbu ụmụaka si n'ime ime obodo n'aha agụmakwụkwọ, were ụmụaka n'okpuru afọ 14 dị ka enyemaka ụlọ n'obodo mepere emepe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chakravartty|first=Anupam|date=24 April 2021|title=Assam: Karbi girl's killing exposes horrors of child abuse in Nagaon|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/04/24/assam-karbi-girls-killing-exposes-horrors-of-child-abuse-in-nagaon/|work=East Mojo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Dutta|first=Devabrata|date=27 April 2021|title=Pradyot Manikya seeks justice for Sumila Ronghanpi; says Assam govt must act|url=https://www.insidene.com/pradyot-seeks-justice-for-sumila-ronghanpi/|work=InsideNE}}</ref> == Usoro iheomume == * 22 Eprel 2021 - Sumila Ronghangpi hụrụ onye nwụrụ anwụ. <ref name="probe"/> * 26 Eprel 2021 - Nyochaa nyere iwu na ịkọghachi azụ n'ime ụbọchị 30. <ref name="probe" /> * 9 Julaị 2021 - Atụmatụ ka e guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ iji sọpụrụ Sumila Ronghangpi. <ref> {{Cite news|author=Rongpi|first=Vivian Longki|date=9 July 2021|title=Assam's Education Minister takes stock of issue related to education in Karbi Anglong|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/assams-education-minister-takes-stock-of-issues-related-to-education-in-karbi-anglong/}}</ref> * 20 Julaị 2021 - Edere akwụkwọ ebubo ma nyefee ya n'ụlọ ikpe dị ala. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chakravartty|first=Anupam|date=20 July 2021|title=Karbi girl murder: Gauhati HC asks govt to submit chargesheet by July 22|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2021/07/20/karbi-girl-murder-gauhati-hc-asks-govt-to-submit-chargesheet-by-july-22/|work=EastMojo}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmegbu ụmụaka * Ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ * Ọrụ ụmụaka na India * Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na India == Edensibia == n'ụlọ onye were ya n'ọrụ. Dị ka onye agbata obi si kwuo, onye ọ na-arụrụ ọrụ na nwa ya nwoke{{Reflist}} mq60fmnw795hqpy5rxa27teqghkq6nd 0 41637 742440 159567 2026-11-03T07:56:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Tibet Women's Association''' '''(TWA)''' bụ otu ụmụ nwanyị dabere na McLeodGanj, Dharamshala, [[Ndia|India]] . E hiwere otu a na 10 Septemba 1984 na India, site n'aka Rinchen Khando Choegyal, onye bụbu onye ndọrọndọrọ ndị ntorobịa Tibet, n'agbanyeghị na otu ahụ n'onwe ya na-ekwu na e mepụtara precursor na Tibet n'oge nnupụisi Tibet 1959 . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminism, Nationalism, and Exiled Tibetan Women|first=Alex|author=Butler|publisher=[[Zubaan]]|year=2003|pages=46–47}}</ref> Stephanie Roemer na-enyocha nzukọ ahụ na [[Lhasa Patriotic Woman's Association]], nke tọrọ ntọala na 1953 site n'aka ndị agha nnwere onwe nke ndị mmadụ, bụ nke webatara echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, bụ nke " na-egbuke egbuke " na Tibet . <ref name="Roemer"/> N'ime 1960s na 1970s, òtù nke ụmụ nwanyị Tibet mere uwe na kapeeti Tibet na-akwụghị ụgwọ maka nchịkwa Central Tibet nke ndọrọ n'agha, nke rere ha maka uru. Ọ bụ naanị n'afọ ndị 1980 ka ndị obodo a dọọrọ n'agha na India ga-ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ka e hiwere otu ndị inyom Tibet n'ọchịchị. <ref name="Roemer">{{Cite book|title=The Tibetan Government-in-Exile: Politics at Large|first=Stephanie|author=Roemer|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|year=2008}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoemer2008">Roemer, Stephanie (2008). ''The Tibetan Government-in-Exile: Politics at Large''. [[Psychology Press]]. p.&nbsp;110.</cite></ref> Ebumnobi nke TWA bụ ụzọ abụọ: ịkwalite ịdịgide nke ndị Tibet na omenala Tibet na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere site n'ịkwalite endogamy n'etiti ndị Tibet, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tibet, A Reality|author=Chitkara, M. G.|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1994}}</ref> na iweta na mba ụwa ebubo mmegide [[ikike mmadụ]] nke ụmụ nwanyị Tibet na Tibet. N'India, TWA ewepụtala ọrụ Tibet Nuns iji kuziere ndị nọn ma kwado mmemme ọdịnala dị iche iche dị ka ịgba egwu ndị mmadụ . Na 1995, TWA nwara isonye na Nzukọ Ụwa nke Anọ na Ụmụ nwanyị na Beijing, ma a jụrụ inye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nzere ntozu na ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ, ọnọdụ nke natara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-akwadoghị na America na Europe. <ref name="Subramanya">{{Cite book|title=Human Rights and Refugees|author=Subramanya, N.|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2004|pages=212–215, 219}}</ref> Taa, otu ahụ nwere alaka 58 gburugburu ụwa <ref name="Subramanya"/> na ndị òtù 17,000. <ref name="Roemer"/> Na 2012, e kpughere na onyeisi oche nke TWA, onye bụkwa onye òtù nzuko omeiwu nke Central Tibet Administration, zuuru $3,800 site na nzukọ ahụ site na 2000 ruo 2003. Kemgbe Mee 2015 Dolma Yangchen bụ onye isi oche nke TWA. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Tibetan Women's Association elects new executive body|url=http://www.tibetanreview.net/tibetan-womens-association-elects-new-executive-body/|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Tibetan Review|date=19 May 2015}}</ref> N'April 2021, Tenzing Dolma [ fr ] ka a họpụtara onye isi ala TWA. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke otu ndị Tibet nọ n'ala ọzọ == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.tibetanwomen.org Saịtị gọọmentị] 48q79iz4gb4zxiygn2yzr3d9mv58au9 0 42074 742351 687157 2026-11-02T21:29:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=(01-17-24) NYS Senator Cordell Cleare (cropped).jpg|party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]|office2=New York State|status=}} [[Faịlụ:Cordell Cleare.jpg|thumb|Cordell Cleare]] <ref name="Limits">{{Cite web|url=https://citylimits.org/2021/09/27/manhattan-dems-pick-cordell-cleare-to-replace-brian-benjamin-in-harlem-senate-race/|title=Manhattan Dems Pick Cordell Cleare to Replace Brian Benjamin in Harlem Senate Race|work=City Limits|author=Olumhense|first=Ele|date=September 27, 2021|accessdate=October 20, 2021}}</ref>Cordell Cleare (amuru Disemba 5, 1965) bu onye amuma na onye njem agha America si Harlem, New York City .  Onye otu Democratic Party, ọ na-eme mgbandọrọ nhọrọ na Harlem ekiri afọ 1990 ma bụrụ onye omebe iwu steeti maka Senate mpaghara steeti steeti 30 nke New York . == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="About">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/senators/cordell-cleare/about|title=About Cordell Cleare|publisher=New York State Senate|accessdate=December 27, 2022}}</ref>A ikere Cordell Cleare na Harlem, ebe ihe onyonyo ya anya ụgbọ anọ. == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://amsterdamnews.com/photos/2013/dec/12/52981/|title=Photo New York Amsterdam News: The new Black view|work=News York Amsterdam News|date=December 12, 2013|accessdate=July 7, 2017}}</ref>Cleare ọrụ ihe ụmụaka afọ 18 maka Senator New York State Bill Perkins wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ ya ọtụtụ afọ.  [1] [2] Cleare jere ozi na District #3 Community Education Council, ma bụrụ onye otu Board School Community afọ isii.  [3] N'afọ 2008, Cleare gbara akwụkwọ maka ịgba ọsọ onye isi ala nke Senator Barack Obama .  [4] Na 2012, ọ bọọlụ Obama maka mbụ aka ọzọ, ma ọ bụrụ onye anabata na Mgbakọ Mba Democratic . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanamericandayparade.com/history|title=HISTORY — African American Day Parade, Inc|work=Africanamericandayparade.com|date=|accessdate=2017-07-07|archivedate=2017-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202041253/https://www.africanamericandayparade.com/history}}</ref>Cleare gbara ọsọ maka New York City Council ka ọ nọchite anya District 9 na 2017, tụfuru onye isi ya bụ Perkins.  [1] [2] Ọ gbara ọsọ ọzọ maka oche ahụ na 2021, ebe ya na Perkins meri Kristin Richardson Jordan . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.otdowntown.com/news/congresswoman-maloney-endorsed-by-state-senator-cleare-and-vice-versa-LX1981287|title=Congresswoman Maloney Endorsed by State Senator Cleare — and Vice Versa}}</ref>Na September 25, 2021, Kọmitii Democratic Manhattan nchọpụta Cleare ka ọ bụrụ onye nhọpụta Democratic na echiche aka iche maka mpaghara Senate steeti steeti 30th New York .  mgbaàmà ahụ tọgbọrọ chakoo mgbe a mgbaàmà onye nọ n' Brian Benjamin ka ọ bụrụ Lieutenant Gọvanọ .  [1] ndekọ, ọ bụ Democratic siri ike nke na a na-egosi Cleare nke ọma ka onye omebe iwu steeti na-esote ya.  Ntuli aka iche mere na Nọvemba 2, 2021, ma o jiri ihe 88% merie.  [2] Na Ma ọchịchị 2022, onye otu Congress Carolyn Maloney akwụkwọ Senator State Cleare maka nhọpụta ọzọ. == Ime ihe == Cleare bụ onye nhazi onye nwe ụlọ wee bụrụ onye isi oche nke azụmahịa nke New York City iji ohere ndu.  O mara aka na ihe ahụ mgbe a tara na nwa ya nwoke dị afụ na-egbu egbu egbu, okwu ọkpara “nke a na-ihụcha ya.”  [1] Cleare kwalitere mmata gbasara nsi ledu site na nkuzi n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ obodo, ihe ngosi na ndị ọrụ ọrụ.  Na 1997, Cleare ihe nri nri nke iri na otu nke Brooke Russell Astor Award nke New York Public Library maka ọrụ mmemme ya, nke ihe nrite $10,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leading Advocate on Lead Poisoning Prevention Receives Library's 1997 Brooke Russell Astor Award|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/1997/11/03/leading-advocate-lead-poisoning-prevention-receives-librarys-1997-bro|work=New York Public Library|accessdate=14 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055247/https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/1997/11/03/leading-advocate-lead-poisoning-prevention-receives-librarys-1997-bro|archivedate=2 February 2017}}</ref> Nkwado Cleare nyere aka mepụta Iwu Mgbochi nsi nsi nwata nke gafere na Kansụl Obodo New York na 2004. <ref name="Candidate: Cordell Clear">{{Cite web|title=Candidate: Cordell Clear|url=https://nylcv.org/candidate/cordell-cleare-2/|work=New York League of Conservation Voters|accessdate=14 February 2022|archivedate=16 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216235445/https://nylcv.org/candidate/cordell-cleare-2/}}</ref> Ndị otu New York League of Conservation Voters kwadoro Cleare n'oge ntuli aka kansụl New York City 2021. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cordell Cleare Endorsed For N.Y. City Council Race by League of Conservation Voters|url=https://www.blackstarnews.com/ny-watch/politics/cordell-cleare-endorsed-for-ny-city-council-race-by-league-of|accessdate=15 February 2022|work=Black Star News|date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217001006/https://www.blackstarnews.com/ny-watch/politics/cordell-cleare-endorsed-for-ny-city-council-race-by-league-of|archive-date=17 February 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Candidate: Cordell Clear"/>Usoro Cleare maka mbụ aka ndị omebe iwu steeti ya nri nke fim maka ndị isi obodo na-echekwa ebe nchekwa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. == Ihe nrite == * 1997: Brooke Russell Astor Award - Onye isi oche nke New York City Coalition iji kwụsị nsị ndu <ref name="autogenerated1997">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/1997/11/03/leading-advocate-lead-poisoning-prevention-receives-librarys-1997-bro|title=Leading Advocate on Lead Poisoning Prevention Receives Library's 1997 Brooke Russell Astor Award &#124; the New York Public Library|accessdate=2017-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202055247/https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/1997/11/03/leading-advocate-lead-poisoning-prevention-receives-librarys-1997-bro|archivedate=2017-02-02}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cleare, Cordell}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 345flci7aofpqold0l7rslqn36ug2lp 0 42195 742550 160309 2026-11-03T08:14:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742550 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Hyperconsumerism''', '''hyper-consumerism''', '''hyperconsumption''' ma ọ bụ '''hyper-eri''' bụ oriri nke ngwaahịa karịrị ndị mkpa <ref name="Sirgy2001"/> na njikọ dị ịrịba ama nrụgide iri ihe ndị ahụ, na-arụ site na -elekọta mmadụ mgbasa ozi na ndị ọzọ outlets dị ka ndị ahịa na-aghọta na-akpụzi njirimara onye. <ref name="Städtler2011"/> <ref name="Tierney2009">{{Cite book|author=John Tierney|title=Key Perspectives in Criminology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u1NoSEEJR4C&pg=PA124|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=1 May 2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill International|isbn=978-0-335-22914-7|pages=124–}}</ref> Frenchy Lunning na-akọwa ya nke ọma dị ka " ịzụ ahịa maka iri." <ref name="Lunning2010">{{Cite book|author=Frenchy Lunning|title=Fanthropologies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5d0Q9fdinQUC&pg=PA140|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=9 November 2010|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7387-2|pages=140–}}</ref> == Njirimara == N'ime ọha mmadụ na-eri nri, "ahụmahụ mmekọrịta ọ bụla na-agbaziri site na usoro ahịa ", dị ka mgbanwe ahịa agbasawo na ụlọ ọrụ nke ha rụrụ obere ọrụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla) na mbụ, dị ka mahadum. <ref name="GabrielLang2006">{{Cite book|author=Yiannis Gabriel|title=The Unmanageable Consumer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPA8OhyoHnAC&pg=PA71|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=9 May 2006|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-1893-0|pages=71–}}</ref> <ref name="BondebjergGolding2004"/> === njirimara onwe onye === A na-akwalite hyperconsumerism site na ụdịdị, ebe ndị mmadụ na-etolitekarị mmasị miri emi na ụdị ngwaahịa, nke na-emetụta njirimara ndị mmadụ, na-amanye ndị mmadụ ịzụrụ ma rie ngwongwo ha. <ref name="Städtler2011">{{Cite book|author=Raphael Städtler|title=Celebrity Scandals and their Impact on Brand Image: A Study among Young Consumers: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geYcb_YZk4UC&pg=PA16|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=19 April 2011|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=978-3-640-89715-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRaphael_Städtler2011">Raphael Städtler (19 April 2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=geYcb_YZk4UC&pg=PA16 ''Celebrity Scandals and their Impact on Brand Image: A Study among Young Consumers: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation'']. GRIN Verlag. p.&nbsp;16. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-3-640-89715-5|<bdi>978-3-640-89715-5</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Sayers2008">{{Cite book|author=Mark Sayers|title=The Trouble With Paris: Following Jesus in a World of Plastic Promises|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2osXF-V9XhkC&pg=PA33|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=3 June 2008|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|isbn=978-1-4185-7460-4|pages=30–34}}</ref> === Usoro ndụ ngwaahịa === Ihe ọzọ e ji mara hyperconsumerism bụ ịchụso ihe ọhụrụ mgbe niile, na-agba ndị na-azụ ahịa ume ịzụta ihe ọhụrụ ma tụfuo ochie, a na-ahụ karịsịa na [[Uwe|ejiji]], ebe ndụ ndụ ngwaahịa nwere ike ịdị mkpụmkpụ, tụọ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime izu naanị. <ref name="BondebjergGolding2004">{{Cite book|author=Ib Bondebjerg|title=European Culture And The Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ9p6ms74AsC&pg=PT74|accessdate=6 February 2013|year=2004|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-111-6|pages=74–}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIb_BondebjergPeter_Golding2004">Ib Bondebjerg; Peter Golding (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ9p6ms74AsC&pg=PT74 ''European Culture And The Media'']. Intellect Books. pp.&nbsp;74–. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-84150-111-6|<bdi>978-1-84150-111-6</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Arnold2009">{{Cite book|author=Chris Arnold|title=Ethical Marketing and The New Consumer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgohhaXFMqcC&pg=PT30|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=27 October 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-68546-4}}</ref> === Oriri pụtara ìhè === Na hyperconsumerism, ngwongwo na-abụkarị akara ọkwa, dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-azụta ha ọ bụghị nke ukwuu iji ha mee ihe, dị ka igosi ha ndị ọzọ, na-ezipụ ihe ndị metụtara ya (dị ka igosipụta akụ na ụba). <ref name="Sirgy2001">{{Cite book|author=M. Joseph Sirgy|title=Handbook of Quality-of-Life Research: An Ethical Marketing Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxEHYNDzGO0C&pg=PA140|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=30 November 2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0172-7|pages=140–}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFM._Joseph_Sirgy2001">M. Joseph Sirgy (30 November 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=TxEHYNDzGO0C&pg=PA140 ''Handbook of Quality-of-Life Research: An Ethical Marketing Perspective'']. Springer. pp.&nbsp;140–. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-4020-0172-7|<bdi>978-1-4020-0172-7</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, dị ka ndị ọzọ theorists, mkpa na-eri na hyper-eri ọha mmadụ na-chụpụrụ obere site mpi na ndị ọzọ karịa ha onwe ha hedonistic ụtọ. <ref name="Paris2011">{{Cite book|author=Chris Paris|title=Affluence, Mobility and Second Home Ownership|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcnD5vXj-_AC&pg=PA17|accessdate=6 February 2013|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-54891-5|pages=17–}}</ref> Ejikọtala hyperconsumerism na homogenization omenala, ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, Eurocentrism, Eurocentric modernizations, na n'ihi ya, mgbasa nke Western omenala . <ref name="Ritzer2008">{{Cite book|author=George Ritzer|title=The Blackwell Companion to Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKnmvRATtfAC&pg=PA140|accessdate=6 February 2013|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-76642-2}}</ref> Atawo ya ụta maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi iji oke oke akụrụngwa eme ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Interview by Sophie Morris|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/think-you-love-shopping-its-the-marketing-scam-of-the-century-849922.html|title=Think you love shopping? It's the marketing scam of the century - Green Living - Environment|work=The Independent|date=2008-06-19|accessdate=2013-02-18}}</ref> <ref name="Ferrell2004">{{Cite book|author=Jeff Ferrell|title=Cultural Criminology Unleashed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVcCn0PovvkC&pg=PA167|accessdate=6 February 2013|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-904385-37-0|pages=167–}}</ref> A na-ahụ ya dị ka ihe mgbaàmà nke mmepe nke nfe . <ref>{{Cite book|title=International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences|others=Wright, James D.|isbn=9780080970875|edition=Second|location=Amsterdam|oclc=904209795|date=2015-02-17}}</ref> A maara ụdị egwu vaporwave maka inye nkatọ n'ụzọ na-ezighị anya site n'uwa emo ụzọ a na-esi ree ngwaahịa nye ndị na-azụ ahịa site na ịmepụta ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ntọala - na-agafe na plaza mebere, na-ejide ma na-ejide ya na loop oriri - ma na-akatọkarị ọnọdụ ahụ. ma ọ bụ ntọala. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tanner|first=Grafton|title=Babbling Corpse: Vaporwave and the Commodification of Ghosts.|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-78279-760-9|pages=49}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Neoliberalism – Political philosophy supporting economic liberalization * Consumerism – Socio-economic order that encourages the purchase of goods/services in ever-greater amounts * Peer pressure – Influencing peers to conform * Novelty seeking – Personality trait * Hypermodernity – deepening or intensification of modernityPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback * Commodification – Transformation of goods, services, ideas and people into commodities or objects of trade * Throw-Away Society – Human society strongly influenced by consumerism * Consumer capitalism – Condition in which consumer demand is manipulated through mass-marketing * Economic materialism – Excessive desire to acquire and consume material goods * Conspicuous consumption – Concept in sociology and economy * Consumption (economics) – Using money to obtain an item for use * Keeping up with the Joneses – Idiom on comparing oneself to neighbors * Overproduction – Excess of supply over demand of products being offered to an economic market * Overexploitation – Depleting a renewable resource == Edensibia == site n'uwa emo ụzọ a na-esi ree ngwaahịa nye ndị na-azụ ahịa site na ịmepụta ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ntọala - na-agafe na plaza mebere,{{Reflist}} 1z0l6bf6r97q2w2sadn8t4ygpisz0ei 0 42295 742464 161273 2026-11-03T08:00:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Omume ịzụ ahịa '''dị iche iche na-achọ''' ma ọ bụ '''ịchọ ụdị dị iche iche''' na-akọwa ọchịchọ nke onye na-azụ ahịa ịchọ ngwaahịa ọzọ, ọ bụrụgodị na afọ juru ya na ngwaahịa dị ugbu a. == Hụkwa == * Ihe ọhụrụ ndị ahịa == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 4xu899rp7e9qa5bstyp3uycsk3al2dc 0 42337 742664 161368 2026-11-03T08:58:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ''' ( '''AT''' ) bụ ụdị ikike ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na ọkwa J-1 . J-1 bụ ọkwa maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na mgbanwe ndị ọbịa nke bụ akụkụ nke Mmemme Ndị Ọbịa na Mmụta na mgbanwe nke Ngalaba Ọchịchị na United States na-arụkọ ọrụ na US Immigration and Customs Enforcement na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] . <ref name="Uscis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/working-united-states/students-and-exchange-visitors/exchange-visitors|title=U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services|accessdate=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[USCIS]]}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ J-1 na-eji mmemme AT maka ọzụzụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe bara uru metụtara ọkachamara ọkachamara ugbu a nke nwa akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref name="dep"/> <ref name="gu"/> AT bụ ohere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ J-1 itinye ihe ọmụma ha nwetara na mmemme mmụta n'ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="gu">{{Cite web|url=https://internationalservices.georgetown.edu/at|title=International Student & Scholar Services|accessdate=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[Georgetown University]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://internationalservices.georgetown.edu/at "International Student & Scholar Services"]. [[Mahadum Georgetown|Georgetown University]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> AT nwere ike ịgụnye, mana ọnweghị oke na, nkuzi, mmemme na nkuzi nkwado. <ref name="dep">{{Cite web|url=http://j1visa.state.gov/participants/common-questions|title=Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs|accessdate=September 20, 2016|publisher=[[The United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://j1visa.state.gov/participants/common-questions "Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs"]. [[Ngalaba Ọchịchị United States|The United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> AT bụ analog nke Ọzụzụ bara uru maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na ọkwa visa J-1. Nwa akwụkwọ enweghị ike n'otu oge tozuo maka Ọzụzụ bara uru (nke a makwaara dị ka OPT) na Ọzụzụ Ọmụmụ: OPT bụ maka visa F-1 na ụmụ akwụkwọ visa M-1, ebe AT bụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ visa J-1 . == Hụkwa == * Educedu * I-20 (ụdị) == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://internationaloffice.berkeley.edu/ds-2019] : gbasara ụdị DS-2019. isshrttsrswal4qs36xdtt6rg1rn4xh 0 42371 742677 161426 2026-11-03T09:19:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ụdị ndụmọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrụ ụmụaka''' bụ nke Òtù Mba Nile Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ (ILO) nakweere na 1999 dị ka Nkwanye ILO Mba 190. <ref name="Recommendation R190"/> Ndokwa nke ndụmọdụ a na-agbakwunye ndị nke ụdị kachasị njọ nke nkwekọrịta ọrụ ụmụaka (Convention No 182, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'okpuru dị ka 'Nkwekọrịta') na ekwesịrị itinye ya na njikọ ha. Ekwesịrị ịgụkọ isiokwu a na nke ahụ na mgbakọ ahụ. Ndokwa nke Nkwanye ahụ gụnyere ihe ndị a: <ref name="Recommendation R190">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312528:NO|title=R190 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999 (No. 190)|work=[[International Labour Organization]]|date=17 June 1999}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312528:NO "R190 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation, 1999 (No. 190)"]. ''[[Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile|International Labour Organization]]''. 17 June 1999.</cite></ref> * Kedu mmemme nke omume e zoro aka na ya na Nkeji edemede 6 nke Ụdị Kasị njọ nke Mgbakọ Ọrụ Ụmụaka kwesịrị itinye na (Nkeji I); * Kedu ihe a ga-atụle mgbe mba ndị na-akwado ya na-ekpebi n'ihe gbasara Nkeji edemede 3 (d) nke Mgbakọ ahụ ụdị ihe egwu kachasị njọ na-eche ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na mba ndị ahụ (Nkebi II); * Na ekwesịrị ịchịkọta ozi zuru ezu na data ndekọ banyere ọdịdị na oke ọrụ ụmụaka na-arụ ma mee ka ọ dị ọhụrụ (Isiokwu III (5) ruo (7); * Na mba ndị na-akwado kwesịrị guzobe ma ọ bụ wepụta usoro mba kwesịrị ekwesị iji nyochaa mmejuputa ndokwa nke mba maka mmachibido na mkpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ (Nkeji III (8)); * Na mba ndị na-akwado ya kwesịrị, n'ókè ọ dabara na iwu obodo, na-akwado mbọ mba ụwa na-agba mbọ maka mmachibido na mkpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ (Nkeji III (11)); * Mba ndị na-akwado ya kwesịrị inye na <nowiki><i id="mwGQ">ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka</i></nowiki> ndị a kọwapụtara nke ọma bụ mmejọ mpụ ma na-enyekwa ndị omempụ ọzọ, ndị obodo ma ọ bụ nhazi nhazi iji hụ na mmanye mmanye nke mba dị irè maka mmachibido na ikpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ ( Nkeji edemede III (12) ruo (14)); * Ndepụta usoro ndị ọzọ enwere ike iji machibido ma kpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ (Isiokwu III (15)); * Nke ahụ kwalitere nkwado mba ụwa na/ma ọ bụ enyemaka n'etiti mba ndị na-akwado maka mmachibido na mkpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kacha njọ kwesịrị ịkwado mbọ mba (Isiokwu III(16)). == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 3zigfs0agz7h7topw3vfz7rfj3w7mso 0 42383 742388 165877 2026-11-03T04:23:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742388 wikitext text/x-wiki   C Captain Emma Churchill (1862 – 16 Mee 1957) bụ onye ahụ The Salvation Army na Newfoundland .  Amụrụ ya na Portugal Cove, Newfoundland mana ya na nne na nna ya kwagara Ontario na 1882. Churchill nọ na Toronto mgbe mmadụ abụọ si England webatara echiche General William Booth ebe ahụ.  Na 1883 ọ sonyeere The Salvation Army, na-aghọ 11th nke mbụ 25 Officers ka e nyere ọrụ na Army ọhụrụ Canada.  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Guelph Salvation Army Corps, [1] ji ụgbọ okporo rutere ebe ahụ na 1884, ya na Staff Captain Lt. Ida Russell.  Mgbe ọ na-enwe Captain Charles Dawson (1864 – 1942) na 1885, ọ nyere aha ya bụ ọ bụrụ Emma Churchill Dawson Na 1885, Emma na Charles gara Newfoundland na ezumike ezumike ha .  Na September 3, 1885, na ụka Methodist dị na Portugal Cove, nwere ikike Salvation Army nke mbụ ga-eme na Newfoundland.  N’ihi ihe ịga nke ọma nke akwụkwọ a, YMCA dị na St. Johns gwara ndị Dawson ka ha nwee ikike ndị yiri nke ahụ n’ebe ahụ.  Nkwe mmetụta a mere ka egwu Newfoundland ha ruru ule ise.  Ndị Dawson kpọkwara isi ụlọ ọrụ Canada na January 1886 na-agbara ka e kenye ndị uwe ojii ka ha ngosi na-eduzi ndị ahụ.  N’otu ụnụ ahụ, ndị uwe ojii anọ bịarutere St. John. Ndị Dawson mechara laghachi na Ontario ebe ha hiwere usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ site na Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Gate Toronto, nke meghere na 1890, na na Guelph Reformatory. Emma Dawson nwụrụ na 16 Mee 1957 na Guelph, Ontario, ma e wee lie ya na 18 Mee 1957 na ili Woodlawn na Guelph. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}  == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150228013229/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/society/salvation_army.html Churchill na webụsaịtị Newfoundland na Labrador Heritage] * [http://www.salvationist.ca/2007/a-legacy-worth-celebrating Churchill na webụsaịtị Salvationist Canada] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111004014904/http://www.sawiki.net/index.php/Newfoundland_and_Labrador Churchill na SAWiki] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] m1ycsjgg7fh8osdpcg1nxlkaip2nllj 0 42403 742556 161490 2026-11-03T08:16:01Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sophy Sanger''' (1881–1950) bụ onye mba ofesi Britain na onye na-agbanwe iwu ọrụ . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sophy Sanger na 3 Jenụarị 1881 na Westcott, Surrey . <ref name=":0"/> : 1 Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke ọdụdụ nke onye ọchụnta ego London bara ọgaranya Charles Sanger na Jessie Alice Pulford. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, e zigara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Dr. Elizabeth Dawes dị na Weybridge, bụ ebe ọ bụ nanị nwa akwụkwọ a kụziiri mgbakọ na mwepụ. <ref name=":0" /> Ọ gara Newnham College, Cambridge n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1899. Sophy malitere site n'ịmụ Tripos mgbakọ na mwepụ site na 1899 ruo 1902 wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ sayensị omume na 1903. <ref name=":1">{{Cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37934|title=Sanger, Sophy (1881–1950)|last=Oldfield|first=Sybil|date=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/37934 |access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ na Cambridge na arụmụka na Newnham nzuko omeiwu ka Sophy bu ụzọ nwee mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; Ige ntị okwu nke Quaker Hilda Clark kpalitere n'ime nkwa ya maka udo . <ref name=":0" /> : 26  == Ọrụ == Sophy Sanger rụrụ ọrụ maka Women's Trade Union League site na 1903 ruo 1909, guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu mgbe ọ na-amụta iwu ọrụ na Mahadum University London. Ọrụ ya na iwu mkpuchi maka ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ebe ọrụ pụtara na a kpọrọ ya ka ọ nye ihe akaebe n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ omeiwu na House of Lords na o nyeere ndị omeiwu Labour aka ịkwado okwu ha maka ụgwọ ụlọ ahịa. <ref name=":1" /> Na 1905, Sanger hiwere ngalaba Britain nke International Association for Labour Legislation, na-ebipụta ụdị Bekee nke French na German ''Bulletins'' . N'etiti 1909 na 1919, o dere na dezie ''World's Labour Laws'', akwụkwọ nke nkeji iri na ise nke kwadoro okwu ndị dị ka nkwụsị nke ọrụ ụmụaka, mmachi nke iji phosphorus na-acha ọcha na ndu na igbochi anthrax . O kwenyere na imekọ ihe ọnụ na ime ihe n'ime mgbanwe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke mba ụwa nwere ike ịlụso ọtụtụ nsogbu ikike ndị ọrụ ọgụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ: ọrụ ọsụsọ, ọrịa ọrụ na mmerụ ahụ n'ebe ọrụ. A họpụtara Sophy Sanger onye isi nke ngalaba omebe iwu nke International Labour Organisation, ọkwa o jidere site na nguzobe ya na 1919 ruo 1924. Ọ laghachiri na Britain na 1924 wee gụọ maka ụlọ mmanya dị na Grey's Inn, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ikike maka iwu ọrụ maka ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sophy Sanger: A pioneer in internationalism|date=1958|publisher=University Press|location=Glasgow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2x7RAAAAMAAJ&q=westcott|author=Allen|first=A.M.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAllen1958">Allen, A.M. (1958). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2x7RAAAAMAAJ&q=westcott ''Sophy Sanger: A pioneer in internationalism'']. Glasgow: University Press.</cite></ref> : 259  Sanger nwụrụ n'ọrịa na 7 Disemba 1950 na Cambridge . <ref name=":0"/> : 291  == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} n8x1ucjcm7iyn2nqdozvayjplevmniz 0 42606 742645 161763 2026-11-03T08:55:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742645 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref name="tna"/>Ọrụ Ezin ,nke bụbu Association Welfare Family and the Charity Organisation Society ) bụ ọrụ na England hiwere na 1869. [1] Ọ na-enye nkwado maka ezi na-eme ihe, ihe ebere gbasara ụmụaka na nke uche uche ha. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Building Resilience in Families Under Stress|author=National Children's Bureau|publisher=JKP|year=2009|isbn=978-1-905-81885-3}}</ref> Ebumnobi ekwuru maka ọrụ ebere ahụ bụ “inye [e] nkwado bara uru, nke mmetụta uche na nke ego nye ndị na-enwe ịda ogbenye, ọghọm na ikewapụ ọha n'ofe England. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.family-action.org.uk/|title=Who we are|publisher=Family Action|accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == <ref name="tna">{{Cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/60f376cd-947c-446f-9a8d-9127c740766d|title=Family Welfare Association (formerly Charity Organisation Society)|publisher=The National Archives|accessdate=1 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/60f376cd-947c-446f-9a8d-9127c740766d "Family Welfare Association (formerly Charity Organisation Society)"]. The National Archives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref>Eziniche Action ntọala ntọala na 1869 dị ka Society for Organizing Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity, nke a na-akpọ Charity Organization Society (COS).  Ebumnobi mbụ ya bụ ijikọta mbọ dị iche iche na-eme ebere na London, bụ nke a na-eche na ọ ga-ebute nna oke, ndị ogbenye na ihe.  Ndị otu ahụ zubere nke ọma ọnọdụ dị n'azụ onye ọ ALA ebere na-azọrọ, na ịhụ na iwu kwesịrị ezuru iji dobe ha iche ndị ogbenye ogbenye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thirdsector.co.uk/interview-helen-dent-chief-executive-family-welfare-association/communications/article/844817|title=CEO interview, Sept 2008|publisher=Third Sector}}</ref>A kpọ isi ahụ aha aha Òtù Ọdịmma Ezin ike na 1946 iji ọrụ ya gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe.  [1] Ọ na-eme Ezin pụtara na 2008, n'ihi na ndị erite uru chere 'ọdịmma' nwere ihe na-adịghị mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/docs/press_release.htm|title=National Council of Social Service press release: centres of information to be opened following outbreak of war|publisher=The National Archives|accessdate=11 Aug 2018}}</ref>N'afọ 1939, ndị ọrụ ebere, ndị na-egosi makalite ndị ohu ọrụ Ndụmọdụ ụmụ amaala nke mbụ na London Council of Social Services.  Ebe ozi ndị kwesịrị inye inye "banyere mpaghara na nsogbu onwe onye na nsogbu ndị ga-eche ndị mmadụ ihu n'oge agha".  ọrụ afọ nwere nkà ga-arụ ọrụ a bụ ndị ọrụ na ọrụ ha bụ "nke dị mkpa mba dị mkpa n'oge agha" ọ dị mkpa == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{Cite book|title=Charity Organisation Reporter|url={{Google books|WNcIZ87XH2UC|plainurl=true}}|date=1874|publisher=Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity}} * {{Cite book|title=Charity Organisation Reporter|url={{Google books|90kFAAAAQAAJ|plainurl=true}}|date=1876|publisher=Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity}} * {{Cite book|title=Charity Organisation Reporter|url={{Google books|SPTvjR1YsVYC|plainurl=true}}|date=1877|publisher=Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity}} * {{Cite book|title=Charity Organisation Reporter|url={{Google books|5X-E4V_mvPgC|plainurl=true}}|date=1878|publisher=Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity}} * {{Cite book|title=Charity Organisation Reporter|url={{Google books|w0owAQAAMAAJ|plainurl=true}}|date=1880|publisher=Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity}} * {{Cite book|title=Charity Organisation Reporter|url={{Google books|tCa4ZKt4azgC|plainurl=true}}|date=1882|publisher=Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 7qwprmig71yx8g5lfwrjlaehra0lfqa 0 43103 742396 642115 2026-11-03T05:40:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Ernest Green 1996.jpg|thumb|Ernest Green]] Ernest Gideon Green ( Sept. 22, 1941) bụ otu n'ime Little Rock Nine, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ Africa-American bụ ndị, na 1957, bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii mbụ gara klaas na Little Rock Central High School na Little Rock, [[Arkinsọ|Arkansas]].  .  Green bụ onye Africa-America mbụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ na 1958. Na 1999, ya na ndị otu Little Rock Nine ndị njem nrite ala edo nke Congressional site n'aka Onye isi ala Bill Clinton == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A egwuregwu Ernest Green na Little Rock, Arkansa na 1941 nye Lothaire na Ernest Green, Sr. Ernest nwere nwanne, Scott, na nwanne, Treopia Washington. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Green na-ekere òkè na mmemme ụka ma bụrụ onye otu Boy Scouts nke America, mechaa nweta ọkwa nke Eagle Scout .  [1] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Dunbar Junior wee gụchaa mgbe ọ gachara ɔkwan, n'oge ahụ e kenyere ya na Horace Mann High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ maka ndị America-America.   Na ike nke obere afọ ya na Horace Mann, Green, onwe ya ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ White Rock Central niile n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1957 wee nyere aka wepụta otu n'ime ụlọ kacha ukwuu nke mba ahụ. Green ghọrọ naanị onye okenye n'etiti ndị America itoolu ndị America kpebiri itinye Central High ọdịda ahụ. Ernest Green mere ndị ihe mere eme na Mee 27, 1958, mgbe ọ isi onye mbụ nke Little Rock Nine, na onye mbụ African-American, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Little Rock's Central High School.  Martin Luther King Jr., bụ onye nọ na Arkansas ka ọ na-ekwu okwu na Arkansas Agriculture Mechanical and Normal College 's mmepụta na Pine Bluff, gara ngụsị akwụkwọ ya na Green Green gara Mahadum [[Michigan]] State dị ka onye na-erite uru na njikọ nke onye nyere onyinye na- aha nyere.  Mgbe ọ nọ na Michigan State, Green Gri na-etinye aka na mmemme na-iwe na-akwado Civil Rights Movement .  O mechara mmebi na onye nyere onyinye a na- map aha bụ John A. Hannah, onye isi oche nke Michigan State, na onye na-eme eme mgbe ụfọdụ nke ndị na-akwado ikike obodo Green.  Green akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Arts na 1962 yana nzere Master na sociology na 1964 N'afọ 1965, Green Akara n'ịzụ site na Adolph Institute, mmemme e mere iji nyere ụmụ pere mpe na ndịda aka n'okwukwe ọrụ.  Site na 1968 ruo 1976, ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ego A. Philip Randolph Education Fund .  Site na 1977 ruo 1981, ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke Labor n'oge dị iche iche Jimmy Carter. . Site na 1981 ruo 1985 Green bụ onye mmekọ na Green na Herman siri ike, na site na 1985 ruo 1986 ọ nwere E. Green na Associates.  Ọ bụ nna mbụ Lehman Brothers, ebe ọ bụ onye isi ụmụaka na ngalaba ego a kapịrị ọnụ nke Washington, DC, na-anya anya na ego ọha na eze.  Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche na Albert Shanker Institute Green ihe nrite Eagle Scout na 1956 tupu ọ gaa Central High.  [1] N'ime afọ 25 ka e ịhụnanya, ọ natara Distinguished Eagle Scout Award nke BSA nyere ndị na-akpa 2000 ndị ikom ikom Eagle dị ka Scout.  Na 2004, ọ haziri usoro Scoutreach na Washington, DC, ma jee ozi dị ka oche ndị ọrụ afọ nke mmemme ahụ. Green jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Community Academy Public Charter School, [1] a Washington, DC, ụlọ akwụkwọ Charter mechiri na 2015 maka mmechi fu ego.  [2] Na Ma ọchịchị 3, 2015 Attorney General for the District of Columbia gbara akwụkwọ Green na onye ọzọ so na bọọdụ maka "ịmejọ ọnọdụ ha nke ukwuu dị ka ndị nduzi" na "nyere aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-eme ihe ọre  nzube ya na - uru".  Achụpụrụ akwụkwọ ikpe ahụ na ebubo ebubo ọzọ e boro ya <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/judge-upholds-revocation-of-charter-for-dcs-community-academy/2015/04/16/05a1d360-e2cf-11e4-81ea-0649268f729e_story.html|title=Judge upholds revocation of charter for D.C.'s Community Academy - The Washington Post|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/complaint-in-dc-superior-court/1515/|title=502 Bad Gateway|accessdate=2024-04-15|archivedate=2018-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820130838/https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/documents/local/complaint-in-dc-superior-court/1515/}}</ref> == Ihe onyonyo onyonyo == Egosiwo Green na ihe nkiri emere ngosi nke mmetụta Little Rock Nine.  Ọ bụ Calvin Level hụrụ ya na 1981 CBS Crisis Crisis at Central High, [1] na Morris Chestnut na ihe nkiri 1993 Disney Channel The Ernest Green Akụkọ Akụkọ.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106826 ''The Ernest Green Story'' at the Internet Movie Database]</ref> Ná 1980, ọ bụ ihe nke Milton Friedman (PBS) Free to Select panel nwere ụka (mkpakọta 8 nke 10) ikike ndị ọrụ na akụ na nna. Na 2019, DeRon Horton ị na-eso ihe mere eme eme : The Little Rock Nine Take on Segregation in Schools, nke nke Amandla Stenberg == Hụkwa ==   * [[Melba Pattillo Beals]] * ''Itoolu sitere na Little Rock'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170331210856/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=391&category=businessmakers Biography] na ''HistoryMakers'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060928035002/http://www.eeoc.gov/abouteeoc/35th/voices/oral_history-ernest_green-stacey_petersen.wpd.html Transcript nke Ajụjụ ọnụ] maka ncheta afọ 35 nke EEOC * [http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2001/December/01_crm_662.htm Ernest G. Green Rọọrọ Mkpebi maka Mmebi Ụtụ Isi], USDOJ, Disemba 21, 2001 * {{IMDb name|2105787}} * Appearances * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190747/https://omeka.binghamton.edu/omeka/items/show/1182 Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Ernest Green] sitere n'aka Stephen McKiernan, Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Binghamton maka ọmụmụ nke 1960, Maachị 3, 2011 {{DEFAULTSORT:Green, Ernest}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3p7k9w8pyt9grn9hz4fnx181fe7ov5g 0 43282 742762 177221 2026-11-03T09:33:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742762 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Marcy Houses Park Av rainy jeh.jpg|thumb|Marcy Houses Park Av rainy jeh.jpg]] Ezi Marcy, ma ọ bụ The Marcy Projects, bụ ụlọ ọha na eze wuru ma na-arụ ọrụ site na New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) ma dị na Bedford-Stuyvesant ma dị n'aka Flushing, Marcy, Nostrand na Myrtle avenues  .  [1] [2] [3] Akpọrọ ọnọdụ ahụ aha William L. Marcy (1786–1857), onye ọkaiwu, onye agha na onye dị iche iche.  [4] Ihe nwe ụlọ 27 okpukpu isii na 28.49 acres (0.1153 km2 , o nwere ụlọ 1,705 ihe dị ka ndị bi na 4,286 (nkezi nke mmadụ 2.5 n'iche) <ref name="nychamarcy"/> == Mmepe == Obodo New York zụtara ala Marcy dị na 1945; ọ bụbu ebe a na-arụ nnukwu igwe igwe ikuku Dutch. <ref name="60yrsnycha">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/news/marcy_riis_60.shtml|title=Happy 60th Marcy and Jacob Riis House|accessdate=2009-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502161209/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/news/marcy_riis_60.shtml|archivedate=May 2, 2010}}</ref> A kpochapụrụ ụlọ na azụmahịa (gụnyere ụlọ akụ abụọ) maka owuwu nke Marcy, yana akụkụ nke Hopkins, Ellery, Floyd (ugbu a Martin Luther King Jr. Place), na okporo ụzọ Stockton nke gafere ebe mgbagwoju anya ugbu a. Emechara Marcy na Jenụwarị 19, 1949. <ref name="nychamarcy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|title=NYCHA Housing Developments - Marcy Houses|work=nyc.gov|publisher=City of New York|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111053258/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|archivedate=January 11, 2009}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090111053258/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml "NYCHA Housing Developments - Marcy Houses"]. ''nyc.gov''. City of New York. Archived from [http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml the original] on January 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1946, 3.2 acres (0.013 km2 nke 28.49 acres (0.1153 km2 edoro maka ebe egwuregwu; e wughachiri ebe egwuregwu a na 1989. <ref name="60yrsnycha" /> Marcy emeela ihe iji bụrụ enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi;  na 2006, o dochiri ihe niile na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri na-echekwa ike, ngwa ngwa mmiri ọkụ.  N'October 2008, mpaghara mpaghara Marcyụzọ ọkwa nke atọ na emume 43rd kwa afọ nke ubi na Greening, na ubi ya na-acha akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ nke ọnọdụ nke abụọ.  [1] Na Jenụwarị 19, 2009, ụbọchị nke 60 nke arụchara ụlọ ahụ, onye isi obodo Michael Bloomberg were ụbọchị Marcy Houses Day. == Ndị ama ama == * Jay-Z, (amụrụ 1969), onye egwu <ref>Birchmeier, Jason. [https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jay-z-mn0000224257 Jay-Z Biography]. AllMusic. Retrieved Jan 21, 2023.</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị isi ụlọ obibi New York * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ikike obibi New York City == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|title=NYCHA Housing Developments - Marcy Houses|work=nyc.gov|publisher=City of New York|accessdate=2009-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111053258/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/bklynmarcy.shtml|archivedate=January 11, 2009}} [[Òtù:Aha]] 2z5ogc8y2whpokt0nv9ehez7en5a0t1 0 43290 742740 177414 2026-11-03T09:29:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742740 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="smithhouses"/>Ndị ọchịchị Gọvanọ Alfred E. Smith, ma ọ bụ Ndị nwe Alfred E. Smith.  obere ụlọ nke New York City Housing Authority wuru na mpaghara Bridges nke Lower East Side nke Manhattan .  [1] [2] [3] Enwere ụlọ 12 na ikike anya;  ha niile toro ogologo iri na asaa.  [1] Ọ na-ekpuchi 21.75 acres (8.80 ha), nwere ụlọ 1,931, ma nwee ihe ruru mmadụ 5,739.  [1] [4] Ogige ahụ dị n'ụdị St. James Place n'ịkpọ ndị malite, okporo ụzọ Madison n'ebe ugwu, Catherine Street n'ịkpọ ụmụaka, yana South Street n'ụdị ndịda. [[Usòrò:Alfred E Smith Houses Catherine Slip & South St jeh.jpg|thumb|Alfred E Smith Houses]] == Ihe gbasara == Nbibi nke ụlọ maka owuwu nke ogige ahụ malitere na 1950, ma wuchaa ụlọ ndị ahụ n'April 1, 1953. <ref name="smithhouses">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/mansmith.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205062508/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/mansmith.shtml|archivedate=5 December 2008|title=SMITH, ALFRED E. HOUSES|work=NYCHA Housing Developments|publisher=New York City Housing Authority|accessdate=16 January 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205062508/http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycha/html/developments/mansmith.shtml "SMITH, ALFRED E. HOUSES"]. </cite></ref> <ref name="villagerreveal">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thevillager.com/villager_183/thelowereastside.html|title=The Lower East Side revealed|author=Steed|first=Tonia|work=The Villager|publisher=Community Media, LLC|accessdate=16 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015053453/http://www.thevillager.com/villager_183/thelowereastside.html|archivedate=October 15, 2010}}</ref> Onye isi nkwado nke ahụ bụ onye omebe iwu steeti John J. Lamula na aha ya bụ Gọvanọ New York oge aanọ Al Smith (1873–1944), onye mbụ mbụ nhọpụta onye isi ala site n'aka otu nnukwu ike ịnya na  onye na-eme nsogbu nsogbu na eze bụ onye.  nwere njirimara n'ụdị obibi na ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma.  [1] [2] Smith jere ozi dị iche site na 1919–1920 na 1923–1929, ma ndị Democratic Party ngosi ya n'enweghi ihe ịga nke ọma na 1928, ya na Joseph Taylor Robinson dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ ya.  [2] Ogige Alfred E. Smith dị nso, 2.77-acre (1.12 ha) nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ maka Gọvanọ Smith nke dị na akuku South St, Catherine Slip, na Madison St, Alfred E. Smith Recreational Center, nke nwe ọnụ ụlọ.  obodo na ụlọ ahụ, na PS 126.<ref name="smithpark">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/M194/|title=Alfred E Smith Park|work=Explore Your Park|publisher=New York City Department of Parks & Recreation|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> N'ime ndị bi na Gọvanọ Alfred E. Smith Ụlọ, 30% bụ ndị agadi dị ka nke 2010, mgbe ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu dị otú ahụ pasent nke mmepe ụlọ ọha na eze na New York City. <ref name="recoverygrants">{{Cite web|url=http://www.recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/pages/RecipientProjectSummary508.aspx?AwardIdSur=30122&AwardType=Grants|title=Grants-Award Summary|work=Recovery.gov|publisher=United States Federal Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011161853/http://www.recovery.gov/Transparency/RecipientReportedData/pages/RecipientProjectSummary508.aspx?AwardIdSur=30122|archivedate=2010-10-11|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref> == Ndị ama ama == * Luther Vandross (1951 – 2005), onye na-abụ abụ na onye nrụpụta ndekọ. <ref name="NewYorkCoombs">{{Cite journal|author=Coombs|first=Orde|title=The Voice of The New Vulnerability|journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=February 15, 1982|volume=15|issue=7|pages=45–49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOcCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47|accessdate=September 20, 2014|issn=0028-7369}}</ref> * Michael Che (amụrụ 1983), onye ọchị ọchị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Seabaugh|first=Julie|date=June 3, 2014|title=How New York Comedian Michael Che Willed His Way to SNL and The Daily Show|url=http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2014/06/michael-che-snl-daily-show.php?page=all|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019083440/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2014/06/michael-che-snl-daily-show.php?page=all|archivedate=October 19, 2014|accessdate=April 15, 2020|work=[[Village Voice]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndị isi ụlọ obibi New York * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ikike obibi New York City == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Alfred E. Smith Houses}}{{Lower East Side, Manhattan|state=collapsed}} [[Òtù:Aha]] bg6zhkn1pv881cjdt9m2obaf8t99kxr 0 43378 742734 162901 2026-11-03T09:28:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742734 wikitext text/x-wiki   ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara isi obodo bụ ihe kasị ukwuu na Washington metro na-arụ ọrụ iji dozie agụụ na nsogbu ndị enyi ya: erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na-ahụ ala ala, ọrịa obi, ọrịa shuga, na oke ibu.  Site na akwụkwọ ya na otu obodo 450 na District nke Columbia, Maryland, na Virginia, yana ibuga nri nri n'ime ebe siri ike iru, kwa afọ, Capital Area Food Bank na enyere ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nde mmadụ.  aka kwa afọ ihe ọma., nri dị mma. N'afọ mmefu ego nke 2015, ụlọ akụ nri nyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde pound iri anọ na ise - nke ya na nri nde 36 - na mpaghara ahụ. Na mgbakwunye na nri, ụlọ akụ nri na-enyekwa nkuzi nri nri na klaasị isi nri, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/nutrition-education-2/|title=Nutrition Education|work=Capital Area Food Bank – Washington, DC Metro Area|accessdate=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> na-enye ndị ọ na-enye aka na ozi na nka ịzụ ahịa na isi nri dị mma na mmefu ego. mgbaàmà nke Capital Area Food Bank [1] na-eje ozi Washington, DC;  Montgomery, Maryland;  Onye isi ala George, Maryland;  Arlington, Virginia;  Fairfax, Virginia;  Prince William, Virginia;  Alexandria (Obodo), Virginia;  Fairfax (Obodo), Virginia;  Falls Church (Obodo), Virginia;  Manassas (Obodo), Virginia;  na Manassas Park (City), Virginia. ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara isi obodo na-arụ ọrụ site n'ibu nke ndị ọrụ awụ 21,000 kwa afọ, ndị na-enye oge ha iji nyere aka dozie nri, nkuzi klaasị, na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ụlọ nri.  [1] nri akụ nri bụ otu n'ime nri America . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Insidecafb.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ndị nkwakọba ihe nke Capital Area Food Bank nke Northeast Washington]] Ewebatara ụlọ nri Capital Area na Ọktoba 24, 1979, mana ọ na-ewere ụbọchị ntọala ya bụ January 15, 1980, dabara na ọnwụ Martin Luther King Jr. iri ise na mbụ.  [1] Tupu oge ahụ, ahụ Stamp Food nke egwu United States bụ isi obodo na-enyere ndị bi n'agụụ aka.  [2] ndepụta, mbelata na mmemme stampụ nri e zubere maka 1980s butere na ụlọ akụ nri site n'aka ndị otu mpaghara abụọ, United Planning Organization na Interfaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington.  [1] N'ime mbụ ọrụ ya, ụlọ nri jisiri ike na-enye ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nri otu nri ma na-ebuga nri 1,540 (kilogram 700) kwa ọnwa.  [3] [1] N'ime afọ ndị ọzọ nke 1980, Capital Area Food Bank gara n'ihu na-eme nke ọma ka ya na ụlọ ọrụ dị nso na-arụkọ ọrụ, dị ka Washington Post Na 1991, Capital Area Food Bank meghere ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ọhụrụ na mpaghara Brookland na ugwo ihe ọmụmụ Washington, DC .  Ọhụrụ 48,000-square-foot (4,500 m [1] ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ụgwọ okpukpu okpukpu nke ụlọ nri mbụ 14,000-square-foot (1,300 m ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi na Capital Area Food Bank  taa Na 1998, ụlọ akụ nri meghere ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ọzọ, na Lorton, Virginia, nke na-eje ozi mkpa nke ndị bi na Northern Virginia <ref name="chron"/> N'afọ 2004, e mere bọọlụ bọọlụ Blue Jeans nke mbụ - nke a na-akpọkwa onye ọrụ ugbo Blue Jeans Ball na Mahadum Katọlik. Na 1981, ihe ụmụaka otu nde pound (kilogram 460,000) bụ ụlọ akụ nri Capital Area hazichara.  Ihe na- afọ 25 ka nke ahụ ọma, na 2005, ụlọ akụ na-ahụ nri nde paụnd iri nri abụọ (kilomita 9) nye ihe ụmụ mmadụ 275,000, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ nri kacha ukwuu na mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="chron">{{Cite web|url=http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf|accessdate=2006-08-05|title=Chronology|publisher=Capital Area Food Bank|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826120821/http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf|archivedate=2006-08-26}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060826120821/http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/downloads/chronology.pdf "Chronology"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> <ref name="house"/> Na 2007, Capital Area Food Bank kesara nde iri abụọ nri ma nye ihe dị ka mmadụ 383,000 na mpaghara metro Washington. Na 2012, Capital Area Food Bank kwagara na Bedford Falls Foundation Distribution Center, na-enye ohere ka nzukọ ahụ dịkwuo oke nkesa nke nri dị mma ma gbasaa ohere agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'afọ 2013, ogige ngosi obodo nke 8,000-square, ebe nri na-eto eto na ebe mmụta dị n'azụ ụlọ akụ nri, kwụsịrị oge mbụ ya. Na 2014, Capital Area Food Bank mụbara iru 540,300 ndị nwere nri 42 nde pound. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ar-2015.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2015-09-15|archivedate=2015-09-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907132023/http://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/ar-2015.pdf}}</ref> Ego mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ ewepụtara maka Greater Washington, bụ nke ụlọ akụ nri na-esi na-amịpụta mkpụrụ ọhụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo obodo, mechiri oge izizi izizi ya zuru oke site na nkwado sitere na J. Willard na Alice S. Marriott Foundation. N'afọ 2016, ụlọ akụ nri tinyere amụma nnabata nri ọhụrụ <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2016/08/25/want-to-donate-junk-food-the-regions-largest-food-bank-will-reject-it/|title=Want to donate junk food? The region's largest food bank will reject it.|author=Stein|first=Perry|date=2016-08-25|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2018-04-13|language=en-US}}</ref> n'ọnọdụ nke na-ebute ụzọ nri dị ala na shuga na nnu na nke dị elu na eriri. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-ere ahịa ya, onyinye nri junk dara 84% n'ime otu afọ. N'afọ 2017, e mere ka ọtụtụ puku mmadụ nweta ozi gbasara isi nri dị ọnụ ala mgbe akwụkwọ nri ụlọ akụ nri - nke na-egosi ka esi akwadebe nri dị ụtọ na nke dị mma maka ezinụlọ mmadụ anọ maka $7 ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya - n'akụkụ niile nke mpaghara ahụ. 93 nnukwu ụlọ ahịa. == Mkpa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == [[Usòrò:Bushcafb.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Onye isi ala US George W. Bush gara ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke isi akụ nri Capital Area na Washington na 2002.]] [[Usòrò:Broccoli_bunches.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Barbara Bush nyere ihe dị ka tɔn broccoli iri na 1990]]   .N'ihi ebe etiti ya dị nso n'iche United States, Capital Area Food Bank abụrụla ebe ndị agha agha na-ewu ewu.  Ndị isi ala US anọ n'usoro - George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, na Barack Obama - eletala ụlọ akụ nri. <ref name="chron"/>Na 1990, Oga oche George HW Bush machibido broccoli site na Air Force One, [1] na-ekwu, sị, "Achọghị m broccoli. Ma ahụghị m ya akwụkwọ m bụ nwata na nne m mere ka m rie ya, m wee rie.  ya. 'm Onye isi ala United States na ime m eri broccoli ọzọ.  Food Bank. <ref name="house">{{Cite web|url=http://www.house.gov/vanhollen/press2005/Food_Bank.html|publisher=The U.S. House of Representatives|title=Capital Area Food Bank to Receive Federal Funds|date=2005-11-18|accessdate=2006-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060731113141/http://www.house.gov/vanhollen/press2005/Food_Bank.html|archivedate=2006-07-31}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060731113141/http://www.house.gov/vanhollen/press2005/Food_Bank.html "Capital Area Food Bank to Receive Federal Funds"]. </cite></ref>N'ụbọchị nraranye, 1993, a na mkpu ihe puku iri atọ na ise, otu sitere na Tipper Gore, maka Capital Area Food Bank.  [1] Na 1999, Onye isi ala Bill Clinton gara ụlọ nri iji wepụta onwe ya na George W. Bush me ike omume ahụ na 2002. [2] N'otu aka ahụ, ihe na- ụmụaka izu abụọ tupu Super Bowl XXXVIII na  2004, Nwanyị Mbụ nke US Laura Bush gara na Capital Area Food Bank iji gbaa ndị America ume isonye na ọrụ ebere.  [1] [3] Ndị agha ndị uwe ojii egosila nkwado ha maka ụlọ nri site n'inye onyinye ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ kwalite ihe ụlọ akụ nri Capital Area.  Na 2005, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Maryland na Virginia Congressmen Chris Van Hollen, Steny Hoyer, Jim Moran, Frank Wolf, na Albert Wynn nwere ike ịga nke ọma na-ahụ US $ 1.3 nde na ego isi maka ụlọ nri nri. === Kansụl ndị ndu ndị ahịa na Bank Food === Ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara Capital (CAFB) bụ ihe ama ama maka ịsụ ụzọ iji ndị isi ndị isi ndị ahịa (CLC) na mbọ mmemme ha. Ndị CLC bụ kọmitii na-eduzi nke mejupụtara mmadụ iri na abụọ na-enweghị nchekwa nri na mpaghara DC ka ukwuu na-adabere na CAFB na netwọk mmekọrịta ha maka ịnweta nri ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ. N'ime ọnwa 9, a na-etinye ndị òtù CLC site na usoro ọzụzụ ọzụzụ nke e mere iji kụziere ha otú e si kọọ akụkọ ha, na-enye aka na mgbalị nkwado, interface na ndị nta akụkọ, na-emetụta CAFB na amụma gọọmentị na mmemme. <ref name="client-leadership-council">{{Cite web|title=Client Leadership Council|url=https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/what-we-do/client-leadership-council/|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Capital Area Food Bank|language=en-US}}</ref> Site na ngwa ngwa na usoro njirimara ọnụ.  Onye ọ fẹ afụ 18 nke bi na mpaghara ọrụ ụlọ nri, na-eche ihu ihu, ma jiri ọrụ CAFB (ma ọ bụ nke nri ndị mmekọ nkesa ha) tozuru oke isonye.  CAFB na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-enyere aka na-manyi nchegbu iji ngwa sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị tozuru etozu.  [1] A na-agbaziri onye ọbála na-foolụ onye ọnụ iji hụ na ha tozuru oke, yana na otu ahụ na-anya anya ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ buru ibu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elevating Voices, Ending Hunger: Amplifying Voices of Advocacy with Capital Area Food Bank and the Client Leadership Council on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/amplifying-voices-of-advocacy-with-capital-area-food/id1555888414?i=1000557380729|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=Apple Podcasts|language=en-US}}</ref>ụfọdụ CLC na-amalite na September wee na-agafe na Mee, yana ndị otu na-ekere òkè na-eji ụbọchị 3 kwa ọnwa.  N'oge n'ọnụ nke ọ lla, ndị na-ekere òkè na ogbako ụlọ ọrụ, nụ n'aka ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka nchekwa nri, ma na-emesị mee mmemme mmemme na nna nye ndị ọrụ CAFB na ndị ọrụ.  obodo.  , Na-Agaa si-aa bu eze aj u cafb na nres mar ur u ihe ọ bụla.  A na- ndị otu CLC niile na-arụ ọrụ maka oge itinye na mmemme mmemme, a na-akwadokwa njem ha na mmemme na ihe niile nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ike ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mmemme CLC enweela ike dị ukwuu na ụzọ ndị CAFB na ndị omebe iwu obodo si alụso nri na mpaghara mpaghara.  Ha emetụtala atumatu dị ka iwu Virginia Dream Act wee nwere ego na fufu ego nke DC Mayoral site na dịka Fair Shot DC.  [1] Na mgbakwunye, ha agbasawanye ma nyere aka mee ka egwuụ nkesa CAFB dị mma, kwado iwebata ihe ọhụrụ iji kwado igbe nri kwa ụnwaanyị, ma nyere CAFB aka mkpa mkpa nri ka ha na-adịgasị iche site na awụ na ngwaahịa n'  ime ndị egwu. == Hụkwa == * Na-eri nri America - netwọk akụ akụ nri nke mba nke gụnyere Capital Area Food Bank * Ndepụta ụlọ akụ nri == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.capitalareafoodbank.org/ Isi ụlọ akụ Food Bank] * [https://www.feedingamerica.org/find-your-local-foodbank/capital-area-food-bank Na-eri nri America - Chọta ụlọ akụ nri mpaghara gị] * [https://www.upo.org/ United Planning Organisation] * [https://ifcmw.org/ Interfaith Conference nke Metropolitan Washington] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] er3ievyyrnh8q5zaxnhdv3qsm9ige9k 0 43385 742644 177447 2026-11-03T08:55:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742644 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CooperProjectsEarhartGalvez.jpg|thumb|Ọrụ Calliope]]Ọrụ Calliope, nke a dị ka BW Cooper Public Housing Development, bụ agbata obi nke obodo New Orleans na otu n'ime ọrụ ụlọ nke New Orleans .  Ọrụ a nke New Orleans ihe aha ama maka oke m ime ike ya.  E mebiri ya n'afọ 2014 wee jiri ụlọ ndị ọhụrụ na-enweta ego na-enweta ego pụtara ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ịbụ nke a na-akpọ ụlọ BW Cooper, Calliope Projects bụ otu n'ime Ndị Ozi Ndị Ozi nke New Orleans dị na Central City, New Orleans .  Enwere 1,546 na 56 acres (230,000 m nke ala (ma ọ bụ 24 obodo blocks.) Ewubere ọrụ a n'etiti 1939 na 1941. Oke mbụ bụ South Dorgenois, Erato, Calliope (ugbu a Earhart Boulevard) na South Prieur Street.  N'afọ 1941, ụlọ na-esi na $8.25 kwa ọnwa maka otu ụlọ ime ụlọ ruo $22.00 kwa ụma maka ọnụ ụlọ atọ Ruo mgbe a na-arụ ọrụ a, ụlọ ndị dị n'agbata obi bụ otu ụlọ elu nke nwe  egbe ma ọ bụ okpukpu  mpaghara ebe obibi ndị agbata obi. [[Usòrò:B.W.Cooper_Projects_New_Orleans_2007_02.jpg|alt="File:B.W.Cooper Projects New Orleans 2007 02.jpg" by Karen Apricot is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.|áká_èkpè|thumb|220x220px| Foto a na-egosi ụlọ BW Cooper mara dị ka Project Calliope. Foto a na-egosi otú ụlọ ahụ dị ka tupu Hurricane Katrina. Ụlọ a na-enwekarị ụlọ ime ụlọ 1 ruo 3.]] N'oge ọhụrụ nke Calliope, a na-ewere ya dị ka ụzọ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-ebi ndụ nke ọma, ebe ha na-echekwa ego iji ụlọ nke ha.  A na-ewere egwuregwu St. Monica na ụlọ akwụkwọ dịka arịlịka nke agbata obi, yana ụlọ akwụkwọ na eze dị ka Booker T. Washington High School.  Tinyere egwu egwu a ma ama na-aga n'ihu, agbataobi ahụ, ndị nkuzi, akwụkwọ onye akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Orleans Parish, na ndị agha askarta, ndị jere ozi obodo na steeti.  Enwere ụlọ 690 na mbụ mbụ.  Na 1949, Ozire ahụ na Broad na Calliope Streets.  Na 1954, mgbasawanye ngọngọ iri na abụọ gbakwunye nhọrọ 860 ọhụrụ.  Mgbasawanye ahụ mere ka azụ azụ nke Calliope azụ azụ ụzọ site na Erato Street ruo Melpomene Avenue (ugbu a Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard ).  Na Mee 1981, akpọkpọ Calliope aha BW Cooper Apartments.  Maazị Cooper ọrụ maka Housing Authority nke New Orleans afọ 33 wee jee ozi na ọtụtụ ndị obodo na ndị na-elekọta mmadụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1974. [[Usòrò:The_Rose_Tavern_New_Orleans_01.jpg|alt="File:The Rose Tavern New Orleans 01.jpg" by Karen Apricot is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0.|áká_èkpè|thumb|220x220px| Rose Tavern ebe ndị okenye na-anọkarị na-ezu ike ma ha rụchaa ọrụ.]] [[Usòrò:CooperProjectsRosewaldBuildingJune08D.jpg|alt="File:CooperProjectsRosewaldBuildingJune08D.jpg" by Infrogmation of New Orleans is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Nke a bụ ebe ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ezukọta. Ha nwere ihe ngosi nka, nkuzi igwu mmiri, nkuzi mgbata, wdg.]] === Ajụ === akwụkwọ ozi 1980s, mgbanaka ndị na-ere ọgwụ na-agba ọsọ na-arụ ọrụ na & na mpaghara Calliope, na-ahụ mmanye iwu na New Orleans pịa "usoro nke ime ihe ike na-achọpụta echebe."  Dị ka ndị uwe ojii New Orleans si kwuo, ime ihe ike na-emechi na njedebe 80s, na-arrị elu na 1990s.  Mgbe a gbagburu eze Sam "Sculley" Clay na Calliope na 1987, ahịpa ngwaọrụ n'agha n'ihi ọgwụ ọgwụ na mpaghara ahụ.  Site na 1993 ruo 2004, e gburu mmadụ 88 na Calliope Projects. <ref>{{Cite web|author=The Times-Picayune|first=NOLA com|title=A battle without end|url=https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_6e5483e4-7f82-521e-af48-b1b19e1d47f4.html|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=NOLA.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bragg|first=Rick|date=1995-12-25|title=New Orleans's Hopes Rise As Crime Rate Decreases (Published 1995)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/25/us/new-orleans-s-hopes-rise-as-crime-rate-decreases.html|accessdate=2021-02-15}}</ref> === Nkwatu === N'azụ nke Hurricane Katrina, ọtụtụ n'ime Calliope mechiri ma kwado maka ịkwatu. Na Jenụwarị 2007, e meghere ndị bi na obere akụkụ nke Calliope. Ebibiri mmepe ahụ kpamkpam na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Times-Picayune|first=Katy Reckdahl, The|title=B.W. Cooper housing site's slow march to rebirth reaches finish line|url=https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_e10e5532-c533-594f-b19f-3d4e378754bd.html|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=NOLA.com}}</ref> Emeghere mmepe "ọhụrụ" BW Cooper na 2012, ma kpọgharịrị ya Marrero Commons. Nke a bụ mmekorita n'etiti HUD na onye bụbu onye rapper Master P. Na nkeji 175, aha ya bụ Yvonne Marrero, onye ndu obodo na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Cooper Resident Management Corporation. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Advocate|first=The|title=Politics {{!}} News from The Advocate|url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=The Advocate|language=en}}</ref> == Geography == The Calliope Projects nọ na [[Usòrò:CooperProjectsJune08DemoA.jpg|thumb| Mgbe mbibi ahụ gasịrị.]] === Oke === The New Orleans City Planning Commission na-akọwa ókè mpaghara BW Cooper dị ka: Pontchartrain Expressway, South Claiborne Avenue, Martin Luther King Boulevard na South Broad Street. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gnocdc.org/orleans/4/60/index.html|title=B.W. Cooper Apartments Neighborhood|author=Greater New Orleans Community Data Center|accessdate=2008-06-21|archivedate=2008-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725054449/http://www.gnocdc.org/orleans/4/60/index.html}}</ref> == Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ == {{As of|2000}}, there were 4,339 people, 1,421 households, and 1,139 families residing in the neighborhood.<ref name="gnocdc.org"/> The [[population density]] was 14,463 /mi² (5,424 /km²). {{As of|2010}}, there were 806 people, 318 households, and 181 families residing in the neighborhood.<ref name="gnocdc.org">{{Cite web|title=B.W. Cooper Apartments Neighborhood|url=http://gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html|publisher=Greater New Orleans Community Data Center|accessdate=5 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051314/http://www.gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html#|archivedate=2012-06-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051314/http://www.gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html# "B.W. Cooper Apartments Neighborhood"]. Greater New Orleans Community Data Center. Archived from [http://gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/4/BWCooperApartments/index.html the original] on 2012-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndị ama ama == * C-Murder, onye na-egwu egwu na onye mpụ mara ikpe * Lloyd Polite, Jr., onye egwu egwu * Nna-ukwu P, onye egwu <ref>{{Cite web|author=Golianopoulos|first=Thomas|title=The Missed Shot That Was Master P's NBA Career|url=http://www.complex.com/sports/2015/08/master-p-nba-career-oral-history|work=Complex|accessdate=13 February 2018|date=6 August 2016}}</ref> * Henry Butler (1948-2018), onye egwu * Silk The Shocker, onye egwu egwu * Harold Sylvester, omee, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta ihe * Willie Tee <ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|author=Pareles|first=Jon|title=Willie Tee, New Orleans Musical Innovator, Dies at 63|url=https://nyti.ms/2sexc9w|accessdate=29 May 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 September 2007|authorlink=Jon Pareles}}</ref> * Ụmụnna Neville, ezinụlọ ndị egwu egwu == Hụkwa == * Mpaghara dị na New Orleans * [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ nke New Orleans|Ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ nke New Orleans]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to B.W. Cooper Projects at Wikimedia Commons dwbfpfueolqymj4n4c6kvkcjv2mvrzw 0 43795 742665 164451 2026-11-03T08:58:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NRHP|name=Andrew Carnegie Library|nrhp_type=|image=|caption=|location=8th and Main Sts., [[Corona, California]]|coordinates={{coord|33|52|23|N|117|33|56|W|source:NRIS2013a|display=inline,title}}|locmapin=California|built=1905-06|architect=[[Franklin Pierce Burnham]]|builder=S.L. Bloom|architecture=[[Classical Revival architecture|Classical Revival]]|added=June 29, 1977|area={{convert|0.5|acre|ha}}|refnum=77000324<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2013a}}</ref>}}Ọbá akwụkwọ Andrew Carnegie dị na Corona, California na Riverside County, California, na 8th na Main Street, bụ ọba akwụkwọ Carnegie wuru na 1905–06.  Amarakwa dị ka Old Corona Public Library, e depụtara ya na National Register of Historic Places na 1977. [1] E kwaturu ụlọ ahụ na 1978, [2] mana o doro anya na ọ ka dị na ndebanye aha mba. <ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=https://www.coronaca.gov/about-us/library/history-of-the-library|title=History of the Library|publisher=City of Corona|accessdate=August 16, 2019}}</ref>Ọ bụ ọrụ Revival Classical nke onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ Franklin Pierce Burnham, ma bụrụ naanị ihe atụ Corona nke ụdị revival Classical.  [1] nri ahụ ọrụ dị ka ọbá akwụkwọ nke Corona site na 1906 ruo 1971. <ref name="california"/> Ya ụlọ ụlọ "kwetara site na ya ọnyịnya na National Register of Historic Places. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ahụ guzoro 'boarded elu na ụlọ ụlọ mgbe obodo na-ewe iwe ihe a ga-eme na ụlọ' site na 1971 ruo 1978  Ọ e bibiri na.  Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọbá akwụkwọ Corona sitere na ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ 1893 WCTU, nke ụlọ akwụkwọ YMCA 1895 n'chiri ya, n'aka nke ya bụ ndị Women's Improvement Club weghaara ya ma osisi bufee ya n'obodo ahụ na 1900. Ọbá akwụkwọ ndị  mbụ mbụ nwe ụlọ ọrụ ruo mgbe Carnegie ego Eka Eka $ 10,000 na March, 1905 nke a na-azụ na $ 11,500 n'ihi nke JA Flagler nke New York, onye o doro anya na ọ nwere njikọ na Corona na.  abụ na ịbụ ezigbo enyi Andrew Carnegie a raara nye July 2, 1906. E kwaturu ụlọ ahụ na 1978." <ref name="california">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnegie-libraries.org/california/corona.html|title=Corona, Riverside County|publisher=Carnegie-libraries.org|accessdate=August 16, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.carnegie-libraries.org/california/corona.html "Corona, Riverside County"]. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ Carnegie dị na California == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{National Register of Historic Places}} coik5dchgz3nqljft3bv5oxzzqhjomp 0 43805 742666 177294 2026-11-03T08:58:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Grass Valley Public Library.jpg|thumb]] Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọhaneze Grass Valley (akpọrọ aha Grass Valley Library-Royce Alaka ) bụ ọbá akwụkwọ Carnegie yana na Ndebanye aha Obodo nke Ebe ihe mere eme .  [1] Dị na Grass Valley, California na nke nke Nevada County Library System, ọ na-akụkọ Tuesday ruo Satọde. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:GrassValleyCARoyceLibrarySign.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|220x220px| Plaque gbakwụnyere na 2005 n'ọnụ ụzọ ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ mgbe e degharịrị aha ya iji sọpụrụ Josiah Royce.]] <ref name="carnegie"/>Enwere ọtụtụ mbụ mbụ iji guzobe akwụkwọ na California Gold Rush obodo Grass Valley.  Nke mbụ bụ na 1860, onye ọzọ sochiri ya na 1869, mana ọ dị ike ndụ.  E hiwere Churchka Emmanuel Episcopal na Grass Valley na 1858, [1] ma ọ bụ na 1901 ka e meghere ọbá akwụkwọ ụka Emmanuel na nna nke ụmụrechi iji nye ndị na-amụ na Chineke na ndị Buddha ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ  dị otú ahụ. <ref name="carnegie">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnegie-libraries.org/|title=Grass Valley Library|accessdate=2008-08-10|publisher=carnegie-libraries.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.carnegie-libraries.org/ "Grass Valley Library"]. </cite></ref>Mgbe afọ iri gachara, obodo ahụ ọkọlọtọ na-achị isi n’ọ́bá akwụkwọ ahụ.  Ọ pụta banyere Carnegie na 1914 wee nata $15,000 n'afọ na-esote.  Ebe a na-ewu ụlọ a, na 207 Mill Street, nke dịdebere nke Mill na Neal Street, bụụrụ ebe nchekwa na ebe obibi mbụ onye ọkà ihe bụ Josiah Royce . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sierranevadavirtualmuseum.com/docs/specialex/biographies/roycej.htm|title=Josiah Royce|accessdate=2008-08-10|publisher=sierranevadavirtualmuseum.com}}</ref> == Nhazi == <ref name="carnegie"/>Onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ San Francisco William Sebastian Mooser [1] ka fotora n'ime izu William iji chepụta ọba akwụkwọ.  Ndị na-ewu ụlọ bụ Welch Bros. na Hannemann si Oakland bụ ndị rụkwara ọbá akwụkwọ Gridley Carnegie. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4520|title=Gridley Carnegie Library Building, Gridley, CA|accessdate=2008-08-10|publisher=waymarking.com}}</ref> <ref name="carnegie"/>Ndị ahụ bụ nke Neoclassical architecture (nke a na-akpali dị ka "ụdị revival oge ochie").  Mpụ ya egwu brik na pilasters ọcha. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 46eme0r8qhgq13klpixczkxa4dgitoy 0 43861 742667 705932 2026-11-03T08:59:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Woodland Public Library.jpg|thumb|Woodland Public Library.]] <ref name="National Register">{{Cite web|url=http://www.noehill.com/yolo/nat1981000183.asp|title=National Register: Woodland Public Library|accessdate=2008-12-07}}</ref>Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọhaneze Woodland bụ nke ochie ochie, yana otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ Carnegie na- echere ikpeazụ na California.  [1] [2] Ọ dị na National Register of Historic Places ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-enye nri nke Downtown Woodland Historic District . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Akụkọ ọba akwụkwọ Woodland mgbasa site na ice-cream socials na akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị otu obodo, ndị ụmụ anọ nọ na obodo duziri na 1874. N'afọ 1891, onya $500 nyere mbọ obodo ahụ aka wee duga n'ịwube ọbá  akwụkwọ Broka n'efu nke e nwere n'obere ebe dị n'arọ ikike.  [1] N'afọ 1903, a natara onyinye sitere n'aka Andrew Carnegie na ego 10,000 maka owuwu nke ọbá akwụkwọ ọha .  Dodge & Dolliver nke San Francisco (onye ọrụ ndị nwe ikpe San Mateo County na St. John's Presbyterian Church na San Francisco) bụ mbụ mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ.  [2] Dodge & Dolliver haziri ụlọ ahụ dabere na ihe owuwu nke Mission Revival n'agbanyeghị na James Bertram, ike nke Carnegie, nhọrọ nhọrọ ha.  William Henry Curson, onye na-abụ maka Woodland Opera House, bụ onye-abụ maka ọrụ ahụ. N'agbata afọ 1915 na 1979, e mere nkwekọrịta n'etiti Sistemụ Ọbá akwụkwọ Yolo County na Ọbá akwụkwọ Obodo. Otu abụọ a na-ekekọrịta otu ụlọ maka ọrụ nhazi mana ọbá akwụkwọ Yolo County nwere ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Nke a mere ka Carnegie nyere $12,000 na 1915 iji gbasaa ụlọ ahụ. A gbakwunyere nku ọdịda anyanwụ, nke WH Weeks mere, na ọnụ ụzọ na Court Street na akara nke kwuru "Ọbá akwụkwọ County" mgbe ọnụ ụzọ mbụ na First Street kwuru "Ọbá akwụkwọ Obodo". <ref name="Carnegie Libraries"/> Na 1927-1929 mgbasawanye ọzọ mere, na 1985 ndị ntuli aka kwadoro mgbasawanye $ 2.5 nde nke gụnyere iwu ụlọ Leake na ogige ime ụlọ. <ref name="Valley Jewel">{{Cite book|author=Wilkinson|first=David|title=Crafting a Valley Jewel: Architects and Builders of Woodland|year=2003|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781892626066|publisher=Yolo County Historical Society|location=Woodland, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781892626066/page/68 68]–69|chapter=Dodge & Dolliver|isbn=1-892626-06-3}}</ref> Mgbe agbakwunyere ihe mgbakwunye na 1988, ụlọ ahụ buru ibu okpukpu abụọ. <ref name="Carnegie Libraries">{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnegie-libraries.org/california/woodland.html|title=Carnegie Libraries of California: Woodland, Yolo County|author=Kortum|first=Lucy|accessdate=2008-12-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKortum">Kortum, Lucy. </cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndebanye aha obodo nke ndepụta ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na Yolo County, California == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{NRHP in Yolo County, California}} q56rg9jcyl66zc1pkdu8hnnnn8qboya 0 43867 742526 708457 2026-11-03T08:10:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742526 wikitext text/x-wiki Nwanyị bụ okwu sitere n'ọrụ onye odee America America Alice Walker n'akwụkwọ 1983 ya In Search of Our Mother's Garden, na-egosi mmegharị n'ime nwanyị, nke ndị isi ojii na-akwado ya.  Walker chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "nwanyị" na obere akụkọ na-abịa na 1979.[1][1][2]  Ojiji mbụ o ji okwu ahụ were were kpuchie ọtụtụ okwu na echiche chere ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị ọzọ ihu.[3][4] Walker kọwara “nwanyị” dị ka ịnakwere obi ike, obi ike, na mmesi obi ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, yana ịhụnanya ha nwere maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, onwe ha, na mmadụ niile.  Kemgbe mmalite ya site n'aka Walker, omume nwanyị agbasawanyela ka ọ gbasaa ngalaba dị iche iche, na-ebute echiche dị ka nwanyị Africa na nkà mmụta okpukpe nwanyị ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Enwere ike itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ dị ka Echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ahụmịhe Ụmụ nwanyị ojii kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Layli Maparyan (Phillips) si kwuo, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ "iweghachi nguzozi n'etiti ndị mmadụ na [[Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi|gburugburu ebe obibi]] / okike ma mee ka ndụ mmadụ na akụkụ ime mmụọ dịghachi mma". [1] [[Usòrò:"Unity"_-_NARA_-_558865.jpg|alt=Black and white drawing of women of African-American descent holding a large pot together above their heads|thumb|Ịdị n'otu bụ isi nkuku nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị.]] == Echiche == Ozizi ụmụ nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị iche iche, na-ekwusi ike na isi ihe gbasara nwanyị bụ mmegharị nke ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-eduzi iji jeere ebumnuche ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ma nwee ike na-enwekarị mmasị na, ma ọ bụ ọbụna na-emegide, mkpa ụmụ nwanyị ojii.  Feminism anaghị eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ghara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ebe nwanyị na-etinye mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na isi ya.  Ma nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ịkwado ụkpụrụ omenala ndị ojii ka a na-ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ịdị adị ụmụ nwanyị ojii.  N'uche nke a, a ga-enyocharịrị nkọwapụta nke "nwanyị" na "nwanyị" ma tinye ya n'ọnọdụ ya.[3]  Ọ bụ ezie na feminism nke atọ na-ekerịta nchegbu a na okwu e chepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, intersectionality, echiche abụọ ahụ dị iche na ọnụ ahịa ha na-etinye na intersectionality n'ime usoro nhazi ha dị iche iche.[5].  Nwanyị na-akwado echiche ahụ na omenala nke nwanyị, nke na nke a bụ isi ihe na-emekọrịta ihe na-emegide klaasị ma ọ bụ àgwà ndị ọzọ, abụghị akụkụ nke njirimara ya kama ọ bụ oghere nke njirimara ya dị.  N'ihi ya, oji nke nwanyị abụghị akụkụ nke nwanyị ya.  Kama, Blackness ya bụ oghere nke ọ na-aghọta njirimara nwanyị/nwanyị.[6] Ozizi ụmụ nwanyị toro n'akụkụ dị ukwuu site na enweghị mmasị nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-eche banyere nchegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.  Mgbochi feminist activism gburugburu ntuli aka (first-wave feminism) na United States n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ewepu na-abụghị ndị inyom, dị ka ndị inyom na-abụghị ndị ọcha na-ahụghị dị ka nwanyị / nwanyị n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka ndị inyom ọcha na ya mere na-erughị eru nsonye zuru ezu.[7] Mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ wetara ntinye aka ka ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị ọcha n'ime òtù ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ọcha jikọtara ntinye a na "ịhụ ụcha" ma họrọ iwepụ okwu agbụrụ iji lekwasị anya naanị na nchegbu nwoke na nwanyị. Enweghị ike idozi nkewa a mechara gbochie ikike nke ndị ọcha na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha iji mepụta mmegharị agbụrụ dị iche iche. N'ihi enweghị njikọ a n'etiti ìgwè ndị ahụ, usoro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị malitere nke gụnyere echiche nke intersectionality na feminism.[8] Ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị ka ukwuu emeela ka e nwee nkọwa abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị kwenyere na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii agaghị akwado site n'aka ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ka ọ hara ka ahụmịhe ndị ọcha n'ihi ụzọ nsogbu nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na-emeso ndị ojii n'akụkọ ihe mere eme [9] N'ihi nke a, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị anaghị ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndọtị nke ụmụ nwanyị, kama ọ bụ usoro echiche nke dị n'enweghị echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Nke a bụ ọpụpụ site n'echiche nke ndị Black femists bụ ndị kpụrụ ohere nke ha na femism site na agụmakwụkwọ na ime ihe ike.[10] Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ndị inyom niile na-ewere echiche a nke nwanyị dị ka ihe dị iche na nke ụmụ nwanyị. A na-egosipụta echiche mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na nkwupụta Alice Walker "ndị inyom bụ ụmụ nwanyị dịka purple bụ lavender".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Walker|first=Alice|title=In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose|date=2005|origyear=1983|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn=9780753819609}}</ref> N'okpuru isiokwu a, echiche ndị ahụ na-egosi na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya, na nwanyị dị ka nchebe sara mbara nke nwanyị na-ada. == Nzọụkwụ nke echiche ahụ == === Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị (1979) === Onye edemede na onye na-ede uri bụ Alice Walker jiri okwu ahụ bụ "womanist" mee ihe n''N'ịchọ ubi ndị nne anyị: Nkwupụta ụmụ nwanyị'', [1] ma mesịa na In Search of our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983). Walker kọwara "onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị" dị ka onye na-ahụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ọ bụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu a sitere na okwu ndị isi ojii nke nne na ụmụ nwanyị, 'Ị na-eme ka nwanyị', na-ezo aka n'omume ndị toro eto. [13] [12] Nwa agbọghọ ahụ na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị egwu na-egosipụta omume obi ike, obi ike, na omume jọgburu onwe ya nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe karịrị ụkpụrụ ọha na eze.[11]Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụkwa:   Dị ka Walker si kwuo, ọ bụ ezie na a na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụkwa ihe na-akwado ụmụ mmadụ; ụmụ nwanyị bụ ụdị sara mbara nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ụdị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hayat|first=Fatema|title=What is a Womanist?|url=https://progressivepupil.wordpress.com/2014/03/04/what-is-a-womanist/|work=Progressive Pupil|date=4 March 2014|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref> Ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'echiche a abụghị na [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị]], kama ọ bụ mmegbu agbụrụ na nke klas.<ref name="maparyan">{{Cite book|title=The Womanist Idea|url=https://archive.org/details/womanistidea0000mapa|author=Maparyan|first=Layli|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2012|location=New York}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMaparyan2012">Maparyan, Layli (2012). ''The Womanist Idea''. New York: Taylor & Francis.</cite></ref> Ọ na-ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka echiche / mmegharị maka ịdị ndụ nke agbụrụ ndị isi ojii; echiche nke na-eburu n'uche ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii, omenala ndị isi ojii. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anih|first=Uchenna Bethrand|title=A Womanist Reading of Douceurs du bercail by Aminata Sow Fall|journal=Matatu: Journal for African Culture & Society|issue=41|pages=105–124}}</ref> Okwu Walker kwuru nke ọma, "nwaanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị dịka purple na lavender", na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị bụ akụkụ dị n'okpuru nchebe echiche ka ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="the challenge of blackness">"The Challenge of Blackness", ''[[The Black Scholar]]'', Vol. 26, No. 1, (Winter/Spring 1996).</ref> Nkọwa Walker na-ekwukwa na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụwa niile. A na-ekwukwa nkà ihe ọmụma a site na ihe atụ ya nke ogige ebe okooko osisi niile na-agbasa n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Onye na-ahụ maka [[Nwanyi|ụmụ nwanyị]] na-etinye aka na ndụ nke [[Nwoke|ụmụ nwoke]] na ụmụ nwanyị ma na-achọ ụwa ebe ụmụ nwoke na ndị inyom nwere ike ibi, ka ha na-echekwa ọdịiche ọdịbendị ha.<ref name="the challenge of blackness"/> Ntinye a nke ụmụ nwoke na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ojii ohere iji dozie mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị n'ebughị ụzọ wakpo ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="collins">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Patricia|title=What's In a Name?: Womanism, Black Feminism, and Beyond|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_1996_winter-spring_26_1/page/9|journal=The Black Scholar|year=1996|volume=26|pages=9–17|doi=10.1080/00064246.1996.11430765}}</ref> Nkọwa nke atọ nke Walker nyere metụtara mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gosipụtara na nyocha ya nke Onyinye Ike: Ihe odide nke Rebecca Jackson . N'ebe a, ọ na-ekwu na okwu kachasị mma iji kọwaa Rebecca Jackson, onye Black Shaker nke hapụrụ di ya wee gaa biri na enyi ya na-acha ọcha Shaker, ga-abụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihi na ọ bụ okwu na-akwado njikọ ya na ụwa, n'agbanyeghị mmekọahụ.<ref name="maparyan"/> Nkọwa ndị yiri ka ha dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị nke Walker nyere na-akwado ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America, ka ha na-akwalite ọhụụ ọhụụ maka ụwa dabere na ahụmịhe ndị a.<ref name="the challenge of blackness"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ Alice Walker kwetara na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye okike nke okwu ahụ, Walker anaghị akọwa okwu ahụ mgbe niile ma na-emegide onwe ya.<ref name="Critical Essays on Alice Walker">{{Cite book|author=Dieke|first=Ikenna|title=Critical Essays on Alice Walker|date=1999|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, CT}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDieke1999">Dieke, Ikenna (1999). ''Critical Essays on Alice Walker''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</cite></ref> N'oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-egosipụta ụmụ nwanyị dị ka mmezigharị zuru oke nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma na-elekwasị anya na nwanyị ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Ka oge na-aga, o yiri ka ọ na-amalite ịkwa ụta maka ụdị ịchọ udo na nke na-agụnye ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi ajọ mbunobi a na-eme ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ọkachasị ndị ndị ndị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ụmụ nwoke ojii ka na-akwado olu ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Winchell|first=Donna Haisty|title=Alice Walker|url=https://archive.org/details/alicewalker00winc|date=1992|publisher=Twayne|location=New York}}</ref> === Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị (1985) === [[Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi]] bụ onye Naijiria na-enyocha akwụkwọ, onye, na 1985, bipụtara edemede "Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English" nke kọwara nkọwa ya banyere ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọhụụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịza ajụjụ kachasị nke otu esi ekerịta ike n'etiti agbụrụ na n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Reader">{{Cite book|author=Phillips|first=Layli|title=The Womanist Reader|date=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=New York and Abingdon}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Ogunyemi|first=Chikwenye|date=1985|title=Womanism: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_autumn-1985_11_1/page/63|journal=Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=11|issue=1|pages=63–80|doi=10.1086/494200}}</ref> Ọ bịarutere na nkọwa ya nke okwu ahụ n'enweghị nkọwa Alice Walker, ma enwere ọtụtụ njikọ n'etiti echiche abụọ ahụ. N'ikwekọ na nkọwa Walker na-elekwasị anya na Blackness na nwanyị, Ogunyemi dere, "nwaanyị ojii bụ nkà ihe ọmụma nke na-eme emume mgbọrọgwụ ojii, echiche nke ndụ ojii, ka ọ na-enye ngosi ziri ezi nke nwanyị ojii".[2]<ref name=":4" /> Kama ịkọwa aha na-ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị dị ka isi iyi nke mmegbu ndị isi ojii, Ogunyemi na-ewere nguzo nkewa dị ka Hudson-Weems, ma na-ajụ ohere nke ime udo nke ndị ọcha na ndị Black na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi enweghị ike ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name="maparyan"/> Ọ na-eji ihe atụ ole na ole nke otu ndị inyom si ede banyere Blackness na African Blackness kpọmkwem iji mee ka mkpa ọ dị maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke Africa pụta ìhè. Nkatọ ndị a gụnyere iji Blackness dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji bulie echiche ụmụ nwanyị n'ebughịkwa echiche ndị metụtara Blackness, echiche na ọdịda anyanwụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ ngwá ọrụ nke ga-arụ ọrụ na mba Afrịka n'ekwetaghị ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị na ọdịiche, yana ijikọ ihe ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-eme kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ tupu echiche ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n"ime ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="palava">{{Cite book|author=Ogunyemi|first=Chikwenye Okonjo|title=Africa wo/man palava: the nigerian novel by woman|url=https://archive.org/details/africawomanpalav0000ogun_k7y3|date=1996|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago}}</ref> Ogunyemi chọtara echiche ya banyere mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'okporo ụzọ Walker na Hudson-Weems. Walker na-egosipụta ohere ọha maka ụmụ nwoke ka ha na-ekweta etu ha ga-esi bụrụ ihe ize ndụ nye ndị inyom.<ref name="Critical Essays on Alice Walker"/> Echiche Hudson-Weems jụrụ ịhụ nwoke Africana dị ka onye iro, na-eleghara mmerụ ahụ ndị Africana mere obodo anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=N|title=Theorizing female agency and empowerment through black women's literary writings (Clenora Hudson-Weems, Bettina Weiss)|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=39|issue=2}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k7t1u3zww0u0phjnwy5h4tmcp3lj4su 0 43924 742452 707757 2026-11-03T07:58:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742452 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ikike ịmụ nwa''' bụ ikike iwu na nnwere onwe metụtara ịmụ nwa na ahụike ọmụmụ nke dịgasị iche n'etiti mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. <ref name="COOK"/> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Parker|first=Willie J.|title=The moral imperative of reproductive rights, health, and justice|journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology|date=2020|volume=62|pages=3–10|doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.07.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adami|first=Valentina|title=Women's Reproductive Rights: A literary perspective|journal=Pólemos|date=2012|volume=6|issue=1|pages=101–123|doi=10.1515/pol-2012-0007}}</ref> Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-akọwa ikike ọmụmụ dị ka ndị a: <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://who.int/reproductive-health/gender/index.html|title=Gender and reproductive rights|work=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]|accessdate=2010-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726150133/http://www.who.int//reproductive-health/gender/index.html|archivedate=2009-07-26}}</ref><blockquote>Ikike ịmụ nwa na-adabere na nnabata nke ikike bụ isi nke ndị di na nwunye na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-ekpebi n'efu na ezi uche ọnụ ọgụgụ, spacing na oge nke ụmụ ha na inwe ozi na ụzọ ime otú ahụ, na ikike iji nweta ọkwa kachasị elu nke mmekọahụ.  na ahụike ọmụmụ.  Ha gụnyekwara ikike mmadụ niile nwere ime mkpebi gbasara ọmụmụ n'enweghị ịkpa oke, mmanye na ime ihe ike. </blockquote>Ikike ịmụ nwa nwere ike ịgụnye ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ihe niile ndị a: ikike ite ime;  mgbochi ịmụ nwa;  nnwere onwe pụọ na mmanye igba ogwu na mgbochi ime;  ikike ịnweta ezigbo ahụike ọmụmụ;  na ikike mmụta na ohere iji mee ka ohere na ịnweta iji mee nhọrọ ọmụmụ n'efu na nke a maara.<ref name="AMNESTY">{{Cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/Stop_Violence_Against_Women_SVAW/Reproductive_Rights/page.do?id=1108242&n1=3&n2=39&n3=1101|title=Stop Violence Against Women: Reproductive rights|accessdate=8 December 2007|author=Amnesty International USA|year=2007|work=SVAW|publisher=Amnesty International USA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120140923/http://www.amnestyusa.org/Stop_Violence_Against_Women_SVAW/Reproductive_Rights/page.do?id=1108242&n1=3&n2=39&n3=1101|archivedate=20 January 2008}}</ref> Ikike ịmụ nwa nwekwara ike ịgụnye ikike ịnata agụmakwụkwọ banyere ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mmekọahụ, ikike ahụike ịhụ nsọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/sexual-and-reproductive-health/news/news/2018/11/tackling-the-taboo-of-menstrual-hygiene-in-the-european-region|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728123705/http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/sexual-and-reproductive-health/news/news/2018/11/tackling-the-taboo-of-menstrual-hygiene-in-the-european-region|archivedate=28 July 2019|title=Tackling the taboo of menstrual hygiene in the European Region|work=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]|date=8 November 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Singh|first=Susheela|title=Inclusion of menstrual health in sexual and reproductive health and rights — Authors' reply|journal=The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health|volume=2|issue=8|pages=e19|year=2018|doi=10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30219-0|pmid=30119725|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanchi/article/PIIS2352-4642(18)30219-0/fulltext}}</ref> na nchebe pụọ n'omume ndị dị ka igbupụ akụkụ ahụ nwanyị (FGM). <ref name="COOK">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2950752|title=Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-family-planning-perspectives_1996-09_22_3/page/115|journal=International Family Planning Perspectives|volume=22|issue=3|pages=115–21|year=1996|author=Cook|first=Rebecca J.}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCookFathalla1996">Cook, Rebecca J.; Fathalla, Mahmoud F. (1996). "Advancing Reproductive Rights Beyond Cairo and Beijing". ''International Family Planning Perspectives''. '''22''' (3): 115–21. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2950752|10.2307/2950752]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2950752 2950752].</cite></ref> <ref name="FREEDMAN">{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/2939211|pmid=8475521|title=Human Rights and Reproductive Choice|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_studies-in-family-planning_january-february-1993_24_1/page/18|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=24|issue=1|pages=18–30|year=1993|author=Freedman|first=Lynn P.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/fourth/zavales4.html|author=Anastasios Zavales|title={{title case|GENITAL MUTILATION & THE UNITED NATIONS: MALE AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION, HUMAN RIGHTS, & THE RESTORATION OF SPIRITUAL INTEGRITY & FREEDOM}}|work=Nocirc.org|accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="AMNESTY" /> Ikike ịmụ nwa malitere ịzụlite dị ka akụkụ nke ikike mmadụ na 1968 United Nation's International Conference on Human Rights . <ref name="FREEDMAN" /> Nkwupụta nke Tehran na-adịghị agbanye iwu bụ akwụkwọ mba ụwa mbụ iji kweta otu n'ime ikike ndị a mgbe o kwuru na: "Ndị nne na nna nwere ikike mmadụ isi iji aka ha kpebie ọnụ ọgụgụ na oghere nke ụmụ ha. " [1] Nsogbu mmekọahụ, ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị, na ahụike uche abụghị ihe kachasị mkpa nke United Nations ruo mgbe afọ iri nke ụmụ nwanyị (1975-1985) mere ka ha bụrụ ndị isi. <ref name="teheran_proc">{{Cite web|title=Proclamation of Teheran|publisher=International Conference on Human Rights|year=1968|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/b_tehern.htm|accessdate=8 November 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017025912/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/b_tehern.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=17 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Cutting the rose : female genital mutilation : the practice and its prevention|url=https://archive.org/details/cuttingrosefemal0000dork|author=Dorkenoo, Efua.|date=1995|publisher=Minority Rights Publications|isbn=1873194609|oclc=905780971}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, steeti anọwo na-eji nwayọ etinye ikike ndị a na ngwá ọrụ iwu nke mba ụwa. Ya mere, ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ụfọdụ n'ime ikike ndị a na iwu siri ike, ya bụ, na akwụkwọ ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa, a kpọtụrụ ndị ọzọ aha naanị na aro ndị na-adịghị agbanye ma, ya mere, ha nwere ọnọdụ kachasị mma nke iwu dị nro na iwu mba ụwa, ebe otu ọzọ ka ndị mba ụwa nabatara ya wee nọgide na ọkwa nkwado. Okwu ndị metụtara ikike ọmụmụ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị a na-agbagha ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, Okpukpe ma ọ bụ [[Culture|ọdịbendị]] nke ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reproductive Rights in a Global Context|author=Knudsen|first=Lara|year=2006|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|isbn=978-0-8265-1528-5|url=https://archive.org/details/reproductiverigh0000knud|quote=reproductive rights.}}</ref> A na-egosipụtakarị okwu gbasara ikike ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa na mkparịta ụka na isiokwu site n'aka ndị otu na-emetụta ndị mmadụ dịka Population Matters . Ikike ịmụ nwa bụ akụkụ nke ahụike mmekọahụ na ịmụ nwa na ikike. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} e4vv7v0owjg1q2ebgf3wznqe4y8lbpw 0 44283 742634 698832 2026-11-03T08:53:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742634 wikitext text/x-wiki Villitis nke anamaghi nke enwere Ike ikpo chronic villitis, but mmeru ahu nke placenta. VUE bu onodu inflammation nke gunyere chronic villi(placenta villi). VUE bu onodu na puta kari ihe nke but Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR gunyere mgbe NWA e bu na afo anaghi eto ohuma, NWA inwu na afo, NWA ipu na afo na imu NWA mgbe oge n'erubeghi. VUE bụ mmerụ ahụ a na-ahụkarị nke a na-akọwa site na ọzịza na placental chorionic villi. A na-egosikwa VUE site na mbufe nke lymphocytes nne gafee Placenta.<ref name="10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.002">{{Cite journal|title=The immunological basis of villitis of unknown etiology – Review|journal=Placenta|volume=34|issue=10|pages=846–55|year=2013|pmid=23891153|doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.002}}</ref> A na-achọpụta VUE na placentas 7-10% na ime ime. Ihe dị ka 80% nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa VUE nọ na placentas (ihe karịrị izu 37 nke ime). A ga-enyocha onye na-arịa ọrịa VUE n'ime placenta na-erughị izu 32 maka ọrịa villitis na-efe efe.<ref name="pmid17889674"/> == Mmalite nke ọrịa == Mkpụrụ ndụ na-afụ ụfụ nke sitere n'aka nne nwere ike ịnweta stoma villous foetal n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: Enwere ike imebi ihe mgbochi trophoblast. N'ime ọnwa atọ nke atọ, eriri syncytial (ìgwè nucleated nke e guzobere na syncytiotrophoblast) na-agbaji <ref name="Webster">{{Cite book|author=Webster|first=Samuel|title=Embryology at a glance|date=2016|location=Chichester|isbn=9781118910801|edition=Second}}</ref> ma na-agbapụ site na placental villi. Ihe na-agbapụta nwere ike iwepụ stroma villous. Ihe mgbochi ahụ nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ site na thrombosis foetal ma ọ bụ mmebi ischemic site na ọrịa obi nne. Necrosis nke syncytiotrophoblasts efere ike ibilite n'ihi ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọbara kpụkọọ, usoro mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ platelets site na antibodies ma ọ bụ antiphospholipids.<ref name="pmid2327472">{{Cite journal|title=Trophoblast interaction with fibrin matrix. Epithelialization of perivillous fibrin deposits as a mechanism for villous repair in the human placenta|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_1990-04_136_4/page/855|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=136|issue=4|pages=855–65|year=1990|pmid=2327472}}</ref> Enwere ike ime syncytiotrophoblasts iji gosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ na-arapara n'ahụ (intracellular adhesion molecule 1, E-selectin) na VUE, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ nkịtị anaghị egosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ na'arapara n"ahụ.<ref name="pmid16098874">{{Cite journal|title=Syncytiotrophoblast intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in placental villitis of unknown cause|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2005-08_193_2/page/483|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=193|issue=2|pages=483–488|year=2005|pmid=16098874|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2004.12.090}}</ref> Mkpụrụ ndụ lymphocytes nke nne nwere ike ịbanye na stroma nwa ọhụrụ site na ịgafe ihe mgbochi trophoblastic villous site na villi na-ejikọta. Villi na-ejikọta ya na-efunahụ okpokoro epithelial syncytiotrophoblast na-aga n'ihu ka villi na-etolite n'ime trophoblasts na-awakpo site na usoro mmepe nke placenta. Ihe na-egbu egbu, IL-15, maka CD8+ memory T-cell na-egosipụta site na decidual stromal cells. Ahịa nke lymphocytes nne na-emeghachi omume na antigen na deciduitis na-adịghị ala ala nwere ike ịmalite ma banye site na decidua.<ref name="pmid12960317">{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of Requirements for IL-15 and IFN Regulatory Factors in Uterine NK Cell Differentiation and Function During Pregnancy|journal=The Journal of Immunology|volume=188|issue=3|pages=2937–2944|year=1992|pmid=12960317|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.2937}}</ref><ref name="pmid11972069">{{Cite journal|title=IL-15 mimics T cell receptor crosslinking in the induction of cellular proliferation, gene expression, and cytotoxicity in CD8+ memory T cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2002-04-30_99_9/page/6192|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=99|issue=9|pages=6192–6197|year=2002|pmid=11972069|doi=10.1073/pnas.092675799}}</ref> VUE is a T-cell mediated, CD8+ dominating inflammatory reaction. VUE develops in the foetal fibrovasculature stroma of the placenta villi usually towards the end of pregnancy (term placentas).<ref name="pmid17889674">{{Cite journal|author=Redline|first=RW.|title=Villitis of unknown etiology: noninfectious chronic villitis in the placenta.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-pathology_2007-10_38_10/page/n8|journal=Hum Pathol|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1439–46|date=Oct 2007|doi=10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.025|pmid=17889674}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRedline2007">Redline, RW. (Oct 2007). "Villitis of unknown etiology: noninfectious chronic villitis in the placenta". ''Hum Pathol''. '''38''' (10): 1439–46. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.025|10.1016/j.humpath.2007.05.025]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17889674 17889674].</cite></ref> The lymphocytes in VUE are of maternal origin. VUE is a host-derived inflammatory response happening within a donor allograft tissue. The non-T-cell component of the inflammatory infiltrate originates both from the maternal and placental side. Majority of the antigen-presenting cells were Hofbauer cells (macrophages) were of foetal origin.<ref name="doi10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb01138.x">{{Cite journal|title=Maternal Cells in Chorionic Villi From Placentae of Normal and Abnormal Human Pregnancies|journal=American Journal of Reproductive Immunology|volume=33|issue=1|pages=54–59|year=1995|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb01138.x|pmid=7619234}}</ref><ref name="pmid8342596">{{Cite journal|title=Villitis of unknown etiology is associated with major infiltration of fetal tissue by maternal inflammatory cells|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-pathology_1993-08_143_2/page/473|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=143|issue=2|pages=473–9|year=1993|pmid=8342596}}</ref> Perivillous monocyte-macrophages and histiocytic giant cells were of maternal origin.<ref name="pmid16944988">{{Cite journal|title=The Pathogenesis of Villitis of Unknown Etiology: Analysis with a New Conjoint Immunohistochemistry-in Situ Hybridization Procedure to Identify Specific Maternal and Fetal Cells|journal=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology|volume=9|issue=4|pages=257–265|year=2006|pmid=16944988|doi=10.2350/08-05-0103.1}}</ref> Foetal macrophages in VUE proliferate and are activated as a result of the up-regulation of MHC class 2 antigen expression.<ref name="doi10.1016/S0344-0338(11)81208-2">{{Cite journal|title=Immunohistochemical Study of the Inflammatory Infiltrate in Villitis of Unknown Etiology|journal=Pathology – Research and Practice|volume=188|issue=3|pages=303–309|year=1992|doi=10.1016/S0344-0338(11)81208-2|pmid=1625994}}</ref><ref name="doi10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.194">{{Cite journal|title=Villitis of unknown etiology as a placental counterpart of transplantation rejection: The demonstration of cd8+ T lymphocyte and NK cell infiltration in this lesion|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=191|issue=6|pages=S87|year=2004|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.194}}</ref><ref name="pmid2238057"/> Examination of a male placenta with VUE demonstrated that 11.2% of the intravillous CD3+ lymphocytes were foetal, and 88.8% were maternal. Macrophages, intervillous lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells were maternal; 10.5% of intravillous CD68+ cells and 96.4% of perivillous CD68+ cells were maternal. Lymphocytes were predominantly maternal T-cells.<ref name="pmid16944988" /> Maternal cells can enter the placental villi and the foetus as well.<ref name="pmid11879770">{{Cite journal|title=Microchimerism: incidental byproduct of pregnancy or active participant in human health?|journal=Trends in Molecular Medicine|volume=8|issue=3|pages=109–113|year=2002|pmid=11879770|doi=10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02269-9}}</ref> == Nnyocha == VUE nwere ike ịbụ ụdị abụọ, obere villitis na-adịghị ala ma ọ bụ villitis na'elu.Obere ogo villitis na-adịghị ala na-agụnye ihe na-erughị 10 villi nwere lymphocytes. Obere ogo villitis na-adịghị ala nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ focal ma ọ bụ multifocal. Focal etinyela villi na naanị otu slide iko, ebe multifocal etinyela villii na ọ dịkarịa ala slides abụọ. Ọrịa villitis na-adịghị ala ala nwere ihe karịrị 10 na-afụ ụfụ kwa anya. A na-ekewa villitis na-adịghị ala ala dị elu n'ime diffuse na patchy. A na-eji okwu patchy eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-erughị 30% nke villi distal metụtara. A na-eji okwu diffuse eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ihe karịrị 30% nke villi distal metụtara.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> VUE nwere usoro abụọ dị iche iche. Ihe dị ka 50% nke ikpe ndị ahụ na-emetụta naanị villi dịpụrụ adịpụ (villi dị n'etiti na nke ikpeazụ) ma ọ naghị agụnye villi dị nso, villi na-ejikọta na plati basal, na plati chorionic. Usoro nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị (ihe dị ka 30% nke ikpe VUE) na-agụnye proximal stem villi (na ikekwe chorionic plate) na distal villi na-abụkarị. Ụdị VUE a nwere njikọ na mmerụ ahụ obtrusive vascular obtrusive (Obliterative Foetal Vasculopathy).<ref name="pmid17889674"/><ref name="pmid15547768">{{Cite journal|title=Fetal Vascular Obstructive Lesions: Nosology and Reproducibility of Placental Reaction Patterns|journal=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology|volume=7|issue=5|pages=443–52|year=2004|pmid=15547768|doi=10.1007/s10024-004-2020-x}}</ref> VUE enweghị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na-atụ aro nchọpụta; mana nyocha nke filtrate inflammatory nwere ike inye aka na nchọpụta.<ref name="pmid17889674"/>Ihe mejupụtara inflammatory infiltrate na VUE na ọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ bụ macrophages na lymphocytes. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ dịgasị iche site na ikpe. lymphocytes ndị dị na VUE bụ CD8+ T-cell mgbe ahụ CD4. A na-enwekarị oke nke 0.1 na 0.5 maka CD4/CD8.<ref name="pmid16169075">{{Cite journal|title=Is the immunohistochemical study of the inflammatory infiltrate helpful in distinguishing villitis of unknown etiology from non-specific infection villitis?|journal=Placenta|volume=26|issue=10|pages=839–841|year=2005|pmid=16169075|doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2004.10.012}}</ref><ref name="pmid15547769">{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Inflammation in Syphilitic Villitis and in Villitis of Unknown Etiology|journal=Pediatric and Developmental Pathology|volume=7|issue=4|pages=453–458|year=2004|pmid=15547769|doi=10.1007/s10024-004-2124-3}}</ref> Macrophages ndị dị ebe ahụ bụ Mac387-, CD68 na HAM56+ sochiri. Class 2 isi histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens na macrophages na-achịkwa na saịtị VUE. Neutrophils ekwesịghị ịnọ na saịtị VUE. VUE bụ ọnọdụ na-emetụta ọzịza ọ bụghị ibute ọrịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke neutrophils dị na villitis na-efe efe ọ bụghị VUE.[1]<ref name="pmid2238057">{{Cite journal|title=MHC Class II Reactivity of Human Villous Trophoblast in Chronic Inflammation of Unestablished Etiology|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=50|issue=5|pages=812–816|year=1990|pmid=2238057|doi=10.1097/00007890-199011000-00014}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLabarrereFaulk1990">Labarrere C, Faulk W (1990). [[doi:10.1097/00007890-199011000-00014|"MHC Class II Reactivity of Human Villous Trophoblast in Chronic Inflammation of Unestablished Etiology"]]. ''American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology''. '''50''' (5): 812–816. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1097/00007890-199011000-00014|10.1097/00007890-199011000-00014]]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2238057 2238057].</cite></ref> === Ọrịa Ọrịa Na-egbu Ọrịa === N'ụzọ Histomorphologically, a na-akọwa VUE site na infiltrate lymphocytic nke chorionic villi na-enweghị ihe ngosi. Plasma cells kwesịrị ịghara ịdị; ọnụnọ nke plasma cells na-egosi na ọ na-ebute ọrịa, dịka CMV.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup><gallery> Usòrò:Villitis_of_unknown_etiology_-_intermed_mag.jpg|alt=Intermed. mag.|N'etiti. mag. Usòrò:Villitis_of_unknown_etiology_-_high_mag.jpg|alt=High mag.|Nnukwu ihe. </gallery> === Nnyocha dị iche iche === A na-ejikarị VUE eme ihe na villitis na-efe efe. Enwere ike ịmata ha site na njirimara ndị a: Enweghị ihe ịrịba ama nke ibute ọrịa na nne ma ọ bụ nwa ọhụrụ nwere VUE. Villi na-efe efe nwere ma ọrịa nne na nwa e bu n'afọ. VUE bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị karịa ọrịa villitis na-efe efe; ọrịa villitis nwere ọrịa dị na ihe dịka 1-4 ọmụmụ kwa 1000 ọmụmụ. VUE dị na ihe dịka ọmụmụ 76-136 kwa ọmụmụ 1000. VUE na-eme na okwu placenta, na ngwụcha [[Afọ ime|ọnwa atọ nke atọ]] ime. Ọrịa na-efe efe na-eme na mbido nke atọ ruo nke abụọ nke afọ ime. Mmetụta na-efe efe na-agụnye akụkụ ka ukwuu nke placenta (ụdọ umbilical, plate chorionic, membrane) ma e jiri ya tụnyere VUE (terminal na stem villi). N'ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akọwa VUE na lymphocytes karịa villitis na-efe efe. Nlaghachi nke ọrịa villitis na-efe efe bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. VUE nwere 10% ruo 15% ugboro ugboro.<ref name="pmid17889674"/> == Mgbochi == ''Amata beghi mgbochi Oria nke VUE, mana ana ekwu n'obu Oria malitere na Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondi, and cytomegalovirus'' .<ref name="pmid17889674"/> == Ọrịa na-efe efe == Na New Zealand VUE putara ihe na Caucasians Karia na Maori nakwa Asian. Obu umunwaanyi buru ibu na enweta Oria VUE; nke enwere Ike i malite Maka placenta di ukwu, ya bu nwanyi e nwe villous macrophages nke ukwu ga eme ka antigen putara nu di ukwu nkea bia Mee ka onye ahu new Oria VUE .<ref name="pmid15672035">{{Cite journal|title=Placental villitis of unknown origin: Epidemiologic associations|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2005-01_192_1/page/264|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=192|issue=1|pages=264–271|year=2005|pmid=15672035|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.062}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rrz02688ukygnan1yiivrithd7ybl8r 0 44310 742379 696965 2026-11-03T03:30:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742379 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Elieshi Lema 2010 3.jpg|thumb|Elieshi Lema 2010 3.]] Amuru ya 1949 ( ir asaa na anọ–iri asaa na ise) Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Aka ọrụ Onye odee '''Elieshi Lema''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1949) bụ onye edemede na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na Tanzania, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na obodo Tanzania. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Lema ma zụlite ya n'obodo Nronga na Moshi District nke Kilimanjaro Region . <ref name="sacaa">{{Cite web|url=http://sanaa-central.spla.pro/en/file.person.elieshi-lema.37070.html|title=Elieshi Lema|work=Sanaa Central|accessdate=2024-05-11|archivedate=2023-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112210828/http://sanaa-central.spla.pro/en/file.person.elieshi-lema.37070.html}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ sayensị ọbá akwụkwọ ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ mba. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya site n'ịmụ akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Dar es Salaam na edemede okike na Mahadum San Francisco State . <ref name="cca"/> Lema malitere ide uri na akwụkwọ ụmụaka <ref name="cca"/> n'asụsụ [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. Akụkọ ya dị mkpirikpi bụ ''Mwendo'' kwuru maka omenala ndị na-emerụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ na Tanzania. N'afọ 2001, o dere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya akpọrọ Parched Earth na Bekee. <ref name="sacaa"/> A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ a n'asụsụ Swedish na French ma nweta aha nsọpụrụ maka Noma Award for Publishing na Afrika. Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ya maka ndị na-eto eto na Bekee, nke a na-akpọ In the Belly of Dar es Salaam, dị na ndepụta maka Burt Award maka agụmagụ Afrika . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema|title=Elieshi Lema|date=2017-08-31|work=CODE's Burt Literary Awards|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-10|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154323/https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema}}</ref> Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ nke onye isi ala mbụ nke Tanzania bụ Julius Nyerere, nke akpọrọ ''Nyerere on Education: Selected Essays and Speeches.'' Lema bụ onye nwe ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ E&D Vision Publishing, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vitabu.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/|title=E&D Vision – E&D Vision Publishing|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-10|archivedate=2020-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127233152/http://vitabu.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/}}</ref> nke na-ejikwa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ akwụkwọ na Dar es Salaam. <ref name="cca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania|title=Elieshi Lema (Tanzania)|publisher=Centre for Creative Arts|accessdate=2015-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania|archivedate=2017-06-24}}</ref> E&D Vision Publishing ebipụtala akwụkwọ ụmụaka, akwụkwọ nkuzi na utu aha gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka, ma na Swahili ma na Bekee. N'afọ 1998, ha bipụtara akwụkwọ nta mbụ maka ndị na-eto eto na-agụ banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Dinosaurs nke Tendaguru, nke a makwaara dị ka agụmakwụkwọ a tụrụ aro n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY|date=2015|title=Approved list of school textbooks and other instructional materials for ECDE, Primary schools and teacher training colleges|url=http://icta.go.ke/pdf/approvered-list-of-books-primary-2015.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127061629/http://icta.go.ke:80/pdf/approvered-list-of-books-primary-2015.pdf|archivedate=2018-01-27|accessdate=2019-09-24|work=}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto yana onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi, Lema lekwasịrị anya na akwụkwọ ụmụaka dị ka ihe ndabere maka ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta na mba ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lema|first=Elieshi|date=1997|title=Building a book industry: Start with the children|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/logo/8/2/article-p91_9.xml|journal=Logos|volume=8|issue=2|pages=91–95|doi=10.2959/logo.1997.8.2.91|issn=0957-9656}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi guzobere Tanzania Cultural Trust Fund. Ọzọkwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ maka African Publishers Network, ''Haki Elimu'', Tanzania Gender Networking Programme, Tanzania Media Fund na bọọdụ ndị isi maka Publishers Association of Tanzania, yana akwụkwọ ụmụaka netwọk. <ref name="cca"/><ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Publisher Elieshi Lema Discusses Private Sector Book Publishing in Africa|url=https://www.globalbookalliance.org/news-views/elieshi-lema-on-private-sector-book-publishing-in-africa|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=Global Book Alliance|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ahụmịhe ya banyere ihe ịma aka nke iwulite ọdịbendị ịgụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, o kwuru, sị: <ref name=":1"/>   == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Safari na Prospa'' (Njem Prospa) 1995<ref>{{Cite web|author=Maral‐Hanak|first=Irmi|date=2011|title="Safari ya Prospa": a novel for children|url=https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer21/21_Safari_ya_Prospa.pdf|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=stichproben.univie.ac.at|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804004230/https://stichproben.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_stichproben/Artikel/Nummer21/21_Safari_ya_Prospa.pdf|archive-date=2023-08-04|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Mwendo'', 1998 * Ụwa e ji akpụkpọ anụ mee, 2001 * Nwoke si Tanga: Onye na-agụ banyere HIV, 2007 * ''N'ime afọ nke Dar es Salaam'', 2011 * ya na onye na-ese ihe nkiri M Sagikwa: ''Ndoto Ya Upendo'', 2017 * The Future of African Indigenous Publishing: Akụkọ nke Dag Hammarskjold Foundation Seminar nke emere na Arusha, Tanzania, March 25th-28th 1996. * ya na I.M Omari na Rakesh Rajani'': Nyerere on Education: Selected Essays and Speeches''. Dar es Salaam: Haki Elimu, 2006 == Ebemside == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lema, Elieshi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kcbayl595a1biuvmse6mluhsqztrqo8 0 44634 742659 707408 2026-11-03T08:57:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742659 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Normal Fallopian Tube, Human.jpg|thumb|Normal Fallopian Tube, Human.jpg]] Fallopian tubes nke amara dika uterine tubes, oviducts maobu salpinges but tube did abuo n'ime ahu nwaanyi nke na adi ebe ovaries ruo na uterus. Fallopian tubes bu udi akuku ahu nke omumu NWA nwaanyi mana Nile ahu umuanumanu ano akpo ya oviducts.<ref name="medscape">{{Cite web|title=Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tube) Anatomy: Overview, Pathophysiological Variants|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1949193-overview|accessdate=15 September 2022|date=14 July 2021}}</ref> .<ref name="Zhao">{{Cite journal|author=Zhao|first=W|title=Levonorgestrel decreases cilia beat frequency of human fallopian tubes and rat oviducts without changing morphological structure.|journal=Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology|date=February 2015|volume=42|issue=2|pages=171–8|doi=10.1111/1440-1681.12337|pmid=25399777}}</ref> Ọwa ọ bụla bụ akụkụ ahụ nwere oghere nke dị n'etiti 10 na 14 in) n'ogologo, yana dayameta mpụga nke 1 in). <ref name="emed2018"/> O nwere akụkụ anọ akọwapụtara: akụkụ intramural, isthmus, ampulla, na infundibulum na fimbriae metụtara ya. Ọwa ọ bụla nwere oghere abụọ: oghere dị nso na akpa nwa, na oghere dị anya dị nso na ovary. mesosalpinx na-ejide tubes fallopian n'ọnọdụ, akụkụ nke nnukwu ligament mesentery nke na-ekpuchi tubes ahụ. Akụkụ ọzọ nke nkwonkwo sara mbara, mesovarium na-akwụnye ovaries n'ebe.<ref name="Craig"/> A na-ebugharị Mkpụrụ ndụ àkwá site na ovary gaa na tube fallopian ebe enwere ike ịmị ya na ampulla nke tube ahụ. A na-ejikọta tubes fallopian na [[cilia]]" id="mwLQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Simple columnar epithelium">epithelium dị mfe nke nwere mgbatị dị ka ntutu a na-akpọ cilia, nke ya na mkpirisi peristaltic site na akwara ahụ, na-ebugharị àkwá (zygote) n'akụkụ tube ahụ. Na njem ya gaa n'akpa nwa, zygote na-enwe nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ blastocyst nwa e bu n'afọ, dị njikere maka itinye ya.<ref name="Tortora">{{Cite book|author=Tortora|first=Gerard J.|title=Principles of anatomy and physiology|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780470233474|edition=12th}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke enweghị ike ịmụ nwa sitere na ọrịa tube fallopian. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ọzịza, na Ihe mgbochi tubal. Ọtụtụ ọrịa tubal na-akpata mmebi na cilia nke tube, nke nwere ike igbochi mmegharị nke sperm ma ọ bụ àkwá.<ref name="Briceag">{{Cite journal|title=Fallopian tubes--literature review of anatomy and etiology in female infertility|journal=J Med Life|volume=8|issue=2|pages=129–31|date=2015|pmid=25866566|doi=|url=}}</ref> Aha ahu di na aka ukochukwu nke Italian na anatomist Gabrielle Falloppia, nke ano akpo anatomical structure. <ref name="Castro"/> == Ọdịdị ya == Ọkpụkpụ fallopian ọ bụla na-ahapụ akpa nwa n'oghere dị na mpi akpa nwa a maara dị ka '''oghere tubal proximal''' ma ọ bụ ''proximal ostium''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thurmond|first=Amy S.|date=March 1999|title=Tubal Obstruction after Ligation Reversal Surgery: Results of Catheter Recanalization|url=http://radiology.rsna.org/content/210/3/747.figures-only|journal=Radiology|volume=210|issue=3|pages=747–750|doi=10.1148/radiology.210.3.r99mr10747|pmid=10207477|accessdate=28 May 2010}}</ref> Tubes ahụ nwere nkezi ogologo nke 10-14 sentimita (3.9-5.5 in) <ref name="emed2018">{{Cite web|title=Fallopian Tube Disorders: Overview, Salpingitis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/275463-overview|accessdate=17 September 2022|date=15 March 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/275463-overview "Fallopian Tube Disorders: Overview, Salpingitis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa"]. 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> nke gụnyere akụkụ intramural nke tube ahụ. Tubes ahụ na-agbasa ruo nso na ovaries ebe ha na-emeghe n'ime afọ na oghere tubal distal. N'ime anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara, a na-akpọ tube fallopian Oviduct, nke a pụkwara iji mee ihe na-ezo aka na tube fallopien n'ime [[Madụ̀|mmadụ]].<ref name="JoE"/><ref name="Harris">{{Cite journal|author=Harris|first=Emily A.|date=5 November 2020|title=Extracellular Vesicles and the Oviduct Function.|journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences|volume=21|issue=21|doi=10.3390/ijms21218280|pmid=33167378}}</ref> mesosalpinx na-ejide tubes fallopian n'ọnọdụ ya bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ligament mesentery nke na-ekpuchi tubes ahụ. Akụkụ ọzọ nke nkwonkwo sara mbara, mesovarium na-akwụnye ovaries n'ebe.<ref name="Craig">{{Cite journal|author=Craig|first=Morgan E.|title=Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Broad Ligaments|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763118/|accessdate=25 September 2022|date=2022|pmid=29763118}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCraigSudanaguntaBillow2022">Craig, Morgan E.; Sudanagunta, Sneha; Billow, Megan (2022). [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763118/ "Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Broad Ligaments"]. ''StatPearls''. StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29763118 29763118]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Akụkụ ya === Ọwa ọ bụla nwere akụkụ anọ: site n'ime oghere tubal proximal akụkụ intramural ma ọ bụ interstitial, nke na-ejikọta na oghere isthmus dị warara, isthmus na-ejigide ampulla buru ibu, nke na na-ejingọta na infundibulum na fimbriae ya nke na-emeghe n'ime peritoneal cavity site na oghere tubul distal.<ref name="Gray's2"/> ==== Akụkụ dị n'ime ụlọ ==== Akụkụ intramural ma ọ bụ akụkụ interstitial nke tube fallopian dị na myometrium, mgbidi muscle nke akpa nwa. Nke a bụ akụkụ kachasị warara nke tube nke na-agafe mgbidi akpa nwa iji jikọọ na isthmus. Akụkụ intramural bụ 0.7 mm n'obosara na 1 cm n'ogologo.<ref name="Gray's2">{{Cite book|author=Standring|first=Susan|title=Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice|url=https://archive.org/details/graysanatomyanat0000unse_h3w0|date=2016|location=[Philadelphia]|isbn=9780702052309|edition=Forty-first}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStandring2016">Standring, Susan (2016). ''Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice'' (Forty-first&nbsp;ed.). [Philadelphia]. p.&nbsp;1301. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780702052309|<bdi>9780702052309</bdi>]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category: CS1 maint: ebe efu onye na-ebipụta|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]]</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; ==== Isthmus ==== Ọdịda dị warara na-ejikọta tube na akpa nwa, ma jikọta na ampulla. Isthmus bụ akụkụ dị gburugburu, ma sie ike nke tube. Isthmus bụ 1-5 mm n'obosara, na 3 cm n'ogologo.<ref name="Gray's2"/> &nbsp;&nbsp;Isthmus nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mkpụrụ ndụ secretory.<ref name="JoE">{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=Shuai|date=January 2017|title=Oviduct: roles in fertilization and early embryo development.|journal=The Journal of Endocrinology|volume=232|issue=1|pages=R1–R26|doi=10.1530/JOE-16-0302|pmid=27875265}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLiWinuthayanon2017">Li, Shuai; Winuthayanon, Wipawee (January 2017). [[doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0302|"Oviduct: roles in fertilization and early embryo development"]]. ''The Journal of Endocrinology''. '''232''' (1): R1–R26. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1530/JOE-16-0302|10.1530/JOE-16-0302]]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27875265 27875265]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27164540 27164540].</cite></ref> ==== Ampulla ==== Ampulla bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke tube fallopian. Ampulla bụ akụkụ kachasị obosara nke tube ahụ nwere oke obosara ọkụ nke 1 cm, na ogologo nke 5 cm. &nbsp;&nbsp;Ọ na-agbaji n'elu ovary, ọ bụkwa ebe bụ isi nke imeju.<ref name="Gray's2"/> Ampulla nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial ciliated.<ref name="JoE"/> Ọ dị obere mgbidi nwere elu ọkụ a pịrị apị nke ukwuu, ma na-emeghe n'ime infundibulum.[1]<ref name="Gray's2" /> ==== Infundibulum ==== The infundibulum opens into the abdomen at the distal tubal opening and rests above the ovary. Most cells here are ciliated epithelial cells.<ref name="JoE"/> The opening is surrounded by '''fimbriae''', which help in the collection of the oocyte after ovulation.<ref name="emed2018"/> The fimbriae (singular fimbria) is a fringe of densely ciliated tissue projections of approximately 1&nbsp;mm in width around the distal tubal opening, oriented towards the ovary.<ref name="Gray's2"/> They are attached to the ends of the infundibulum, extending from its inner circumference, and muscular wall.<ref name="Gray's2" /> The cilia beat towards the fallopian tube.<ref name="Gray's2" /> Of all the fimbriae, one fimbria known as the '''ovarian fimbria''' is long enough to reach and make contact with the near part of the ovary during ovulation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ovarian fimbria|url=http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?ovarian+fimbria|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621143701/http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?ovarian+fimbria|archivedate=21 June 2008|accessdate=2 May 2022|work=cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Daftary|first=Shirish|title=Manual of Obstetrics|publisher=Elsevier|year=2011|isbn=9788131225561|edition=3rd|pages=1–16}}</ref><ref name="Gray's2" /> The fimbriae have a higher density of blood vessels than the other parts of the tube, and the ovarian fimbria is seen to have an even higher density.<ref name="Castro">{{Cite journal|title=Proportional vascularization along the fallopian tubes and ovarian fimbria: assessment by confocal microtomography|journal=Radiol Bras|volume=53|issue=3|pages=161–166|date=2020|pmid=32587423|doi=10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0080|url=}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCastroArandaMarchioride_Araújo2020">Castro PT, Aranda OL, Marchiori E, de Araújo LF, Alves HD, Lopes RT, Werner H, Araujo Júnior E (2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7302899 "Proportional vascularization along the fallopian tubes and ovarian fimbria: assessment by confocal microtomography"]. ''Radiol Bras''. '''53''' (3): 161–166. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0080|10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0080]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7302899 7302899]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32587423 32587423].</cite></ref> Ovary anaghị ejikọta ya na tube fallopian ya dị n'akụkụ. Mgbe ovulation na-achọ ime, homonụ mmekọahụ na-eme ka fimbriae rụọ ọrụ, na-eme gore ha jiri ọbara bulie, gbasaa, ma kụọ ovary n'ụzọ dị nro, na-agagharị agagharị. A na-ahapụ oocyte site na ovary n'ime oghere peritoneal na cilia nke fimbriae na-ebugharị ya n'ime tube fallopian. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5493281vsoxu0v6ppp30n42jl6c59k5 0 44721 742318 539306 2026-11-02T13:37:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Barrington_Irving.jpg|thumb|Barrington Irving]] {{Reflist}} '''Captain Barrington Irving Jr.''' CD (amụrụ na Nọvemba 11, 1983) bụ onye Amerika na-anya ụgbọelu nke a mụrụ na Jamaika bụ onye nwere ihe ndekọ maka onye kachasị nta na-anya jirgin elu gburugburu ụwa n'onwe ya, ihe ọ rụzuru na 2007. Ọ bụkwa onye isi ojii mbụ na onye Jamaika mbụ rụzuru ọrụ a. A na-akpọ ụgbọelu ya, narị anọ Columbia (Cessna Corvalis 400) ka enyere aha "Mkpalite". Ọ bụ Columbia Aircraft Mfg. Co. rụrụ ya ma chịkọta ya na 2005 site na iji ihe karịrị Dọla narị puku atọ na iri na akụkụ ndị e nyere onyinye, a na-ahazi ya dị ka ụgbọelu ọkọlọtọ na ngalaba ọrụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Irving na [[Kingston|Kingston, Jamaika]], ebe o biri ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ isii. Ọ tolitere na Miami [[Flórídạ|Florida]], ya na nne na nna Barrington Irving na Clovalyn Irving.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pilot Eyes the World|date=2007-03-23}}</ref> Barrington tolitere na-ekwere na bọọlụ kọleji bụ naanị ụzọ ọ ga-esi nweta agụmakwụkwọ nka elu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, Irving zutere Onye na akwọ ugbọelu United [https://www.wsfltv.com/news/black-history-month-record-holder-captain-barrington-irving-inspires-students-nationwide Captain Gary Robsinson], onye gwara Barrington banyere ọrụ ya. Mkparịta ụka ha gosiri na Barrington nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sekondri elu Ndida ọwụwa anyanwụ Miami, Irving jụrụ ọtụtụ onyinye agụmakwụkwọ bọọlụ nke Division 1 iji chụsoo mmasị ya maka ụgbọ elu. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Broward Kọleji Obodo na Mahadum Ncheta Florida, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelors na Aeronautical Science, Magna Cum Laude . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coseboc.org/gol18-barrington-irving|title=Barrington Irving {{!}} Coalition of Schools Educating Boys of Color|work=www.coseboc.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016171941/https://www.coseboc.org/gol18-barrington-irving|archivedate=2019-10-16}}</ref> Na Mahadum Florida Memorial, Irving nwetara ikikere ya nke onye nkuzi ụgbọ elu nke onwe ya, nke azụmahịa na nke nwere asambodo na Instrument Rating. == Ọrụ == Site na ikpo okwu ya, Captain Irving guzobere Klas na-efe efe na ahụmịhe ụgbọ elu iji tinye ego ma nyere ndị ọkachamara na-eto eto aka na STEM + na ọrụ ụgbọ elu. Klassi na efe efe, LLC, malitere na 2013, bụ usoro mmụta STEM + nke K ruo 12 iji kụziere ma jikọta ndị ọkachamara na-eto eto na STEM + na ọrụ ụgbọ elu. Ikpo okwu ya na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịchọpụta ihe karịrị iri ise na ise STEM-elekwasị anya na njem ụwa na ịnweta nkuzi otu narị iri isii na ise mebere emepe. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2022, Irving kwupụtara atụmatụ ya nke iso ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu na Miami. Ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ ahụ ga-achọ ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkachamara na-eto eto na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu azụmaahịa, na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ metụtara mmezi. Experience Aviation, nke e guzobere na 2005, bụ òtù 501-C3 na-enweghị uru nke dị na Opa-Locka Executive Airport nke na-eji Aviation eme ihe iji wuo nkà STEM na ụmụ akwụkwọ iji dozie ụkọ ndị ọkachamara STEM site na itinye aka na nsogbu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara STEM. Ebumnuche ya bụ iweta ahụmịhe STEM na-arụ ọrụ, nke dabeere na ọrụ, na mmekọrịta na ndị ntorobịa, dị ka iwu hovercraft, ụgbọelu, na supercars gafee mba ahụ. == N'ime Mgbasa Ozi == N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2022, Titans of Business Aviation, Capt. Barrington Irving na Community Partners kwupụtara mmalite nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Azụmaahịa Azụmaụmaahịa na Nkà na Ụgbọelu.[https://www.flyingmag.com/nbaa-partners-with-aviation-pioneer-to-build-aviation-training-center/ mara ọkwa mmalite nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Azụmaahịa na Nkà na Ụgbọelu.] N'afọ 2019, Flying Classroom jikọtara aka na Bombardier, Inc. iji malite Flying Class room Bombardier Academy iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, ndị agha gara aga, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ teknụzụ mara ọrụ ụgbọ elu azụmaahịa na mmezi. Ọgọst 2018, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231111161836/https://www.miamitimesonline.com/education/capt-irving-lands-stem-in-opa-locka/article%20484562c6-a618-11e8-9494-93add6971e97.html Capt. Irving na-ala STEM na Opa-locka]. Captain Barrington Irving ga-ahụ maka mmemme ọrụ aka na ọzụzụ maka ndị ntorobịa na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji. == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == N'ịkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Irving na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru, Scholastic bipụtara akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke Captain Barrington, Touch the Sky, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkpali ụmụaka na-anọchite anya ha ịchụso nrọ ha. == Onyinye na mmata == N'afọ 2007, Irving ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na-efe naanị ya gburugburu ụwa, ihe omume nke mere ka ọ banye na Guinness Book of World Records. Dị ka onye na-efe ụgbọelu a ma ama, ndị isi dị ka Onye isi ala Barack Obama amatala Barrington ma nata mkpebi nke ndị omeiwu maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya na agụmakwụkwọ na teknụzụ. [https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/real-world-geography-barrington-irving N'afọ 2012, National Geographic matara Irving dị ka onye nchọpụta na-apụta.] N'etiti nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ, Irving nwere NASA Trailblazer Award na [https://nbaa.org/2019-press-releases/inspirational-pilot-mentor-barrington-irving-receive-american-spirit-award-nbaa-bace/ NBAA 2019 American Spirit Award]. == Ndụ onwe onye == Irving bi na Miami, Florida ugbu a na nwunye ya na ụmụ anọ. == Ntụziaka == == Ebe m si dee == == External links == * Ahụmahụ ụgbọ elu - gụnyere onye na-eso ụgbọ elu GPS * {{DEFAULTSORT:Irving, Barrington}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207011424/http://www.uvuvideo.org/ uVu] - ihe ngosi vidiyo pụrụ iche nke njem akụkọ ihe mere eme; ọchụchọ okwu: Barrington * Ụlọ klas na-efe efe [https://flyingclassroom.com] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a0gmcshleqbsnve689yunev8cqiqdtp 0 44751 742540 697754 2026-11-03T08:13:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742540 wikitext text/x-wiki Immune tolerance in pregnancy maobu maternal immune tolerance bu n'abata ahuike nke ana ahu ebe nwa na placenta no n'oge nwaanyi di ime. N'abata na ebute ahuike nke n'aju n'abata ahu ozo dika nke na eme na spontaneous abortion. Ana agu gbasara isiokwua na reproductive immunology.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=Zev|title=Inducing Tolerance to Pregnancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2012-09-20_367_12/page/1159|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=20 Sep 2012|volume=367|issue=12|pages=1159–1161|doi=10.1056/NEJMcibr1207279|pmid=22992082}}</ref><ref name="clark">{{Cite journal|title=Active suppression of host-vs-graft reaction in pregnant mice. VII. Spontaneous abortion of allogeneic CBA/J x DBA/2 fetuses in the uterus of CBA/J mice correlates with deficient non-T suppressor cell activity|journal=J. Immunol.|volume=136|issue=5|pages=1668–75|date=March 1986|doi=10.4049/jimmunol.136.5.1668|pmid=2936806|url=http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2936806}}</ref> * Ọrịa Rh na-akpata site na nne na-emepụta antibodies (gụnyere IgG antibodies) megide Rhesus D antigen na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara ọbara nwa ha. Ọ na-eme ma ọ bụrụ na nne ahụ enweghị Rh na nwa ahụ nwere Rh, na obere ọbara Rh sitere na ime ime ọ bụla gara aga abanyewo na mgbasa nke nne iji mepụta IgG antibodies megide D antigen (Anti-D). IgG nne nwere ike ịgafe placenta n'ime nwa e bu n'afọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọkwa ya ezuola, ọ ga-akpata mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie nke nwa e bu, na-eduga na mmepe nke ụdị ọrịa hemolytic anti-Rh nke nwa e butere na nwa ọhụrụ (HDFN). N'ozuzu, HDFN na-akawanye njọ na afọ ime Rh ọ bụla na-ekwekọghị. * Otu ihe na-akpata [[pre-eclampsia]] bụ mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma nke ahụike na placenta. E nwere ihe akaebe siri ike maka [[Pre-eclampsia|ikpughe ọbara ọcha nke onye òtù ọlụlụ dị ka mgbochi maka pre-eclampsia]], n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ịmịkọrọ ọtụtụ ihe na-agbanwe usoro ahụike dị na mmiri.<ref name="Robertson">{{Cite web|first=Sarah|author=Robertson|authorlink=Sarah Robertson (academic)|title=Research Goals / Role of seminal fluid signalling in the female reproductive tract|url=http://health.adelaide.edu.au/og/people/robertsons.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329015723/https://health.adelaide.edu.au/og/people/robertsons.html|archivedate=2012-03-29}}</ref><ref name="SeminalPriming">{{Cite journal|author=Sarah A. Robertson|title=Seminal 'priming' for protection from pre-eclampsia—a unifying hypothesis|journal=Journal of Reproductive Immunology|volume=59|issue=2|pages=253–265|date=August 2003|doi=10.1016/S0165-0378(03)00052-4|pmid=12896827}}</ref> Ime ime sitere na Onyinye àkwá, ebe onye na-ebu ya yiri nwa e bu n'afọ karịa nne, na-ejikọta ya na oke ọbara mgbali elu nke ime ime ime na Ọrịa placental.<ref name="van-der-Hoorn2010" /> Mgbanwe nke mpaghara na nke usoro ahụike na-apụta ìhè karịa na ime ime nkịtị, n'ihi ya, a tụwo aro na ọnụọgụ dị elu nke ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na onyinye àkwá nwere ike ịbụ site na mbelata nke ikike ahụike site n'aka nne.[1]<ref name="van-der-Hoorn2010">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmq017|author=Van Der Hoorn|first=M. L. P.|title=Clinical and immunologic aspects of egg donation pregnancies: a systematic review|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=16|issue=6|pages=704–12|date=Nov–Dec 2010|pmid=20543201}}</ref> === Enweghị ike ịmụ nwa na ime ọpụpụ === Antiphospholipid antibodies na-elekwasị anya na phospholipids nke membrane nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Nnyocha egosila na ndị na-alụso phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phospaditylinositol na phosphatidylethanolamine ọgụ na-elekwasị anya na pre-embryo. Antibodies megide phosphatidylserine na phosphatidylethanolamine na-emegide trophoblast. Phospholipids ndị a dị mkpa n'ime ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke nwa e bu n'afọ nọgide na-ejikọta na mkpụrụ ndụ nke akpa nwa site na itinye ya. Ọ bụrụ na nwanyị nwere ndị na-alụso phospholipids ndị a ọgụ, a ga-ebibi ha site na mmeghachi omume nke ahụike na n'ikpeazụ nwa e bu n'afọ agaghị enwe ike ịnọgide na-ejikọta ya na akpa nwa. Ndị na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-emekwa ka ahụike nke akpa nwa ghara ịdị irè site n'ịgbanwe ọbara na-aga n'akpa nwa.[1]<ref name="Gronowski">{{citation |title=Handbook of Clinical Laboratory Testing During Pregnancy |last= Gronowski |first= Ann M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpcXSquuuY4C |publisher=Humana Press |isbn=978-1-58829-270-4 |year=2004 }}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dịghị ọgwụ ọ bụla ugbu a nke nwere ihe akaebe nke igbochi ime ọpụpụ site na igbochi mmeghachi omume nke mmegide nne; aspirin enweghị mmetụta na nke a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaandorp|first=S. P.|title=Aspirin plus Heparin or Aspirin Alone in Women with Recurrent Miscarriage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-04-29_362_17/page/1586|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=362|issue=17|pages=1586–1596|date=29 April 2010|pmid=20335572|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1000641}}</ref> == Mmụba nke ibute ọrịa == == Ime ime n'etiti ụdị == Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ịghọta usoro nke ịjụ-immunity nke nwa e bu n'afọ, ọ nwere ike iduga n'ime ime n'etiti ụdị, na-enwe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ezì na-ebu nwa e bu pụta ụwa dị ka onye ọzọ na-anọchi anya nne mmadụ.<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Darwin%27s+children-a020078742 Darwin's children] LeVay, Simon. (1997, October 14). from The Free Library. (1997). Retrieved March 06, 2009</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 1n9llp71epbimucg8xwp0zw520y6nub 0 44764 742639 166752 2026-11-03T08:54:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742639 wikitext text/x-wiki Aguru Mendelson's syndrome na afo 1946 Maka American obstetrician na cardiologist Curtis Lester Mendelson, o bu udi chemical pneumonitis maobu aspiration pneumonitis nke na amalite n'ihi aspiration nke Ihe do na afo N'oge anaesthesia na omumu nwa. .<ref name="malik">{{Cite journal|author=Malik|first=Irim|title=Mendelson Syndrome|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539764|pmid=30969586|date=26 June 2021|accessdate=21 September 2021}}</ref><ref>Г.А.Рябов, СИНДРОМЫ КРИТИЧЕСКИХ СОСТОЯНИЙ. Аспирационный пневмонит (синдром Мендельсона), http://surgerycom.net/critical/4/4_3.html</ref> == Nkwupụta == A na-akọwa ọrịa Mendelson site na mmeghachi omume bronchopulmonary na-esote ọchịchọ nke ihe dị n'ime afọ n'oge anesthesia n'ozuzu ya n'ihi mwepụ nke laryngeal reflexes. Ihe ndị bụ isi na-ahụ maka ahụike bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke hypoxia n'ozuzu ya, awa abụọ ruo ise mgbe anesthesia gasịrị. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye cyanosis, dyspnea, ahụ ọkụ, wheeze nke akpa ume, rales crepitant, rhonchi, na tachycardia na ọbara mgbali elu dị ala. O yikarịrị ka mbelata nke ikuku oxygen n'ọbara ga-apụta ìhè. Ọzịza nke akpa ume nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ mberede ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nwere ike ime mgbe e mesịrị site na nsogbu nke akpa ume.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe ize ndụ == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ekwu na onye ọrịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere: <ref name="Levy2006"/> * Ọnụ ọgụgụ gastric fọdụrụnụ nke karịrị 25ml, na * pH nke na-erughị 2.5 Otú ọ dị, ndị a bụ ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụghị ihe ndị na'emetụta ihe ize ndụ nke ọchịchọ.<ref name="Levy2006">{{Cite journal|author=Levy|first=DM|title=Pre-operative fasting—60 years on from Mendelson|journal=[[Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain]]|volume=6|issue=6|pages=215–218|year=2006|doi=10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl048}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLevy2006">Levy, DM (2006). [[doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl048|"Pre-operative fasting—60 years on from Mendelson"]]. ''[[Mmụta Na-aga n'ihu na Anaesthesia, Nlekọta Dị Oké Mkpa na Ihe Ọrịa|Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain]]''. '''6''' (6): 215–218. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl048|10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl048]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị ọrịa nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ kwesịrị inwe usoro induction ngwa ngwa. A na-akọwa ihe ize ndụ dị elu dị ka ihe ndị a: <ref name="Levy2006"/> # Usoro ịwa ahụ na-abụghị nke a na-ahọrọ # Anesthesia dị mfe / mmeghachi omume a na-atụghị anya ya na mkpali # Ọrịa GI siri ike ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ala ala # Ibubiga ibu ókè # Ọgwụ opium # Ọrịa akwara, nkwarụ, ma ọ bụ sedation # [[Ọnọdụ Litotọmi|Ọnọdụ Lithotomy]] # Intubation/airway siri ike # Mgbanwe nke eriri afọ # Ọrịa hernia nke afọ == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} gepsqyv2gbwtguki2j03bitkc7zjrwe 0 45133 742753 705947 2026-11-03T09:31:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742753 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_1994.143_Hip_Ornament_with_Human_Face_Uhunmwun-ekue_(2).jpg|thumb| Ihe ịchọ mma hip na ihu Uhunmwun-ekue, sitere na mkpokọta ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Benin. Kings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria|url=http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibitions/benin/index|work=The Art Institute of Chicago|accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref>Ụlọikpe na nka emume mebere dị mkpa nke nka Benin .  Ememe nkeonwe na nke ọha na-egosi ọtụtụ oge dị mkpa na kalenda afọ Benin .  N'oge gara aga, a na-eme emume dị iche iche n'ime afọ niile nkwado nkwado nke ụwa ọzọ maka ụdị ala-eze na ime emume ndị dị mkpa na ndị ntolite ya. == Pectoral, ihe ịchọ mma hip na pendants n'úkwù == [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_1998.38_Waist_Pendant_with_Oba_and_Two_Attendants_(3).jpg|thumb| Pendant n'úkwù ya na Oba na ndị ọbịa abụọ, sitere na mkpokọta nke ihe ngosi mgbe ochie nke Brookly.]] isi na ndị nwe aha na Benin na-eyi ụdị ihe ndị egwuregwu mma ọla dị iche iche dị ka nke akwa akwa ha maka emume n'obi eze.  Ọtụtụ na-eyi n'úkwù aka ekpe, na-ekpuchi mmechi nke uwe mwụda ha kechiri.  A na-pọọ kọpa, a na-eyikarị ha n'ahịrị ma na-ejide ya site na nnukwu loops dị n'elu na ala azụ nke ihe omume mma ahụ.<ref name="Ezra"/> Ihe mkpuchi pectoral na-egosi ihu mmadụ nke ejiri flange ịchọ mma nwere loops maka obere rattles metal, nke a na-akpọ ''crotals'', na ala, n'okpuru ntị, yana n'ahịrị nke trapezoids na-emepụta n'elu, n'elu ntị. <ref name="Ezra">{{Cite book|author=Ezra|first=Kate|title=Royal art of Benin : the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=1992|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=0870996320|url=https://archive.org/details/royalartofbeninp0000ezra}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEzra1992">Ezra, Kate (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:royalartofbeninp0000ezra|''Royal art of Benin : the Perls collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art'']]</span>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0870996320|<bdi>0870996320</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A na-etinye ọkpọiso ihu nke pectoral masks na rectangles ígwè, nke a maara dị ka ''ikan aro'' ("okpete anya"), nke na-enye ihu anya nke mkpebi siri ike, ike na ike kwesịrị ekwesị maka onye ọchịchị. <ref name="Nevadomsky 1986">{{Cite journal|author=Nevadomsky|first=Joseph|title=The Benin Bronze Horseman as the Alta of Idah|journal=African Arts|year=1986|volume=19|issue=4|doi=10.2307/3336286}}</ref> <ref name="Dark 1983">{{Cite book|author=Dark|first=Philip|title=The Art of Power / The Power of Art|year=1983|publisher=Los Angeles, Museum of Cultural History, Exhibition Catalogue|editor=Paula Ben-Amon and Arnold Rubin}}</ref>Ihe ahụ mma ndị isi na-eyi n'úkwù aka ekpe ha na- agụ ọgụgụ ihu mmadụ mana ha dị iche n'ụdị pectoral.  Ha nwere flange a na-achọ mma gburugburu ala nke ihu, na- agụkarị ma ọ bụ apịtị ajị anụ, lattice openwork ma ọ bụ guilloche, ma ọ bụ akwa akwa akwa, nke nwere ahịrị obere loops anọ n'okpuru ma ọ  bụ n'azụ ya.  [1] A na- akara olu akwa bead coral n'okpuru ihu, n'elu ihu ka e see okpu coral bead nke nlere coral n'ụdị ya.  Ihu nwere akara keloid scarification atọ eweli elu ( ikharo ) n'elu anya ọ llala.  A na-eji mpe mpere kechie ihe mgbanwe ụfọdụ n'egedege ihu na/ma ọ bụ imi.  Oadi ka mkpa maka akara a bụ na ọ na-egosi urebo, mkpa nke herbs na nzu, nke a na-akpa na imi na ọkpọiso iji ihe ize ndụ n'oge emee.  [2] Nkà mbụ asụsụ aro na ike àjà na-egosi a. Loops nkwusioru n'elu na-egosi na a na-eyi pendant n'úkwù. Ọtụtụ pendants Benin webatara ogige dị okirikiri ma ọ bụ ọta n'ime atụmatụ ha. == Opi na-efe n'akụkụ == [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_1996.171a-b_Side-Blown_Horn_with_Figurative_Base_Oko_(2).jpg|thumb| Opi a na-afụ n'akụkụ, sitere na nchịkọta ihe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Brooklyn]] [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_55.87_Figure_of_a_Hornblower.jpg|thumb| Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Hornblower, site na nchịkọta nke Brooklyn Museum]] ''Akohen'' bụ nnukwu opi a na-afụ n'akụkụ nke e ji ọdụ́ kpụrụ ma na-akpọ ndị na-ejide Oba mgbe ọ pụtara n'uwe emume zuru oke n'ememe eze. <ref name="Melzian">{{Cite book|author=Melzian|first=Hans|title=A Concise Dictionary of the Bini Language of Southern Nigeria|url=https://archive.org/details/MelzianAConciseDictionaryOfTheBiniLanguageOfSouthernNigeria1937|year=1937|location=London}}</ref> Ndị ''akohen'' na-eji egwu dị omimi na-enye Oba otuto na ụda dị omimi, nke na-adụpu, na anya, ọdụ ọcha ha na-egosi akụ na ụba, ike na ịdị ọcha nke Oba. <ref name="Ezra"/> Dika omenala onu si kwuo, Oba Erasin webatara ''akohen'' n'agbanyeghi na udi opi a na-afụ n'akụkụ ndi ozo di na mbu. <ref name="Egharevba 1960">{{Cite book|author=Egharevba|first=Jacob|title=A Short History of Benin|year=1960|location=Ibadan, Nigeria}}</ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri Brass na arụ ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_56.6.31a-b_Box_in_the_Form_of_a_Leopards_Head.jpg|thumb| Igbe dị n'ụdị isi agụ owuru, site na nchịkọta nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Brooklyn]] .Akwara ụgbọ ala dị iche iche na Benin, pịa bọket, kpok, ite, igbe na aquamaniles n'ụdị agụ owuru na ebule.  Ọkụkụ ihe mere eme na-ekele Oba Ewuare, bụ onye chịrị n'etiti ndị mbụ adọ nke iri na ise, na mbụ enwetara arịa ndị a maka iji mee ihe n'ememe eze.  [1] Dị ka omenala ọnụ si kwuo, Ewuare arịa arlada ahụ, mara coral-bead regalia, site n'obí dị n'okpuru mmiri nke Olokun, chi nke oké osimiri.  [2] A na-akpọ iru, ihe ndị a e jiamụ ihe bụ ndị e ji mee ihe n’ arụsị nna Olokun, bụ́ Osanobua, bụ́ chi okike.  Dị ka ahụ ahụ si kwuo, Ewuare iwu olu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-ekwughachi "ise, ise, ise," omume omume.  Ọ kpọghachitere arịa ndị ahụ n’obí ya, bụ́ ebe e debere ha n’ịrụ arụsị steeti Benin, bụ́ Ebo n’Edo. Na Benin taa, ndị ọkachamara n'ememe a maara dị ka Emuru, bụ́ ndị na-eje ozi n'ụlọ arụsị Ebo n-Edo, na-ebu arịa ọla na ihe nchebe. <ref name="Blackmun 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Blackmun|first=Barabara|title=From Trader to Priest in 200 Years: The Transformation of a Foreign Figure on Benin Ivories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_art-journal-uk_summer-1988_47_2/page/128|journal=Art Journal|year=1988|volume=47|issue=2|pages=128–38|doi=10.1080/00043249.1988.10792405}}</ref> A na-ahụ ụlọ nsọ Ebo n’Edo, mmụọ ya, ndị ụkọchukwu na-ejere ha ozi, na ihe ndị a na-eji eme emume ha bụ ihe nrụtụ aka n’isi mmalite nke ndị eze na ikike nke [[Oba (onye na-achị achị)|Obas]] ketara . Ụgbọ mmiri Benin nwere uru dị ukwuu karịa ọrụ ha bara uru; ha na-arutu aka na ikike nna nna Oba, na Ewuare, na ike sitere na nmekorita Oba na Olokun. <ref name="Ezra"/> Agụ bụ ụdị zoomorphic aquamanile a na-ahụkarị na Benin. Agụ, "Eze ọhịa," bụ otu n'ime akara ndị bụ isi nke Oba na nka Benin, na-egosipụta oke egwu ya na ọdịdị ike. [[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_58.160_Double_Bell_Egogo.jpg|thumb| Mgbịrịgba abụọ a (Egogo), ugbu a na nchịkọta nke Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn, bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọdụm Africa kacha ochie dị ndụ; naanị isii n'ime gong ọdụm ndị a ka amara. Oba(eze) jiri gong abuo mee emume Emobo chupu mmuo ojoo. Ihe osise ebe a na-egosi oba, onye ọchịagha ya na onye nketa ya kwadoro.]] A na-akpọ gong abụọ nke ọdụ́ a kpụrụ akpụ nke ọma n'ihi iko nke abụọ na-emegharị emegharị n'ihu ha. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ihe oyiyi dị n'etiti bụ oba na coral regalia nke ndị isi nchụaja osa na osuan na-akwado, ndị isi na-elekọta ebe ịchụàjà nke chi abụọ na-akwado alaeze ahụ. A ka na-ebu gongs ndị a taa site oba n'oge Emobo, nke ikpeazụ nke emume ike nke [[Igue festival|ememe Igue]] . Oba na-eji nwayọọ kụtụ ngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ ahụ, na-emepụta ụda ụda iji mee ka obi dị jụụ na ịchụpụ mmụọ na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ site n'alaeze ahụ. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101010/rec/4 Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection], ihe ngosi ihe ngosi sitere na The Metropolitan Museum of Art (nke zuru oke na ntanetị dị ka PDF), nke nwere ihe dị na ụlọ ikpe Benin na nka emume. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k9ufwo1oa0wbjyb1l4kt68vvw6hf8ez 0 45223 742406 692364 2026-11-03T07:46:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742406 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Oluwafemi Elufowoju Jr.''' OBE ( {{Audio|Fẹ́mi Elúfowójù.wav|Listen}} ; / ˈ fɛ m i ɛ ˌ l ʊ fə ˈwɒ dʒ uː / FEM -ee FEM LUU -fə- WOJ -oo ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xFml8wZUqc&t=18s|title=Femi Elufowoju Jr speaks on Finding Home|date=6 November 2014|accessdate=11 January 2019}}</ref> amụrụ 31 Ọktoba 1962) bụ onye amụrụ na Britain, onye Naijiria zụlitere na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ okike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Off-West End Awards 2019 winners announced {{!}} WhatsOnStage|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/off-west-end-awards-2019-winners-the-rink_48439.html|accessdate=2022-08-16|work=www.whatsonstage.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Finalists & Winners – The Offies|url=https://offies.london/2019-finalists-winners/|accessdate=2022-08-16|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=altafrica10|date=2019-02-11|title=Theatre News: Femi Elufowoju Wins for Director "Secret Lives of Baba Segi's Wives 2019 Offies|url=https://alt-africa.com/2019/02/11/theatre-news-femi-elufowoju-wins-for-director-secret-lives-of-baba-segis-wives-2019-offies/|accessdate=2022-08-16|work=Alt A Review|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe Alton Kumalo, onye nchoputa nke Temba Theater Company, Elufowoju bụ onye isi ụlọ ihe nkiri nke abụọ sitere na agbụrụ Africa iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nlegharị anya mba na UK (Tiata Fahodzi, 1997). <ref name="BWW">{{Cite news|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/uk-regional/article/Photo-Flash-THE-HOTEL-CERISE-Rehearses-20161003|title=Photo Flash: THE HOTEL CERISE Rehearses|author=BWW News Desk|work=Broad Way World|accessdate=2017-03-26|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=2469|title=Femi Elufowoju Jr. {{!}} An Interview|first=Shaun Ajamu|author=Hutchinson|work=The New Black Magazine|date=October 28, 2010|accessdate=2017-03-27|archivedate=2017-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105458/http://thenewblackmagazine.com/view.aspx?index=2469}}</ref> A hụla ọrụ ọkwa Elufowoju n'ofe ọtụtụ ụlọ nrụpụta flagship dị na UK, ma sorokwa ndị a ma ama na-emepụta ihe n'ime ihe nkiri, telivishọn na redio. Elufowoju ka a họpụtara [[Order of the British Empire|onye isi nke Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) na 2023 Birthday Honors maka ọrụ maka ihe nkiri. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elufowoju '''Elugbaju Oluyinka Oluwafemi''' na 31 October 1962 na Hammersmith, London, nye nne na nna Naijiria si Ile-Ife . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/may/27/femi-elufowoju-jr-hoard-the-glass-menagerie-arcola-london|title=Femi Elufowoju Jr: Why did Tennessee Williams marginalise African Americans?|author=Minamore|first=Bridget|authorlink=Bridget Minamore|date=2019-05-27|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2019-05-27|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ gara Copenhagen Primary & Junior School, Islington, site na 1967 ruo 1974, tupu ọ kwaga Nigeria. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nke Sacred Heart, Ring Road, [[Ibadan]], na 1975, na ụlọ akwụkwọ Christ, Ado Ekiti (1975–80), tupu ọmụmụ A-level na [[Ȯra Ọyọ|Oyo State]] College of Arts and Science na 1980. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/features/femi-elufowoju-jr-answer-the-questions-78979.html|title=Femi Elufowoju, Jr: Answer The Questions!|date=2003-11-16|work=The Independent|accessdate=2017-03-27|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Iwu na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Ife]] (nke bụzi Obafemi Awolowo University) mana a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ pụọ na 1985 obere oge tupu ọ laghachi UK. Ọ gara North London College, ebe ọ nwetara Asambodo na Community Theatre. Na 1990, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na Dramatic Arts site na Bretton Hall College nke Mahadum Leeds. N'agbata afọ 2010 na 2012, Elufowoju nwetara ezumike ọrụ ịga mahadum South Bank wee tinye uche na nzere postgraduate na Education. == Ụlọ ihe nkiri == N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1995, Mehmet Ergen kpọrọ Elufowoju ka ọ bụrụ isi akụkọ oge nke egwuregwu Africa na Southwark Playhouse . Egwuregwu ahụ mechara bụrụ ihe nrụpụta mbụ nke onye nduzi na-eto eto bụ onye edemede Mauritian San Cassimally's ''Acquisitive Case'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Review of Acquisitive Case|url=http://www.cix.co.uk/~shutters/reviews/95068.htm|first=Ian|author=Shuttleworth|date=1995|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=www.cix.co.uk}}</ref> Mmepụta ahụ mere ka Elufowoju nweta nchekwa mpaghara mpaghara Theater Young Director bursary site na Channel 4 na Cameron Mackintosh Foundation iji zụọ dịka onye isi ihe nkiri n'okpuru Philip Hedley na Theater Royal Stratford East . N'afọ sochirinụ, mgbe njem nlegharị anya nke Sweden na mmepụta nke abụọ ya (na egwuregwu nke mbụ e dere) ''Tiketi na Ties: The African Tale'', a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ka "ihe ngosi kachasị ukwuu na nke kasị ukwuu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa", <ref>{{Cite web|author=Web|first=UK Theatre|title=Archive for Tickets and Ties: The African Tale at Theatre Royal Stratford East, London. 1997. [LONDON]|url=https://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/London/Theatre-Royal-Stratford-East/Unknown/Tickets-and-Ties-The-African-Tale/L0325066904/|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=UK Theatre Web|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215033/https://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/London/Theatre-Royal-Stratford-East/Unknown/Tickets-and-Ties-The-African-Tale/L0325066904/|archive-date=2021-06-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> Elufowoju guzobere Tiata Fahodzi, ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe nkiri nke mba, nkwupụta ozi ya bụ isi bụ igosi ahụmahụ Africa na ọkwa Britain. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenewblackmagazine.com/2024/01/13/httpwww-thenewblackmagazine-comview-aspxindex2058/|title=Delighting in That Golden Hour: An interview with Femi Elufowoju|first=Uchenna|author=Izundu|date=13 January 2024|accessdate=23 May 2024|archivedate=16 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216235911/https://thenewblackmagazine.com/2024/01/13/httpwww-thenewblackmagazine-comview-aspxindex2058/}}</ref> Ọ ji nka duru ụlọ ọrụ ahụ afọ iri na atọ, na-eduzi ma na-egosi ihe karịrị egwuregwu iri atọ, gụnyere ihe ngosi ya nke [[Ola Rotimi]] 's ''The Gods Are Not to Blame'' <ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-06-10|title=The Gods Are Not to Blame, Arcola, London|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2005/jun/11/theatre1|accessdate=2021-06-01|first=Michael|author=Billington|authorlink=Michael Billington (critic)|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> na Oladipo Agboluaje's ''Iya-Ile: First Wife'' <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-05-24|title=Theatre review: Iyà-Ilé / Soho, London|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2009/may/24/iya-ile-soho-london-agboluaje|accessdate=2021-06-01|first=Lyn|author=Gardner|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Onyinye Olivier ). <ref>{{Cite news|first=Veronica|author=Lee|date=2012-06-27|title=Femi Elufowoju Jr: Our man in Borgen|language=en-GB|work=[[The Evening Standard]]|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/goingout/theatre/femi-elufowoju-jr-our-man-in-borgen-7892435.html|accessdate=2017-03-26}}</ref> <ref name="BWW"/> N'otu oge ahụ, Elufowoju jere ozi dị ka onye na-eduzi egwuregwu na Almeida Theatre, Royal Court Theatre, West Yorkshire Playhouse, na New Wolsey Theatre na Ipswich . == Arụmọrụ == Ihe ngosi telivishọn Elufowoju pụtara ìhè gụnyere na usoro ihe nkiri BBC a na-asọpụrụ nke ukwuu ''Little Miss Jocelyn'' dị ka Mr Omwokpopopo, ihe nkiri serial ''Moses Jones'', ''Wire in the Blood'', ''Borgen'', ''Enterprice'', ''Year of the Rabbit,'' ''Silent Witness'', na oge abụọ mbụ nke ''mmụta mmekọahụ'' . Ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ya gụnyere ''Akụkọ Ochie nke 1900'', ''Mechanic: Mbilite n'Ọnwụ'', ''The Saint'' na ''The Princess Switch 3'' na Vanessa Hudgens. Ihe ngosi ọkwa mbụ ya gụnyere mmepụta maka Midlands dabere&nbsp;Ụlọ ihe nkiri ụlọ ihe nkiri, ụlọ ọrụ Welsh Theat Iolo, Manchester's Royal Exchange, Kwuru site na Idiot, Commonweal, Eastern Angles, Talawa Theater Company, Royal Court, National Theatre na nso nso a, njem nleta ụwa nke Lionboy (gụnyere Broadway) na mgbagwoju anya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Princess Switch 3 (2021) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14731142/|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=www.imdb.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ agbakwunyere na nka == N'agbata 1999 na 2006, Elufowoju sonyeere Yvonne Brewster, Graham Whybrow, Roland Rees na Mustapha Mutura n'otu n'otu na kọmitii ikpe maka ihe nrite Alfred Fagon. N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara Elufowoju onye isi ngalaba na-akwado Commonwealth Parade (The Mall Pageant) na mmemme nke Golden Jubilee Celebration of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II . <ref>{{Cite web|author=connie.fisher|date=2002-03-13|title=Details of the Golden Jubilee weekend|url=https://www.royal.uk/details-golden-jubilee-weekend|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=The Royal Family|language=en}}</ref> Na 2019, Royal Commonwealth Society n'aha Duchess nke Cornwall kpọrọ Elufowoju jr ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe ikpeazụ maka asọmpi Essay Commonwealth nke Queen 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Royal Life Magazine|date=24 October 2019|title=The Duchess of Cornwall Hosts Reception for Winners of The Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition|url=https://royallifemagazine.co.uk/the-duchess-of-cornwall-hosts-reception-for-winners-of-the-queens-commonwealth-essay-competition/|accessdate=2021-06-01|work=Royal Life Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ kwughachiri ọrụ a ọzọ na 2021. Elufowoju na-aga n'ihu na-ebuga ogbako na ụlọ akwụkwọ UK ma na-atụle site n'oge ruo n'oge, na ụlọ ọrụ dị elu gụnyere [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na US. == Ime ihe == Ebe ọ bụ na 1990, Elufowoju abụrụla onye otu [[Equity (British trade union|Equity]], otu ndị ahịa Britain maka ọrụ nka na ihe ntụrụndụ. N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara ya na kọmitii nha anya agbụrụ nke na-adụ ọdụ ndị kansụl nha nha nha nha nha na ịkpa oke n'ihi agbụrụ. == Nigeria == Elufowoju has spent periods returning to his ancestral home Nigeria, building alliances with notable creative cultural leaders including Governor Kayode Fayemi, [[Lola Shoneyin]] Akin Adejuwon, [[Efe Paul Azino]], ex-Governor Kayode Fayemi<ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2014-11-11|title=Enjoy Spoken Word Theatre as 'Finding Home' Debuts in Lagos this Friday!|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/11/enjoy-spoken-word-theatre-as-finding-home-debuts-in-lagos-this-friday/|accessdate=2022-08-11|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> and theatre impresarios [[Bolanle Austen-Peters|Bolanle Austen Peters]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-08-05|title=Wakaa! The Musical, The First Nigerian Play To Be Performed In London To A Sold Out Audience {{!}} Helen Events Blog|language=en-US|work=Helen Events Blog|url=https://www.helenozor.com/2016/08/27818/|accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> and Teniola Olatoni Ojigbede.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sourmashstories.com|url=http://ww6.sourmashstories.com/&meta=1|accessdate=2022-08-11|work=ww6.sourmashstories.com}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" |'''Award''' |'''Year''' |'''Work''' |'''Category''' |'''Result''' |- |Afro Hollywood |2000 |Contribution to African Film, Arts and Culture |Lifetime Achievement |Won |- |Laurence Olivier |2009 |''Iya-Ile: The First Wife'' |Best Production in an affiliated theatre |Nominated |- |Ogeyinka Merit |2010 |African film and theatre industries |Best theatre practitioner |Won |- |NEL UK |2011 |Celebrating Nigerian excellence and lifestyle |Outstanding Achievement in theatre |Won |- |Nigerian Centenary |2014 |International contribution to the arts |100 Top Nigerians in the UK |Won |- |Off West End (Office) |2019 |''The Secret Lives of Baba Segi’s Wives'' |Best Director |Won |- |Voice of the Listener and Viewer |2021 |City College |Best BBC Audio Drama |Nominated |- |South Bank Sky Arts Awards |2022 |''Rigoletto'' |Best Opera Production<ref>{{Cite web|title=Little Simz, It's A Sin and We Are Lady Parts scoop South Bank Sky Arts awards|url=https://news.sky.com/story/little-simz-its-a-sin-and-we-are-lady-parts-scoop-south-bank-sky-arts-awards-12649424|first=Bethany|author=Minelle|date=10 July 2022|accessdate=2022-07-27|work=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> |Won |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Elufowoju, Femi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gmdj599ewcx85s67ydsrcoz08j1ac4w 0 45313 742607 170134 2026-11-03T08:49:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Curtiss Motorcycles''', nke mbụ '''Confederate Motors''', bụ onye America na-emepụta ọgba tum tum n'okporo ámá na Birmingham, Alabama . Ọ tọrọ ntọala na 1991 site n'aka ọka iwu ikpe H. Matthew Chambers, dị ka ụzọ na-achọ "ichepụta ìhè site n'ike mmụọ nsọ America." Na 2017 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwupụtara atụmatụ ịkpọgharịa onwe ya na Curtiss Motorcycles ma gbanwee gaa na ọgba tum tum eletrik na mmekorita ya na Zero Motorcycles . <ref name="new">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cycleworld.com/confederate-motors-partnership-zero-motorcycles-changes-to-curtiss-motorcycles//|author=Boulanger|first=Gaz|title=Who Was Glenn Curtiss And What Does He Have To Do With Zero Motorcycles?|accessdate=June 19, 2018|date=August 23, 2017|archivedate=February 3, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203043251/https://www.cycleworld.com/confederate-motors-partnership-zero-motorcycles-changes-to-curtiss-motorcycles}}</ref> The Warhawk ga-abụ nke ikpeazụ na naanị mmanụ ụgbọala ọgba tum tum n'okpuru Curtiss ika. Ọ dabere na P-40 Warhawk Fighter ha, nwere obere obere igwe igwe 35. <ref name="atlas">{{Cite web|url=https://newatlas.com/curtiss-warhawk-motorcycle/53499///|author=Hanlon|first=Mike|title=Curtiss Warhawk: Limited edition, 150-hp, V-twin industrial art|publisher=New Atlas|accessdate=June 19, 2018|date=February 21, 2018}}</ref> Na Machị 29, 2018, Combat Motors LLC zụtara ikike ikike ọgụgụ isi maka ụdị na atụmatụ Confederate wee gaa n'ihu na-eme ọgba tum tum mmanụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedrive.com/news/19943/confederate-motorcycles-lives-on-under-new-ownership|title=Confederate Motorcycles Lives on Under New Ownership|author=Brandt|first=Eric|work=The Drive|accessdate=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Pre-production_1_Confederate_P120_Fighter_at_the_2009_Seattle_International_Motorcycle_Show_3.jpg|thumb| Mmepụta 1 bụ nke mbụ Confederate Fighter. Nkezi ọsọ agbagoro 155.8 mph (250.7 km/h) n'ebe a na-efe efe na Bonneville Speedway .]] Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ meghere na Baton Rouge, Louisiana na 1991, na mgbe obere oge kwaga San Francisco, California, n'afọ na-esote, kwagara na ụlọ ahịa ihe ngosi na New Orleans, Louisiana, na 1993. Igwe ọgba tum tum ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị n'ahịrị mmepụta ebe ahụ na Nọvemba 11, 1994. Ihe karịrị 500 ọgbọ mbụ Hellcat ka e wuru site na 1996 ruo 2001. Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 2001, Confederate gbakere na 2003 wee mepụta ọgbọ nke abụọ nke Hellcats, ihe dị ka mkpokọta 75. <ref name="Carpenter2006">{{Citation |title= Paparazzi magnet; Gawkers get whiplash when Confederate Motor's new Wraith rolls by. That alone may make it a worthy successor to the star-seducing Hellcat. |first= Susan |last= Carpenter |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date= December 20, 2006 |page= G.1 }}</ref> Mgbe mmebi ụlọ ọrụ siri ike n'August 2005 site na Hurricane Katrina kwụsịrị mmepụta, Confederate bufere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na ọrụ mgbakọ n'otu ụlọ dị na ogbe ndịda Birmingham, Alabama. Mmepụta maliteghachiri mgbe nhazigharị ahụ wee kwaga na mmalite 2006, yana ọkwa na May nke atụmatụ mgbasawanye $ 5 ha maka imepụta nke atọ, ọnụ ala, ihe nlereanya. == Ụgbọ ala == Confederate mepụtara G1 Hellcat site na 1999 - 2001. Emepụtara G2 Hellcat site na 2002 ruo 2007. Emepụtara Wraith ahụ bụ 2007 ruo 2009 yana ọgụ sitere na 2009 ruo 2011. Emepụtara G3 Hellcat ruo mgbe erere ya na nkeji nke anọ nke 2015. Na 2007, $ 92,000 B120 Wraith na F131 Hellcat weere ọnọdụ mbụ na nke abụọ n'otu n'otu na AMD World Championship of Custom Bike Building show na Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, na ụdị mmepụta ihe. N'ọgwụgwụ 2015, banyere mmepụta nke G2 P51 Combat Fighter, a na-emepụta etiti ụdị a site na ngọngọ billet siri ike nke aluminom, na-emepụta etiti aluminom monocoque, nke a ga-eme ihe atụ 61, na-ere maka $ 119,500. Confederate nwere atụmatụ ịmalite G2 Wraith na G3 Hellcat. === Ụdị dị ugbu a === * Nke 1 * Harley-Davidson Confederate Edition - Ụdị ihe atụ nke Harley-Davidson nwetara nke nwetara esemokwu yiri nke ahụ maka ojiji nke foto Confederate. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} atụmatụ ịkpọgharịa onwe ya na Curtiss Motorcycles ma gbanwee gaa na ọgbaatụmatụ ịkpọgharịa onwe ya na Curtiss Motorcycles ma gbanwee gaa na ọgba == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Confederate Motor Company}} * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520115345/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Confederate+Motor+Company%2c+Inc.+Announces+Relocation+to+Birmingham%2c...-a0139818881 Confederate Motor Company announces relocation...] Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 20070617 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070421230003/http://www.governorpress.alabama.gov/pr/pr-2006-05-15-01-motorcycles-photo.asp alabama.gov: Governor Riley Celebrates First Production Motorcycle Made in Alabama] Retrieved 20070617 * [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/automobiles/02CONFED.html Out of New Orleans, Confederate Rises] NYT Handlebars column * Beeler, Jensen [http://www.asphaltandrubber.com/news/pierre-terblanche-royal-enfield/ Pierre Terblanche Leaves Confederate for Royal Enfield] (November 14, 2014. ''Asphalt and Rubber'' qks69wv63pxhcifch5i0zf33919417o 0 45563 742315 707754 2026-11-02T13:01:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL={{URL|bahiashehab.com}}|image=Bahia Shehab.jpg|name=Bahia Shehab|birth_date=1977|occupation=onye omenkà otutu ndi Egypt onye mmebe onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme onye isi ihe okike onye nkuzi onye na-eme ihe dabere na Cairo}} Bahia Shehab ( ; amuru 1977)[1] bu onye omenkà otutu ndi Egypt, onye mmebe, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye isi ihe okike, onye nkuzi na onye na-eme ihe dabere na Cairo. Ọrụ ya na-emetụta njirimara na ihe nketa omenala, ma na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme nka nke Islam na karịsịa nke Islam calligraphy na ihe osise iji nyochaa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Arab nke oge a, okwu nwanyị na okwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ọrụ ya dabere n'ọdịbendị metụtara iji akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka ụzọ isi ghọta nke ọma ugbu a, na ịchọta ihe ngwọta maka ọdịnihu. Shehab nwere mmasị na ụzọ a ga-esi jiri nkà rụọ ọrụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze, wee nyochaa ihe omume a site na ihe osise ya, nke na-adọta isiokwu ndị a na-akwado ọha na eze dị ka njirimara Arab na ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Nchọcha ya na-emetụta nke ukwuu n'ịghọta edemede Arabik, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-enyocha ma mkpụrụedemede Arabic nke ọdịnala na nke emegharịrị. Site n'itinye ederede ọdịnala Arabic na nke Islam ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, o jirila nka nyochaa ma jụọ ajụjụ iji ghọta ọnọdụ ọha na eze ma weta ha na ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu. Ihe osise ya pụtara na mbụ na mgbidi nke Cairo n'oge Mgbanwe ọchịchị Ijipt nke 2011 ma kemgbe ahụ, egosila ya na ngosi gburugburu ụwa. Shehab enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. <ref name="khtt.net">{{Cite web|url=http://www.khtt.net/en/page/471/bahia-shehab|title=Bahia Shehab|work=Khatt Foundation}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, e gosipụtara ya na akwụkwọ Polaris nke Visual Collaborative mepụtara, ebe a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ n'akụkụ ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ si gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Agbana|first=Rotimi|title=Shehab, Bobby, Tosin Oshinowo, others featured on Visual Collaborative|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/shehab-bobby-tosin-oshinowo-others-featured-on-visual-collaborative/|accessdate=2 May 2019|publisher=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]|date=2 April 2019}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Shehab na 1977 na Lebanon, ma tolite n'ebe ahụ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ichepụta eserese na Mahadum America nke Beirut, mụọ maka nzere masters na Mahadum America dị na Cairo, wee gụchaa PhD na Mahadum Leiden dị na Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-art/revolutionary-art-the-writing-on-the-wall-1.1444899|title=Revolutionary art: the writing on the wall|author=Freyne|first=Patrick|work=The Irish Times|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-11}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha == '''Academia: Ihe Omume Nhazi Ihe Omume na AUC''' Shehab malitere nkuzi na Mahadum America dị na Cairo na 2010, na na 2011 hiwere mmemme eserese eserese na Ngalaba Arts na School of Humanities na Social Sciences na AUC.[1]  Ihe omume a lekwasịrị anya n'ọdịbendị a na-ahụ anya nke ụwa Arab ma na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha gbasaa mmata banyere omenala anya Arab ka ha na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche nhazi.  Shehab na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha jiri mmasị ha mee ihe mgbe ha na-azụlite ọrụ ha, ma na-ekwusi ike na ọ dị mkpa iji imewe dozie nsogbu. Ọ kụziri ihe karịrị iri na asaa gbasara imepụta ihe. '''Ọgbakọ na Symposium''' Shehab akụziela mba ụwa gbasara omenala na imewe ihe nkiri Arab, nkuzi imewe na mmepe usoro ọmụmụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, okwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ihe nketa ọdịnala Alakụba. '''Ndị ọka ikpe na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ''' Bahia na-eje ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ, ụlọ ọrụ na nke anaghị akwụ ụgwọ. Ọ jerela ozi na mpaghara, mpaghara na mba ụwa na ndị juri imewe mba ụwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka Art Directors Club nke New York 101st Annual Awards. == Nkà == === "A Thousand Times NO" na Graffiti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === N'afọ 2010, Khatt Foundation dị na Amsterdam kpọrọ Bahia Shehab ka ọ mepụta ihe osise maka ihe ngosi "The Future of Tradition", nke ebumnuche ya bụ icheta 100 afọ nke nka Islam na Europe mgbe ihe ngosi "Masterpieces of Muhammadan Art" na Haus der Kunst na Munich, Germany. Ọrụ ya "A Thousand Times NO" bụ ọrụ nka na nyocha nke gosipụtara n'ime ụlọ nke Huda Smitshuijzen Abifares, onye guzobere Khatt Foundation, na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri si n'ụwa Arab na-eme emume ederede Arabic. Ozi bụ isi bụ "NO" dị mfe, dịka okwu Arabic si dị, "Ee e na otu puku ugboro ee e". Ọ chọtara otu puku atụmatụ dị iche iche nke Arabic no, chọta ha na ụlọ, ụlọ alakụba, efere, akwa, ite na akwụkwọ, na mba ndị gụnyere Spain, China, Afghanistan na Iran - ebe niile Islam nwere ọganihu n'otu oge n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ ọzọ. E gosipụtara otu puku no ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ụdị ákwà mgbochi plexiglass na ngosi Haus der Kunst. N'akụkụ nrụnye a bụ akwụkwọ, nke Khatt Foundation bipụtara, ebe ọ chịkọtara otu puku na-abụghị n'usoro oge, yana aha ebe ọ bịara site na ha, mgbasa ozi ndị e ji dee ha na ndị na-akwado ha bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịnye ọrụ ndị a chọtara na-abụghị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.ted.com/a-thousand-times-no-fellows-friday-with-bahia-shehab/|title=A thousand times NO: Fellows Friday with Bahia Shehab|date=7 September 2012}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ a bụ ụdị nyocha anya nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'oge 25 Jenụwarị Revolution na 2011 na Egypt, Bahia "napụtara" otu puku ndị a na njikọ akụkọ ihe mere e ji mee ihe ọhụrụ n'ime ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mgbanwe ahụ, na-eji ụdị dị iche iche nke "Mba" iji mee mkpesa megide ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a. Ihe atụ gụnyere, "Mba maka akwụkwọ ọkụ", "Mba maka Fero ọhụrụ", "Mba iji yipụ ndị mmadụ" na "Mba maka igbu ndị mmadụ n'okpukpe".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahia Shehab, Prince Claus Laureate|url=https://princeclausfund.org/laureate/bahia-shehab-prince-claus-laureate|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Prince Claus Fund|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625115005/https://princeclausfund.org/laureate/bahia-shehab-prince-claus-laureate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://princeclausfund.org/storage/documents/2016-Prince-Claus-Awards-Committee-Report.pdf |title=Report from the 2016 Prince Claus Awards Committee May 2016 |accessdate=2024-05-27 |archivedate=2023-11-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129123533/https://princeclausfund.org/storage/documents/2016-Prince-Claus-Awards-Committee-Report.pdf }}</ref> === Ala / Ala: 20 Minaret si Arab World === Ọrụ ọzọ, "20 Minaret from the Arab World", bụ ọrụ ọdịbendị dị mkpa nke egosiri na Arab Contemporary Louisiana Museum of Modern Art na Denmark. N'ime ọrụ a, Shehab weere minaret, ihe dị mkpa nke ọdịdị ụlọ n'ụwa ndị Arab, dị ka ebe mbido ya, na-egosi minaret 20 sitere n'ụwa Arab ka ọ na-eburu n'uche oke ha, malite na minaret kacha nta sitere na Mogadishu ma mechie na nke kachasị elu site na Abu Dhabi. O gụnyekwara minaret nke Nnukwu ụlọ alakụba nke Aleppo na Siria, mana ọ na-apụta na mkpọmkpọ ebe, iji gosipụta ọdachi ọdịbendị nke dakwasịrị na 2013 mgbe a tụrụ minaret ahụ bọmbụ. N'ime ọrụ a, Shehab nwere nchegbu banyere otu esi ebibi ihe nketa ọdịbendị Arab n'otu akụkụ na, n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, otu mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ si wakpo ya n'ụzọ ọgụgụ isi ma kpọọ ya dị ka nke azụ na nke iyi ọha egwu. Dị ka akụkụ nke ntinye ahụ, Shehab gụnyekwara adhan (ịkpọ ekpere) n'olu nwanyị. Nhọrọ ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na oge eruola ka olu nwanyị bilie.<ref name="Bahia Shehab">{{Cite web|url=https://fineacts.co/bahia-shehab|title=Bahia Shehab|work=Fine Acts|access-date=2024-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515224106/https://fineacts.co/bahia-shehab/|archive-date=2024-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Mgbasa Ozi Ntinye Aka n'Ụwa Ụwa === Kemgbe afọ 2016, Shehab anọwo na-arụ ọrụ na mkpọsa itinye aka n'okporo ámá zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-agụnye ihe osise na-ese n'elu ihe sitere n'aka onye na-ede uri na onye edemede Palestine Mahmoud Darwish na mgbidi nke okporo ámá gburugburu ụwa. O kwenyere na okwu Darwish metụtara ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anyị nọ na ya taa. Ihe ndị ahụ e kwuru gụnyere, "Gbanwee n'akụkụ nrọ ma lụọ ọgụ" na "Enwere m nrọ nke ga-abụ na urukurubụba a na-ekpuchi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ", iji sọpụrụ Mahinoor Elmasry onye e jidere ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ maka iguzo megide ikpe na-ezighị ezi n'Ijipt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/pmcmh/arab-contemporary-architecture-culture-and-identity.html|title=ARAB CONTEMPORARY - Architecture, Culture and Identity|work=World Architecture Community}}</ref> Ihe ndị ọzọ e kwuru gụnyere, "Mba maka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume", "Anyị hụrụ ndụ n'anya ma ọ bụrụ na anyị nwere ohere ya", "M ga-arọ nrọ", "Olee echiche ahụ buru ibu, otú steeti ahụ si dị obere", "Ndị na-enweghị ala enweghị oké osimiri", "N'ụwa a enwere ihe ndị bara uru ibi ndụ maka ya", "Otu ụbọchị anyị ga-abụ onye anyị chọrọ ịbụ, njem ahụ amalitebeghị na ụzọ agwụla", na "ndị m ga-alaghachi dị ka ikuku na ìhè na mmiri".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monabaker.org/?p=4772|title=Bahia Shehab's Mahmoud Darwish Project|date=17 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monabaker.org/?p=6548|title=Bahia Shehab's Mahmoud Darwish Project II|date=30 August 2017}}</ref> Ụdị eji ese ihe ndị a bụ ihe na-enweghị atụ na geometric ma jiri ụdị dị mfe dị ka okirikiri, rectangles na triangles. Ihe osise ya n'okporo ámá sikwa n'ihe odide Arabic ochie. Ruo ugbu a, o sere mgbidi na Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Lebanon, United States of America, Morocco na Norway. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecairoreview.com/midan/the-lam-alif-artist/|title=The Lam-Alif Artist|date=16 May 2018|work=The Cairo Review of Global Affairs}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190615235012/http://www.nuartfestival.no/previous-years/nuart-2017/bahia-shehab--eg- Bahia Shehab (eg)] Nuart Festival 2017</ref> E bipụtara mgbidi ya e sere ruo n'afọ 2017 n'akwụkwọ ya bụ At the Corner of a Dream nke ọbá akwụkwọ Gingko bipụtara na London. <ref name="at-the-corner-of-a-dream">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gingko.org.uk/title/at-the-corner-of-a-dream/|title=At the Corner of a Dream}}</ref> === Ihe ndekọ nke okooko osisi === E gosipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okooko osisi" na Istanbul, Turkey, na 2017, na-edepụta mmekọrịta onwe ya na okooko osisi. Okooko osisi na-agụnye njikọ dị ịrịba ama ya na ụmụ nwanyị na ndụ ya, ebe ha nyere ya ohere ịghọta onwe ya na obodo ya nke ọma. Ihe ngosi ahụ na-eji ihe ngosi plexiglass, ihe nkiri vidiyo na ihe nkiri na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-enye ndị na-ege ntị ohere ịnụ ụtọ ahụmahụ dị iche iche nke mmetụta uche. akwụkwọ nke okooko osisi 77 tinyere ihe ha pụtara nye onye na-ese ihe. [[Usòrò:The_Chronicles_of_Flowers_Bahia.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ndekọ nke okooko osisi]] === Ntụgharị uche na Shangri La === N'afọ 2018, Bahia rụchara ọrụ onye na-ese ihe na Shangri La Museum for Islamic Art, Design &amp;amp; Culture na Honolulu, Hawaii. N'oge a, ọ mụrụ ihe Doris Duke chịkọtara nke nka Islam ma jiri nchọpụta ya mee ihe dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi, "Reflections on Shangri La", nke meghere na 27 Septemba na Arts of Islam Gallery na Honolulu Museum of Art . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.honoluluacademy.org/shangri-la-artist-in-residence-bahia-shehabs-upcoming-exhibition-will-focus-on-women/|title=Shangri La artist in residence Bahia Shehab's upcoming exhibition will focus on women {{!}} Honolulu Museum of Art Blog|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-04|archivedate=2019-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414045152/http://blog.honoluluacademy.org/shangri-la-artist-in-residence-bahia-shehabs-upcoming-exhibition-will-focus-on-women/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.honoluluacademy.org/shangri-la-artist-in-residence-bahia-shehabs-upcoming-exhibition-will-focus-on-women/|title=Shangri La artist in residence Bahia Shehab's upcoming exhibition will focus on women - Honolulu Museum of Art Blog|accessdate=2024-05-27|archivedate=2023-01-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104163028/http://blog.honoluluacademy.org/shangri-la-artist-in-residence-bahia-shehabs-upcoming-exhibition-will-focus-on-women/}}</ref> Akụkụ nke abụọ nke ebe obibi ya gụnyere ịmepụta mgbidi akụkụ abụọ na Shangri La Museum. Dabere na uri sitere n'aka onye Palestine na-ede uri Mahmoud Darwish, ahịrịokwu ahụ - nke e gosipụtara na mkpụrụedemede Kufic nke e mepụtara na pixellated, nke nwere mgbọrọgwụ kama ahịhịa - bụ nkọwa pụrụ iche na ala ndị a chịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shangrilahawaii.org/programs/calendar-of-events/bahia-mural-jam/|title=Shangri La Museum of Islamic Art, Culture, & Design. {{!}} Bahia Shehab Mural Jam|work=www.shangrilahawaii.org|accessdate=2019-06-04}}</ref> == Nkwado na onyinye == * Tällberg / Eliasson Global Leadership Prize Nominee 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tallberg-snf-eliasson-prize.org/finalist/bahia-shehab/|title=Bahia Shehab - Using art and education to change society|work=tallberg-snf-eliasson-prize.org|accessdate=2022-06-29}}</ref> * Bellagio Residency 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/bellagio-center/residency-program/|title=The Bellagio Center Residency Program|work=rockefellerfoundation.org|accessdate=2022-06-29|archivedate=2024-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815121750/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/bellagio-center/residency-program/}}</ref> * Skoll fellowship 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skoll.org/2019/04/08/2019-skoll-world-forum-facebook/|title=2019 Skoll World Forum: Facebook Live Conversations|work=skoll.org|date=2019-04-08}}</ref> * UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_sharjah_prize_for_arab_culture_awarded_to_bahia_sheha/|title=UNESCO-Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture awarded to Bahia Shehab and eL Seed - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|work=www.unesco.org}}</ref> * Onyinye Prince Claus 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aO_6uKaYyc|title=2016 Prince Claus Laureate Bahia Shehab|author=Prince Claus Fund|date=13 December 2016}}</ref> * TED Senior Fellow 2016. * Ndepụta mkpirikpi nke Jameel Prize 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Victoria and Albert Museum|first=|date=20 May 2016|title=Jameel Prize 4 - Bahia Shehab|url=https://vimeo.com/167446110}}</ref> * Distinguished Alumna - Mahadum America nke Beirut 2015. * Ndepụta 100 ụmụ nwanyị nke BBC <ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29758792|title=Who are the 100 Women 2014?|work=BBC News|date=26 October 2014}}</ref> * TED fellow 2012.[7]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/bahia_shehab|title=Bahia Shehab - Speaker - TED|first=Bahia|author=Shehab|work=www.ted.com}}</ref> == Nkà ihe ọmụma == N'ọrụ nka ya, Shehab etinyela isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe niile. Ọrụ ya na-emetụta okwu ndị metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ugbu a, dị ka agha obodo na Lebanọn site na afọ 1980, mgbanwe nke gafere Ijipt na 2011, na ikike nke ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Otu ihe dị mkpa n'ọrụ nka ya bụ nchegbu ya maka ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'echiche na nchegbu na-abụkarị maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, dịka nwanyị n'onwe ya, Shehab na-echegbu onwe ya maka ụmụ mmadụ. Site na ọrụ nka ya, ọ na-agba ndị ọzọ ume ka ha na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị n'agbanyeghị na ndụ ndị ahụ nwere ike iyi ihe nkịtị. Nchegbu ya maka ihe nketa ndị Arab emeela ka ọ na-elebara ụmụ nwanyị Arab anya na nsogbu ndị dị ugbu a na-eme ka inweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ihe dị mkpa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nnukwu mbọ nyocha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ agụmakwụkwọ, ọ nwere ike iji ọtụtụ n'ọrụ nka ya mee ihe iji metụta ndị na-ege ntị nke oge a, ndị na-abụghị agụmakwụkwọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Shehab, Bahia, "Ị nwere ike ịkụtu okooko osisi: Ihe ngosi nke Mgbanwe Ijipt", Gingko Library, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gingko.org.uk/title/you-can-crush-the-flowers/|title=You Can Crush the Flowers}}</ref> * Shehab, Bahia na Nawar, Haytham, "A History of Arab Graphic Design", The American University in Cairo Press, 2019.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-9774168918|title=A History of Arab Graphic Design|author=Shehab|first=Bahia|date=18 November 2020}}</ref> * Shehab, Bahia, "Na nkuku nke nrọ: Njem nke Mgbanwe na Nnupụisi: Ihe osise okporo ámá nke Bahia Shehab", Gingko Library, 2019.<ref name="at-the-corner-of-a-dream"/> * Shehab, Bahia, "Mmetụta Mmetụta", na Translating Dissent: Olu sitere na Egyptian Revolution, ed. Mona Baker, NY: Routledge, 2016, peeji nke 163-177 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routledge.com/Translating-Dissent-Voices-From-and-With-the-Egyptian-Revolution-1st/Baker/p/book/9781138929876|title=Translating Dissent: Voices From and With the Egyptian Revolution, 1st Edition (Paperback) - Routledge|work=Routledge.com}}</ref>&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, "A Thousand Times No", na No Gods, No Masters, No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms, Barry Maxwell & Raymond Craib eds., Michigan: PM Press, 2015, peeji nke 233-241.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-1629630984|title=No Gods, No Masters, No Peripheries: Global Anarchisms|url=https://archive.org/details/No_Gods_No_Masters_No_Peripheries_9781629631394|author=Maxwell|first=Barry|date=July 2015}}</ref>&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, A Designer's Dream: Helmi el-Touni Exhibition Catalog, Graphic Design Program na AUC, 2014. * Shehab, Bahia, "Landscape/Soundscape: 20 Minarets from the Arab World", In World Architecture, March 2014. * Shehab, Bahia, "Koran Lectern nke Judge Zaineddine Yahya, Majordomo nke Sultan Jaqmaq", na Arab Contemporary - Architecture and Identity, Michael Juul Holm & Mette Marie Kallenhauge eds. Humlebæk: Louisiana Museum of Modern Art & Rosendahls, 2014, peeji nke 33-34.&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, "Spraying NO", na Walls of Freedom, Basma Hamdy & Don Karl eds. Malta: From Here to Fame, 2014, peeji nke 117-119.&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, "Urban Dialogues", na Positions - Arabich Worlt, Johannes Ebert et el. ed. Göttingen: Steidl-Verlag, 2013, peeji nke 274-278.&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, "Faṭimid Kūfī Epigraphy on the Gates of Cairo: Between Royal Patronage and Civil Utility", na Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World, Mohammad Gharipour & Irvin Cemil Schick eds. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013, peeji nke 275-289.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-calligraphy-and-architecture-in-the-muslim-world-hb.html|title=Calligraphy and Architecture in the Muslim World|work=Edinburgh University Press Books}}</ref>&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, "Voices From the Region: Cairo as Mirror," na Geography: Realms, Regions and Concepts, ndị edemede Harm J. de Blij, Peter O. Muller & Jan Nijman, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2013, peeji nke 315.&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, "GD 99: Ha kpọrọ Anyị Harem", na Revolution/Evolution: Two Decades and Four Hundred Designers Later, Leila Musfy ed., Beirut: American University of Beirut Press, 2013, peeji nke 152-153.&nbsp; * Shehab, Bahia, A Thousand Times No - Alif Lam-Alif: The Visual History of the Lam-Alief. Amsterdam: Khatt Books, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.khattbooks.com/shop/a-thousand-times-no-a-visual-history-of-the-lam-alif/|title=A Thousand Times No, A Visual History of the Lam-Alif}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shehab, Bahia}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dwph4ih8xn10upgyhw0s3k3v6z5fivr 0 45697 742683 364838 2026-11-03T09:20:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Sun Ra Arkestra 2023 Burlington Discover Jazz Festival Church Street Marketplace downtown Burlington VT June 2023 01.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] Sun Ra Arkestra bụ otu jazz America hibere na etiti 1950 wee bụrụ onye keyboardist / onye na-ede isi Sun Ra ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1993. A na-ewere otu a dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke afrofuturism . [1] [2] Ebe ọ bụ na 1995 Arkestra na-eduzi saxophonist Marshall Allen, onye otu Arkestra 1958, bụ onye ihe akwụkwọ iri na abụọ ndị ọzọ na-egwu egwu na-akwado. <ref name=":3"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị otu ahụ hiwere isi n'otu ọnụ ụlọ dị na mpaghara Germantown nke Philadelphia .  Saxophonist na onye ndu ugbu a Marshall Allen ebiela ma onye ọrụ n'ama 1968. <ref name=":0"/> Na 1976, Vincent Chancey, onye American jazz hornist sonyeere otu ahụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Effinger|first=Shannon|title=Marshall Allen is 96 years old and still leading one of the most visionary jazz groups of all time|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/sun-ra-arkestra-marshall-allen-interview-swirling/2020/10/28/1c96be1c-1700-11eb-aeec-b93bcc29a01b_story.html|accessdate=2021-03-07}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEffinger">Effinger, Shannon. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/sun-ra-arkestra-marshall-allen-interview-swirling/2020/10/28/1c96be1c-1700-11eb-aeec-b93bcc29a01b_story.html "Marshall Allen is 96 years old and still leading one of the most visionary jazz groups of all time"]. ''Washington Post''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0190-8286|0190-8286]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na 1993, John Gilmore onye ndu nke Arkestra mgbe Sun Ra nwụsịrị <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ankeny|first=Jason|title=Marshall Allen Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marshall-allen-mn0000299353/biography|work=AllMusic|accessdate=21 July 2023}}</ref> Na 1995, Allen ghọrọ onye ndu nke Arkestra mgbe Gilmore nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ankeny|first=Jason|title=Marshall Allen Biography|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/marshall-allen-mn0000299353/biography|work=AllMusic|accessdate=21 July 2023}}</ref> Na 1999, Arkestra wepụtara album studio, ''A Song for the Sun.'' <ref name=":3"/> Na 2009, Philadelphia's Institute of Contemporary Art kwadoro ihe ngosi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nka nke otu ahụ. <ref name=":2"/> Na 2012 Tara Middleton, onye violin na onye na-agụ egwú sonyeere otu ahụ. <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":1"/> Na 2017, Arkestra meghere Solange na njem ya na-akwado album 2016 ya, oche na otu <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Shaffer|first=Claire|date=2020-06-23|title=Sun Ra Arkestra Announce First Album in 20 Years|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sun-ra-arkestra-new-album-1019443/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShaffer2020">Shaffer, Claire (2020-06-23). [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sun-ra-arkestra-new-album-1019443/ "Sun Ra Arkestra Announce First Album in 20 Years"]. ''Rolling Stone''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na 2019, Arkestra nwere nnukwu ngosi na Hollywood Theatre na Portland, Oregon <ref name=":2"/> N'Ọktoba 2020, Sun Ra Arkestra mụrụ Swirling, album mbụ otu ahụ ahụ na afọ 20. [1] [2] Ndị otu ahụ de ekiri ọba na Philadelphia's Rittenhouse Soundworks wee pụta ya na Strut Records .  [3] Ndekọ nke egwuregwu nke mbụ nke egwu Sun Ra bụ "Ụchịchị <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kreps|first=Daniel|date=2020-07-16|title=Sun Ra Arkestra Revisit Jazz Legend's Classics on New Album 'Swirling'|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/sun-ra-arkestra-new-album-swirling-1029725/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụdị egwu na mmetụta == Arkestra na-esite n'ụdị egwu dị iche iche: swing, rock'n'roll, Chicago blues, improvisation na eletrọnịkịl <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Russonello|first=Giovanni|date=2020-10-27|title=Earth Couldn’t Contain Sun Ra’s Ideas. His Arkestra Is Still Exploring Them.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/27/arts/music/sun-ra-arkestra-swirling.html|accessdate=2021-03-07}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRussonello2020">Russonello, Giovanni (2020-10-27). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/27/arts/music/sun-ra-arkestra-swirling.html "Earth Couldn't Contain Sun Ra's Ideas. His Arkestra Is Still Exploring Them"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe Arkestra na-eme ihe, ndị otu a na-eyi akwa ụgbọ na-akpa na akwa isi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=After partial collapse, neighbors help make Sun Ra’s Philly space the place again|url=https://whyy.org/articles/jazz-legend-after-house-partially-collapses-gets-help-from-philanthropist-neighbors/|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=WHYY|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://whyy.org/articles/jazz-legend-after-house-partially-collapses-gets-help-from-philanthropist-neighbors/ "After partial collapse, neighbors help make Sun Ra's Philly space the place again"]. ''WHYY''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1"/> == Ihe ngosi == '''Albums Studio''' * ''Abụ nke Anyanwụ'' (1999) * ''Swirling'' (2020) * Eluigwe dị ndụ (2022) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bloom|first=Madison|date=2022-07-21|title=Sun Ra Arkestra Announce New Album Living Sky, Share New Song|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/sun-ra-arkestra-announce-new-album-living-sky-share-new-song-listen/|accessdate=2022-08-12|work=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}</ref> Leekwa ihe onyonyo nke Sun Ra '''Album dị ndụ''' * ''Babylon Na-ebi Ndụ'' (N'ime + Ihe ndekọ/2015) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fordham|first=John|date=2015-07-02|title=Sun Ra Arkestra/Marshall Allen: Babylon Live review – otherwordly space-jazz|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jul/02/sun-ra-arkestra-marshall-allen-babylon-live-review|accessdate=2023-11-15}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.thesunraarkestra.com/ The Sun Ra Arkestra], saịtị gọọmentị, n'okpuru nduzi nke Marshall Allen * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVnthZL2TiE Sun Ra Arkestra concert] na Acht Brücken Festival, Stadtgarten [ de ] na Cologne, Germany na 2022-06-07 [1:40:57] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s2tn0z3ixje5v5a1echdeir3yhy04b7 0 45941 742337 496116 2026-11-02T18:13:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742337 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Charles Habib Ayrout''' ([[Arabic]]) (1905 Cairo, ijipt - 1965 Cairo, ijipt) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ na Cairo ma a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọgbọ 'ndị ọsụ ụzọ' nke obodo ahụ, yana onye na-ewu ụlọ Belle Epoque / Art Déco (1920-1940) maka ụlọ na obodo ukwu ya.<ref>Mercedes Volait ''Le Caire-Alexandrie: Architectures Européennes 1850-1950'' (co-edition IFAO/CEDEJ 2001)</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-ewu ụlọ na mpaghara Heliopolis.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ chịkọtara ụzọ ya na 1932 dị ka "iwetara Heliopolis ụkpụrụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke oge a, mana ọ bụghị nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ avantgarde."[2]<ref name=":0" /> == Ezinụlọ == Nna ya, Habib Ayrout, bụ onye ijipt na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye ọrụ ngo, amụrụ n'ezinụlọ sitere na Aleppo, Syria. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Paris dị ka onye injinia na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, Habib Ayrout sonye na nhazi na iwu Heliopolis. Charles Ayrout nwere ụmụnne abụọ, onye ụkọchukwu Jesuit Henry Habib Ayrout na Max Ayrout, onye bụkwa onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ na Cairo.<ref name="Experts 2002, pg. 332">[[Timothy Mitchell]] ''Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity'', University of California Press, 2002, pg. 332</ref> == Ụdị == Ayrout bụ akụkụ nke ngagharị nke ndị France gụrụ akwụkwọ na Syrian-Lebanọn ijipt, bụ ndị 'oge a classicism' nke France nke Michel Poux-Spitz na Pol Abraham nwere mmetụta siri ike. Usoro a tinyekwara Antonine Selim Nahas na Raymond Antonious. Agbanyeghị, o kwusiri ike n'ịmụ ụkpụrụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ Modrnist, na itinyeghachi ha n'ọrụ n'Ijipt na-emegide iṅomi ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Volait|first=Mercedes|date=2006-09-01|title=Mediating and domesticating modernity in Egypt : uncovering some forgotten pages|url=https://www.academia.edu/8141384/Mediating_and_domesticating_modernity_in_Egypt_uncovering_some_forgotten_pages|journal=Docomomo Journal}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVolait2006">Volait, Mercedes (2006-09-01). [https://www.academia.edu/8141384/Mediating_and_domesticating_modernity_in_Egypt_uncovering_some_forgotten_pages "Mediating and domesticating modernity in Egypt : uncovering some forgotten pages"]. ''Docomomo Journal''.</cite></ref> '''Ọrụ na Cairo gụnyere''' : <ref>[http://www.egy.com/people/98-10-01.php Cairo's Belle Époque architects 1900 - 1950], compiled by Samir Raafat</ref> * Bldg, 26 Julaị/Hassan Sabri, Zamalek * 25 Mansour Street, Bab al-Louk * Ayrout Bldg, Cherif Pasha Street * Okporo ámá Bldg Shawarby * Obodo Ayrout, Zamalek * Ụlọ Mosseri (nke bụzi Mofti) na Shagaret Al Durr St., Zamalek * Bishara Bldg, Naịl Avenue * Halim Doss Bldg, Midan Shafakhana * Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Ibrahimieh, Garden CityObodo Ogige * Kahil Bldg, Kantaret al-Dikka * Bldg Gamal el Dine Abou El Mahassen, Garden City (1951) * Obodo Valadji, Heliopolis == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ewu ụlọ n'Ijipt * Heliopolis (nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na Cairo) * Ụdị Heliopolis == Edensibia == <references /> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == '''Nnyocha ebe a na-atụle ọrụ Ayrout:''' * [http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/inventai/extranet/revue/insitu3/d2/text/d2.pdf Ịmata otu obodo ukwu nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ n'Ijipt: Heliopolis, Cairo.] site na Mercedes Volait na Claudine Piaton. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606191056/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6557558 Ntinye okwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'ime ụkpụrụ ụlọ na nhazi obodo nke ọwụwa anyanwụ] site na M Zakarya. * Jaroslaw Dobrowolski na Agnieszka Dobrowolska, Heliopolis: Rebirth of the City of the Sun, American University in Cairo Press, 2006. * Le rêve fou d'un baron belge nke Nabila Massrali na Amira Doss. ''Al-Ahram Hebdo'', 27 Eprel 2005, Mbipụta No. 555. * "A Change in Looking" (n'ụdị Bauhaus) nke Sonali Pahwa. Al-Ahram Weekly, 22-28 Eprel 2004, Mbipụta No. 687. '''Banyere ihe owuwu Belle Époque na Cairo:''' * Cynthia Myntti, Paris Along the Nile: Architecture in Cairo from the Belle Epoque, American University in Cairo Press, 2003. * Trevor Mostyn, Egypt's Belle Epoque: Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006. * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ewu ụlọ Belle Époque nke Cairo 1900 - 1950, nke Samir Raafat chịkọtara. mwt06ur8g4yo8owlzqw18xk7090gn0w 0 46334 742657 638599 2026-11-03T08:57:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742657 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref name="Lee">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Felicia R.|title=Singular Art, Made by Plurals Yams Collective Brings Work to Whitney Biennial|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/22/arts/design/yams-collective-brings-work-to-whitney-biennial.html|accessdate=15 March 2018|work=New York Times|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>Sienna Shields ( banyere 1976) bụ onye omenkà na-adịghị anya nke America bụ ihe na mpempe akwụkwọ nchịkọta buru ibu.  Ọ bụkwa onye isi nhazi nke HowDoYouSayYaminAfrican?  ndị na-ese ihe na onye ntụziaka nke ọrụ ya, Good Stock on the Dimension Floor: Opera nke a nabatara maka 2014 Whitney Biennial == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="Lovelace">{{cite magazine|last=Lovelace|first=Joyce|date=18 March 2013|title=Intuitive Mapping|url=https://craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/intuitive-mapping|magazine=American Craft Magazine|publication-date=April–May 2013|access-date=22 November 2019|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609173928/https://www.craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/intuitive-mapping|url-status=dead}}</ref>Shields egwuregwu na Alaska na 1976. Ma nne na nna ya bụ ndị nkuzi na ya na ike ya abụọ n'ibu akwụkwọ nwa oge ka ha bi na obere Anchorage .  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon nwere akara akara akara na Caribbean na Latin America na 1998. [1] Na 2001, ọ kwagara na mkpokọta DUMBO na Brooklyn == Ụdị nka == Usoro ọrụ Shields ejiriwo "ike na ọgba aghara" nke mkpokọta nke o biri na ya ruo ọtụtụ oge ndụ ọrụ ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ndịiche na collages nke acrylic paint na otutu n'ígwé nke ịkpụ ma ọ bụ dọwara adọwa iberibe, gbakọtara n'ime nnukwu nkịtị iberibe. Ọ mepụtara ụdị ọrụ a ka ọ gachara mahadum n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi mgbochi ego. <ref name="whitewall">{{cite magazine |last=Donoghue |first=Katy |date=4 February 2016 |title=Cut Paper, Collage, and Beads: Sienna Shields' "Invisible Woman" |url=https://www.whitewall.art/art/cut-paper-collage-and-beads-sienna-shields-invisible-woman |magazine=whitewall |location=New York |publisher=Sky Art Media, Inc. |access-date=24 November 2019 }}</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ bead, nka mgbasa ozi agwakọtara, na onyonyo dijitalụ. == 2014 Whitney Biennial == The Whitney Biennial of contemporary art is the invitation-only exhibition nke na-amasị mmasị ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na n'oge gara aga nyere aka weta ihe dị ukwuu nye ndị nka dị ka Georgia O'Keeffe, Jackson Pollock na  Jeff Koons.  [1] Biennial echewo nka ọtụtụ oge maka ihe gbasara nchekwa, ọhọre na nsonye.  [2] Shields haziri Yams Collective (mkpụmkpụ maka HowDoYouSayYaminAfrican?) nke mba ụwa 38 na- ise ndị oji na ndị na-egwu egwu, ndị na-ede uri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe.  iji eserese ihe nkiri ngosi ihe ngosi maka ọkọlọtọ 2014. [3] Ọdịiche a gbara Shields ume, na-ekwu, sị: "M ga-aga ihe omume nka, na m ga-abụ naanị onye ojii n'ime ụlọ - ebe  a na New York Ọ bụ ihe."  [3] Otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka Biennial, Michelle Grabner, gara leta Shields na studio ya wee hụ obere vidiyo vidiyo o mere na Alaska.  [3] Nke a ihe mkpali maka nrubeisi nke mkpokọta, mpempe akwụkwọ 53 na 35 na-egosi Good Stock on the Dimension Floor: Opera <ref name="Lee" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Aftab|first=Kaleem|title=Opera hits wrong note|work=The Independent (UK)|date=4 October 2014}}</ref>N'agbanyeghị ndị otu ahụ, otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole ndị na-ese ihe nkiri sere afụ ahụ bụ "Donelle Woolford", ihe okike nke Joe Scanlan .  [1] Scanlan, onye ọcha, nwoke, prọfesọ Mahadum Princeton goro ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ka ha guzo "Woolford" na mmemme.  Marine nke onye nka “adigboroja” a mere ka ndi Yams Collective weghara nrubeisi ha, na-ekiri ihe “Woolford” na ihe ngosi n'ụdị ọrụ ha.  [2] Shields akwụkwọ na ihuenyo ahụ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị Scanlan abụghị: "...  [3] Ndị otu a tụlekwara nsonye nke Scanlan ka ọ bụrụ edit nke nnukwu okwu aṅụ ókè na ụwa nka.  [4] Emere ihe nkiri ahụ na Ememme Nkiri Trinidad na Tobago == Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ ama ama == === Ihe ngosi Solo === * Julaị 11-Septemba 12, 2009, ''ahịrị ndị ọzọ'', Brooklyn, Superfront Gallery Artist na ihe ngosi ebe obibi <ref name="AAVAD">{{Cite web|title=Shields, Sienna|url=http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=16356|work=AAVAD.com|publisher=African American Visual Artists Database|accessdate=24 November 2019|archivedate=14 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114110434/http://216.197.120.164/artistbibliog.cfm?id=16356}}</ref> * Jenụwarị 7-February 6, 2019 ''Nwanyị a na-adịghị ahụ anya'', Chicago, Kruger Gallery === Ihe ngosi nkwonkwo na otu === * Nọvemba 6-December 20, 2009, ''Francis Young & Sienna Shields'', Berlin, Kuma-Galerie. <ref name="artslant">{{Cite web|title=Kuma Galerie|url=https://www.artslant.com/ny/venues/show/16042-kuma-galerie?tab=EXHIBITS|work=ArtSlant|accessdate=24 November 2019|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20191124020947/https://www.artslant.com/ny/venues/show/16042-kuma-galerie?tab=EXHIBITS|archivedate=24 November 2019}}</ref> * November 8, 2012 – March 10, 2013, ''FORE'', New York, Studio Museum na Harlem <ref name="AAVAD"/> reocurring otu show nnyocha nke ọrụ nke dịkọrọ ndụ nta nta nka dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wise|first=Lloyd|title=Fore|journal=Artforum International|date=May 2013|volume=51|issue=9}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == <ref>{{Cite news|author=Anderson|first=Tom|title=Legendary Painter Chuck Close on Public Art, Diversity and His Ex-Wife|url=https://www.insidehook.com/article/art/chuck-close-subway-portraits|accessdate=22 November 2019|work=InsideHook|date=20 September 2017}}</ref>Shields fim onye na-ese ihe nkiri Chuck Close na 2013 [1] wee tinye ya dị ka usoro na usoro 2017 ya n'agbanyeghị na ha gbara n'oge ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Whitney Museum nke American Art * Nkà nka * Chuck nso == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://siennashields.blogspot.com/ blọgụ foto] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230621223933/https://www.talismanphoto.com/sienna-shields Eserese nwere ihe osise] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240528125751/http://howdoyousayyaminafrican.com/ Nchịkọta Yams] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0akdtnzeursludtlh8imnsc5k61b3c7 0 46421 742373 187564 2026-11-03T01:52:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Margate Art Museum''' bụ ihe ngosi nka nka na Margate na mpaghara KwaZulu-Natal nke [[South Africa]] . Ọ bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe nka kacha ukwuu na KwaZulu-Natal. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Margate Art Museum|url=http://www.visitportedward.co.za/margate-art-museum|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=www.visitportedward.co.za|archivedate=2020-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615011231/http://www.visitportedward.co.za/margate-art-museum}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Margate Art Museum in Margate, KwaZulu Natal|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/things-to-do/kwazulunatal/margate-art-museum/|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=www.sa-venues.com}}</ref> == Ebe == Margate Art Museum dị n'otu mpaghara ahụ dị ka Margate Hall na ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo nke Ray Nkonyeni Local Municipality n'etiti Cook Street, Viking Road na Newton Road. Ọ dị nso na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Margate Central Business District (CBD). == Ụbọchị mmeghe == Ịbanye na ihe ngosi nka bụ n'efu na ihe ngosi nka na-emeghe site na Tuesday ruo Saturday. Ọ na-emeghe site na 08:30 ruo 16:00 site na Tuesday ruo Fraịdee yana site na 08:30 ruo 14:00 na Satọde. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Margate Art Museum|url=http://www.zulu.org.za/things-to-do/south-coast/margate-art-museum-D37|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=www.zulu.org.za|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810083306/https://www.zulu.org.za/things-to-do/south-coast/margate-art-museum-D37|archive-date=2020-08-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == Margate Hall na ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo nke Ray Nkonyeni Local Municipality n'etiti{{Reflist}} oom5pqsdlpdafpnanaw8uew0q32tdui 0 46613 742366 629117 2026-11-02T23:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Demetrius Oliver''' (amuru Maach 2, 1975) bu onye omenka na onye nkuzi nke America dabere na New York City. [1] A mara ya maka nrụnye saịtị dị iche iche, ọtụtụ ihe na-eji foto, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na vidiyo. N'iji ihe ndị a na-ama ma oyiyi ihe oyiyi, ọrụ ya na-ekiri ndị dị ka American transcendentalism, egwu, na cosmology . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/demetrius-oliver/|title=Demetrius Oliver – Reviews – Art in America|work=Art in America|date=May 18, 2014|accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref> <ref>[http://printcenter.org/demetriusoliver/2013/10/10/new-website/ "Demetrius Oliver: Canicular"], The Print Center, October 10, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2015</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://american.edu/cas/katzen/calendar/?id=5959543|title=Katzen Arts Center Calendar {{!}} American University, Washington, DC|work=american.edu|accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Oliver natara BFA ya site na Rhode Island School of Design in Providence, Rhode Island na 1998. Ọ natara MFA ya na 2004 na Mahadum Pennsylvania dị na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ebe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ Terry Adkins <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v63/n05/darkwater-revival.html|title=09/13/16, Arthur Ross Gallery Presents Darkwater Revival: After Terry Adkins – Almanac, Vol. 63, No. 05|work=upenn.edu|accessdate=March 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318090455/http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v63/n05/darkwater-revival.html|archive-date=March 18, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/arts/design/11inch.html|title=Work With a Beating Heart of Social Import|author=Smith|first=Roberta|date=December 10, 2009|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref>Oliver bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ebi na Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na Skowhegan, Maine na 2004;  mkpa isi na Houston, Texas site na 2004 ruo 2006;  na The Studio Museum na Harlem na New York City site na 2006 ruo 2007;  Ọrụ Light na 2009 ebe o wetara ya anthracite nwere nnukwu nnukwu nke na-amaghachi n'akwa ya. Ebe obibi ya na Studio Museum na Harlem na 2007 ụdị na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Midnight's Dream Dream na 2009 ụlọ ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi ebe ahụ a na-akpọ 30 Seconds Off an Inch nke Naomi Beckwith chepụtara nke onye ọrụ o jiri akpa.  kọlụ.  ìhè a na-akpọ Asterism, na- akpali mbara igwe na echiche efu. <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/midnight-s-daydream-titus-kaphar-demetrius-oliver-and-wardell-milan-artists-in-residence-|title=Midnight's Daydream {{!}} The Studio Museum in Harlem|work=www.studiomuseum.org|accessdate=February 26, 2016|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040549/http://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/midnight-s-daydream-titus-kaphar-demetrius-oliver-and-wardell-milan-artists-in-residence-}}</ref> Na 2011 Oliver dị na ihe ngosi ngosi nke ọrụ Bettye Saar .  Ihe ngosi ahụ ọrụ ọ na-emetụta ya yana ndị na-ese ihe dịka Oliver, bụ onye metaphysical ya na-emetụta, ikera ọrụ ihe.  Ndị na-ese ihe ndị na-agụ ndị ọzọ n'omume n' Oliver bụ David Hammons, Hank Willis Thomas, Radcliffe Bailey na Kiki Smith. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/12/12/in-context-explores-the-m_n_1144784.html|title='In Context' Explores The Multicolored Threads of Betye Saar's Oevre (PHOTOS)|date=December 13, 2011|work=HuffPost|accessdate=March 17, 2017}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/>E taka ọrụ Oliver naanị otu awa kwa n'oge ọsọ nke Canicular na The Print Center na 2011, dabara na nke tube, Sirius .  Ihe ngosi ahụ gosikwara nhịahụ nke mbọ, ọkụ na ọkụ, na-eme ka astronomy ma na-eji ihe ndị na-ezo aka na canines, dị ka ụdị, si otú a na-eme ka ndị ọbịa na-ekiri na gburugburu  ebe a na-achịkwa dị ka anụ ụlọ ma na-eme ka akwụkwọ onwe onye nhọrọ nke eze ghara ikiri ya.  .  O ji ihe na foto foto nrụnye a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestranger.com/events/23571879/demetrius-oliver-eclipse|title=Demetrius Oliver: Eclipse|work=The Stranger|accessdate=March 18, 2017}}</ref>Ihe ngosi ya nkiri nrụnye na High Line dị na New York City, 2010, na Observatory na D'Amelio Terras na New York City, 2002. [1] N'afọ 2015 Oliver kere ihe nrụnye Anemometer sitere n'ike ike ns nke dị.  afọ 300 na Jupita.  [2] N'otu apụ ahụ, o ogologo Eclipse na Henry Art Gallery dị na Seattle na Mahadum Washington nke ịhụnanya n'elu isi ya ka a na-akụ ụgbọ elu nke uzuoku ma ihe ya na okwu site n'aka ndịsị  na-ahụ mbara igwe. ."Agụnyere ọrụ Oliver na ihe ngosi ụtụ maka Terry Adkins na 2016. Adkins na Oliver ọrụ na mpempe ọnụ a na-akpọ " Harmonic Spheres <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penncurrent.upenn.edu/news/arg-exhibition-honors-terry-adkins-legacy-at-penn|title=ARG exhibition honors Terry Adkins' legacy at Penn {{!}} Penn Current|work=penncurrent.upenn.edu|date=September 2016|accessdate=February 28, 2017}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081536/https://www.newschool.edu/parsons/faculty.aspx?id=4e54-4533-4e6a-6730 "Demetrius Oliver"], The New School. Retrieved May 17, 2015</ref>Ọ na-akụzi ugbu a na Mahadum Princeton [1] ma bụrụ onye nkuzi nwa oge na The New School na New York City. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://demetriusoliver.com Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] * [http://www.inmangallery.com/artists/oliver_demetrius/bio.html Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka] {{DEFAULTSORT:Oliver, Demetrius}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3ci10eictguba2fo4wpcrn678wmzn5z 0 46789 742361 707263 2026-11-02T22:08:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742361 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Dana Inkster''' bụ onye omenkà mgbasa ozi Canada na onye na-eme ihe nkiri . <ref name="McLeod">{{Cite web|url=http://nomorepotlucks.org/site/getting-messy-and-complicated-with-dana-inkster/|title=Getting Messy and Complicated with Dana Inkster|author=McLeod|first=Dayna|date=2009|work=nomorepotlucks.org|publisher=No More Potlucks|accessdate=March 8, 2015|archivedate=June 19, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619021456/https://nomorepotlucks.org/site/getting-messy-and-complicated-with-dana-inkster/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcLeod2009">McLeod, Dayna (2009). . ''nomorepotlucks.org''. No More Potlucks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Inkster tolitere na Ottawa, Ontario . O lekwasịrị anya n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge agụmakwụkwọ mahadum ya na Mahadum Queen, <ref name="McLeod"/> ma nwee diploma diploma na Communications Studies na Mahadum Concordia . <ref name="ABC Art Books Canada Distribution">{{Cite book|title=Anthem / Hymne: Perspectives on Home and Native Land|year=2008|url=https://archive.org/details/anthemperspectiv0000rice|publisher=ABC Art Books Canada Distribution|isbn=0770905196}}</ref> Ọ bi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ na Lethbridge, Alberta ebe ya na onye mmekọ ya na nwa ha nwoke bi. <ref name="Bhogal">{{Cite web|url=http://dailyxtra.com/toronto/arts-and-entertainment/filmmaker-dana-inkster-12761|title=Filmmaker Dana Inkster|author=Bhogal|first=Preet|date=May 7, 2008|work=dailyxtra.com/|publisher=[[Xtra!]]|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Ọrụ Inkster na-anwalekarị akụkọ mgbe ọ na-enyocha mgbagwoju anya nke njirimara, bụ nke na-esi na ya pụta dị ka nwa ojii, onye na-achọ nwanyị, nwanyị. <ref name="McLeod"/> Ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''Nnabata na Africville'', wepụtara na 1999. <ref name="ABC Art Books Canada Distribution"/> Na 2008, ihe nkiri ya ''24 Days na Brooks'', nke na-edekọ ọrụ 2005 na-arụ ọrụ na Lakeside Packers, <ref name="Kenney">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uleth.ca/unews/article/rethinking-stereotypes#.VPysU0fF91A|title=Rethinking stereotypes|author=Kenney|first=Trevor|date=October 29, 2009|publisher=[[University of Lethbridge]]|accessdate=March 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154417/http://www.uleth.ca/unews/article/rethinking-stereotypes#.VPysU0fF91A|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> meriri Alberta Motion Picture Industry Award maka mmepụta kachasị mma na-egosipụta ụdị omenala. <ref name="Bhogal"/> Ihe nkiri a na-enyocha ndụ ndị ọrụ kwabatara na nso nso a dọtara na Brooks site na ọtụtụ ntinye ọkwa, ọrụ ndị na-enweghị nkà. <ref name="Ciccone">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ffwdweekly.com/screen/film-features/immigration-influx/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150309234120/http://www.ffwdweekly.com/screen/film-features/immigration-influx/|archivedate=March 9, 2015|title=Immigration influx|author=Ciccone|first=Carla|date=September 27, 2007|work=Fast Forward Weekly|accessdate=March 8, 2015}}</ref> Inkster eduzila mgbasa ozi telivishọn na mgbasa ozi mmegide agbụrụ nke Canada Race Relations Foundation. Ọ nwetala ihe nrite onye isi ihe nkiri nwanyị Canada kacha mma site na Toronto Images Film Festival. Enyere ''Art of Autobiography'' akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma nke dị mkpụmkpụ ma ọ bụ ogologo ogologo nke Association of Quebec Cinema Critics. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Nnọọ na Africaville'' (1999) <ref name="Bhogal"/> * ''The Art of Autobiography: Redux'' I (2001) <ref name="Bhogal" /> * ''Ụbọchị 24 na Brooks'' (2007) * ''Ụlọ odee'' (na mmepe) == Ntụaka == Motion Picture Industry Award maka mmepụta kachasị mma na-egosipụta ụdị Festival. Enyere Art of Autobiography akwụkwọ{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p6b1bpfv5ppbsss2iljmeb6egrcqvpl 0 47016 742627 170653 2026-11-03T08:52:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742627 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọnwụ Israa Ghrayeb mere na 22 Ọgọst 2019 na obodo Palestine nke Betlehem . [1] Israa Ghrayeb, onye Alakụba dị afọ 21 na-ese ihe etemeete, ka etigburu n'ime " nsọpụrụ " n'ihi na ya na onye chọrọ ịlụ ya biputere selfie otu ụbọchị tupu ha agbaa akwụkwọ. [2] [3] [4] Ezinụlọ ya agọnarị ebubo a, na-ekwu na kama ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi. == Ọnwụ na nyocha == Akụkọ Ghrayeb na 22 Ọgọst 2019 n'elekere 10:00 nke ụtụtụ na Beit Sahour.  Ọ bụ ogige akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ na Palestine, ebe osimiri ahụ si n’ugwu na-asọpụta.  [1] N'ime obodo Ghrayeb, ị ga-ahụ nwa sitere na nne na nna.  [2] Na Septemba 6, na Palestine oge ochie, otu ìgwè ndị agha webatara ọtụtụ mwakpo n'oge wee mee nyọnyocha. <ref name="pc6sept19">{{Cite news|title=Public Prosecution: Investigations into the Case of Israa Ghrayeb Are Ongoing (VIDEO)|url=http://www.palestinechronicle.com/public-prosecution-investigations-into-the-case-of-israa-ghrayeb-are-ongoing-video/|accessdate=8 September 2019|publisher=The Palestinian Chronicle|date=6 September 2019}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2019 nyocha ahụ kwubiri na Ghrayeb nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu na sistem iku ume ya kpatara site na iti ihe ugboro ugborondị ezinaụlọ atọ ebubo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Palestinian District Attorney: Israa Ghrayeb died as a consequence of being beaten|url=https://www.arab48.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9/2019/09/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8|accessdate=12 September 2019|publisher=Arab 48|date=12 September 2019}}</ref> == Azịza ya == N'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke ilu Isra Ghrayeb na West Bank, ọnụnọ Palestine na-agbakọta na Betlehem na Ramallah. . <ref>[https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/palestinians-march-against-honour-killings-after-make-artist-slain Palestinian teen's suspected 'honour killing' provokes outrage in West Bank], 1 September 2019, [[Middle East Eye]]</ref> <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-49688920 Israa Ghrayeb: Palestinian woman's death prompts soul-searching], 16 September 2019, [[BBC]]</ref> A tụrụ hashtag #WeAreAllIsraa na ụkpụrụ iji kwado Ghrayeb. <ref name="qudsnetwork">{{Cite web|url=https://qudsnen.co/death-of-palestinian-young-make-up-artist-israa-ghrayeb-raises-questions-over-honor-murder/|title=Death of Palestinian young make-up artist Israa Ghrayeb raises questions over "honor murder"|date=August 31, 2019|accessdate=September 2, 2019|archivedate=September 2, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902192438/http://qudsnen.co/death-of-palestinian-young-make-up-artist-israa-ghrayeb-raises-questions-over-honor-murder/}}</ref> <ref name="alaraby"/> Adalah Justice Project, otu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Palestine, kwuru na "ogbugbu ahụ jọgburu onwe ya were ha iwe ma wute ha". <ref name="alaraby">{{Cite web|author=Alghoul|first=Diana|title=#WeAreIsraa: Outrage as Palestinian woman 'tortured to death' in honour killing|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/8/31/man-tortures-palestinian-sister-to-death-in-honour-killing|work=alaraby|date=31 August 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlghoul2019">Alghoul, Diana (31 August 2019). [https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2019/8/31/man-tortures-palestinian-sister-to-death-in-honour-killing "#WeAreIsraa: Outrage as Palestinian woman 'tortured to death' in honour killing"]. ''alaraby''.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ikike mmadụ na steeti Palestine == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} fsz0fapi88p4i9rbbui3lbbywwd1nri 0 47064 742771 692749 2026-11-03T09:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gabriela Alemán ( mmalite c. 1995), [1] na-ebute na ike dị ka Smug Morenita, bụ onye na-ese ihe na ihe ngosi nke America.  Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-anya onwe ya nke na-ahụ nka pop na-atọ nke na-egosi omenala Latinx na akara ngosi. <ref name="Raza">{{Cite web|date=February 2020|title=In The Name Of...? Works by Gabriela Alemán|url=http://www.galeriadelaraza.org/eng/events/index.php?op=view&id=7477|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Galería de la Raza]]|archivedate=2023-11-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126211853/http://www.galeriadelaraza.org/eng/events/index.php?op=view&id=7477}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Alemán mụrụ ma zụlite na San Francisco, California, US . [1] Ọ bụ nwanyị queer nke ejiri mara onwe ya na onye America nke mbụ. [2] Ọ bụ ada ndị si Nicaragua na El Salvador kwabata. [3] [4] [5] Alemán tolitere na Mission District nke San Francisco, ebe a chụpụrụ ezinụlọ ya n'ụlọ ha n'otu oge n'oge ọganihu mmalite nke dot-com <ref name="Yahoo">{{Cite web|author=Clark|first=Laura|date=2021-09-22|title=In The Know Honors: Gabriela Alemán|url=https://www.intheknow.com/post/in-the-know-honors-gabriela-aleman/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Yahoo!]] In The Know|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216163320/https://www.intheknow.com/post/in-the-know-honors-gabriela-aleman/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2019, Alemán nyere aka chepụta na ike ihe osise maka akara Loteria n'oge akwụkwọ #MissionLoteria na San Francisco.  [1] Na Disemba 14, 2019 Alemán bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-agụ na ihe ngosi 6th multidisciplinary multidisciplinary kwa afọ na Acción Latina's Juan R. Fuentes Gallery.  [2] Na Febụwarị 5, 2020, kwurura Alemán na Galería de La Raza na mmeghe ihe ngosi a gosipụtara aha n'Aha nke…?.  [3] Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye na-ese ihe, Gabriela Alemman bụkwa onye nhazi obodo na onye na-akwado ya.  [4] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 26, Alemman mebere ọrụ Nri nke Mission iji nye ndị na mkpa nri na nri ọhụrụ.  [4].  [4] nri nke Mission ngwaọrụ enweta ego mgba ọ gbala ma onyinye na ndị ọrụ afụ na-eme ya.  [4] A na-egosi ihe ndị na-eme ihe ngosi nke ọma wee ike na ọ ga-adị mma iri nri.  [4] Alemán na-ahụkwa na ọtụtụ n'ime ngwa ahihia ndị a na-enye bụ ndị obodo Latinx nabatara nke ọma.  [4] Alemán bụkwa onye isi oche Latin @ Young Democrats nke San Francisco wee mee ihe dị ka onye njikwa nri nwa oge maka Gabriela López.  [5] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye otu kansụl Calle 24, yana onye otu Chavalos de Aqui y Allá. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=|date=2020-01-30|title=Bay Area Nicaraguans react to country’s political turmoil through art, solidarity|url=https://eltecolote.org/content/en/bay-area-nicaraguans-react-to-countrys-political-turmoil-through-art-solidarity/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[ El Tecolote (newspaper)|El Tecolote]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * N'oge 2019 #MissionLoteria initiative na San Francisco, Alemán na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe [[Ivan C. Lopez]], na [[Valeria Olguín]] iji chepụta kaadị Loteria. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Mark|first=Julian|date=2019-11-29|title='Lotería'-themed 'shop local' campaign coming to Mission Street on Saturday|url=http://missionlocal.org/2019/11/loteria-themed-shop-local-campaign-coming-to-mission-street-on-saturday/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Mission Local]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * N'afọ 2019, ihe osise Alemán gosipụtara na ihe ngosi 6th multidisciplinary multidisciplinary kwa afọ na Acción Latina's Juan R. Fuentes Gallery. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-12-02|title=Cómplices en la Resistencia|url=https://accionlatina.org/en/complices-en-la-resistencia/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[Acción Latina]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202030815/https://accionlatina.org/en/complices-en-la-resistencia/|archive-date=2023-12-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> * E gosipụtara ihe osise Alemán na Galería de La Raza na mmeghe nke ihe ngosi ahụ akpọrọ ''In The Name Of…?.'' <ref name="Raza"/> * E gosipụtara ụfọdụ ihe osise Alemán na webụsaịtị maka Center for Cultural Power. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Gallery - The Center for Cultural Power|url=https://www.culturalpower.org/gallery/?q=smug+morenita+&topic=#search|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=www.culturalpower.org|archivedate=2023-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119043349/https://www.culturalpower.org/gallery/?q=smug+morenita+&topic=#search}}</ref> * Na 2019, Alemán mere ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ El Tecolote bipụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-04-25|title=Family seeks justice for slain Indigenous mother|url=https://eltecolote.org/content/en/family-seeks-justice-for-slain-indigenous-mother/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=[[ El Tecolote (newspaper)|El Tecolote]]|language=en-US}}</ref> * Na Jenụwarị 14, 2019, a na-ahụ ihe osise Alemán na The Ramp Gallery. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gabriela Alemán at The Ramp Gallery|url=https://somarts.org/event/gabriela-aleman-at-the-ramp-gallery/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=SOMArts|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206012549/https://somarts.org/event/gabriela-aleman-at-the-ramp-gallery/}}</ref> * Alemán mere ihe atụ maka Disney+ na Wells Fargo . <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Notable Hispanics in Underground Art – Anna D. Smith Fine Art and Real Estate Broker|url=https://adsmith.broker/5-notable-hispanics-in-underground-art/|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=adsmith.broker|archivedate=2023-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119043852/https://adsmith.broker/5-notable-hispanics-in-underground-art/}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.smugmorenita.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] {{DEFAULTSORT:Alemán, Gabriela}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5ogy0q5e8mnv20ncuwq8hxks3l49bsf 0 47419 742535 207723 2026-11-03T08:12:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''''Embrace''''' bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nke [[Hank Willis Thomas]], arụnyere na Boston Common na Boston, Massachusetts, United States, na Disemba 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=A monument to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King's love|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/martin-luther-king-jr-coretta-scott-king-monument-the-embrace-boston-common/|accessdate=2023-01-10|work=www.cbsnews.com|date=8 January 2023|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109132407/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/martin-luther-king-jr-coretta-scott-king-monument-the-embrace-boston-common/}}</ref> Ihe osise a na-echeta [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] na Coretta Scott King, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Whyte|first=Murray|title=Piece by piece, Boston's monument to Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King is coming together|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/17/arts/putting-together-pieces-embrace/|accessdate=2023-01-10|work=The Boston Globe|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929152431/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/17/arts/putting-together-pieces-embrace/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rosenberg|first=Eli|title=Why MLK Memorial 'The Embrace,' Destined for Boston, Is Being Built in Wash.|url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/why-mlk-memorial-the-embrace-destined-for-boston-is-being-built-in-wash/2780229/|accessdate=2023-01-10|work=NBC Boston|date=22 July 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119231625/https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/why-mlk-memorial-the-embrace-destined-for-boston-is-being-built-in-wash/2780229/}}</ref> ma na-egosi ogwe aka anọ jikọtara ọnụ, <ref name=":1"/> na-anọchi anya mmakọ ha kesara mgbe enyechara ya Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 1964. <ref>{{Cite news|title='The Embrace' to be unveiled on Boston Common|url=https://whdh.com/news/the-embrace-to-be-unveiled-on-boston-common/|accessdate=13 January 2023|date=11 January 2023|work=[[WHDH (TV)]]}}</ref> Emepụtara ọrụ ahụ site na ịgbado ọkụ ihe dịka 609 obere iberibe. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> Ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ enwetala nzaghachi na-adịghị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ na ọha na eze. == Nkọwa == ''Nnabata ahụ'' dị 20-foot tall (6.1 m) na 25-foot wide (7.6 m) ihe akpụrụ akpụ ọla na-eru tọn 19. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Masslive.com|first=Chris Van Buskirk|title=Boston officials unveil new MLK monument created in Walla Walla|url=https://www.union-bulletin.com/news/local/boston-officials-unveil-new-mlk-monument-created-in-walla-walla/article_c989761e-939f-11ed-8032-67b58322e4d3.html|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=Union-Bulletin.com|date=14 January 2023|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117033557/https://www.union-bulletin.com/news/local/boston-officials-unveil-new-mlk-monument-created-in-walla-walla/article_c989761e-939f-11ed-8032-67b58322e4d3.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMasslive.com2023">Masslive.com, Chris Van Buskirk (14 January 2023). </cite></ref> Ọ na-egosi ogwe aka na aka anọ jikọtara ọnụ, na-anọchite anya nnabata n'etiti [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] na Coretta Scott King . Nkọwa gụnyere bọtịnụ dị na aka aka ya, yana mgbaaka na nkwojiaka ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Pan|first=Deanna|date=January 16, 2023|title=Marveling at 'The Embrace,' Bostonians celebrate a 'superhero' on Martin Luther King Day|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/16/metro/marveling-embrace-bostonians-celebrate-superhero-martin-luther-king-jr-day/|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=BostonGlobe.com|publisher=The Boston Globe|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117013154/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/16/metro/marveling-embrace-bostonians-celebrate-superhero-martin-luther-king-jr-day/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPan2023">Pan, Deanna (January 16, 2023). </cite></ref> Ebum n’obi imepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ iji mesie nkwa ndị eze na-akwado ime ihe ike na mkpa ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali n’ọrụ mmegharị ikike obodo ha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Richardson|first=Kalia|date=2023-01-16|title=In Boston, 'The Embrace' Honors Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Legacy|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/15/arts/design/martin-luther-king-jr-statue-boston-common.html|accessdate=2023-01-17}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRichardson2023">Richardson, Kalia (2023-01-16). </cite></ref> Ihe ọkpụkpụ a dị n'ime okirikiri okirikiri, 1965 Freedom Plaza, nke na-amata mmadụ 69 bụ ndị isi ikike obodo na Boston site na 1950 ruo 1970s. <ref name=":2"/> Plaza dị n'ime Boston Common, ogige ọha na ogbe ndịda Boston, ma dị n'etiti Boston Common Visitor's Center na Boston Massacre Monument . <ref name=":0"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na 2017, Boston Foundation and Embrace Boston (nke bụbu King Boston), otu nzukọ raara onwe ya nye iji guzobe ncheta nye Martin Luther King Jr. na Boston, weputara oku maka atụmatụ maka ihe osise ọha na-asọpụrụ Eze. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a họọrọ imewe Hank Willis Thomas nke ''The Embrace'' n'etiti ntinye 126. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-04|title=A Stunning New Boston Memorial Will Celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/king-boston-memorial|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=Architectural Digest|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117124112/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/king-boston-memorial}}</ref> Ndị Mass Design Group kere ọrụ a na Walla Walla, Washington, <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Walla Walla Foundry turns 'The Embrace' into bronze reality for Boston|url=https://www.lagrandeobserver.com/news/northwest/walla-walla-foundry-turns-the-embrace-into-bronze-reality-for-boston/article_f4a658aa-6f58-11ed-95a1-7b156e5d4c55.html|accessdate=2023-01-10|work=The Observer|date=29 November 2022|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129213537/https://www.lagrandeobserver.com/news/northwest/walla-walla-foundry-turns-the-embrace-into-bronze-reality-for-boston/article_f4a658aa-6f58-11ed-95a1-7b156e5d4c55.html}}</ref> wee tinye ya na Boston Common na Disemba 2022. <ref name="Whyte"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWhyte2023"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="148">Whyte, Murray (January 12, 2023). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="149"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/12/arts/embrace-is-tribute-love-justice-unsung/ "'The Embrace' is a tribute to love, justice, and the unsung"]</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="150">''[[The Boston Globe]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="152">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230113011412/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/12/arts/embrace-is-tribute-love-justice-unsung/ Archived] from the original on January 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="153"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>.</span></cite></ref> A raara ya nye na Jenụwarị 13, 2023, <ref name="Whyte" /> ya na ndị ama ama nọ ya, yana nwa ndị eze na otu n'ime ụmụ ụmụ ha. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/boston-common-mlk-embrace-monument-unveiling-boston-common-massachusetts/42472968|title=MLK's family participates in unveiling of 'Embrace' sculpture on Boston Common|work=[[WCVB-TV]]|date=2023-01-13|accessdate=2023-01-13}}</ref> Ìgwè mmadụ gbakọtara ịhụ ihe oyiyi ọhụrụ ahụ ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị na Martin Luther King Jr. Day . <ref name=":1"/> == nnabata == Ndị nkatọ, ọha na eze na opekata mpe otu onye n'ime ezinụlọ Scott-King agbasala akụkụ ahụ. A katọrọ ọrụ ahụ nke ukwuu na ịkwa emo n'ofe mgbasa ozi ọha na eze, ọtụtụ ndị na-eji Twitter na-ele ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ anya dị njọ, ndị ọzọ na-ekwukwa na ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ mgbe a na-ele ya anya n'akụkụ dị iche iche. <ref name="WaPo writeup"/> Onye nta akụkọ Travis M. Andrews, na-ede na ''The Washington Post'', kwuru na ọtụtụ ndị enweghị mmasị na ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ egosighị ndị eze "n'uju." <ref name="WaPo writeup">{{Cite news|author=Andrews|first=Travis M.|date=16 January 2023|title=Martin Luther King Jr. statue in Boston draws online mockery, disdain|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2023/01/15/mlk-statue-boston-backlash/|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=The Washington Post|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAndrews2023">Andrews, Travis M. (16 January 2023). </cite></ref> Seneca Scott, nwa nwanne Coretta Scott King, kpọrọ ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "masturbatory" na otu isiokwu dị na ''kọmpat'', na-ewere akụkụ ahụ "na-akparị obodo ojii" na "ego efu." Scott dere na, n'echiche ya, "e mefuru nde dollar iri." <ref>{{Cite news|title='Woke' $10M MLK 'penis' statue insults black community: Coretta Scott King kin|author=O'Neill|first=Jesse|url=https://nypost.com/2023/01/15/woke-mlk-penis-statue-insults-black-community-coretta-scott-king-kin/|date=15 January 2023|work=[[New York Post]]|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Scott mechara dokwuo anya na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na ''The Guardian'' na ọ maghị na ọ bụ onyinye nke onwe onye kwadoro ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ kpamkpam, ebe ọ na-eche na a kwadoro ọrụ ahụ n'ihu ọha, ma kọwaa mmeghachi omume mbụ ya dị ka ngosipụta nke iru újú maka nkwụsị nke Coretta Scott. Ihu Eze site n'ọrụ yana nkụda mmụọ maka ihe ọ lere anya dị ka enweghị nkwado a na-ahụ anya maka ndị isi ojii sitere na ndị na-akwadoghị ọrụ na-ebute ụzọ. <ref name="Guardian Interview">{{Cite web|author=Chan|first=Wilfred|title='It's a strange moment we live in': MLK sculptor on backlash to monument|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/19/martin-luther-king-sculptor-boston-hank-willis-thomas|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=12 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211152100/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/jan/19/martin-luther-king-sculptor-boston-hank-willis-thomas|archivedate=11 February 2023|date=19 January 2023}}</ref> Onye nta akụkọ Michael Brendan Dougherty nke ''National Review'' Conservative na-akpọ ihe oyiyi ahụ "ihe nka na ọdịda obodo. Foto nke ọ na-ewe n'ike mmụọ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe oyiyi akara ngosi nke ndị eze. Ma akụkụ ahụ, na-ejikọtaghị ya na ahụ dum, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu na-adịghị mma. A ghaghị ịgwa mmadụ ihe ọ bụ ime njikọ ọ bụla na Martin Luther King Jr." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dougherty|first=Michael Brendan|title=On the New MLK Statue|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/on-the-new-mlk-statue/|work=[[National Review]]|accessdate=2023-01-16|date=16 January 2023|archivedate=2023-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116205608/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/on-the-new-mlk-statue/}}</ref> Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ echiche Rasheed N. Walters nke ''The Boston Globe'' dere na ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "adịghị mma". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hurley|first=Bevan|date=16 January 2023|title=Outrage and mockery erupt over 'obscene' $10m MLK statue erected in Boston|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/martin-luther-king-statue-boston-mockery-b2263066.html|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=The Independent|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117005207/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/martin-luther-king-statue-boston-mockery-b2263066.html}}</ref> N'ịde na ''Washington Post'', onye nkatọ Sebastian Smee kwuru na ọrụ ahụ "na-ada n'ụzọ nkà," na-akpọ ya anya "ijide" ma n'ikpeazụ "ihe na-adịghị mma." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Smee|first=Sebastian|title=I wanted to love the new Boston MLK statue. But it's just awkward.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2023/01/17/boston-mlk-statue-criticism/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=18 January 2023|date=17 January 2023}}</ref> Comedian Leslie Jones, na ihe omume mbụ ya dị ka onye ọbịa nke ''Daily Show'', kwuru na ihe oyiyi ahụ n'amaghị ama yiri omume cunnilingus, na-ekwu okwu na "...Amaara m na Dr. King gbadara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma. nke a abụghị otú i si egosi ya." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/leslie-jones-hilariously-mocks-that-mlk-statue-in-daily-show-debut|work=The Daily Beast|title=Leslie Jones Hilariously Mocks That MLK Statue in 'Daily Show' Debut|first=Matt|author=Wilstein|date=Jan 17, 2023|accessdate=Jan 20, 2023}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Martin_Luther_King_III_and_daughter_Yolanda_Renee_King_speak_at_the_unveiling_of_"The_Embrace"_sculpture_in_Boston.jpg|thumb| Martin Luther King III na ada ya nwanyị Yolanda Renee King na-ekwu okwu na mkpughe nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ]] N'agbanyeghị nkatọ siri ike, mpempe ahụ enwetala otuto kemgbe ekpughere ya na Boston Common na Jenụwarị 2023. Na mgbakwunye na ndị isi obodo, e nwere mmadụ abụọ sitere na ezinụlọ eze bịara na mkpughe ahụ - nwa ndị eze, Martin Luther King III, na ada ya nwanyị dị afọ 14 (nwa nwa Eze), Yolanda Renee King. Yolanda King kwuru na ọ hụrụ "ịhụnanya na ike na ịdị n'otu n'aka ndị a na otú ha si egosipụta ọmarịcha alụmdi na nwunye na mmekọrịta. Ọ bụ nke gbanwere ụwa." <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-14|title='I see love and strength:' King family delivers powerful speeches as Embrace memorial honoring MLK is unveiled|url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/01/13/i-see-love-and-strength-king-family-delivers-powerful-speeches-as-embrace-memorial-honoring-mlk-is-unveiled/|accessdate=2023-01-17|work=Boston Herald|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116232010/https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/01/13/i-see-love-and-strength-king-family-delivers-powerful-speeches-as-embrace-memorial-honoring-mlk-is-unveiled/}}</ref> Na nzaghachi maka nkatọ siri ike nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ, Thomas gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ CNN obere oge ka ọha na eze kpughee ọrụ ahụ na ọ gaghị agbanwe ihe ọ bụla nke ọkpụkpụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a jụrụ ya, na-ekwughachi na ọha na eze Boston kwadoro maka imewe ya: "Nke a bụ ibe nke ndị Boston ahọpụtara, nke a 'Hank ka bịara tinye ihe ' ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ, dị ka ndị nkatọ kọwara, o weere na ikiri ọrụ ahụ bụ "ihe gbagọrọ agbagọ". <ref>{{Cite news|title=New monument honoring MLK elicits crude criticism. Hear artist's response|url=https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2023/01/17/hank-willis-thomas-the-embrace-criticism-mlk-coretta-scott-king-cnntm-contd-vpx.cnn|accessdate=17 January 2023|date=17 January 2023}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ''Hyperallergic'', onye nkatọ Seph Rodney jụrụ Thomas 'nkwughachi, na-ekwu na "nyere usoro ogologo oge nke ịhọrọ na ịmepụta ọrụ a, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ichetụ n'echiche na ọ dịghị onye chọpụtara na site n'akụkụ ụfọdụ akụkụ ahụ agaghị ekwupụta ihe onye na-ese ihe na-ekwu na o bu n'obi." Rodney gara n'ihu n'ịkọ nkọ na "ọ nwere ike ịbụ na n'imeso onye omenkà ama ama na-ahụ maka ọrụ nde $ 10 ndị metụtara ya nwere ike ịkọwapụta nsogbu nwere ike imechi onwe ha ọnụ karịa ka a na-ewere ya dị ka 'ihe ọjọọ'" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rodney|first=Seph|title=Are We Asking Too Much of Public Art?|url=https://hyperallergic.com/824569/are-we-asking-too-much-of-public-art/|work=[[Hyperallergic]]|accessdate=29 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602145356/https://hyperallergic.com/824569/are-we-asking-too-much-of-public-art/|archivedate=2 June 2023|date=25 May 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Mmegharị ikike obodo na omenala ewu ewu * Ndepụta nke ncheta nke Martin Luther King Jr. * Ndepụta nka ọha na Boston == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gh2kqqwb1f57t75ovy2jsv6agpt0xtz 0 47493 742334 720614 2026-11-02T17:44:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Cauleen Smith''' (amuru ya na Septemba 25, 1967) bu onye amuru ihe onyonyo na onye na-ese ihe n’igwe. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ''Drylongso'' ya na ọrụ nnwale ya nke na-ekwu maka njirimara African-American, kpọmkwem ihe na-eche ụmụ nwanyị ojii ihu taa. <ref>Borelli, Christopher, [http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ae-cauleen-smith-0820-20170819-column.html "The complicated exodus of art world star Cauleen Smith"], ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', August 18, 2017.</ref> Smith ugbu a bụ prọfesọ na ngalaba nka na Mahadum [[California]] - Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arts.ucla.edu/single/cauleen-smith-joins-the-faculty-of-uclas-department-of-art/|title=UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture|access-date=2024-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228151236/https://www.arts.ucla.edu/single/cauleen-smith-joins-the-faculty-of-uclas-department-of-art/|archive-date=2024-12-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Na 1991, Smith dechara BA na Cinema na Mahadum San Francisco State . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cauleensmith.com/bio|title=Bio|work=Cauleen Smith|accessdate=2017-03-08|archive-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506022217/http://www.cauleensmith.com/bio|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-amụrụ ihe n'ebe ahụ, ọ dechara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere ''Daily Rains'', bụ nke e dechara na 1990, na ''Chronicles of a Liing Spirit nke Kelly Gabron'', bụ nke emechara na 1993. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Juhasz|first=Alexandra|title=Feminism and Documentary|date=1999|publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=0-8166-3006-2|pages=113–114|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XQR2onsHVwC&q=Cauleen%20Smith&pg=PA113|chapter=Bad Girls Come and Go, But a Lying Girl Can Never Be Fenced In}}</ref> A nabatara Smith na mmemme MFA na UCLA na 1994. <ref name=":0"/> N'afọ nke abụọ nke mmemme ahụ, Smith kpebiri ịse ihe nkiri ogologo oge akpọrọ ''Drylongso'' . Otú ọ dị, ọ megidere iwu UCLA maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri na-ese ihe nkiri ogologo oge, "na maka ezi ihe kpatara ya, ị maghị ihe ị na-eme!" dị ka Smith kwuru. Ọ bụ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị mgba, nwee ike ịmecha ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ na-enwetakwa nlezianya dị ukwuu na Sundance Film Festival, ma weghaara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri kacha mma site na ememe ndị ọzọ, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'okpuru ebe a. Na 1998, Smith gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UCLA na MFA ya na aha na-eto eto dị ka ike na-abata na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. Na 2007, ọ gara Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na Maine. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skowheganart.org/alumni-search|title=Alumni & Faculty Database|work=Skowhegan School of Painting & Sculpture|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-03-08|archivedate=2016-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202031900/http://www.skowheganart.org/alumni-search}}</ref> == ''Drylongso'' == ''Drylongso'', gbara n'oge Smith na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UCLA, na-ewere ọnọdụ na Oakland, CA ma soro otu nwa agbọghọ Africa-American aha ya bụ Pica na ọchịchọ ya ịse foto ihe ọ kwenyere na ọ bụ ụdị na-anwụ anwụ nke ndị ikom America America. N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ niile, Pica na-agba mbọ ịhazigharị ọrụ ya, ndụ ụlọ ya na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, na ọbụbụenyi ọhụrụ, oge niile na-egbu egbu, onye ihe metụtara ya gụnyere ụfọdụ isiokwu foto nke ya, na-atụ agbata obi ya ụjọ. Ihe nkiri a na-ebute isiokwu nke ime ihe ike ndị otu mere na Oakland nke gburu ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa Africa-American aka ha dị ọcha. "Drylongso" bụ okwu ochie African-American pụtara "otu ochie" ma ọ bụ "kwa ụbọchị". ''Drylongso'' nabatara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri, gụnyere Sundance Film Festival . Na 2000, ''Drylongso'' nwetakwara ihe kacha mma na [[Urbanworld Festival]], [[Los Angeles Pan-African Film Festival]], na [[Philadelphia International Film Festival]] . == Chicago == Smith enweela ụlọ obibi na Chicago na ThreeWalls, Black Metropolis Research Consortium, na Experimental Sound Studio na mgbakwunye na onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Chicago Arts Incubator. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-2014/Afrofuturism-Under-the-Sun-Ra/|title=Why Sun Ra Is Dominating Chicago's Culture Scene|work=Chicago magazine|accessdate=2018-10-03|language=en|archive-date=2018-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061857/http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/May-2014/Afrofuturism-Under-the-Sun-Ra/|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Smith rụnyere ihe ngosi na-agafe agafe na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago na ThreeWalls, ma aha ya bụ Artist pụtara ìhè site na National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture. Smith abụrụla onye omenkà nleta na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago mgbe ọ na-enyocha njikọ nka, ngagharị iwe, azụmahịa na obodo dị na [[Chicago|Chicago's]] South Side. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arts.uchicago.edu/content/arts-and-public-life-selects-artists-residence-2012-13-0|title=Arts and Public Life Selects Artists-in-Residence for 2012-13|date=5 December 2012|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://namac.org/|title=National Alliance for Media Arts + Culture|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref> Nrụnye kpọmkwem saịtị Smith, "17," sitere na Maachị 10, 2013, ruo Julaị 7, 2013, ma na Hyde Park Art Center na n'akụkụ akụkụ East Garfield Boulevard na Prairie Avenue na South Side. "17" nwere ihe dị ka ụkwụ 260 nke akwụkwọ ahụaja ebipụtara na ihuenyo aka. Aha ngosi ihe ngosi a sitere na Smith "ntụgharị uche na mkpa ime mmụọ nke ọnụọgụgụ dị ka akara anwụghị anwụ" ma na-atụkwa aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nka na omenala sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme ochie ruo n'oge a. "17" gbakwara ume site na nyocha Smith banyere ndụ na ihe nketa nke Sun Ra . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Snodgrass|first=Susan|title=Cauleen Smith|journal=Art in America|date=December 11, 2012|url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/cauleen-smith/}}</ref> Sun Ra, nwa akwụkwọ nke numerology, nwere mmasị n'ụdị "anwụghị anwụ nke omenala" nke ekwuru na nọmba "17" nwere mkpa. Smith bụ otu n'ime ndị nka 63 nke egosiri ọrụ ha dịka akụkụ nke 2017 Whitney Biennial. Edobere ọkọlọtọ ya nke ejiri aka kpachie nke ọma n'uko ụlọ. Ọkọlọtọ ndị a na-azaghachi na "ịkpọasị na ike ọgwụgwụ" nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri site na ikiri vidiyo nke ime ihe ike ndị uwe ojii megide ndị isi ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whitney.org/Exhibitions/2017Biennial#artists-50|title=Whitney Biennial 2017|work=whitney.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-20}}</ref> Smith na onye na-ese ihe bụ Aram Han Sifuentes haziri ọmụmụ ihe na njikọ nke afọ abụọ a na-akpọ Protest Banner Lending Library ọrụ Sifuentes bidoro na Chicago. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/Events/ProtestBannerLendingLibrary|title=Protest Banner Lending Library with Aram Han Sifuentes and Cauleen Smith|work=whitney.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-20|archivedate=2018-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195541/https://whitney.org/Events/ProtestBannerLendingLibrary}}</ref> E gosipụtara "Ndepụta Ọgụgụ Mmadụ_3.0" nke Smith na Art Institute of Chicago na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artic.edu/exhibition/cauleen-smith-human30-reading-list|title=Cauleen Smith: Human_3.0 Reading List {{!}} The Art Institute of Chicago|work=The Art Institute of Chicago|date=May 27, 2017|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-20}}</ref> Ọrụ a tụụrụ ime na 2015 nwere eserese 57 - nke ọ bụla emere na 8 Akwụkwọ eserese nke anụ ọhịa dị na agba mmiri n'elu graphite, mgbe ụfọdụ ejiri acrylic nke akwụkwọ iri na anọ kọwaa ya. Smith na-akọwa akwụkwọ ndị a dị ka ndị a: "Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị gbanwere ndụ m n'ezie, zọpụta ndụ m ma kwado ndụ m, kamakwa, (ịdọ aka ná ntị ziri ezi) na-eme ka ọ na-esiri m ike ịga n'ihu, na-emekọrịta ihe, lee anya nke ọzọ. ụzọ, ma nweta m." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://readinglisthumanthreepointo.wordpress.com/2015/06/15/june-16-2015/|title=June 16, 2015|date=2015-06-15|work=Human_3.o Reading List|accessdate=2018-09-20|language=en-US}}</ref> == Los Angeles == “Nye ya ma ọ bụ hapụ ya” Smith gosipụtara na Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia na 2018, na nkwado nke Ellsworth Kelly Award <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org/recipients/icaphila|title="Cauleen Smith: Give It Or Leave It" :: Foundation for Contemporary Arts|work=www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org|accessdate=2019-06-13}}</ref> sitere na Foundation for Contemporary Arts nyere. <ref name="icaphila.org">[https://icaphila.org/exhibitions/cauleen-smith-give-it-or-leave-it/ "Cauleen Smith: Give It or Leave It"]</ref> Nkọwa nke ihe ngosi ahụ na-agụ, sị, "Site na fim, ihe, na ntinye, Nye ya ma ọ bụ hapụ Ọ na-enye mmetụta mmetụta uche nke isi na-agagharị na mbara igwe anọ dị iche iche: Alice Coltrane na ashram ya, ihe nkiri foto 1966 nke Bill Ray na Simon Rodia's Watts. Ụlọ elu, [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|Noa]] Purifoy na ọgbakọ ọzara ya, na onye mmụọ ime mmụọ ojii Rebecca Cox Jackson na obodo Shaker ya. Ebe ndị a, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ọha mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, gụnyere saịtị nke ịkọ nkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmesapụ aka dị n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na obodo. N'ịtụgharịghachi ọdịnihu site na ngwakọta a, Smith na-atụba ụwa nke dị oji, nwanyị, ime mmụọ na ndụ na-enweghị ihere. <ref name="icaphila.org" /> == Ihe nkiri == * '''2019''' ** ''Black Utopia LP'' at the International Film Festival Rotterdam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/483433/cauleen-smith-black-utopia-lp/|title=Cauleen Smith Projects a Futuristic Black Utopia|date=2019-02-07|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-01}}</ref> * '''2010''' ** ''Remote Viewing''. 4K digital Video. TRT: 15:00. Funded by Creative Capital. ** ''The Grid''. 4K digital Video. TRT: 15:00. Funded by Creative Capital. ** ''T Minus Two''. Digitized 16mm. TRT: 2:00. ** ''Good Clean Family Fun''. Digitized 16mm. TRT: 5:00. ** ''Black and Blue Over You'' (after Bas Jan Ader for Ishan).TRT: 8:00. ** ''Demon Fuzz''. (loop) Digitized 35mm. TRT: 7:00 ** ''Elsewhere''. (Installation loop) Digitized 35mm. TRT: 5:30 ** ''Sine at the Canyon Sine at the Sea''. Appropriated 16mm NASA films. TRT: 4:00. * '''2009''' ** ''Not the Black''. MiniDV. TRT: 1:39. * '''2008''' ** ''Entitled'' Super-8. TRT: 6:30” ** ''The Fullness of Time'' MiniDV. Single Channel. TRT: 50:00” * '''2007''' ** ''Nebulae'' – Austin. 16mm film installation with sculptural component. ** ''Right Hand Only Left Hand Lonely'' Two Channel Video Installation * '''2006''' ** ''(Afro)Galactic Postcards from M94'' Three 20MB Video Podcasts and Website ** ''I Want to See My Skirt'' Multi-Channel Video with sculptural component. In Collaboration with poet, AaronVan Jordan. ** ''Marriage Is for White People'' Two Channel Video and 3D Installation. ** ''Cantata for Salamanders and Twelve Choirs'' In Collaboration with artist, Daniel Bozhkov. S-16. ** ''Dark Matter and the Post Card'' Video Experimental Narrative. DV. 8 and 2.5 minutes. ** ''The Carbonist School Study Hall'' Commissioned documentary featuring the founding members of The Carbonist School. MiniDV. 12. * '''2005''' ** ''The Green Dress'' Series Six Channel. 35mm. Color. Sound.14 minutes. Six channel loop. * '''2003''' ** ''Hollywould If She Could''. DV Narrative. 15 minutes. * '''2001''' ** ''The Changing Same'' 35mm 9.5 minutes. * '''1998''' ** ''Drylongso'' 82 minutes 16mm narrative. Distributed by Video Data Bank. * '''1997''' ** ''White Suit'' 16mm 3.5 minutes. ** ''Sapphire'' Tape #2: VHS. Five minutes. * '''1995''' ** ''A Thousand Words'' 16mm 14 minutes. 1993 ** ''Sapphire'' Tape #1: The Message VHS video. ** ''Memory Poison Bones'' Site-specific installation. ** ''Chronicles of a Lying Spirit by Kelly Gabron'' 16mm 5.5 minutes. * '''1990''' ** ''Daily Rains''. 16&nbsp;mm. 12 minutes. * '''1989''' ** ''Wall'' Doc VHS. 6 minutes. == Ntụaka == Chicago Arts Incubator. N'afọ 2012, Smith rụnyere ihe ngosi na-agafe agafe na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago na ThreeWalls, ma aha ya bụ Artist pụtara ìhè site na National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture. Smith abụrụla onye omenkà nleta na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago mgbe ọ na-enyocha njikọ nka, ngagharị iwe, azụmahịa na obodo dị na Chicago's South Side. {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived December 2, 2010) * {{IMDb name|807646|Cauleen Smith}} * Cauleen Smith Biography at the Wayback Machine (archived July 20, 2011) at the University of California, San Diego * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240609164042/https://moranmorangallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CS-CV_01-27.pdf Cauleen Smith curriculum vitae] {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Cauleen}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7hogsfwxhz774i5lwi2ic4p3czkg2pr 0 47612 742329 173709 2026-11-02T16:14:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} Bruce Wallace Aris, Jr. (October 10, 1911 - September 11, 1994) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye edemede, onye na-ese ihe, onye nkọwa yana ụlọ ihe nkiri na onye akwụkwọ.  , onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na akara ngosi zuru oke na Monterey Peninsula .  California. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ariss na White Salmon, Washington, nwa Bruce Wallace Ariss, onye na-arụ ọrụ ihe owuwu, na Anna (née Kerwin). Ariss gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Oakland Technical tupu debanye aha na Mahadum California, Berkeley (BA 1934), [1] ebe ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nka nke akwụkwọ Occident na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ ọchị campus The Pelican yana ọkpọ ọkpọ. Na mahadum zutere Jean McLellan Fitch nke Napa, California, onye ọ dị ka "nwa anụmanụ kacha mma na campus";  ha ngosi na 1934. [1] [2] "Mgbe ọ akụkọ akwụkwọ, Ariss ji ọrụ dị arọ maka ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo ma jisie ike mkpuchi $200 na nchekwa ego".  [2] Site na nnukwu ego a, Bruce, onye na-ese ihe, na-egosi ya Jean, onye edemede, akwụkwọ iwere 18 "oge ezumike ezumike" na Monterey Peninsula iji gbasoo mbọ ike ha. == Ọrụ == Iji kwalite ego ha na-echekwa, ndị Arisses weghaara nchịkọta nke Monterey Beacon, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ihe mere eme nke obodo, wee bipụta John Steinbeck 's "The Snake" na 1934. [1] William Saroyan kpọrọ Monterey wee ree obere ihe maka  otu dollar nye Arisses maka akara na Beacon .  [2] Ọtụtụ afọ ka e ịhụ Bruce Ariss kere ihe osise wee jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ obodo ihe na-eme na Monterey Peninsula . <ref>{{Cite web|title="What's Doing on the Monterey Peninsula" Magazines 1949-50|url=https://aziomedia.wordpress.com/2008/10/28/whats-doing-on-the-monterey-peninsula-magazines-1949-50/|work=Azio Media|date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbazitere obere ebe na Pacific Grove, ndị Arisses ụgbọala ọtụtụ nza na Huckleberry Hill na Monterey wee wuo obere ụlọ studio.  Nke a na-ahụ n'ime afọ iri ise sochirinụ, nke kariri site na ihe mkpofu na ihe e nyere n'onyinye, n'ime ụlọ nwere okpukpu okpukpu nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ 20 gbakwunyere iji gboo ụzọ ha na- agbanwe na mkpa na-eto  eto nke ụmụ ha ise.  [1] Aris kwuru na John Steinbeck zoro aka n' ahụ dị ka "Mmeri n'elu Architecture".  [1] Ọ gbara ọkụ na 1990. "Enwere m iwe na ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị," ka o kwuru.  "Akwụụrụ m $ 80 kwa afụ ruo ọtụtụ afɔ, mgbe ahụ, ha buliri ikpe ahụ ruo $ 800. Azụtara m ọtụtụ ihe ọkụ ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ kama ... Echere m na ọ naghị arụ ọrụ".  [2] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 80, Aris haziri ma wughachi ya, site n'ibu nke ọtụtụ ndị enyi, "Triumph over Architecture II," nke nwa ya anọ, Holly Shoats na-enye bụ Al. Ariss bụ enyi na onye dịkọrọ ndụ John Steinbeck, onye odee ihe nri nri Nobel, na Ed Ricketts .  Bruce na Jean Ariss so Ricketts na Steinbeck mee njem njem na Mexico iji nakọta ụdị mmiri mmiri.  E Sketches from the Steinbeck Era (Lexikos) nke na-enye ikike dị ize ndụ Steinbeck siri ike ma mara mma, onye n'onwe ya.  dere si otu njem dị otú ahụ n'akwụkwọ ahụ.  Ndekọ si n'Oké Ụzọ Cortez . Bruce Aris bụ onye na-eme kwụsị, ma ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe, na-ahụ ọtụtụ ọrụ nkà n'oge ọrụ ogologo ya.  Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha ama ama bụ nke Lower Alvarado Street, nke arụchara na 1936. [1] Diego Rivera ihe ihe osise Ariss;  Aris kwuru na Rivera gwara ya na ihe Aris ji osisi kụchie ya bụ ihe onye ọrụ kacha mma nke onye ọ na-ekwu na-ese ihe metụrụla ya.  N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise sitere Ariss na sket e bibiri ya na ụlọ ya na ọkụ 1990. N'ime ihe iri iri awụ isii ndị Arisses bụ isi na mpaghara Monterey Peninsula dị iche na-agbanwe nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede bụ ndị na-agafe mfe ụlọ Ed Ricketts na Cannery Row .  [1] Ndị a John Steinbeck, Ed Ricketts, Adelle Davis, August Gay, [2] Joseph Campbell, Robinson Jeffers, Francis Whitaker, Salvador Dalí, Jean Varda, Ellwood Graham [3] na Barbara Graham (Judy Diem), [  4] Hank Ketcham, Henry Miller, Ward Moore na Raylyn Moore, [5] John na Ching Smithback, [6] Eldon Dedini, Bob Bradford, [1] Paul McReyonlds, [7] Arch Garner, [8] Ephraim Doner, Eric  Barker, [9] Gus Arriola, Richard Farina, Les Gorn, [10] na Gordon Newell. Ariss na-ese ihe ndị ọrụ nọmba, ọtụtụ n'okpuruokpuru Ọganihu Ọrụ (WPA), mmemme mmemme etiti hibere iji ọrụ ọha iji mpaghara ọrụ.  akụkụ n'ime ihe ọrụ ya ka nwere ike ịhụ na mpaghara Monterey.  Na-arụ ọrụ na August Gay na 1934, ha kere nnukwu WPA 150 'x 10' maka ọbá akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Pacific Grove nke na-egosi oke osimiri Monterey ka ọ na-ele anya n'oge ahụ, site na Point Pinos  Lighthouse ruo Old Customhouse, na Cannery Row ya.  isi ihe.  [1] N'ụzọ dị mwute, e ji ọkụ bibie akwụkwọ ahụ na 1946. Ariss na-esekwa ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ọtụtụ maka iche afọ 1949, ndị na-eme nke Monterey Hardware, Poppy Coffee Shop na Monterey Studio na Alvadaro Street na Monterey.  Ihe osise ya na ụlọ ụlọ Doc Ricketts na Cannery Row bụ ihe nlegharị anya ugbu a.  [1] Ariss na-ese ihe osise n'amaahia ọ ble dị na Obodo Ndagwurugwu Karmel ka ọ yie obodo Spanish.  Byington Ford Obodo Ndagwurugwu Carmel na Ahịa Airway na 1946. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/ccarm_003910/page/n9/mode/2up/search/Byington+Ford?q=The+fabulous+career+Byington+Ford|title=The fabulous career Byington Ford|author=Eisner|first=Judith A.|date=September 24, 1970|work=archive.org|publisher=Carmel Pine Cone|accessdate=2020-04-11|quote=}}</ref> N'afọ 1989, Ariss haziri ihe osise eserese afọ ise maka ụzọ ije na Cannery Row. Ya na otu ihe dị ka ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na-ese ihe dị 52 ụkwụ asatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL629L59UiM|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922191405/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL629L59UiM&feature=youtu.be|archivedate=2023-09-22|title=Bruce Ariss|accessdate=2024-06-10}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, ihe osise ahụ adalatala nke ọma, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ahụ na-emezigharị, ọkachasị ndị na-ese ihe. <ref name="Thurman">{{Cite web|author=Thurman|first=Chuck|title=Freshly painted murals have replaced the weathered panels on Cannery Row. Bright And Shiny|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/freshly-painted-murals-have-replaced-the-weathered-panels-on-cannery/article_0c3d197c-e6e4-5b09-ba47-ccd259783e60.html|work=Monterey County Weekly|accessdate=6 September 2019|date=May 21, 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922190034/https://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/freshly-painted-murals-have-replaced-the-weathered-panels-on-cannery/article_0c3d197c-e6e4-5b09-ba47-ccd259783e60.html|archive-date=22 September 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> A na-akpọ ụzọ njem ahụ ugbu a "Bruce Ariss Way." [[Usòrò:Wharf_Theater.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ụlọ ihe nkiri Wharf, na Monterey 's Fisherman's Wharf, nke Ariss mere ma wuo ya.]] Ariss na ezigbo enyi ya Angelo Di Girolamo [1] nyere aka na ntọala, imewe na iwu ụlọ na 1950 nke Monterey's Wharf Theatre .  "Otu n'ime ihe ngosi ha n'afọ ahụ bụ Bruce Ariss' Point of Departure . Mmepụta ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na MGM wetara Aris na Hollywood, bụ ebe onye ọrụ maka afọ 5 na-esote" ụlọ na-esetịpụ.  maka The Bing Crosby Show, M ọpụpụ n'anya Lucy, na ndị ọzọ.  usoro.  Ariss mekwara ihe na Wharf Theatre;  dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ gbara Lennie na Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men .  Ndị ihe nkiri ahụ gbara ọkụ n'iji nke afọ ọhụrụ, 1959. Ọtụtụ afọ ka e onyinye, Ariss na Di Girolamo wuru ụlọ ihe nkiri nkiri na wharf, nke a na-akpọ ugbu a "Bruce Ariss Wharf Theatre".  Ariss mekwara ihu na ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ Vincent DiGirolamo nke 1990 Whispers Under the Wharf: A Monterey Ghost Story . Ariss bụ onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike nke ukwuu, mkpọsa ifo mgba.  O dere ụfọdụ ndị na-akpọ mgbaàmà [1] tupu o bipụta akwụkwọ mgbaàmà ya, Full Circle (Avalon) na 1963. Ọ kọwakwara ọrụ sci-fi asị Reginald Bretnor 's Site Time na Space na Ferdinand Feghoot (1962). Otu n'ime ọtụtụ egwuregwu ya bụ ụgbọ ala echiche a na-akpọ Polaris.  N'afọ 1958, Aris haziri sedan akụ na nke nwe ihe ọhụrụ dị ka ọnụ ụzọ na-amịpụta, mbanye n'ihu na- modular.  Aris ọrụ afọ 12 na Defence Language Institute na Barney Inada na ngalaba nka.  Ariss onye na-ese foto Hank Ketcham aka na Dennis the Menace . == Ọnwụ == Ariss nwụrụ na Septemba 11, 1994, na Monterey, California . == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fk9dcbgyhdq4icbcbrzgrpmvdtj2sg4 0 47736 742779 172529 2026-11-03T10:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Gerald L. Early|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_name=Gerald Lyn Early|birth_date={{birth date and age|1952|04|21|mf=y}}|birth_place=[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], U.S.|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|known_for=[[American literature]]; [[African-American culture]]; Non-fiction prose, [[Baseball]], [[Jazz music]], [[Prizefighting]], [[Motown]]|alma_mater=[[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Cornell University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])|employer=[[Washington University in St.&nbsp;Louis]]|occupation=[[Professor]]<br />[[Author]]|spouse=Ida Early (1977–present)|children=2|signature=|website=[https://afas.wustl.edu/people/gerald-early Faculty page for Gerald Early at Washington University in St. Louis]|footnotes=}} {{Databox}}'''Gerald Lyn Early''' (amụrụ Eprel 21, 1952) bụ onye edemede America na nkatọ [[Omenala nke United States|ọdịnala America]] . Ọ bụ ugbu a Merle Kling Prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ ozi nke oge a, nke [[Asụsụ Bekee|Bekee]], ọmụmụ Africa, ọmụmụ African-American, American Culture Studies, and Director, Center for Joint Projects in the Humanities and Social Sciences na Washington University na St. Louis, [[Mizurị|Missouri]] . <ref name="Merle Kling Professor of Modern Letters">{{Cite web|url=https://afas.wustl.edu/people/gerald-early|title=Gerald Early|work=Department of African and African-American Studies|date=4 May 2017|publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|accessdate=May 21, 2023}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na fim akwụkwọ akụkọ Ken Burns ''Baseball'', ''Jazz'', ''Blackness na-enweghị mgbaghara: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson'', ''The War'', na ''Muhammad Ali'' . Ọ bụ onye na-ekwu okwu oge niile na National Public Radio 's ''Fresh Air'' . Edemede ya apụtala n'ọtụtụ mbipụta nke usoro ''Essay America kacha mma'' . Ọ na-ede na isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka akwụkwọ ndị America, Agha Korea, African-American Culture, Afro-American autobiography, non-fiction prose, baseball, jazz, prizefighting, Motown, Miles Davis, Muhammad Ali na Sammy Davis Jr . <ref name="Merle Kling Professor of Modern Letters"/> Na 2024, a họpụtara ya na American Philosophical Society . <ref>https://www.amphilsoc.org/blog/american-philosophical-society-welcomes-new-members-2024</ref> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ mmalite na Eprel 21, 1952 na Philadelphia, nwa Henry Early na Florence Fernandez Oglesby. Nna ya, onye na-eme bred, nwụrụ mgbe Early dị ọnwa itoolu, hapụrụ nne ya, onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, ka ọ zụọ ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ n'onwe ya. N'ịbụ onye bi na mpaghara dara ogbenye nke obodo ahụ, Early tolitere ime enyi nke ndị otu òtù nke Fifth na South Street, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu n'onwe ya. Kama ọ lekwasịrị anya na nchụso ndị ọkà mmụta, gụsịrị ''akwụkwọ'' na Mahadum Pennsylvania na 1974. N'ime afọ ndị mbụ na-agụsị akwụkwọ, e mere ka ọ mata ihe odide nke Amiri Baraka ma mesịa kwuo na onye na-ede uri na onye na-ede egwuregwu na-emetụta ọrụ nke ya. N'oge mbụ mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị edemede ya site na itinye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ mahadum. N'ụzọ na-emegide onwe ya, akụkụ mbụ ya bụ akụkọ nta akụkọ banyere igbu ọchụ metụtara otu nwa nwanne nna. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week1119/profile.html|title=Answers.com Profile of Gerald Early|accessdate=August 28, 2017|archivedate=March 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310140342/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week1119/profile.html}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta BA ya, Early nọgidere na Philadelphia, ebe gọọmentị obodo were ya n'ọrụ. Ọ nọrọ ọnwa isii na-enyocha ọrụ ndị omempụ site na Crisis Intervention Network, tupu ịmaliteghachi ọrụ nkuzi ya na Mahadum Cornell, ebe o mechara nweta akara mmụta doctorate na akwụkwọ Bekee na 1982. N'oge mbụ rutere ọrụ nkuzi ya dịka osote prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ihe ojii na St. Louis's Washington University na 1982. O ji nwayọọ nwayọọ ruo na onye prọfesọ zuru oke na Bekee yana ngalaba ọmụmụ Africa na Afro-American ahagharịrị site na 1990. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week1119/profile.html|title=Answers.com Ibid|accessdate=August 28, 2017|archivedate=March 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310140342/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week1119/profile.html}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na August 27, 1977, Early lụrụ Ida Haynes, onye nchịkwa kọleji. Ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Linnet Kristen Haynes Early na Rosalind Lenora Haynes Early. == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == N'oge mbụ meriri ihe nrite Whiting na 1988 maka enweghị akụkọ ifo okike. Maka nchịkọta edemede ya ''The Culture of Bruising: Essays on Prizefighting, Literature, and Modern American Culture'', ọ meriri 1994 National Book Critics Circle Award . A họpụtara ya ugboro abụọ maka ihe nrite Grammy maka ndetu Album kacha mma . Otu oge na 2001, maka ''Ee M Pụrụ!'' ''Akụkọ Sammy Davis Jr.'', na ọzọ na 2002 maka ''Rhapsodies na Black: Egwu na Okwu sitere na Harlem Renaissance'' . Na Septemba 5, 2007, Mahadum Washington sọpụrụ Early site na mwepu ihe osise nke Jamie Adams sere nke kwụkwasịrị n'ime Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgụgụ Akwụkwọ nke Olin Library nke mahadum. Na Febụwarị 19, 2022, mpaghara Chicago nke Park Forest nyefere Early Street, nke akpọrọ aha ya maka izugbe Confederate, na nsọpụrụ Gerald Early na mbọ iji mee emume dị iche iche akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villageofparkforest.com/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Minutes/_03222021-475|title=Rules Meeting of the Board of Trustees Held Remotely|date=March 22, 2021|work=Village of Park Forest|accessdate=September 27, 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ edezi == * ''Ịra ara na ịsọ oyi: Essays na agbụrụ, njirimara na ambivalence nke assimilation'' (1993) * ''Ọ Bụghị Ma Ebe: Anthology of African American Writings About St. Louis'' (1998) * ''Asụsụ Ahụ: Ndị ode akwụkwọ na egwuregwu'' (1998) * ''Onye na-agụ Muhammad Ali'' (1998) * ''Miles Davis na American Culture'' (2001) * ''Sammy Davis, Jr. Reader'' (2001) * ''Black America na 1960s'' (2003) * ''Abụ dị elu nke mkpụrụ obi m: Ederede Countee Cullen anakọtara'' (1991) * ''Okwu na Ike: Essay African-American na Ọdịnaya Omenala Ya'' (1993) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://afas.wustl.edu/people/gerald-early Peeji nke Mahadum Washington] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070648/http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2009/February/20090210134821mlenuhret0.1840784.html Gerald mmalite.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070648/http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2009/February/20090210134821mlenuhret0.1840784.html Kedu ihe bụ akwụkwọ edemede African-American?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070648/http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2009/February/20090210134821mlenuhret0.1840784.html America.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327070648/http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2009/February/20090210134821mlenuhret0.1840784.html gov. Ọnwa Abụọ 05, 2009] Archived </link> * [https://ethaniverson.com/interviews/interview-with-gerald-early/ Ajụjụ ọnụ DTM] * [http://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/gerald-early#/ Profaịlụ na Whiting Foundation] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230515125721/https://www.laduenews.com/society/persons-of-interest/persons-of-interest-gerald-early-the-professor-from-south-philly/article_3cf1d44b-93ea-5017-a110-7dc516fdb184.html http://www.laduenews.com/society/persons-of-interest/persons-of-interest-gerald-early-the-professor-from-south-philly/article_3cf1d44b-93ea-5017-a110-7dc516fdb18] * Appearances [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hn92h5mivkgznw44igvpe1pisrpkv13 0 47884 742365 595341 2026-11-02T22:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742365 wikitext text/x-wiki David Budd (March 31, 1927 - Ọktoba 8, 1991) bụ onye ihe ọrụ America.. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == David Wilson Budd Jr. njikọ na Maachị 31, 1927, na St. Petersburg, Florida.  [1] [2] [3] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na St.  N'oge na-ahụ anya, ọ dị ima ụlọ na Ringling School of Art and Design .  [3] O mechara ihe nkiri na mberede mgbe ọ lechara ihe nkiri Jackson Pollock. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Roberta|date=October 10, 1991|title=David Budd, 64, Artist, Is Dead; Painted Large Works of One Hue|url=https://www-nytimes-com.research.aadl.org/1991/10/10/arts/david-budd-64-artist-is-dead-painted-large-works-of-one-hue.html?searchResultPosition=2|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=login.research.aadl.org}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Budd, More About|url=http://www.alfstadand.com/artists/david-budd/about|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=Alfstad& Contemporary|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Abstract Expressionist David Budd's Exhibit Opens at IceHouse|url=https://www.sarasotamagazine.com/arts-and-entertainment/2014/04/david-budd-icehouse|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=Sarasota Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Christiani Brothers Circus, mechara lụọ onye na-agba bọọlụ Corcaita (Corky) Christiani. <ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ == Budd na nri ya kwagara New York City na 1950s.  [1] [2] Ọ ikpe onye otu òtù Abstract Expressionist.  [3] Ọ kwagara Paris na 1960, ka ya na Galerie Stadler rụkọọ ọrụ, wee si United States na 1968. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=McCormick Gallery {{!}} Artists {{!}} David Budd (1927 - 1991)|url=https://www.thomasmccormick.com/artists/david_budd|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=www.thomasmccormick.com|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027010832/https://thomasmccormick.com/artists/david_budd}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3"/> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-12|title=Rediscovering David Budd: The Forgotten Abstract Expressionist|url=https://patch.com/florida/bradenton/rediscovering-david-budd-the-forgotten-abstract-expressionist|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=Bradenton, FL Patch|language=en}}</ref> Ya na onye edemede bụ William S. Burroughs bụ enyi.  [1] [2] [3] Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya bụ na Mahadum America dị na Washington, DC na 1956. [4] ebe ya sochirinụ bụ na Betty Parsons Gallery na New York na 1958 na 1960. [4] Ọmeri.  otu Guggenheim Fellowship, onyunyo mba maka nka nka na onyunyo Peggy Guggenheim <ref name=":4"/> Budd kuziri Fine Arts na School of Visual Arts na NYC site na 1973 ruo 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ticket.heraldtribune.com/2014/04/03/exhibit-preview-rediscovering-david-budd-forgotten-abstract-expressionist/ |title=EXHIBIT PREVIEW: Rediscovering David Budd: The Forgotten Abstract Expressionist |accessdate=2024-06-13 |archivedate=2024-03-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302204448/http://ticket.heraldtribune.com/2014/04/03/exhibit-preview-rediscovering-david-budd-forgotten-abstract-expressionist/ }}</ref> === Ọrụ emere na mkpokọta === A na-ejide ihe osise ya na nchịkọta dị iche iche na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere: * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Blanton <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blanton Museum of Art - David Budd|url=http://collection.blantonmuseum.org/artist-maker/info/7634|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=collection.blantonmuseum.org}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Corcoran <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=2004 Exhibition Archives – Bob Rauschenberg Gallery|url=http://www.rauschenberggallery.com/2013/11/2004-exhibition-archives/|accessdate=2020-09-25|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925111004/http://www.rauschenberggallery.com/2013/11/2004-exhibition-archives/|archive-date=2020-09-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/481695|title=Untitled - 1975|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/482426|title=Bali - The North Shore|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> <ref name=":6" /> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Australia <ref>[https://nga.gov.au/international/catalogue/detail.cfm?IRN=112933&BioArtistIRN=14089&MnuID=SRCH&GalID=1 NGA]</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=David Budd {{!}} MoMA|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/850|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Solomon R. Guggenheim <ref name=":6" /> * Mahadum nke Michigan Museum of Art <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exchange: Journey Without Maps VIII|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/28674|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=exchange.umma.umich.edu|archivedate=2024-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613193358/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/28674}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art <ref>{{Cite web|title=David Budd {{!}} Chih Ming|url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/1513|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=whitney.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":6" /> == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ == Budd nwụrụ na Ọktoba 8, 1991, mgbe ọ dị afọ 64, mgbe ọ rịara ọrịa ogologo oge nke nkụchi obi sochiri, n'ụlọ ya na Sarasota, Florida. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=David Budd Memorial|url=https://www-nytimes-com.research.aadl.org/1991/10/23/arts/david-budd-memorial.html?searchResultPosition=1|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=login.research.aadl.org}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=David Budd, 64, renowned painter|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/10/10/david-budd-64-renowned-painter/|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=Tampa Bay Times|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} ln7maxlguoeigfax9nvuj24m9o8eqbk 0 48118 742338 720642 2026-11-02T18:30:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Charles Smith''' bụ onye odee egwuregwu na onye nkuzi dabere na Midwwest United States . A maara ya maka ọrụ ya agbagoro na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Victory Gardens, yana teleplay ya na WMAQ-TV . Ọ bụ onye isi mmemme ịde egwuregwu ọkachamara na Mahadum Ohio . <ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114639/https://libguides.depaul.edu/ld.php?content_id=10135832 Charles Smith papers], DePaul University Special Collections and Archives. Accessed March 1, 2017.</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Smith tolitere na South Side, Chicago, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title='Free' from his past|author=Keller|first=Julia|date=February 22, 2004|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Smith kwụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee were ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na osisi Chicago. Mgbe ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị agha US ma nọrọ na South Korea. Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya, Smith laghachiri na Chicago wee malite ịmụ akwụkwọ na Harold Washington College . Site na ndụmọdụ Edward Homewood, Smith malitere ide ihe, wee gaa n'ihu na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, na-amụ ihe nkiri na Mahadum Iowa . <ref name=":2" /> Smith sonyekwara na ndị New Dramatists na obibi obibi na [[New York City]] . <ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == Smith malitere na Victory Gardens Theatre na 1985, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Chicago, the home of great theater|date=March 28, 2004|work=CNN.com}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Smith ga-abụ onye na-ede egwuregwu na ebe obibi na Victory Gardens. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://woub.org/2015/11/08/renowned-playwright-named-ou-fall-commencement-speaker/|title=Renowned Playwright Named OU Fall Commencement Speaker|date=2015-11-08|work=WOUB Digital|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref> Itoolu n'ime ihe nkiri Smith ewepụtala na Victory Gardens, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blackstarnews.com/entertainment/theater/play-charles-smiths-freefall.html|title=PLAY: CHARLES SMITH'S "FREEFALL"|date=September 10, 2013|work=Black Star News|accessdate=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153418/http://www.blackstarnews.com/entertainment/theater/play-charles-smiths-freefall.html|archive-date=September 9, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> gụnyere ''Knock Me a Kiss, Freefall,'' na ''The Sutherland'' . <ref name=":3" /> Atọ n'ime egwuregwu ya, ''Oziọma Dị ka James, Sister Carrie,'' na ''Les Trois Dumas si kwuo,'' bụ ndị Indiana Repertory Theatre nyere ya ọrụ. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''Denmark, Pudd'nhead Wilson, Takunda, City of Gold, Jelly Belly, Young Richard na Free Man of Color.'' <ref name=":4" /> Smith's teleplay, ''Pequito'', ekesara dị ka akụkụ nke Chicago Playwright's Festival na WMAQ-TV . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-11/features/8604020708_1_gang-shootout-man-killed|title=The agonizing dilemma of a man torn between his...|work=tribunedigital-chicagotribune|accessdate=2017-03-02|language=en|archive-date=2017-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085144/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-11/features/8604020708_1_gang-shootout-man-killed|url-status=dead}}</ref> Usoro a meriri Chicago/Midwest Emmy Award na 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://chicagoemmyonline.org/awards/emmy-awards/past-winners-and-nominees/|title=Past Winners and Nominees {{!}} NATAS Chicago|work=chicagoemmyonline.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-03-03}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, Smith's teleplay ''Fast Break to Glory'' meriri Chicago/Midwest Emmys maka ihe ndị pụtara ìhè maka mmemme ntụrụndụ: Maka Mmemme Otu; Mmezu Pụrụ Iche Maka Ọkachamma Onye ọ bụla: Maka ndị na-eme ihe ngosi na igwefoto; na Ihe Ngosipụta pụtara ìhè Maka Ọkachamma Onye ọ bụla: Maka Ọkachamma Onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ndị ihe ha rụpụtara na-adịghị arụ ọrụ (maka onye nduzi Roger Lee Miller). <ref name=":0" /> Egwuregwu Smith nke 1995, ''Black Star Line'', nke Goodman Theatre nyere ya ọrụ, bụ onye batara [[ihe nrite Pulitzer]] . <ref name=":1"/> Smith kụziri ịde egwuregwu na Mahadum Northwwest tupu ọ malite nkuzi na Mahadum Ohio, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ a ma ama. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohio.edu/finearts/theater/faculty-staff/profiles.cfm?profile=EB687432-5056-A800-4808F066FAFDE0BD|title=Charles Smith|work=www.ohio.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-01}}</ref> Egwuregwu Smith, "Nweghachi nke Madison Hemings", mere ihe ngosi ụwa ya na Indiana Repertory Theatre na Indianapolis, IN na Machị 25, 2021. Mkpokọta na ebe nchekwa ihe pụrụ iche nke Mahadum DePaul na-ejide nchịkọta nke ihe odide Smith na ụdị edemede. <ref name=":1"/> == Ntụaka == Itoolu n'ime ihe nkiri Smith ewepụtala na Victory Gardens, gụnyere Knock Me a Kiss, Freefall, na The Sutherland . Atọ Carrie, na Les Trois Dumas si kwuo, bụ ndị {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Charles}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 42v5o3iwxf91p2ajmt0rlq3npz5oz6h 0 48240 742642 707560 2026-11-03T08:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Frank Owen Dobson''' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] RA(18 Nọvemba 1886 &#x2013; 22 Julaị 1963) bụ onye omenkà na onye na-ese ihe na Britain <ref name="ODArt">{{Cite book|author=Ian Chilvers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_m7y2|isbn=0-19-860476-9}}</ref> na n'oge ya a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kacha mma na Europe. Ọ bụ onye dịkọrọ ndụ Jacob Epstein na Henry Moore . A na-ahụ Dobson ugbu a dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na Britain kacha mkpa na narị afọ nke 20. <ref name="LAGfd">{{Cite web|author=Leeds Art Gallery|url=http://www.leedsartgallery.co.uk/gallery/listings/l0059.php|title=Sculpture ''The Fount'' (1947-1948)|accessdate=13 July 2015|work=Leeds Art Gallery Online|archivedate=16 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716080959/http://www.leedsartgallery.co.uk/gallery/listings/l0059.php}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Dobson na etiti London wee tolite na Clerkenwell . Nne ya bụ Alice Mary Owen na nna ya, onye a na-akpọkwa Frank Dobson, bụ onye na-ese ihe na-azụ ahịa bụ ọkachamara n'ichepụta nnụnụ na ifuru maka ụlọ ọrụ kaadị ekele. Dobson nke nta gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Forest Gate wee na Harrow . <ref name="ODNB44" /> Mgbe nna ya nwụrụ na 1900, e zigara Dobson dị afọ iri na anọ ka ya na nwanne nne ya biri na Hastings. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gara klas nke mgbede na Hastings School of Art wee zụọ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Sir William Reynolds-Stephens . <ref name="NatA">{{Cite web|author=The National Archives|url=http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Dobson%2C_Frank_%281887-1963%29_Sculptor|title=Dobson, Frank (1887-1963), Sculptor|accessdate=13 July 2015|work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220162709/http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Dobson%2C_Frank_%281887-1963%29_Sculptor|archivedate=20 February 2012}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa iri na asatọ gachara na ụlọ ihe nkiri Reynolds-Stephen, Dobson kwagara Devon wee gaa Cornwall ebe o biri, afọ abụọ, site n'ire eserese ala. <ref name="Newlyn">{{Cite book|author=Caroline Fox|publisher=Newlyn Orion|year=1985|title=Painting in Newlyn 1900-1930|url=https://archive.org/details/paintinginnewlyn0000foxc|isbn=0950657948}}</ref> N'afọ 1906, o nwetara ohere ịgụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ nka na Hospitalfield House na Arbroath wee mụọ ebe ahụ afọ anọ. <ref name="ODNB44" /> Site na 1910 ruo 1912 Dobson gara Obodo na Guilds nke London Art School na Kennington, emesịa ọ laghachiri na Cornwall. Na Newlyn, ọ zutere Augustus John bụ onye ji mmetụta ya na kọntaktị ya mee ka Dobson nwee ike ịme ihe ngosi otu nwoke na Chenil Gallery na London na 1914. <ref name="ODNB44">{{Cite book|editor=HCG Matthew & Brian Harrison|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 44 (Phelps-Poston)|isbn=0-19-861394-6}}</ref> Na, ma ọ bụ gburugburu, 1915 Dobson kere ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ ya, obere mpempe osisi. <ref name="Newlyn" /> == Agha Ụwa Mbụ == [[Usòrò:The_Balloon_Apron_Art.IWMART2001.jpg|thumb| ''The Balloon Apron'' (1918) (Art.IWM ART2001)]] Na 1915, n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Dobson debanyere aha na The Artists Rifles wee jee ozi na France site na October 1916 dị ka Lieutenant na 5th Border Regiment . Na Jenụwarị 1917, ọ malitere ọnya duodenal wee laghachi England. N'April 1918 ọ lụrụ Cordelia Clara Tregurtha, bụ onye mbụ zutere na Newlyn. Akwụsịla Dobson na ndị agha na Nọvemba 1918 ma ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ enyefelarị ọtụtụ eserese na kọmitii Ncheta Agha Britain ma nye ya ọrụ ka ọ na-ese saịtị balloon na Thames estuary . Ndị nnọchi anya Air Force na Kọmitii anabataghị foto a na Dobson enwetaghị ọrụ gọọmentị ọzọ. <ref name="IWMfodww1">{{Cite web|author=Imperial War Museum|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1050000279|title=First World War artists archive;Dobson, Lieut F|accessdate=13 July 2015|work=[[Imperial War Museum]]}}</ref> <ref name="WW1Art">{{Cite book|publisher=Imperial War Museum|year=2008|title=Art from the First World War|url=https://archive.org/details/artfromfirstworl0000unse|isbn=978-1-904897-98-9}}</ref> Dobson guzobere studio n'ụlọ ezinaụlọ Tregurtha dị na Newlyn mana na njedebe nke agha ahụ, o were ụlọ ihe nkiri na Manresa Road na Chelsea wee biri ebe ahụ ruo mmalite nke Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. <ref name="ODNB44"/> <ref name="Newlyn"/> == Afọ n'etiti agha == [[Usòrò:Woman_with_a_Fish_Delapre.jpg|thumb| ''Nwanyị na Azụ'' na Delapré Abbey, Northampton]] Dobson malitere dị ka onye na-ese ihe, na cubism, vorticism, na ọdịnihu metụtakwara ọrụ mbụ ya. Otú ọ dị, mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, ọ tụgharịrị n'ụzọ na-esiwanye ike n'ịkpụ ihe n'ụdị dị adị ma ọ bụ dị obere. N'ime 1920s na mmalite 1930s, ọ rụrụ aha ọma dị ka onye na-akpụ akpụ pụtara ìhè ma so na ndị mbụ na Britain na-ahọrọ ịse ihe ahụ kpọmkwem kama ịmebe mbụ maquette . <ref name="YaleDAA">{{Cite book|author=Erika Langmuir & Norbert Lynton|title=The Yale Dictionary of Art & Artists|publisher=Yale Nota Bene/ Yale University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-300-06458-2}}</ref> Ụdị dị mfe na ahịrị na-asọpụta nke ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, karịsịa ịgba ọtọ nwanyị ya, gosipụtara mmetụta nke nkà Africa. <ref name="Torso">{{Cite web|author=Tate|title=Display caption:''Torso''|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/dobson-torso-n05874|accessdate=14 July 2015|work=[[Tate]]}}</ref> N'ime afọ 1920 niile Dobson lekwasịrị anya na-arịwanye elu na ihe ọkpụkpụ, gosipụtara ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi dị egwu ma rụọ ọrụ na-eduga n'ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nka. Ọ bụ naanị ya bụ onye na-akpụ ihe na-ekere òkè na ngosi 1920 Group X. <ref name="TATEfod">{{Cite web|author=John Glaves-Smith|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/frank-dobson-1014|title=Artist Biography:Frank Dobson|accessdate=13 July 2015|work=[[Tate]]}}</ref> Dobson bụ onye guzobere otu ndị na-ese ihe na London wee nọrọ afọ atọ dị ka Onye isi oche nke London Group n'etiti 1923 na 1927. O mere ihe osise ọla nke ọtụtụ ndị ọha na eze. N'ihe ngosi Group X, o gosipụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ abụọ na ọmụmụ ihe nke Ben Nicholson na isi ọla ya nke HH Asquith ka e gosiri na Leicester Galleries na njedebe 1921. <ref name="ODNB44"/> Isiokwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere Osbert Sitwell, <ref name="TATEosbsit">{{Cite web|author=Tate|url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/dobson-sir-osbert-sitwell-bt-n05938|title=Display caption:''Sir Osbert Sitwell, Bt''|accessdate=13 July 2015|work=[[Tate]]}}</ref> Lydia Lopokova na Tallulah Bankhead . Dobson gosipụtara na Venice Biennale na 1924 na 1926, gosipụtara na 1925 Tri-National Exhibition nke gara London, Paris na New York ma tinyekwa ya na ihe ngosi nka nka nke Europe nke 1926 gara America na Canada. Na Maachị 1927, o nwere ihe ngosi mbụ nke otu nwoke mgbe ụlọ ọrụ Leicester gosipụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ ya iri abụọ na atọ na ọtụtụ ọla. <ref name="ODNB44" /> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mgbe e mesịrị == [[Usòrò:AnEscalator_in_an_Underground_Factory_(1944)_(Art.IWM_ART_LD_4142).jpg|thumb| ''Ihe escalator n'ime ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala'' (1944) (Art.IWM ART LD 4142)]] == Ihe nketa == [[Usòrò:London_Pride_sculpture_by_Frank_Dobson,_South_Bank.jpg|thumb| <nowiki><i id="mwmQ">London Pride</i></nowiki> n'èzí National Theatre, London]] N'afọ 1995, onye nkatọ nka Brian Sewell chetara nnukwu mfu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ Dobson mgbe ọ nwụsịrị: "Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ gwara m ka m nyere ya aka ikpochapụ ụlọ ihe nkiri dị na Stamford Bridge, ọ tụrụ m n'anya maka mbibi o mere. na-akụrisị smithereens obere ụrọ na ụdị terracotta, na-adọka ọmarịcha eserese na nzu uhie na ojii, ọtụtụ narị n'ime ha, buring [ iberibe iberibe ihe ndị dị n'ebe a na-ekpofu uzuzu, ihe niile bụ n'ihi na ihe ndị ahụ e dere na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. E kwere m ịzọpụta pastel eserese nke osisi na obere nnụnụ, na watercolors nke farmyards na a pastoral ndụ ogologo oge gara aga, ma n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-etinye aka na nzuko mmekọahụ, ihu na ihu, isi ruo mkpịsị ụkwụ na doggy style dị ka doro anya dị ka nke ọ bụla site ochie ya. enyi Eric Gill, Oriakụ Dobson agaghị anabata arịrịọ ọ bụla na ha mara mma, ọ dịghị arụmụka na a chụrụ ha n'ọrụ site na àgwà agaghị ahụ ya na "ihe dị ọcha" nke anụ ahụ ndị na-adị ndụ, na dị ka mmụọ ozi na-enweghị atụ na ikpe ikpe ikpeazụ., o hulatara n’ọrụ mbibi.” <ref name="Smashed">{{Cite web|author=Liss Llewellyn Fine Art|url=http://www.lissfineart.com/5239art0_Frank+Dobson.htm|title=Frank Dobson (1886-1963)|accessdate=17 September 2015|work=Liss Llewellyn Fine Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063612/http://www.lissfineart.com/5239art0_Frank+Dobson.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ndị London County Council rụrụ Frank Dobson Square na 1963, afọ nke ọnwụ Dobson iji na-echeta ndụ ya na ọrụ ya. Ebe etiti square ahụ bụ isi iyi ''nwanyị na azụ'', ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Dobson mere ma rụchaa ya na 1951. Ọ bụ ezie na Dobson bụ otu n'ime ndị omenkà a na-akwanyere ùgwù n'oge ya, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, aha ya dara site n'ịga n'ihu na postmodernism na [[Nkà na ụzụ|nka echiche]] . Otú ọ dị, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mweghachi amalitela. == Ntụaka == terracotta, na-adọka ọmarịcha eserese na nzu uhie na ojii, ọtụtụ narị n'ime ha, buring [ iberibe iberibe ihe ndị dị n'ebe a na-ekpofu uzuzu, ihe niile bụ n'ihi na ihe ndị ahụ e dere na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ. E kwere m ịzọpụta pastel esereseGroup X. Dobson bụ onye guzobere otu ndị na-ese ihe na London wee nọrọ afọ atọ{{Reflist|30em}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|first=Jason|author=Neville|title=The Sculpture of Frank Dobson|url=https://archive.org/details/sculptureoffrank0000jaso|publisher=Lund Humphries|location=London|year=1994|isbn=0-85331-641-4}} == Njikọ mpụga == qgk0e2ocs83gjqohop06gan7g2bmuke 0 48343 742352 621041 2026-11-02T21:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Corinne''' / Bailey Rae ( / kəˈrɪn ˈ bɪ l i​ ˈ eɪ / ; nne '''Bailey''' ; amuru 26 Febrụwarị 1979) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/corinne-bailey-rae-mn0000733717|title=Corinne Bailey Rae|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> bu onye ọbụ abụ na onye na-ede abụ bekee. A maara ya nke ọma maka otu 2006 ya " Tinye ihe ndekọ gị ". Akpọrọ Bailey Rae nọmba-otu amụma ọganihu nke 2006 na ntuli aka BBC kwa afọ nke ndị nkatọ egwu, Sound nke 2006 . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4514016.stm|title=Sound of 2006: The Top 10|accessdate=14 January 2007|work=BBC News|date=6 January 2006}}</ref> O weputara album mpụta mbụ ya, ''Corinne Bailey Rae'', na February 2006, wee bụrụ nwanyị Britain nke anọ na-eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere mpụta mpụta mbụ ya na nke mbụ. <ref>[http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/lifestyle/britains-wealthiest-women-81878 Britain's wealthiest women – Corinne Bailey Rae], ''Cosmopolitan''. </ref> Album ahụ erela ihe karịrị nde anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-27|title=Replay: Corinne Bailey Rae’s ‘Black Rainbows’ delights in diaspora|url=https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/press-play-with-madeleine-brand/underworld-black-rainbows-egg-ovatures/corinne-bailey-rae|accessdate=2024-06-01|work=KCRW|language=en|archivedate=2024-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601224048/https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/press-play-with-madeleine-brand/underworld-black-rainbows-egg-ovatures/corinne-bailey-rae}}</ref> Na 2007, Bailey Rae a họpụtara maka atọ Grammy Awards na atọ Brit Awards, wee merie abụọ MOBO Awards . Na 2008, o meriri Grammy Award for Album of the Year (maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na Herbie Hancock 's ''River: The Joni Letters'' ). <ref name="EMIArtist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.emimusicpub.com/news/emi-artists-and-songwriters-among-winners-at-the-54th-annual-grammys.php|title=EMI Artists and Songwriters Among Winners at the 54th Annual Grammys - EMI Music Publishing|date=12 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312015511/http://www.emimusicpub.com/news/emi-artists-and-songwriters-among-winners-at-the-54th-annual-grammys.php|accessdate=15 September 2023|archivedate=12 March 2012}}</ref> Bailey Rae wepụtara album ya nke abụọ, ''The Sea'', na 26 Jenụwarị 2010, ka ọ kwụsịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ. Steve Brown na Steve Chrisanthou mepụtara ya (onye mepụtara album mbụ ya na 2006). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a183119/bailey-rae-announces-new-album-details.html|title=Music – News – Bailey Rae announces new album details – Digital Spy|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=22 October 2009|accessdate=22 October 2009}}</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20110809060630/http://territorio.terra.com.br/canalpop/noticias/?c=21191 Canal Pop: Corinne Bailey Rae lança novo álbum em 2010]. </ref> A họpụtara ya maka 2010 Mercury Prize maka Album nke Afọ. N'afọ 2012, ọ meriri Grammy Award for Best R&amp;amp;B Performance for " Is This Love " (ihe mkpuchi nke Bob Marley na abụ Wailers nke otu aha). <ref>[http://www.grammy.com/videos/corinne-bailey-rae-wins-best-rb-performance-0 Corinne Bailey Rae Wins Best R&B Performance], Grammy.com. </ref> Bailey Rae lụrụ onye egwu ibe Jason Rae site na 2001 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ site na ịdoụbiga mmanya ókè nke methadone na mmanya na 2008; o tinyere iru uju nke ọnwụ ya na egwu ya. <ref>[https://archive.today/20120719043640/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/35080667/ns/today-entertainment/t/after-loss-corinne-bailey-rae-heals-music/] </ref> Na 26 February 2016, Bailey Rae kwupụtara album ya nke atọ, ''The Heart Speaks in Whispers'', nke ewepụtara na 13 Mee 2016. ''Obi na-ekwu okwu n'ahịhịa'' arụpụtara na Nke 2 na chaatị R&B nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="NPR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/27/482934244/npr-musics-30-favorite-albums-of-2016-so-far|title=NPR Music's 30 Favorite Albums Of 2016 (So Far)|work=NPR|date=27 June 2016|accessdate=15 February 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Bailey Rae na Leeds, England. Nna ya sitere na Saint Kitts na Nevis, nne ya, Linda, bụ onye Bekee, n'agbanyeghị na ha kewara mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ nwaanyị atọ. Ụmụnne ya gụnyere Candice Bailey, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Rhea Bailey . <ref name="anyone">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/oct/04/corinne-bailey-rae-interview|title=Corinne Bailey Rae: 'It happened to me. It could happen to anyone at any time'|first=Sean|author=O'Hagan|work=The Guardian|date=4 October 2009}}</ref> Bailey Rae malitere ọrụ egwu ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ọ gụrụ violin oge gboo tupu ọ tụgharịa uche ya n'ịbụ abụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ahụmahụ izizi ụda olu ya mere na chọọchị Plymouth Brethren . Bailey Rae mechara gaa na chọọchị Baptist, ebe onye ndu ntorobịa kụzikwaara ndị otu egwu egwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mpaghara. <ref name="anyone"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/25/arts/music/25rae.html|title=A Jazzy Neo-Soul Singer Fosters a Searching Mood|first=Sia|author=Michel|authorlink=Sia Michel|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 August 2006}}</ref> Ndị na-eto eto nke ụka ahụ na-ede abụ ofufe nke onwe ha ma bụrụkwa mkpuchi nke Primal Scream . O dekọtara ọba abụọ na otu ndị ntorobịa ozi ofufe, n'okpuru aha "Revive." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/news/Corinne_On_Vinyl/67357/p1/|title=Corinne On Vinyl|work=[[Cross Rhythms (magazine)|Cross Rhythms]]|date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204055100/https://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/news/Corinne_On_Vinyl/67357/p1/|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=16 June 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ime na chọọchị gbasapụrụ agụ egwú Bailey Rae, na ịhụnanya o nwere n'ịkụ egwú gbasiri ike mgbe onye isi ntorobịa nke ụka nyere ya ibinye ya ego iji zụta guitar mbụ ya. N'ime afọ iri na ụma ya, Lenny Kravitz nwere mmetụta ya, na-enyocha nkume site na ige ntị na Jimi Hendrix na Led Zeppelin . Bailey Rae gụrụ asụsụ Bekee na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Leeds, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2000. == Ọrụ egwu == === 1998–2003: Mmalite ===   Bailey Rae hiwere otu indie a na-akpọ Helen, bụ nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ sitere na omume ndị dị ka Veruca Salt na L7 . "Ọ bụ oge mbụ m hụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji guitar. Ha bụ ụdị sexy-ma nwanyị . Achọrọ m ịdị ka nke ahụ, n'ihu ihe." <ref name="I was speechless">{{Cite news|url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1639148,00.html|title='I was speechless, just squeaking!'|accessdate=9 March 2006|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 November 2005|first=Dave|author=Simpson}}</ref> Otu a gbara ọtụtụ gigs na gburugburu Leeds na, ebe enweghị ike ịdọta onyinye sitere na akara UK ọ bụla, akara ndekọ ndekọ igwe dị arọ nke US sitere na Roadrunner Records mechara bịaruo ya, ebe obibi maka omume dịka Slipknot, na 1998. Nkwekọrịta a kwụsịrị tupu ọ bịanye aka na ya, Otú ọ dị, mgbe bassist tụụrụ ime na otu ahụ kwụsịrị. "[Enwere m nkụda mmụọ? Enwere m nkụda mmụọ! Amaghị m ihe m ga-eme ọzọ." N'ime afọ atọ ka ọ lụsịrị di mbụ ya, Bailey Rae malitere ịrụ ọrụ n'ihe eji eme ihe - oge a na-ahapụ ya n'oge gara aga wee malite ụzọ "mkpụrụ obi". Ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na otu funk dabeere na Leeds New Mastersounds na egwu "Ịhụnanya Gị Bụ nke M", nke gosipụtara na album 2003 ha ''Bụrụ Onwe Gị'', nke One Note Records wepụtara. N'afọ sochirinụ, ya na otu ndị ọzọ dabeere na Leeds rụkọrọ ọrụ, Home cut Directive, na egwu "Bịa na mgbanwe", bụ nke mbụ otu sitere na album mpụta mbụ nke otu ahụ. === 2004–2008: ''Corinne Bailey Rae'' === [[Usòrò:Corinne_Bailey_Rae_B&W.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Bailey Rae na-eme ndụ na V Festival na August 2007]] Na 2004, Bailey Rae nwetara ọganihu mgbe Global Talent Publishing bịanyere aka na ya wee bịaruo ya site na onye ndụmọdụ Craig David Mark Hill, sitere na duo the Artful Dodger, ka ọ pụta na album ọhụrụ ya ''mma oge ọzọ'' n'okpuru aha ọhụrụ ya, nke stiX . Nkwekọrịta a rụpụtara, "Young and Foolish", ewepụtara n'April 2005 wee weta Bailey Rae n'uche ndị isi ndekọ ndekọ aha. Bailey Rae wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya, " Dịka kpakpando ", na Nọvemba 2005 na album mbụ ya, ''Corinne Bailey Rae'', na February 2006. Ọ rụrụ arụ na nọmba nke mbụ na UK wee banye n'ọkwa iri nke US <nowiki><i id="mwgg">Billboard</i></nowiki> 200, na-arị elu na ọnụọgụ anọ wee nọrọ izu 71 na eserese site na 2006 ruo 2008. Dị ka Nielsen SoundScan si kwuo, album ahụ rere nde 1.9 na United States naanị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/corinne-bailey-rae-the-billboard-cover-story-960760/|title=Corinne Bailey Rae: The Billboard Cover Story|first=Monica|author=Herrera|work=Billboard.com|date=11 January 2010|accessdate=15 September 2023}}</ref> === Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ndị ọzọ === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#bcbcbc;" |Year ! style="background:#bcbcbc;" |Result ! style="background:#bcbcbc;" |Award ! style="background:#bcbcbc;" |Category ! style="background:#bcbcbc;" |Nominated Work |- | rowspan="11" |2006|| {{Nom}} |BET Awards |BET J Cool Like Dat Award |General |- | {{Nom}} |MTV Europe Music Awards |Best UK & Ireland Act |General |- | {{Nom}} |MTV Woodie Awards |International Woodie (Favorite International Artist) |General |- | {{Nom}} |UK Festival Music Awards |Best Urban Act |General |- | {{Nom}} |Premios 40 Principales |Mejor Artista Nuevo Internacional |General |- | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |MOBO Awards |Best Song |"Put Your Records On" |- | {{Won}} |Best UK Female |General |- | {{Won}} |Best UK Newcomer |General |- | {{Won}} |MOJO Awards |Best New Act |General |- | {{Won}} |Q Awards |Best New Act |General |- |{{Won}} |Sound of... |Sound of 2006 |General |- | rowspan="18" |2007|| {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |BET Awards |Best New Artist |General |- | {{Nom}} |Best Female R&B Artist |General |- | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |BRIT Award |Best British Single |"Put Your Records On" |- | {{Nom}} |British Female Artist |General |- | {{Nom}} |British Breakthrough Act |General |- | {{Nom}} |Teen Choice Awards |Best Female Breakthrough Artist |General |- | {{Nom}} |ECHO Awards |International Newcomer of the Year |General |- | {{Nom}} |Ivor Novello Awards |PRS Most Performed Work |General |- | {{Nom}} |MOBO Awards |Best UK Female |General |- | {{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |NAACP Image Awards |Outstanding Album |''Corinne Bailey Rae'' |- | {{Nom}} |Outstanding Female Artist |General |- | {{Won}} |Outstanding New Artist |General |- | {{Won}} |Music Week Awards |International Marketing Campaign of the Year |General |- | {{Won}} |European Border Breakers Awards (EBBA) |United Kingdom |General |- | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |Kickers Urban Music Award |Best Neo Soul Act |''Corinne Bailey Rae'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Crossover Chart Act |General |- | {{Nom}} |Urban Music Awards |Best Neo Soul Act |General |- | {{Won}} |BMI Pop Awards |Song of the Year |"Put Your Records On" |- | rowspan="6" |2010 | {{Nom}} |Mercury Prize |Album of the Year |''The Sea'' |- | {{Nom}} |Q Awards |Best Female Act |Corinne Bailey Rae |- | {{Nom}} |MOBO Awards |Best UK R&B Soul Act Act |Corinne Bailey Rae |- | {{Nom}} |American Smooth Jazz Awards |Best Female Act |Corinne Bailey Rae |- | {{Nom}} |BET Awards |Best International Act |Corinne Bailey Rae |- | {{Nom}} |Soul Train Music Awards |Centric Award |Corinne Bailey Rae |} == Ntụaka == egwu "Ịhụnanya Gị Bụ nke M", nke gosipụtara na album 2003 ha Bụrụ Onwe Gị, nke One Note Records wepụtara. N'gbara ọtụtụ gigs na gburugburu Leeds na, ebe enweghị ike ịdọta onyinye sitere na akaraafọ gbara ọtụtụ gigs na gburugburu Leeds na, ebe enweghị ike ịdọta onyinye sitere na akara {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Corinne Bailey Rae at Wikimedia Commons * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120129094221/http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/498/everythings_corrine_up_smelling_of_roses/ Corinne Bailey Rae interview] by Pete Lewis, ''Blues & Soul'', February 2010 * [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2009/oct/04/corinne-bailey-rae-interview ''The Guardian'' interview 2009] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Corinne}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ia54py721vhajk496fn7x1q2jw8cr23 0 48427 742668 173202 2026-11-03T08:59:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742668 wikitext text/x-wiki   gbara Hideo (January 5, 1907 – Jenuarrị 6, 2005) bụ onye na-ese ihe banyere America nke na-arụ ọrụ site na 1930s ruo 1980s, mara maka iji ihe nke nihonga Japanese na American Synchromism .  Onye ama n'ihe ngosi nka Los Angeles tupu Agha nke igbu, a ndị America America nlekọta n'oge agha ngwá ọrụ ya.  N'agbanyeghị na ọ gara n'ihu na-ese ihe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ ka agha ahụ, a ka leghaara ọrụ Date anya ruo mgbe ndị ọgbọ na-eto eto nke ndị nka na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ya na 1990s  . == Ndụ mbido == A ụbọchị ụbọchị na Osaka, Japan, na nna ya egwu California ọrụ ọrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ ikike.  Nne Date na sere ya mechara soro nna ya nyere aka na ụlọ egwuregwu ngwaike o hibere na Fresno, na na 1923, otu ụbọchị dị afọ iri na isii kwagara California.  [1] Mgbe a manyere nna ya akwụkwọ akwụkwọ maka ego ego ma mechiri ụlọ ngwaike na 1925, [2] akara ụbọchị Los Angeles, ebe ụbọchị ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na Polytechnic High School .  [1] Na 1928, ọ debanyere aha na Otis Art Institute, ma ọ na-eji n'afọ na-esote maka anwụ ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, bụ onye gbara ya ume ka ọ tọrọ ịse "n'ụzọ Oriental."  [3] Okwu nkewa ya bụ: "Ọ bụrụ na ị na-enye idi mfe m, ị nwere ike ịga hell."  [4] makaman ihe osise ndị Japan omenala na Kawabata Gakko dị na Tokyo apụta abụọ, na-abụ na Los Angeles na 1930. N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ụbọchị ndị na-ekirisi ọrụ ike na mpaghara nka ma na-egosi ọrụ ya, na-enyere ike ya abụọ aka n'ama akara ngwaọrụ ha n'ehihie na ịga klas nkà n' Brazil.  [1] Ọ bụ onye otu Independents, otu ndị na-ese ihe na mpaghara Los Angeles bụ akwụkwọ ikike nke modernism, ma soro Synchromism co-guzobere Stanton Macdonald-Wright na ndị ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na avant-garde .  [2] ike iso na ihe ngosi nke ndị nka nka Japan nke Los Angeles, Ndị na-ese ihe na-eto eto na College Art Association, Foundation of Western Art, Los Angeles Oriental Artists Group, na Los Angeles Art Association.  [3] [2] Ọ natara ọrụ ka ọ na-ese ihe ọrụ na Pickfair, ụlọ obibi nke Mary Pickford, na mgbe e ịhụ Macdonald-Wright, mgbe ahụ na-eduzi Southern California Works Progress Administration's Federal Arts Project, haziri  maka ajụjụ na-ese ihe ọzọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Japanese.  Obodo America nke Terminal Island .  nwere na-arụ ọrụ na nke ike abụọ n'oge agha na Pearl Harbor na Executive Order 9066;  ụzọ na-emecha ụdị mgbe e mere n'ogige na 1942 ma na-ahụ n'anya anụ.. <ref name="Wakida"/> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mgbe e mesịrị ọrụ == N'oge Agha nke egwuregwu, a "kpọpụrụ ya" na West Coast na ndị America ndị Japan ndị ọzọ, nke mbụ gaa na Santa Anita Assembly Center na California wee gaa n'ogige ịta Heart Mountain na Wyoming.  Mgbe ọ nọ na Heart Mountain, Date na onye nlekọta ibe ya bụ Benji Okubo hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ Art Students League wee kuzie klaisi nka n'ogige.  N'elu ọnụ ọgụgụ ya, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwe akwụkwọ na ndị 250, bụ ndị ọrụ ha n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ma nkwado na akwụkwọ ahụ.  otu n'onwe ya gara n'ihu na-ese na usoro na iwu, ọ bụ ebe na ọ chọrọ nke nta ka ọ foto nwamba. <ref name="Wakida">{{Cite web|author=Wakida|first=Patricia|url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Hideo%20Date/|title=Hideo Date|publisher=Densho Encyclopedia|accessdate=18 July 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWakida">Wakida, Patricia. [http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Hideo%20Date/ "Hideo Date"]. Densho Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A tọhapụrụ ụbọchị site na Heart Mountain na 1945, iji ọrụ na ụzọ na Buffalo, New York .  Ọ la mfe na Los Angeles obere oge na 1947, iji mgba ihe osise ya tupu agha wee mee ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ Art Center, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ dabere na New York maka oge ndụ ya niile.  [1] Ọ ngosi Yuriko Tamaki, na 1955, mgbe iwu Walter-McCarran dị mmachi sitere na ụdị na okike, ọkpara nwa amaala US.  bi na Date gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ, ọrụ ya enweta nke ọma site na-ama nke njide oge agha ya agba.  O sonye na ihe ngosi ole na ole na 1950, mana o gosighị ọrụ ọ mgbasa ozi ruo ruo 1977. [2] N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, ụbọchị nyere ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ 200 na Japanese American National Museum na Los Angeles.  [3] Ndị dike ihe ngosi abụọ ndị ọzọ ọrụ ya na 2000, na 2001 JANM retrospective, "Na Living Color: Art of Hideo Date," meghere ọha na eze.  [2] Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nke JANM, Karin Higa, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-eso ya gbasara Date na ọrụ ya n'okpuru otu aha. kpatara ọnwụ ya na Queens otu ụbọchị ka ụbọchị ọnwụ nke ire na-akwado, na 2005. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.janm.org/collections/hideo-date-collection/ Nchịkọta ihe osise dị n'ịntanetị nke Japanese American National Museum site na Hideo Date.] * [http://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2007/5/10/janm-magazine/ Edemede na ụbọchị Hideo sitere n'aka Karin Higa, onye dere akụkọ ndụ ụbọchị] 23w1goc1sefufg2d5do2ldk0qz6b4oc 0 49196 742612 174240 2026-11-03T08:50:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Delmar Banner''' (28 Jenụarị 1896 &#x2013; 8 Nọvemba 1983) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Britain nke amụrụ na mbụ nke rụrụ ọrụ ka ukwuu dịka odida obodo na ihe osise eserese. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Olympedia - Delmar Banner|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920436|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=Olympedia}}</ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha mara amara bụ ihe osise 1938 nke Beatrix Potter, na nchịkọta nke National Portrait Gallery, London . Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke ihe osise eserese na asọmpi nka na 1948 Summer Olympics . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/920436|title=Delmar Banner|work=Olympedia|accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Delmar Harmood Banner na 28 Jenụwarị 1896 na Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Banner, Delmar Harmood {{!}} AAHT Explore the Isle of Arran, Scotland|url=https://www.arranartsheritagetrail.com/artistsa-z/banner%2C-delmar-harmood|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=Arran Arts Heritage Trail}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arranartsheritagetrail.com/artistsa-z/banner%2C-delmar-harmood "Banner, Delmar Harmood | AAHT Explore the Isle of Arran, Scotland"]. ''Arran Arts Heritage Trail''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ebe nna nna ya bụ onye ụkọchukwu Anglican. <ref name=":3"/> Ọ na-asụ German ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, mgbe ezinụlọ ya laghachiri England. <ref name=":3" /> Ọ gara Cheltenham College, nwetara BA na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na Magdalen College, Mahadum Oxford na 1917 wee gaa Regent Street Polytechnic School of Art site na 1919-1927. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|author=|first=|title=Collected Letters: Clive Staples Lewis|isbn=9780006281467|editor=Hooper|pages=537}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHooper2000">Hooper, Walter, ed. (2000). ''Collected Letters: Clive Staples Lewis''. p.&nbsp;537. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780006281467|<bdi>9780006281467</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name=":1"/> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere onye na-ese ihe Brazil bụ Josefina de Vasconcellos, onye ọ lụrụ na London na 1930. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2005-07-21|title=Obituary: Josefina de Vasconcellos|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/21/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/jul/21/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries "Obituary: Josefina de Vasconcellos"]. ''The Guardian''. 21 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ha biri na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri, ebe ha bi n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo dị n'akụkụ ugwu na The Bield, Little Langdale . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist a-z Lakeland Arts|url=https://lakelandarts.org.uk/items/artist-a-to-z/|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=Lakeland Arts}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na Cumbria, di na nwunye ahụ zutere onye na-ese ihe, onye edemede na onye ọrụ ugbo Beatrix Potter wee bụrụ ezigbo enyi, Potter na-agba ume mmepe Banner dị ka onye na-ese ihe. <ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 1938, ọ na-ese ihe osise Potter na mmanụ. Na 1948, Banner nyere ihe osise a na National Portrait Gallery, London . <ref>{{Cite web|title=NPG 3635; Beatrix Potter - Portrait - National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw05106|accessdate=2024-06-07|work=National Portrait Gallery, London}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọkọlọtọ ghọrọ onye nkwusa Anglican na ya na Josefina mụtara ụmụ nwoke abụọ na 1940. Delmar na Josefina bụ ndị nne na nna na ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụaka 20 na na 1967, site na mkpakọrịta ha na Pelham House School na West Cumbria, ha nyere aka chọta Beckstone Center, ụdị ihe eji eme ihe maka ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị nsogbu. <ref name=":1"/> Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ịhụnanya maka okike na nka na, n'agbanyeghị nwoke idina nwoke nke Banner, nọrọ ọnụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref name=":2"/> Delmar nwụrụ na Ulverston, South Lakes na 1983, dị afọ 87, wee lie ya na Langdale Cemetery, Chapel Stile, South Lakes. <ref name=":1"/> == Ntụaka == Josefina bụ ndị nne na nna na ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụaka 20 na na 1967, site na mkpakọrịta ha na{{Reflist}} fsaqkm0bh1cixjzlwt35f9rzmwlrtgj 0 49405 742518 196140 2026-11-03T08:09:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:AseedingHeli.jpg|thumb|Helikọpta na-akụ mkpụrụ n'elu]] [[Usòrò:Soda_Fire_ESR_(23361539300).jpg|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi si n'ụgbọelu Hughes 500]] Ịgha mkpụrụ nke ikuku bụ usoro ịgha mkpụrụ site n'ịfesa ha site na ikuku ikuku dị ka drone, ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ helikopta. Mgbe ebumnobi ya bụ mkpụgharị osisi, a na-akpọ ya dị ka ikuku reforestation. A na-ewere mkpụrụ nke ikuku dị ka usoro mgbasa ozi nke mkpụrụ. A na-ejikarị ya gbasaa ahịhịa na ahịhịa dị iche iche na mpaghara buru ibu nke chọrọ mkpuchi ahịhịa mgbe ọkụ gbasịrị. Nnukwu ọkụ ọkụ nwere ike ibibi nnukwu akụkụ nke ndụ osisi na-ebute ihe egwu mbuze. Ịgha mkpụrụ nke ikuku nwere ike ibelata ngwa ngwa na ihe egwu mbuze ma gbochie uto nke ụdị osisi ndị na-akpa ike. Ịgha mkpụrụ nke ikuku bụ ihe ọzọ na ụzọ mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ ebe ala dị oke okwute ma ọ bụ n'ebe dị elu ma ọ bụ na-agaghị enweta ya. Nsogbu na mgbasa ozi ozugbo gụnyere germination, pestis na mkpụrụ osisi nke òké ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. Ịtụgharị mkpụrụ osisi site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara gaa n'ubi bụ usoro ịgha mkpụrụ dị irè karị. Ịgha mkpụrụ nke ikuku nwere obere mkpụrụ ma chọọ 25% ruo 50% karịa mkpụrụ osisi a gbapuru agbapu iji nweta otu nsonaazụ ahụ. A na-ejikarị mkpụrụ osisi ikuku eme ihe iji kụọ ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi. Ụfọdụ osisi ndị a na-ejikarị usoro a kụọ bụ perennial rye (Timothy, Red Fescue, Red Top, Bluegrass), Sudan grass, soy beans, buckwheat, hairy vetch, ọka, cereal rye, winter wheat, oats, mammoth ma ọ bụ medium red clover, sweet clover, Varpome clover na crimson clover (Timothy). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Dị ka National Agricultural Aviation Association si kwuo, ebe ọmụmụ nke ikuku ikuku na America dị na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]] na 1921. Lt. John A. Macready, onye na-anya ụgbọ elu US, jiri Curtis JN-6 emezigharịrị mee ntụ ntụ n'ubi osisi catapla na arsenate. igbu sphinx nla larvae. Uzuzu ihe ọkụkụ nke mbụ mere ka e nwee mkpụrụ ikuku. Mwegharị ikuku nke ikuku, ụdị mkpụrụ osisi ikuku, kpọmkwem iji megharịa ala ọhịa ka ejiri ụdị ọdachi ụfọdụ mee ihe dị ka 1930s. A na-eji ụgbọ elu na-amịpụta ebe ugwu dị na Honolulu nke na-adịghị abanye na usoro ọdịnala mgbe ọkụ ọhịa gbasịrị. Nnwale ndị a enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma, n'ihi mgbasa nke mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma: mkpụrụ enweghị ike inweta ike nke zuru oke iji banye n'ime ala, n'ihi ya, a na-ebu amụma ya nke ukwuu. Nke a n'aka wetara oke oke na [[Hawaii]]. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1946, a na-eji mkpụrụ osisi ikuku eme ihe na Oregon iji kụọ ihe karịrị 500 acres nke Douglas fir, na Port Orford cedar yana 100 acres nke ahịhịa na osisi ndị ọzọ ọkụ gbara. N'afọ 1947, ụlọ ọrụ Crown Zellerbach kụrụ ihe karịrị 1000 acres na Oregon. <ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web|author=Westveld|first=Marinus|date=|title=Airplane Seeding: A new Venture in Reforestation|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5350e/x5350e03.htm|accessdate=2012-03-08|publisher=fao.org}}</ref> A na-eji ụgbọelu ndị ọzọ sitere na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] eme ihe na mbụ maka ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu, na-eji Stearman biplane eme ihe ugboro ugboro. N'ihi na a zụrụ ọtụtụ ndị agha gara aga ka ha na-efe ụgbọelu ndị a, nke a dugara n'ụzọ maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ịzụlite azụmahịa gburugburu ngwa ụgbọelu. Taa ndị ọkachamara na-eji ụgbọelu ndị turboprop engine na-arụ ọrụ ma na-eji GPS eme njem maka izi ezi ka mma.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web|author=Westveld|first=Marinus|date=|title=Airplane Seeding: A new Venture in Reforestation|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5350e/x5350e03.htm|accessdate=2012-03-08|publisher=fao.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWestveld">Westveld, Marinus. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5350e/x5350e03.htm "Airplane Seeding: A new Venture in Reforestation"]. fao.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Ojiji nke bọọlụ mkpụrụ === [[Usòrò:Seedballs.jpg|thumb|Akpa nke mkpụrụ osisiMkpụrụ bọl]] N'afọ 1987, Lynn Garrison tụrụ aro ka e mepụta Haitian Aerial Reforestation Project (HARP), nke a ga-eji gbasaa tọn mkpụrụ site na ụgbọ elu gbanwere. A ga-etinye mkpụrụ ndị ahụ n'ime ihe na-amị amị. Ihe mkpuchi a ga-enwe fatịlaịza, Ọgwụ ahụhụ / Ihe na-egbochi anụmanụ na, ikekwe mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nri ole na ole. Haiti nwere Oge mmiri ozuzo Bimodal, na mmiri ozuzo n'oge opupu ihe ubi na ọdịda. Enwere ike ịsa mkpụrụ ahụ mmiri ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọ daa, iji malite ntolite. Ọrụ ahụ emeghị nke ọma. A na-eji bọl mkpụrụ eme ihe na nnwale n'ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu na Kenya na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aerial tree seeding for landscape forest restoration in East Africa|url=http://treeseedlist.blogspot.com/2016/06/aerial-tree-seeding-for-forest.html|date=June 13, 2016|accessdate=2019-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914034750/http://treeseedlist.blogspot.com/2016/06/aerial-tree-seeding-for-forest.html|archivedate=2018-09-14|work=The Experimental African Forestry Division}}</ref> Nke a bụ mgbalị iji melite mmepụta nke ịgha mkpụrụ ikuku. Ojiji nke bọl mkpụrụ, kama mkpụrụ dị mfe, iji mee ka osisi dị n'elu na Kenya yiri ka ọ rụpụtara nsonaazụ dị mma.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Nation|title=Meet the squad bombing forests to grow more trees|date=2017-12-09|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/seedsofgold/Meet-the-squad-bombing-forests-to-grow-more-trees/2301238-4220260-m8hec0/index.html|first=Pauline|author=Kairu|accessdate=2019-08-28}}</ref> Seedballs Kenya (mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Chardust Ltd na Cookwell Jikos) ereela ma lekọta nkesa ihe karịrị nde 16 seedballs, dị ka Nọvemba 2021. O yikarịrị ka, ọ bụ ezie na, a na-etinye ọtụtụ n'ime bọl mkpụrụ osisi ndị a n'ụzọ ọdịnala kama site na ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu ma ọ nweghị data e bipụtara iji kwado uru nke iji bọl mkpụrụ site na ịkwa mkpụrụ n'ime ikuku. Ọ bụ DroneSeed, ụlọ ọrụ meghere na 2019. Ha na-azọrọ na ha chepụtara bọmbụ mkpụrụ nke nwere ike igbochi ụmụ anụmanụ iri mkpụrụ ahụ na, site na iji ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ dị iche iche n'otu bọmbụ ahụ, iji bulie mmepụta nke ọrụ Ịkụ osisi ahụ.<ref name="droneseed">{{Cite web|date=2019-10-27|title=DroneSeed Official Website|url=https://www.droneseed.com/|accessdate=2019-10-27}}</ref> N'iburu n'uche ụlọ ọrụ a na enyemaka ọdachi, ha echerela na ịgha mkpụrụ osisi abụghị ihe ngwọta dị irè ebe ọ bụ na "ndị na-eweta ụlọ ọgwụ enweghị ikike iweghachite osisi mgbe nnukwu ọkụ ọhịa gasịrị - ọkachasị ọkụ ọkụ ugboro ugboro".<ref name="droneseed" /> === Ihe ndị e ji apụ === Otu ọrụ na ngwụcha afọ 1990 mere atụmatụ ịtọgbọ osisi kama ịgha mkpụrụ.<ref name="howsw">{{Cite web|author=Horton|first=Jennifer|title=Could military strategy win the war on global warming?|date=22 July 2008|url=http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/aerial-reforestation.htm/printable|publisher=How Stuff Works|accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> A ga-etinye ahịhịa n'ime akpa siri ike na nke na-emebi emebi nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbọ ma gbawa ala na nnukwu ọsọ. Nke a ga-eme ka o kwe omume na ọ ga-amị mkpụrụ ka mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgha mkpụrụ dị mfe ma ọ bụ ọbụna bọmbụ mkpụrụ. A na-emepụta ọrụ a na 1999 site na ụlọ ọrụ a na-akpọ Aerial Reforestation Inc, na Newton, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]], dabere na echiche mbụ nke onye na-anya ụgbọelu Jack Walters.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Paul|date=1999-09-02|title=Aerial bombardment to reforest the earth|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/sep/02/paulbrown|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2011-06-09}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eme atụmatụ iji ụgbọelu ụgbọ agha C-130, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ebe a na-alụ ọgụ.<ref name="howsw" /> Ka ọ na-erule 2019, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ yiri ka ọ naghịzi arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-19|title=The Ups and Downs of Aerial Reforestation|url=http://saforestryonline.co.za/articles/3047/|accessdate=2019-08-28}}</ref> Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ ka na-enyocha ikike nke "ụgbọ elu" ndị a, site n'imeziwanye ikuku ha iji nweta ala ka mma ma ya mere osisi dị elu. A chọrọ nyocha ndị ọzọ iji nyochaa arụmọrụ ha kpọmkwem megide usoro ndị ọzọ na-eme ka osisi dịghachi mma. == Uru ya == E nwere ọtụtụ uru nke ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu: * Ọ na-enweta ihe kachasị mma nke nnukwu mpaghara n'oge kacha nta. * Ọ na-eme ka ịgha mkpụrụ n'ebe ndị ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịgha mkpụrụ na usoro ọdịnala, dị ka ala nke siri ike iru site na ụgbọelu ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ala nke na-adịghị mmiri. * Enwere ike iji ya mee ihe mgbe a kụrụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị ugbu a. Nke a dị mkpa mgbe ị bi n'ógbè ebe enwere obere windo n'etiti owuwe ihe ubi na njedebe nke oge uto, n'ihi na ịgha mkpụrụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ mgbe owuwe ihe ọkụkụ gasịrị nwere ike ime ka ọnọdụ dị njọ n'ihi okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri. == Ọnọdụ ala == Mmiri nke ala na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na ihe ịga nke ọma nke ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu. Mmiri zuru oke maka ntolite na ntọala nke mkpụrụ chọrọ ka elu 0.5 -1 inch dị mmiri. Ọnọdụ ndị a kwesịrị ịbụ n'oge a na-akụ ya ma ọ bụ n'ime ụbọchị 10 nke a kụrụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri dị n'ala achọrọ adịghị n'oge ndị a, mkpụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịghọ ihe ụmụ ahụhụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-eri. Tinyere mmiri nke ala, ọnọdụ elu na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe ịga nke ọma nke ịgha mkpụrụ na ịmepụta mkpụrụ. Ọnọdụ ala kachasị mma bụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-agbaji agbaji. Ala na-enweghị isi na nke siri ike nke nwere oghere ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ihe fọdụrụnụ na-emekwa ka mkpụrụ na-epulite. Ọnọdụ ndị a na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ahụ nwee mmekọrịta kachasị mma na ala mmiri ma na-ekwe ka mkpụrụ ahụ nọrọ n'ime ala. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa ma e wezụga ọnọdụ ala bụ nke oge a na-akụ mkpụrụ n'elu na ọnụego a na-etinye mkpụrụ. == Oge na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịgha mkpụrụ == Mgbe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi n'elu, mmadụ ga-akụ ha ọ dịkarịa ala ụbọchị 7 ruo 10 tupu a gwuo ihe ọkụkụ. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ n'ihi na usoro ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu dị nwayọ karịa nke usoro a na-egwu egwu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ maka ọtụtụ osisi kwesịrị ịdị elu 25% ruo 50% site na mkpụrụ ikuku, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka igwu egwu. A na-achọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ osisi ndị a dị elu iji guzobe otu mkpụrụ dị ka ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Nke a bụ n'ihi na, site na ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu, mkpụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnọkarị n'elu ala ogologo oge, na-eme ka mkpụrụ ahụ bụrụ ihe nnụnụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-eri. == Helikọpta vs. ụgbọelu == E nweela ọtụtụ arụmụka banyere ụdị ụgbọ elu ka mma maka ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu. E nwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na-egosi na helikọpta nwere ike ịbụ ndị kachasị mma n'ọrụ mgbe ha na-akụ mkpụrụ n'ubi ndị e guzoberela. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ifufe sitere na blades nke helikọpta na-eme ka okpokoro nke ihe ọkụkụ e guzoberela na-ama jijiji ma na-emeghe. Nke a na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ ndị ọzọ rute n'ala dị n'okpuru. Uru ọzọ maka helikọpta bụ na ha nwere ike ịnyagharị ma nwee ike ijikwa mpaghara ndị na-adịghị mma mgbe ụgbọelu nwere oge siri ike na mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ. Ezigbo uru nke ụgbọelu ahụ bụ na ọ dị ngwa karịa helikọpta ma nwee ikike iburu ibu dị arọ. Nke a na-enye ohere ka ụgbọelu ahụ rụchaa ọrụ ahụ ngwa ngwa nke na-aha obere ego a na-emefu n'ikuku. == Ụzọ e si etinye ya == Maka iji ihe ọkụkụ kpuchie, aro sitere na USDA ka bụ mgbasa ozi nke mkpụrụ, na-enweghị mkpuchi n'ime bọl. === Ịrụghachi Oké ọhịa === Ịtọpụ bọl mkpụrụ site na ụgbọelu na-agbanye ihe ọkụkụ bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị na nke Farmland Aviation, Kenya, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa a. Ha na-azọrọ na ha nwere ike ịgbasa ruo tọn isii nke mkpụrụ osisi kwa elekere karịa ọtụtụ iri puku acres. Ruo n'afọ 2017, a naghị eji drones eme ihe n'ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu. UAVs dị ọnụ ala enweghị ikike ibu na ohere ha maka ọtụtụ ngwa ikuku. Otu drone nke Parrot SA na BioCarbon Engineering mepụtara edoziwo nsogbu a. Ọ nwere ike ịtọgbọ 100,000 pods kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/drones-plant-trees-deforestation-environment/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121201038/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/11/drones-plant-trees-deforestation-environment/|archivedate=November 21, 2019|title=Drones Spray Tree Seeds From the Sky to Fight Deforestation|work=National Geographic|first=Erin|author=Stone|date=November 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://futurism.com/new-drone-plans-on-ambitious-mission-to-plant-100000-trees-a-day|title=New Drone Plans an Ambitious Mission to Plant 100,000 Trees a Day|work=Futurism|date=2017-06-27|first=Patrick|author=Caughill}}</ref> Deployment by paraglider is being tested in Kenya{{when?|date=April 2021}} and holds promises of great reforestation rates because of low cost, low speed and altitudes, even if the seed spraying rate is likely to be much slower than deployment by larger aircraft. == O kwere omume na adịghị ike == N'agbanyeghị obere ihe ọ na-amị, mmasị n'ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu etolitela n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ka ọ na-achọ usoro ngwa ngwa iji nweta osisi ma lụso [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|okpomọkụ ụwa]] ọgụ. Uru nke iji ụgbọelu / helikọpta bụ ikike ịkụ mkpụrụ ngwa ngwa n'ebe buru ibu, ọbụlagodi ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iji ya mee ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike. N'ihi ya, ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu kachasị mma maka ebe ndị dị anya, siri ike, enweghị ike iru, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta na-eme ka ịkụ mkpụrụ sie ike. Ọ dabara adaba karịsịa maka "oké ọhịa nchebe" n'ihi na helikọpta ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu nwere ike ịgbasa mkpụrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe n'elu ndagwurugwu ma ọ bụ mmiri dịpụrụ adịpụ na ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ dịpụrụ adịgide. O yikwara ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya mee ihe n'ógbè ebe enwere ike inwe ụkọ ndị ọrụ nwere nkà, ndị nlekọta, na ego maka iweghachi ọhịa. O nwere ikike inyere aka ịbawanye mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ osisi maka nri, nri, na mmanụ aṅụ yana osisi maka mmanụ, post, osisi, icheku ọkụ na ntụ. Mkpụrụ bọl na ikuku na-emetụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ukwuu. Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ọ gaghị adị irè n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na saịtị ahụ nwere ike ịchọ nkwadebe ma ọ bụ oge nwere ike ịdị njọ. Iji bulie nke ọma, mkpụrụ ga-adaba kpọmkwem n'ala mineral karịa n'elu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi. Ebe ihe ndị dị ndụ gbakọtara nke ukwuu, a ga-akpọkarị ebe ahụ ọkụ, tụgharịa ya, ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ya. Mgbagwoju anya nke ala hapụrụ mgbe a gburu osisi na-ezukarị ezu. Ala siri ike dị mfe maka mgbasa ozi, mana mkpụrụ na-adịkarị ala ọbụna n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma. N'ebe ụfọdụ, ịkwadebe ala nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Nkwadebe ebe na ọrụ ịgha mkpụrụ ga-ejikọta nke ọma iji gboo ihe ndị dị ndụ chọrọ maka ntolite mkpụrụ ngwa ngwa na ịgha mkpụrụ. Ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ nwere ike ịbụ ndị a na-arịgo ma ọ bụ na-agbanye iji melite mmiri ozuzo nke ruru mkpụrụ ahụ. Ebe ndị na-ede mmiri nke ukwuu nwere ike ịdị mkpa ka a kwatuo ma ọ bụ wepụ mmiri. Ọnọdụ ndagwurugwu ubi abụghị ihe dị oke egwu ma ọ bụrụhaala na mkpụrụ na-ahụ ebe a na-anabata mkpụrụ. Mmiri dị elu, ndagwurugwu ugwu na-emebi emebi, ugwu ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, na ebe ahịhịa dị obere na-adịkarị mma maka ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu (n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na ndagwurugwum dị elu nke nwere ala dị larịị, mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịsa mkpụrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe maka ịgha nke ọma). Ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke savanna (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ebe mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-erughi 800 mm) kacha mkpa mkpụgharị osisi. Ndị a bụ mpaghara ebe ịgha mkpụrụ ikuku nwere ikike pụrụiche. Ha na-agụnye nnukwu traktị nke ala ndị a na-ejighị ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị ya eme ihe nke na-enwechaghị ihe mkpuchi osisi na nke na-adịghị ejide onwe ya, ya mere a na-enwekarị ya ụgbọ elu. Osisi ala (dị ka ụdị Acacia, na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ) na mpaghara ndị a na-emekarị nke ọma maka ịlanarị n'okpuru ọnọdụ ubi siri ike. Ndị a abụghị ụdị osisi dị ka nkụ, nri nri, mkpụrụ osisi, chịngọm, igbochi mbuze na ihe ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ụzọ ọ bụla a ga-esi ekpogharị ọhịa, ụdị ndị a na-ahọrọ ga-eme ka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, ogologo oge na-eto eto, mmiri ozuzo, iru mmiri, photoperiod, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka o kwesịrị, tupu oge ikuku ikuku ewere ọnọdụ, ekwesịrị ka e guzobe ebe nnwale iji nwalee ụdị ndị ahụ nwere ike itolite ma too nke ọma na saịtị ndị ahọpụtara. Ọbụna mgbe otu ụdị nwere àgwà ziri ezi, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe amamihe dị na ya ịnwale mkpụrụ nke ụdị dị iche iche iji chọta ndị kacha mma na saịtị ahụ. Ihe ndị na-eme ka otu ụdị dị iche iche bụrụ ihe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu gụnyere: * nha mkpụrụ * Mkpụrụ dị * ikike nke mkpụrụ ahụ na-epulite n'elu ala * ntolite na uto uto uto * ikike iguzogide oke okpomọkụ na ogologo oge ọkọchị (mkpụrụ orthodox) * ikike ịnagide ọnọdụ ala * nnagide ìhè * nkwụsi ike nke mkpụrụ mgbe echekwara ya n'ụba * iru eru nke mkpụrụ maka njikwa na ngwaọrụ ịgha mkpụrụ. * ọsọ mmepe nke mgbọrọgwụ miri emi site na mkpụrụ osisi iji mee ka ha nwee ike iguzogide ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-adịghị mma n'oge na-esote ntolite. Ụdị ndị nwere mkpụrụ osisi na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu enweghị atụmanya nke ịga nke ọma n'ihi na anụ ọhịa na-eri mkpụrụ ahụ tupu ya enwee ohere itolite ọ gwụla ma a kpọpụrụ ya. Ọzọkwa, obere mkpụrụ na ndị dị arọ, mkpụrụ chaffy nwere ike ịfegharị na ifufe, ya mere ha na-esi ike ịchọta n'oge ọdịda. Otú ọ dị, obere mkpuru osisi na-adaba n'ime oghere ma nwee ike kpuchie ya na ala, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ohere ha dị ndụ dịkwuo elu. Ịgha mkpụrụ nke ikuku nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ụdị "ọsụ ụzọ", nke na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ebe a na-emeghe, na-emegharị maka itolite n'ebe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ nsogbu, ma na-eto nke ọma na ìhè anyanwụ. == Hụkwa == * Drone ugbo == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qsclkyg0cga1vzs5g79exqepd2acgvw 0 49422 742756 181521 2026-11-03T09:32:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Agricultural Engineering.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]]{{Infobox NRHP|name=Agricultural Engineering Building|image=Agricultural Engineering Hall.jpg|caption=Agricultural Engineering Building|location=460 Henry Mall<br>[[Madison, Wisconsin]]|coordinates={{coord|43.074803|-89.410606|region:US-WI_type:landmark_source:Google|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|built=1905–1907|architect=[[Arthur Peabody]]|architecture=[[Colonial Revival architecture|Colonial Revival]]/[[Georgian architecture|Georgian Revival]]|refnum=85001404|added=June 27, 1985}}Ụlọ Injinia Agricultural bụ ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme 1907 na Madison, Wisconsin nke nwere ngalaba Biological Systems Engineering (nke bụbu Injinia Agricultural) nke Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison. N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ ụlọ ahụ kwadoro nyocha dị mkpa gbasara mbuze nke ala, mmezi nke ndị na-ewe ihe oriri mbụ, na Ngalaba nlekọta anụ ọhịa nke Aldo Leopold, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama. Na 1985, etinyere ụlọ ahụ na National Register of Historic Places, ma ugbu a bụ akụkụ nke Henry Mall Historic District.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agricultural Engineering Building|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/NationalRegister/NR1957|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|accessdate=2021-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://landmarkhunter.com/133726-agricultural-engineering-building/|title=Agricultural Engineering Building|publisher=Landmark Hunter.com|accessdate=2012-02-03|archivedate=2011-05-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501124655/http://landmarkhunter.com/133726-agricultural-engineering-building/}}</ref> E hiwere UW's College of Agriculture na 1889, na-elekwasị anya n'ime iri afọ mbụ ya na nyocha na ịkekọrịta ngwa bara uru nke nyocha ahụ n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo steeti. Kọleji ahụ sụrụ ụzọ Short Course nke Agriculture na Ọmụmụ Mmiri ara ehi nke were izu iri na abụọ, e wukwara ụlọ dị iche iche tupu nke a, gụnyere Ụlọ Nzukọ Alaeze, Ebe a na-aṅụ mmiri ara ehi, na Ụlọ Nzukọ Agriculture. E guzobere Ngalaba Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo na 1904 iji mepụta "ngwá ọrụ ugbo... mepụtara site na nyocha na-aga n'ihu nke College of Agriculture. "E wuchara ụlọ ọhụrụ nke ngalaba ahụ na 1907, nke Arthur Peabody, onye nlekọta ọhụrụ nke UW, mepụtara. Peabody bụ nwa nwoke nke Wisconsin, amụrụ na Eau Claire, onye ga-aga n'ihu n'ime afọ iri atọ sochirinụ iji chepụta ọtụtụ ihe owuwu UW gụnyere Stock Pavilion, Field House na Camp Randall, na Memorial Union. Peabody mepụtara Injinịa Ọrụ Ugbo nke nwere okpukpu abụọ nke dị mita 45 site na mita 150, nke nwere Elu ụlọ na-acha ọbara ọbara n'elu ya. Ụdị ya bụ Georgian Revival, nke nwere mgbidi brik na nkuku, windo nke ala mbụ e ji mkpịsị ugodi chọọ mma, na cornice modillioned. Ọnụ ụzọ na-agafe n'etiti oghere dị n'okpuru nnukwu windo ọkụ nke nwere pediments nwere nloghachi cornice. Peabody chepụtara mpụga ya iji kwekọọ na ụlọ ọrụ Agricultural Journalism na Biochemistry dị nso. N'ime, ala nke mbụ nwere ụlọ nyocha, ụlọ ahịa, ọfịs, na ụlọ nkuzi. N'ala nke dị n'elu bụ ụlọ mepere emepe ebe a na-egosi ígwè ọrụ.<ref name="Feldman">{{Cite web|url=https://bse.wisc.edu/facilities-and-labs/agricultural-engineering-building/|title=Agricultural Engineering Building|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|accessdate=2012-02-03}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị dị mkpa mere n'ụlọ ọrụ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo. N'afọ 1907, e hiwere American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE, nke bụbu ASAE) n'ụlọ ahụ.<ref name="Feldman"/> Edward Richard Jones, onye isi mbụ nke ngalaba ahụ, nyochara mbuze ala n'ime ụlọ ahụ, na-eduga n'ụzọ iji belata mbuze. Floyd Waldo Duffee, onye isi nke abụọ nke ngalaba ahụ, nyochara eletrik ime obodo na Ripon Experimental Electrical Line ya, nke ruru ugbo isii. O mekwara mmelite na onye owuwe ihe ubi mbụ ma soro A.H. Wright nke ngalaba Agronomy mepụta ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpofu ọka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Moore|first=Sam|title=Forage Harvester Development Marked by Fits and Starts|url=https://www.farmcollector.com/equipment/forage-harvester-zmlz15novzhur/|accessdate=2021-10-10|publisher=Ogden Publications, Inc.|date=2015-10-14}}</ref> Ngalaba nke Ag Engineering mepụtara ụlọ nchekwa ikuku, nnukwu oghere oghere, na 1943 malitere mmemme nchekwa ugbo mbụ na US. N'afọ 1933, e mepụtara Ngalaba Nlekọta Anụ Ọhịa ọhụrụ nke Aldo Leopold ma nọrọ n'ụlọ ahụ n'ime afọ abụọ mbụ ya.<ref name="nrhp">{{citation|last=Miller|first=E. L.|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Agricultural Engineering|url={{NRHP url|id=85001404}}|publisher=[[State Historical Society of Wisconsin]], [[National Park Service]]|date=December 1984|access-date=2021-10-03}} With {{NRHP url|id=85001404|photos=y|title=two photos}}.</ref> Ihe owuwu ahụ agbanweela obere oge kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. N'afọ 1985, e debere ya na NRHP maka mkpa steeti niile n'ọhịa injinia na maka mkpa mpaghara n'ọgbọ ihe owuwu. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} ryx3qp6s7bjf8dhjhd7dh5td1e744ir 0 49426 742371 692981 2026-11-03T01:30:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742371 wikitext text/x-wiki British Columbia's Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) bụ mkpokọta ala ebe ahọpụtara ọrụ ugbo ka ihe kacha mkpa. A na-akwado ịrụ ọrụ ugbo na amachibidoro ihe ndị na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo<ref name="ALCmaps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr-maps/|title=Agricultural Land Reserve Maps|date=8 February 2022|publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission}}</ref>: 16  Ndị ọchịchị Dave Barrett nke British Columbia New Democratic Party hiwere ALR na 1973 iji chekwaa oke ala ubi nke mpaghara site na ime obodo. ma ọ bụ ihe dịka 4.9% nke ala ala British Columbia: 73 <ref name="ALC50">{{Cite web|title=50 Years of the Provincial Agricultural Land Commission|date=18 April 2023|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/50-years-of-the-provincial-agricultural-land-commission|publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission, BC}}</ref> E nwere mpaghara nchịkwa ALR isii: South Coast, Interior, Island, Kootenay, North, na Okanagan.<ref name="ALCmaps"/> Nkwụsị ụtụ isi na-emetụta ihe onwunwe na ALR, na ajụjụ nke ikpe ziri ezi n'etiti ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi apụtawo. == Ihe ndị e ji mara ya == ALR na-ekpuchi nde hekta 4.6 (11.4 nde acres). <ref name="ALC50"/>: 18 Ọ na-agụnye 4.9% nke ala dị nde hekta 94.6 nke BC.<ref name="ALC50" /> Ihe na-erughị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ala dị na ALR bụ ala ọrụ ugbo kachasị mma (1.1% nke ala BC), ebe ala ọrụ ugpo kachasị mma dabara na nyocha Canada Land Inventory (CLI) Klas 1-3 .: 17 <ref name="Smith">{{Cite web|first=Barry|author=Smith|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/assets/alc/assets/library/archived-publications/alr-history/a_work_in_progress_-_farmland_preservation_b_smith_2012.pdf|publisher=Agricultural Land Commission, BC|date=2012|title=A Work in Progress – The British Columbia Farmland Preservation Program}}</ref>: 1 <ref name="AFRA">{{Cite web|title=Classifying Prime and Marginal Agricultural Soils and Landscapes: Guidelines for Application of the Canada Land Inventory in Ontario|url=https://omafra.gov.on.ca/english/landuse/classify.htm|access-date=2024-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530185115/https://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/landuse/classify.htm|archive-date=2024-05-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>Ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ala BC dị n'elu otu puku mita n'ịdị elu, na ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ pụtara na obere òkè nke ala ya nwere ikike ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Smith"/>: 2  Ihe dị ka 46% nke ala ALR dị n'okpuru onye nwe ya, na 54% dị n'etiti ala ọha na eze (gọọmentị mpaghara, nke obodo, ma ọ bụ nke gọọmentị etiti). : 18  == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ihe mere e ji guzobe ya === Tupu 1973, ihe dị ka hectare 4000 ruo 6000 nke ala ọrụ ugbo na-efu kwa afọ site na ime obodo na British Columbia. Iwu na 18 Eprel 1973 nke mebere Commissionlọ Ọrụ Ugbo Ala (ALC) wee guzobe nchekwa ala Agricultural (ALR).. <ref name="Smith" /><ref name="ALC50"/>: 1–3  === Nhọrọ nke ala a ga-etinye === Mpaghara nke ALR dabere na njirimara okike nke ala na ihu igwe ya. <ref name="ALRhistory">{{Cite web|title=ALR History|author=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission|date=9 March 2022|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/role-of-the-alc/alr-history/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Engagement|first=Government Communications and Public|title=Agricultural Land - ALC|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/agricultural-land|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.alc.gov.bc.ca|archivedate=2022-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309050413/https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/agricultural-land}}</ref>Ala niile dị na Klas 1 ruo 4 site na nyocha Canada Land Inventory (CLI) nke a na-emebeghị emepụtala gụnyere na ALR.<ref name="Smith"/>: 3, 10 (Ala ugbo mbụ na-adaba na CLI Klas 1-3, ebe ala Klas 4 bụ nke dịpụrụ adịpụ maka ihe ọkụkụ a na-akọ ugbo.) <ref name="Smith" /> <ref name="AFRA"/> : 5-9 A gụnyere ala Klas 5 na 6 ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè na njikọ ya na ala Klas 1 ruo 4, a gụnyekwara ala Klas 7 ma ọ bụrụ ma ewepụ ya nwere ike ikwe ka o tinye aka na-adịghị mma nke ojiji na-ekwekọghị n'ebe ugbo.<ref name="ALRhistory" />: 11 (Ala dị na Klas 5 na 6 dabara adaba naanị maka ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ ịta ahịhịa, ebe ala Klas 7 enweghị ikike ọrụ ugbo.) : 1, 12 <ref name="Smith" /><ref name="AFRA"/> Malite na map CLI, na inweta ntinye site na gọọmentị ime obodo na ndị na-ege ntị ọha na eze, ALC chọpụtara nde hekta 4.7 ka etinye na ALR.<ref name="Smith"/>A matara n'oge na-adịghị anya na n'ime mpaghara ụfọdụ (akụkụ nke Vancouver Island, dịka ọmụmaatụ) enwere ike imeziwanye ozi CLI.<ref name="Smith" />: 12 N'agbata afọ 1980 na afọ 1984, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere nyocha zuru oke nke ókèala mpaghara ALR, na-eji map ọhụrụ na ozi ala. E nyere Eastern Vancouver Island nlebara anya pụrụ iche. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Engagement|first=Government Communications and Public|title=ALR History - ALC|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/alr-history|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.alc.gov.bc.ca|archivedate=2022-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309050414/https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alc/content/alr-maps/alr-history}}</ref> E wepụrụ ala zuru ezu na ALR iji nye ohere maka ihe dị ka afọ 5 nke uto obodo.<ref name="Smith"/>: 9 A gụnyere ala gọọmentị etiti na ALR ma ọ bụrụ na njirimara ya na-akwado itinye ya, mana iwu ALR anaghị emetụta ala gọọmentịa etiti.<ref name="Smith" />: 10–11  ALR na-achịkwa site na Agricultural Land Commission (ALC), nke nwere ndị nduzi nke mmadụ 11 ruo 19 nke Minista nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri họpụtara.: 12 A na-eji mpaghara ala na-egbochi iji chebe ala ugbo, na mkpebi mpaghara ALC na-ebute ụzọ karịa iwu iji ala eme ihe nke gọọmentị ime obodo.<ref name="Connell2021">{{Cite journal|pages=109–130|first=David|author=Connell|title=The Quality of Farmland Protection in Canada: An Evaluation of the Strength of Provincial Legislative Frameworks|journal=Canadian Planning and Policy|date=2021|volume=2021|doi=10.24908/cpp-apc.v2021i01.14229}}</ref>:: 120  ALC na-eme mkpebi karịsịa na mwepụ ala (iwepụ) ma ọ bụ mgbakwunye (ntinye); nkewa; na iji ala na-abụghị ugbo eme ihe.<ref name="Smith"/>: 17 <ref name="AR2023">{{cite report | publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission | title=Annual Report 2022-2023 | url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/763/2023/09/Annual-Report-2022-2023.pdf }}</ref> 10, 30-31 Mkpebi dabere na otu ngwa si akwado ikike ALC "ichebe ala ugbo" na "ịgba ume ọrụ ugbo na ala ugbo".<ref name="Criteria">{{Cite web|title=What the Commission Considers|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/application-and-notice-process/applications/what-the-commission-considers/|publisher=Provincial Agricultural Land Commission|date=2022}}</ref> === Mgbanwe ndị a ma ama === Ọrụ bụ isi nke ALC bụ ichekwa ala ugbo, mana iwu mbụ nyekwara ALC ọrụ maka iguzobe belt akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ụlọ akụ ala, na ogige ntụrụndụ. E wepụrụ ọrụ a na 1977. (ALC ga-azụta (ma ọ bụ nweta) ala ndị a tupu a họpụta ya. N'ụzọ dị iche, enwere ike ikpebi ala na ALR na-enweghị ịzụta site na iji ngwá ọrụ mpaghara ọdịnala.)<ref name="Smith"/>: 7 : 7  N'afọ 1988, ogige golf ghọrọ ebe a kwadoro iji ala eme ihe, mana mgbe afọ 1992 gachara, ha chọrọ nkwado ọzọ.<ref name="Smith"/>: 15 <ref name="ConnellKral">{{Cite journal|journal=Canadian Planning and Policy|title=British Columbia Divided its Agricultural Land Reserve into Two Zones (2014-2019): Did it Make a Difference?|first=David|author=Connell|doi=10.24908/cpp-apc.v2022i01.15773|pages=191–213|volume=2022}}</ref>: 194  [[Usòrò:British_Columbia's_Agricultural_Land_Reserve_land_area_and_two_administrative_zones,_2014-2019.png|thumb|Ebe nchekwa ala ugbo nke British Columbia (ALR) na mpaghara nchịkwa abụọ, 2014-2019]] Na Mee 29, 2014, gọọmentị BC Liberal nke Christy Clark kewara ALR n'ime mpaghara abụọ: Mpaghara 1 (Island, Okanagan, South Coast) na Mpaghara 2 (North, Kootenay, Interior). <ref name="BCLASS-Legacy">{{Cite web|title=BCLASS-Legacy|url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/legacy|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=www.leg.bc.ca|language=en|archivedate=2019-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901220627/https://www.leg.bc.ca/legacy}}</ref> A na-ele iwu ALR anya dị ka ibu arọ nye ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ala ugbo na-adịghị ike.<ref name="ConnellKral"/>:: 192  Iji nye ndị nwe mpaghara 2 mgbanwe iji nweta ego na-abụghị nke ugbo site na ala ha, a gbasaa ihe mkpebi nke mpaghara 2 nke ALC iji tinye ụkpụrụ akụ na ụba, ọdịbendị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref name="ConnellKral" /><ref name="blogs.ubc.ca">{{Cite web|title=ALR Background {{!}} Agricultural Land Reserve Mapping (draft not released)|url=https://blogs.ubc.ca/alrmap/alr-background/|accessdate=2022-03-09|language=en-US}}</ref>: 191-193 <ref name="blogs.ubc.ca" /> Na Nọvemba 20, 2018, NDP Premier John Horgan gbanwere nkewa nke mpaghara 2, na-eweghachi ALR na otu mpaghara n'okpuru ụkpụrụ mbụ. <ref name="BCLASS-Legacy" /><ref name="ConnellKral" /> Ruo Septemba 2020, ndị nwe ala nkeonwe enweghị ike itinye akwụkwọ ozugbo na ALC maka iwepụ ala ha na ALR. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwe ala nkeonwe nwere ike ịrịọ gọọmentị ime obodo ha maka mwepụ dị otú ahụ, ha ga-adabere na gọọmentị ime obodo iji mee ngwa iwepụ ya..<ref name="LawsonLundell">{{Cite web|title=Private Landowners Lose Ability to Apply for ALR Exclusion|url=https://www.lawsonlundell.com/real-estate-law-blog/private-landowners-lose-ability-to-apply-for-ALR-Exclusion|publisher=Lawson Lundell LLP|date=13 October 2020|first=James|author=Fraser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bill 15 takes away landowners' rights|date=13 March 2019|first=Donna|author=Barnett|url=https://cfjctoday.com/2019/03/13/bill-15-takes-away-landowners-rights/|publisher=CFJC Today: Everything Kamloops!}}</ref> == Ụtụ isi nke ala ALR == === Ịkwụsị ịtụ ụtụ isi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ === Ma a na-eji ala ha eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, enwere 50% ụtụ isi maka ndị nwe ala ALR maka ụtụ isi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụtụ isi TransLink na Metro Vancouver). : 5 <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Province of British Columbia|url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/taxes/property-taxes/annual-property-tax/tax-notice/calculation-hints|date=15 February 2021|title=Calculation hints}}</ref> <ref name="Chamber2021">{{Cite web|title=Using Property Tax Reform to Support Agriculture Production (2021)|url=https://bcchamber.org/policy-search/using-property-tax-reform-support-agriculture-production-2021|author=British Columbia Chamber of Commerce|accessdate=2024-07-09|archivedate=2024-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311182344/https://bcchamber.org/policy-search/using-property-tax-reform-support-agriculture-production-2021}}</ref> Nnyocha nke Mahadum Polytechnic nke Kwantlen kwuru na nnwere onwe ụtụ isi a na-agba ume inwe ala ma ọ bụghị ''ọrụ ugbo'' nke ala ALR. : 6  Nnyocha nke mpaghara Greater Vancouver (Metro Vancouver) na-achọpụta na ndị bụ isi na-erite uru na nkwụsị ahụ bụ ihe onwunwe dị na ALR nkewa dị ka "Ebe obibi": 6  Ebe ọ bụ na ejighị ihe ndị a eme ihe maka ugbo, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na-atụ aro iwepụ nhapụ ahụ ka e wee nwee ike. debe nha nha n'ofe ndị nwe ala obibi n'ime na n'èzí ALR.<ref name="Metro">{{cite report | title=Encouraging Agricultural Production through Farm Property Tax Reform in Metro Vancouver | url=https://metrovancouver.org/services/regional-planning/Documents/agriculture-production-tax-reform-metro-vancouver-2016.pdf | author=metrovancouver | date=2016 }}</ref> : 6 : 6  === Ụtụ isi maka ihe onwunwe === Ụtụ isi ụlọ na-adịkarị ala n'ala dị n'ime ALR, ọ bụrụgodị na ala anaghị akọ ugbo. Nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-enyocha ihe onwunwe dabere na uru ahịa nke ala ahụ na-eburu n'uche "ojiji kachasị elu na nke kachasị mma" yana ụkpụrụ ihe onwunwe ime obodo yiri ya. Ojiji nke ụlọ kacha elu na nke kacha mma bụ nke ALR na mmachi iji ala na nkewa mee ihe machiri ya. Ya mere, ala dị n'ime ALR na-enwekarị ọnụ ahịa dị ala, ọbụlagodi mgbe a na-enye ya Residential, Commercial, or Industrial.: 11  Nnyocha e mere maka Metro Vancouver chọpụtara na maka ihe onwunwe 5-acre enyochara dị ka Residential na Langley (nke na-enweghị "ọnọdụ ugbo). ") nke na-akwụ $13,656 na ụtụ ụlọ, ihe atụ atụnyere dị ka Residential na ALR ga-akwụ $3,880 na ụtụ ụlọ.: 11-12  Ọmụmụ ahụ kwuru na ajụjụ gbasara nha anya n'etiti ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi apụtala, ebe ọ bụ na ojiji obibi na azụmahịa n'ime ALR mepụtara. ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ndị gọọmentị ime obodo na-enweta site na ụtụ ụlọ (ụlọ ọrụ, njem ụgbọ njem, ndị uwe ojii, ọkụ na ọrụ mberede). <ref name="Metro" />: 3  == Ihe owuwu ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ALR == A na-egbochi ihe owuwu na ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mana enyere ya ikike na ALR iji nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere akụ na ụba metụtara ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Development of Farm Structures for Farm-Related Commercial and Farm-Related Industrial Uses in the ALR: Policy L-24|date=October 2019|url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/assets/alc/assets/legislation-and-regulation/policies/alc_-_policy_l-24_-_farm_related_commercial_and_farm_related_industrial_uses.pdf|publisher=Agricultural Land Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Agricultural Land Reserves in BC|date=20 June 2023|publisher=Smythe|url=https://www.smythecpa.com/blog/overview-of-agricultural-land-reserves-in-bc/|first=Subash|author=Chand}}</ref>Akụkọ 2020 kwadebere maka gọọmentị BC tụrụ aro ịhapụ ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke otu pasent nke ala ALR nke mpaghara ahụ iji mepụta ụdị ọhụrụ nke ala ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name="CBC2020">{{Cite news|publisher=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-food-security-re...-sparks-debate-on-technology-and-agricultural-land-reserve-1.5608661|title=B.C. food security report sparks debate on technology and agricultural land reserve|date=13 June 2020|first=Maryse|author=Zeidler}}</ref>Iji gbochie nchegbu banyere ikwe ka ihe owuwu dị n'ala a na-akọ ugbo, ala a gbanwere ga-abụ ala dị ala, na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ọrụ ugbo (CLI Classes 4-7). <ref name="FSTF">{{cite report | title=The Future of B.C.'s Food System: Findings & Recommendations from the B.C. Food Security Task Force | first1=Peter | last1=Dhillon | first2=Lenore | last2=Newman | first3=Arvind | last3=Gupta | publisher=Government of British Columbia | url=https://engage.gov.bc.ca/app/uploads/sites/121/2020/01/FSTF-Report-2020-The-Future-of-Food.pdf }}</ref> 12, 73, 74 <ref name="CBC2020" /> N'afọ 2022, e dezigharịrị iwu ALR iji kwalite ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo site n'ikwe ka ihe ọkụkụ na-eto n'elu shelf ndị kwụ ọtọ. Mgbanwe ahụ bu n'uche ibelata ọnụahịa ọkụ eletrik na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, melite arụmọrụ ugbo, ma nyere aka na ụkọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8633313/b-c-amends-agricultural-land-reserve-regulations-to-promote-vertical-farming/|first=Simon|author=Little|title=B.C. amends Agricultural Land Reserve regulations to promote vertical farming|date=19 February 2022|publisher=Global News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/province-puts-vertical-farms-on-horizon-to-boost-b-c-food-security|title=Province puts vertical farms on horizon to boost B.C. food security: B.C. to include so-called vertical farm buildings on list of allowable farm uses permissible on ALR land without Agricultural Land Commission permission|first=Derrick|author=Penner|date=20 February 2022|publisher=Vancouver Sun}}</ref> == Arụmụka == === Ntọala nke ALR === Ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrụ ugbo mere mkpesa maka okike nke ALR, n'ihi na ha megidere ihe mgbochi ALR na-etinye na ihe ndị nwe ala nwere ike ime na ala nke ha.<ref name="Mickleburgh">{{Cite news|publisher=The Globe and Mail|first=Rod|author=Mickleburgh|date=14 September 2012|title=B.C. farmers' anger turns to support for Agricultural Land Reserve|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/bc-farmers-anger-turns-to-support-for-agricultural-land-reserve/article4547579/}}</ref> Ihe mgbochi ndị ahụ na-egbochi ikike ihe onwunwe nke onwe ha, ma si otú ahụ belata ọnụ ahịa ala. Afọ iri anọ ka e mesịrị, nkwado n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ anụ ghọrọ ihe zuru ebe niile, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe na-enweghị ikike, dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke BC Agriculture Council si kwuo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/bc-farmers-anger-turns-to-support-for-agricultural-land-reserve/article4547579/|title=B.C. farmers' anger turns to support for Agricultural Land Reserve|accessdate=19 July 2013|quote=Richard Bullock, the Chairman of the Agricultural Land Commission said, "Farmers have accepted that the ALR is here to stay." On a tour of the province shortly after taking over the land commission in 2010, Bullock said he was astounded to find pro-ALR sentiment "almost universal. People want us to do the right thing."|work=The Globe and Mail|date=17 September 2012}}</ref> === Ụlọ "Monster" === N'afọ 2017, onye kansụl obodo Richmond kwuru na ya achọghị "ụlọ ukwu na obere ugbo". <ref name="Jang">{{Cite news|publisher=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/richmond-ponders-bylaw-to-restrict-house-size-on-farmland/article33630616/|title=Richmond ponders bylaw to restrict house size on farmland|date=15 January 2017}}</ref> na-ewu ihe a na-akpọ "ụlọ ndị mmụọ ọjọọ" na ala ALR nke Richmond, ebe nkezi ụlọ ahụ ruru square feet 12,087 na 2015, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 7,329 na 2010. Onye bụbu onye isi oche ALR bụ Frank Leonard kwuru na ụlọ "monster" bụ nnukwu nsogbu n'ebe ụfọdụ dị ka Richmond, ebe ọ bụ na ala ugbo "efuola" mgbe mmadụ zụrụ ala ALR ma wuo "ụlọ 10,000-square-foot tinyere ogige tennis, ọdọ mmiri na ụlọ ndị ọzọ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saanichnews.com/news/former-saanich-mayor-frank-leonard-assigned-chair-of-agricultural-land-commission-225397|first=Bill|author=Cleverley|publisher=Victoria Times-Colonist|title=Saanich wants to stop monster houses from being built on farm land|date=24 June 2018}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na iwu iji ala eme ihe anaghị ekwe ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị n'ala ugbo, e nwere akụkọ banyere nnukwu ụlọ a na-ewu na Richmond nke bụ ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ onwe onye. <ref name="Jang" /><ref name="Tomlinson">{{Cite news|title=On B.C.'s farmland, mega-mansions and speculators reap the rewards of lucrative tax breaks|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/investigations/farmland-and-real-estate-in-british-columbia/article32923810/|date=18 November 2016|first=Kathy|author=Tomlinson|publisher=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Na nzaghachi, na 2018 gọọmentị mpaghara weputara oke square mita 500 (ihe dịka square mita 5400) maka ebe obibi bụ isi e wuru na ALR.<ref name="govBC">{{Cite web|title=Legislation to protect farmland now in force|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2019AGRI0018-000261|publisher=BC Gov News, Province of BC|date=23 February 2019}}</ref> B.C. Farmland Owners Association megidere iwu ahụ na-ekwu na gọọmentị ejighị ha kwurịta okwu nke ọma, nakwa na njedebe nke square mita 500 agaghị ekwe ka ohere zuru ezu maka ihe na-abụkarị azụmaahịa ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Metro Vancouver farmers gear up for fight over 'monster homes'|first=Paul|author=Johnson|publisher=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4699788/metro-vancouver-farmers-gear-up-for-fight-over-monster-homes/|date=26 November 2018}}</ref> E mechara belata ihe mgbochi ka o wee, malite na 31 Disemba ², yana ebe obibi bụ isi nwere ala nke 500 m² ma ọ bụ obere, a na-ekwe ka ndị nwe ala nwee otu ebe obibi nke nwere ala nke 90 m² maọbụ na-erughị (186 m2 na ala 40 hekta ma ọ bụ karịa), ma ọ bụrụ na iwu gọọmentị ime obodo kwere.<ref name="TC">{{Cite web|title=Central Saanich seeks feedback on allowing more homes on agricultural land|first=Roxanne|author=Egan-Elliott|date=19 October 2023|publisher=Times Colonist|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/central-saanich-seeks-feedback-on-allowing-more-homes-on-agricultural-land-7705018}}</ref>: 2-3 Ọzọkwa, enwere ike ịchọta ụlọ nke abụọ n'ụlọ obibi.<ref name="IB052023">{{cite report | last=Agricultural Land Commission | date=27 June 2023 | title=Information Bulletin 05: Residences in the ALR | url=https://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/assets/alc/assets/legislation-and-regulation/information-bulletins/ib_05_residences_in_the_alr.pdf }}</ref> 7, 16 Ọzọkwa, e wepụrụ ihe achọrọ na onye nwe ala ma ọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ ga-eji ebe obibi ndị ọzọ mee ihe.<ref name="biv">{{Cite news|title=Restrictions (slightly) eased for ALR farmland in British Columbia|url=https://biv.com/article/2021/10/restrictions-slightly-eased-alr-farmland-british-columbia|first=Sandor|author=Gyarmati|date=7 October 2021|publisher=Business in Vancouver}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, ALC nwere ike ịnakwere ebe obibi ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ maka iji ugbo eme ihe. <ref name="govBC"/> <ref name="biv" /> === Ịkwụsịtụ Ụtụ Isi === Otu akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 2016 sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Globe and Mail chọpụtara na ka ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-arị elu na ahịa ụlọ obibi nke Vancouver, uru ụtụ isi nke ihe onwunwe ALR mụbara. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ chọpụtara nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụ ahịa ahịa na nyocha mpaghara maka akụrụngwa 122 nyochara. N'otu ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ dị na ALR kwụrụ ihe dị ka $5,300 na ụtụ ụlọ ebe ụlọ obibi dị n'otu obodo nwere otu uru ahịa ga-akwụ ihe ruru $77,000. Akụkọ ahụ gosikwara nkwụsịtụ ụtụ isi metụtara ụtụ ọhụrụ 15% nke mpaghara na ala na ụlọ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa si mba ọzọ zụtara. Ụtụ a na-emetụta naanị ọnụahịa ere nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo, ebe ịzụrụ ala ALR enweghị ụtụ isi.<ref name="Tomlinson" /> === Ọgwụgwọ dị mma maka ndị na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ === Enweela nkatọ maka enweghị nkwekọrịta n'otu esi etinye usoro iwu ugbo, n'ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ pụrụ iche maka ndị na-emepụta mmanya na ngwaahịa mmanya ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge, onye ọrụ ugbo chọrọ ije ozi n'ugbo ha n'ụlọ nri kwesịrị ịmị mmanya, ebe ọ bụ na a na-anabata ọrụ nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na ALR ma ọ bụrụ na ugbo ahụ na-emepụta mmanya na-aba n'anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agricultural Land Commission Act: Agricultural Land Reserve Use Regulation B.C. Reg. 30/2019|url=https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/30_2019|date=22 February 2019|publisher=British Columbia}}</ref>: 6–7 <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=BC Gov News|title=Revitalization of the Agricultural Land Reserve and the Agricultural Land Commission|date=18 June 2019|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/factsheets/agricultural-land-reserve-and-agricultural-land-commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Victoria Times-Colonist|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/agricultural-land-reserve-rules-frustrate-nanoose-farmers-4673833|title=Agricultural Land Reserve rules frustrate Nanoose farmers: A Nanoose Bay farming couple say they should not have to set up a brewery in order to serve home-grown food in their on-site restaurant|first=Carla|author=Wilson|date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|publisher=Global News|title=Vancouver Island farm forced to add on brewery to keep restaurant open on ALR land|date=15 May 2019|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5278895/vancouver-island-farm-brewery-forced/|first=Kylie|author=Stanton}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Greenbelt (Golden Horseshoe) , ebe nchekwa yiri ya na Ontario. * Williamson Act, usoro yiri nke ahụ maka [[California]]. == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j9vzvetksr9qp0vomksabv4y59xmw1x 0 49495 742498 706963 2026-11-03T08:06:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742498 wikitext text/x-wiki Assarting bụ omume nke iwepụ ala ọhịa maka iji ya mee ihe n'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] ma ọ bụ ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. N'Iwu ala England, ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ịhazi akụkụ ọ bụla nke oké ọhịa eze na-enweghị ikike. Nke a bụ -" data-linkid="12" href="./Trespass" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Trespass">mmebi iwu kasịnụ a ga-eme n'oké ọhịa, n'ịbụ ihe karịrị ihe mkpofu: ebe mkpofu nke oké ọhịa ahụ gụnyere igbu osisi na obere osisi, nke nwere ike itolite ọzọ, assarting gụnyere iwepu osisi niile kpamkpam - mkpochapụ zuru oke nke mpaghara oké ọhịa. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ assart mee ihe maka otu ala e kewara. Assart rent bụ ndị a kwụrụ Eze Britain maka ala ọhịa ndị e kewara. Okwu a sitere na okwu French bụ essarter nke pụtara iwepụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọhịa. N'ebe ugwu England, a na-akpọ nke a ridding.<ref name="Muir"/> == Usoro == N'Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya, ala a kpochapụrụ na-abụkarị ala nkịtị mana mgbe a gbasịrị ya, ohere ahụ ghọrọ nke onwe. Usoro ahụ were ụdị dị iche iche. Ọ na-abụkarị otu onye ọrụ ugbo na-eme ya nke na-ewepụ oghere dị n'oké ọhịa, na-ahapụ ubi e ji mgbidi kpuchie. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, ìgwè ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ ọbụna obodo nta dum rụrụ ọrụ ahụ ma kewaa nsonaazụ ya n'ime eriri ma kesaa ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo. Obodo ndị mọnk, ọkachasị Ndị Cistercian, mgbe ụfọdụ, yana ndị isi obodo.<ref name="Muir">{{Cite book|author=Muir|first=Richard|title=Landscape Encyclopaedia|url=https://archive.org/details/landscapeencyclo0000muir|year=2004|publisher=Windgather Press|location=Cheshire UK|isbn=0-9545575-1-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/landscapeencyclo0000muir/page/6 6]–7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMuir2004">Muir, Richard (2004). ''Landscape Encyclopaedia''. Cheshire UK: Windgather Press. pp.&nbsp;6–7. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-9545575-1-4|<bdi>0-9545575-1-4</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ala a kpochapụrụ na-ahapụkarị ahịhịa ahịhịhịa, nke na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke osisi ndị dị ka obere akwụkwọ lime ma ọ bụ Ọrụ ọhịa ma nwee osisi ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ahịhịrị ahịhọta, dị ka hazel.<ref>Barker, Hugh ''Hedge Britannia'' 2012 Bloomsbury, London p&nbsp;26</ref> Ihe atụ dị na Dorset, ebe enwere ọdịiche na mgbidi dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ, na Hatfield Broad Oak na Essex ebe mgbidi nke oge a ka na-agbaso ókèala nke oké ọhịa oge ochie, na [[Suffolk]]" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shelley, Suffolk">Shelley na Suffolk ebe e nwere mgbidi dị ogologo nke Osisi lime nke bụ ihe fọdụrụ na Nri afọ nke iri na itoolu.<ref>Barker, Hugh ''Hedge Britannia'' 2012 Bloomsbury, London pp 26–7</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Assarting has existed since Mesolithic times and often it relieved population pressures. During the 13th century, assarting was very active, but decreased with environmental and economic challenges in the 14th century. The Black Death in the late 1340s depopulated the countryside and many formerly assarted areas returned to woodland.<ref name="Muir"/> Assarting was described by landscape historian Richard Muir as typically being "like bites from an apple" as it was usually done on a small scale but large areas were sometimes cleared. Occasionally, people specialized in assarting and acquired the surname or family name of <nowiki>'Sart''</nowiki>. <ref name="Muir"/> Aha ubi na Britain na-ejigide mmalite ha mgbe ụfọdụ na assarting ma ọ bụ colonisation site na aha ha dị ka: 'Stocks'; 'Stubbings'; 'Sart'; 'Ridding'; 'Royd'; 'Brake'; 'Breach'; ma ọ bụ 'Hay'. <ref name="Muir"/> Ọtụtụ ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu France a na-akpọ 'Les Essarts' ma ọ bụ na-ejedebe na '-art' na-ezo aka n'omume ahụ. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} t39tycrsmmk0qbvmw4m7kcurf7l0tyz 0 49507 742650 178369 2026-11-03T08:56:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742650 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Saline_Seep02_(24196757527).jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Halophyte na-eto eto n'ala nnu nke Liberty County, July 1983.]] Biosaline agriculture is the production and growth of plants in saline rich groundwater and/or soil. In water scarce locations, salinity poses a serious threat to agriculture due to its toxicity to most plants. Abiotic stressors such as salinity, extreme temperatures, and drought make plant growth difficult in many climate regions. Integration of biosaline solutions is becoming necessary in arid and semiarid climates where freshwater abundance is low and seawater is ample. Salt-tolerant plants that flourish in high-salinity conditions are called halophytes. Halophyte implementation has the potential to restore salt-rich environments, provide for global food demands, produce medicine and biofuels, and conserve fresh water..<ref name=":2"/> == Ojiji == * '''Ihe ọkụkụ''': Halophytes dị iche iche, dị ka ''[&#x3C;i&#x20;id= .]''/Mesembryanthemum_crystallinum" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mesembryanthemum crystallinum">Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, na ''Salsola soda'', bụ akwụkwọ nri ndị a pụrụ ịzụlite maka oriri mmadụ. Halophytes ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''Bassia hyssopifolia'' na ''Panicum turgidum'' nwere ike iji dị ka nri ma ọ bụ nri anụ iji nye anụ ụlọ nri, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka nri a na-ejikarị eme ihe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Nikalje|first=Ganesh C.|date=2017-11-26|title=Halophytes in biosaline agriculture: Mechanism, utilization, and value addition|journal=Land Degradation & Development|volume=29|issue=4|pages=1081–1095|doi=10.1002/ldr.2819|issn=1085-3278}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNikaljeSrivastavaPandeySuprasanna2017">Nikalje, Ganesh C.; Srivastava, Ashish K.; Pandey, Girdhar K.; Suprasanna, Penna (2017-11-26). "Halophytes in biosaline agriculture: Mechanism, utilization, and value addition". ''Land Degradation & Development''. '''29''' (4): 1081–1095. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/ldr.2819|10.1002/ldr.2819]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:1085-3278|1085-3278]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134784003 134784003].</cite></ref> * Desalination / Restoration: Ọrụ ugbo Biosaline nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide maka ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala n'ihi na ọ na-enye ohere iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi. Halophytes nwere ihe ndị nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị nro ghara ịdị n'ime mmiri, na-ejide ọla dị arọ n'ime ala, ma ghara ịchọ mmiri dị ọcha iji mepụta. Site n'ịkụ ọtụtụ okirikiri nke halophytes, enwere ike iweghachi ala ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma maka iji ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala. Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ime site na mbufe nke halophyte na osisi ndị nwere nnu. Nke a na-eme ka nnagide nnu nke glycophytes, ụdị ndị na-emetụta nnu nke mejupụtara ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ.<ref name=":2" /> * '''Ọgwụ:''' Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo Biosaline na-akụ osisi ndị nwere ihe mgbochi ọzịza, antioxidant, na ihe mgbochi kansa. Ihe atụ nke ụdị ndị a gụnyere ''Arthrocnemum indicum na Limoniastrum monopetalum'' . <ref name=":2" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, halophytes dị iche iche dị ka ''Heliotropium curassavicum'', nwere ike ịkwalite ọgwụgwọ ọnyá.<ref name=":2" /> * Biofuel: Nnyocha na-aga n'ihu banyere uru nke ojiji halophyte na mmepụta biofuel. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40% mmanụ kwa mkpụrụ na ụdị dị ka ''Karelinia caspia,'' nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu methane.<ref name=":2" /> == Hụkwa == * Ala alkali - Ụdị ala nwere pH > 8.5 * Mmeghachi omume Arabidopsis thaliana na nnu * Mmiri nke oké osimiri na-anabata ihe ọkụkụ - Mmiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-anabata mmiri bụ ikike nke ihe ọkpọkọ na-anagide nnukwu nnu nke mmiri nke mmiri nke na-agba mmiri na-akpata.Peeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ * Mmetụta nke nnu na-eme ka mmiri kpụkọọ - Usoro iwepụ ice, snow, ma ọ bụ ice site n'eluPeeji ndị na-egosi nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke ndị a na-achọ ịlaghachi * Mmiri nnu nke ihe ọkụkụ * Mmiri nnu nke ala - Mmiri nnu dị n'ala == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} 1fhd3fgky46b1p4itdy7hcv1pnkdj7s 0 49520 742477 698455 2026-11-03T08:02:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742477 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Deer-Eating.jpg|thumb| Mgbada nwere ọdụ ọcha na-achọ akwụkwọ na Enderby, British Columbia]] Nchọgharị bụ ụdị ahịhịa ahịhịa nke ahịhịa (ma ọ bụ, akọwapụtara nke ọma, folivore) na-eri akwụkwọ, ome dị nro, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nke na-eto eto, na-adịkarị osisi osisi dị ka osisi. Nke a dị iche na ịta nri, na-ejikọta ya na anụmanụ na-eri ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị ala. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-azụ anụ bụ anụmanụ na-eri tumadi ahịhịa, na ihe nchọgharị bụ anụmanụ na-eri tumadi ahịhịa na-abụghị ahịhịa, nke gụnyere ma osisi na ahịhịa ahịhịa. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ihe atụ nke dichotomy a bụ ewu (nke bụ ihe nchọgharị) na atụrụ (nke bụ ndị na-azụ anụ).. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Houston|first=Sarah BrownSarah Phylis BrownOrigin|date=2019-04-26|title=Difference Between Browser and Grazer|url=http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-browser-and-grazer/|accessdate=2024-04-13|work=Difference Between|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Axis_axis_(Nagarhole,_2010).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ịchụgharị chital na Nagarhole (Karnataka, [[Ndia|India]]) ]] A na-akpọ ihe ọkụkụ a na-eri dị ka chọgharịa ma na-esi n'okike ewere ya ozugbo site na osisi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwe anụ ụlọ dị ka ewu na mgbada nwere ike igbutu alaka ma ọ bụ alaka maka ịzụ ngwaahịa ha. Na mpaghara ihu igwe, ndị nwe na-agagharị tupu akwụkwọ daa, wee kpoo ma chekwaa ya dị ka mgbakwunye nri oyi. N'oge ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ndị na-azụrụ anụ ụlọ nwere ike igbutu alaka n'ofe ebe ngwaahịa ha na-enweta, dị ka nri nri na ala. Na mpaghara okpomọkụ, ebe nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-eduga ndị nwe ụlọ ka ha na-eme nke a ugboro ugboro, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke nkwụsịtụ nke ọkọnọ. Anụmanụ nọ n'agha nwere ike inye nri chọgharị ka ọ bụrụ nnọchi maka isi nri anụ ọhịa ha; N'ihe banyere pandas, ihe nchọgharị ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ụyọkọ akwụkwọ banana, ome achara, pine dị gịrịgịrị, spruce, fir na alaka willow, ahịhịa na ahịhịa ala. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe nchọgharị na-eto nke ukwuu, ihe nchọgharị niile ha nwere ike iru nwere ike irichapụ. A na-akpọ ọkwa dị n'okpuru ebe akwụkwọ ole na ole ma ọ bụ enweghị akwụkwọ dị ka akara nchọgharị. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọgharị ihe karịrị akarị na-aga n'ihu ogologo oge, ike nke osisi ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịmalite ịmalite, n'ihi na osisi ndị na-eto eto enweghị ike ịdị ndụ ogologo oge iji too ogologo nke ukwuu maka ihe nchọgharị iru..{{Clear}} == Ifufe Anya == [[Usòrò:Weisergatter.png|thumb|Mgbidi nchịkwa iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ịnyagharị site na ungulates n'èzí mgbidi, enweghị mmelite ọhịa okike  ]] Overbrowsing na-eme mgbe ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-eri ihe na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị oke egwu, na-ebelata ikike ibu ma na-agbanwe ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=Relationships+between+Introduced+Black-tailed+Deer+and+the+Plant+Life+of+the+Queen+Charlotte+Islands,+British+Columbia.&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5|title=Relationships between Introduced Black-tailed Deer and the Plant Life of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. - Google Scholar|work=scholar.google.ca|accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">Pojar, J., Lewis, T., Roemer, H., and Wilford, D.J. 1980. Relationships between Introduced Black-tailed Deer and the Plant Life of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Unpublished Manuscript, Ministry of Forests, Smithers, B.C. 63 p.</ref> Ihe atụ nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa gburugburu ụwa gụnyere koala na Southern Australia, webatara ụmụ anụmanụ na New Zealand, na Cervids n'oké ọhịa nke North America na Europe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whisson|first=Desley A.|date=2016-01-06|title=Failure to Respond to Food Resource Decline Has Catastrophic Consequences for Koalas in a High-Density Population in Southern Australia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=1|pages=e0144348|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0144348|issn=1932-6203|pmid=26735846}}</ref> === Nchịkọta === A na-eji ihe mkpuchi Moose (ebe ndị e mechiri emechi) iji chọpụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Cervids, na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ohere iji tụnyere osisi, anụmanụ, na ala n'ime na n'èzí nke ihe mkpuchi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Wardle|first=David A.|date=2001-01-01|title=Introduced Browsing Mammals in New Zealand Natural Forests: Aboveground and Belowground Consequences|url=https://archive.org/details/ecological-monographs_2001-11_71_4/page/587|journal=Ecological Monographs|volume=71|issue=4|pages=587–614|doi=10.2307/3100037}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWardleBarkerYeatesBonner2001">Wardle, David A.; Barker, Gary M.; Yeates, Gregor W.; Bonner, Karen I.; Ghani, Anwar (2001-01-01). "Introduced Browsing Mammals in New Zealand Natural Forests: Aboveground and Belowground Consequences". ''Ecological Monographs''. '''71''' (4): 587–614. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3100037|10.2307/3100037]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3100037 3100037].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/3874|title=Deer browsing in northern hardwoods after clearcutting. Effect on height, density, and stocking of regeneration of commercial species|journal=Res. Pap. Ne-57. Upper Darby, Pa: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 15 P|volume=057|author=Jordan|first=James S.|date=1967-01-01}}</ref> Mgbanwe dị n'etiti ndị na-eri ahịhịa na nzaghachi maka nri ahịhịhịa gosipụtara ọdịiche dị n'ụdị nke osisi na ndị na-azụ ahịhụ, yana ikike dịgasị iche iche nke osisi na-anabata ọkwa dị elu nke nchọpụta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Côté|first=Steeve D.|date=2004-01-01|title=Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance|journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics|volume=35|pages=113–147|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCôtéRooneyTremblayDussault2004">Côté, Steeve D.; Rooney, Thomas P.; Tremblay, Jean-Pierre; Dussault, Christian; Waller, Donald M. (2004-01-01). "Ecological Impacts of Deer Overabundance". ''Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics''. '''35''': 113–147. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725|10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105725]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/30034112 30034112].</cite></ref> Ogologo osisi ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-ahọrọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ ahịhịhịa n'ógbè na mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Koh|first=Saewan|date=March 2010|title=Trillium grandiflorum height is an indicator of white-tailed deer density at local and regional scales|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.021|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=259|issue=8|pages=1472–1479|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.021|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke ihe mejupụtara na nke nhazi na ahịhịa ọhịa nwere ike inwe mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi dum, gụnyere mmetụta na ogo ala na nkwụsi ike, micro- na macro- invertebrates, obere anụ na-enye nwa ara, nnụnụ na-abụ abụ, na ikekwe ọbụna nnukwu anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2" /> === Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya === [[Usòrò:Grey_Rhebok_2017_08_22_5546.jpg|thumb|rhebok na-acha ntụ ntụ]] E nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ihe na-eri ahịhịa na-eribiga ihe ókè na overbrowsing na-esote. A na-ewebata ndị na-eri ahịhịa n'ala ebe ahịhịhịa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla mepụtara iji guzogide nchọgharị, na ndị na-egbu egbu emeghị ka ha mara ịchụ nta.<ref name=":1"/> N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-agafe ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ihi mbelata ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ nrụgide anụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eri anụ belatara na North America na narị afọ nke 19 ma iwu ịchụ nta siri ike karị, na-enye aka n'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ cervid gafee North America.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chollet|first=Simon|date=2013-04-01|title=Declining woodland birds in North America: should we blame Bambi?|journal=Diversity and Distributions|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=481–483|doi=10.1111/ddi.12003|issn=1472-4642}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, mgbanwe ala n'ihi mmepe mmadụ, dị ka n'ọrụ ugbo na ọhịa, nwere ike ịmepụta mpaghara ọhịa dị iche iche nke mgbada na-agagharị, na-achọgharị na ebe obibi mbụ na-esote na mpụga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alverson|first=William S.|date=1988-01-01|title=Forests Too Deer: Edge Effects in Northern Wisconsin|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_1988-12_2_4/page/348|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=2|issue=4|pages=348–358|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x}}</ref> Ubi ugbo na ubi Ọhịa na-eto eto na-enye mgbada nri dị elu na-eduga n'Ịba ụba na mmụba nrụgide na-achọgharị na osisi ndị dị n'okpuru ọhịa.<ref name=":0"/> [[Usòrò:Youngbullantlers.JPG|thumb|Nwa Alaska moose na-achọgharị na alders]] Overbrowsing na-emetụta osisi n'otu n'otu, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, na ọkwa obodo. Mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke nchọgharị dị ukwuu n'etiti ụdị ndị na-adịghị anabata, dị ka ndị otu ''Trillium'', nke nwere anụ ahụ photosynthetic na akụkụ ọmụmụ niile n'elu otu ogwe.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Augustine|first=David J.|date=2003-01-01|title=Defining deer overabundance and threats to forest communities: From individual plants to landscape structure|journal=Écoscience|volume=10|issue=4|pages=472–486|doi=10.1080/11956860.2003.11682795|issn=1195-6860}}</ref> Nke a pụtara na mgbada nwere ike iri anụ ahụ niile na-amụ nwa na photosynthetic n'otu oge, na-ebelata ịdị elu nke osisi ahụ, ikike photosynthetics, na mmepụta ọmụmụ.<ref name=":4" /> Nke a bụ otu ihe atụ nke otu oke mkpuchi nwere ike isi duga na mfu nke ndị na-amụ nwa n'ime ndị mmadụ, na enweghị Nchịkọta nke osisi ndị na-eto eto. Osisi na-adịkwa iche na uto ha na ndị na-eri ahịhịa. N'ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa, osisi ndị a họọrọ nke ọma dị ka browse nwere ike ịhapụ obere na nnukwu mmadụ n'etiti ndị bi na ya.<ref name=":4" /> N'ógbè, nchọgharị siri ike nke mgbada n'ime ọhịa na-eduga na mbelata n'ụba nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-atọ ụtọ, na mmụba nke graminoid na Briophyte nke a na-ahapụ site na asọmpi maka ìhè. <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chollet|first=Simon|date=2013-12-01|title=A better world for bryophytes? A rare and overlooked case of positive community-wide effects of browsing by overabundant deer|journal=Écoscience|volume=20|issue=4|pages=352–360|doi=10.2980/20-4-3627|issn=1195-6860}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> ==== Nchọgharị Nrụgide na Nchịkọta Nchịkọta ==== Ike nke nrụgide na-achọgharị na-adịkarị iche dabere na uto nke ụdị osisi na ndị na-eri ahịhịa. Enwere ike ịchọ ụdị osisi ụfọdụ n'ihi uto ha dị elu, ebe enwere ike izere ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ghara imetụta ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Borowski|first=Zbigniew|date=2021-09-15|title=Density-related effect of red deer browsing on palatable and unpalatable tree species and forest regeneration dynamics|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112721005314|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=496|pages=119442|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119442|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> ==== Mmetụta Mmetụta Na Mmụba nke Osisi ==== Nchọgharị nwere ike imetụta ọmụmụ osisi site n'ibelata nnweta akwụkwọ maka photosynthesis na okooko osisi maka mmịpụta. Overbrowsing nwere ike iduga mbelata na mmepụta mkpụrụ, gbochie iwebata ndị ọhụrụ ma gbanwee ụdị dị iche iche nke osisi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337204564}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spotswood|first=Erica|date=2002-02-12|title=Effects of herbivory on the reproductive effort of 4 prairie perennials|journal=BMC Ecology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2|doi=10.1186/1472-6785-2-2|issn=1472-6785}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Browsing_and_Grazing_Ungulates_on_Plant_Characteristics_and_Dynamics|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337204564}}</ref> === Mmetụta ọ na-emetụta anụmanụ ndị ọzọ === Overbrowsing nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ọhịa dị nso, ụdị osisi, oke ahịhịa, na ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, na nsonaazụ maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bi n'ọhịa.<ref name=":0"/> Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na-adabere na ahịhịa dị nso na ala maka ebe obibi; anụmanụ ndị a nwere ike ịla n'iyi site na ebe ndị na-achọgharị nke ọma.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Stewart|first=A.J.A.|date=2001-01-01|title=The impact of deer on lowland woodland invertebrates: a review of the evidence and priorities for future research|journal=Forestry|language=en|volume=74|issue=3|pages=259–270|doi=10.1093/forestry/74.3.259|issn=0015-752X}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, nhọrọ kachasị mma nke ụdị osisi ụfọdụ site na ndị na-eri ahịhịa nwere ike imetụta anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na osisi ndị ahụ.<ref name=":5" /> Nnụnụ ndị na-abụ abụ na-agagharị agagharị na-adabere na ahịhịa dị n'okpuru ala maka ime akwụ́ na ebe obibi; mbelata nke osisi ndị dị n'ime ala nke mgbada kpatara nwere ike iduga na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ na-abụ egwu n'oké ọhịa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jirinec|first=Vitek|date=2017-05-01|title=Songbird community varies with deer use in a fragmented landscape|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning|volume=161|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.01.003}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọnwụ nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche nke dị n'okpuru ala nke jikọtara ya na ungulate overbrowsing nwere ike imetụta obere anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara na-adabere na ahịhịa a maka mkpuchi na nri.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Flowerdew|first=J.R.|date=2001-01-01|title=Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology|journal=Forestry|language=en|volume=74|issue=3|pages=277–287|doi=10.1093/forestry/74.3.277|issn=0015-752X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFlowerdew2001">Flowerdew, J.R. (2001-01-01). [[doi:10.1093/forestry/74.3.277|"Impacts of woodland deer on small mammal ecology"]]. ''Forestry''. '''74''' (3): 277–287. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1093/forestry/74.3.277|10.1093/forestry/74.3.277]]</span>. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0015-752X|0015-752X]].</cite></ref> === Nchịkwa na mgbake === Overbrowsing nwere ike iduga obodo osisi na steeti nguzozi nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eri ahịhịa belatara nke ukwuu maka oge zuru ezu, a na-emekwa ihe iji weghachite obodo osisi mbụ.<ref name=":0" /> Nchịkwa iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbada nwere usoro atọ: (1) a na-ewepụ nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa ochie na-ejikọta ya na okpokoro mechiri emechi, (2) a na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eri anụ, na (3) ịchụ nta nke ndị na-azụ ahịhịa na-aba ụba.<ref name=":0" /> Ịgba ume maka mgbake osisi site n'ịkwalite isi iyi mkpụrụ nke osisi ala bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ijikwa mgbake site na overbrowsing.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tanentzap|first=Andrew J.|date=January 2011|title=Seeing the forest for the deer: Do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery?|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.015|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=144|issue=1|pages=376–382|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.015|issn=0006-3207}}</ref> Refugia n'ụdị ụyọkọ ikuku, nkume, ma ọ bụ osisi ndị dị larịị nke dị n'elu ala ọhịa nwere ike inye osisi ihe ndị na-echebe site na cervids.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Chollet|first=Simon|date=2013-02-01|title=Importance for forest plant communities of refuges protecting from deer browsing|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=289|pages=470–477|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.043}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Over-browsing in Pennsylvania creates a depauperate forest dominated by an understory tree: Results from a 60-year-old deer exclosure|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-torrey-botanical-society_july-september-2011_138_3/page/322|journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|volume=138|issue=3|pages=322–326|doi=10.3159/torrey-d-11-00018.1|year=2011|author=Kain|first=Morgan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Zachary T.|date=1998-01-01|title=Can Disturbance Create Refugia from Herbivores: An Example with Hemlock Regeneration on Treefall Mounds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-torrey-botanical-society_april-june-1998_125_2/page/165|journal=The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society|volume=125|issue=2|pages=165–168|doi=10.2307/2997303}}</ref> Ebe mgbaba ndị a nwere ike ịnwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obodo osisi nke ga-adị na-enweghị nrụgide nyocha, ma nwee ike ịdị iche na osisi ndị a na-ahụ na mpaghara ndị dị nso.<ref name=":6" /> Ọ bụrụ na mbọ nchịkwa bụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ cervid n'ime ala, ebe mgbaba ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe nlereanya maka mgbake nke osisi ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name=":6" /> == Hụkwa == * Mmekọrịta ndị ahịa na ihe onwunwe * [[Silvopasture|Ịkpa anụ ọhịa]] * Ebe obibi osisi * Mbelata nke osisi cedar na-acha odo odo == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} cbl8zylpct8kg3g11fevz3j59o1n3ti 0 49552 742317 184379 2026-11-02T13:16:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bank of Agriculture (BOA) 02.jpg|thumb|Bank of Agriculture]] ==== Ọnọdụ ==== Ụlọ akụ ahụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na mba nwere onyinye okike maka ọrụ ugbo, nnukwu ihe onwunwe ịgba mmiri, ihu igwe dị mma na ihe karịrị pacenti iri atọ nke ndị mmadụ na-adaba n'ime ndị ntorobịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BANK OF AGRICULTURE|url=https://bpe.gov.ng/bank-of-agriculture/|access-date=2024-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730155737/https://bpe.gov.ng/bank-of-agriculture/|archive-date=2024-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edensibia == k2qun86hyfu04hz2y2wtge945bjdsvq 0 49591 742398 213508 2026-11-03T05:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Escravos_River_to_Sapele_1979.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Escravos ruo Sapele 1979]] '''Osimiri Escravos''' bụ osimiri dị na ndịda [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], nke dị nso obodo Warri . <ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Escravos-River</ref> "Escravos" bụ okwu Portuguese nke pụtara "ohu" na mpaghara ahụ bụ otu n'ime isi ụzọ ndị na-esi enweta ahia ohu n'etiti [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na narị afọ nke 18.   Escravos bụ nkesa nke osimiri Niger, ọ na-eru maka kilomita 57 (35 mi), na-agwụ na Bight of Benin nke Gulf of Guinea ebe ọ na-abanye n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AGuri9TP5kgC&dq=Escravos+River+-wikipedia&pg=PA60 The Escravos Bar Project], By Reuben K. Udo, Geographical Regions of Nigeria, Page 60</ref> Chevron, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ US, nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mmanụ ya na Naijiria n'ọnụ Osimiri Escravos. Ogige mmanụ a na-agbapụta ihe dịka.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Study-area-Escravos-River-and-Chanomi-Creek_fig1_360062222</ref> Ejikọtara Escravos site na oke mmiri nke jikọtara ọnụ na osimiri Forcados, Warri, Benin na Ethiope.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2018-11-01|title=Dredging Escravos channel to boost Nigeria’s economy|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/dredging-escravos-channel-to-boost-nigerias-economy/|accessdate=2023-07-22|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Nigeria (N.P.A.) nyere ikike ipu mmiri nke Escravos bụ isi iji gbasaa ụzọ mmiri ka e wee nwee ohere maka ụgbọ mmiri buru ibu nke ga-emecha kwalite ọrụ akụ na ụba nke mpaghara ahụ ma baara mba ahụ uru n'ozuzu ya .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ganic|first=Eldin|date=2022-05-11|title=Escravos dredging contract awarded|url=https://www.dredgingtoday.com/2022/05/11/escravos-dredging-contract-awarded/|accessdate=2023-07-05|work=Dredging Today|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmetọ Mmiri == Mgbe kemịkal na-emetọ isi iyi mmiri, mmiri ahụ na-aghọ ihe na-adịghị mma maka ịṅụ, isi nri, ihicha, igwu mmiri, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ. Chemicals, ihe mkpofu, microorganisms, na parasites bụ ihe atụ nke mmetọ. Ụdị mmetọ niile na-emesị banye na mmiri. N'ọdọ mmiri na oké osimiri, mmetọ ikuku na-ada. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, osimiri, na n'ikpeazụ oké osimiri niile nwere ike imerụ site na ala. Ihe mkpofu a na-etinye n'ebe tọgbọrọ n'efu nwere ike imerụ isi iyi mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tozer|first=Lilly|date=2023-07-18|title=Water pollution ‘timebomb’ threatens global health|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02337-7|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-023-02337-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogundepo|first=Janet|date=2022-11-04|title=Stench from Lagos abattoir pollutes air, water, threatens residents’ health|url=https://punchng.com/stench-from-lagos-abattoir-pollutes-air-water-threatens-residents-health/|accessdate=2023-08-07|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe Na-akpata Mmetọ Mmiri == N'iburu n'uche na mmiri bụ ihe na-agwọ mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe dị mkpa maka ndụ, mmetọ mmiri bụ nnukwu nsogbu. Ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ihe mkpofu mmiri, nsị na mmiri mkpofu, mmanụ na-awụfu na mmiri na-agbapụta, ọrụ ugbo, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ihe mkpuchi radiation, na ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia bụ isi ihe asaa na-akpata mmetọ mmiri. Ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ, nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta, nwere ike imerụ usoro mmiri dị ọcha na kemịkal ndị dị ize ndụ na mmetọ ndị ọzọ, na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị mma maka oriri mmadụ ma na-agbanwe okpomọkụ nke usoro mmiri dị mma. Mgbe a na-atụfu ihe mkpofu n'ime mmiri oké osimiri, ọ nwere ike iwe n'etiti afọ abụọ na 200 ka ọ daa kpamkpam. Ọbụna mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, kemịkal ndị dị ize ndụ, nje, na pathogens ka nwere ike ịdị na nsị na mmiri nsị, na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye ma ndị mmadụ ma ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọrụ igwu mmanụ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ bụ ihe kpatara mmanụ na-agbapụta na nsị.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Nchịkwa === Mmetọ mmiri bụ nnukwu nsogbu nke na-emebi usoro okike ma na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na akụ na ụba. Iji mee ka mmiri dị ọcha, iwu na nchịkwa dị mma dị mkpa. Ndị mmadụ nwere ike iburu ihe mkpofu anụ ụlọ, zere ịsacha ihe ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi, ma debe ụgbọala ha n'ọnọdụ dị mma iji gbochie mmetọ. Nlekọta oge niile na mkpofu anụ ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike belata ọkwa mmetọ ma melite arụmọrụ ụgbọ ala. Anyị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ iji nweta mmiri dị ọcha na nke dị mma site n'ime ihe ndị a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=onlineecu|date=2019-09-09|title=What are the Causes of Water Pollution?|url=https://online.ecok.edu/articles/causes-of-water-pollution/|accessdate=2023-08-08|work=ECU Online|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207205046/https://online.ecok.edu/articles/causes-of-water-pollution/|archive-date=2023-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2023-01-11|title=Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know|accessdate=2023-08-08|work=www.nrdc.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ebenside == rhirggq62h4y06p7kfesi6gm6pcfs0f 0 49730 742530 729837 2026-11-03T08:11:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Boxer_(dog).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-akụ ọkpọ, na-egosi ntị ndị e kere eke na ndị e gburu egbu]] [[Usòrò:Dobermann_puppy.jpg|thumb|Nwa nkịta Doberman Pinscher nke e tinyere ntị ya na teepu iji zụọ ha n'ụdị na ụgbọ ala ha chọrọ mgbe a gbasịrị ya]] Ịkụ mkpụrụ bụ iwepụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe niile dị na mpụga ntị anụmanụ. Usoro a na-agụnye mgbe ụfọdụ nkwado nkwado na ịpị ntị nke fọdụrụnụ iji zụọ ha ka ha tụọ aka ọtọ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị na-eme na nkịta, ọ bụ omume ochie nke e mere maka ahụike aghọtara, ihe bara uru ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma. Sayensị ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ na-ekwu na ọ nweghị uru ahụike ma ọ bụ anụ ahụ maka anụmanụ site na usoro ahụ, na-eduga na nchegbu nke obi ọjọọ nke anụmanụ maka ịwa anụmanụ na-enweghị isi. N'oge a, amachibidoro ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ọtụtụ mba, mana ọ ka bụ nke iwu kwadoro na mba ole na ole. Ebe a na-anabata ya, a na-ahụ ya naanị n'ụdị nkịta ụfọdụ, dị ka olulu ehi na ụdị anụ ọhịa, Doberman Pinscher, Schnauzer, Great Dane, Boxer na Cane Corso.. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebumnuche == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eme ihe ọkụkụ na nkịta na-arụ ọrụ dịka a kwenyere na ọ ga-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ahụike, dị ka ọrịa ntị ma ọ bụ hematomas. A na-akọkwa ihe ọkụkụ na nkịta ndị nwere ike ịdị mkpa ịlụ ọgụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ha na-achụ nta anụ ndị nwere ike ịlụ ọgụ ma ọ bụ na-echebe ìgwè anụ ụlọ n'aka ndị na-eri anụ, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na a na-eji ha eme egwuregwu ọgụ dị ka ọgụ nkịta ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa bea..<ref name="Briar"></ref><ref name="murgai"> {{Cite book|author=Murgai|first=R.P., Major|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPPTZvzNNHMC|title=Handbook on Dogs|publisher=New Age International|year=1996|isbn=9788122408935|location=New Delhi, IN}}</ref> === Akụkọ mmalite === Omume Ndị Rom bụ ịkụ nkịta ntị iji zere mmebi na mmerụ ahụ n'ịlụ ọgụ ịchụ nta; na ọdụ ọdụ a na-eme iji zere ibufe ọrịa [[Rabis|rabies]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mills|first=Katelyn E.|date=2016-06-27|title=Tail Docking and Ear Cropping Dogs: Public Awareness and Perceptions|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=6|pages=e0158131|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0158131|issn=1932-6203|pmid=27348817}}</ref> === Ụdị ndị nche === Ịkpụ ntị nke Nkịta na-echebe anụ ụlọ bụ, ma ọ ka nwere ike ịbụ, omenala n'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ. A na-egbutu ntị nke nkịta ndị a na-eche nche - dị ka Caucasian Shepherd Dog <ref name="kavk"> {{Cite web|author=Samsonova|first=Anna|url=http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/328g02-en.doc|title=Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Kavkazskaïa Ovtcharka)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426221530/http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/328g02-en.doc|archivedate=2012-04-26|publisher=Fédération Cynologique Internationale|date=2 February 2011|accessdate=15 September 2011}} </ref> na Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog - iji belata ohere nke anụ ọhịa wolf ma ọ bụ nkịta ndị iro na-ejide ha. <ref name="breber"> {{Cite book|author=Breber|first=Paolo|year=1983|title=Il Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese|language=it|edition=2nd|pages=98–99|publisher=Firenze|location=Olimpia|chapter=The Maremmano-Abruzzese shepherd dog}} </ref> Dị ka otu nkọwa si kwuo, a na-akụ ihe ubi mgbe a na-enye ụmụ nkịta ara, n'ihe dị ka izu isii. Ọ bụ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ meworo agadi ma ọ bụ ọkachamara na-eme ya, na-eji ụta nkịtị a na-eji akpụ isi, nke a na-akpụ akpụ nke ọma. A na-ebipụ ntị ya ma ọ bụ ruo n'ókè dị ka nke nkịta ọhịa, ma ọ bụ gbaa gburugburu dị ka nke anụ ọhịa bea. A na-ebu ụzọ sie oghere ndị e wepụrụ, <ref name="anne"> {{Cite book|author=MacDonell|first=Anne|others=Atkinson, Amy (illustrator)|year=1907|url=https://archive.org/stream/inabruzzi00macdrich#page/n7/mode/2up|title=In the Abruzzi|location=New York, NY|publisher=F.A. Stokes}} </ref> mgbe ahụ, nye nwa nkịta ka ọ rie, na nkwenye na ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe "na-esi ísì ụtọ". <ref name="breber"/> Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iwepụ ntị n'aka ụmụ nkịta a mụrụ ọhụrụ site na ịmegharị ha; Otú ọ dị, nke a hapụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ntị mpụga na nkịta ahụ.<ref name="breber" /> A kọwara ma igbu ntị na iji okpu olu nwere spiked ihe karịrị narị afọ atọ gara aga, dị ka ihe nchebe megide anụ ọhịa wolf.<ref> {{Cite book|first=Jean|author={{nobr|de la Fontaine}}|authorlink=Jean de la Fontaine|chapter=Fable&nbsp;9|title=The Fables of la Fontaine|quote=translated in verse from the French|edition=English|language=en-UK|origyear=1678|year=1862|location=London, UK|publisher=Miller|url=https://archive.org/details/fablesdelafonta02fontgoog}} </ref> === Ịlụ ọgụ === Dị ka ụdị ndị na-eche nche, na ọgụ egwuregwu, a na-eji ihe ọkụkụ eme ihe iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịta ntị na ijide ya. Ntị bụ ihe dị mfe maka anụmanụ na-emegide ya ijide ma ọ bụ dọwaa ya.<ref name="Briar"></ref> Nkịta nwere ike igbu ntị ha, n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, maka isonye na ọgụ nkịta, n'onwe ha iwu na-akwadoghị n'ọtụtụ ikike.<ref name="curtis"> {{Cite book|author=Curtis|first=Patricia|year=2002|title=City Dog: Choosing and living well with a dog in town|location=New York, NY|publisher=Lantern Books|isbn=978-1-59056-000-6|url=https://archive.org/details/citydog00patr}} </ref><ref> {{Cite book|author=Robert|first=Thayer Sataloff|date=2006|title=Occupational Hearing Loss|edition=3rd|location=Boca Raton, FL|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781420015478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pn8qBgAAQBAJ}} </ref> === Omume nke oge a === N'afọ 2000, dọkịta na-ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ Bruce Fogle dere, sị: <ref name="fogle2">{{Cite book|author=Fogle|first=Bruce|authorlink=Bruce Fogle|title=KISS Guide to Living with a Dog|url=https://archive.org/details/kissguidetolivin00bruc|date=2000|publisher=[[Dorling-Kindersley]]|isbn=0789459760}}</ref>   == Usoro == A maara usoro ọgwụ anụmanụ dị ka "cosmetic Otoplasty", ma na-agụnye iwepụ akụkụ nke pinnae, mpụga flap nke ntị. A na-emekarị ka ụmụ nkịta na-egbutu ihe mgbe ha dị izu 7 ruo 12. Mgbe izu iri na isii gasịrị, usoro ahụ na-afụ ụfụ karịa ma anụmanụ ahụ nwere ncheta ihe mgbu ka ukwuu.<ref name="Briar"></ref> A na-ewepụkarị ihe ruru nke oghere ntị n'ọrụ ịkpụcha, a na-ejikwa ihe na-emechi ọnụ ọnyá ahụ.  Mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpuchi ntị. A na-etinye ihe ọkụkụ ogologo ruo mgbe ha gwọrọ n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name="doggies">[http://www.doggiesparadise.com/earcropping-dogs.shtml Practice of Dogs Ear cropping] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925085332/http://www.doggiesparadise.com/earcropping-dogs.shtml |date=2011-09-25 }} [sic] Doggie's Paradise. Accessed September 2011</ref> A na-atụ aro ka a mee usoro ahụ n'okpuru anesthesia n'ozuzu; nchegbu ndị mmegide na-elekwasị anya na mgbu mgbe ịwa ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/LiteratureReviews/Documents/dogs_ear_cropping_bgnd.pdf|title=Literature Review on the Welfare Implications of Ear Cropping-Dogs|date=March 13, 2013|publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association}}</ref> Ụlọ akwụkwọ anụmanụ ndị America anaghị akụzi ihe ọkụkụ (ma ọ bụ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri), ya mere ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-eme omume ahụ ga-amụta ọrụ ahụ. Enwekwara nsogbu na ndị na-amụrụ ihe na-eme ka ntị na-egbutu, ọkachasị na ụlọ nkịta.<ref name="Broughton">{{Cite web|url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/cropping-and-docking-discussion-controversy-and-role-law-preventing-unnecessary-cosmetic|title=Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs|work=Animal Legal & Historical Center|publisher=Michigan State University College of Law|first=Amy L.|author=Broughton|date=2003}}</ref> N'ime afọ 100 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, a na-eme ka a na-egbutu ntị ugboro ugboro maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma. <ref name="murgai"/><ref name="CFHS">[http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking Ear cropping and tail docking] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124714/http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking/ |date=2011-09-09}} The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Accessed September 2011.</ref> Na mba na steeti ebe ọ ka bụ iwu, a na-emekarị ya n'ihi na achọrọ ya dị ka akụkụ nke ụkpụrụ agbụrụ maka ngosi na Ihe ngosi nkịta. Na US, ọ bụ ezie na ịdọrọ ọdụ, iwepụ akara igwu mmiri, na usoro neutering ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ịkpụ ntị na-ebelata, ma e wezụga n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ngosi nkịta.<ref name="CFHS" /> Ụfọdụ ndị na-asọmpi mgbaaka na-ekwu na ha ga-akwụsị omume ahụ kpamkpam ma ọ bụrụ na ha ka nwere ike "mmeri na mgbaaka".<ref name="USAtoday">{{Cite web|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-07-30-dog-tails_N.htm|title=Banfield pet hospitals ban tail docking, ear cropping on dogs|author=Weise|first=Elizabeth|work=[[USA Today]]|date=30 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026065343/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2009-07-30-dog-tails_N.htm|archivedate=October 26, 2012}}</ref> === Ihe atụ nke ụdị owuwe ihe ubi ===   == Ahụike anụmanụ na iwu == Omume a megidere iwu n'ọtụtụ Europe, gụnyere mba niile kwadoro European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, na ọtụtụ mba ndị so na Fédération Cynologique Internationale.<ref name="fogle">{{Cite book|first=Bruce|author=Fogle|authorlink=Bruce Fogle|isbn=0789459760|title=KISS Guide to Living with a Dog|url=https://archive.org/details/kissguidetolivin00bruc|date=2000|publisher=[[Dorling-Kindersley]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na mpaghara nke Spain na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Canada. A ka na-akụ ntị n'ọtụtụ ebe na United States na akụkụ nke Canada, na ihe dịka ụmụ nkịta 130,000 na United States chere na a na-akụ ntụrụndụ ha kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animallaw.info/articles/dduscroppingdocking.htm|title=Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs|publisher=Animallaw.info|accessdate=2013-04-17}}</ref> American Kennel Club (AKC) na Canadian Kennel Club na-ekwe ka omume ahụ. Ọnọdụ AKC bụ na ịkpụcha ntị na ịkpụchi ọdụ bụ "omume a na-anabata nke dị mkpa iji kọwaa ma chekwaa àgwà agbụrụ na / ma ọ bụ melite ahụike dị mma. " Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ steeti n'otu n'otu agbalịwo ịmachibido ịkpụ ntị, enwere mmegide siri ike site na ụfọdụ òtù agbụrụ nkịta, ndị na-ekwu maka nchegbu ahụike na ọdịnala.<ref name="NY">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618183601/http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2908|archivedate=18 June 2006|url=http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=2908|title=New Call to Action for Amended NY State Crop/Dock Bill|publisher=[[American Kennel Club]]|date=9 June 2006|accessdate=31 December 2007}}</ref><ref name="Boxer">{{Cite web|author=Abraham, S.|year=1993|url=http://americanboxerclub.org/Gazette/gaz93-01.pdf|publisher=American Kennel Club Gazette, American Boxer Club|accessdate=January 18, 2016|title=Sad lesson learned|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406194857/http://www.americanboxerclub.org/Gazette/gaz93-01.pdf|archivedate=April 6, 2012}}</ref> American Veterinary Medical Association "na-emegide igbu ntị na ịkwụnye ọdụ nke nkịta mgbe emechara naanị maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma" ma "na-agba ume iwepụ igbu ntị na ọdụ site na ụkpụrụ ọmụmụ". <ref name="avma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking-dogs|title=Ear cropping and tail docking of dogs|work=[[American Veterinary Medical Association]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520001141/https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/ear-cropping-and-tail-docking-dogs|archivedate=May 20, 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2009, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ Banfield Pet Hospital kwupụtara na ha agaghịzi eme ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ịkpụ ntị ma ọ bụ idobe nkịta.<ref name="USAtoday"/> A na-atụ aro na ịkụ mkpụrụ nwere ike igbochi ikike nkịta iji akara ntị na-ekwurịta okwu, agbanyeghị, enwebeghị ọmụmụ sayensị atụnyere nzikọrịta ozi ntị n'ime nkịta ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na ndị na-akụghị ahịhịa. === Ọnọdụ iwu site na mba === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="width: 100pt;" |Country !Status ! style="width: 100pt;" |Ban/restriction date (if applicable) |- |Australia |Banned <ref name="cfhs">{{Cite web|url=http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking|title=Ear cropping and tail docking|publisher=Canadian Federation of Humane Societies|accessdate=2011-09-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909124714/http://cfhs.ca/athome/ear_cropping_and_tail_docking/|archivedate=2011-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wynn|first=Susan|date=2014-06-11|title=World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings, 2001|url=http://www.vin.com/doc/?id=6327178}}</ref> | |- |[[Austria]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.opengov.gr/ypaat/?c=2188|title=Υπουργείο Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης και Τροφίμων {{pipe}} Δικτυακός Τόπος Διαβουλεύσεων|work=Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece|language=el|date=April 2011|access-date=2024-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406093626/http://www.opengov.gr/ypaat/?c=2188|archive-date=2023-04-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> |1 January 2005 |- |[[Belgium]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |1 January 2006 |- |[[Bosnia na Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Banned<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paragraf.ba/propisi/bih/zakon-o-zastiti-i-dobrobiti-zivotinja.html|title=Zakon o zaštiti i dobrobiti životinja|language=bs|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> | |- |Brazil |Banned for cosmetic purposes<ref name="ypaat" /> | |- |[[Bulgaria]] |Banned |1 February 2005 |- |Canada |Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association opposes all cosmetic alterations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/cosmetic-alteration|title=CVMA {{pipe}} Documents {{pipe}} Cosmetic Alteration – Position Statement|work=www.canadianveterinarians.net|accessdate=20 March 2016|archivedate=19 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819092623/https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/cosmetic-alteration}}</ref> Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/animal-welfare-act-outlaws-animal-ear-cropping-and-tail-docking-1.3301418|title=Animal Welfare Act outlaws animal ear cropping and tail docking|date=November 4, 2015|first=Mitch|author=Cormier|work=CBC News}}</ref> and Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2). Three provinces' veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: New Brunswick (☨3),<ref name="ypaat" /> Nova Scotia (☨4), and Quebec<ref>{{Cite news|title=Quebec's order of veterinarians bans pet cosmetic surgery|work=CBC News|date=6 February 2016|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-veterinarians-pets-cosmetic-surgery-ban-2016-1.3437083|accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> (☨5) Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6),<ref name="CBC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/story/2012/02/10/mb-dog-ear-cropping-illegal-manitoba.html|title=Ear cropping of dogs banned in Manitoba|date=February 10, 2012|work=CBC News}}</ref> British Columbia (☨7),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cosmetic ear cropping banned by B.C. veterinarians|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/cosmetic-ear-cropping-1.3292068|accessdate=20 March 2016|work=CBC New - British Columbia|date=28 October 2015}}</ref> and Saskatchewan (☨8).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bylaws Of the Saskatchewan Veterinary Medical Association|date=September 17, 2015|url=http://svma.sk.ca/uploads/pdf/BYLAWS%202015%20FINAL%20COPY%20FOR%20WEBSITE.pdf|accessdate=2016-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104420/http://svma.sk.ca/uploads/pdf/BYLAWS%202015%20FINAL%20COPY%20FOR%20WEBSITE.pdf|archivedate=2016-10-06}}</ref> | ☨1: 10 July 2015 ☨2: 1978 ☨3: 15 October 2008 ☨4: 1 April 2010 ☨5: 1 January 2017 ☨6: 3 February 2012 ☨7: 2015 ☨8: 2013 |- |[[Kroatia|Croatia]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |2007<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rep sa sretnim završetkom|work=[[Jutarnji list]]|date=11 January 2008|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/naslovnica/rep-sa-sretnim-zavrsetkom-3285635|language=hr|accessdate=26 March 2021}}</ref> |- |Cyprus |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |1993 |- |[[Chekia|Czech Republic]] |Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |1 April 1999 |- |[[Denmark]] |Banned<ref name="cfhs" /> |1 June 1996 |- |England |Banned<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=8 November 2006|title=Animal Welfare Act 2006|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/45/contents|work=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> |1899 |- |[[Estoniya|Estonia]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |2001 |- |[[Finland]] |Banned<ref name="eslaki">{{Cite web|author=Oy|first=Edita Publishing|title=FINLEX - Säädökset alkuperäisinä: Eläinsuojelulaki 91/1971 (Finnish Animal Protection Law)|url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1971/19710091|work=finlex.fi|language=fi}}</ref> |15 February 1971 |- |France |Banned<ref name="legif">{{Cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/id/LEGIARTI000021647477/2010-01-01/|title=Sous-section 2 : Dispositions relatives aux animaux de compagnie (Articles R214-19-1 à R214-34) - Légifrance|work=www.legifrance.gouv.fr|language=fr}}</ref> |1 January 2010 |- |Germany |Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |1 May 1992 |- |[[Greece]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |27 February 1992 |- |[[Hungary]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> | |- |[[Iceland]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |2001 |- |India |Previously restricted, currently unrestricted <ref name="sura">{{Cite web|author=Ajay Sura|date=Apr 14, 2013|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-14/chandigarh/38529054_1_tail-ears-kennel-club|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515093634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-14/chandigarh/38529054_1_tail-ears-kennel-club|archivedate=2013-05-15|title=Now, you can dock dogs' tail|work=The Times of India}}</ref> | |- |Ireland |Banned<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister McConalogue announces new legislation to protect dogs from ear cropping|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/c33f6-minister-mcconalogue-announces-new-legislation-to-protect-dogs-from-ear-cropping/|work=www.gov.ie|language=en|date=25 August 2023}}</ref> | |- |Israel |Banned<ref name="defra">{{Cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/awbillconsulttaildocking.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626075746/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/welfare/domestic/awbillconsulttaildocking.pdf|title=A review of the scientific aspects and veterinary opinions relating to tail docking in dogs|archivedate=June 26, 2007|date=2005|work=defra.gov.uk}}</ref> |2000 |- |Italy |Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |1 November 2011 |- |[[Latvia]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> | |- |[[Lithunia|Lithuania]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> | |- |[[Luxembourg]] |Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |1 May 1992 |- |[[Netherlands]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |1 September 2001 |- |New Zealand |Banned<ref name="cfhs" /> |2004 |- |Northern Ireland |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /><ref name=":0" /> |2011 |- |[[Norway]] |Banned<ref name="cfhs" /> |1954 |- |[[Poland]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |1997 |- |[[Portugal]] |Banned<ref name="ECPPA" /> |1 January 1994 |- |[[Romania]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |2008 |- |Russia |Restricted{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} | |- |Scotland |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /><ref name="johnston">{{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Beatrice L. |year=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRLuAAAAMAAJ |title=For those who cannot speak: a history of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1869–1969 |location=Laval, Quebec |publisher=Dev-Sco |page=13}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |1899 |- |[[Serbia]] |Banned<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zakon o Dobrobiti Životinja|url=https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_dobrobiti_zivotinja.html|accessdate=1 January 2019}}</ref> |2019 |- |[[Slovakia]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |1 January 2003 |- |[[Slovenia]] |Banned<ref name="ZZZiv">{{Cite web|url=http://zakonodaja.gov.si/rpsi/r08/predpis_ZAKO4018.html|title=Zakon o zaščiti živali (Uradno prečiščeno besedilo) (ZZZiv-UPB1)|accessdate=2009-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209090436/http://zakonodaja.gov.si/rpsi/r08/predpis_ZAKO4018.html|archivedate=2010-02-09}} Slovene Animal Protection Act (in Slovene)</ref> |April 2007 |- |South Africa |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |June 2008 |- |Spain |Banned in autonomies of Catalonia and Andalucia<ref name="ypaat" /> | |- |Sweden |Banned<ref>{{Cite web|title=Djurskyddsbestämmelser - Hund|url=https://www2.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.7f64c0b5150cc5875dcbb105/1446627262283/jo11_2v4.pdf|accessdate=2021-01-25}}</ref> |1989 |- |[[Switzerland]] |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |1997 |- |[[Turkéy|Turkey]] |Banned<ref>{{Cite web|title=5199 Animal Protection Law - Article 8|url=http://www.lawsturkey.com/law/5199-animal-protection-law|work=Laws , Regulations in Turkey|accessdate=12 November 2017|archivedate=13 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003309/http://www.lawsturkey.com/law/5199-animal-protection-law}}</ref> |2004 |- |United States |Unrestricted{{refn|Some states, including New York<ref name="NY"/> and Vermont, have considered bills to make the practice illegal|group=note}} |2003 |- |Virgin Islands |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /> |2005 |- |Wales |Banned<ref name="ypaat" /><ref name="johnston" /><ref name=":0" /> |1899 |} == Anụmanụ ndị na-abụghị nkịta == Ịkpụpụta akụkụ buru ibu nke pinnae nke anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọ bụ ezie na ịkpụpụta ọdịdị na pinnae anụ ụlọ, nke a na-akpọ earmarks, bụ ihe a ma ama tupu iwebata akara ntị iwu. A ka na-eji iwepụ akụkụ nke ntị nke òké ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ nwamba na-enweghị eriri maka njirimara, ya bụ, ịpị ntị ma ọ bụ ịpị isi ntị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eartipping|url=https://www.neighborhoodcats.org/how-to-tnr/veterinary/eartipping|work=Neighborhood Cats|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> Omume nke ịkpa ihe maka ebumnuche ntecha bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị na-abụghị nkịta, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ anụmanụ a na-azụlite nwere obere ntị nke nwere ike ịghọtahie maka ịkpa ihe.[note 2] == Hụkwa == * Okpokoro (ọdụ nkịta) * Ịkpụzi ntị (ntị mmadụ) * Nchịkọta nke usoro mwakpo na-emetụta ụmụ anụmanụ == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Ebem si dee == <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <references responsive="0"> <ref name="ECPPA"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list "Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125 - European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals"]. ''Treaty Office''. 14 October 2020.</cite></ref> </references> </div> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tr7ig75d7z98nr1brv05i0vipc3qroi 0 49749 742643 179296 2026-11-03T08:55:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742643 wikitext text/x-wiki Oru function is to market American agricultural products inside and outside the United States. In addition to this, AMS also funds, administers, and supports [[Sayensị ọrụ ugbo|agricultural research]]; grades and certifies the safety of agricultural products; and disseminates information and expertise in the agriculture and agriculture marking industries.<ref name="AllGov1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allgov.com/departments/department-of-agriculture/agricultural-marketing-service?agencyid=7161|title=Agricultural Marketing Service|work=allgov.com|publisher=AllGov|accessdate=July 30, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.allgov.com/departments/department-of-agriculture/agricultural-marketing-service?agencyid=7161 "Agricultural Marketing Service"]. </cite></ref>   '''Ọrụ Ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo''' ('''AMS''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States; ọ n'enwe mmemme na mpaghara ahịa ise: <ref name="iopl">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=TemplateD&page=AboutAMS|title=About AMS|date=2013-01-31|publisher=Agricultural Marketing Service|accessdate=2013-06-13}}</ref> ogho na ụtaba; mmiri ara ehi; mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri; anụ ụlọ na mkpụrụ; na ọkụkọ. Ihe omume ndị a n'enye nnwale, nhazi, nhazi na ọrụ akụkọ ahịa maka ngwa ahịa ndị ahụ, ma n<nowiki>'''</nowiki>elekọta nkwekọrịta ahịa na iwu, n'achịkwa mmemme nyocha na nkwalite, ma na'azụ ngwa ahịa maka mmemme nri gọọmentị etiti. AMS n'etinye iwu ụfọdụ nke gọọmentị etiti dịka Iwu Ngwa ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo na Iwu Mkpụrụ Federal.<ref name="iopl" /> Mmefu ego AMS bụ ijeri $ 1.2.<ref name="cato171012">{{Cite web|title=CATO HANDBOOK FOR POLICYMAKERS, 8TH EDITION (2017)|url=https://www.cato.org/cato-handbook-policymakers/cato-handbook-policy-makers-8th-edition-2017/agricultural-policy|publisher=Cato Institute|accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref> Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Jamie L. Whitten Building na [[Washington, D.C.]] Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Julaị n'afo 2021, onye nchịkwa Bruce Summers na-eduzi AMS.<ref name="Leadership">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ams.usda.gov/about-ams/our-leadership|title=Our Leadership|work=ams.usda.gov|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|accessdate=July 30, 2021}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere ya n'afọ 1939 site n'aka Odeakwụkwọ Ọrụ Ugbo Henry A. Wallace (mgbe e mesịrị Osote Onye isi ala) site na njikọta na nchịkọta a nke ụlọ ọrụ na mmemme dị iche iche nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo (USDA), ọrụ Ọrụ ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo na Ọrụ (AMS) bụ ịkwalite ahịa ziri ezi na nke ọma nke ngwa ahịa ugbo America, gụnyere nri, eriri, na ihe ọkụkụ pụrụ iche ma n'ime ụlọ ma na mba ụwa.<ref name="AllGov1"/> E mechara jikọta ọtụtụ ọrụ nke Ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ n'ime nlekọta ịre ahịa ụgbọ n' afọ 1942 tupu a gbanwee ya ọzọ ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ 1940s na n'afọ 1950s. A gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ime AMS site n'afọ1953 ruo n'afọ 1965 tupu ọ ghọọ Ndị Ahịa na Ahịa. N'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1972, e guzobere usoro AMS ugbu a n'okpụrụ Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo. AMS malitekwara itinye akụkụ nke Iwu Nwepụta Nri Organic nke afọ 1990. <ref name="AllGov1"/> N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, AMS toro iji kwado ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ, ndị n'ebubata ihe, ndị n'ebupụ ihe, na ndị ọzọ n'arụ ọrụ ugbo. N'afọ 2017, odeakwụkwọ ọrụ ugbo Sonny Perdue gbanwere ọtụtụ ọfịs USDA, dị ka Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) na ọtụtụ mpaghara mmemme site na Farm Service Agency (FSA), n'ime Ọrụ Ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo na ebum n'uche nke inye ndị ọrụ ụgbọ, ndị n'azụ anụ ụlọ, na ndị n'emepụta ihe ka ha n'emeziwanye Ọrụ ndị ahịa na arụmọrụ. AMS' primary function is to market American agricultural products inside and outside the United States. In addition to this, AMS also funds, administers, and supports [[Sayensị ọrụ ugbo|agricultural research]]; grades and certifies the safety of agricultural products; and disseminates information and expertise in the agriculture and agriculture marking industries.<ref name="AllGov1"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 895ccbno07qf515611mb3hpc62uv4k8 0 49765 742652 596403 2026-11-03T08:56:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Share_of_labour_force_employed_in_agriculture_in_India.svg|thumb|300x300px|Akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo na India]] Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke '''ọrụ ugbo na India''' malitere n'Oge Neolithic. Obodo India nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ụwa niile na mmepụta ugbo. Dị ka nnyocha akụ na ụba India site n'afọ 2020 rụo 21, ọrụ ụgbọ were ihe karịrị 50% nke ndị ọrụ India n'ọrụ ma nye aka 20.2% na GDP nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/india-economic-survey-2018-for-farmers-agriculture-gdp-msp/1034266/|title=India economic survey 2018: Farmers gain as agriculture mechanisation speeds up, but more R&D needed|date=29 January 2018|work=The Financial Express|accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọrụ ụgbo na ngalaba ndị metụtara ya dị ka ịkpa anụ, ọrụ ọhịa na ịkụ azụ mejupụtara 17.5% nke GDP (ngụkọta ngwa ahịa ụlọ) na ihe dị ka 41.49% nke ndị ọrụ n'afọ 2020 <ref name="CIA">{{Cite web|title=CIA Factbook: India-Economy|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|accessdate=17 November 2018|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news/41618996_1_gdp-foodgrains-allied-sectors |title=Agriculture's share in GDP declines to 13.7% in 2012–13 |accessdate=2024-07-18 |archivedate=2016-09-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906052509/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news/41618996_1_gdp-foodgrains-allied-sectors }}</ref> .<ref>Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation [http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx Agriculture and Food in India] Accessed 7 May 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor force by agriculture sector in India|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=IN}}</ref> India bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa na mpaghara kachasị elu nke mba US na China sochiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-outranks-us-china-with-worlds-highest-net-cropland-area/2096/2#.W_A_iOgzZPY|title=India outranks US, China with world's highest net cropland area|accessdate=17 November 2018|archivedate=18 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118011104/http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-outranks-us-china-with-worlds-highest-net-cropland-area/2096/2#.W_A_iOgzZPY}}</ref> Enyemaka akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na GDP nke India n'ebelata nwayọọ nwayọọ na uto akụ na ụba zuru oke nke mba ahụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọrụ ugbo bụ ngalaba akụ na ụba kachasị ukwuu ma n'arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba nke mba [[Ndia|India]]. gụkọta nke ngwa ahịa ugbo bụ US $ 3.50 ijeri na onwa Machị - June n'afọ 2020. India bubatara $ 38 ijeri ngwa ahịa ugbo n'afọ 2013, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke asaa kachasị ebubata ugbo n'ụwa niile na nke isii kachasị ebubata.<ref name="usda2014">[https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/india-s-agricultural-exports-climb-record-high India's Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High], United States Department of Agriculture (2014)</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ebupụ n'ọrụ ugbo na-ejere mba ndị na-emepe emepe na ndị n'enweghị ọganihu ozi. A n'ebupụ ihe oriri ndị India na ihe karịrị mba 120, ọkachasị mba Japan, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, mba SAARC, European Union na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-food-industry-india.aspx|title=Agriculture in India: Agricultural Exports & Food Industry in India &#124; IBEF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1|title=Home|accessdate=7 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908021654/http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1|archivedate=8 September 2017}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} hw3bfz2wegu4zc7e036xk5dfki4tg2q 0 49800 742510 450378 2026-11-03T08:08:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742510 wikitext text/x-wiki Pumping bụ usoro ọ bụla n'ebufe mmiri maka ọtụtụ ngwa. Pumping n'eji ọkpọkọ, valvụ, ihe ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ na tankị, n'angwaọrụ ndị ọzọ ebufe mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Muscroft|first=Steve|date=March 14, 2016|title=Plumbing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGkeh5FZpzIC&q=plumbing|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9781136373152}}</ref> Okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi (HVAC), iwepụ ihe mkpofu, na nnyefe mmiri ọṅụṅụ so n'ihe ndị a n'ejikarị eme ihe maka pọmpụ, mana ọ bụghị naanị maka ngwa ndị a.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Blankenbaker|first=Keith|title=Modern Plumbing|url=https://archive.org/details/modernplumbing0000blan|publisher=Goodheart Willcox|year=1992}}</ref> Okwu a sitere na Latịn maka ọkpụkpụ, ''plumbum'', dịka ọkpọkọ mbụ dị irè eji eme ihe n'Oge ndị Rom bụ ọkpọkọ ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Is The Origin Of The Word "plumbing"?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19420512&id=w5RRAAAAIBAJ&pg=2414,1122522|accessdate=December 27, 2013|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=May 12, 1942}}</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe ọkụ na ndị na-etinye paịpụ abụghị ndị na-arụ ọrụ na paịpụ dị ka akụkụ nke azụmahịa ha na ọrụ ha nwere ike ịgụnye ụfọdụ paịpụ. [[Usòrò:Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg|thumb|Ọwa ndị Rom nwere eriri a pịrị apị, na Roman Baths na Bath, England]] Pumping malitere n'oge mmepeanya oge ochie, ka ha mepụtara Ebe ịsa ahụ ọha na eze ma chọọ inye mmiri ọṅụṅụ na mwepụ mmiri ọjọọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwụụ nke ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=20030319&id=0jsfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6854,2226879|accessdate=December 27, 2013|work=Herald-Journal|date=March 19, 2003}}</ref> Ndị mba Mesopotamia webatara ụwa na ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ ụrọ n'ihe dị ka 4000 TOA, ya na ihe atụ ndị mbụ achọtara n'ụlọ nsọ Bel dị na Nippur na Eshnunna, [1] n'ewepụ mmiri mkpofu na saịtị, wee weghara mmiri ozuzo, na olulu mmiri. Ọbọdọ 1 Uruk nwere ihe atụ kacha ochie ama ama nke ụlọ ịsa ahụ arụrụ brik, nke arụrụ n'elu jikọtara ya na ọkpọkọ ọwa mmiri ụrọ, c. 3200 TOA.[2][3] E mechara jiri ọkpọkọ ụrọ mee ihe n’obodo Hattusa nke Het.[4] Ha nwere akụkụ ndị a n'ewepụ ngwa ngwa na ndị nwere ike dochie anya, ma kwe ka ha dị ọcha. Paịpụ ọkpọkọ ndị e ji ụrọ mee nke nwere nnukwu flanges n'eji asphalt eme ihe iji gbochie mgbapụta pụtara n'obodo ukwu nke mmepeanya Indus Valley site n' oge 2700 BC.<ref>Teresi et al. 2002</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "plumber" sitere n'Alaeze Ukwu Rom.<ref>Pulsifer, William H. [[iarchive:notesforhistoryo00pulsrich|Notes For a History of Lead]], New York University Press, 1888. pp. 132, 158</ref> Latịn maka ọta bụ ''{{Lang|la|plumbum}}''. Elu ụlọ ndị mba Rom n'eji ọkpụkpụ eme ihe na paịpụ mmiri <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Px4XAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA821 Middleton, The Remains of Ancient Rome, Vol. 2, A & C Black, 1892]</ref> ma n'ekpuchikwa ụfọdụ. A n'ejikwa ntutu mee ihe maka ịfụ ụfụfụ na ịsa ahụ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121025509/http://www.ila-lead.org/factbook/annex.pdf Historical production and uses of lead]. ila-lead.org</ref> Pumping ruru n'isi ya na [[Tile|Tiel]]="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Rom oge ochie, nke hụrụ iwebata usoro mmiri sara mbara, iwepụ mmiri n'adịghị mma, na iji ọkpọkọ mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ndị mba Rom jiri ihe odide paịpụ n'egbochi izu ohi mmiri. Site na ọdịda nke mba Rom ma mmiri n'enye na ịdị ọcha kwụsịrị - ma ọ bụ laghachi azụ - rụọ ihe karịrị 1,000 afọ. Ọganihu dị nnọọ nwayọ, na obere ọganihu dị irè rụọ mgbe uto nke obodo ndị mmadụ bi na oge ndị 1800s. N'oge a, ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze malitere ịmanye ka etinye usoro mkpofụ ihe ka mma, iji gbochie ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ọrịa na-efe efe. N'oge gara aga, usoro mkpofu ihe gụnyere ịnakọta ihe mkpofu ma tụfụo ya n'ala ma ọ bụ n'ime osimiri. N'ikpeazụ, mmepe nke mmiri dị iche iche, n'okpuru ala na usoro nsị wepụrụ ọwa nsị na-emeghe na ọdọ mmiri. Ojiji a n'eji led eme mmiri a n'aṅụ ebelatala nke ọma mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị n'ihi na a matawanye ihe egwu dị n'ime nsị. N'oge a, e webatara ọkpọkọ ọla kọpa dị ka ihe dị mma ma dị nchebe karịa ọkpọkọ ndu.[1] == Usoro == [[Usòrò:Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg|thumb|Usoro paịpụ ọla kọpa n'ime ụlọ]] * mmiri oyi na pọmpụ ọkụ a na-aṅụ * pọmpụ mmiri na-ewepụta mmiri * Usoro nsị na Usoro septic nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị Mmiri ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na usoro mgbake na ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-acha ntụ ntụ * Mmiri ozuzo, mmiri dị n'elu, na mmiri dị n"okpuru * paịpụ gas mmanụ * hydronics, ya bụ usoro okpomọkụ na ịjụ oyi na-eji mmiri ebuga ike okpomọkụ, dịka na usoro okpompe distrikti, dịka ọmụmaatụ usoro steam nke New York City. Pipa mmiri bụ paịpụ ma ọ bụ paịpu, nke a na-ejikarị plastik ma ọ bụ ígwè eme, nke na-ebu Mmiri dị ọcha ma na-edozi ya n'ụlọ (dị ka akụkụ nke [[Usoro mmiri|Usoro mmiri obodo]]), yana n'ime ụlọ ahụ. Lead bụ ihe kachasị amasị maka paịpụ mmiri ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ n'ihi na ịdị nro ya mere ka ọ dị mma ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị achọrọ. Ojiji dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke na okwu ahụ bụ "plumbing" sitere na ''plumbum'', okwu Latịn maka ọkpụkpụ. Nke a bụ isi iyi nke nsogbu ahụike metụtara ọta n'ime afọ ole na ole tupu a ghọta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke iri ọta n"ụzọ zuru ezu; n'etiti ndị a bụ ọm[[Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ|ụmụ nwụrụ anwụ]] na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ ụmụaka. A ka na-eji paịpụ mmiri eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ma na-anọgide n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ. A na-ejikarị ihe na-agbanye ọkụ na-acha ọbara ọbara ejikọta ọkpọkọ ọla kọpa, mana omume nke oge a na-eji ihe na-acha odo odo na-acha ọkụ na-eme ihe iji wepụ ihe ize ndụ na-acha uhie uhie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lead in Drinking Water|url=http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/lead/|publisher=Epa.gov|accessdate=January 22, 2014|date=February 20, 2013|archivedate=September 5, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905094939/http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/lead/}}</ref> A n'eji ọkpọkọ osisi mee ihe na mba [[London]] na ebe ndị ọzọ n'oge narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17. Paịpụ ndị ahụ bụ osisi ndị nwere oghere nke e ji obere oghere mee ka ọ dị mkpụmkpụ na njedebe nke mmiri ga-agafe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wooden water pipe|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/lg-zKE0ETBSw4I8O_RHz5A|publisher=BBC|accessdate=January 22, 2014}}</ref> A n'ejikọta ọtụtụ ọkpọkọ ahụ na abụba anụmanụ na-ekpo ọkụ. A n'eji ọkpọkọ osisi mee ihe na mba Philadelphia, Boston, na Montreal n'oge ndị 1800s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/podcasts/retropod/philadelphias-plumbing-revolution-wood-pipes/|title=Philadelphia's plumbing revolution: wood pipes - Retropod|author=Rosenwald|first=Mike|date=February 11, 2019|work=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> A n'eji tubes osisi e wuru ewu ewu na US n'oge narị afọ nke 20. A na-eji ọkpọkọ ndị a (nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ọnọdụ ígwè corrugated ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ siri ike) eme site na akụkụ ndị e ji osisi dị mkpirikpi bepụ. Ịchụchi mgbanaka ndị dị n'akụkụ ya na pin dowel nke osisi siri ike mepụtara ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe. A rụnyere ihe dị ka 100,000 ụkwụ nke ọkpọkọ osisi ndị a n'oge WW2 na nsị mmiri, nsị mmiri na conduits, n'okpuru okporo ụzọ awara awara na n'ogige ndị agha, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ụlọ ọrụ ordnance. Igwe Igwe a kpụrụ akpụ na ọkpọkọ ígwè na-adọkpụ bụ ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala karịa ọla kọpa tupu ọbịbịa nke ihe plastik n'adịgide adịgide mana a ghaghị iji ihe ndị pụrụ iche na-abụghị nke na-eduzi mee ihe ebe a ga-eme mgbanwe gaa na ọkpọ ọkpọkọ ndị ọzọ (ma e wezụga maka ihe ndị dị na njedebe) iji zere corrosion n'ihi mmeghachi omume elektrokemikal n'etiti ọla dị iche iche (lee galvanic cell). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Types of Pipe Material|url=http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/material.html|publisher=Virginia's Community Colleges|accessdate=January 22, 2014|archivedate=August 3, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803193425/http://water.me.vccs.edu/concepts/material.html}}</ref> == Ihe dị iche n'etiti ọkpọkọ na ọkpọkọ == [[Usòrò:Watermain.jpg|thumb|A n'etinye isi mmiri obodo PVC na Ontario, Canada]] [[Usòrò:FlexibleRainPipe.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|247x247px|A na-etinye paịpụ mmiri plastik. Tubu dị n'ime na-ebu mmiri n'ezie, ebe tube dị n'èzí na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nchebe.]] A na-ahụkarị ọkpọkọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ọkpọkọ nkesa nke nwere ogo ọkpọkọ site na inch (9.5 ruo 2 (51 .  A naghị eji ya eme ihe taa maka ụlọ ọhụrụ. Pipe ígwè nwere National Pipe Thread (NPT) ọkọlọtọ ụmụ nwoke, nke jikọtara ya na ụmụ nwanyị na-agba agba na ogwe aka, tees, couplers, valvụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. '''galv''' steel (nke a na-akpọkarị "galv" ma ọ bụ "iron" na azụmahịa pọmpụ) dị oke ọnụ, ma sie ike ịrụ ọrụ na ya n'ihi ịdị arọ na ihe achọrọ nke eriri ọkpọkọ. Ọ ka na-eji ya eme ihe maka nrụzi nke usoro "galv" dị ugbu a na iji mezuo iwu ụlọ na-abụghị ihe a chọrọ na họtel, ụlọ obibi na ngwa azụmahịa ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-adịkwa ogologo oge ma na-eguzogide mmebi iwu. Black lacquered steel pipe bụ ihe ọkpọkọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ọkụ na gas sitere n'okike. A n'eji ọkpọkọ ọla kọpa na ọkpọkọ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka usoro mmiri ụlọ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa ọla kọpa adaala n'ihi ịrị elu dị egwu na ọnụahịa ọla kọpa, na-akpata ịrị elu maka ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ gụnyere PEX na stainless steel. A na-eji ọkpọkọ plastik eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka inye mmiri n'ụlọ na ọkpọkọ nsị (DWV). Ụdị ndị bụ isi gụnyere: E mepụtara Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) na nnwale na narị afọ nke 19 mana ọ ghọghị ihe bara uru iji mepụta ruo 1926, mgbe Waldo Semon nke BF Goodrich Co. mepụtara usoro iji mee ka PVC dịkwuo mfe, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuokwuo mfe ịhazi. A malitere imepụta ọkpọkọ PVC n'afọ ndị 1940 ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ sara mbara maka ọkpọkọ Drain-Waste-Vent n'oge nrụzigharị nke Germany na [[Japan]] na-esote WWII. N'afọ 1950, ndị na-emepụta plastik na Western Europe na Japan malitere imepụta ọkpọkọ acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). E mepụtara usoro maka ịmepụta polyethylene (PEX) jikọtara ya na 1950s. Pịa ọkpọkọ plastik abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị, na ihe dịgasị iche iche na ihe ndị a na-eji eme ihe. * PVC / CPVC - ọkpọkọ plastik siri ike yiri ọkpọkọ mmiri PVC mana nwere mgbidi dị arọ iji dozie nrụgide mmiri ọbọdọ, nke e webatara n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1970. PVC n'anọchite anya polyvinyl chloride, ọ ghọwokwa ihe a n'ahụkarị maka ọkpọkọ ígwè. A g'eji PVC mee ihe naanị maka mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ maka ikuku. Enwere ike iji CPVC mee ihe maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ekpo ọkụ na oyi. A n'eme njikọ na primers na solvent cements dị ka koodu chọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What's the difference between PVC and CPVC pipe?|url=http://www.commercial-industrial-supply.com/resource-center/whats-the-difference-between-pvc-and-cpvc-pipe/|date=August 15, 2017}}</ref> * PP - A n'eji ihe ahụ eme ihe karịsịa na ngwongwo ụlọ, nkwakọba nri, na ngwá ọrụ ahụike, mana kemgbe mmalite n'oge ndị 1970s ahụla ka a n'eji ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile maka mmiri ọkụ na mmiri oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/polypropylene-properties-and-uses.html|title=Polypropylene Properties and Uses|author=Bidisha Mukherjee|work=Buzzle|accessdate=February 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208001734/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/polypropylene-properties-and-uses.html|archivedate=February 8, 2015}}</ref> A n'agwakọta ọkpọkọ PP na okpomọkụ, n'ekwesịghị ekwesị maka iji glues, solvents, ma ọ bụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ. A n'ejikarị ọkpọkọ PP eme ihe na ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmengineer.com/Articles/Green/2010/06/01/Walking-The-Talk|title=Walking The Talk|work=pmengineer.com|accessdate=2024-07-23|archivedate=2012-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320011833/http://www.pmengineer.com/Articles/Green/2010/06/01/Walking-The-Talk}}</ref> * PBT - ọkpọkọ plastik n'agbanwe agbanwe (na-abụkarị nke n'acha ntụ ntụ ma ọ bụ nke ojii) nke a n'ejikọta ya na ihe ndị nwere ogwu ma jiri mgbanaka ọla kọpa jide ya. Onye isi n'emepụta tubing na ihe eji arụ ọrụ PBT bụ onye ikpe n'eme maka ọdịda nke usoro a.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Otú ọ dị, PB na PBT tubing alaghachila n'ahịa na koodu, nke mbụ maka "ebe ndị a kpughere" dị ka risers. * PEX - usoro polyethylene jikọtara ya na ihe jikọtara ya nke na-eji barbs, na mgbaaka ígwè ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa. * Polytanks - ọdọ mmiri polyethylene plastik, tankị mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, tankị ruwa dị n'elu ala, a n'ejikarị polyethylene dị mma dị ka tankị nchekwa mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nke a na-enye na-acha ọcha, oji ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. * Aqua - nke a maara dị ka PEX-Al-PEX, maka PEX / aluminum sandwich ya, nke nwere aluminum pipe sandwiched n'etiti ọkwa nke PEX, ma jikọọ ya na brass compression fittings. N'afọ 2005, a chetara ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2012)">further explanation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Usoro mmiri nke oge a na-eji netwọk nke mgbapụta dị elu, a na-ejikwa ọla kọpa eme paịpụ n'ụlọ ugbu a, <ref>''Copper Tube Handbook'', the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006</ref> ọla, plastik (karịsịa polyethylene jikọtara ya na-akpọ PEX, nke a na-eme atụmatụ na a ga-eji mee ihe na 60% nke ụlọ otu ezinụlọ <ref>[http://www.builderonline.com/legislation/californias-pex-battle-continues.aspx California’s PEX Battle Continues]. Builderonline.com</ref>), ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị egbu egbu. N'ihi nsị ya, ọtụtụ obodo hapụrụ ọkpọkọ mmiri na-ebute mmiri site na 1920s na United States, ọ bụ ezie na ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ kwadoro site na koodu ọkpọkọ mba n'ime afọ 1980, a na-ejikwa ọkpọkọ mee ihe na ọkpọọ maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo mgbe a machibidoro ya iwu na 1986.<ref name="Maceketal2006" /> about="#mwt199" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-38","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite journal&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_journal&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;last&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Rabin&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;first&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Richard&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;March 6, 2017&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes \\&amp;quot;A MODEST CAMPAIGN\\&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;journal&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;American Journal of Public Health&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;volume&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;98&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;issue&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pages&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1584–1592&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;doi&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;issn&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;0090-0036&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pmc&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;2509614&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pmid&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;18633098&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwA2M\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt196\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFRabin2017\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Rabin, Richard (March 6, 2017). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509614\" id=\"mwA2Q\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"The Lead Industry and Lead Water Pipes \"A MODEST CAMPAIGN\"\"</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwA2Y\">American Journal of Public Health</i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mwA2c\">98</b></nowiki> (9): 1584–1592. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"532\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA2g\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.113555\" id=\"mwA2k\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.2105/AJPH.2007.113555</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"533\" href=\"./ISSN_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA2o\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"ISSN (identifier)\">ISSN</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwA2s\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036\" id=\"mwA2w\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">0090-0036</a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"534\" href=\"./PMC_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA20\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMC (identifier)\">PMC</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwA24\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"id-lock-free\" id=\"mwA28\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509614\" id=\"mwA3A\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">2509614</a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"535\" href=\"./PMID_(identifier)\" id=\"mwA3E\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"PMID (identifier)\">PMID</a></nowiki><nowiki><span id=\"mwA3I\" typeof=\"mw:Entity\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18633098\" id=\"mwA3M\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">18633098</a></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-38" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Plumbing#cite_note-38 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[4]</nowiki></span>] A na-eji plastik, ígwè, ígwè, ma ọ bụ ọkpụkpụ emepụta eriri drain na ikuku. <ref>''Uniform Plumbing Code'', IAPMO</ref><ref>''International Plumbing Code'', ICC</ref><gallery class="center"> Usòrò:Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg|alt=Monument to water pipe in Mytishchi (Russia)|Ihe ncheta nke mmiri na[en→ig]Mytishchi[en→ig] (Russia) Usòrò:PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg|alt=A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high-pressure water and is relatively small.|[en→ig]Otu paịpụ mmiri a kapịrị ọnụ e mere maka iji ya na arịa nrụgide. Pipe ahụ nwere ike ijide mmiri dị elu ma dị obere. Usòrò:Concrete_water_pipe.jpg|alt=Concrete water pipe|[en→ig]Pipa mmiri simenti Usòrò:Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville,_AR.jpg|alt=Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection.|[en→ig]Njikọ na eriri mmiri dị ugbu a (paịpụ ọcha) na aka na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na valvụ (ọbara). A na-emepụta ihe mgbochi siri ike n'azụ njikọ ọhụrụ ahụ. Usòrò:-31_waterpipe.jpg|alt=Water pipe connected to the septic tank.|[en→ig]Paịpụ mmiri ejikọtara na [en→ig]tankị septic[en→ig]. Usòrò:Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_(1919-2017)_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_(49275175872).jpg|alt=Sewer pipe|[en→ig]Paịpụ nsị </gallery>Na mgbakwunye na ogologo nke ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ ọkpọkọ, ihe ọkpọkọ dị ka valves, elbows, tees, na njikọ. a na-eji na usoro pọmpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Miscellaneous Valves|url=http://www.ridgewaymechanical.com/atlanta_plumbing_miscellaneous_valves.htm|accessdate=December 27, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426212049/http://ridgewaymechanical.com/atlanta_plumbing_miscellaneous_valves.htm|archivedate=April 26, 2009}}</ref> A na-ejide ọkpọkọ na ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ebe ahụ na eriri ọkpọkọ. A n'eji eriri eriri ma ọ bụ eriri n'ekpuchi njikọ ọkpọkọ. A n'eji putty nke plumber mechie ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na paịpụ mmiri n'elu ha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Key To Pop-up Drain Is Fresh Plumber's Putty|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=20030112&id=lg0bAAAAIBAJ&pg=6826,1218984|accessdate=December 27, 2013|work=Daily News|date=January 12, 2003}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg|thumb|Onye na-arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ na-eme ka ihe a na-etinye n'ụgbọ gas sie ike]] Ngwá ọrụ pọmpụ na-agụnye ngwaọrụ na-abụkarị n'azụ mgbidi ma ọ bụ n'ime oghere ndị ọha na eze na-adịghị ahụ. Ọ na-agụnye mita mmiri, mgbapụta, tankị mmụba, ihe mgbochi azụ, nzacha mmiri, ọkụ UV, ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị nro, ihe na'okpomọkụ mmiri, ihe na -agbanwe okpomọkụ, gauges, na usoro nchịkwa. E nwere ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ chọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ dị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ngwá ọrụ ole na ole a na-ejikarị aka arụpụta ọtụtụ ọrụ pọmpụ, ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya chọrọ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche, nke e mere kpọmkwem iji mee ka ọrụ ahụ dịkwuo mfe. Ngwá ọrụ ndị nwụrụ iche n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ n'agụnye wrenches, flaring pliers, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, dies, na ijikọta ngwaọrụ dị ka soldering torches na crimp tools. E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ ọhụrụ iji nyere ndị n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ aka idozi nsogbụ nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ n'eji kamera vidiyo maka nyocha nke mgbapụta zoro ezo ma ọ bụ nsogbụ ndị ọzọ; ha na-ejikwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri, na pọmpị hydraulic dị elu ejikọtara na eriri ígwè maka dochie eriri nsị na-enweghị trench. E gosipụtara na nje bacteria na-ebi na "usoro pọmpụ ụlọ". Nke ikpeazụ na-ezo aka na "pipes na fixtures n'ime ụlọ nke na-ebugharị mmiri na pọmpụ mgbe ọ natara ya site na ndị ọrụ".<ref name="ehp">{{Cite journal|author=Carol Potera|title=Plumbing Pathogens: A Fixture in Hospitals and Homes|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=August 2015|volume=123|issue=8|doi=10.1289/ehp.123-A217|pmid=26230512}}</ref> A maara usoro mmiri obodo kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ iji gbasaa [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|Ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri]] dị ka typhoid na ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụrụ. Otú ọ dị, "ebe ohere na-eme ka pathogens" ka a matara na nso nso a: Legionella pneumophila, chọpụtara na 1976, Mycobacterium avium, na Pseudomonas aeruginosa bụ nje bacteria a na-ahụkarị, nke ndị nwere ikike mgbochi nwere ike iku ume ma ọ bụ iri ma nwee ike ibute ọrịa. <ref name="ehp2">{{Cite journal|author=Joseph O. Falkinham III|title=Epidemiology and Ecology of Opportunistic Premises Plumbing Pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|date=August 2015|volume=123|issue=8|pages=749–758|doi=10.1289/ehp.1408692|pmid=25793551}}</ref>Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe pathogens ndị a nwere ike itolite gụnyere paucets, isi ịsa ahụ, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ mmiri na mgbidi paịpụ. Ihe ndị na-akwado uto ha bụ "nnukwu elu na mpịakọta, nkwụsịtụ na-akpaghị aka, obere ihe na-egbu nje, na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ". Nnukwu elu na mpịakọta, ya bụ, nnukwu elu na-enye ohere ka nje bacteria mepụta biofilm, nke na-echebe ha pụọ na disinfection.<ref name="ehp2" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ pọmpụ n'ógbè ndị mmadụ bi na ha bụ nke gọọmentị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị n'achịkwa n'ihi mmetụta kpọmkwem na ahụike ọha na eze, nchekwa, na ọdịmma. A ghaghị ịrụ ọrụ nrụnye na nrụzi nke pọmpụ na ụlọ ndị ọzọ n'ozuzu ya dịka iwu pọmpụ si dị iji chebe ndị bi n'ụlọ ahụ na iji hụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ọdịnihu nwere nchekwa, nke dị mma. Ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ikike maka ọrụ, ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na-ahụkarị ha n'aka ndị ọchịchị n'aha ndị nwe ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'mba [[Ostraliya|Australia]], ụlọ ọrụ n'achịkwa mba maka iwu pọmpụ bụ Australian Building Codes Board. Ha bụ ndị n'ahụ maka ịmepụta National Construction Code (NCC), Mpịakọta nke 3 nke, Plumbing Regulations 2008 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_reg/pr2008216/s11.html|title=PLUMBING REGULATIONS 2008 - REG 11 Plumbing work that may be carried out by unlicensed or unregistered persons|work=classic.austlii.edu.au|accessdate=November 13, 2018}}</ref> na Plumbing Code of Australia, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ablis.business.gov.au/service/ag/the-plumbing-code-of-australia-pca-/31066|title=The Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA) - Australian Government|date=November 14, 2018|work=ablis.gov.au|accessdate=November 14, 2018}}</ref> metụtara pọmpụ. Gọọmentị ọ bụla nọ na steeti nwere ikike na ụkpụrụ nke ya maka ikikere ndị na-arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ. Ha bụkwa ndị na-ahụ maka nkọwa, nchịkwa na itinye iwu ndị edepụtara na NCC.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[Australian Building Codes Board|ABCB]]|url=https://www.abcb.gov.au/ncc-online/Regulatory-Framework|title=Regulatory Framework {{!}} Australian Building Codes Board|work=www.abcb.gov.au|accessdate=November 13, 2018}}</ref> A na-ehiwe ndị ọchịchị a naanị maka ebumnuche nke ịchịkwa ọrụ pọmpụ na steeti / mpaghara ha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ iwu steeti bụ ihe mgbe ochie, ụfọdụ ka na-arụ ọrụ na iwu mpaghara nke e webatara ihe karịrị afọ iri gara aga. Nke a emeela ka mmụba nke nsogbu nchịkwa nke na-ekpuchighị n'okpuru iwu dị ugbu a, n'ihi ya, a na-emelite ọtụtụ iwu ugbu a iji kpuchie nsogbu ndị a nke oge a. Mmelite ndị ahụ gụnyere ịgbanwe na ahụmịhe kacha nta na ọzụzụ achọrọ maka ikikere, ụkpụrụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ụdị ọkpọkọ ọhụrụ na nke a kapịrị ọnụ, yana ịnakwere Usoro ọkpọkọ nke Australia n'ime iwu steeti na mgbalị iji mee ka iwu ọkpọkọ dị mma gafee mba ahụ. Na mba Norwee, pọmpụ ụlọ ọhụrụ arụnyere kemgbe n'afọ 1997 ga-emezu ihe achọrọ na ọ ga-adị mfe ịnweta maka dochie anya mgbe arụnyere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nytt om føringsveier for tappevann - Byggebransjens våtromsnorm|url=https://www.byggforsk.no/nyheter/3/nytt_om_foeringsveier_for_tappevann/1585|accessdate=December 25, 2021|work=www.byggforsk.no}}</ref> Nke a emeela ka e mepụta Usoro ọkpọkọ dị ka ihe achọrọ maka ọkpọkọ ụlọ. Na mba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], ndị ọkachamara bụ Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (ọnọdụ ọrụ ebere agụmakwụkwọ) ma ọ bụ eziokwụ na azụmahịa ahụ ka n'anọgide n'enweghị nchịkwa; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciphe.org.uk|title=The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE)|accessdate=March 29, 2014}}</ref> enweghị usoro iji nyochaa ma ọ bụ chịkwaa ọrụ nke ndị n'enweghị ikike ma ọ bụ ndị nwe ụlọ n'ahọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na mmezi n'onwe ha, n'agbanyeghị nsogbụ ahụike na nchekwa nke n'esite na ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ mgbe a n'eme ha n'ụzọ n'ezighi ezi; lee Health Aspects of Plumbings (HAP) nke World Health Organization (WHO) bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldplumbing.org|title=World Plumbing Council|accessdate=October 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/plumbinghealthasp/en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613024052/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/plumbinghealthasp/en/|archivedate=June 13, 2006|title=WHO Health aspects of plumbing|accessdate=October 11, 2009}}</ref> WPC emeela ka a họpụta onye nnọchi anya na World Health Organization iji mee ka ọrụ dị iche iche metụtara Akụkụ Ahụike nke Plumbing. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldplumbing.org/sep07.html|title=World Plumbing Council|accessdate=October 11, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117061821/http://www.worldplumbing.org/sep07.html|archivedate=January 17, 2009}}</ref> === United Steeti === Na United Steetị, koodu pọmpụ na ikikere n'achịkwa steeti na gọọmentị ime obodo. Na mba, [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi]] setịpụrụ ntuziaka banyere ihe mejupụtara ihe ndị n'enweghị isi na ọkpọkọ, iji mezụo Iwu Mmiri Ịṅụ Dị Nchebe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/section-1417-safe-drinking-water-act-prohibition-use-lead-pipes-solder-and|title=Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes, Solder, and Flux|accessdate=December 20, 2016|date=August 3, 2015}}</ref> === Kanada === Na [[Kánada|Canada]], ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri bụ ahia ahaziri ahazi chọrọ ọzụzụ nka na asambodo akọwapụtara. A n'ahụ maka ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ maka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ọkwa ógbè na mpaghara, nke ọ bụla nwere òtù ọchịchị dị iche iche: * Ndị n'achịkwa: Ógbè ma ọ bụ ógbè ọ bụla nwere ikike nchịkwa ya n'ahụ maka ikikere na nhazi nke ndị n'arụ ọrụ na pọmpụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo Ontario, Ontario College of Trades n'ahụ maka asambodo na nhazi nke ndị ahịa, ebe na mba British Columbia, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ (ITA) n'arụ ọrụ a. * '''asambodo:''' Iji nweta ọkwa onye n'arụ ọrụ na mba kanada, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu n'emecha mmemme mmụta nke gụnyere ma ntụziaka klas na ahụmịhe aka. Mgbe ha mechara, ndị n'aga akwụkwọ n'aga uụe maka asambodo ha. * Iwu ụlọ: Ntinye na nrụzi nke pọmpụ g'agbaso iwu ụlọ nke mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla kwụrụ. National Building Code of Canada n'arụ ọrụ dị ka koodu ihe nlereanya, na mpaghara na ókèala nwere ikike ịnakwere ma ọ bụ gbanwee maka mkpa ha. * '''Echiche Gburugburu Ebe Obibi:''' N'egosipụta mkpebi nke kanada maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, a n'ekwusi ike na omume pọmpụ n'adịgide adịgide. Iwu n'akwado nchekwa mmiri na itinye ihe ndị n'ahụ maka gbụrụ-gbúrụ ebe obibi. * '''Ụkpụrụ:''' Canadian Standards Association (CSA) n'ekpebi ụkpụrụ maka ngwa ahịa pọmpụ dị iche iche, n'ahụ maka nchekwa, ogo, na arụmọrụ ha. Ihe ndị dị ka olulu mmiri na ụlọ mposi na-enwekarị asambodo CSA, n'egosi ịgbaso ụkpụrụ achọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Brown|first=Norah|title=Plumbing Company in Canada|url=https://capitalplumbing.ca/|work=Capital Plumbing & Heating|publisher=Norah Brown|accessdate=October 11, 2018}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] exese8ct84q7xjkcalit81pe6swgkpt 0 49919 742777 706549 2026-11-03T10:11:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742777 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Vesuvio_Bien_Vee_-_Paso_Fino_Bellas_Formas_National_Champion_3_Year_Old_Gelding_in_2001;_photo_taken_in_May_of_2006.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Nwa agbọghọ dị afọ atọ]] Gelding bụ ịnyịnya nwoke a chụpụrụ agbapụ ma ọ bụ equine ndị ọzọ, dị ka inyinya, ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ inyinya mule. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ na ụfọdụ anụmanụ na anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka kamel anụ ụlọ. N'iji ya atụnyere, okwu nhata maka ehi a chụpụrụ achụpụ ga-abụ onye isi (ma ọ bụ oke ehi), na oyi maka atụrụ na ewu. Nkedo na-enye ohere ka nwoke na-enwekwu obi iru ala, na-akpa àgwà ka mma, na-enwechaghị ike inwe mmekọahụ, ma na-anabata mgbalị ọzụzụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, a maara ya maka ime ka anụ ahụ dị jụụ, dị nro na n'ozuzu ya dabara adaba dị ka anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị ka anụ ụlọ (n'ihe gbasara anụmanụ ndị enyi).[1] The gerund na participle "gelding" na enweghi ngwụcha "to geld" na-ezo aka na usoro nkedo n'onwe ya. == Okwu mmalite == Ngwaa "to geld" sitere na Old Norse {{Lang|non|gelda}}, site na adjective {{Lang|non|geldr}} 'barren'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1971|isbn=978-0198611172|editor=Murray|edition=Third|url=https://archive.org/details/compacteditionof03robe}}</ref> Aha "gelding" sitere na Old Norse {{Lang|non|geldingr}} . <ref name=":0" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-eche na ndị Sitia so na ndị mbụ na-anya ịnyịnya ha, [1] [2] ka ha ji ịnyịnya agha ndị dị jụụ na ndị na-adịghị echebe onwe ha kpọrọ ihe, yana ọ dị mfe idobe n'ìgwè na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ ókèala, na-enweghị ọnwụnwa nke ịmụ nwa / mating agụụ. A na-ekwu na Aristotle kwuru banyere gelding n'oge dị ka 350 BC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesprucepets.com/definition-of-gelding-1886645#:~:text=Gelding%20has%20been%20carried%20out,carried%20out%20by%20a%20veterinarian.|title=What is a Gelding?|author=Blocksdorf, Katherine|date=10 October 2018|work=TheSprucePets|quote=Gelding has been carried out for centuries, and written work by '''Aristotle''' mentions gelding as early as '''350''' B.C.E.|accessdate=24 July 2024|archivedate=18 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718055549/https://www.thesprucepets.com/definition-of-gelding-1886645#:~:text=Gelding%20has%20been%20carried%20out,carried%20out%20by%20a%20veterinarian.}}</ref> == Ihe mere e ji mee ka a na-akwa iko == A na-agbakarị ịnyịnya nwoke iji mee ka ọ na-akpa àgwà ka mma na mfe ịchịkwa ya. Gelding nwekwara ike wepụ anụmanụ ndị na-adịchaghị mma na ọdọ mmiri mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[1] Iji kwe ka naanị anụmanụ kacha mma na-amụba, ebe a na-echekwa ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa zuru oke, ọ bụ naanị obere pasentị nke ịnyịnya nwoke niile kwesịrị ịbụ nnukwu anụ. Isi mmalite na-edobe pasenti nke nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ekwesịrị idobe dị ka ngwaahịa ọmụmụ n'ihe dị ka 10%, [2] ebe echiche dị oke egwu na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị 0.5% nke ụmụ nwoke niile kwesịrị ịzụ.[3] N'ime anụ ọhịa, a na-echekwa oke 10% n'ụzọ nkịtị, n'ihi na otu nnukwu anụ ụlọ na-echebe ma na-amụba ìgwè ehi nke na-adịkarịghị karịa 10 ma ọ bụ 12 mares, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ikwe ka obere ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-ebi ndụ na nsọtụ nke anụ ọhịa. igwe.[4] Enwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke karịa naanị anụ ụlọ, yabụ, ịnyịnya nwoke na-ejikọtaghị ọnụ maka nchebe na obere ụmụ nwoke "bachelor herrds", ebe, na enweghị nne, ha na-eme omume dị ka geldings.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davies Morel|first=Mina C. G.|title=Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding, and Stud Management|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUtXot0_h4oC&q=bachelor+herd+horse&pg=PA254|accessdate=April 14, 2008|year=2003|publisher=CABI Publishing|isbn=978-0-85199-643-1|chapter=Stallion Management}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Win_win_relationship.JPG|thumb|Ịgba ịnyịnya nwoke nwere ike belata esemokwu nwere ike ime n'ime ìgwè ịnyịnya.]] Geldings are preferred over stallions for working purposes because they are calmer, easier to handle, and more tractable. Geldings are therefore a favorite for many equestrians. In some horse shows,{{which|date=June 2015}} due to the dangers inherent in handling stallions, which require experienced handlers,{{Citation needed|reason=What are the inherent dangers? Why do they require experienced handlers? Sources, please?|date=June 2015}} youth exhibitors are not permitted to show stallions in classes limited to just those riders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wpcs.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WPCS-Judging-and-showing-handbook_web3.pdf|title=Welsh Pony and Cob Society –|publisher=Wpcs.uk.com|accessdate=May 16, 2021|archivedate=September 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924052833/https://wpcs.uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/WPCS-Judging-and-showing-handbook_web3.pdf}}</ref> A na-ahọrọ Geldings karịa nne, n'ihi na ụfọdụ nne na-ewe iwe mgbe ha na-ekpo ọkụ na ojiji nke nne nwere ike ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè n'oge ọnwa ndị ọzọ nke ime na mgbe ha na'ilekọta nwa. N'ọsọ ịnyịnya, a pụrụ iwere ịkpụ ịnyịnya dị ka ihe bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ dọpụ uche anụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe, siri ike ijikwa ya, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ ọ gaghị agba ọsọ ruo n'ókè o nwere n'ihi nsogbu omume. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a pụtara na ịnyịnya ahụ na-efunahụ uru ọ bụla, ọrụ ịgba ọsọ na-aga nke ọma nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-akwalite uru nke ịnyịnya nke mụrụ gelding. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-achụpụ ịnyịnya a na-eji amụ nwa mgbe e mesịrị, ikekwe n'ihi enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ụmụ ịnyịnya ahụ anaghị eme ihe a tụrụ anya ya, ma ọ bụkwa n'ihi naanị n'ihi ete anaghị eji ịnyịnya ahụ eme ihe maka ịzụlite, n'ihi mgbanwe ejiji na pedigree ma ọ bụ phenotype. Castration nwere ike ikwe ka ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ biri n'udo, na-enye ohere ibi ndụ dị mma.<ref name="horsekeeping1">{{Cite web|author=Richard Klimesh|url=http://www.horsekeeping.com/horse_health_care/gelding_and_aftercare.htm|title=Horse Gelding the Male Horse and Aftercare by Cherry Hill|publisher=Horsekeeping|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> N'okpuru iwu British National Hunt racing (ya bụ Steeplechase), iji belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike na nchekwa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịnyịnya niile na-ekere òkè na-agbaji. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Europe, a na-ewepu castrings n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị larịị kachasị mma gụnyere Classics na Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe (ma e wezụga na ọ bụ French classic Prix Royal-Oak, meghere maka castrings kemgbe 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.france-galop.com/All-the-races.233+M52087573ab0.0.html?&course_id=9129&no_cache=1&numero_id=24|title=All the races: Prix Royal-Oak|publisher=France Galop|accessdate=February 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022236/http://www.france-galop.com/All-the-races.233+M52087573ab0.0.html?&course_id=9129&no_cache=1&numero_id=24|archivedate=December 3, 2013}}</ref> Na asọmpi agbụrụ nke North America, a na-ekwe ka ndị na-agba ọsọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ha eruola site na afọ, mmeri, ma ọ bụ ahụmịhe, na agbụrụ ndị a na-emeghe maka ụmụ nwoke. Otu ihe ahụ na-emetụta Australia. === Nchegbu banyere castration === Ọdịbendị ụfọdụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme anaghị eme ma ka na-adịkarịghị eme ịnyịnya nwoke, ọkachasị Ndị Arab, bụ ndị na-ejikarị ịnyịnya maka ọrụ kwa ụbọchị na agha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/arabianhorse.htm|title=Tales from "Sport in Egypt": The Arabian Horse|publisher=Touregypt.net|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ndị a, a ka na-ejighị ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ibu eme ihe maka ịzụlite, naanị ndị kachasị mma. Mgbe a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka anụmanụ na-agba ịnyịnya, a na-edebe ha naanị na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ nwoke n'ọnọdụ "nwoke", nke na-emekarị ka ha dị jụụ, na-adịchaghị ka àgwà ịnyịnya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Campfield|first=Jeremy|url=http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=9681#reflection|title=Working with Morocco's Horses: Journey's End|publisher=TheHorse.com|date=June 25, 2007|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ihe kpatara okpukpe maka omume ndị a dị; dịka ọmụmaatụ, a machibidoro ịkpụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ doro anya na Bible Hibru ma machibido ya Iwu ndị Juu. Ọ bụ ezie na ịkpụ ahụ na-enwekarị nsogbu ole na ole, enwere ihe ize ndụ. Castration nwere ike ịnwe nsogbu, dị ka ọzịza, ọbara ọgbụgba ma ọ bụ ọbara ọgbụrụ mgbe ịwa ahụ gasịrị, ọrịa, na eventration. Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu isii maka testosterone fọdụrụ iji wepụ usoro gelding ọhụrụ ma ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-egosipụta omume dị ka ịnyịnya n'oge ahụ. Maka ihe ndị na-edochaghị anya mgbe niile, ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ndị niile na-agba ịnyịnya ka nwere ike igosi ụzọ dị ka nke ịnyịnya, ụfọdụ n'ihi testicle cryptorchid e debere na ịnyịnya, ndị ọzọ n'ihi omume a mụtara na mbụ, mana ụfọdụ n'enweghị ihe doro anya. Ọzụzụ iji kpochapụ omume ndị a na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu. Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ bụ maka dọkịta anụmanụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-eme nchara na-eguzo ọtọ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ka ịnyịnya ahụ merụọ dọkịta ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ ahụ n'oge usoro ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu bilitere, a ghaghị ime ka ịnyịnya na-akụnwụ ahụ ozugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Cable|first=Christina S.|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10024/castration-in-the-horse|title=Castration In The Horse|publisher=TheHorse.com|date=April 1, 2001|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Castration anaghị agbanwe omume ọjọọ na omume ọjọọ na-akpaghị aka. A ghaghị ime nke a site na ọzụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị. <ref name="horsekeeping1" /> == Oge nke gelding == Enwere ike ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'afọ ọ bụla; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na onye nwe ya bu n'obi ịkpụ otu nwa, a na-ewere ya ugbu a dị ka ihe kachasị mma ịkpụ ịta ịnyịnya ahụ tupu ọ bụrụ nwa otu afọ, na n'ezie tupu ya eruo oke mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ka ị chere ruo mgbe ịnyịnya na-eto eto karịrị otu afọ, ọbụlagodi abụọ, nke a bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'ụbọchị ndị a na-eme nchara na-enweghị anesthesia ma bụrụ ihe na-echegbu anụmanụ ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a nwere ike imezu castration na obere nrụgide na obere ahụ erughị ala, ọ bụrụhaala na a na-eji ọgwụ mgbu kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref>R Eager (2002) "Evaluation of pain and discomfort associated with equine castration" UFAW Publications</ref> Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ole na ole na-egbu oge ịkpụ ịnyịnya n'ihi na Testosterone a na-enweta site na ikwe ka ọ ruo ntozu oke mmekọahụ ga-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ndị na-adịbeghị anya egosila na nke a abụghị otú ahụ: ọ bụla a na-ahụ anya nke a na-enweta naanị site na ọnụnọ nke homonụ ga-efu ka oge na-aga mgbe ịnyịnya ahụ nwụsịrị, ma ka ọ dị ugbu a, ike a na-emefu na-eto eto nwere ike iwepụ ike ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike itinye ya na uto ọkpụkpụ ọ nweghị mmetụta na ọnụego uto (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịbawanye oke abụba ịnyịnya ahụ).<ref>Seong, PN; Lee, CE, and Oh, WY; et al. (2005). [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=DMJGDA_2005_v47n3_391 Effects of castration on growth and meat quality in finishing male Jeju horses]. ''Journal of Animal Science and Technology'' 47.3:391–396.</ref> Ọtụtụ ịnyịnya ndị toro eto, ndị a na-ejighịzi eme ihe na stud n'ihi afọ ndụ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, nwere ike irite uru site na ịbụ ndị a na'ahụ. Usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ nke oge a na-eme ka ịkpụ nwa ịnyịnya meworo agadi bụrụ usoro dị ala, <ref name="mason">Mason, BJ, Newton, JR &#x26; Payne, RJ, et al. (2005). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2746/042516405774479988/full Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing 'standing nonsutured' and 'recumbent sutured' techniques]. ''Equine Veterinary Journal'' 37.5:468–472.</ref> na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere uru nke inwe ike ịpị ya na ịnyịnya ndị ọzọ n'enweghị nsogbu ma kwe ka ọ dịrị ndụ dị ala karịa ka e kwere ka ọ bụrụ nwa ịnyịnya. == Nlekọta pụrụ iche nke geldings == Ndị nwe ịnyịnya ndị nwoke, ma ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị na-eme ịnyịnya, kwesịrị mgbe ụfọdụ ịlele mkpuchi ịnyịnya, akpa akpụkpọ ahụ nke na-echebe penis nke ịnyịnya mgbe a na-ejighị ya maka nsị (ma ọ bụ, n'ihe banyere ịnyịnya, ịzụlite). Geldings na-enwekarị smegma na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa stallions, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na geldings anaghị emebi penis kpamkpam, ya mere unyi na smegma gbakọta na mkpokoro akpụkpọ ahụ.<ref name="Horse Journal">"Cut Through Smegma". ''Horse Journal'', August 2007, p. 19-20.</ref> == Usoro nke ịkpụcha == [[Usòrò:Castration_horse.jpg|thumb|A na-eme ịkpụ ahụ n'elu ịnyịnya n'okpuru ọgwụ anaesthesia ketamine]] E nwere usoro abụọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ịkpụ ịnyịnya, otu na-achọ naanị anesthesia mpaghara na nke ọzọ na-achọ anesthesia n'ozuzu. Usoro ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm. === Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ na-adịgide adịgide === Standing castration bụ usoro ebe a na-eme ka ịnyịnya dị jụụ ma na-enye ọgwụ anesthesia mpaghara, na-enweghị ịtụba ịnyịnya ahụ n'ala ma ọ bụ tinye ya kpamkpam "n'okpuru". Ọ nwere uru na ọ dịghị mkpa ka a na-akụnwụ ahụ (GA). A na-akwado usoro a maka usoro dị mfe n'ihi na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ maka GA na ịnyịnya na ụlọ ọgwụ nke oge a dị ala, ihe dịka otu ma ọ bụ abụọ na 1000. Ọnwụ n'ọhịa (ebe a na-eme ọtụtụ ịnyịnya) nwere ike ịdị elu, n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ ndị dara ogbenye.<ref name="periop">Bidwell, Lori A., DVM; Bramlage, Larry R., DVM MS; and Rood, William A., DVM (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20210706103259/https://www.vaajournal.org/article/S1467-2987%2816%2930902-3/fulltext Equine perioperative fatalities associated with general anaesthesia at a private practice—a retrospective case series]". ''Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia'' 34.1:23–30.</ref> Maka ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ, a na-etinye nwa ehi ma ọ bụ nwa ehi ahụ, na-ejikarị detomidine ma ọ bụ na-enweghị butorphanol, ma na-ejikwa ya eme ihe. A na-agbanye Ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ n'ime parenchyma nke testicles abụọ ahụ. A na-eme oghere site na scrotum ma wepụ testicles, mgbe ahụ a na-egbutu eriri spermatic, nke a na-ejikarị ma ọ bụ ligatures ma ọ bụ emasculators, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. A na-etinye emasculators maka nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, wee wepụ ya, a na-elepụtakwa ya nke ọma maka ihe ịrịba ama nke ọbara ọgbụgba. N'iburu n'uche na ọbara ọgbụgba dịkarịa ala, a na-akpụ akụkụ nke ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta anụmanụ na-ewepụ testicles ndị "n'ụzọ siri ike" (ma ọ bụ nso n'ahụ) site na uru ahụ na-ebu ụzọ, iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịnyịnya iwepụ ya ruo n'ókè ebe ọ na-enweghị ike iru. A na-ekwe ka ịnyịnya ahụ, nke bụzi gelding, gbakee. Enwere ike ịme ịkpụ ahụ na-eguzo ọtọ n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya. Ụfọdụ ndị isi akọwaala usoro maka iwepụ testicles ndị dị n'afọ site na anụmanụ cryptorchid, <ref>Hanrath, M., and Rodgerson, D.H. (2002). "[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jvet.31049/full Laparoscopic Cryptorchidectomy Using Electrosurgical Instrumentation in Standing Horses]". ''Veterinary Surgery'' 31.2:117–124.</ref> mana ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ ka na-akwado usoro na-ehi ụra, dịka akọwapụtara n'okpuru. <ref>Sedrish, Steven A. MS, DVM, Diplomate ACVS, and Leonard, John M. VMD (2001). "[http://www.ivis.org/sites/default/files/library/aaep/2001/91010100423.pdf How to Perform a Primary Closure Castration Using an Inguinal Incision]". ''AAEP Proceedings'' 47:423–425. Accessed on July 17, 2007. </ref> Isi ihe na-adịghị mma na ịkpụ ahụ guzo ọtọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nke, ọbụlagodi na sedation na njide, ịnyịnya nwere ike ịjụ usoro ahụ ma kụọ ma ọ bụ merụọ onye na-arụ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Equine Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction|url=https://archive.org/details/equinemedicinesu0000unse_b3u1|author=Mair|first=Tim|year=1998|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=978-0-7020-1725-4}}</ref> === Ịkpụ ọkpụkpụ n'ala === [[Usòrò:Mule_castration_emasculator_during_haemostasis.jpg|thumb|Ịchụ ahụ n'ala, gụnyere iji emasculatorsndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ ghara ịdị]] Ụfọdụ ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na-ahọrọ itinye ịnyịnya n'okpuru anesthesia n'ozuzu ya n'ihi na "ịga ahụ na-akawanye mma ma na-ebu obere ihe ize ndụ (n'ozuzu) maka dọkịta ịwa ahụ na onye ọrịa".<ref name="searle">Searle, D, Dart, AJ &amp; Dart, CM, et al. (1999). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060827091210/http://www.ava.com.au/avj/9907/99070428.pdf Equine castration: Review of anatomy, approaches, techniques and complications in normal, cryptorchid and monorchid horses]". {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827091210/http://www.ava.com.au/avj/9907/99070428.pdf |date=August 27, 2006 }}. ''Australian Veterinary Journal'' 77.7:428–434, p. 430. Accessed July 17, 2007.</ref> Maka castration dị mfe nke anụmanụ ndị dị mma, uru nke castration na-ehi ụra bụ na ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ike, enwere ike idebe asepsis ka mma (ebe a na-adịghị emebi emebi), na haemostasis ka mma (nchịkwa ọbara ọgbụgba) ga-ekwe omume. Na mgbakwunye, enwere obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka ka a kụọ ya. N'ọnọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị dị ka castration nke anụmanụ cryptorchid, ọwa inguinal dị mfe ịnweta. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche (dị ka "emeghe", "mechiri emechi", na "nke mechiri emechi") nke enwere ike iji, mana ịwa ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, anesthesia n'ozuzu ya enweghị ihe ize ndụ, gụnyere post-anaesthetic myopathy (mbibi nke uru ahụ) na neuropathy (mbi nke akwara), nsogbu iku ume (V / Q mismatch), na ịda mbà n'obi. Nsogbu ndị a na-eme ugboro ugboro nke na castration nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ.<ref name="periop"/> Iji belata nchegbu ndị a, ntuziaka British Equine Veterinary Association na-atụ aro ka ndị dọkịta abụọ na-awa ahụ anụmanụ nọrọ mgbe a na-eme anesthesia n'ozuzu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beva.org.uk/|title=Home|publisher=BEVA|accessdate=April 2, 2015}}</ref> === Nlekọta mgbe e mesịrị === Site na usoro abụọ a, a ga-edebe ọnyá ahụ ọcha ma kwe ka ọ pụọ n'enweghị nsogbu iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmepụta hematoma, ma ọ bụ mmepe nke abscess. Ojiji nke tetanus antitoxin na analgesics (ihe na-egbu mgbu) dị mkpa ma na-enyekarị ọgwụ nje. A na-ejikarị ịnyịnya ahụ agagharị n'aka ruo ụbọchị ole na ole iji belata mmepe nke ọzịza.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansci.wisc.edu/jjp1/equine/lab/male_anat/castration2.pdf|title=Castration Concerns for the Equine Owner|work=Department of Animal Sciences - University of Wisconsin-Madison|publisher=The Boards of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System|accessdate=June 1, 2019}}</ref> === Nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịdị === Nsogbu ndị dị nta na-esochi nkedo bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ebe nsogbu ndị siri ike dị ụkọ. Dịka otu nyocha siri dị, maka nkedo kwụ ọtọ, ọnụọgụ mgbagwoju anya bụ 22%, ebe maka nkedo nkwụghachi azụ bụ 6% (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-anwụ 1%).[1] Nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ: * Ọzịza mgbe a wasịrị ya (edema) - obere na nke a na-ahụkarị <ref name="InPractice">Railton, D. (1999). "Complications associated with castration in the horse". ''In Practice'' 1999 21: 298–307</ref> * Mmetụta Scrotal / incisional - mmepụta seroma / abscess dị n'ógbè ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mgbe akpụkpọ ahụ na-emechi tupu akpa miri emi enwe oge iji mechie. Nke a chọrọ imeghe akpụkpọ ahụ, iji guzobe mmiri zuru oke. Iji gbochie ọnyá ahụ imechi ngwa ngwa, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-emega ịnyịnya ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị mgbe usoro ahụ gasịrị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị iji ọgwụ na-egbochi ọzịza na-abụghị steroid gwọọ ịnyịnya iji belata ọzịza ma mgbe ụfọdụ ọ dị mkpa inye ọgwụ nje.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Liberty M. Getman|title=Review of castration complications: strategies for treatment in the field|url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103149629|publisher=Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners|accessdate=December 25, 2022|pages=374–378|format=Conference paper|date=2009}}</ref> * Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala na-eduga na '''eriri schirrous''' - mmepụta nke granuloma na ebe a na-ebibi ya, nke nwere ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè maka ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna afọ * Evisceration, ọnọdụ ebe akụkụ afọ "na-ada" site na ịwa ahụ, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, na mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ndụ bụ 85-100% ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ ha ozugbo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị elu maka ndị a na-emeghị ozugbo. <ref name="searle" /> == Hụkwa == * Onye ọnaozi, onye na-agba ịnyịnya, onye na onye na-akwa ịnyịnyaịnyịnya ibu * Spaying na neutering (maka ụmụ anụmanụ) == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] muyhw9p2vgvqhclrdu4uzq3dqhts5uo 0 49922 742461 708158 2026-11-03T08:00:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742461 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Jean-François_Millet_-_Gleaners_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|The Gleaners nke Jean-François Millet, 1857]] Ịchịkọta ihe bụ ịnakọta ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ubi ndị ọrụ ugbo ma e wetachara ya n'ahịa ma ọ bụ n'ubi ebe ọ na-adịghị mma maka ihe ubi. Ọ bụ omume a kọwara na Bible Hibru nke ghọrọ ikike ndị ogbenye nọ n'ọtụtụ alaeze Ndị Kraịst nwere n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro.[1][2] A na-ahụta "mmiri mmiri mkpofu" nke oge a, mgbe a na-eme ya maka nri ma ọ bụ nri nri, dịka ụdị mgbake nri. A ka na-ejikwa ịchịkọta ihe na-enye ndị nọ ná mkpa nri na-edozi ahụ e wetara. Na United States, a na-eji ya n'ihi mkpa nke netwọk mba iji nyere òtù mgbake nri aka. A na-akpọ nke a National Gleaning Project, [4] nke Center for Agriculture and Food Systems malitere na Vermont Law and Graduate School iji nyere ndị na-enweghị isi aka dị ka alaeze Ndị Kraịst ochie.<ref>[https://nationalgleaningproject.org/ National Gleaning Project]</ref> == Bible == Dị ka akwụkwọ Deuterọnọmi na Levitikọs si kwuo, ndị ọrụ ugbo kwesịrị ịhapụ nsọtụ ubi ha n’akụghị mkpụrụ (pea), ghara ịtụtụkọta ihe a tụfuru (nchịkọta ọka), gharakwa iwere ihe ọ bụla e chefuru echefu bụ́ nke e chefuru mgbe ha na-ewe ihe ubi. Ọtụtụ mpaghara.[1][2][3] N’otu n’ime oge abụọ e kwuru nke a na Levitikọs, ọ gbakwụnyere na n’ubi vaịn, e kwesịrị ịhapụ mkpụrụ vaịn ụfọdụ, [4] otu okwu ahụ dịkwa na Deuterọnọmi. Amaokwu ndị a na-enyekwa iwu na ekwesighi ịkụ osisi oliv n'ọtụtụ oge, na ihe ọ bụla fọdụrụ site na ịkụ mbụ kwesịrị ịhapụ. Dị ka Levitikọs si kwuo, a ga-ahapụ ihe ndị a maka ndị ogbenye na ndị bịara abịa, <ref name="Deu2420">{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|24:20|}}</ref> na Deuterọnọmi nyere iwu ka a hapụ ya maka ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ, ndị bịara abịa na ụmụ mgbei nna. Akwụkwọ Rut na-akọ banyere nchịkọta nke nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Ruth iji lekọta onwe ya na nne di ya, Naomi, onye bụkwa nwanyị di ya. == Echiche ndị rabaị == N'akwụkwọ ndị rabaị oge ochie, a rụrụ ụka na iwu Bible gbasara ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ na-emetụta naanị ubi ọka, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, na ubi vaịn.<ref>{{Jewish Encyclopedia|article=Gleanings of the field|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=G&artid=261}}</ref> A naghị ekwe ka onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ rite uru site na ihe ubi ahụ, a naghịkwa ekwe ka ọ na-akpa ókè n'etiti ndị ogbenye, ma ọ bụ gbalịa iji nkịta ma ọ bụ ọdụm tụọ ha egwu; <ref name="Hull131a">''[[Hullin]]'' 131a</ref> about="#mwt72" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"Peah56"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Peah56-14","html":"<nowiki><i id=\"mwAYI\"><a href=\"./Pe'ah\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" data-linkid=\"144\" class=\"cx-link\" id=\"mwAYM\" title=\"Pe'ah\">Pe'ah</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> 5:6"}}" id="cite_ref-Peah56_14-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Gleaning#cite_note-Peah56-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><ref name="Peah56">''[[Pe'ah]]'' 5:6</ref></span><span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[3]</nowiki></span>] E kweghị ka onye ọrụ ubi ahụ nyere otu n'ime ndị ogbenye aka ịchịkọta ndị fọdụrụ.<ref name="MaMiTo411">[[Maimonides]], ''Mishneh Torah'', 4:11</ref> Otú ọ dị, a rụkwara ụka na iwu ahụ na-emetụta naanị na Kenan, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị edemede ndị rabaị oge ochie, ndị bi na Babilọn, tinyere iwu ahụ n'ebe ahụ; a hụkwara ya dị ka ọ na-emetụ ndị Juu ogbenye, mana a hapụrụ ndị Jentaịl ogbenye ka ha rite uru maka udo obodo.<ref>''Pe'ah'' 2:5 (Palestinian Talmud)</ref><ref>''Hullin'' 134b</ref><ref>Maimonides, ''Mishneh Torah'', 1:14</ref><ref>''[[Gittin]]'' 59b</ref> == Omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Europe == [[Usòrò:Gleaning_by_Arthur_Hughes.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Gleaning nke Arthur Hughes]] N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Europe, gụnyere England na France, ikike nke Bible nwetara iji nweta ubi bụ maka ndị ogbenye; ikike, nke iwu kwadoro, nke gara n'ihu n'akụkụ Europe ruo n'oge a.<ref name="HusseyGleaning">{{Cite journal|author=Hussey|first=Stephen|date=1997|title='The Last Survivor of an Ancient Race': The Changing Face of Essex Gleaning|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_agricultural-history-review_1997_45_part-1/page/61|journal=The Agricultural History Review|volume=45|pages=61–72}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vardi|first=Liana|date=1993|title=Construing the Harvest: Gleaners, Farmers, and Officials in Early Modern France|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1993-12_98_5/page/1424|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=98|pages=1424–447|doi=10.2307/2167061}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ n'England, nchịkọta bụ ikike iwu maka "cottagers", ma ọ bụ ndị bi na-enweghị ala. N'ime obere obodo, sexton na-akpọkarị mgbịrịgba ụlọ ụka n'elekere asatọ nke ụtụtụ na ọzọ n'elekare asaa nke mgbede iji gwa ndị na-achịkọta ihe mgbe ha ga-amalite ma kwụsị ọrụ. Ikike iwu a kwụsịrị n'ụzọ dị irè mgbe mkpebi ''Steel v Houghton'' gasịrị na 1788. == Oge Ndị A == [[Usòrò:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F004601-0004,_Zülpich,_Getreideernte.jpg|thumb|Ndị Germany dara ogbenye na-achịkọta ihe na 1956]] Shulchan Aruch na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị Juu anaghịzi arụ ọrụ irube isi n'iwu Bible.<ref>Shulchan Aruk, ''Yoreh De'ah'' 332:1</ref> Ka o sina dị, n'[[Israel]] nke oge a, ndị rabaị nke okpukpe Ọtọdọks nke ndị Juu na-ekwusi ike na ndị Juu na ndị ogbenye na ndị bịara abịa na-eri ihe oriri n'oge Afọ izu ike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6991870.stm|work=BBC News|title=Israel prepares for 'fallow' new year|date=2007-09-12|accessdate=2010-05-03}}</ref> N'ụwa nke oge a, ndị ọrụ enyemaka na-eme nchịkọta nri <ref>{{Cite news|title=Food in Community: keeping community groups fed in Totnes|date=March 27, 2014|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/mar/27/totnes-food-redistribution}}</ref> nke na-ekesa nri a na-enweta na ndị ogbenye na agụụ; n'ọnọdụ nke oge a; nke a nwere ike ịgụnye nchịkọta nri site na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa na njedebe nke ụbọchị nke a ga-atụfu ma ọ bụghị ya. E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na-eme mkpokọta iji dozie nsogbu agụụ ọha; [[Society of St. Andrew]], dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Boston Area Gleaners. Ihe omume nchịkọta na-eme ebe ọ bụla nri karịrị akarị. Na mgbakwunye na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, ịtụtụkọta ihe nwekwara ike ime n'ugbo dị n'ọhịa. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, bụ́ ndị a na-akpọ ndị na-achịkọta ihe, na-aga n’ugbo ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-enye ihe fọdụrụ n’ubi ha iji chịkọta ma nye onyinye n’ụlọ akụ nri. Na steeti New York na 2010, ụdị ịchịkọta ọka a napụtara naanị nde kilogram 3.6 nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri.i. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lee, Deishen|title=Combining two wrongs to make two rights: Mitigating food insecurity and food waste through gleaning operations|journal=Food Policy|date=April 2017|volume=68|pages=40–52|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2016.12.004}}</ref> Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-achịkọta ma na-ekesa nri, ha na-eme ya n'ihe ize ndụ ha; na Soviet Union, Iwu nke Spikelets (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụgharị "iwu banyere ịnakọta") <ref>{{Cite book|author=Polian|first=PM|authorlink=Pavel Polian|title=Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR|url=https://archive.org/details/againsttheirwill0000poli|publisher=Central European University Press|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/againsttheirwill0000poli/page/87 87]|isbn=978-963-9241-68-8}}</ref> mere ka ịnakọta ihe, n'okpuru ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ afọ 10 nke ọrụ mmanye n'ọnọdụ pụrụ iche.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Solomon|first=Peter|title=Soviet Criminal Justice Under Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietcriminalju0000solo|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-521-40089-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sovietcriminalju0000solo/page/109 109]–116}}</ref> Na US, Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act nke 1996 gbochiri ibu ọrụ nke ndị na-enye onyinye na oge nke nleghara anya ma ọ bụ omume ọjọọ, na-ebelata ịnakọta ihe site na ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-egbochi nnyefe nri karịrị akarị site na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ iri nri gaa na ebe nri mberede. Iwu ahụ na-ebute ụzọ kwuo Good Samaritan Acts, nke na-enye obere nchebe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MEMORANDUM FOR JAMES S. GILLILAND, GENERAL COUNSEL, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE|date=March 10, 1997|url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/olc/bressman.htm}}</ref> N'àgwàetiti Bali, iwu ọdịnala na-enye ohere ka onye na-agafe agafe wepụta mkpụrụ osisi site n'ala - ọbụlagodi na osisi ahụ dị n'ala onwe onye.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na United States, e nwekwara iwu ndị na-akwado ma na-enye ikike. Iwu ndị a na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ohere ịnata enyemaka maka iji nchịkọta, na-enye ngalaba [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] iwu ka ha kwado nchịkọta ego na mba, ma na-enye ikike nkesa nke akwụkwọ nri ndị e nwetara site na nchịkọta.[https://nationalgleaningproject.org/] N'afọ 2020, e nwere òtù 143 na-achịkọta ihe na United States na Canada jikọtara ọnụ, na-achịkwa ihe ọ bụla site na 163,000-5.2 nde pound nke nri a chịkọtara n'afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Peterson|first=Shawn|date=2020|title=2020 Gleaning Census|url=https://nationalgleaningproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/AGO-2020Census-rev3-web.pdf|accessdate=November 7, 2022|work=National Gleaning Project}}</ref> == Ịma mma n'ihe osise == Gleaning bụ isiokwu a ma ama na nka, ọkachasị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Gleaning n'ime ime obodo France nọchitere anya na ihe osise Des Glaneuses (1857) nke Jean-François Millet na Le rappel des glaneuses (1 859) nke Jules Breton, ma nyochaa na ihe nkiri / nnwale nke afọ 2000, The Gleaners and I, nke Agnès Varda. Ihe osise [[Vincent van Gogh]] nke ''Nwanyị Na-arụ Ọrụ Ugbo'' na Nuenen, Netherlands (1885) dị na nchịkọta Charles Clore. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vggallery.com/drawings/p_1265a.htm|title=Vincent van Gogh: The Drawings|work=vggallery.com}}</ref><gallery> Usòrò:Jules_Adolphe_Aimé_Louis_Breton_(1827-1906)_-_The_Gleaner_-_ABDAG002172_-_Aberdeen_Art_Gallery.jpg|alt=Female figure in black skirt and white top holding gathered crops|Jules Breton, The Gleaner, 1875, Aberdeen Art GalleryEbe Egwuregwu Ihe osise nke Aberdeen Usòrò:Jean-François_Millet_-_Gleaners_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg|alt=Three figures in a field in the act of gathering leftover crops|[Ihe na dere n'ala peeji] Usòrò:Jules_Breton-Le_Rappel_des_glaneuses.jpg|alt=Scene of many female figures gathering leftover crops in a field|[Ihe na dere n'ala peeji] Usòrò:Lhermitte-Les_Glaneuses-1898.jpg|alt=Léon Augustin Lhermitte, Les glaneuses, 1898|[Ihe na dere n'ala peeji] </gallery> == Ịkụ ụmụ nwanyị == [[Usòrò:Henry_Herbert_La_Thangue_-_Gathering_Wool.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Ịchịkọta ajị anụ'' nke Henry Herbert La Thangue]] Ịchịkọta ajị anụ bụ omume yiri nke ịghọrọ, mana maka ajị anụ. Omume ahụ, nke na-adịkwaghịzi, bụ ịnakọta iberibe ajị anụ nke e jidere n'osisi na mgbidi ma ọ bụ daa n'ala ka atụrụ na-agafe. Njem na-agagharị agagharị nke onye na-eme ka okwu ahụ pụta dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi nke uche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/woolgathering|title=Woolgathering|work=Merriam-Webster online dictionary|accessdate=December 18, 2019}}</ref> == Ịkụ azụ == [[Usòrò:Gleaning_activity_on_seagrass_(cropped).png|thumb|Ịma n'ala ahịhịa n'ime mmiri]] N'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri, akọwaala mkpokọta dị ka "ịkụ azụ na ihe ndị bụ isi, gụnyere aka efu, na mmiri na-adịghị omimi karịa nke ahụ". Ịkụ azụ na-enweghị azụ (na-eje ije) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ala ahịhịa n'ụwa niile, na-enye aka n'inye ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ nri. <ref>Stiepani, J., Sandig, A. and Blicharska, M. (2023) ‘The Where, the How, and the Why of the gleaning fishery: Livelihoods, food security, threats and management on the island of Malalison, Philippines’, Ocean & Coastal Management, 244, p. 106806. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106806.</ref> <ref>Stiepani, J., Jiddawi, N. and Mtwana Nordlund, L. (2023) ‘Social-ecological system analysis of an invertebrate gleaning fishery on the island of Unguja, Zanzibar’, Ambio, 52(1), pp. 140–154. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-022-01769-1.</ref><ref>Stiepani, J. (2024) ‘Changing Coastlines of the Indo-Pacific : Local livelihoods and use of ecosystem resources from a social-ecological systems perspective’. Available at: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-526284 (Accessed: 7 May 2024).</ref> == Nchịkọta gburugburu ebe obibi == A na-ejikwa okwu nchịkọta eme ihe maka ụzọ iri nri nke na-agụnye iwere nri site n'elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Australia, a maara pardalotes (obere nnụnụ na-abụ abụ) maka iri nri ha na lerps, ụmụ ahụhụ na ''Eucalyptus'' sp. akwụkwọ. Ọtụtụ azụ na-eri nri site n'iwepụ obere nri site na ebe siri ike, ihe atụ ọzọ nke nchịkọta gburugburu ebe obibi. == Hụkwa == * Canner (ọrụ) * Ịdaba n'ime mmiri * Ebe nchekwa nri * Nnapụta Nri * Nzọpụta nri * Freeganism * Tzedakah * Usufruct * [[Onye na-ebu ihe mkpofu|Onye na-ekpofu ahịhịa]] == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9dqlcvkeo8h5eqknw29lau9ij2gqt1h 0 49927 742653 728486 2026-11-03T08:56:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Agricultural_output_of_Nigeria.svg|thumb|300x300px| Mmepe mmepụta ihe ubi nke Naijiria na 2015 US$ kemgbe 1961]] [[Usòrò:Oshodi_market_lagos.jpg|thumb|323x323px| [[Oshodi market|Ahịa Oshodi]] na [[Lagos]]]] Agriculture bụ ihe bụ isi nke akụ na nyere Naijira, [1] na-enweta ihe ruru pacenti iri atọ na ise nke ihe ọrụ n'afọ 2020. [2] Dị ka FAO si kwuo, [3] ọrụ ugbo na- na-abụ ntọala nke akụ.  na mụrụ Naijiria, [1] na-enye ihe maka ọtụtụ ndị Nigeria na ejedebe ọtụtụ nde ọrụ.  [4] [5] [6] Tinyere nri ala, Naijiria na-adabere na ike ugbo ọ na-ebupụ iji nweta ọtụtụ n'ime ego obodo ya.  [6] ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria nwere ngalaba anọ: amị ihe mmepụta, anụ ụlọ, ọdịdị na iche azụ . Naijiria nwere mkpokọta ọrụ ugbo nke nde hectare iri asaa na uma ise nke nde [1] n'ime ya bụ ala a na-akọ ihe, [2] nde hectare isii na uma ise na-eji ihe omume na-adịgide adịgide, na hectare iri atọ na uma atọ bụ ike na ala  ịta obodo . <ref>{{Cite web|author=cycles|first=This text provides general information Statista assumes no liability for the information given being complete or correct Due to varying update|title=Topic: Agriculture in Nigeria|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/6729/agriculture-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Statista|language=en}}</ref> Maize, akpu, ọka Guinea, Ahụekere na ji bụ ọkacha ozi a na-akọ na ebe, ebe pacenti iri asaa nke na-arụ ọrụ ugbo .  N'ebe ndịda, pacenti asaa na ụma atọ nke ezina ahụ na-akụ azụ, ebe irí isii na iteghete mara atọ nke ihe nwera ma ọ bụ na-azụ anụ ụlọ na ugwu ihie Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Topic: Agriculture in Nigeria|url=https://www.statista.com/topics/6729/agriculture-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2021-08-12|work=Statista|language=en}}</ref> Na ndị nke atọ nke afọ 2019, tupu ọrịa COVID-19, ngalaba ahụ toro site na irí na anọ mara iri asatọ na asatọ kwa afọ.  Mmepụta ihe ka bụ azịza ukwuu na mpaghara ahụ.  N'ime nsogbu nke atọ nke afọ 2019, ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nyere irí abụọ na iteghete mara irí abụọ na isena mkpokọta GDP.  [3] N'agbata ọnwa January na Machị afọ 2021, ọrụ ugbo nyere irí abụọ na abụọ mara irí atọ na ise nke mkpokọta ụlọ <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria at a glance|url=http://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/|accessdate=2020-11-24|work=www.fao.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-15|title=Agriculture contributes 23% to GDP in 2022 – Minister|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/agriculture-contributes-23-to-gdp-in-2022-minister/|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216151015/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/agriculture-contributes-23-to-gdp-in-2022-minister/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Isaac|first=Nkechi|date=2022-09-16|title=Agriculture Contributed 23.3% To National GDP In Q2 – Abubakar|url=https://sciencenigeria.com/agriculture-contributed-23-3-to-national-gdp-in-q2-abubakar/|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=Science Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-15|title=Agriculture contributes 23% to GDP in 2022 — Minister|url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/09/15/agriculture-contributes-23-to-gdp-in-2022-minister/|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=NewsWireNGR|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216152520/https://newswirengr.com/2022/09/15/agriculture-contributes-23-to-gdp-in-2022-minister/|archive-date=2022-12-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ukpe|first=William|date=2022-08-26|title=GDP: Nigeria's Agriculture sector grows by 1.20% in Q2 2022|url=https://nairametrics.com/2022/08/26/gdp-nigerias-agriculture-sector-grows-by-1-20-in-q2-2022/|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=Nairametrics|language=en-US}}</ref> Ngalaba a na-enwe ikike site na njirimara na obere, ọkara na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ.  [8] Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria nwere ike ịzọ ya, usoro nhazi ala nke na- Buru odị, e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria nwere ike ịzọ ya, usoro nhazi ala nke na- Buru o dị ala, ọkwa nke mba ahụ, njedebe nke ihe na-akpata, ọnụ ọnụ  nke ugbo ugbo, ego ole.  nke Kakiri kredit nyere ikike nke njikwa nke ụlọ ọrụ iche maka iche nke ngalaba ọrụ ugbo, ngwaọrụ nkata na nkesa fatịlaịza, ngwaọrụ ikiri ebe nchekwa, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikwa. .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olayide|first=Olawale Emmanuel|date=December 2016|title=Differential impacts of rainfall and irrigation on agricultural production in Nigeria: Any lessons for climate-smart agriculture?|journal=Agricultural Water Management|volume=178|pages=30–36|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.034|issn=0378-3774}}</ref>N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ, oke mmiri ozuzo, oke ihu igwe, na nrịanrịa na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa ndị yiri ya nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-ebute bụ ihe ịma aka n'iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke usoro ọrụ ugbo nke mba ahụ.[8]  Nke a jikọtara ya na ịdabere n'ọrụ ugbo sitere na mmiri ozuzo, nke mere ka ngalaba ahụ nwee ike ịdaba na ọnọdụ oge. Ihe ndị a niile na-atụnye ụtụ n'ịrụpụta ọrụ ugbo na mfu na mkpofu na Naịjirịa. <ref name=":0"/> Amaghị akwụkwọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe na-egbochi ọganihu na mmepe nke ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria. Nnyocha egosila na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na Naịjirịa enwetabeghị agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Agriculture Problems in Nigeria—and Solutions|url=https://agricdemy.com/post/agriculture-problems-nigeria|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=agricdemy.com}}</ref> == Dynamics == N'oge akwụkwọ onwe Naijiria nke afọ 1960, mbupụ nri bụ ihe ụmụaka pacenti iri asaanke Gross National Product (GNP).  [10] Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ iri abụo na ise sochirinụ, ụlọ ahụ la akwado, na ihe oriri na-akpata ihe ụmụaka pacenti iri ise nke mbubata.  N'ime akpaghi na ngwaọrụ ala na-eme nri, ihe nri na Naijiria agbadala, i jikwa nri kwa onye ọ lụba galalakwara, butere ekewa akụkụ asaa na mbubata ọka. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Obasanjo|first=Olusegun|title=Africa Embattled|url=https://archive.org/details/africaembattleds00obas|publisher=Fountain Publications|year=1988|isbn=9782679364|location=Ibadan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africaembattleds00obas/page/79 79]}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, gọọmenti Naijiria kwalitere iji fatịlaịza na-adịghị ahụkebe eme ihe iji dozie nsogbu ahụ. <ref name="pasquini">{{Cite journal|author=Pasquini|first=MW|date=2005|title=Soil fertility management strategies on the Jos Plateau: the need for integrating 'Empirical' and 'Scientific' knowledge in agricultural development|journal=Geographical Journal|volume=171|issue=2|pages=112–124|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00154.x}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, n'ime ala Nigeria dị ihe dị ka nde hectare iri iteghete na otu, a chọpụtara na hectare nde irí asatọ na abụọ dabara adaba maka ọrụ ugbo, mana ọ bụ naanị pasentị iri anọ na abụọ nke ebe a na-akọ ihe ka a na-akọ ugbo. "Sistemụ fallow nke ọhịa," nke gụnyere ịhapụ ala na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ruo oge ụfọdụ iji mee ka mmeghari ebumpụta ụwa nke ọmụmụ ala, bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Na mgbakwunye, nde hectare iri na asatọ ka ekewapụtara dị ka ebe ịta nri na-adịgide adịgide, mana enwere ike ịkwado ihe ọkụkụ, na ọtụtụ n'ime hectare nde irí abụọ nke oke ọhịa na oke ọhịa kpuchie nwere ikike ọrụ ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Agriculture|url=https://countrystudies.us/nigeria/57.htm|accessdate=2024-03-07|work=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Ụgwọ iwu mbubata ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria ruru pacenti iri atọ ruo ijeri naira narị iteghete na iri abụọ na Q1 2024, na-egosi na mba ahụ na-eto eto na-adabere na ngwa ọrụ ugbo a na-ebubata dị ka ọka wit na nri ndị dị mkpa iji gboo mkpa ndị ahịa, bụ nke ọrụ ugbo na-agbasi mbọ ike imeju. Ọnụ ego nri Naịjirịa na-ebubata toro karịa pacenti iri atọ na isii mara irí atọ na asatọ na June 2024 dịka akụkọ si kwuo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tunji|first=Sami|date=2024-07-29|title=Nigeria’s imported food inflation jumps to 36.38% in June 2024 on weak naira|url=https://nairametrics.com/2024/07/29/nigerias-imported-food-inflation-jumps-to-36-38-in-june-2024-on-weak-naira/|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Nairametrics|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmepụta == Na 2022, Nigeria wepụtara: * 59.6 nde tọn akpu (onye kacha emepụta n'ụwa). Naijiria nwere ihe ruru pasenti iri abụọ nke ihe a na-emepụta n'ụwa, ihe dị ka pasentị 34 nke Africa, na ihe dị ka pasentị 46 nke West Africa; <ref name=":0"/> * 47.5 nde [[Jí|tọn ji]] (onye na-emepụta ihe kasị ukwuu n'ụwa); <ref>{{Cite web|author=omotolani|date=2022-03-28|title=Nigeria is the highest producer of yam, thanks to these states|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/yam-nigeria-is-the-highest-producer-of-this-crop-thanks-to-these-states/478clck|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> * 3.3 nde tọn [[Ede|taro]] (onye na-emepụta ihe kacha ukwuu n'ụwa); <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-28|title=Top Taro Producing Countries In The World|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-taro-producing-countries-in-the-world.html|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2.6 nde tọn cowpea (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa); <ref>{{Cite web|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://www.iita.org/cropsnew/cowpea/|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=www.iita.org}}</ref> * 6.8 nde tọn [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]] (onye na-emepụta ihe kachasị n'ụwa); <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sorghum Production by Country {{!}} World Agricultural Production 2022/2023|url=http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com/crops/sorghum.aspx|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=www.worldagriculturalproduction.com|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112151347/http://www.worldagriculturalproduction.com/crops/sorghum.aspx}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sorghum Production by Country in 1000 MT - Country Rankings|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=sorghum&graph=production|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=www.indexmundi.com}}</ref> * 2 nde tọn okra (nke abụọ na-emepụta ihe n'ụwa, nke abụọ na India); <ref>{{Cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=World Okra Production by Country|url=https://www.atlasbig.com/en-us/countries-okra-production|accessdate=2022-12-16|work=AtlasBig|language=en}}</ref> * 2.8 nde tọn ahụekere (nke atọ kasị ukwuu na-emepụta n'ụwa, nke abụọ na China na India); * 4 nde tọn nduku ụtọ (onye na-emepụta ihe nke atọ n'ụwa, nke abụọ na China na Malawi); * 369 puku tọn ginger (onye na-emepụta ihe nke atọ n'ụwa, na-efunahụ naanị India na China); * 2.2 nde tọn millet (nke anọ na-emepụta ihe n'ụwa, nke abụọ na India, Niger, na Sudan); * 7.8 nde tọn [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] (nke anọ na-emepụta ihe n'ụwa, nke abụọ na Indonesia, Malaysia, na Thailand); * 572 puku tọn mkpụrụ sesame (nke anọ na-emepụta ihe n'ụwa, na-efunahụ naanị Sudan, Myanmar, na India); * 332 puku tọn koko (nke anọ na-emepụta ihe n'ụwa, nke abụọ na Ivory Coast, Ghana, na Indonesia); * Nde tọn 3 nke plantain (nke ise kacha emepụta ihe n'ụwa); * 833 puku tọn pọọpọ (nke isii kacha emeputa n'ụwa); * 1.6 nde tọn nke painiapulu (nke asaa kachasị na-emepụta n'ụwa); * 3.9 nde tọn tomato (11th kasị emepụta n'ụwa); * 6.8 nde ton [[Oskàpà|osikapa]] (otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta osikapa na Africa, <ref name=":0" /> nke iri na anọ na-emepụta ihe n'ụwa); * 10.1 nde tọn ọka (14th kasị emepụta n'ụwa); * 7.5 nde tọn akwụkwọ nri ; * 1.4 nde tọn okpete ; * 1.3 nde tọn nduku ; * 949 puku tọn mango (gụnyere mangosteen na guava ); * 938 puku tọn yabasị ; * 758 puku tọn soy ; * 747 puku tọn akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ose; * 585 puku tọn [[egusi]] ; * 263 puku tọn sheanut ; * 150 puku tọn aki oyibo . Ngwaahịa a na-emepụta n'ubi nke mba ahụ na-adaba n'ìgwè abụọ bụ isi: ihe ọkụkụ a na-emepụta maka oriri ụlọ na ihe ọkụkụ a na-ere maka uru na mbupụ na mba ọzọ. Tupu [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo Naijiria]], obodo ahụ nwere onwe ya na nri, mana nke ahụ belatara mgbe 1973 gasịrị. [[Achicha|Achịcha]] sitere na ọka wit America nọchiri ihe ọkụkụ n'ụlọ dị ka nri kacha ọnụ ala. <ref name="Nigeria agriculture">[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Nigeria-AGRICULTURE.html Nigeria agriculture]</ref> N'agbata afọ 1980 na 2016, mmepụta jim mụbara site n'ihe dị ka nde tọn ise ruo nde tọn 44. <ref name="verter">{{Cite journal|author=Verter|first=Nahanga|date=2015-05-01|title=An Analysis of Yam Production in Nigeria|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276318129|journal=Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis|volume=63|issue=2|pages=659–665|doi=10.11118/actaun201563020659}}</ref> 0{{main|Cocoa production in Nigeria}} Cocoa bụ nnukwu mgbanwe mba ofesi na-abụghị mmanụ mmanụ, mana ikike nke ndị obere obere na enweghị ọrụ ugbo n'ihi mmepe obodo na-egbochi mmepụta. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi mmepụta nke koko gụnyere ego, enweghị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahazi, na ị nweta ụdị osisi ọhụrụ dị ala iji megharịa ochie na ịkọ ubi ọhụrụ. A na-amata ihe ndị a site n'ọtụtụ ndị metụtara ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modelled ILO estimate) - Nigeria|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=NG|accessdate=24 November 2020|work=Work Bank Data|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> [https://agronigeria.ng/reviving-nigerias-cocoa-industry-challenges-opportunities-way-forward/ Na-emegharị ụlọ ọrụ koko nke Nigeria] Ihe ịma aka ndị ahụ achụpụla mba ahụ n'ịbụ onye nke abụọ na-emepụta koko ka ọ bụrụ nke anọ, nke Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, na Indonesia meriri. N'afọ 1969, Nigeria wepụtara 145,000 tọn koko; Otú ọ dị, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe karịrị 300,000 kwa afọ. Gọọmenti Naijiria nwere ike inye ndị ọrụ ugbo koko aka karịa ka ha na-amụba ihe. <ref name="Nigeria agriculture"/> * Ihe mkpali mmefu ego ọhụrụ iji kwalite nnọchi mbubata ụlọ * Mwepụ mmachi na mpaghara itinye ego na oke nha nha nha na ntinye ego nke ndị na-etinye ego si mba ọzọ * Njikwa mgbanwe ego - ịnyefe isi obodo, uru na nkesa n'efu * Nkwenye nke usoro iwu megide ịweta mba / ịwepụ ego itinye ego * Uru pasentị efu (0%) n'elu igwe ọrụ ugbo na mbubata akụrụngwa * ezumike ụtụ isi ọsụ ụzọ maka itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo * Nkwụsị ọrụ na ihe mkpali ndị ọzọ metụtara ụlọ ọrụ, dịka, dabere na iji akụrụngwa mpaghara, ntụzịaka mbupụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Central Bank of Nigeria malitere mmemme Anchors-Borrow <ref>{{Cite web|title=CBN and the Anchor Borrowers' ProgrammeE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/02/cbn-and-the-anchor-borrowers-programme/|date=2020-03-01|work=ThisDayLive|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> iji kwalite ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ, karịsịa osikapa. Gọọmenti etiti Naịjirịa emechiela oke ala ya ka o wee belata mbubata osikapa ma kwalite mmepụta obodo. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-31|title=Nigeria's border crisis fuelled by rice|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50223045|accessdate=2020-11-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://businessday.ng/editorial/article/the-economic-pains-of-nigerias-land-border-closure/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=businessday.ng|date=24 September 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|gọọmentị Naịjirịa]] machiri ụgwọ mbubata na ngwa ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa iji luso ọnụ ahịa nri ọgụ na ịkwado mmepụta obodo. Amụma a bu n'obi ibelata ọnụ ahịa mbubata nri ma gbaa ume itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nri. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-14|title=Tinubu Approves Temporary Import Duty Ban to Combat Food Inflation|url=https://naijaecho.com.ng/temporary-import-duty-ban-2-combat-food-inflation/|accessdate=2024-07-15|work=Naijaecho.com.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, gọọmentị webatara mmemme nkwado ego na ngwa ngwa maka ndị ọrụ ugbo, gụnyere mbinye ọmụrụ nwa dị ala, enyemaka maka ntinye ọrụ ugbo, na itinye ego na akụrụngwa ime obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-01|title=Tinubu employs N500 billion in remedies to combat hardship|url=https://naijaecho.com.ng/tinubu-employs-n500-billion-in-remedies-to-combat-hardship/|accessdate=2024-07-15|work=Naijaecho.com.ng|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715110617/https://naijaecho.com.ng/tinubu-employs-n500-billion-in-remedies-to-combat-hardship/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gọọmenti Naịjirịa webakwara atụmatụ kaadị ahụike ndị ọrụ ugbo ala Naịjirịa nke ga-eme ka e guzobe ụlọ nyocha nyocha ala na steeti dị iche iche na ọchịchị ime obodo na Naịjirịa iji kwalite mmepụta ndị ọrụ ugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Natsa|first=Ruth Tene|date=2024-07-24|title=FG inaugurates committee to implement Nigeria Farmers’ Soil Health Card Scheme|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/fg-inaugurates-committee-to-implement-nigeria-farmers-soil-health-card-scheme/|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide === [[Ihe Ebumnuche Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide|Ebumnuche Sustainable Development Goals]] na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na Nigeria enweela mmetụta na mpaghara mbupụ na-ahụ maka oriri na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ugbo na Nigeria. Ego a na-enweta kwa ọnwa nke ngalaba mbupụ abawanyela n'ime afọ anọ. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2016, mbupụ ọrụ ugbo ruru ijeri naira 4.1, nke ruru ijeri naira iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2017. Site na Eprel 2019 ruo Maachị 2020, mkpokọta mbupụ ọrụ ugbo ruru ijeri naira 289 maka Naịjirịa. Mbupụ ọrụ ugbo n'ime ọnwa isii mbụ nke 2020 bụ ijeri naira 204.45, nke na-egosi na nrụpụta na-abawanye na mpaghara ahụ iji mee ka mmụba mbupụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ukpe|first=William|date=2020-10-01|title=Nigeria @ 60: Agriculture and the way forward|url=https://nairametrics.com/2020/10/01/nigeria-60-agriculture-and-the-way-forward/|accessdate=2021-03-27|work=Nairametrics|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na Nigeria|Ebumnuche mmepe Sustainable]] emewokwa ka mpụta atumatu nwere mmetụta na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere "Amụma nkwalite ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria-2016-2020", nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ [[Nchebe nri na Naịjirịa|nchekwa nri]] site na ibelata mbubata nri. Ọ na-achịkwa mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ na mkpali maka mmepe teknụzụ na ọkwa mpaghara. Mmemme Empowering Novel [[Ọrụ ugbo|Agribusiness]] -Led Employment Programme na-achịkọta ego maka mmepe azụmaahịa na-eduga ndị ntorobịa. Amụma ọzọ bụ iwu atụmatụ kredit nke ọrụ ugbo sitere na 2016, nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkachamara ndị ọzọ ihe mkpali n'oge niile n'usoro ọkọnọ ọrụ ugbo. N'ikpeazụ, "Green Alternative: The Agriculture Promotion Policy" ka ewepụtara n'etiti afọ 2016. Emebere ya iji kwalite mmepụta soybean na cowpea, bụ ndị ahọpụtara maka itinye uche na amụma ahụ n'ihi uru nri ha nwere na ikike mbupụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gil|first=Juliana Dias Bernardes|date=July 2019|title=Sustainable development goal 2: Improved targets and indicators for agriculture and food security|journal=Ambio|language=en|volume=48|issue=7|pages=685–698|doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1101-4|issn=0044-7447|pmid=30267284}}</ref> == Nlaghachi azụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria == Kamgbe afọ 2015, [[Ọgba aghara nke ndị azu ehi na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria|mwakpo ndị na-achị ehi na-awakpo n'ugbo n'ofe Naịjirịa]] ebutela ihe a na-emepụta nke ọma n'ihi na ọtụtụ obodo ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ahapụla ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ kwụsịlata ọrụ ugbo ha n'ihi egwu mbibi nke ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ọgụ ọbara. Nke a ebutelarị ọnụ ahịa nri na-arị elu na elu enweghị ọrụ. [https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/EBR/article/download/1683/1582/3223#:~:text=The%20study%20concluded%20that%20the,pay%20tax%20to%20the%20state.&text=the%20people.] [https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict Ndị na-achị ehi megide ndị ọrụ ugbo: Ọgbaghara na-egbu egbu nke Naijiria na-agbasawanye] Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebo ndị ọrụ ugbo ebubo na ndị na-achị ehi na-ama ụma na-edu ehi ha ka ha rie ihe ọkụkụ ha, nke na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-awakpo ndị na-achị ehi mgbe ụfọdụ. Ndị na-azụrụ anụ ụlọ na-agbakọtakwa agbakọta ọkụ n'ime ime obodo niile na-arụ ọrụ ugbo iji megwara. Ọ bụ ezie na Naijiria na-eru nso inwe afọ ojuju n'imepụta [[Oskàpà|osikapa]] [https://businesspost.ng/economy/nigeria-targeting-self-sufficiency-in-wheat-rice-production-shettima/], ndị ọkachamara na-adọ aka na ntị na ọ bụrụ na edozighi esemokwu na-adịte aka n'etiti ndị na-akwagharị na ndị ọrụ ugbo n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nwere ike imebi uru ndị e nwetara ugbu a. Ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta udo bịanyere aka na ya n'etiti ha abụọ akwụsịbeghị mbibi nke ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe ike kpatara ya. [https://punchng.com/farmers-herders-sign-peace-pact-to-end-clashes-in-swest/] Otu akụkọ nke [[Food and Agriculture Organization|United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation]] mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 25.3 ndị Naijiria nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ụkọ nri n'ihi enweghị nchebe na nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe na Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ekwe|first=Michael|date=2023-06-06|title=A deadly duo: Climate change and conflict are fuelling Nigeria’s food insecurity crisis|url=http://theconversation.com/a-deadly-duo-climate-change-and-conflict-are-fuelling-nigerias-food-insecurity-crisis-206042|accessdate=2024-07-30|work=The Conversation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/agriculture.html Agriculture & Animals] Motherland Nigeria * [http://www.agronigeria.com AgroNigeria] : Onu onu ugbo ala Naijiria * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404084116/http://www.resimao.org/ Onye nleba anya n'ahịa ọrụ ugbo nke West Africa/Observatoire du Marché Agricole (RESIMAO)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141023131050/http://myedu.ng/study-online/agricultural-science/major-farming-problems-in-nigeria-crop-farmers-and-livestock-rearers/ Nnukwu nsogbu ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria-Ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ịkwado ọrụ ugbo na ugwu Nigeria * [[Oru ugbo na Rivers State|Agriculture na Rivers State]] * [[Mmepe ime obodo na Naijiria]] * [[Deforestation in Nigeria|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na Naịjirịa]] * [[Yam production in Nigeria|Mmepụta ji na Naịjirịa]] * [[Mmepụta akpu na Naijiria|Akpụpụta akpụ na Naịjirịa]] * [[Cocoa production in Nigeria|Mmepụta koko na Nigeria]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rz6eyimib5utiiu4k5g1j3m8ge3iy1h 0 49930 742545 707104 2026-11-03T08:13:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Nordrhein-Westfalen_weidende_Milchkühe.JPG|thumb|Ịkpa ehi na Germany]] N'ọrụ ugbo, ịhịa aka n'ahụ bụ usoro ịzụ anụ ụlọ nke a na-ahapụ anụ ụlọ n'èzí ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu (na-agagharị) ma na-eri ahịhịa ọhịa iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ (site na eriri afọ mmadụ) cellulose n'ime ahịhịa na ihe oriri ndị ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ anụ, mmiri ara ehi. ajị na anụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, na-adịkarị n'ala nke na-adịghị mma maka ịkọ ugbo. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike were ọtụtụ usoro ịta nri dị iche iche maka mmepụta kacha mma: ịta nri nwere ike na-aga n'ihu, nke oge, ma ọ bụ ntụgharị n'ime oge ịta nri. A na-ahụ ntụgharị ogologo ogologo n'ọrụ ugbo ley, na-atụgharị ihe ubi na nri anụ; na ntughari izu ike, ntughari ebugharị, na ìgwè mmadụ na-ata nri, na-enye ahịhịa ogologo oge iji gbakee ma ọ bụ hapụ ala. Patch-burn na-ewepụta ntụgharị nke ahịhịa ọhụrụ mgbe ejiri ezumike afọ abụọ gbaa ọkụ. Ịta nri nchekwa na-atụ aro ka a na-eji anụmanụ na-ata nri na-emeziwanye ihe dị iche iche nke saịtị <ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=32369874|year=2020|author=Filazzola|first=A.|title=The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi-trophic: A meta-analysis|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=23|issue=8|pages=1298–1309|doi=10.1111/ele.13527}}</ref> Ịkpa anụ adịla kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo; atụrụ na [[ewu]] bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị na-azụlite n'ụlọ tupu e wuo ebe obibi mbụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ihe dị ka 7000 BC, na-eme ka e nwee ike ịzụ ehi na ezì.&nbsp; Ịkpa anụ ụlọ na-enye aka n'ọtụtụ Mmetụta ala-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere [[Mgbukpọ]] ọhịa, mkpochapụ nke anụ ọhịa, mmetọ nke iyi na osimiri, ịtabiga nri ókè, mmebi ala, Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/grazing/|title=Grazing|work=www.biologicaldiversity.org}}</ref> na Nkwụsi ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liang|first=M.|date=2021|title=Grazing-induced biodiversity loss impairs grassland ecosystem stability at multiple scales|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=24|issue=10|pages=2054–2064|doi=10.1111/ele.13826|pmid=34319652}}</ref><ref name="Hautier-Plas-2022">{{Cite book|author=Hautier|first=Yann|chapter=Biodiversity and Temporal Stability of Naturally Assembled Ecosystems Across Spatial Scales in a Changing World|publisher=[[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]]|date=2022-02-16|doi=10.1002/9781119902911.ch9|pages=189–209|title=The Ecological and Societal Consequences of Biodiversity Loss|isbn=978-1-78945-072-9}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   [[Usòrò:Fat_tailed_sheep,_Afghanistan,_1976.jpg|thumb|Ịzụlite anụ ndị na-eri anụ site na 7000 BC, dị ka atụrụ ndị a nwere ọdụ buru ibu na Afghanistan, nyere ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị gafee Middle East na etiti Eshia ihe oriri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.&nbsp;]] A zụlitere atụrụ, ewu, ehi, na ezì n'oge mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ ugbo. A na-ebu ụzọ zụlite atụrụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ewu sochiri ya; ụdị abụọ ahụ dabara adaba maka ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị. A zụlitere ehi na ezì n'ụlọ obere oge ka e mesịrị, n'ihe dị ka 7000 BC, ozugbo ndị mmadụ malitere ibi n'ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gascoigne|first=Bamber|authorlink=Bamber Gascoigne|title=HISTORY OF THE DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab57|work=History World|accessdate=26 September 2019}}</ref>&nbsp; Na America, a na-azụ anụ ụlọ n'ala ọha na eze site na [[Agha Obodo America|Agha Obodo]]. E tiri iwu Taylor Grazing Act nke 1934 mgbe Great Depression gasịrị iji chịkwaa ojiji nke ala ọha na eze maka ebumnuche ịta nri. == Mmepụta == Dị ka akụkọ sitere n'aka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo si kwuo, ihe dị ka pasent 60 nke ala ahịhịa ụwa (ihe na-erughị ọkara nke elu ụwa a na-eji eme ihe) bụ usoro ịta ahịhịa kpuchiri. Ọ na-ekwu na "usoro ịta nri na-enye ihe dị ka pasent 9 nke mmepụta anụ ehi n'ụwa na ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke mmepụta atụrụ na anụ ewu n'ụwa. Maka ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 100 n'ebe ndị kpọrọ nkụ, ma eleghị anya ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, ịta nri. anụ ụlọ bụ nanị ebe e nwere ike isi nweta ihe e ji ebi ndụ.. "<ref name="Haan1997">{{Cite book|author=de Haan|first=Cees|date=1997|title=Livestock & the Environment: Finding a Balance|chapter=Chapter 2: Livestock grazing systems & the environment|chapterurl=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5303E/x5303e05.htm#chapter%202:%20livestock%20grazing%20systems%20&%20the%20environment|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5303E/x5303e00.htm#Contents|location=[[Brussels]]|publisher=Commission of the European Communities (under auspices of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]])}}</ref> === Nchịkwa === [[Usòrò:Grazing_effect.jpg|thumb|A na-egbochi akụkụ ahịhịa ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke ebe ịta nri a na New Zealand iji kwe ka ahịhịhịa too ọzọ tupu a na-ata ya nri ọzọ.]] Nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ: # Ichebe ogo nke ebe ịta nri megide mmebi site na ịta nri gabigara ókè: n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, mee ka ebe ịta ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide # Ichebe [[Health|ahụike]] nke ụmụ anụmanụ pụọ na egwu siri ike, dị ka: #* Mmetụta ahịhịa na nsị nitrate #* Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị dị ka molybdenum na nsị [[selenium]] #* Ọrịa ahịhịa na laminitis n'ime ịnyịnya #* Ọrịa mmiri ara ehi n'ime ụmụ ehi Ojiji kwesịrị ekwesị nke ala na usoro nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa * nlekọta nke nri na mmepụta anụ ụlọ, na * nlekọta nke ụdị dị iche iche na [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3ef%2bGcq2VLw%3d&tabid=82|title=Mountains, Moorlands and Heaths; National Ecosystem Assessment|accessdate=2024-07-25|archivedate=2024-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725212623/http://uknea.unep-wcmc.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3ef%2BGcq2VLw%3D&tabid=82}}</ref> It does this by allowing sufficient recovery periods for regrowth. Producers can keep a low density on a pasture, so as not to overgraze.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Controlled burning of the land can help in the regrowth of plants.<ref name="Fuhlendorf2004">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00937.x|author=Fuhlendorf|first=S. D.|year=2004|title=Application of the fire–grazing interaction to restore a shifting mosaic on tallgrass prairie|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-ecology_2004-08_41_4/page/604|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=41|issue=4|pages=604–614}}</ref> Although grazing can be problematic for the ecosystem, well-managed grazing techniques can reverse damage and improve the land.{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} Na commons na England na Wales, ikike nke ịta ahịhịa (ịta ahịhi) na pannage (ịta anụ ọhịa) maka onye ọ bụla nkịtị na-akọwa nke ọma site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị anụmanụ, na oge nke afọ mgbe enwere ike iji ikike ụfọdụ mee ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a ga-ekwe ka onye bi n'otu ụlọ na-ata ehi iri na ise, ịnyịnya anọ, Ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu, na agụ iri ise, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị agbata obi ha kwere ka ọ dị iche. Na ụfọdụ ndị nkịtị (dị ka Ọhịa Ọhụrụ na ndị dị n'akụkụ ya), ikike anaghị ejedebe na nọmba, kama a na-akwụ 'ụgwọ akara' kwa afọ maka anụmanụ ọ bụla 'a tụgharịrị'. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180905035546/http://verderers.org.uk/rights.html Forest rights].</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe a na-ahụkarị mee ihe gabigara ókè, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ịzụbiga nri ókè, a ga-etinye ihe a na'ahụkarị 'stiny'; ya bụ, a ga na-etinye oke na ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ onye ọ bụla a hapụrụ ka ọ na-ata nri. Iwu ndị a na-emeghachi omume na nrụgide nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na akụ na ụba. Ya mere, kama ikwe ka ihe a na-ahụkarị mebie, a machibidoro ohere ọbụna karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Susan Jane Buck Cox|title=No tragedy on the Commons|journal=Environmental Ethics|volume=7|year=1985|pages=49–62|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/3113/buck_NoTragedy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|issue=1|doi=10.5840/enviroethics1985716}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg|center|thumb|{{Centre|A [[Maasai people|Maasai]] herdsman grazing his cattle inside the [[Ngorongoro crater]]}}]] == Usoro == Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ na ndị na-eme nchọpụta sayensị dị iche iche emepụtala usoro ịta ahịhịa iji melite mmepụta nri na-adịgide adịgide maka anụ ụlọ. Enwere ike iji nke a tụnyere ịzụ anụmanụ n'ụlọ oriri. === Ịga n'ihu === [[Usòrò:Grazing,_continuous.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-aga n'ihu, usoro na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, nke na-adịghị emepụta ihe]] Site n'ịkpa anụ na-aga n'ihu, a na-ekwe ka anụ ụlọ banye n'otu ebe ịta nri n'afọ niile. === Oge === Ịkpa anụ n'oge na-agụnye "anụmanụ na-ata anụ n'otu ebe naanị maka akụkụ nke afọ". Nke a na-enye ohere ka ala a na-adịghị eri nri zuru ike ma na-enye aka maka nri ọhụrụ. [[Usòrò:Grazing,_rotational.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-egosi ojiji nke paddocks, nke ọ bụla na-enye nri na mmiri maka anụ ụlọ maka oge ahọrọ. A na-ahapụ ahịhịa ka ọ zuru ike ma belata ọgba aghara, ikekwe na-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ. Enwere ike iji nke a tụnyere Usoro nri.]] Ịzụ anụ na-agbanwe agbanwe "na-agụnye ịkewa ebe ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ebe ịta nri wee na-azụ anụ n'usoro n'oge ịta nri". Iji ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ike imeziwanye nkesa anụ ụlọ ka ị na-etinye oge ezumike maka nri ọhụrụ. === Ọrụ ugbo === === Mgbanwe ezumike === Ịta nri izu ike "na-ekewa mpaghara ahụ n'ime opekata mpe ebe ịta nri anọ. Otu ebe ịta nri ka na-ezu ike n'ime afọ yana ịta nri na-atụgharị n'etiti ahịhịa ndụ ndị fọdụrụ." Usoro ịta nri a nwere ike ịba uru karịsịa mgbe ị na-eji ahịhịa dị nro na-achọ oge maka izu ike na itolite === Mgbanwe a na-eweghachi === Ntụgharị akwụsịla "gụnyere opekata mpe ebe ịta nri abụọ nke a na-ataghị ahịhịa ruo mgbe etinyechara mkpụrụ". Site n'iji ntughari agbagoro agbagoro, ahihia nwere ike nweta oke uto n'ime oge a na-agaghị eri nri. === Ọkụ ọkụ === Ịkpọ anụ na-ere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ebe ịta nri kwa afọ, n'agbanyeghị ogo nke ebe ịkpa anụ. Ogige a na-ere ọkụ na-adọta ndị na-azụ anụ (ụmụ ehi ma ọ bụ atụ) na-ata nri n'ebe ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ahịhịa ọhụrụ na-eto n'ihi ya. Ogige ndị ọzọ na-enweta obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ịta nri. N'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, a na-ere ihe abụọ na-esote ọkụ n'usoro, mgbe ahụ, okirikiri ahụ malitere ọzọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, patches na-enweta afọ abụọ nke ezumike na mgbake site na ịta nri siri ike. Usoro a na-ebute ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche nke osisi na nnụnụ dị iche iche nwere ike iji - na-eṅomi mmetụta nke mmekọrịta prehistorical n'etiti bison na ọkụ, ebe bison na-ata nri nke ukwuu n'otu ebe na ebe ndị ọzọ nwere ohere izu ike, dabere na echiche nke pyric herbivory.<ref name="Fuhlendorf2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fuhlendorf|first=Samuel D.|title=Pyric Herbivory: Rewilding Landscapes through the Recoupling of Fire and Grazing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_conservation-biology_2009-06_23_3/page/588|journal=Conservation Biology|date=June 2009|volume=23|issue=3|pages=588–598|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01139.x|pmid=19183203}}</ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Tallgrass Prairie dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Oklahoma ejirila ìgwè anụ ọhịa bea na-ata nri ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri. Mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mmekọrịta ọkụ bison dị n'ụzọ dị irè na nnukwu ala nke 30,000 acres (12,000 hectare). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/oklahoma/preserves/tallgrass.html|title=The Nature Conservancy in Oklahoma|work=www.nature.org|accessdate=2010-04-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223051941/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/oklahoma/preserves/tallgrass.html|archivedate=2011-02-23}}</ref> N'ọhịa na-ata ahịhịa nke Devon, a maara ọkụ ọkụ oge dị ka swailing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-22054636|title=Dartmoor fire 'largest in years'|date=7 April 2013|publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Nchịkwa mpaghara osimiri === Ebumnuche ịta ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri bụ imeziwanye anụ ọhịa [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa] na ebe obibi ha.  Ọ na-eji mgbidi eme ihe iji gbochie anụ ụlọ n'akụkụ iyi ma ọ bụ ebe mmiri ruo mgbe anụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ nnụnụ mmiri gasịrị, ma ọ bụ iji belata oke ịta nri ruo obere oge. [[Usòrò:Conservation_Grazing_Highland_Cattle_on_the_Wetland_Centre_Grazing_Marsh.jpg|thumb|Ịchekwa anụ ụlọ site na Highland Cattle na London Wetland Centre nature reserve]]   Ịchekwa anụ bụ iji anụmanụ na-ata ahịhịa nyere aka melite ụdị dị iche iche nke ebe. N'ihi ọdịdị ha siri ike, a na-ejikarị ụdị ndị dị ụkọ na ndị a mụrụ n'ebe a na-azụ anụ.<ref name="RBST">{{Cite web|title=Conservation grazing|publisher=[[Rare Breeds Survival Trust]]|url=http://www.rbst.org.uk/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Uses-of-Rare-Breeds/Conservation-Grazing|accessdate=May 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429051643/http://www.rbst.org.uk/Rare-and-Native-Breeds/Uses-of-Rare-Breeds/Conservation-Grazing|archivedate=2016-04-29}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, iji weghachite ala ahịhịa ọdịnala, a na-eji ehi dị ka English Longhorn na Highland eme ihe iji nye ịta nri.<ref name="Shapwick">{{Cite web|url=http://www.avalonmarshes.org/Shapwick_Moor|accessdate=April 24, 2016|title=Shapwick Moor Nature Reserve|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401224556/http://www.avalonmarshes.org/Shapwick_Moor|archivedate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> === Ịkpa anụ === Ụdị ịta ahịhịa na-eji ọtụtụ obere paddocks dị ka mgbidi na-enye ohere, a na-ekwu na ọ ga-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mla.com.au/research-and-development/Grazing-pasture-management/native-pasture/grazing-management/grazing-strategies/|title=Grazing strategies|author=<!--Not stated-->|publisher=Meat & Livestock Australia|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> === Ịkpa anụ === Ịkpa anụ bụ usoro, nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-adịgide adịgide, nke e mepụtara na 2002; ọ na-eji nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ n'ala fọdụrụ ogologo oge karịa ka ọ dịbu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Salatin|first=Joel|authorlink=Joel Salatin|title=Tall grass mob stocking|url=http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/May08_Salatin.pdf|work=Acres USA May 2008 vol 8 no 5|accessdate=11 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111035028/http://www.acresusa.com/toolbox/reprints/May08_Salatin.pdf|archivedate=11 January 2012}}</ref> == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Cattle_at_Velika_Planina,_Slovenia.jpg|thumb|Ịkpa anụ n'oge ọkọchị n'ebe dị elu na Big Pasture Plateau, Slovenia]] === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === [[Usòrò:Old_Norwegian_Sheep_at_Prestøya,_Brønnøy,_Norway.JPG|thumb|Old Norwegian Sheep grazing at an island on the coast of Norway. This is a vulnerable habitat where the sheep take part in a delicate ecological balance.]] A number of ecological effects derive from grazing, and these may be either positive or negative. Negative effects of grazing may include overgrazing, increased soil erosion, compaction and degradation, [[Igbukpọ osisi|deforestation]], biodiversity loss,<ref name="Haan1997"/> and adverse [[Ịdị mma mmiri|water quality]] impacts from run-off.<ref name="Nemecek 987–992">{{Cite journal|author=Nemecek|first=T.|date=2018-06-01|title=Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2018-06-01_360_6392/page/987|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6392|pages=987–992|doi=10.1126/science.aaq0216|issn=0036-8075|pmid=29853680}}</ref> Sometimes grazers can have beneficial environmental effects such as improving the soil with nutrient redistribution and aerating the soil by trampling, and by controlling fire and increasing biodiversity by removing biomass, controlling shrub growth and dispersing seeds.<ref name="Haan1997" /> In some habitats, appropriate levels of grazing may be effective in restoring or maintaining native grass and herb diversity in rangeland that has been disturbed by overgrazing, lack of grazing (such as by the removal of wild grazing animals), or by other human disturbance.<ref name="Launchbaugh 2006">{{Cite book|author=Launchbaugh|first=Karen|title=Targeted Grazing: A natural approach to vegetation management and landscape enhancement|date=2006|publisher=National Sheep Industry Improvement Center in Cooperation with the American Sheep Industry Association|url=http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/handbook.htm}}</ref> Conservation grazing is the use of grazers to manage such habitats, often to replicate the ecological effects of the wild relatives of domestic livestock, or those of other species now absent or extinct. Grazer urine and faeces "recycle nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other plant nutrients and return them to the soil". Grazing can reduce the accumulation of litter (organic matter) in some seasons and areas,<ref name="Fergus">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fergusfallsjournal.com/news/2008/feb/21/waterfowl-area-grazing-benefits-birds-cattle/|title=Waterfowl area grazing benefits birds, cattle - The Fergus Falls Daily Journal|date=21 February 2008|accessdate=9 December 2008|archivedate=16 June 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616043130/http://www.fergusfallsjournal.com/news/2008/feb/21/waterfowl-area-grazing-benefits-birds-cattle/}}</ref> but can also increase it, which may help to combat soil erosion. This acts as nutrition for insects and organisms found within the soil. These organisms "aid in carbon sequestration and water filtration".<ref name="NHO">[http://www.nativehabitat.org/grazing.html "Benefits of Grazing Cattle on the Prairie". Native Habitat Organization. Retrieved 1 Dec 2008] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306235850/http://www.nativehabitat.org/grazing.html |date=2007-03-06}}</ref> When grass is grazed, dead grass and litter are reduced which is advantageous for birds such as waterfowl. Grazing can increase [[biodiversity]]. Without grazing, many of the same grasses grow, for example brome and bluegrass, consequently producing a monoculture.<ref name="Fergus"/> The ecosystems of North American tallgrass prairies are controlled to a large extent by nitrogen availability, which is itself controlled by interactions between fires and grazing by large herbivores. Fires in spring enhance growth of certain grasses, and herbivores preferentially graze these grasses, producing a system of checks and balances, and allowing higher plant biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Bison-Grazing-Increases-Biodiversity-In-Grasslands-14701-1/|title=Bison Grazing Increases Biodiversity|work=news.bio-medicine.org|accessdate=2008-12-09|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427120239/http://news.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-2/Bison-Grazing-Increases-Biodiversity-In-Grasslands-14701-1/}}</ref> In [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] heathland is a cultural landscape which requires grazing by cattle, sheep or other grazers to be maintained.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of the Countryside|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcountry0000oliv|first=Oliver|author=Rackham|authorlink=Oliver Rackham|publisher=Phoenix|year=1997}}</ref> === Conservation === Otu onye edemede nke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) akụkọ Livestock's Long Shadow, kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ: <ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Harmful Environmental Effects Of Livestock Production On The Planet 'Increasingly Serious,' Says Panel|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070220145244.htm|work=[[ScienceDaily]]|date=22 February 2007|accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref>   Ọtụtụ ala ịta ahịhịa sitere na usoro nke iwepụ ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ mmiri nke ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị ka ọhịa ma ọ bụ ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/113025|title=Lowland Grassland Management Handbook|author=A. Crofts}}</ref> Dabere n'echiche nke Center for Biological Diversity, [[Ọrụ ugbo buru ibu|ịta ahịhịa]] dị ukwuu n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref>[[Center for Biological Diversity]]|source=[http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/grazing/ Grazing]</ref> {{Reflist|30em}} N'ebe kpọrọ nkụ dị ka ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States, ịkpa anụ ụlọ emebiwo mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ala mmiri dị n'okpuru osimiri ma ọ bụ iyi. [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi]] na-ekwu na ọrụ ugbo nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetọ iyi na osimiri karịa isi iyi ọ bụla ọzọ na-abụghị isi. Ịzụ anụ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'ógbè ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nwere ike inye aka na mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi nke ógbè ndị dị na osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/ls-fact/0002.html|title=Negative Effects of Livestock Grazing Riparian Areas|author=Hoorman|first=James|work=ohioline.osu.edu|publisher=Ohio State University School of Environment and Natural Resources|accessdate=15 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617072453/http://ohioline.osu.edu/ls-fact/0002.html|archivedate=June 17, 2015}}</ref> A na-akpọ mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ na ebe kpọrọ nkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Luoma, Jon|title=Discouraging Words|journal=[[Audubon (magazine)|Audubon]]|volume=88|date=September 1986|issue=92}}</ref> Mmiri, biomass dị elu, microclimate dị mma na ihe omume idei mmiri oge na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche dị elu karịa na ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publiclandsranching.org/htmlres/wr_lifeblood_west.htm|title=Lifeblood of the West|accessdate=August 8, 2007|author=Kauffman|first=J. Boone|archivedate=August 22, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822185405/http://www.publiclandsranching.org/htmlres/wr_lifeblood_west.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, "dị ka ngalaba ogige ntụrụndụ steeti [[Arizona]] si kwuo, ihe karịrị 90% nke mpaghara osimiri mbụ nke Arizona na [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]] apụọla". Akụkọ nke 1988 nke Gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ mere atụmatụ na 90% nke 5,300 kilomita nke ebe obibi osimiri nke Bureau of Land Management na [[Colorado]] na-achịkwa nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma, dị ka 80% nke mpaghara osimiri [[Idaho]], na-ekwubi na "ịkpa anụ ụlọ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ebe obibi osimiri mebiri emebi na ala ịkpa anụ. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wuerthner, George|title=The Price is Wrong|journal=[[Sierra (magazine)|Sierra]]|date=September–October 1990}}</ref> em si deeAkụkọ FAO nke afọ 2013 mere atụmatụ na anụ ụlọ na-akpata 14.5% nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/tackling_climate_change/index.htm|title=Tackling climate change through livestock // FAO's Animal Production and Health Division|work=Fao.org|accessdate=16 August 2018}}</ref> Ịkpa anụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na [[New Zealand]]; na 2004, methane na nitrous oxide sitere n'ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ nke New Zealand, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maf.govt.nz/climatechange/slm/vggr/page-01.htm#P610_60455|title=New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Feasibility Study – Summary|work=Maf.govt.nz|accessdate=16 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526205034/http://www.maf.govt.nz/climatechange/slm/vggr/page-01.htm|archivedate=2010-05-26}}</ref> Akụkọ nke United States Environmental Protection Agency nke afọ 2008 banyere ikuku na-esi n'ahụ chọpụtara na ọrụ ugbo bụ ihe kpatara 6% nke ngụkọta gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na United States na 2006. Nke a gụnyere mmepụta [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], ịgbaze enteric n'ụmụ anụ ụlọ, njikwa nsị anụ ụlọ, na njikwa ala ugbo, mana wepụrụ ihe ụfọdụ nke nwere ike ịbụ ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="epa.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-change|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218171807/http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/usinventoryreport.html|title=Climate Change|first=OAR|author=US EPA|date=August 12, 2013|archivedate=December 18, 2011|work=www.epa.gov}}</ref> Nnyocha na-atụnyere ikuku methane sitere na ịta ahịhịa na ehi na-eri nri kwubiri na ehi na'ahịhịa nwere methane karịa ehi na-enye ọka. <ref name="Capper2012">{{Cite journal|author=Capper|first=JL|title=Is the Grass Always Greener? Comparing the Environmental Impact of Conventional, Natural and Grass-Fed Beef Production Systems|journal=Animals|date=Apr 10, 2012|volume=2|issue=2|pages=127–43|doi=10.3390/ani2020127|pmid=26486913}}</ref><ref name="Pelletier2010">{{Cite journal|author=Pelletier N|title=Comparative life cycle environmental impacts of three beef production strategies in the Upper Midwestern United States|journal=Agricultural Systems|date=Jul 2010|volume=103|issue=6|pages=380–389|doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2010.03.009}}</ref> Otu nnyocha dị na Journal of Animal Science chọpụtara okpukpu anọ karịa, ma kwuo, sị: "nlele ndị a na-edekọ n'ụzọ doro anya mmepụta CH₄ dị elu maka ehi na-enweta nri dị ala, nri fiber dị elu karịa maka ehi na nri dị elu. "<ref name="Harper1999">{{cite journal |author1=Harper LA |author2=Denmead OT |author3=Freney JR |author4=Byers FM |title=Direct measurements of methane emissions from grazing and feedlot cattle |journal=J Anim Sci |date=Jun 1999 |volume=77 |issue=6 |pages=1392–401 |pmid=10375217 |url=http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/77/6/1392.full.pdf+html |access-date=29 March 2014 |doi=10.2527/1999.7761392x |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Agrico-agwọ ọrịa === [[Usòrò:Solar_array_over_grazing_field.jpg|thumb|Usoro anyanwụ n'elu ubi ịta ahịhịa]] Agrivoltaics maka ịta nri ga-enye ohere maka ndò maka ụmụ anụmanụ yana akwụkwọ nri ka ala wee nwee mmiri dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smallfarmcanada.ca/news/Research%20Notes/agri-voltaics/|title=Agri-voltaics - Small Farm Canada}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6ea47wedx214oau0thz9t1nl35xxj7s 0 50121 742360 595336 2026-11-02T22:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Damir Boras 21032013 Hrvatski institut za povijest roberta f.jpg|thumb|Damir Boras 21032013 Hrvatski institut za povijest roberta f.]] Damir Boras (amụrụ 25 Ọktoba 1951) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Croatian, ọkachamara ozi, ọkà mmụta okwu, prọfesọ mahadum na onye bụbu Rector nke Mahadum Zagreb. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A njikọ Boras na Zagreb na October 25, 1951. Nna nna ya, Marko Kalogjera (1877-1956), [1] bụ bishọp mbụ nke egwuregwu nke akụkọ ochie nke Croatia, [2] na nwanne nna ya, Drazen Kalogjere (1928-2016).  ), bụ n'ihe gbasara akụ na ọnọdụ na prọfesọ mahadum.  [3] Nna ya, Mile Boras (1923-1997), bụ prọfesọ nke iwu Rom.. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2015-01-17|title=Jutarnji list - VELIKA ISPOVIJEST DAMIRA BORASA 'Nekad sam bio izvrstan ragbijaš, ali plakao sam kada sam izabran za rektora'|url=https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/velika-ispovijest-damira-borasa-nekad-sam-bio-izvrstan-ragbijas-ali-plakao-sam-kada-sam-izabran-za-rektora-466432|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=www.jutarnji.hr|language=hr-hr}}</ref> Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ụtọ oge gboo na 1970. Na 1974, ọ gụchara na ngalaba nke Radio Communication na ngalaba nke Electric Engineering na Zagreb na a tesis isiokwu ya bụ "Laseri in Communication" na natara aha nke Bachelor of Science in Electrical  Injinia .  Na 1998, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke Ozi na Science Communication na ngalaba nke Philosophy na Zagreb na Ph.D.  Tesis na "Theory na Iwu nke Nkewa ederede n'asụsụ Croatian".  [5] [6] Ọ gụchara ọnwụ ọnwụ ọnwụ na United States na Mahadum Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, nke Mahadum Zagreb haziri ruo February 1991. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Rektor Sveučilišta u Zagrebu prof. dr. sc. Damir Boras ŽIVOTOPIS|url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/O_Sveucilistu/Tijela_sluzbe/Rektor/Izbori/2014/Zivotopis_-_rektor_SuZ_Damir_Boras.pdf|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> Ọ na-asụ Bekee, French, German na Italian ma nwee ihe ndị na-achọ isi nke Slovenian, Macedonian, Latin, na Greek <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Sc. Damir Boras, PhD, full professor with tenure Zagreb, Rector of the University of Zagreb|url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/Novosti_press/Vijesti_velike/rektor_Boras/Boras_Damir_CV_eng_2020_11_26.pdf|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe ọ ọmụmụ akwụkwọ dị ka onye injinia eletrik, Boras were ọrụ dị ka kọmputa (onye nhazi usoro ozi) na Reference Center nke Mahadum Zagreb .  Ọ ụzọ na ọnọdụ a ruo 1984, mgbe ọ kwagara na ngalaba nke Philosophy wee malite ọrụ mahadum ya.. <ref name=":1"/> === ngalaba nke Philosophy === Boras ejirila ọtụtụ ndụ ndụ ya na ngalaba nke nkà ihe.  Malite dị ka onye inyeaka, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ na 1999, ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na 2003, na onye enyemaka na prọfesọ zuru oke na 2006. Na Disemba 2011, na n'oge nke ise nke Senate nke Mahadum Zagreb, a  aha ya dị ka onye prọfesọ zuru oke na nhọpụta na-adịgide adịgide. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ZAPISNIK|url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/O_Sveucilistu/Tijela_sluzbe/Senat/Sjednice/2011_2012/Zapisnik_5_sjednice_Senata__13.12.2011.pdf|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nchoputa nke Department of Information Sciences (mgbe e emme Department of Information and Communication Sciences), na n'ozuzu otu n'ime ndị post nke kọmputa nhọrọ, ma na ngalaba nke Philosophy na na Croatian izi  usoro.  .  Ọ ntọala na isi na ngalaba nke Natural Language, Lexicography na Encyclopedic na Faculty of Philosophy na duru mba mgba oru ("Croatian Dictionary Heritage and Dictionary Knowledge", 2002-2006) na mmemme ("isi nke Croatian Heritage na Croatian European Identity".  ", 2007).  Na 2004, ọ ụta osote-Dean maka Sayensị na Mba Nile wee malite n' iyipada a ruo 2009, mgbe a mgbaàmà ya onye mbụ Dean nke Faculty of Philosophy.  Na nke abụọ ya dị ka Dean, a nchọpụta ya Rector nke Mahadum Zagreb.  Na mgbakwunye na Mahadum Zagreb, ọ na-ebute na ngalaba nke Philosophy nke Mahadum Mostar 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. dr. sc. Damir Boras|url=http://ff.sve-mo.ba/hr/node/11874|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=Filozofski fakultet. Sveučilište u Mostaru.|archivedate=2018-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173213/http://ff.sve-mo.ba/hr/node/11874}}</ref> === Rector nke Mahadum Zagreb === Damir Boras bụ onye isi oche nke Mahadum Zagreb ugboro abụọ n'usoro. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Beneta|first=Tatjana Klarić|date=2022-09-28|title=Damir Boras: Visokoobrazovani mladi ljudi naša su budućnost|url=https://www.akademski.hr/visokoobrazovani-mladi-ljudi-nasa-su-buducnost/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=Akademski|language=hr}}</ref> ==== Oge izizi ==== Emere ntuli aka nke Rector na Eprel 15, 2014, na afọ agụmakwụkwọ 345, na nnọkọ pụrụiche nke iri na abụọ nke Senate. A họpụtara Damir Boras Rector nke Mahadum Zagreb maka oge 2014-2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=ZAPISNIK|url=https://www.unizg.hr/fileadmin/rektorat/O_Sveucilistu/Tijela_sluzbe/Senat/Sjednice/2013_2014/Zapisnik-izbor_rektora__15.4.2014..pdf|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> N'oge mbụ ya dị ka Rector, a họpụtara ya onyeisi oche nke Board of Regional Platform for Cooperation in Higher Education and Academic Research. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Konferencija o praksi i standardima na doktorskim studijima|url=https://www.unizg.hr/nc/vijest/article/konferencija-o-praksi-i-standardima-na-doktorskim-studijima/?tx_contrast=1|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> ==== Oge nke abụọ ==== Na nnọkọ pụrụiche nke asaa nke ndị sinetị na afọ 349th agụmakwụkwọ, emere na February 23, 2018, a họpụtara Damir Boras onye isi oche nke Mahadum Zagreb maka okwu 2018-2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Damir Boras Elected for New Term as Zagreb University Rector|url=https://total-croatia-news.com/news/politics/damir-boras-elected-for-new-term-as-zagreb-university-rector/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=total-croatia-news.com}}</ref> == Enyemaka agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha == Damir Boras gbarala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ.  Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta nke International Scientific Journal of Lexicography and Encyclopedics Studio Lexicographica of the Lexicographic Institute Miroslav Krleža, [13] onye so na bọọdụ nchịkọta nke International Journal of Education and Pedagogy, na onye injinia vidiyo mbụ nna.  na ngalaba ngalaba.  [14] Ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka International Scientific Journal of Media, Journalism, Mass Communication, Public Relations, Culture and Spciety, nke Mahadum Dubrovnik akwụkwọ.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MEDIANALI|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/upute/impressum_hr_MEDIANALI_-_znanstveni_casopis_za_medije__novinarstvo__masovno_komuniciranje__odnose_s_javnostima_i_kulturu_drustva.pdf|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=hrcak.srce.hr}}</ref> == Ndị otu == Boras bụ onye otu European Academy of Sciences and Arts .  [16] Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Inter-University Center (IUC) na Dubrovnik, [5] Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Executive nke Regional Platform for Assessing and Cooperation in Higher Education and Research [17] na osote onye isi oche na  Croatian Pane-European Union.  [18] Ọ bụkwa onye so na Kọmitii Education, Science and Culture [19] na Croatian Academy of Engineering <ref name=":0" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Boras lụrụ Alena Boras na ha nwere otu nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Dora. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Lydia|date=2015|title=Subversive Epistemologies in Constructing Time and Space in Networked Environments: The Project of a Virtual Emancipatory Pedagogy|url=https://www.academia.edu/19876952/Subversive_Epistemologies_in_Constructing_Time_and_Space_in_Virtual_Environments_The_Project_of_an_Emancipatory_Pedagogy|journal=Critical Learning in Digital Networks|pages=179–197}}</ref> Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na basketball, rugby (na klọb mbụ Lokomotiva, Kajzerica) na tennis. <ref name=":2"/> == Ihe nrite == Boras meriri nturu ugo obodo Zagreb na 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagrada Grada Zagreba rektoru prof. dr. sc. Damiru Borasu|url=https://www.unizg.hr/nc/homepage/news-content/article/nagrada-grada-zagreba-rektoru-prof-dr-sc-damiru-borasu/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> na ihe nrite "Večernjak's Seal" na ngalaba sayensị na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rektor Damir Boras dobio cijenjenu nagradu Večernjakov pečat u kategoriji 'Znanost'|url=https://www.unizg.hr/nc/vijest/article/rektor-damir-boras-dobio-cijenjenu-nagradu-vecernjakov-pecat-u-kategoriji-znanost/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> Na 2019, ọ natara Golden Coat of Arms of Municipality of Ljubuski, <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=|title=Donešena odluka o javnim priznanjima Općine Ljubuški|url=https://ljubuski.net/26192-donesena-odluka-o-javnim-priznanjima-opcine-ljubuski|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=ljubuski.info|language=hr|archivedate=2019-07-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716010619/https://ljubuski.net/26192-donesena-odluka-o-javnim-priznanjima-opcine-ljubuski}}</ref> na ihe nrite "Juan Vucetich". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagrada 'Juan Vucetich' rektoru Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Damiru Borasu|url=https://www.unizg.hr/nc/vijest/article/nagrada-juan-vucetich-rektoru-sveucilista-u-zagrebu-damiru-borasu/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-07|title=Zagreb University rector receives Juan Vucetich Award|url=https://www.croatiaweek.com/zagreb-university-rector-receives-juan-vucetich-award/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=Croatia Week|language=en}}</ref> Na 2022, e nyere ya nzere Doctorate nke Mahadum Mostar. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rektoru Borasu uručeno priznanje počasnoga doktorata Sveučilišta u Mostaru|url=https://www.unizg.hr/nc/vijest/article/rektoru-borasu-uruceno-priznanje-pocasnoga-doktorata-sveucilista-u-mostaru/|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=unizg.hr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Senat SUM-a dodijelio počasni doktorat Damiru Borasu|url=https://www.sum.ba/en/objave/novosti/senat-sum-a-dodijelio-pocasni-doktorat-damiru-borasu-|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=Sveučilište u Mostaru {{!}} SUM|language=hr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802080401/https://www.sum.ba/en/objave/novosti/senat-sum-a-dodijelio-pocasni-doktorat-damiru-borasu-|archive-date=2024-08-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0e4xpqvngpp218rdw3n1cog3qi0inh2 0 50367 742577 180924 2026-11-03T08:44:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Odd Isøy.png|thumb|Odd Isøy]]'''Odd E. Isøy''' (1923/1924 – 1983) bụ onye otu nguzogide Norway . N'ime ndị ọzọ, o ji aka ya tinye ihe mgbawa n'elu kreen nke ụgbọ mmiri Norway bu 3,215 bụ MS <nowiki><i id="mwBg">Belpamela</i></nowiki> . == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == N'oge ọrụ nke Norway site Nazi Germany Isøy bụ onye otu Milorg na otu ha maka ọrụ sabotage, Aks 13000 . N'ime ọrụ 102 sabotage nke Aks 13000 rụrụ, Isøy sonyere na 15, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu maka otu onye dị ka [[Per Røed]] si kwuo. <ref name="obit"/> Per Røed n'onwe ya bụ ihe dị iche ebe a. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Milorg D13 i kamp. Fra det hemmelige militære motstandsarbeidet i Oslo og omegn 1940–1945|editor=Øyen, Odd|publisher=Orion|location=Oslo|year=2007|edition=2nd|isbn=978-82-458-0839-1|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a ma ama nke Isøy so na ya bụ mmetọ megide ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala nke ụlọ ọrụ Freia . Ebumnobi ya bụ iji 40 kilograms (88 lb) nke dynamite na ụfọdụ ihe mgbawa plastik . E kewara dynamite ahụ na ngwugwu abụọ, Odd Isøy ji igwe igwe butere otu mkpọ na Freia. Ndị otu ahụ- Kjell Bull-Hansen, Odd Isøy, Arnold Guttormsen, Per Nitteberg, Bjørn Pedersen na Tor Pedersen - wee gbakọta n'ụlọ ezinụlọ Isøy, na-adịghị anya na Freia, na mgbede. Bull-Hansen na Isøy ga-eji ubube banye n'ụlọ ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ma si n'elu ụlọ. Ndị otu ndị ọzọ nọ na-echekwa gburugburu ahụ. Mgbe ọkụ gbanyere ọkụ ahụ, ndị nche anọ sitere na Luftwaffe pụtara, otu n'ime ha gbara Guttormsen ma ọ bụ Nitteberg. Mgbe ọ na-ala azụ, Isøy jisiri ike kwụsị tram nke na-aga n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ga-agbawa ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị saboteur enweghị oge iji chụpụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ n'ụzọ sara mbara, ọ nweghị mmebi nke mmadụ. Ebibiri ebe ndọba ụgbọala ahụ kpam kpam. <ref>Øyen, ed, 2007: pp. 138–144</ref> Na 10 Disemba 1944, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Christensen|first=Jan|title=Oslogjengen|publisher=Orion|location=Oslo|year=2006|isbn=82-458-0714-1}}</ref> Isøy sonyere na ọrụ sabotage dị nso na Oslo Vestbanestasjon . Isøy, Røed na Joar Olsen ga-agbawa ụgbọ ala ụgbọ okporo ígwè iri na ise na Filipstad ; a ga-eji mmadụ abụọ ọzọ mere ndị nche. Otú ọ dị, ndị nche abụọ ahụ ji ọrụ n’aka mgbe a chọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè n’ebe ahụ. Mgbe o tinyechara ihe mgbawa ahụ, a kpọchiri Røed ka ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ sụọ ngọngọ na onye nche German. N'ihi nke a, ndị otu sabotage laghachiri na nkịtị, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ka ndị ọkachamara German bịarutere wee wepụ ihe mgbawa. Ndị ọgụgụ isi mechara gosi na n'akụkụ tankị iri na ise ahụ bụ ụgbọ oloko jupụtara na mgboagha, ikekwe ọbụna akụkụ V-2 . A sị na ihe niile a gbawara, ọ ga-abụ ọdachi. <ref>Øyen, ed, 2007: pp. 215–216</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ 1944 ọ sonyere na sabotage megide ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nche obodo na Møllergata 16. Nke a dị ize ndụ karịsịa, ebe ọ bụ na ọ gbara Møllergata 19 . Bull-Hansen na Isøy mere sabotage ahụ ebe Per Røed na-ahazi ya. Site n'ụkwụ Isøy buru 10 kilograms (22 lb) nke dynamite, na Bull Hansen 15 kilograms (33 lb) ; na mgbakwunye, ha abụọ bu lita mmanụ ụgbọala 20 nke ọ bụla. Ha enwetaghị mmegide mgbe ha na-etinye ihe mgbawa, ma mgbe ha na-akpọ ndị uwe ojii nkeji ole na ole tupu mgbawa ahụ iji hụ na ikpochapụ okporo ụzọ na gburugburu, Per Røed aghaghị iji ekwentị na ụlọ mkpuchi, na-emebi ebe nzuzo ha. Otú ọ dị, ha jisiri ike gbapụ tupu ndị agha abịarute, ma e wezụga na e nweghị ọnwụ. <ref>Øyen, ed, 2007: pp. 155–160</ref> Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Bull-Hansen na Isøy gara ogige ọzụzụ na Sweden n'etiti 29 January na 23 March 1945. <ref>Øyen, ed, 2007: p. 194. The following reference says 29 December 1944, not 29 January 1945: {{Cite book|author=Ording|first=Arne|title=Våre falne 1939-1945|publisher=Grøndahl|location=Oslo|year=1949}}</ref> Ha ji ụgbọ mmiri si Strömstad gaa Tønsberg nakwa n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè si Tønsberg gaa Oslo, ma ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa Nazi chọpụtara mperi n'akwụkwọ njem Isøy, bụ́ nke adịgboroja kpam kpam. A tụpụrụ ha abụọ n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Drammen Station ma tinye ha n'ụlọnga Statspolitiet . Ha abụọ gbapụrụ n'aka ndị uwe ojii na Bragernes Torg, mana ọchụchụ malitere ebe Hirdman gbagburu Bull-Hansen. <ref>Øyen, ed, 2007: pp. 194–198</ref> Isøy dochie Bull-Hansen dị ka onye ndu otu n'ime Aks 13000. <ref name="obit">{{Cite news|title=Odd E. Isøy (obituary)|author=Røed|first=Per|authorlink=Per Røed|date=13 October 1983|work=Aftenposten|page=15|language=Norwegian}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRøed1983">[[Per Røed?action=edit&redlink=1|Røed, Per]] (13 October 1983). "Odd E. Isøy (obituary)". ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). p.&nbsp;15.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]</ref> Ozi ọzọ dị ịrịba ama bịara na 26 Eprel 1945, <ref>Christensen, 2006: p. 285</ref> mgbe ndụmọdụ rutere <ref name="oeyen199206">Øyen, ed, 2007: pp. 199–206</ref> na ụgbọ mmiri Norway nke German na-achịkwa MS <nowiki><i id="mwPA">Belpamela</i></nowiki> nke Oslo lanarịrị mwakpo roket sitere na 36 British na Norwegian de Havilland Mosquitos sitere na 143, 235 . 248 na 333 squadrons' na Framnæs Mekaniske Værksted na 2 Eprel <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hafsten|first=Bjørn|title=Flyalarm &ndash; luftkrigen over Norge 1939&ndash;1945|edition=2nd, revised|publisher=Sem og Stenersen|location=Oslo|year=2005|isbn=82-7046-074-5|language=Norwegian}}</ref> <ref name="Warsailors">{{Cite web|author=Lawson|first=Siri Holm|url=http://warsailors.com/homefleetsingles/belpamela.html|title=M/S Belpamela|accessdate=15 December 2009|work=Warsailors.com|publisher=|date=}}</ref> wee si na Sandefjord gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Oslo ka ha rụzie ya. Mgbe Per Røed, Svein Blindheim na ndị ikom Aks 13000 ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọkwá dị elu na-ekwu maka nbibi, Isøy rutere n'ụlọ onye na-azụ ahịa naanị ya. The tipper, onye bụ onyeisi ndị ''Belpamela'', mere ndokwa goro Isøy n'ụgbọ mmiri n'otu ụbọchị, n'okpuru codename Arvid Eriksen. Mgbe egosiri ụlọ ya, ọ hapụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri wee bute 4.5 kilograms (9.9 lb) nke ihe mgbawa plastik n'ime ụlọ mkpuchi yana ngwa ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka otu awa na ọkara ka e mesịrị, ọ lọghachiri, kwadebere ma tinye ihe mgbawa ahụ, kewaa ụzọ abụọ, na-enweghị nnukwu nsogbu. N'ihe dị ka elekere 18:00 otu akụkụ gbawara; Achọpụtara akụkụ nke ọzọ na ngwa ngwa wee tụpụ ya n'ụgbọ mmiri. ''Belpamela'' alaghachighị ọrụ maka agha ndị ọzọ. <ref name="oeyen199206" /> Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpuru na Newfoundland na 11 Eprel 1947, mgbe ọ na-ebu ibu nke locomotives. <ref name="Warsailors" /> == Ndụ agha gasịrị == Isøy nwụrụ na 1983, na-alụso nsogbu ahụike ọgụ, ikekwe ọ kwụgidere n'oge agha ahụ. <ref name="obit"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 0injiee9p0o6v84o43yu3h7074f8m2z 0 50557 742661 181310 2026-11-03T08:58:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Finlathen aqueduct - geograph.org.uk - 4900262.jpg|thumb|Finlathen Aqueduct]]'''Finlaten Aqueduct''' bụ ọwa mmiri na Dundee, Scotland. Ọ bụ udi B edepụtara . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ewubere ọwa mmiri a n'afọ ndị 1840 iji buo mmiri si [[Monikie Burn|Moniki Burn]] gaa [[Stobsmuir Reservoir|n'ebe nchekwa Stobsmuir]] . E debere isi mmiri nke abụọ nke nwere dayameta 15 sentimita na 1862 mana ọwa mmiri gbasaara ezughị oke. N'afọ ndị 1870, mmiri ọhụrụ sitere na Loch nke Lintrathen nọchiri ya. E mechara meghere ya dị ka ụzọ ụkwụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Moncur|first=James|date=2022-06-02|title=£1million restoration of iconic Dundee bridge over the Dighty Burn complete|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/1million-restoration-iconic-dundee-bridge-27130710|accessdate=2022-06-26|work=Daily Record|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoncur2022">Moncur, James (2022-06-02). [https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/1million-restoration-iconic-dundee-bridge-27130710 "£1million restoration of iconic Dundee bridge over the Dighty Burn complete"]. ''Daily Record''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2019, e mechiri ọwa mmiri a ma gbachie ya mgbe a hụchara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Milne|first=Scott|title=Dundee bridge closed amid safety concerns as wall subsides|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/927717/dundee-bridge-closed-amid-safety-concerns-as-wall-subsides/|accessdate=2022-06-26|work=The Courier|language=en-GB}}</ref> Akụkụ nke nsọtụ ọwa mmiri ahụ mechara daa n'otu abalị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Keith|first=Jake|title=Dundee footbridge closed due to safety concerns collapses|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/news/dundee/939387/dundee-footbridge-closed-due-to-safety-concerns-collapses/|accessdate=2022-06-26|work=The Courier|language=en-GB}}</ref> Akwa akwa ahụ arụziri emepe emepe ọzọ na June 2022. <ref name=":1"/> == Ntụaka == <references /> or7lorwjxogv253gy4cfoa6ujllz1pm 0 50624 742656 726085 2026-11-03T08:57:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742656 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Wheat_fields_at_Nöbbelöv,_Lund_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|thumb|Ịkọ ugbo ọka wit na Lund, Sweden]]   Ọrụ ugbo siri ike, nke a makwaara dị ka ọrụ ugbo kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ (na-emegide ọrụ ugbo buru ibu), omenala, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo, ma nke osisi na nke anụmanụ, nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ntinye na mmepụta kwa nkeji nke ala ubi. A na-eji ya dị obere, iji ntinye dị elu dịka isi obodo, ọrụ, agrochemicals na mmiri, yana ihe ọkụkụ dị elu n'otu mpaghara ala.<ref name="britannicaRef">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title='s definition of Intensive Agriculture|author=Encyclopædia Britannica, revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen|work=britannica.com|accessdate=2019-09-21|archivedate=2008-06-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo siri ike, nke a makwaara dị ka ọrụ ugbo kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ (na-emegide ọrụ ugbo buru ibu), omenala, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo, ma nke osisi na nke anụmanụ, nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ntinye na mmepụta kwa nkeji nke ala ubi. A na-eji ya dị obere, iji ntinye dị elu dịka isi obodo, ọrụ, agrochemicals na mmiri, yana ihe ọkụkụ dị elu n'otu mpaghara ala. Ụfọdụ ugbo siri ike nwere ike iji usoro na-adịgide adịgide, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-achọkarị ntinye ọrụ dị elu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Lichtfouse|date=2009|title=Sustainable Agriculture|url=https://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/0727/41/L-G-0000072741-0002355301.pdf|location=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-90-481-2665-1|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2666-8|accessdate=2019-09-21|archive-date=2019-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921114127/https://download.e-bookshelf.de/download/0000/0727/41/L-G-0000072741-0002355301.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ịbawanye mmepụta ihe n'ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị na obere ụlọ, bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji belata oke ala achọrọ maka ọrụ ugbo na [[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke usoro ndị dị ka mgbukpọ ọhịa kpatara.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders|url=https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/sustainable-intensification-for-smallholders|accessdate=2020-10-16|work=Project Drawdown|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117190715/https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/sustainable-intensification-for-smallholders}}</ref> Ịzụ anụmanụ siri ike na-agụnye ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụmanụ a zụlitere na obere ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ịta ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọrụ inye anụmanụ nri.<ref name="Manitoba">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/production/forages/getting-started-with-intensive-grazing.html|title=Getting Started with Intensive Grazing|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=Manitoba Agriculture|publisher=Manitoba Government|accessdate=21 September 2019|quote=There are many reasons why producers move to intensive grazing systems. These include...|archivedate=21 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921094200/https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/production/forages/getting-started-with-intensive-grazing.html}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị a na-eme ka ihe oriri na eriri na mpaghara ala ọ bụla dịkwuo elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke anụmanụ buru ibu; a na-eweta nri dị nro nye anụmanụ ndị a na'adịghị akpali akpali, ma ọ bụ, site na ịta nri na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-akpali anụmanụ ugboro ugboro gaa n'ọhịa ọhụrụ. <ref name="PastProfit">{{cite report |author1=Undersander, Dan |author2=Albert, Beth |author3=Cosgrove, Dennis |author4=Johnson, Dennis |author5=Peterson, Paul |date=2002 |title=Pastures for profit: A guide to rotational grazing |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1097378.pdf |publisher=Cooperative Extension Publishing, University of Wisconsin |page=4 |docket=A3529 |access-date=21 September 2019 |quote=rotational grazing involves a higher level of management with greater paddock numbers, shorter grazing periods, and longer rest periods. |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831193023/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1097378.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Manitoba" />   == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Agriculture_(Plowing)_CNE-v1-p58-H.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke traktọ na-akọ ubi alfalfa na mmalite narị afọ nke 20]] Mmepe ọrụ ugbo na Britain n'agbata narị afọ nke 16 na etiti narị afọ nke 19 hụrụ mmụba dị ukwuu na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mmepụta ụgbụ. Nke a n'aka nke a so mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya, na-ewepụta pasentị dị ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ, ma si otú ahụ nyere aka mee ka mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ dị. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwuru na mgbachi, mechanization, ntụgharị ubi anọ, na ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe ọhụrụ kachasị mkpa. Ọrụ ugbo malitere na mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, usoro ọrụ ugbo, ngwá ọrụ, mkpụrụ osisi, na cultivars emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma nke na ihe ubi ọ bụla na-amị ọtụtụ ugboro karịa ka a hụrụ na Middle Ages.<ref name="Kingsbury">{{Cite book|author=Kingsbury|first=Noel|year=2009|title=Hybrid: The History and Science of Plant Breeding|url=https://archive.org/details/hybridhistorysci0000king|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226437132}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page<span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>needed<nowiki></span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Nzọụkwụ mbụ gụnyere usoro na-aga n'ihu nke imepụta ígwè. Ngwá ọrụ ndị na-adọta ịnyịnya dị ka onye na-ere ihe ubi McCormick gbanwere owuwe ihe ubi, ebe ihe ndị e mepụtara dị ka ihe owuwu na-ebelata ọnụahịa nhazi. N'otu oge a, ndị ọrụ ugbo malitere iji ihe na-egbuke egbuke na traktọ na-eji uzuoku eme ihe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brettman|first=Allan|title=Collectors at Great Oregon Steam-Up are always steamed about their passion|date=July 24, 2010|work=[[The Oregonian]]|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/07/these_collectors_are_always_st.html|accessdate=September 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ovlr.org/Rooth/MR.SteamTractor.1.html|title=Ottawa Valley Land Rovers – Member's Prose & Pages – Mike Rooth – Locomotives – Steam Tractor, Part I|work=ovlr.org|accessdate=2019-12-31|archivedate=2019-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829185744/https://www.ovlr.org/Rooth/MR.SteamTractor.1.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://historylink101.com/lessons/farm-city/steam-engine.htm|title=Steam Engines|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2019|work=History Link 101|publisher=History Source LLC|accessdate=20 September 2019|archivedate=26 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926173016/http://historylink101.com/lessons/farm-city/steam-engine.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 1892, e mepụtara traktọ mbụ na-eji gasoline eme ihe nke ọma, na 1923, traktọ International Harvester Farmall ghọrọ traktọ mbụ nwere ebumnuche niile, na-egosi ebe mgbanwe n'iji ígwè dochie anụmanụ. E mepụtara ihe owuwu igwe (combines), ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na-etinye ihe, na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ, na-agbanwewanye ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/hort_306/text/lec32.pdf|title=Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical|author=Janick, Jules|publisher=Purdue University|accessdate=2013-05-24|archivedate=2013-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525074054/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Hort_306/text/lec32.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị a mepụtara mere ka ihe na-amịkwu ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere ijikwa nnukwu ugbo.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/52548/52645.aspx|title=The Impact of Mechanization on Agriculture|journal=The Bridge on Agriculture and Information Technology|date=Fall 2011|volume=41|author=Reid, John F.|issue=3|accessdate=2013-11-05}}</ref> Nchọpụta nke nitrogen, phosphorus, na potassium (NPK) dị ka ihe ndị dị mkpa na-eto eto na-eduga n'ịmepụta fatịlaịza sịntetik, na-abawanye ụba nke ihe ọkụkụ. N'afọ 1909, e gosipụtara ụzọ Haber-Bosch iji mepụta ammonium nitrate nke mbụ. Fatịlaịza NPK kpalitere nchegbu mbụ banyere ọrụ ugbo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, n'ihi nchegbu na ha nwere mmetụta dị iche iche dị ka mkpirisi ala, nbibi ala, na mbelata na ọmụmụ ala n'ozuzu ya, yana nchegbu ahụike gbasara kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na-abanye na nri. Nchọpụta nke vitamin na ọrụ ha na nri na-edozi ahụ, n'ime afọ iri abụọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, dugara na mgbakwunye vitamin, nke na 1920s nyere ohere ịzụlite ụfọdụ anụ ụlọ n'ime ụlọ, na-ebelata ikpughe ha na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Semba|first=Richard D.|date=2012|title=The discovery of the vitamins|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23798048/#:~:text=The%20discovery%20of%20the%20vitamins%20was%20a%20major%20scientific%20achievement,at%20the%20mid-twentieth%20century.|journal=International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research|volume=82|issue=5|pages=310–315|doi=10.1024/0300-9831/a000124|issn=0300-9831|pmid=23798048}}</ref> Mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, ojiji nke fatịlaịza emepụtara mụbara ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/HomePage/SUSTAINABILITY/Climate-change/A-historical-perspective.html|title=A Historical Perspective|publisher=International Fertilizer Industry Association|accessdate=2013-05-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309153521/http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/HomePage/SUSTAINABILITY/Climate-change/A-historical-perspective.html|archivedate=2012-03-09}}</ref> Nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje na ọgwụ mgbochi mere ka ọ dịrị ndị mmadụ mfe ịzụlite anụ ụlọ site n'ibelata ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoelzer|first=Karin|date=2018-07-31|title=Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 1: challenges and needs|journal=Veterinary Research|volume=49|issue=1|pages=64|doi=10.1186/s13567-018-0560-8|issn=1297-9716|pmid=30060757}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kirchhelle|first=Claas|date=2018-08-07|title=Pharming animals: a global history of antibiotics in food production (1935–2017)|journal=Palgrave Communications|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.1057/s41599-018-0152-2|issn=2055-1045}}</ref> Ọganihu na nhazi na friji yana teknụzụ nhazi mere ka nkesa dị anya nwee ike. Njikọ nchịkwa ahụhụ bụ usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ iji belata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ruo n'ókè dị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OCSPP|date=2015-09-28|title=Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles|url=https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles|accessdate=2021-05-22|work=US EPA|language=en|archivedate=2017-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729012539/https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Integrated Pest Management {{!}} Sustainable Campus|url=https://sustainablecampus.cornell.edu/campus-initiatives/land-water/sustainable-landscapes-trail/integrated-pest-management#:~:text=Integrated%20pest%20management%20is%20sustainable,reduce%20them%20to%20acceptable%20levels.|accessdate=2023-07-05|work=sustainablecampus.cornell.edu}}</ref> Enwere nchegbu banyere nkwado nke ọrụ ugbo, na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke fatịlaịza na ọgwụ ahụhụ, nke mere ka mmegharị nke organic ma wuo ahịa maka ọrụ ugbo siri ike na-adịgide adịgide, yana ego maka mmepe nke teknụzụ kwesịrị ekwesị. == Usoro na teknụzụ == === Anụ ụlọ === [[Usòrò:Cattle_eating_grass_through_barbed_wire_fence.jpg|thumb|Ehi nọ n'ebe ịta ahịhịa na-eri ahịhịhịa site na mgbidi waya]] Ịkwalite ebe ịta nri bụ imelite ala ịta ahịhịa na ahịhịa iji mụbaa ikike mmepụta nri nke usoro anụ ụlọ. A na-ejikarị eme ihe iji weghachi mmebi nke ịta ahịhịa, usoro e ji enwe ụkọ nri na mbelata ikike ibu anụmanụ nke na-esite na ịta nri nke ukwuu, njikwa nri adịghị mma, na enweghị nchekwa ala.[21]. Nke a na-emebi emebi na-eduga na ala ịta ahịhịa na-adịghị mma nke nwere mbelata ọmụmụ na mmiri dị na ụbara nke mbuze, mkpirisi, na acidification.[22]. Ebe ịta nri e mebiri emebi na-arụpụta obere ihe yana usoro carbon dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe ịta nri siri ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1015344/indicativo-de-pastagens-plantadas-em-processo-de-degradacao-no-bioma-cerrado|title=Indicativo de pastagens plantadas em processo de degradação no bioma Cerrado|work=embrapa.br – Portal Embrapa|language=pt-BR|accessdate=2018-03-28|archivedate=2018-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615191647/https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-publicacoes/-/publicacao/1015344/indicativo-de-pastagens-plantadas-em-processo-de-degradacao-no-bioma-cerrado}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bogaerts|first=Meghan|title=Climate change mitigation through intensified pasture management: Estimating greenhouse gas emissions on cattle farms in the Brazilian Amazon|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=162|pages=1539–1550|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.130|year=2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Cardoso|first=Abmael S.|title=Impact of the intensification of beef production in Brazil on greenhouse gas emissions and land use|journal=Agricultural Systems|volume=143|pages=86–96|doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.007|year=2016|url=http://eprints.nwisrl.ars.usda.gov/1679/1/1634.pdf|accessdate=2018-12-24|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130127/https://eprints.nwisrl.ars.usda.gov/1679/1/1634.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Talamini|first=Edson|title=Improving feed efficiency as a strategy to reduce beef carbon footprint in the Brazilian Midwest region|journal=International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development|language=en|volume=16|issue=4|pages=379|doi=10.1504/ijesd.2017.10007706|year=2017}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Ruviaro|first=Clandio F.|title=Carbon footprint in different beef production systems on a southern Brazilian farm: a case stud|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=96|pages=435–443|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.01.037|year=2015|url=http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/127004/1/JCPv96p435.pdf|accessdate=2019-12-14}}</ref> Omume nchịkwa nke na-eme ka ahụike ala dị mma ma si otú a mepụta ahịhịa gụnyere ịgba mmiri, scarification ala, na itinye lime, fatịlaịza, na ọgwụ ahụhụ. Dabere na ebumnuche mmepụta ihe nke usoro ọrụ ugbo a na-elekwasị anya, enwere ike ịme ọrụ mweghachi ndị ọzọ iji dochie ahịhịa na-mwakpo na nke na-adịghị emepụta ihe na ụdị ahịhịhịa ndị dabara adaba na ala na ọnọdụ [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] nke mpaghara ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268445014|title=Degradação, recuperação e renovação de pastagens|author=Zimmer|first=Ademir|date=2012-11-01}}</ref> Usoro ahịhịa ndị a siri ike na-enye ohere ọnụego dị elu na ibu anụmanụ ngwa ngwa na oge dị ala maka igbu egbu, na-akpata usoro anụ ụlọ na-arụpụta ihe, nke na-arụ ọrụ carbon.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> Usoro ọzọ iji melite ihe ọkụkụ mgbe ị na-echekwa nguzozi carbon bụ iji usoro ihe ọkụkụ-ụmụ (ICL) na usoro ihe ọkpọ-ụmụ anụ ọhịa (ICLF), nke jikọtara ọtụtụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime otu usoro ọrụ ugbo kachasị mma.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277247305|title=Integrated systems: what they are, their advantages and limitations|author=Balbino|first=Luiz|date=2014-03-01|isbn=9788570352972|pages=11–18}}</ref> N'ụzọ ziri ezi, usoro mmepụta dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ aka nke nwere ike inye uru maka ebe ịta [[Fodder|nri]] site na iji osisi eme ihe nke ọma, ọnụego nri na abụba dị mma, mmụba nke ala na ogo, ịgba ọsọ nri siri ike, njikwa nje, na ụdị dị iche iche.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":5" /> Iwebata ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ebe ịta nri nwere ike ịbawanye ụyọkọ carbon na nitrogen na ala, ebe ike ịgbari ha na-enyere ụmụ anụmanụ aka ime ka ha sie ike ma belata ikuku methane site na fermentation enteric.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4"/> Usoro ICLF na-amịpụta mmepụta anụ ehi ruo okpukpu iri karịa nke ebe ịta nri mebiri emebi; mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ site na ọka, [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]], na owuwe ihe ubi soybean; na mbelata nke ukwuu nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihi nchedo carbon nke ọhịa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=de Figueiredo|first=Eduardo Barretto|title=Greenhouse gas balance and carbon footprint of beef cattle in three contrasting pasture-management systems in Brazil|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=142|pages=420–431|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.132|year=2017}}</ref> Na mmemme iri na abụọ nke Twelve Aprils maka mmepụta mmiri ara ehi, nke USDA-SARE mepụtara, a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ maka ìgwè ehi n'ime ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=12 Aprils Dairy Grazing Manual|url=http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/Southern-SARE-Project-Products/12-Aprils-Grazing-Dairy-Manual|publisher=USDA-SARE|accessdate=1 October 2014|archivedate=6 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153834/http://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/SARE-Project-Products/Southern-SARE-Project-Products/12-Aprils-Grazing-Dairy-Manual}}</ref> ==== Ịzụ anụ na-agbagharị agbagharị ==== [[Usòrò:NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_(4753)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif|thumb|Ịzụ ehi na atụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na [[Mizurị|Missouri]] na ịta ahịhịa nke e kewara n'ime paddocks, nke ọ bụla na-ata ahịhịrị n'otu n'otu maka obere oge wee zuru ike]] Ịta nri ntụgharị bụ ụdị nri dị iche iche nke a na-ebuga ìgwè ehi ma ọ bụ ìgwè anụ ụlọ mgbe nile na n'usoro n'usoro na-aga n'ebe a na-ata nri ọhụrụ, nke a na-akpọ paddocks (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ paddocks) iji bulie ogo na ọnụọgụ nri nri. Enwere ike iji ya na ehi, atụrụ, ewu, ezi, ọkụkọ, turkey, ọbọgwụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. Ụmụ ehi na-ata otu akụkụ nke ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ padock, ebe ha na-ekwe ka ndị ọzọ gbakee. Ala izu ike na-enye ohere ka ahịhịa na-eme ka nchekwa ike dị ọhụrụ, wughachi sistemu ịgba égbè, ma mee ka usoro mgbọrọgwụ mikwuo emie, na-ebute mmepụta biomass kachasị ogologo oge. <ref name="Manitoba"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Beetz|first=A. E.|year=2004|title=Rotational grazing: Livestock systems guide|publisher=National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service (ATTRA)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanjari, G.|date=2008|title=Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland|publisher=Soil Research 46 (CSIRO Publishing)|pages=48–358|url=http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/21586/52232_1.pdf?sequence=1|accessdate=2014-10-01|archivedate=2013-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927213634/http://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/21586/52232_1.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> Sistemu ebe ịta nri naanị nwere ike ikwe ka ndị na-azụ anụ zute ike ha chọrọ, mana ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-adị irè karịsịa n'ihi na ndị na-azụ anụ na-eme nke ọma n'osisi ndị na-eto eto. A na-ahapụkwa parasaịt ka ọ nwụọ, na-ebelata ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ mkpa maka de-wormers. Site na mmụba nke sistemụ ntụgharị, anụmanụ nwere ike ịchọ nri mgbakwunye obere karịa ka usoro ịta nri na-aga n'ihu. Ya mere, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa ngwaahịa.<ref name="PastProfit" /><ref name="dx">{{Cite journal|author=Teague, W. R.|title=Grazing management impacts on vegetation, soil biota and soil chemical, physical and hydrological properties in tall grass prairie|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=141|issue=3–4|date=May 2011|pages=310–322|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2011.03.009}}</ref> ==== Ọrụ inye anụmanụ nri ==== [[Usòrò:Florida_chicken_house.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ ọkụkọ na-ere ahịa na-ebuli mgbọ ọkụkọ maka anụ]] Ịkpa anụ ụlọ siri ike ma ọ bụ "ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ", bụ usoro nke ịzụlite anụ ụlọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị elu.<ref>Sources discussing "intensive farming", "intensive agriculture" or "factory farming": </ref><ref>Sources discussing "industrial farming", "industrial agriculture" and "factory farming": </ref><ref>"Is factory farming really cheaper?" in ''New Scientist'', Institution of Electrical Engineers, New Science Publications, University of Michigan, 1971, p. 12.</ref> "Ọrụ inye anụmanụ nri" (CAFO), ma ọ bụ "ọrụ anụ ụlọ siri ike", nwere ike ijide ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ụfọdụ ruo ọtụtụ narị puku) nke ehi, ezì, turkey, ma ọ bụ ọkụkọ, mgbe mgbe n'ime ụlọ. Isi ihe dị n'ugbo ndị dị otú ahụ bụ nchịkọta anụ ụlọ n'otu oghere. Ebumnuche bụ ịnye mmepụta kachasị elu na ọnụahịa kachasị ala na ọkwa kachasị elu nke nchekwa nri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nierenberg|first=Danielle|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62104329|title=Happier meals : rethinking the global meat industry|date=2005|publisher=Worldwatch Institute|others=Lisa Mastny, Worldwatch Institute|isbn=1-878071-77-7|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=62104329}}</ref> A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ụzọ mkparị.<ref name="encyc-organic">{{Cite book|author=Duram|first=Leslie A.|title=Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofor0000unse_u9g0|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35963-7}}</ref> CAFOs amụbaala nke ukwuu mmepụta nri site na anụ ụlọ n'ụwa niile, ma n'ihe gbasara nri niile a na-emepụta na arụmọrụ. A na-ewegara ụmụ anụmanụ nri na mmiri, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi, ihe mgbakwunye vitamin, na hormone na-eto eto eme ihe. A naghị eji homonụ uto eme ihe na ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ọ bụla na European Union. Omume ndị a na-achọghị nke ọma na-emetụtakarị nrụgide nke njide dugara n'ịchọ ụdị dị nro (dịka, na omume okike na-achịkwa), ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ iji kwụsị mmekọrịta, dị ka ụlọ ọkụkọ ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe anụ ahụ dị ka mwepụ nke ọkụkọ iji belata mmerụ ahụ nke ọgụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Van Boeckel|first=Thomas P.|date=2015-05-05|title=Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=112|issue=18|pages=5649–5654|doi=10.1073/pnas.1503141112|issn=0027-8424|pmid=25792457}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2023-04-23|title=Intensive farming|url=https://tuoitho.edu.vn/intensive-farming-4ofbbz4p/|accessdate=2023-07-05|work=tuoitho.edu.vn|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-07-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705180055/https://tuoitho.edu.vn/intensive-farming-4ofbbz4p/}}</ref> Nkọwa CAFO sitere na 1972 U.S. Federal Clean Water Act, nke e tiri iji chebe ma weghachite ọdọ mmiri na osimiri ka ha bụrụ "ndị nwere ike igwu mmiri". Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na United States chọpụtara ụfọdụ ọrụ nri anụmanụ, yana ọtụtụ ụdị ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka "isi iyi" ndị na-emetọ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. A na-achịkwa ọrụ ndị a. [[Usòrò:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jpg|thumb|Ezì ndị a na-azụ nke ọma]] In 17 states in the U.S., isolated cases of [[Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala|groundwater contamination]] were linked to CAFOs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sustainableagriculture.net/our-work/conservation-environment/clean-water-act/|title=CAFOs & Clean Water Act|accessdate=2013-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105034639/http://sustainableagriculture.net/our-work/conservation-environment/clean-water-act/|archivedate=2013-11-05}}</ref> The U.S. federal government acknowledges the [[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu|waste disposal]] issue and requires that animal waste be stored in lagoons. These lagoons can be as large as {{convert|7.5|acre|m2}}. Lagoons not protected with an impermeable liner can leak into groundwater under some conditions, as can runoff from manure used as fertilizer. A lagoon that burst in 1995 released 25 million gallons of nitrous sludge in North Carolina's New River. The spill allegedly killed eight to ten million fish. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ anụmanụ, ihe mkpofu anụmanụ, na ụmụ anụmanụ nwụrụ anwụ n'ime obere oghere na-eweta nsogbu omume ọma nye ụfọdụ ndị na-azụ ahịa. Ndị na-ahụ maka Ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na ọdịmma ụmụ anụmanụ ebubo na ịzụlite ụmụ anụmanụ siri ike bụ ihe obi ọjọọ nye ụmụ anụmanụ. === Ihe ọkụkụ === Green Revolution gbanwere ọrụ ugbo n'ọtụtụ mba na-emepe emepe. Ọ gbasaa teknụzụ ndị dịbu adị, mana ejighị ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mpụga mba ndị mepere emepe. Nkà na ụzụ ndị a gụnyere "mkpụrụ ọrụ ebube", ọgwụ ahụhụ, ịgba mmiri, na fatịlaịza nitrogen.<ref name="brown">Brown, 1970. <br /></ref> ==== Mkpụrụ ==== N'afọ ndị 1970, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ụdị ọka, ọka wit, na osikapa na-amị mkpụrụ. Ndị a nwere ikike na-abawanye nitrogen ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ọka ndị na-amị nitrogen ọzọ ga-anọkarị (da) tupu owuwe ihe ubi, a zụlitere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-agbagọ agbagọ n'ime genom ha. Norin 10 wheat, ụdị dị iche iche nke Orville Vogel mepụtara site na ụdị ọka wit dị mkpụmkpụ nke Japan, nyere aka n'ịmepụta ụdị ọka wit. IR8, osikapa mbụ a na-eme nke ọma nke International Rice Research Institute mepụtara, e kere ya site na ngwakọta n'etiti ụdị Indonesian a na-akpọ "Peta" na ụdị Chinese a na- bingaka "Dee Geo Woo Gen".<ref name="ir8">{{Cite web|title=Rice Varieties|work=IRRI Knowledge Bank|url=http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/nepal/RiceVarieties.htm|accessdate=2006-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713032524/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/regionalSites/nepal/RiceVarieties.htm|archivedate=2006-07-13}}</ref> Site na nnweta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Arabidopsis na osikapa, a na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mere eme nke na-akpata (ebelata ịdị elu (rht), gibberellin na-adịghị echebara echiche (gai1) na osikọta dị ka ihe mgbaàmà nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke gibberellic acid, phytohormone na-etinye aka n'ịchịkwa uto osisi site na mmetụta ya na nkewa mkpụrụ ndụ. A na-ebelata itinye ego na ogwe osisi ahụ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na osisi ndị dị mkpirikpi na ihe oriri na-agagharị na mmepụta ọka, na-eme ka mmetụta nke fatịlaịza kemịkal dịkwuo ukwuu. Ụdị ndị na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu karịrị ụdị ọdịnala ọtụtụ ugboro ma meghachi omume nke ọma na mgbakwunye nke ịgba mmiri, ọgwụ ahụhụ, na fatịlaịza. A na-eji Ike ngwakọta eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa iji mụbaa ihe ọkụkụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, uru ahụ na-efu maka ụmụ nke ngwakọta F1, nke pụtara na a ga-azụta mkpụrụ maka ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ n'oge ọ bụla, si otú a na-abawanye ọnụahịa na uru maka ndị ọrụ ugbo. ==== Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ ==== [[Usòrò:Crops_Kansas_AST_20010624.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite nke ubi ubi okirikiri na Haskell County, Kansas, na ngwụcha June 2001. Ọ dị mma, ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto nke ọka na [[Sorghum bicolor|sorghum]] bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (sorghum nwere ike ịdịtụ mma). Ọka wit bụ ọlaedo na-egbuke egbuke. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-ewepụta ubi ndị na-acha nchara nchara ma na-akọ ugbo n'okpuru ma ọ bụ na-anọ n'ọzara maka afọ ahụ.]] Mgbanwe nke [[ihe ọkụkụ]] ma ọ bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ bụ omume nke ịzụlite usoro ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche n'otu oghere n'oge dị iche iche maka uru dị ka izere pathogen na mkpokọta ahụhụ nke na-eme mgbe a na-akụ otu ụdị. Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ na-achọkwa ịhazi ihe oriri nke ihe ọkpọkọ dị iche iche iji zere mmebi nke ihe ọkọnọ ala. Akụkụ ọdịnala nke ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ bụ ịmegharị nitrogen site na iji legumes na fatịlaịza na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na usoro na ọka na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ nwekwara ike imeziwanye Ọdịdị ala na uto site na ịgbanwere osisi ndị gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ndị na-adịghị omimi. Usoro yiri ya bụ ịkụ ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ọkụkụ n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ azụmahịa. Nke a jikọtara uru nke ọrụ ugbo siri ike na mkpuchi na-aga n'ihu na polyculture. ==== Ịgba mmiri ==== [[Usòrò:PivotIrrigationOnCotton.jpg|thumb|Ịgba mmiri n'elu, imewe etiti]] Ịgba mmiri na-akpata 70% nke ojiji mmiri dị ọcha n'ụwa.<ref>Pimentel, Berger, et al., "Water resources: agricultural and environmental issues", BioScience 54.10 (Oct 2004), p909</ref> A na-ekesa [[Ịgba mmiri n'elu ala|Ịgba mmiri]] mmiri nke idei mmiri, ụdị kachasị ochie na nke a na-ahụkarị, dịka akụkụ nke ubi nwere ike ịnata mmiri karịrị akarị iji nyefee akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ịgba mmiri n'elu, site na iji sprinklers na-agagharị n'etiti ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ, na-enye usoro nkesa hà nhata na nke a na-achịkwa. [[Ịgba mmiri]] bụ ụdị kachasị ọnụ na nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe, mana ọ na-enye mmiri na mgbọrọgwụ na-enweghị obere mfu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drip Irrigation System for sustainable agriculture|url=https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html|accessdate=2024-03-07|work=Agriculture land usa|archivedate=2024-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421164829/https://www.agriculturelandusa.com/2023/07/Drip-Irrigation-system.html}}</ref> Nzọụkwụ nchịkwa mmiri na-agụnye oghere mmiri, nke na-ejide mmiri ozuzo na mmiri na-agbapụta ma jiri ya mee ka mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dịghachi. Nke a na-enyere aka n'ime ka olulu mmiri dị n'okpuru ala dịghachi mma ma mesịa belata mbuze ala. Osimiri ndị a na-egbochi mmiri na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri na-echekwa mmiri maka ịgba mmiri na ojiji ndị ọzọ n'ebe buru ibu. Obere ebe na-eji ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. ==== Nchịkwa ahịhịa ==== N'ọrụ ugbo, a na-achọkarị njikwa ahịhịa, nke a na-ejikarị igwe dịka ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbanye mmiri. Herbicides na-egbu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ mgbe ha na-ahapụ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a na-arụ ọrụ site na igbochi uto nke ahịhịa ma na-adabere na [[Hormone|homonụ]] osisi. Nchịkwa ahịhịa site na herbicide na-eme ka ọ sie ike mgbe ahịhịhịa na-eguzogide herbicide. Ihe ngwọta gụnyere: * Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi (karịsịa ndị nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ ghara ịdị ọhụrụ) nke na-emeri ahịhịa ma ọ bụ na-egbochi mmelite ha * Ọtụtụ herbicides, na njikọta ma ọ bụ na ntụgharị * Ọrịa ndị e ji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mee maka ịnagide ọgwụ herbicide * Ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ahụ nke na-anabata ma ọ bụ na-asọmpi ahịhịa * Ịchụpụ * Ihe mkpuchi ala dị ka mulch ma ọ bụ plastik * Iji aka wepụ ya * Ịkụchasị osisi * Ịkpa anụ * Ọkụ ọkụ [[Usòrò:Terrace_field_yunnan_china_denoised.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ubi osikapa dị na Yunnan Province, China]] N'[[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]], ala bụ akụkụ dị larịị nke ebe a na-akọ ugbo n'ugwu, nke e mere dị ka usoro nchekwa ala iji belata ma ọ bụ gbochie mmiri na-agba mmiri ngwa ngwa. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-emepụta ala dị otú ahụ n'ọtụtụ ala, na-enye ọdịdị dị elu. Ọdịdị ala nke mmadụ nke ịkọ osikapa na terraces nke na-agbaso ọdịdị okike nke escarpments, dị ka ịkọ ugbo, bụ ihe dị mma nke agwaetiti Bali na Banaue Rice Terraces na Banaue, Ifugao, Philippines. Na [[Peru]], ndị Inca jiri ndagwurugwu ndị a na-apụghị iji mee ihe site n'iwu mgbidi nkume iji mepụta ala ndị a maara dị ka Andens. ==== Osikapa osikapa ==== '''Ubi paddy''' bụ [[ala a na-akọ ugbo]] nke a na-eji akụ osikapa na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ na-eme n'ime mmiri. Ubi Paddy bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị na-akụ osikapa n'Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, gụnyere Malaysia, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Indonesia, [[Ndia|India]], na Philippines. A na-ahụkwa ha na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-akụ osikapa dịka Piedmont (Italy), Camargue (France), na Artibonite Valley (Haiti). Ha nwere ike ịpụta n'ụzọ okike n'akụkụ [[osimiri]] ma ọ bụ marshes, ma ọ bụ enwere ike iwu ha, ọbụlagodi n'akụkụ ugwu. Ha chọrọ nnukwu mmiri maka ịgba mmiri, ọtụtụ n'ime ya sitere na idei mmiri. Ọ na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma maka ụdị osikapa a na-akụ, ọ na-emegide ọtụtụ ụdị ahịhịa. Dị ka naanị ụdị anụmanụ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke na-enwe ahụ iru ala n'atụ mmiri, a na-eji anụ ọhịa buffalo mmiri eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ubi osikapa nke Eshia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghgonline.org/methanerice.htm|title=Methane – Rice|work=ghgonline.org|accessdate=2007-05-26|archivedate=2018-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019211656/http://www.ghgonline.org/methanerice.htm}}</ref> Ọganihu na-adịbeghị anya na mmepụta siri ike nke osikapa bụ System of Rice Intensification.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SRI Concepts and Methods Applied to Other Crops|url=http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/aboutsri/othercrops/|publisher=Cornell University|accessdate=1 October 2014|archivedate=6 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084825/http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/aboutsri/othercrops/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The System of Crop Intensification Agroecological Innovations for Improving Agricultural Production, Food Security, and Resilience to Climate Change|url=http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/aboutsri/othercrops/SCImonograph_SRIRice2014.pdf|work=SRI International Network and Resources Center|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|accessdate=1 October 2014|archivedate=26 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926025949/http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/aboutsri/othercrops/SCImonograph_SRIRice2014.pdf}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke onye [[France|French]] Jesuit Father Henri de Laulanié mepụtara na 1983 na [[Madagascar]], site na 2013 ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji usoro ahụ etolitela n'etiti nde 4 na 5. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vidal|first=John|title=India's rice revolution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/feb/16/india-rice-farmers-revolution|work=[[The Observer]]|publisher=The Guardian|date=16 February 2013|accessdate=14 December 2016}}</ref> === Ịkpa Mmanụ n'Ime === Aquaculture bụ ịzụlite ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke [[mmiri]] (azụ̀, shellfish, algae, seaweed, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime mmiri). A na-azụ anụ n'ala site na iji tankị, ọdọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ usoro ndị ọzọ a na-achịkwa, ma ọ dị n'oké osimiri, site na iji ụlọ.<ref name="AmericanHeritageDef">{{Cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture|title=Agriculture|author=Answers|work=Answers.com|accessdate=2007-05-21|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220730/http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture}}</ref> === Nkwado === Intensive farming practices which are thought to be sustainable  have been developed to slow the deterioration of agricultural land and even regenerate soil health and [[Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi|ecosystem services]]. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> These developments may fall in the category of [[Ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta ihe|organic farming]], or the integration of organic and conventional agriculture. Ịkụ ihe ubi n'ebe ịta ahịhịa na-agụnye ịkụ mkpụrụ ọka kpọmkwem n'ime ala ahịhịhịa n'ebughị ụzọ tinye ọgwụ herbicides. Ahịhịa ndị na-adịgide adịgide na-emepụta ala dị ndụ na ihe ọkụkụ, na-ewepụ mkpa ọ dị ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị. A na-ata ahịhịa n'ụzọ siri ike ma tupu ma mgbe mmepụta ọka gasịrị. Usoro a siri ike na-eweta uru ndị ọrụ ugbo (n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na anụ ụlọ na-abawanye) mgbe ha na-ewu ala ọhụrụ ma na-edebe ihe ruru tọn 33 nke CO₂/ha / afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Leu|first=Andre|title=Mitigating Climate Change With Soil Organic Matter in Organic Production Systems|url=http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditcted2012d3_en.pdf|work=Trade and environment review 2013, Commentary V|pages=22–32|publisher=UNCTAD|accessdate=28 September 2014|archivedate=9 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509063021/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditcted2012d3_en.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bradley|first=Kirsten|title=Why Pasture Cropping is such a Big Deal|date=7 December 2010|url=http://milkwood.net/2010/12/07/why-pasture-cropping-is-such-a-big-deal/|publisher=Milkwood|accessdate=10 January 2014|archivedate=10 January 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140110182113/http://milkwood.net/2010/12/07/why-pasture-cropping-is-such-a-big-deal/}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo biointensive na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ dịka mpaghara ọ bụla, ntinye ike na ntinye mmiri. Agroforestry jikọtara ọrụ ugbo na teknụzụ ubi / osisi iji mepụta usoro iji mee ihe dị iche iche, dị iche iche. Intercropping nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ belata ntinye ma si otú a na-anọchite anya (nke nwere ike ịnọgide na-aga n'ihu) mmụba ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na a na-amụba ihe ọkụkụ zuru oke n'otu mpaghara ala, ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla na-ebelata mgbe niile. Enwekwara ihe ịma aka nye ndị ọrụ ugbo na-adabere na ngwá ọrụ ugbo kachasị mma maka monoculture, na-akpatakarị mmụba nke ọrụ. Ọrụ ugbo kwụ ọtọ bụ mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ siri ike n'ọtụtụ obodo, n'ọtụtụ ụlọ, ihe owuwu na-enwu ọkụ, maka mmepụta nri na-enweghị calorie dị ka ahịhịa, microgreens, na lettuce. Usoro ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ bụ usoro ọrụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu, nke na-adịgide adịgide dị ka ọrụ ugbo efu ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri jikọtara ọnụ, nke na'etiti mmekọrịta nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Akụkụ nke njikọta a nwere ike ịgụnye: * Kpachara anya webata osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko n'ime usoro ọrụ ugbo iji mụbaa pollen-na ihe ndị na-atọ ụtọ nke ndị iro nke ụmụ ahụhụ na-achọ * Iji ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na ikpuchi ihe ọkụkụ iji gbochie nematodes na poteto * Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture bụ omume nke a na-eji ihe ndị sitere n'otu ụdị eme ihe iji bụrụ ihe ntinye (mkpụrụ osisi, [[Food|nri]]) maka nke ọzọ. == Ihe ịma aka == === Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọrụ ugbo na-eji nnukwu [[mmiri]], ike,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajc.com/opinion/make-farming-energy-efficient-965542.html|title=Moseley, W.G. 2011. "Make farming energy efficient". ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution''. June 3. pg. 15A.|work=ajc.com|accessdate=2013-11-05|archivedate=2012-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128182015/http://www.ajc.com/opinion/make-farming-energy-efficient-965542.html}}</ref> na kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-eme ka [[mmetọ]] dị n'[[Mmetọ|ala a na-akọ ugbo]], Mmiri a na-eji eme ihe, na ikuku. Herbicides, insecticides, na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]] na-agbakọta na mmiri dị n'ala na n'elu. Ọrụ ugbo ụlọ ọrụ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-akpata [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|okpomọkụ ụwa]], na-akọrọ 14-28% nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=IPCC SRCCL|author=Mbow|first=C.|year=2019|pages=439–442|chapter=Chapter 5: Food Security|chapterurl=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịpụta n'ebe dị anya site na ubi na ugbo. Nitrogen compounds si Midwest, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-agbadata na Mississippi iji mebie azụ azụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Gulf of Mexico, na-akpata ihe a na-akpọ mpaghara nwụrụ anwụ nke oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a dead zone?|url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=18 April 2015|quote=The largest hypoxic zone in the United States, and the second largest hypoxic zone worldwide, forms in the northern Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi River. This image from a NOAA animation shows how runoff from farms (green areas) and cities (red areas) drains into the Mississippi. This runoff contains an overabundance of nutrients from fertilizers, wastewater treatment plants, and other sources.|archivedate=27 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427162721/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/deadzone.html}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ọhịa adịkwaghị na mpaghara ma ọ bụ mba, a gbanwekwara ọrụ nke agro-ecosystems. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo na-agụnye ihe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere mfu nke ihe ndị dị n'ala, mmụba nke ugbo na ubi, na mmụba ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọgwụ ahịhịa na-eduga na mmegide na-eto eto n'etiti ụmụ ahụhụ na-eme ka ọgwụ ahịhi na ọgwụ ahụhụ ghara ịdị irè. Agrochemicals nwere ike itinye aka na nsogbu nke collapse colony, nke ndị otu aṅụ na-apụ n'anya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Loarie|first=Greg|title=The Case of the Vanishing Bees|url=http://earthjustice.org/features/the-case-of-the-vanishing-honey-bee|publisher=EarthJustice|accessdate=18 April 2015|date=2014-05-02|archivedate=2015-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419032137/http://earthjustice.org/features/the-case-of-the-vanishing-honey-bee}}</ref> (Nrụpụta ọrụ ugbo na-adabere nke ukwuu na aṅụ iji mee ka ọtụtụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na-agbasa.) Ọrụ ugbo siri ike na-emepụta ọnọdụ maka uto na nnyefe nke parasites dị nnọọ iche na ihe parasites na-ezute n'etiti ndị bi na ya, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe nhọrọ na àgwà dịgasị iche iche dị ka àgwà akụkọ ndụ na virulence. Ụfọdụ ntiwapụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka njikọ ahụ pụta ìhè na ọrụ ugbo siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nje salmon anaemia (ISA) na-akpata nnukwu mfu akụ na ụba maka ugbo salmon. Nje ISA bụ orthomyxovirus nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, otu Europe na otu North America, nke kewara tupu 1900 (Krossøy et al. 2001). <ref name="Krossoy-et-al-2001">{{Cite journal|author=Krossøy|first=B.|title=Phylogenetic analysis of infectious salmon anaemia virus isolates from Norway, Canada and Scotland|journal=[[Diseases of Aquatic Organisms]]|volume=44|year=2001|issue=1|issn=0177-5103|doi=10.3354/dao044001|pages=1–6|pmid=11253869}}</ref> Ọdịiche a na-egosi na ụdị nna nna nke nje ahụ dị na salmonids ọhịa tupu iwebata salmonids a na-azụ n'ụlọ. Ka nje ahụ na-agbasa site na nnyefe kwụ ọtọ (onye nne na nna gaa na ụmụ) [nkọwa dị mkpa].  Mkpụrụ osisi monoculture siri ike na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọdịda n'ihi ihe na-efe efe, ihu igwe na ọrịa.<ref>For example:{{Cite book|author=Berbee|first=J. G.|chapter=Detection and elimination of viruses in poplars|title=Intensive Plantation Culture: Five Years Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4EQuIzbzv4C|series=USDA Forest Service general technical report NC|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station|date=1976|quote=In the north-central States, the intensive culture of certain species and hybrids of poplars presents the greatest opportunity to achieve maximum wood fiber production, provided that adequate provision can be made for control of the many insects and diseases that may attack them. [...] The [...] trend toward monoculture [...] increases the vulnerability of the cropping system to insects and diseases. The greatest potential for insidious disaster due to virus diseases is with monocultures of vegetatively propagated perennial crops.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mander|first=Jerry|authorlink=Jerry Mander|chapter=Industrializing Nature and Agriculture|editor=Kimbrell|title=The Fatal Harvest Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plTcVDph_SQC|location=Washington|publisher=Island Press|date=2002|isbn=9781597262804|accessdate=30 November 2019|quote=Industrial monocultures—single crops where there was once diversity, and single varieties of each crop where there used to be thousands—are also blows against biological and genetic diversity. [...] Monocultures are weak, subject to insect blights, diseases, and bad weather.}}</ref> === Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya === Nnyocha e mere maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nkà na Ụzụ nke United States kwubiri na gbasara ọrụ ugbo nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, e nwere "mmekọrịta na-adịghị mma n'etiti omume na-aga n'ihu n'ịba ụba nke ugbo na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'ime ime obodo" na "ọkwa ngụkọ".[67] Otu onye ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ibute ihe egwu ọha na eze na akụ na ụba.<ref> {{Cite book|author=United States. Department of Agriculture|title=Monoculture in Agriculture: Extent, Causes, and Problems-report of the Task Force on Spatial Heterogeneity in Agricultural Landscapes and Enterprises|url=https://archive.org/details/CAT74406962|date=1973|publisher=Washington|accessdate=30 November 2019|quote=In addition to being relatively unstable agricultural ecosystems, monocultures are also vulnerable to disaster from social and economic disruptions.}} </ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ịkpa anụ a na-agbanwe agbanwe * [[Ọrụ ugbo n'ala kpọrọ nkụ]] * [[Environmental impact of agriculture|Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ugbo]] * Green Revolution * Ihe ọkụkụ ụlọ ọrụ * Pekarangan * Ọrụ ugbo na-abaghị uru * Ịzụ anụmanụ == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1r9zq7g7m9rht96wlfsp9cjw7icgali 0 50627 742536 719354 2026-11-03T08:12:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:First_Lamb_2008_suckles.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwa atụrụ a zụlitere n'ụzọ dị iche iche na-amị nwa atụrụ ya, nke bụ nke mbụ n'afọ 2008 n'ugbo dị na Coventry, England]] Atụrụ ime ụlọ na-amụba mmekọahụ dị ka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ, usoro ọmụmụ ha dịkwa ka anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ. A na-ejikarị otu ebule na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ, bụ́ nke onye ọrụ ugbo họpụtara ma ọ bụ nwee ike na-achị site n'ịsọ mpi anụ ahụ ya na ebule ndị ọzọ (n'ime ndị mmadụ).[1] Ọtụtụ atụrụ na-enwe oge ọmụmụ (tupping) n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-enwe ike ịmụba kwa afọ.<ref name="living">{{Cite book|title=Living with Sheep: Everything You Need to Know to Raise Your Own Flock|url=https://archive.org/details/livingwithsheepe0000woos|author=Wooster|first=Chuck|others=Geoff Hansen (Photography)|year=2005|publisher=The Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|isbn=978-1-59228-531-0}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mmetụta ụmụ mmadụ na-enwe n'ịzụ atụrụ, nne atụrụ na-amịkarị ọtụtụ atụrụ. Mmụba a nke ọmụmụ nwa atụrụ, ma n'ọnụọgụgụ ma ibu ọmụmụ, nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu n'oge ọmụmụ na ndụ atụrụ, na-achọ enyemaka nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ. == Àgwà Mmekọahụ == Ụmụ atụrụ na-enwekarị ntozu oke mmekọahụ mgbe ha dị ọnwa isii ruo asatọ, na ebule n'ozuzu ha mgbe ha dị afọ anọ ruo isii (a maara ebule mgbe ụfọdụ ka ha na-etinye ime nne ha mgbe ha nọ ọnwa abụọ). <ref name="living"/> Atụrụ bụ anụmanụ polyoestrus n'oge.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Techniques in Sheep Production|author=Marai|first=Ibrahim Fayez Mahmoud|publisher=Butterworths|year=1987|isbn=978-0-408-10134-9|pages=222}}</ref> Anụmanụ na-abanye n'usoro Oestrus ihe dị ka ụbọchị 17 ọ bụla, nke na-adịru ihe dị ka awa 30.<ref name="living" /> Na mgbakwunye na ịpụta ísì, ha na-egosi njikere site na ngosipụta anụ ahụ maka ebule. Ihe omume nke [[freemartin]], ehi nwanyị nke na-eme omume nwoke ma na-enweghị ovaries na-arụ ọrụ, na-ejikọkarị ya na ehi, mana ọ na-eme ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ na atụrụ. Ihe atụ nke freemartins n'ime atụrụ nwere ike ịbawanye na ịrị elu nke ejima (freemartins bụ nsonaazụ nke njikọta ejima nwoke na nwanyị). <ref name="freemartin">{{cite journal |last=Padula |first=A.M. |year=2005 |title=The freemartin syndrome: an update |journal=Animal Reproduction Science |volume= 87|issue= 1/2 |pages=93–109 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008 |pmid=15885443 }} {{Dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> Mmeghachi omume Flehmen na-egosipụta site na ebule mgbe ha na-esi ísì mamịrị nke nne atụrụ na oestrous. Akụkụ vomeronasal nwere ndị na-anabata ihe nke na-achọpụta oestrogens na mamịrị nne.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Behaviour of Sheep|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0851987877|author=Lynch|first=J.J.|publisher=CSIRO Publications|year=1992|isbn=978-0643053298|location=Victoria|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0851987877/page/105 105]}}</ref> Nwa atụrụ ahụ na-egosipụta nke a site n'ịgbatị olu ya ma na-agbanye egbugbere ọnụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animalbehaviour.net/for-kids/farm-animals/sheep/|title=SHEEP {{!}} Animal Behaviour|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-28|archivedate=2019-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328234940/http://www.animalbehaviour.net/for-kids/farm-animals/sheep/}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Courting,_Bighorn_Sheep_Style_(22623154384).jpg|thumb|Nwa atụrụ na-egbuke egbuke na-egosipụta nzaghachi Flehmen]] === Ịgba ígwè === Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ etinyeghị aka, ebule nwere ike na-alụ ọgụ n'oge ọgba aghara iji mara ndị ha na nne atụrụ ga-alụ. Egbo, karịsịa ndị na-amaghị, ga-alụkwa ọgụ n'èzí oge ọmụmụ iji guzobe ọchịchị; ebulu nwere ike igbu ibe ha ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ha ka ọ gwakọta ha ọnụ.[1] N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ọbụna ebule ndị na-eme enyi nwere ike na-akpasu ụmụ mmadụ iwe, karịsịa ndị inyom meworo agadi, n'ihi mmụba nke ọkwa hormone ha.<ref name="storey">{{Cite book|title=Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep|url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetora0000simm_u9e9|author=Simmons|first=Paula|year=2001|publisher=Storey Publishing LLC|location=North Adams, MA|isbn=978-1-58017-262-2}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Pregnant_ewe_on_Tortola.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwa agbọghọ dị ime St Cross]] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ekpuchi anya mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ kpochie ebule ndị na-eme ihe ike.[7] Taa, ndị na-edobe ebule na-ahọrọ usoro mgbochi dị nro karị, dị ka ịkwaga n'ahịrị doro anya gaa n'ụzọ ọpụpụ, na-atụgharị azụ azụ n'ebulu, na ikekwe ịsacha mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta nke ịcha ọcha ma ọ bụ mmanya gbazere iji gbochie ebubo. <ref name="living"/> <ref name="hobby">{{Cite book|title=Sheep: small-scale sheep keeping for pleasure and profit|url=https://archive.org/details/sheepsmallscales0000weav|author=Weaver|first=Sue|year=2005|publisher=Hobby Farm Press, an imprint of BowTie Press, a division of BowTie Inc.|location=3 Burroughs Irvine, CA 92618|isbn=978-1-931993-49-4}}</ref> == Ime ime == Na-enweghị ultrasound ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche, ikpebi ma atụrụ dị ime siri ike. <ref name="living"/> <ref name="begin">{{Cite book|title=Beginning Shepherd's Manual, Second Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/beginningshepher0000smit|author=Smith M.S.|first=Barbara|year=1997|publisher=Iowa State University Press|location=Ames, Iowa|isbn=978-0-8138-2799-5}}</ref> Nwa atụrụ na-amalite igosi afọ ime ihe dị ka izu isii tupu ha amụọ nwa, ya mere ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-adabere na echiche na ebule ga-etinye ime ụmụ atụrụ niile n'ìgwè atụrụ.<ref name="living" /> Otú ọ dị, site na itinye ebule na eriri obi a na-akpọ eriri ''akara aka'' na-ejide pensụl pụrụ iche (ma ọ bụ raddle, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụ redle), a na-eji agba akara atụrụ ndị a na-etinye. A pụkwara itinye ya n'ime brik nke ebule. A naghị eji usoro a eme ihe n'ìgwè atụrụ ebe ajị anụ dị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ụcha nke raddle na-emetọ ya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Enwere ike ịgbanwe crayon dị na akara akara n'oge usoro ọmụmụ iji nye ohere maka amụma ụbọchị nwa atụrụ maka nne ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premier1supplies.com/sheep-guide/2012/10/breeding-tools-for-better-management/|title=Breeding tools for better management –|work=www.premier1supplies.com|date=10 October 2012|accessdate=2019-04-01}}</ref> Mgbe ha nwesịrị mmekọahụ, atụrụ na-enwe ime ime ihe dị ka ọnwa ise. N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole nke ọmụmụ na-abịanụ, ụmụ atụrụ na-amalite ịkpa àgwà dị iche. Ha nwere ike idina ala ma guzo n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-eme ka ala dị ala, ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe na-ekwekọghị na usoro ìgwè atụrụ nkịtị. Udo nne nne ga-ejupụta ngwa ngwa, akụkụ ahụ ya ga-ebu ibu. Mmekọahụ, akpa nwa ma ọ bụ prolapse anal nwekwara ike ime, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, enwere ike iji ma ọ bụ ihe na-ejide ya iji jide oghere ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu ahụ na-aga n'ihu.<ref name="storey"/> A ga-atụfu ụmụ atụrụ ndị na-enwe nsogbu siri ike mgbe ha na-amụ nwa dịka prolapse, n'ìgwè atụrụ iji zere nsogbu ndị ọzọ n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sheep husbandry and diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sheephusbandrydi0000fras|author=Fraser|first=Allan|publisher=Collins|year=1987|isbn=978-0632026623|oclc=20416719}}</ref> === Insemination aka mere na mbufe embryo === Na mgbakwunye na insemination sitere n'okike site na ebule, a na-eji inseminasion aka na nnyefe embryo eme ihe na mmemme ịzụ atụrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ na Australia na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cottle|first=D.J.|title=Australian Sheep and Wool Handbook|publisher=Inkata Press, Melbourne|year=1991|isbn=978-0-909605-60-5}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị na United States n'oge afọ 2000 ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dọkịta anụmanụ ruru eru ịrụ ụdị usoro ndị a na nkà amụbaala.<ref name="IETS">{{Cite web|title=International Embryo Transfer Society|url=https://www.iets.org/|work=Iets.org/|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, AI atụrụ bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere anụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ. N'adịghị ka ehi ma ọ bụ ewu, nke nwere akpa nwa kwụ ọtọ nke nwere ike inseminated site na akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, ụmụ atụrụ nwere akpa nwa gbagọrọ agbagọ nke siri ike ịnweta. Tụkwasị na nke a, ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-azụ anụ enweghị ike ịchịkwa okirikiri nke nne ha.<ref name="lai">{{Cite web|url=http://toprams.com/lai.htm|title=Laparscopic Artificial Insemination: A Means to Improve Genetics|author=Dally|first=Martin Animal Science Department, [[University of California]]|work=toprams.com|accessdate=2008-11-02}}</ref> Ikike ịchịkwa okirikiri estrus dị mfe taa n'ihi ngwaahịa ndị na-enyere aka n'ịhazi okpomọkụ. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke ngwaahịa bụ PG600, CIDRs, Estrumate na Folltropin V. Ngwaahịa ndị a nwere progesterone nke ga-eweta induction nke estrus na atụrụ (ụmụ atụrụ) n'oge oge anestrus. Oge anestrus bụ mgbe ụmụ atụrụ enweghị usoro estrous mgbe niile n'èzí oge ọmụmụ. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, insemination nke atụrụ na-emepụta naanị 40-60% nke ihe ịga nke ọma, a na-akpọ ya "agba n'ọchịchịrị" (SID). N'afọ 1980, ndị na-eme nchọpụta n'Australia mepụtara usoro insemination laparoscopic nke, jikọtara ya na ojiji nke progestogen na serum gonadotropin (PMSG), mepụtara ọnụego ihe ịga nke ọma dị elu (50-80% ma ọ bụ karịa), ma ghọọ ụkpụrụ maka inseminations nke atụrụ na narị afọ nke 21.<ref name="lai"/> Nchịkọta mkpụrụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro a. Ozugbo a chịkọtara ọbara ọcha, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ozugbo maka insemination ma ọ bụ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ kpụkọọ maka iji ya mee ka ọ dị n'oge na-adịghị anya. A na-amata ọbara ọcha ọhụrụ dị ka usoro ịhọrọ ebe ọ na-adị ogologo oge ma na-ewepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ime ime. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara a gwakọtara agwakọta ga-arụ ọrụ, mana ọ ga-abụrịrị ogo kachasị elu nke ọbara ọcha na a ga-etinye ụmụ atụrụ ugboro abụọ n'otu ụbọchị.<ref name="tad">{{Cite web|title=Reproduction Specialty Group|url=http://Reprospecialty.com|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> Ahịa nke ọbara ọcha bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ a. Ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere ebule ndị meriri ihe nrite ahụla na nke a bụ ụzọ dị mma iji mee ka otuto nke anụmanụ ha a ma ama. Mbufe embryo (ET) bụ obere usoro ịwa ahụ na-enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa mgbe emechara ya nke ọma; laparoscopy atụrụ na-enye ohere mbubata nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ka mma, ọbụlagodi nke ụdị ndị nwere ike ọ gaghị adị na mba ụfọdụ n'ihi iwu nke mbubata anụmanụ dị ndụ.<ref name="lai"/> A na-eji usoro ET eme ihe iji nye ndị na-emepụta ohere ịbawanye ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-amịpụta ụmụ atụrụ / ụmụ kachasị mma ma ọ bụ maka ijigide n'ime ìgwè atụrụ ma ọ bụ iji ree ndị na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. ET na-enyekwa ndị na-emepụta ohere ịga n'ihu na-eji ewe / mee nke nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike iburu ma ọ bụ nye ụmụ atụrụ nri. Site na ET, enwere ike ịzụlite ìgwè atụrụ ngwa ngwa na ndị karịrị nkezi nke ụdị ọbara yiri ya. Ụlọ ọrụ bụ isi iji teknụzụ a mee ihe na United States bụ ndị na-azụ nwa atụrụ na ndị na-egosi ya. Ọ bụ ihe a na-emekarị na ụlọ ọrụ atụrụ azụmahịa nke Australia, New Zealand, na South America.<ref name="AETA">{{Cite web|title=American Embryo Transfer Association|url=http://Aeta.org|accessdate=19 October 2014}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nkezi nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke ET n'ihe gbasara embryos nwetaghachiri nwere ike ịdịgasị iche iche. Ụdị ọ bụla ga-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ dị iche na usoro ET. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, atụrụ ndị nwere ihu ọcha na-amụba karịa atụrụ ndị nwere isi ojii. Enwere ike ịtụ anya ọnụọgụ nke efu ruo n'etiti afọ 20 n'ihe gbasara embryos ndị dị ndụ nwetara site na usoro flush. N'ime otu afọ nkezi bụ 6.8 àkwá a na-ebufe maka onye ọ bụla na-enye onyinye na 75% nke ime ime maka àkwá ndị ahụ.<ref name="tad"/> === Enweghị ike ịmụ nwa === Enweghị ike ịmụ nwa nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ọtụtụ akụkụ na omume nchịkwa yana ihe gbasara ahụike. Otu n'ime isi ihe mere e ji hụ pasentị dị ala n'ìgwè atụrụ bụ n'ihi ụkọ mineral na vitamin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Healthy sheep : naturally|first=Pat|author=Coleby|publisher=Landlinks Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0643065246|location=Victoria|pages=133|oclc=975196851}}</ref> Isi vitamin na mineral ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọmụmụ bụ selenium, ọla kọpa, vitamin A na D.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ịmụ nwa ma nwee ike ịkpata ite ime bụ ọrịa na-efe efe, ọnọdụ ahụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ nsí na nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/infertility-and-abortion-ewes|title=Infertility and abortion in ewes|work=www.agric.wa.gov.au|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-01|archivedate=2019-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401172904/https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/livestock-biosecurity/infertility-and-abortion-ewes}}</ref> == Ịkpa nwa atụrụ == Ka oge maka ịmụ nwa na-eru nso, nwa atụrụ ahụ ga-ada na-eme ka nwa atụrụ ahụ nwee ọgba aghara, na-egosipụta omume na-enweghị ntụsara ahụ ma gosipụta ọdịdị miri emi n'ihu ebe hipbone.<ref>{{Cite book|title=STOREY'S GUIDE TO RAISING SHEEP : breeding, care, facilities|first=PAULA|author=SIMMONS|date=2019|publisher=STOREY Books|isbn=978-1612129846|oclc=1041893745}}</ref> Mgbe ọmụmụ dị nso, mgbanaka na-amalite ime, omume ọma nke nne nwere ike ịbawanye. Ịrụ ọrụ dị mma nwere ike iwe otu awa ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ awa, dabere na ụmụ atụrụ ole dị, afọ nke nne, na ọnọdụ ahụike na nri na-edozi ahụ tupu a mụọ ya.<ref name="living"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike imepụta ụmụ atụrụ buru ibu mgbe niile (ihe ndekọ na-anọ gburugburu ụmụ atụrụ itoolu n'otu oge), ọtụtụ na-emepụta ma ọ bụ ụmụ atụrụ abụọ. <ref name="storey"/><ref name="quints">{{Cite news|title=Quintuplet birth takes sheep breeder by surprise|url=http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/258/czech_business/17581/|work=Prague Daily Monitor|publisher=Czech News Agency|date=2008-01-24|accessdate=2008-01-25|archive-date=2008-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129030117/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/258/czech_business/17581/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A maara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ atụrụ a na-emepụta kwa afọ dị ka pasentị ụmụ atụrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sheep Production and Management|url=https://archive.org/details/sheepproductionm0000ross|author=Ross|first=C.V.|publisher=Prentice-Hall Incorporated|year=1989|isbn=978-0-13-808510-0|location=New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sheepproductionm0000ross/page/123 123]}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nke nne atụrụ n'oge oge ọmụmụ ga-emetụta pasentị nwa atụrụ yana ogo ụmụ atụrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lamb Production|author=Prescott|first=J.H.D.|publisher=U.S. Feed Grains Council|year=1971|location=England|pages=12}}</ref> N'oge ụfọdụ, ọ na-abụkarị na mbido ịmụ nwa ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe amuchara, a pụrụ itinye atụrụ na ụmụ atụrụ n'ime obere ite ụmụ atụrụ.<ref name="begin"/> A na-emepụta pensụl ndị a, nke na-adịkarị mita abụọ ruo asatọ (0.6 ruo 2.4 m) n'ogologo na obosara, iji nyere aka ma nlezianya na-ele anya na atụrụ na iji mee ka njikọ dị n'etiti ha na ụmụ atụrụ ha sie ike.<ref name="living" /><ref name="modern">{{Cite book|title=The Modern Shepherd|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_d5y2|author=Brown|first=Dave|year=1996|publisher=Farming Press|location=Wharfedale Road, Ipswich 1P1 4LG, United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-85236-188-7}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Emerging_lamb_cropped.jpg|thumb|Nwa ejima a mụrụ n'ebe ịta nri na New Zealand]] Ọmụmụ nwa nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu. Site n'ịzụ ụmụ atụrụ ndị na-amị ọtụtụ ụmụ na ibu dị elu maka ọgbọ, ndị na-emepụta atụrụ emeela ka ụfọdụ atụrụ ụlọ nwee nsogbu ịmụ nwa n'amaghị ama.<ref name="storey"/> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ akụkọ ifo na atụrụ enweghị ike ịtụrụ nwa atụrụ na-enweghị enyemaka mmadụ; ọtụtụ atụrụ na-amụ nwa n'ebe ịta nri n'enweghị enyemaka.<ref name="begin"/> Ịkwado ịdị mfe nke ịmụ nwa na mmepụta ihe dị elu bụ otu n'ime nsogbu nke ịzụ atụrụ. <ref name="storey" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ọmụmụ dị mma ma ọ dịghị achọ ntinye aka, ọtụtụ nsogbu nwere ike ibilite. Nwa atụrụ nwere ike ịpụta n'ụzọ nkịtị (nke nwere ụkwụ na isi n'ihu), mana ọ nwere ike ibu nke ukwuu ịpụ n'ọwa ọmụmụ. Nke a na-emekarị mgbe a na-agbakọta nnukwu ebule na obere atụrụ (nke a nwere njikọ na ọmụmụ, ebule buru ibu karịa ebule site na ntụnyere). <ref name="begin" /> Nwa atụrụ nwekwara ike igosi onwe ha na otu ubu n'akụkụ, kpamkpam azụ, ma ọ bụ naanị ụfọdụ n'ime aka ha na-apụta.<ref name="living"/> Ụmụ atụrụ nwekwara ike ite ime ma ọ bụ amụọ ha nwụrụ anwụ. Enweghị ike ịmụ nwa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọrịa dịka toxoplasmosis na ọrịa ụkwụ na ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Protozoal causes of reproductive failure in domestic ruminants|journal=Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract.|volume=10|issue=3|pages=439–61|year=1994|pmid=7728629|doi=10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30531-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Musser JM|title=A practitioner's primer on foot-and-mouth disease|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-veterinary-medical-association-journal_2004-04-15_224_8/page/1261|journal=J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.|volume=224|issue=8|pages=1261–1268|year=2004|pmid=15112774|doi=10.2460/javma.2004.224.1261}}</ref> Ụdị ụfọdụ nke ite ime n'ime atụrụ nwere ike igbochi site na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ndị a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=García de la Fuente JN|title=Efficacy of different commercial and new inactivated vaccines against ovine enzootic abortion|journal=Vet. Microbiol.|volume=100|issue=1–2|pages=65–76|year=2004|pmid=15135514|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.01.015}}</ref> N'ihe banyere nsogbu ọ bụla dị otú ahụ, ndị nọ n'ebe a na-azụ atụrụ (ndị nwere ike ma ọ bụ na-agụnyeghị dọkịta anụ ụlọ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-eme nke ọma n'ịzụ atụrụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ) nwere ike inyere nne atụrụ ahụ aka n'ịwepụta ma ọ bụ na-atụgharị atụrụ.[1] N'ọnọdụ siri ike, a ga-achọ ngalaba cesarean iji wepụ nwa atụrụ ahụ.[26] Mgbe a mụsịrị nwa, nne atụrụ na-agbaji akpa amniotic (ọ bụrụ na ọ gbajighị n'oge ime), wee malite ịracha ya iji sachaa nwa atụrụ ahụ. Ịracha ahụ na-ehichapụ imi na ọnụ, na-akpọnwụ nwa atụrụ, ma kpalie ya.[1] Ụmụ atụrụ na-eku ume na ahụike n'oge a na-amalite ịgbalị iguzo ọtọ, ma na-eme ya n'etiti ọkara awa zuru ezu, site n'enyemaka nke nne.[1] N'ozuzu, mgbe ụmụ atụrụ kwụchara, a na-akpụcha eriri nwa ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ka sentimita 2.5. Ozugbo edozichara ya, a na-edobe obere akpa (dị ka ihe nkiri ihe nkiri) nke iodine n'ime afọ nwa atụrụ n'elu eriri nke fọdụrụ iji gbochie ọrịa.<ref name="begin"/> == Nlekọta mgbe amuchara == [[Usòrò:Lamb_-_no_docking.jpg|thumb|Nwa atụrụ dị na Australia nke, n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, enwetabeghị ọdụ ya.]] N'ọnọdụ ndị dị mma, ụmụ atụrụ na-enye nwa ara mgbe ha guzo ọtọ, na-enweta mmiri ara dị mkpa. Nwa atụrụ ndị na-enweghị ike inye nwa ara ma ọ bụ ndị nne na-egbochi ime otú ahụ chọrọ enyemaka iji dịrị ndụ. Ọ bụrụ na ịmanye ha abụọ ịnakwere nọọsụ anaghị arụ ọrụ, enwere ike iwere otu n'ime ọtụtụ nzọụkwụ. Enwere ike ijide atụrụ ma ọ bụ kee ha agbụ iji manye ha ịnabata nwa atụrụ na-enye nwa ara. Ọ bụrụ na nwa atụrụ anaghị eri nri, a pụkwara iji tube afọ mee ihe iji manye nwa atụrụ ahụ ike nri iji zọpụta ndụ ya.<ref name="living"/> N'ihe banyere nwa atụrụ a jụrụ kpamkpam, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ nwere ike ịnwa ịzụlite nwa atụrụ na-enweghị nne na nna n'elu nwa atụrụ ọzọ. A na-azụlite ụmụ atụrụ mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị, ma ọ bụ site na ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ ihe omume ọzọ. Ọsụsọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ime ụmụ atụrụ na-amata ụmụ atụrụ ha, yabụ imebi ísì nwa atụrụ a mụrụ ọhụrụ site na ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ ijikwa ya gabigara ókè nwere ike ime ka nwa atụrụ jụ ya.<ref name="living"/><ref name="storey"/><ref name="modern"/> N'aka nke ọzọ, ụzọ dị iche iche nke inye nwa atụrụ ísì nke nwa mgbei nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru n'ịzụlite. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị ike ịzụlite nwa atụrụ na-enweghị nne na nna, mgbe ahụ ọ na-abụkarị ihe a maara dị ka nwa atụrụ karama - nwa atụrụ ndị mmadụ zụlitere ma nye ya nri site na karama.<ref name="living" /> [[Usòrò:Mudchute_farm_sheep_with_lambs.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwa atụrụ Oxford Down na ụmụ ejima ya n'ime ite nwa atụrụ, hụ ntụpọ iodine n'elu ụmụ atụrụ]] Mgbe ụmụ atụrụ kwụsiri ike, a na-eme akara nwa atụrụ - nke a na-agụnye mkpado ntị, nkwụsị, ịkpụ ahụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi.<ref name="living"/> Akara ntị nwere nọmba bụ ụzọ isi nke ịmata mgbe a na-akpọghị atụrụ aha; ọ bụkwa ụzọ iwu kwadoro nke ịmata anụmanụ na European Union: nọmba ahụ nwere ike ịmata atụrụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ naanị ìgwè atụrụ ya. Mgbe a na-eme ya n'oge ọ dị obere, akara ntị yiri ka ọ na-akpata obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ahụ iru ala nye ụmụ atụrụ. <ref name="living" /> <ref name="storey"/> Otú ọ dị, iji mkpado n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ iji mkpado ndị a na-emeghị maka atụrụ nwere ike ịkpata ahụ erughị ala, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi oke ibu nke mkpado maka anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="living" /> A na-akpụ nwa atụrụ Ram ndị a na-ebughị n'obi ịzụlite, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-ahọrọ izere usoro ahụ maka ebumnuche omume, akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ ihe bara uru.<ref name="living"/> A naghị ahụkarị ụmụ atụrụ Ram ndị a ga-egbu ma ọ bụ kewapụ ha na ụmụ atụrụ tupu ha ezuo oke mmekọahụ.<ref name="modern"/> N'ọtụtụ ụdị, a na-etinye ọdụ nwa atụrụ n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike.<ref name="begin"/> Enwere ike iwepụ ọdụ ahụ n'okpuru ọdụdụ nwa atụrụ ahụ (ịkwụsị dị mkpụmkpụ karịa nke a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ahụike dịka prolapse rectal), mana n'ụfọdụ ụdị, a na-ahapụ ọdụ ahụ ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ anaghị ejikọta ya ma ọlị.<ref name="begin" /> Docking adịghị mkpa na ụdị ndị nwere ọdụ dị mkpirikpi, a naghị emekarị ya na ụdị ndị a na-eji ọdụ ogologo akpọrọ ihe, dị ka Zwartbles.Ọ bụ ezie na Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ na-elekarị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri anya dị ka ihe obi ọjọọ na ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, a na-ewere ya dị ka nzọụkwụ dị oke mkpa n'ichebe ahụike atụrụ site n'aka ndị na-azụ atụrụ. <ref name="living" /> <ref name="begin" /><ref name="hobby"/><ref name="modern" /> Ogologo, ọdụ ajị anụ na-eme ka ịkpụ afụ ọnụ sie ike, na-egbochi ịlụ di na nwunye, ma na-eme gore atụrụ nwee ike ịnweta nje, ọkachasị ndị na-akpata nnụnụ.<ref name="living" /> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ mee ma castration na docking. Otu elastrator na-etinye eriri rọba siri ike gburugburu ebe, na-eme ka ọ daa ma daa n'ime ọtụtụ izu. Usoro a enweghị ọbara ma o yighị ka ọ na-akpata ahụhụ dị ukwuu nye ụmụ atụrụ, ndị na-elegharakarị ya anya mgbe ọtụtụ awa gasịrị. <ref name="living" /> <ref name="storey"/><ref name="hobby" /><ref name="modern" /> Na mgbakwunye na elastrator, a na-eji Burdizzo, emasculator, chisel na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ mma eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="living" /> Mgbe otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ụbọchị atọ n'ime ite ụmụ atụrụ, a na-ejikarị atụrụ na ụmụ atụrụ eme ihe nke ọma iji kwe ka ndị ọzọ weghachite ìgwè atụrụ ahụ.<ref name="storey" /> == Ịzụ atụrụ maka azụmahịa == [[Usòrò:Merino_ewes_&_lambs-crop.JPG|thumb|Nwa atụrụ na ụmụ atụrụ Merino na Walcha, New South Wales]] In the large sheep producing nations of [[South Amerika|South America]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] sheep are usually bred on large tracts of land with much less intervention from the graziers or breeders. Merinos{{sentence fragment|date=August 2022}}, and much of the land in these countries does not lend itself to the mob intervention that is found in smaller flock breeding countries. In these countries there is little need, and no option but for ewes to lamb outdoors as there are insufficient structures to handle the large flocks of ewes there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wake up call for Irish sheep farming|url=http://www.ifj.ie/2005/0521/farmmanagement/sheep/feature.shtml|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070630184513/http://www.ifj.ie/2005/0521/farmmanagement/sheep/feature.shtml|archivedate=June 30, 2007|accessdate=October 19, 2008}}</ref> New Zealand ewes produce 36 million lambs each spring time, which is an average of 2,250 lambs per farm.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Performance-Based Selection|url=http://www.agritech.org.nz/sheep.shtml|accessdate=October 19, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014140026/http://www.agritech.org.nz/sheep.shtml|archivedate=October 14, 2008}}</ref> Australian graziers, too, do not receive the financial support that governments in other countries provide to sheep breeders. Low-cost sheep breeding is based on large numbers of sheep per labour unit and having ewes that are capable of unsupervised lambing to produce hardy, active lambs. == Akụkụ njikwa == Maka ndị na-azụ anụ na-ezube imeziwanye ìgwè atụrụ ha, a na-ahazi atụrụ atụrụ ma wepụ atụrụ dị ala tupu ha enwee mmekọahụ iji lekọta ma ọ bụ melite ogo nke ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Ọ dịla anya e jikọtara ihu ndị na-adịghị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị ala. A na-ahọrọ ụmụ atụrụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ atụrụ ahọpụtara n'ụzọ pụrụ iche site n'enyemaka nke nyocha ebumnuche, ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrụ nyocha nke dị ugbu a na Australia na New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Blair|first=H. T.|title=Application of new technologies in sheep breeding|journal=New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research|date=June 2007|volume=50|issue=2|pages=89–102|id={{INIST|18908365}}|doi=10.1080/00288230709510285}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sheepcrc.org.au/index.php?id=269|title=Australian Sheep CRC|work=Sheepcrc.org.au|accessdate=2016-02-24|archivedate=2008-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719233632/http://www.sheepcrc.org.au/index.php?id=269}}</ref> Nhọrọ nke oge ịlụ di na nwunye na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ihu igwe, ihe ahịa chọrọ na nnweta nri. A na-ejikarị ebule na ihe dị ka 2.5% dabere na afọ nke atụrụ, gbakwunyere ịtụle nha na ụdị ebe a na-alụ.<ref name="L&GPA">Livestock & Grain Producers Association of NSW, Sheep Production Guide, Macarthur Press, Parramatta, 1978, {{ISBN|0-9599973-2-6}}</ref> Oge ịlụ di na nwunye dị site na izu 6 ruo 8 n'ìgwè atụrụ azụmahịa. Oge di na nwunye ogologo na-akpata nsogbu nchịkwa na akara nwa atụrụ na ịkpụchasị ajị anụ wdg.<ref name="D’Arcy">D’Arcy, J.B., Sheep Management & Wool Technology, NSW University Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0-86840-106-4}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Paridera_Cueva_del_Río_Piedra.jpg|thumb|A Middle Ages Paridera na a Natural Cave nso Monasterio de Piedra.]] Ezigbo nri na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa maka atụrụ n'ime izu 6 ikpeazụ nke ime iji gbochie toxaemia ime ime, ọkachasị na ụmụ atụrụ ejima. Otú ọ dị, inyebiga nri ókè nwere ike ịkpata ụmụ atụrụ buru ibu na [[Ọrụ a na-egbochi|dystocia]]. Ịkpụ ajị atụrụ tupu ịtụrụ nwa na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ atụrụ ndị a tụbara (ya bụ, enweghị ike ibili n'enweghị enyemaka), na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ atụrụ na ụmụ atụrụ furu efu. A na-enyekwa ụmụ atụrụ aka ịchọta udder ma na-amị nwa atụrụ a kpụrụ akpụ. Na mgbakwunye, ịkpụ ajị anụ tupu ịtụrụ nwa nwere ike ime ka ajị anụ ahụ dị ka ịkpụ ajụ anụ nwere ike ime ebe ọ bụ na ịmụ nwa bụ nnukwu nrụgide n'ahụ nwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shroedershearing.com/8-reasons-to-shear-before-lambing/|title=8 Reasons to Shear Before Lambing {{!}} Shroeder Shearing|work=shroedershearing.com|accessdate=2019-04-01}}</ref> Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ọnọdụ ihu igwe tupu ị na-akpụ akpụ, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ oyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/factsheets/Shearing-Your-Sheep.pdf|title=Shearing Your Sheep|author=Read|first=Lianne|date=2007|work=Alberta Lamb Producers|accessdate=April 1, 2019}}</ref> Mgbe a kpụrụ akpụ, a na-etinye atụrụ atụrụ n'ebe a na-edebe nke ọma nke nwere ezigbo nri na mmiri. Nlebara anya maka ụmụ atụrụ na-amụ nwa dịgasị iche dabere na ụdị, nha na ebe nke ihe onwunwe. Ọ gwụla ma ha bụ ụmụ atụrụ ọ gaghị ekwe omume na ha ga-enweta nlekọta siri ike. N'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nwere nnukwu paddocks, e nwere iwu nke enweghị mgbochi. N'ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ, ndị na-azụ anụ na-enyocha ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'oge dịgasị iche iche iji guzoro atụrụ a tụbara atụ ma dozie dystocia. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ewepụkwa ụmụ atụrụ dị ime mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ụmụ atụrụ amụọla, iji gbochie nne na-adịghị mma. A na-emekarị akara ụmụ atụrụ mgbe ha dị izu atọ ruo isii, mana oge ịmụ nwa ogologo oge nwere ike ịchọ akara abụọ. === Ịdị n'obi === Inbreeding na-emekarị n'ìgwè ndị pere mpe na ebe a na-eji naanị otu ma ọ bụ ole na ole ebule. Ihe jikọtara ya na inbreeding bụ mbelata nke arụmọrụ ụmụ a na-akpọkarị inbreeding depression. A chọtala ịda mbà n'obi maka ibu nwa atụrụ, ibu ibu kwa ụbọchị site na ọmụmụ ruo ọnwa abụọ, na ogo ụmụ.<ref name="pmid17235016">{{Cite journal|title=Inbreeding trend and inbreeding depression in the Danish populations of Texel, Shropshire, and Oxford Down|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-science_2007-02_85_2/page/299|journal=J. Anim. Sci.|volume=85|issue=2|pages=299–304|year=2007|pmid=17235016|doi=10.2527/jas.2006-257}}</ref> Ịmụba ịda mbà n'obi nwere ike ịkpata ọrịa na nkwarụ n'ìgwè atụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Selvaggi|first=M.|title=Inbreeding depression in Leccese sheep|journal=Small Ruminant Research|date=March 2010|volume=89|issue=1|pages=42–46|doi=10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.12.005}}</ref> == Mba ndị ọzọ == Na mba atụrụ ndị dị na [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], Brazil, [[Peru]] na [[Chile]], ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-ejikwa usoro nyocha ajị anụ na ndekọ arụmọrụ dị ka ụzọ isi meziwanye ìgwè atụrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cardellino|first=Roberto C.|title=Fiber production and sheep breeding in South America|journal=Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics|volume=18|year=2009|pages=366–73|url=http://www.aaabg.org/proceedings/2009/cardellino366.pdf}}</ref> == Nnyocha ọhụrụ == N'afọ 2008, maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị nchọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha Chiswick CSIRO, n'etiti Uralha na Armidale, New South Wales jiri mkpụrụ ndụ stem mepụta ebule na ehi. Ụmụ nwoke ndị a na-emepụta ọbara ọcha nke nwoke ọzọ. ỤỤzọ n'ime nnwale atụrụ ndị a na-agụnye ịgbanye ule ebule ebe a na-etinye sel stem sitere na ebule nke abụọ n'ime testes nke mbụ, er A. N'izu ndị na-esonụ ram A na-emepụta semen dị ka ọ na-adị, mana ọ na-eji stem cell nke ebule B. ya mere na-emepụta semen na-ebu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ebule B karịa nke ya. Ya mere Ram A abụrụla ebule nọchiri anya nke ọma. A na-akụnyezi mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ime n'atụrụ ahụ ma ọtụtụ ụmụ atụrụ a mụrụ site na usoro a na-egosi na ha dị mma ma dị mma. Nnwale DNA egosila na ihe ruru 10% nke ụmụ atụrụ bụ ebule nọchiri anya ya na ndị ọzọ na-ebu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ebule onye nyere onyinye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/files/70/17/01/000011770/publish_to_web/index.html|title=Surrogate rams through stem cell research|work=Nqr.farmonline.com.au|accessdate=2016-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174206/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/files/70/17/01/000011770/publish_to_web/index.html|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>The Land, “Stem cell revolution”, Marius Cuming, p.3, ''Rural Press'', Richmond, 13 November 2008</ref> Akụkụ ọzọ a na-eme nyocha nke na-eto eto bụ mbelata ikuku ikuku griin haus, ọkachasị methane, sitere na anụ ụlọ. Ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-ahụ maka inye ntụnye ikuku kacha elu n'ụdị anụmanụ niile. Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eme nnyocha iji chọpụta ka ịchịkọta nri atụrụ nwere ike isi nyere aka belata ihe ndị a dị ize ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haque|first=Md Najmul|date=2018-06-18|title=Dietary manipulation: a sustainable way to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants|journal=Journal of Animal Science and Technology|volume=60|pages=15|doi=10.1186/s40781-018-0175-7|pmid=29946475}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] in7f7f4t9dzrer33i3gosbrh5fyrhxy 0 50656 742655 181831 2026-11-03T08:57:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742655 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Baumwoll-Erntemaschine_auf_Feld.jpeg|thumb|Onye na-ewe ihe owuwu n'ọrụ. E webatara ụdị mbụ na-aga nke ọma n'etiti afọ 1940 ma onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị na-anakọta aka 50.]] '''Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ''' ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo bụ iji ígwè ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ, site na ngwá ọrụ aka dị mfe na nke bụ isi ruo na ngwá ọrụ na ígwè ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya, iji rụọ ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.fao.org/3/i6167e/i6167e.pdf|title=Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2016|location=Rome}}</ref> N'oge a, ígwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ anọchiwo ọtụtụ ọrụ ugbo nke a na-arụbu site na ọrụ aka ma ọ bụ site na anụmanụ na-arụ dị ka ehi, ịnyịnya na ịnyịnya ibu. Akụkọ ihe mere eme niile nke ọrụ ugbo nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke iji Ogwe ọrụ, dị ka hoe na plough. Njikọ na-aga n'ihu nke igwe kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe emeela ka ọrụ ugbo ghara ịba ụba. Ngwá ọrụ ugbo bụ akụkụ nke ọganihu teknụzụ a nke ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":0"/> Enwere ike ịchịkọta ya dị ka ọganihu na-aga n'ihu site na ngwaọrụ aka gaa na traction anụmanụ, na igwe, na ngwá ọrụ dijitalụ na n'ikpeazụ, na robotics nwere ọgụgụ isi aka (AI). <ref name=":1"/> Ọganihu ndị a nwere ike ịkwalite mmepụta ihe ma nye ohere maka ihe ọkụkụ, anụ ụlọ, aquaculture na njikwa ọhịa; inye ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma; melite ego a na-enweta; belata ọrụ nke ọrụ ugbo; ma mepụta ohere ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ n'ime ime obodo.<ref name=":1" /> Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a gụnyere iji traktọ, gwongworo, ndị na-ewe ihe ubi, ọtụtụ ụdị ngwá ọrụ ugbo, ụgbọelu na helikọpta (maka itinye n'ọrụ ikuku), na ụgbọala ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ugbo ziri ezi na-eji ọbụna [[Orunotu|kọmputa]] na njikọ ya na ihe oyiyi satellite na igodo satellite (ntụziaka GPS) iji mụbaa mmepụta. Ngwá ọrụ dijitalụ ọhụrụ na-agbakwunye, ma ọ bụ ọbụna dochie anya, igwe na-arụ ọrụ iji mee nchọpụta na mkpebi na-akpaghị aka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9479en|title=The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2022|isbn=978-92-5-136043-9|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cb9479en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[doi:10.4060/cb9479en|''The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems'']]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2022. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cb9479en|10.4060/cb9479en]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-92-5-136043-9|<bdi>978-92-5-136043-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mechanisation bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ihe kpatara mmepe obodo na akụ na ụba ụlọ ọrụ. E wezụga imeziwanye arụmọrụ mmepụta, imepụta ihe na-agba ume nnukwu mmepụta ma mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ike imeziwanye ogo nke ihe ọkụkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ nwere ike ịkpata [[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] (dị ka [[mmetọ]], mgbukpọ ọhịa, na mbuze ala), karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na etinye ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma kama n'ụzọ zuru oke. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   [[Usòrò:Woolbrook_(4).JPG|thumb|Onye na-ewe ihe ubi na Woolbrook, New South Wales]] [[Usòrò:Batteuse_1881.jpg|thumb|Ngwunye ịkwachasị n'afọ 1881. A na-ejikwa injin steam mee ihe iji mee ka igwe na-egwe ihe ike. Taa, a na-eji ihe owuwe ihe ubi na-eme ma owuwe ihe nketa.]] [[Usòrò:Detroit_Tractor_advert_in_Gas_Power_1914-09.png|thumb|"Ọ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala karịa ịnyịnya" bụ isiokwu nke ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi nke afọ 1910 ruo afọ 1930.]] [[Usòrò:Labor-saving_synmotor_in_Popular_Science_1919.png|thumb|"onye ọrụ ugbo a anaghị agba taya ma ọ bụ rịọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ": Nzọụkwụ n'okporo ụzọ nke imepụta ọrụ ugbo na onye ọrụ ugbo nke na-eduzi gasoline na 1919.]] Jethro Tull's seed drill (c. 1701) bụ igwe na-etinye mkpụrụ na oghere miri emi nke na-amụba ihe ọkụkụ ma chekwaa mkpụrụ. Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na British Agricultural Revolution. <ref name="McNeil1990">{{Cite book|title=An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology|author=McNeil|first=Ian|year=1990|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-14792-1|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415147927}}</ref> Kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo, a na-eji aka na-egwe ihe, na-achọ nnukwu ọrụ. Ngwunye na-egwe ọka, nke e mepụtara na 1794 mana ejighị ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, mere ka ọrụ ahụ dị mfe ma nye ohere iji ike anụmanụ. Tupu e mepụta ebe a na-etinye ọka (ihe dị ka 1790) onye ọrụ nwere ike ịghọrọ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọka wit n'otu ụbọchị site na iji mma. E mere atụmatụ na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-adọkpụ ịnyịnya nke Cyrus McCormick (ihe dị ka afọ 1830) tọhapụrụ ndị ikom ise maka ozi agha na US Civil War. Ihe ọhụrụ ndị e mechara mepụta gụnyere igwe na-ekpuchi ihe na igwe na-ejikọta ihe. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1890, ndị ikom abụọ na ịnyịnya abụọ nwere ike ịkpụcha, kpochapụ ma kee ọka wit dị hekta iri abụọ kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society|author=Wells|first=David A.|year=1891|publisher=D. Appleton and Co.|location=New York|isbn=0-543-72474-3|url=https://archive.org/details/recenteconomicc01wellgoog|quote=RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.}}</ref> N'afọ 1880, e jikọtara onye na-ewe ihe ubi na onye na-egwe ihe n'ime onye na-eme ihe ubi. Ngwaọrụ ndị a chọrọ nnukwu ìgwè ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ ịnyịnya ibu iji dọrọ. A na-etinye ike steam na igwe na-egwe ihe na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. E nwere injin steam na-agagharị na wiil n'okpuru ike nke ha maka inye ike nwa oge na igwe na-egwe ihe. A na-akpọ ndị a engines okporo ụzọ, Henry Ford hụkwara otu mgbe ọ bụ nwata ka o sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ rụọ ụgbọala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ford|first=Henry|title=My Life and Work: An autobiography of Henry Ford|year=1922|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=22786&pageno=45}}</ref> Site na ọkụ dị n'ime, traktọ nke oge a mbụ bịara na mbido afọ 1900, na-aghọwanye ihe a ma ama mgbe traktọ Fordson (ihe dị ka 1917). Na mbụ, ìgwè ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ traktọ na-adọta ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na ndị na-eme ihe ubi, mana n'afọ ndị 1930 e mepụtara ihe jikọtara onwe ha. Mgbasa ozi maka ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ugbo n'oge a mere ihe niile o kwere mee iji sọọ mpi megide usoro ịnyịnya na-adọta na arụmụka akụ na ụba, na-eto isiokwu ndị a na-ahụkarị dịka na traktọ "na-eri naanị mgbe ọ na-arụ", na otu traktọ nwere ike dochie ọtụtụ ịnyịnya, na igwe nwere ike ikwe ka otu nwoke nweta ọrụ karịa ka ọ rụọ ọrụ kwa ụbọchị karịa mgbe ọ bụla. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ịnyịnya na US malitere ibelata na 1920s mgbe mgbanwe nke ọrụ ugbo na njem gaa na ọkụ n'ime. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke traktọ na US dị n'ihe dị ka afọ 1950. <ref>{{Cite web|author=White|first=William J.|title=Economic History of Tractors in the United States|url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/white.tractors.history.us|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024041712/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/white.tractors.history.us|archivedate=2013-10-24}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ịchekwa ọrụ, nke a tọhapụrụ ọtụtụ ala e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga maka ịkwado ụmụ anụmanụ. Oge kachasị ukwuu nke uto na mmepụta ọrụ ugbo na US sitere na 1940s ruo 1970s, n'oge ahụ ọrụ ugbo nọ na-erite uru site na traktọ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ na ndị na-ewe ihe ubi, fatịlaịza kemịkal na mgbanwe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ ugbo US nke ọka, ọka wit, soy, na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ ejirila igwe owuwe ihe ubi dochie ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ha na-ejikọta ya na 1950s na-enyere ha aka ịkpụcha ma na-achịkọta ọka nke ọma, ndị na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ nọgidere na-adabere na ndị na-anakọta mmadụ iji zere mmerụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe ọdịdị na-enweghị ntụpọ nke ndị ahịa chọrọ.<ref name="WSJRobots"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-aga n'ihu nke ndị ọrụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ si Latin America na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ maka ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala mere ka mkpa maka imepụta ihe dị mkpa. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ nọgidere na-ebelata kemgbe ọ ruru n'ókè ya na 2007 n'ihi mmụba nke ndị na-agagharị n'óké na mmeziwanye akụ na ụba Mexico, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-abawanye ojiji nke igwe.<ref name="WSJRobots" /> Ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na imepụta ihe ga-eme ka mmepụta ihe dị elu ma nyere aka mee ka ọnụahịa nri dị ala ebe ndị na-akwado ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekwusi ike na ọ ga-ewepụ ọrụ ma nye ndị ọrụ ugodi buru ibu uru nwere ike ịzụta ngwá ọrụ achọrọ.<ref name="WSJRobots" /> === Omume nke injinị === Ngwá ọrụ igwe emeela ka ọ gbasaa nke ukwuu n'ụwa niile, ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na n'ụzọ zuru oke karịsịa na mpaghara Sahara Africa.<ref name=":0"/> Mechanization na-ejedebe na ọrụ dịgasị iche iche gụnyere owuwe ihe ubi na ahịhịa ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri n'ụwa niile. Nkuchi sara mbara malitere na United States of America, ebe traktọ nọchiri ihe dị ka nde anụmanụ 24 n'etiti 1910 na 1960 wee bụrụ isi iyi nke ike ugbo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=White|first=William J.|title=An Unsung Hero: The Farm Tractor's Contribution to Twentieth-Century United States Economic Growth|date=2001|url=https://econpapers.repec.org/article/cupjechis/v_3a61_3ay_3a2001_3ai_3a02_3ap_3a493-496_5f23.htm|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=61|issue=2|pages=493–496|doi=10.1017/S0022050701238108}}</ref> United Kingdom malitere iji traktọ na 1930s, mana mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo na Japan na ụfọdụ mba Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, Spain na Yugoslavia mbụ) emeghị ruo n'ihe dị ka 1955. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a nabatara igwe na-arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa, na-anọchi anya ụgbọala na-adọkpụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agricultural mechanization: a comparative historical perspective|url=https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/wbro/1.1.27|accessdate=2022-12-23|journal=The World Bank Research Observer|year=1986|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–56|doi=10.1093/wbro/1.1.27|author=Binswanger|first=Hans}}</ref> Iji traktọ dị ka ike ugbo mere ka, ọbụnakwa kpaliri, ihe ọhụrụ na igwe na ngwá ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ nke belatara ọrụ ugbo ma nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere ịrụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mrema, G.|title=A Regional strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization. Sustainable Mechanization across Agri-Food Chains in Asia and the Pacific region|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|url=https://www.fao.org/3/i4270e/i4270e.pdf}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya, igwe na-arụ ọrụ mụbakwara n'ọtụtụ mba Eshia na Latin America. Sub-Saharan Africa bụ naanị mpaghara ebe nnabata nke igwe na-enweghị ọganihu n'ime iri afọ gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Daum|first=Thomas|date=2020-09-01|title=Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda|journal=Global Food Security|language=en|volume=26|pages=100393|doi=10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393|issn=2211-9124}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere na mba iri na otu na-egosi ọkwa dị ala nke igwe na mpaghara ahụ, na-achọpụta na ọ bụ naanị pasent iri na asatọ nke ezinụlọ ndị a nwalere nwere ike ịnweta ngwaọrụ ndị na-eji traktọ eme ihe. Ndị fọdụrụnụ na-eji ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ aka dị mfe (48 percent) ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ anụmanụ (33 percent). <ref name="ssrn3368103">{{Cite SSRN |last=Kirui |first=Oliver |date=2019-04-08 |title=The Agricultural Mechanization in Africa: Micro-Level Analysis of State Drivers and Effects |ssrn=3368103}}</ref> === Mmetụta ọrụ === Kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala mmalite narị afọ nke iri na itoolu enwere nchegbu banyere mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke mgbanwe teknụzụ na-azọpụta ọrụ, ọkachasị nchụpụ ọrụ na-akpata enweghị ọrụ.<ref name=":0"/> Otú ọ dị, egwu na akpaaka na-abawanye mmepụta ọrụ ruo n'ókè nke na ọ na-akpata nnukwu enweghị ọrụ anaghị akwado eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name=":0" /> Kama nke ahụ, ihe ọhụrụ na itinye teknụzụ na-azọpụta ọrụ na-ewe ogologo oge, na imepụta otu ọrụ na-emekarị ka mkpa ndị ọrụ rụọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dịkwuo ukwuu.<ref name=":0" />Mmetụta kpọmkwem nke akpaaka na ọrụ ga-ekpebi site na ihe ndị na-eduga na nnabata ya.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ bụrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ na ụkọ ọrụ na-arịwanye elu na-akpali nnabata nke akpaaka mgbe ahụ o yighị ka ọ ga-akpata enweghị ọrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Charlton, D.|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2610en|title=Automation and social impacts: winners and losers|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2022|isbn=978-92-5-137074-2|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2610en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCharlton,_D.Hill,_A.E.Taylor,_J.E.2022">Charlton, D.; Hill, A.E.; Taylor, J.E. (2022). [[doi:10.4060/cc2610en|''Automation and social impacts: winners and losers'']]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cc2610en|10.4060/cc2610en]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-92-5-137074-2|<bdi>978-92-5-137074-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Automation nwekwara ike ịkpali ọrụ ugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ nwere ike ime ka ugbo mụbaa mmepụta ha na-esote mkpa nri na-arịwanye elu. Ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya bụ akụkụ nke mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ nke na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo na ụba na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ahapụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, na-enye ha ohere inweta ọrụ ọhụrụ na ngalaba ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ. <ref name=":0"/> N'aka nke ọzọ, akpaaka nke a na-akwalite n'ike, dịka site na enyemaka gọọmentị, nwere ike ịkpata enweghị ọrụ na-arịwanye elu na ọdịda ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":2" /> The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) na-adụ ọdụ megide gọọmentị na-etinye ego enyemaka maka akpaaka n'ọrụ n'ihi na ime nke a nwere ihe ize ndụ na-eme ka enweghị ọrụ dịkwuo njọ.<ref name=":0"/> FAO na-enyekwa ndụmọdụ megide igbochi akpaaka na echiche na nke a ga-azọpụta ọrụ na ego, n'ihi na ọ na-etinye aka na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo ghara ịsọ mpi ma na-arụpụta ihe. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2459en|title=In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|year=2022|isbn=978-92-5-137005-6|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cc2459en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[doi:10.4060/cc2459en|''In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 − Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems'']]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2022. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cc2459en|10.4060/cc2459en]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-92-5-137005-6|<bdi>978-92-5-137005-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Kama nke ahụ, aro ahụ bụ ilekwasị anya n'ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-enyere aka iji nabata akpaaka - ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-emepụta obere ọrụ ugbo, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa - ka ha na-eme ka ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkà nweta nchebe ọha na eze, ndị nwere ike ịhapụ ọrụ ha n'oge mgbanwe ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> == Ngwa == === Ịkwadebe ala maka ịkụ osisi ===   === Ịkpọte mkpụrụ, ịkụ === A na-eme ya site na oghere mkpụrụ. Ịkụ mkpụrụ na-adabere n'oge. === Ịgbasa ahịhịa === === Owuwe ihe ubi === [[Usòrò:Dülmen,_Umland,_Feld_--_2012_--_7430.jpg|thumb|Otu traktọ na-adọkpụ baler na-eme ahịhịa n'ọhịa na Germany.]] A na-eji aka na-egbute asparagus ugbu a yana ọnụ ahịa ọrụ na 71% nke ọnụ ahịa mmepụta yana 44% nke ọnụ ahịa ire ere.[20] Asparagus bụ ihe ọkụkụ siri ike iweta ebe ọ bụ na ube ọ bụla na-eto n'ọsọ dị iche iche na-eme ka o sie ike inweta otu owuwe ihe ubi.[21]. Igwe owuwe ihe ubi asparagus ihe atụ - iji ihe mmetụta ọkụ na-achọpụta ube ndị toro ogologo - ga-adị maka iji azụmaahịa. <ref name="VegetableGrowers">[http://vegetablegrowersnews.com/index.php/magazine/article/Mechanical-Asparagus-Harvester-Almost-a-Reality Vegetable Growers News: "Mechanical Asparagus Harvester Almost a Reality"] December 21, 2009</ref>    Mechanization nke ụlọ ọrụ blueberry nke Maine belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ achọrọ site na 5,000 na 2005 ruo 1,500 na 2015 ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta amụbaala site na 50 ruo 60 nde pound kwa afọ na 2005 ruo 90 nde pound na 2015.<ref>[http://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/2015/09/06/machinery-takes-place-migrants-as-maine-blueberry-harvest-booms/ Fox Business News: "Machinery takes the place of migrants as Maine's blueberry harvest booms"] September 06, 2015</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014, Mahadum Steeti New Mexico na-anwale ihe owuwu chili. Ndị ọrụ ubi na-eji aka na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ chile na New Mexico ugbu a dị ka mkpụrụ osisi chili na-enwekarị mmerụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abqjournal.com/466192/biz/chile-harvester-gets-a-field-test-in-nm.html|work=Albuquerque Journal|title=Chile harvester gets a field test in NM|author=Diana Alba Soular|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.currentargus.com/carlsbad-opinion/ci_28562652/editorial-trial-could-be-boon-chile-farmers|work=Current Argus|date=July 31, 2015|title=Editorial: Trial could be a boon to chile farmers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811201357/http://www.currentargus.com/carlsbad-opinion/ci_28562652/editorial-trial-could-be-boon-chile-farmers|archivedate=2015-08-11}}</ref> Ngwa azụmahịa mbụ malitere na 2015. A na-atụ anya na ngwá ọrụ ahụ ga-abawanye ihe ọkụkụ kwa acre ma nyere aka belata mbelata dị egwu na acreage a kụrụ n'ihi enweghị ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kjzz.org/content/172021/new-mexico-researchers-test-mechanized-green-chile-harvesting|work=KJZZ|title=New Mexico Researchers To Test Mechanized Green Chile Harvesting|author=Carrie Jung|date=July 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_28539191/experts-machines-could-reverse-declining-new-mexico-green|work=Las Cruces Sun|title=Experts: Machines could reverse declining New Mexico green chile acreage|author=Diana Alba Soular|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810065922/http://www.lcsun-news.com/las_cruces-news/ci_28539191/experts-machines-could-reverse-declining-new-mexico-green|archivedate=2015-08-10|date=July 25, 2015}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2010, a na-ewe ihe dị ka pasent 10 nke ubi oroma na Florida n'ụzọ igwe, ọkachasị site na igwe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ihe na citrus. Mechanization ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu n'ihi ejighị n'aka uru akụ na ụba n'ọdịnihu n'ihi asọmpi sitere na Brazil na mmebi nwa oge na osisi oroma mgbe a na-ewe ha.<ref name="UCDavisStatus">[http://migrationfiles.ucdavis.edu/uploads/cf/files/2010-may/huffman-paper-the-status-of-labor-saving-mechanization.pdf University of California Davis Migration Files: "The Status of Labor-saving Mechanization in Fruits and Vegetables" By Wallace E. Huffman] May 25, 2010</ref> Enweela mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na-ewe ihe ubi nke piich cling (nke a na-ejikarị eme mkpọ) ebe ọnụ ahịa ọrụ bụ pasent 70 nke ọnụ ahịa onye na-akụ ihe. N'afọ 2016, pasent 12 nke tonnage peach cling sitere na Yuba County na Sutter County dị na California ka a ga-eji nke ọma na-egbute ya.[28] A ka ga-eji aka họrọ piich ọhụrụ a kara aka maka ire ndị ahịa ozugbo. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2007, iwe ihe ubi a na-eji ígwè arụrụ arụ ọrụ dị na 45%; Otú ọ dị, ọnụego ahụ ebelatala n'ihi nnukwu ọchịchọ mịrị amị na ọnụ ahịa na-eme ka mgbanwe ahụ pụọ n'ọrụ aka adịghị ngwa ngwa.[29] A na-atụ anya na ụdị mkpụrụ vaịn ọhụrụ nke USDA mepụtara nke na-akpọnwụ n'osisi vine ma na-egbute ya n'ụzọ dị mfe na-atụ anya na ọ ga-ebelata ọchịchọ ọrụ.<ref>[http://www.fresnobee.com/news/business/agriculture/article35639730.html Fresno Bee: "New raisin grape holds promise for central San Joaquin Valley growers" By Robert Rodriguez] September 19, 2015</ref> Strawberries bụ mkpụrụ osisi nwere ọnụ ahịa dị oke ọnụ nke nwere akụrụngwa na-akwado usoro akụ na ụba. N'afọ 2005, a na-eche n'ịkwakọ na mbupu na $594 kwa ton ma ọ bụ 51% nke ọnụ ahịa ndị na-akụ ihe. Agbanyeghị, ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị nro na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye a na-atụghị anya ya maka nrụpụta ọrụ n'ọdịnihu dị nso.[27] Onye na-ewe ihe ubi strawberry nke Shibuya Seiki mepụtara ma kpughee na Japan na 2013 nwere ike ịtụtụ strawberry kwa sekọnd asatọ. Robot ahụ na-achọpụta ụdị strawberries dị njikere ịhọpụta site n'iji igwefoto atọ dị iche iche wee chọpụta na ọ dị njikere, ogwe aka mechanized na-ewepụta mkpụrụ osisi ahụ n'efu wee tinye ya n'ime nkata. Robot na-aga n'okporo ụzọ n'etiti ahịrị strawberries nke na-adịkarị n'ime ụlọ griin ha dị elu. Igwe ahụ na-efu nde yen 5.[31] Onye na-ewe ihe ubi strawberry ọhụrụ nke Agrobot mere nke ga-egbute strawberries n'elu, akwa hydroponic na-eji ogwe aka roboti 60 na-atụ anya ka ahapụ ya na 2016..<ref name="WSJRobots">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/robots-step-into-new-planting-harvesting-roles-1429781404|work=Wall Street Journal|title=Robots Step Into New Planting, Harvesting Roles - Labor shortage spurs farmers to use robots for handling delicate tasks in the fresh-produce industry|author=Ilan Brat|date=April 23, 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIlan_Brat2015">Ilan Brat (April 23, 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/robots-step-into-new-planting-harvesting-roles-1429781404 "Robots Step Into New Planting, Harvesting Roles - Labor shortage spurs farmers to use robots for handling delicate tasks in the fresh-produce industry"]</span>. ''Wall Street Journal''.</cite></ref>[needs update] Owuwe ihe ubi nke tomato malitere n'afọ 1965 wee ruo n'afọ 2010, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na tomato niile na-esi n'usoro na-egbute ya.[27] N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2010, a na-emepụta 95% nke ihe ubi tomato a na-emepụta na California.[27] Ọ bụ ezie na tomato ọhụrụ n'ahịa nwere ọnụ ahịa owuwe ihe ubi dị ukwuu (na 2007, ego a na-akwụ maka ịtụtụ aka na mbugharị bụ $86 kwa ton nke bụ 19% nke ọnụ ahịa ndị na-akụ ihe), ịkwakọba na ire ere bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya (na 44% nke ndị na-akụ ihe niile. cost) na-eme ka o yie ka a ga-etinye mgbalị ịzọpụta ọnụ ahịa n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="UCDavisStatus" /> Dị ka akụkọ 1977 sitere na California Agrarian Action Project si kwuo, n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1976 na California, ọtụtụ ígwè ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi ejiriwo ihe nyocha ọkụ eletrik na-edozi tomato ndụ ndụ n'etiti ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-eji ọkụ infrared na ihe mmetụta agba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-ewe ihe ubi 5,000 na-akpata nchụpụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọnụ yana mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ na obere oge ọrụ. Ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ merụrụ nke ukwuu.[32] Iji nagide ike nke ígwè ọrụ ndị ahụ, a na-emepụta ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ ka ha kwekọọ na ndị na-atụtụ akpaaka. UC Davis Prọfesọ G.C. Hanna gbasaara tomato nwere akpụkpọ ahụ nke a na-akpọ VF-145. Ma n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọtụtụ nde mebiri site na mmetụta mgbawa na ndị na-azụlite mahadum na-emepụta tomato "square round" siri ike na enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Obere ugbo ezughi oke iji nweta ego iji zụta akụrụngwa na n'ime afọ 10, 85% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo tomato 4,000 na steeti ahụ apụọla azụmaahịa. Nke a butere ụlọ ọrụ tomato gbadoro anya na California nke “jujula 85% nke ngwaahịa tomato nke mba ahụ”. Ubi monoculture na-akwalite uto ngwa ngwa nke pesti, na-achọ iji "ihe karịrị nde pound anọ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ kwa afọ" nke na-emetụta ahụ ike nke ala, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ikekwe ndị ahịa..<ref name="CAAP">{{Cite journal|url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~schwrtz/SftP/MagazineArchive/SftPv10n1s.pdf|title=No Hands Touch the Land: Automating California Farms|journal=California Agrarian Action Project|date=July 1977|pages=20–28|accessdate=2015-04-25}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ngwá ọrụ ugbo]] * Ọrụ ugbo * Ndepụta nke ígwè ọrụ ugbo * [[Injinia ọrụ ugbo|Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] * Drones ugbo == Ebe e si nweta ya ==  Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere naọdịnaya n'efuọrụ. Ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie nankwupụta ikike / ikikeỌpụpụ ọzọ Ihe odide e si nwetaNa Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022 - Ntinye aka n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịgbanwe usoro nri ugbo__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gmxl8voq41r6x8ubbkhu8p1rsrlsn3z 0 50715 742605 719375 2026-11-03T08:48:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742605 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Zapfwelle_eines_Traktors_-_power_take-off_of_a_tractor.jpg|thumb|PTO n'azụ traktọ ugbo]] [[Usòrò:A_Tractor's_rear.jpg|thumb|PTO (n'ime igbe dị n'ala) n'etiti ebe atọ nke traktọ]] Ntugharị ọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbake ọkụ (PTO) bụ otu n'ime ụzọ dị iche iche maka ịnara ike sitere na isi iyi ọkụ, dị ka injin na-agba ọsọ, na ibunye ya na ngwa dịka ngwa mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ igwe dị iche. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ oghere mbanye gbawara agbawa arụnyere na traktọ ma ọ bụ gwongworo na-ekwe ka ngwa ngwa nwere akwa akwa ka injin na-akwado ya ozugbo. Enwere ike ịchọta mgbanaka ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide na igwe mmepụta ihe na nke mmiri. Ngwa ndị a na-ejikarị mkpanaka mbanye na nkwonkwo kpọchiri akpọchi iji bufee ike na ngwa nke abụọ ma ọ bụ ngwa. N'ihe gbasara ngwa mmiri, dịka osisi nwere ike iji mee ka nfuli ọkụ dị ọkụ. N'ime ngwa ụgbọ elu, enwere ike iji ngwa ngwa ngwa dị otú ahụ yana draịvụ ọsọ na-adị mgbe niile. Ụgbọ elu Jet nwere ụdị PTO anọ dị iche iche: igbe ime ime, igbe igbe dị n'èzí, radial drive shaft, na ikuku na-agbapụta, nke a na-eji eme ka ngwa engine dị ike. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, sistemu mgbapụ ụgbọ elu na-enyekwa maka itinye ike n'ime injin n'oge mmalite injin.[1] Hụkwa Coffman mmalite. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:International_Harvester_Cub_Tractor_(1963).jpg|thumb|Ogwe na-acha odo odo na-enye PTO drive na flail mower na International Harvester tractor a]] Ụzọ dị iche iche e si ebufe ike dị tupu iwepụ ike bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, mana enwere ngwa ndị ga-erite uru karịa site na ụfọdụ àgwà ndị PTO ga-enye. Belts dị larịị na-aba uru naanị maka ngwa ebe injin ahụ kwụ otu ebe, dị ka injin steam, injin ndị a na-ebugharị ebugharị, ma ọ bụ injin ndị na-adọkpụ na-adọrọ n'ihu ọrụ ahụ. Maka ụgbọala na-agagharị dị ka injin na-adọkpụ ma ọ bụ traktọ mbụ na-adọta Ngwá ọrụ ugbo, ngwá ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnata ike rotary site na iwere ya n'otu n'ime wiil nke ya (nke a na-adọrọ site na ịdọrọ) ma kesaa ya site na agbụ ígwè (na crank nke sickle, dịka ọmụmaatụ), mana nnyefe dị otú ahụ kwụsịrị ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọala ahụ akwụsị ịgagharị, na nguzogide ọrụ ahụ na-emekarị ka wiil ahụ na-agbagharị kama ịtụgharị, ọbụlagodi na ọ dị ọcha. Echiche nke shaft drive nwere njikọ jikọtara na nke na-enweghị njikọ, na mgbanwe maka ịkwọ ụgbọala na akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe (dị ka mgbe njikọ tractor-na-trailer na-agbanye), bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ịchụso. A nwalere nnwale ike na mbido 1878, ma wuo ụdị dị iche iche e mere n'ụlọ n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref name="Spinning">{{Cite journal|author=Quick|first=Graeme|title=Spinning an historical yarn about power-take-off shafts|journal=Australian Grain|date=March–April 2008|volume=17|issue=6|pages=36–37|url=https://www.ausgrain.com.au/Back%20Issues/176magrn08/36_Spinning.pdf|accessdate=2022-07-28|language=en-au|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226232835/http://ausgrain.com.au/Back%20Issues/176magrn08/36_Spinning.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>International Harvester Company (IHC) bụ nke mbụ na-ere ahịa na PTO na traktọ mmepụta, na ụdị ya 8-16, nke e webatara na 1918. Edward A. Johnston, onye injinia IHC, nwere mmasị na PTO nke o mere n'ụlọ nke ọ hụrụ na France ihe dị ka afọ iri tupu mgbe ahụ, nke onye ọrụ ugbo na onye na-arụ ọrụ na France aha ya bụ Gougis mepụtara.<ref name="PrippsMorland1993pp37-39">{{Harvnb|Pripps|Morland|1993|pp=37–39}}.</ref> Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na IHC tinyere echiche ahụ n'ime 8-16, wee mepụta ezinụlọ nke ngwá ọrụ iji jiri njirimara ahụ mee ihe. IHC anọghị naanị ya n'ahịa ruo ogologo oge, dịka n'ime otu afọ PTOs na-apụta na traktọ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta, dị ka ụfọdụ ụdị Case. N'afọ 1920, IHC nyere nhọrọ PTO na traktọ ha 15-30, ọ bụkwa traktọ mbụ nwere PTO ka a ga-enyefe maka Ule traktọ Nebraska. PTO bụ uru asọmpi maka IHC na 1920s, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mechara nweta mmejuputa PTO. N'ime nnyefe, kpọmkwem ebe n'akụkụ ụgbọ oloko gia ebe a na-ewepụ ike na-ekpebi ma enwere ike ịgba ọsọ PTO n'adabereghị na njem ụgbọ ala (ọsọ ala). A na-ewepụkarị PTO n'oge mbụ n'osisi mmepụta ihe, nke pụtara na ụgbọ ala ahụ ga-adị "na gia" iji na-agba ọsọ PTO. Mgbe e mesịrị, a na-eme ka nke a dịkwuo mma site na ihe a na-akpọ ndụ PTO (LPTO), nke na-enye ohere ịchịkwa ntụgharị PTO n'adabereghị na mmegharị traktọ. Nke a bụ uru mgbe ibu nke PTO na-ebugharị chọrọ ka traktọ na-emegharị ahụ ka ọ kwụsịlata ma ọ bụ kwụsị ịgba ọsọ iji mee ka PTO chụpụrụ ngwá ọrụ. Ọ na-enye ohere ịrụ ọrụ ebe traktọ na-anọ na-adọba ụgbọala, dị ka silo-ejuputa ma ọ bụ ibutu ihe na-agbasa nri na ikpo ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri kama ịgafe n'ọhịa. Na 1945, Cockshutt Farm Equipment Ltd nke Brantford, Ontario, Canada, webatara Cockshutt Model 30 traktọ na LPTO. Live PTO mechara bụrụ ụkpụrụ zuru ebe niile maka akụrụngwa ọhụrụ; na traktọ ọgbara ọhụrụ, a na-achịkwa LPTO site na bọtịnụ push-button ma ọ bụ ngbanwe nhọrọ. Nke a na-abawanye nchekwa nke ndị ọrụ chọrọ ịbịaru nso na ogwe PTO. == Nchebe == [[Usòrò:TractorPTOshaftMay04.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpuchi plastik na-echebe oghere PTO]] PTO, yana oghere ya na nkwonkwo zuru ụwa ọnụ, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ihe omume na mmerụ ahụ n'ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka National Safety Council si kwuo, pasent isii nke ndị nwụrụ na traktọ na 1997 na United States metụtara PTO. Ihe omume nwere ike ime mgbe a na-adọta uwe na-enweghị isi n'ime oghere ahụ, na-akpatakarị ọkpụkpụ gbajiri agbaji, mfu aka na ụkwụ, nkwarụ ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nye onye na-eyi ya. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2009, onye bụbu onye na-eme egwuregwu Major League Baseball bụ Mark Fidrych nwụrụ n'ihi ihe mberede metụtara PTO; "O yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na gwongworo ya mgbe uwe ya gbagọrọ agbagọ n'ime oghere ike nke gwongworo ahụ", ka onye ọka iwu distrikti Joseph Early Jr. kwuru na nkwupụta.<ref name="espn-fidrych">{{Cite web|title=Examiner: Fidrych suffocated to death|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=4073519|work=ESPN.com|accessdate=7 January 2014|date=16 April 2009}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ọrụ iji belata ugboro ugboro na oke nke mmerụ ahụ ugbo, ihe omume ndị a ka na-eme.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tinc|first=Pamela J.|date=2019-01-02|title=Marketing Farm Safety: Using Principles of Influence to Increase PTO Shielding|journal=Journal of Agromedicine|volume=24|issue=1|pages=101–109|doi=10.1080/1059924X.2018.1539421|issn=1059-924X|pmid=30346257}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ngwá ọrụ na-eji ihe nchebe plastik na-enweghị ihe mgbochi iji kpuchie oghere PTO; ndị a bụ iwu na mba ụfọdụ.<ref name="NSC"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.nsc.org/news_resources/resources/documents/power_take_off%20(pto).pdf|accessdate=2022-07-28|title=Power-Take-Off (PTO) Safety|date=May 2009|publisher=National Safety Council|language=en-us|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428005350if_/http://www.nsc.org/news_resources/Resources/Documents/Power_Take_Off%20(PTO).pdf|archivedate=2014-04-28}} </ref><ref name="Privette"> {{Cite web|url=http://www.clemson.edu/safety/pto.htm|accessdate=2022-07-29|title=Farm Safety & Health - PTO Safety|author=Privette|first=Charles|date=2002-03-01|publisher=[[Clemson_University | Clemson University]]|language=en-us|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050328215328/http://www.clemson.edu/safety/pto.htm|archivedate=2005-03-28|quote=shields and guards were developed to prevent injury from these rotating shafts}} </ref>   Na UK, nduzi Health and Safety Executive dị na mpempe akwụkwọ. <ref name="AIS40"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ais40.pdf|accessdate=2022-07-29|title=Agriculture Information Sheet No 40 (AIS40). Power take-offs and power take-off drive shafts.|date=October 2013|work=[[Health and Safety Executive | Health and Safety Executive UK]]|language=en-gb|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031104639if_/https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ais40.pdf|archivedate=2021-10-31}} </ref> == Nhazi teknụzụ == A na-ejikọta PTOs ọrụ ugbo na nha na ọsọ. Ụkpụrụ ISO maka PTOs bụ ''ISO 500'', nke e kewara na mbipụta 2004 n'akụkụ atọ:<ref name="iso">{{Cite web|author=International Standard|date=April 1, 2014|title=Agricultural tractors - Rear-mounted power take-off types 1, 2, 3 and 4|url=https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/56698/4acca3e1ee5246fa8218c17d65da045f/ISO-500-1-2014.pdf|accessdate=September 29, 2023|work=International Standard}}</ref> # ''ISO 500-1'' Nkọwapụta n'ozuzu, ihe nchekwa achọrọ, nha maka ọta ukwu na mpaghara nkwụsị # ''ISO 500-2'' traktọ ndị dị warara, nha maka ọta ukwu na mpaghara ohere # ''ISO 500-3'' Main PTO dimensions na spline dimensions, ebe PTO dị. Ụdị mbụ (nke a na-akpọ Ụdị 1) na-akpọ maka ịrụ ọrụ na 540 ntụgharị kwa nkeji (rpm). Ogwe nke na-agbagharị na 540 rpm nwere splines isii na ya, na dayameta nke 1 + 3⁄8 sentimita (35 . <ref name="agproud">{{Cite web|url=https://www.agproud.com/articles/32127-equipment-hub-understanding-power-takeoff-drivelines|title=Equipment Hub: Understanding power takeoff drivelines - Progressive Forage &#124; Ag Proud}}</ref>  Ụdị abụọ ọhụrụ, na-akwado ngwa ike dị elu, na-arụ ọrụ na 1000 rpm ma dị iche na nha shaft.<ref name="agproud"/> &nbsp;Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ahụkarị ọdịiche dị n'ụdị abụọ a site n'ịkpọ ha "nnukwu 1000" ma ọ bụ "obere 1000" ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ụdị 1 nke a na-akpọkarị "540". Ụdị ọhụrụ niile (2, 3, na 4) na-eji splines involute, ebe Ụdị 1 na-eji Splines kwụ ọtọ.<ref name="iso"/> Ogwe ndị a na-akpọ Inch bụ gburugburu, rectangular, square, ma ọ bụ splined; ogwe metric bụ kpakpando, mgbịrịgba, ma ọ dị ka [[American football|bọọlụ]].<ref name="tulsa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.driveshaftsoftulsa.com/blogs/news/the-different-types-of-pto-shafts|title=The Different Types of PTO Shafts|date=15 February 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ụdị !RPM !Diameter !Akpụkpọ anụ |- |1 |540 |  |6 kwụ ọtọ |- |2 |1,000 |  |21 involute |- |3 |1,000 |  |20 involute |- |4 |1,300 |57.5 millimetres (2.26 n'ime) |22 involute |} N'ihi mmụba nke ike ịnyịnya chọrọ site na ngwá ọrụ ugbo, na injin dị elu nke na-etinye na traktọ ugbo, agbakwunyere ụdị buru ibu (nke a họpụtara dị ka Ụdị 4) na ISO 500. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọsọ ntụgharị dị elu nke 1300 rpm iji nye ohere maka nnyefe ike na ọkwa dị ala nke torque. &nbsp;Ogwe ahụ nwere 22 splines na nnukwu dayameta nke 57.5 milimita (mm). Ebumnuche ya bụ ijikwa ike PTO ruo 450 kilowatts (kW), ma ọ bụ ihe dịka 600 horsepower (hp). Ụdị anọ ahụ niile na-atụgharị n'akụkụ na-emegide elekere mgbe a na-ele anya n'azụ ụgbọala na-adọkpụ; mgbe ọ na-eguzo n'azụ traktọ ma na-ele kpọmkwem na oghere ahụ, ọ na-atụgharịa n'akụkụ elekere.<ref name="agproud"/> A na-eji ụdị 10-spline mee ihe na ụfọdụ ngwá ọrụ mbụ dịka 1948 Land Rover. A na-enyekarị nkwụnye isii. Ọ bụ omenala maka ndị na-emepụta igwe ọrụ ugbo inye nkọwapụta ike PTO, ihe na-egosi ike dị na shaft. Ndị traktọ ọhụrụ nwere ike ịbịa na 540/540E na / ma ọ bụ 1000/1000E nhọrọ nke na-enye ohere ka traktọ nwee ike iji ụfọdụ ngwa ngwa na-achọ ike dị ka [[Hay rake|hay rakes]] ma ọ bụ tedders na-eji ọsọ ọsọ engine dị ala iji mee ka mgbanwe kwa nkeji dị mkpa, na-eji obere mmanụ ma na-etinye obere nrụgide na injin - si otú ahụ na-emeziwanye arụmọrụ ma belata ọnụahịa. ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineers) nabatara ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ maka imewe PTO n'ọnwa Eprel 1927. A kọwapụtara ọsọ ntụgharị PTO dị ka 536 ± 10 rpm; ntụziaka ahụ bụ elekere. &nbsp;E mechara gbanwee ọsọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 540 rpm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asabe.org/imis/StaticContent/4/October_2004/p_31_last_word.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2009-05-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722060605/http://www.asabe.org/imis/StaticContent/4/October_2004/p_31_last_word.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-22}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ojiji na ụgbọala azụmahịa == [[Usòrò:PTO_gearbox.JPG|thumb|PTO hydraulic nke a na-etinye n'elu gearbox]] [[Usòrò:Unimog-1980-05.jpg|thumb|Crossbar azụ nwere njikọ mmiri PTO na njikọ na Unimog 421]] Ụgbọ ala nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa ebe nke na-enye ohere ka etinye PTO. A ghaghị ịzụta PTO iche ma chọọ nlezianya iji kwekọọ na interface anụ ahụ nke nnyefe na PTO dakọtara. Ndị na-eweta PTO ga-achọkarị nkọwa nke ime, ụdị na ọbụna nọmba usoro nke nnyefe ahụ. A chọkwara ịkpachara anya iji hụ na oghere anụ ahụ gbara nnyefe ahụ gburugburu na-enye ohere maka ntinye nke PTO. PTO na-etinye aka ma wepụ ya site na iji isi nnyefe na usoro nchịkwa dịpụrụ adịpụ nke na-arụ ọrụ na PTO n'onwe ya. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-eji valvụ ikuku eme ihe iji tinye aka na PTO, mana njikọ igwe, usoro eletrik ma ọ bụ hydraulic bụkwa nhọrọ. Ọtụtụ Unimogs na-abịa na PTOs n'ihu na / ma ọ bụ n'azụ na hydraulics yana usoro atọ. A ga-atụle nkeji dị iche iche dabere na torque na-aga n'ihu na nke na-akpaghị aka nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ site na ha na ụdị dị iche iche ga-enye "PTO shaft rotation to engine RPM" ratios. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, PTO ga-ejikọta ozugbo na mgbapụta mmiri. Nke a na-enye ohere maka nnyefe nke ike igwe site na usoro mmiri mmiri na ebe ọ bụla gbara ụgbọ ala ahụ gburugburu ebe moto hydraulic ga-agbanwe ya azụ n'ime ike rotary ma ọ bụ linear. Ngwa ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere: * Ịgba ọsọ na pọmpụ mmiri n'ụgbọ ọkụ ma ọ bụ gwongworo mmiri * Ịgba ọsọ na-adọba mmiri ọkụ nke a na-etinye n'ụgbọala maka nhicha kapet (ịkwọ ụgbọala vacuum blower na mgbapụta mmiri dị elu) * Ịnye ike na usoro ikuku eji ebugharị ihe kpọrọ nkụ dị ka simenti * Inye ike na ụgbọ ala na-agwakọta ikuku compressor <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vmacair.com/product/dtm/|title=PTO Air Compressors {{!}} Direct-Transmission™ Mounted Air Compressor|work=VMAC|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-11}}</ref> * Ibuli ihe ndina ụgbọala na-ekpofu ahịhịa * Ịrụ ọrụ aka igwe na bọket gwongworo nke ndị ọrụ mmezi eletrik ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ mmechi cable TV na-eji * Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụgbọala na-adọkpụ * Ịrụ ọrụ compactor n'ụgbọ ala mkpofu * Ịrụ ọrụ na Boom/Grapple truck * Ịrụ ọrụ n'ụgbọala a na-etinye osisi na osisi === Ogwe oghere nkewa === A na-etinye oghere PTO nke kewara ekewa na oghere ụgbọala iji nye PTO ike. Otu dị otú ahụ bụ gearbox ọzọ nke na-ekewa oghere ụgbọala ahụ n'akụkụ abụọ: * Ogwe na-eche ihu na gearbox nke ga-ebufe ike nke injin ahụ na ogwe PTO nkewa. * Ogwe na-eche ihu na axle nke na-ebufe ike propelling na axle. A na-emepụta unit ahụ n'onwe ya iji wepụ ike nke injin ahụ ma ọ bụ axle-facing shaft ma ọ bụ PTO mmepụta shaft ọzọ. A na-eme nke a site na clutches abụọ kwụụrụ onwe ha dị ka ezé ma ọ bụ clutches nkịta, nke enwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na nkwụsịtụ zuru ezu naanị. N'ihi na isi gearbox na-agbanwe ọsọ ntụgharị site na ịhọrọ gear, PTO enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ mgbe ụgbọ ala ahụ na-agagharị. N'ụgbọala 4x4, ọ bụ naanị oghere azụ na-eji oghere PTO nke kewara ekewa, na-achọ ka atụmatụ ụgbọala 4x4 bụrụ nke a na-ahọrọ 4WD iji mee ka oghere ihu axle na-akwọ ụgbọala ghara ịhazi kpamkpam n'oge ọrụ PTO. O nwekwara ike ijikọ ihe ọzọ karịa mgbapụta mmiri ozugbo na PTO: dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbapụta ụgbọala ọkụ. === "Sandwich" nkewa === A na-etinye ụdị "sandwich" nkewa n'etiti injin na nnyefe ma jiri ya mee ihe na ụgbọala na-edozi okporo ụzọ, ụgbọala na-agbanyụ ọkụ na ụgbọala ndị na-adịghị n'okporo ụzọ. Nke a na-enweta ụgbọala ahụ kpọmkwem site na ogwe injin ma nwee ike ịnye ike zuru ezu na PTO. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nkeji ndị a na-abịa na usoro mmanụ nke ha. N'ihi ụdị ntinye sandwich, a ga-ebugharị gearbox site na injin, na-achọ ka driveline nwee ike itinye ya. == Hụkwa == * [[Ngwá ọrụ ugbo]] * Tractor * Tractor nwere ụkwụ abụọ == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t6oh5kt8644hauux1wdwhh7bd42ao7q 0 50731 742549 182604 2026-11-03T08:14:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Hochbeet_Vordermühle_1.JPG|thumb|260x260px|Ịzụlite ihe ndina]] Ugbo ubi tolitere akwa bụ ụdị ọrụ ubi nke a na-ebuli ala karịa ọkwa ala ma na-agbachikarị ya n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Enwere ike iji osisi, okwute, sink ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ rụọ ihe owuwu akwa akwalitere ma nwee ike nwee nha ma ọ bụ ọdịdị ọ bụla.[1] A na-eji compost na-emeju ala ahụ. A na-akụ akwụkwọ nri n'ụdị geometric, dị nso na ọnụ karịa ka a na-akọ ugbo n'ahịrị.[2] Oghere ahụ bụ na mgbe akwụkwọ nri toro nke ọma, akwụkwọ ha anaghị emetụ ibe ha aka, na-eke microclimate nke a na-egbochi uto igbo ma chekwaa mmiri.<ref name="Nones">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwiKzasrYTUC&q=raised+bed+gardening | title=Raised-Bed Vegetable Gardening Made Simple | publisher=Countryman Press | year=2010 | access-date=March 2, 2012 | author=Nones, Raymond| isbn=9781581578508 }} {{ISBN|978-0-88150-896-3}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Àkwà ndị e buliri elu na-enye onwe ha maka mmepe nke usoro ọrụ ugbo dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eji ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ na usoro nke permaculture. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe nke ọma iji chịkwaa erosion na imegharị ma chekwaa mmiri na ihe na-edozi ahụ site n'iwu ha n'akụkụ ahịrị dị na ndagwurugwu. Nke a na-emekwa ka ohere dịkwuo maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ siri ike. Enwere ike ịmepụta ha n'ebe buru ibu site na iji ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ ndị a na-ahụkarị na traktọ na-adọta ma na-elekọta nke ọma, kụọ ma na-ewepụta ha site na iji ngwá ọrụ aka. Ụdị ubi a kwekọrọ na ubi square foot na ịkụ osisi ibe. A na-akpọ àkwà ndị dị gburugburu nke nwere ụzọ na-aga n'etiti (otu akụkụ nke okirikiri ahụ e wepụrụ) [[ogige oghere]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20120129/FEAT0106/301299980/1014/SPORTS09|title=Unlock your creativity with keyhole garden|work=The Journal Gazette|date=January 29, 2012|accessdate=March 6, 2012|author=Kemery, Ricky|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131219/http://www.journalgazette.net/article/20120129/FEAT0106/301299980/1014/SPORTS09|archivedate=2014-07-14}}<br /><br /></ref> Ọtụtụ mgbe, etiti ahụ nwere ụdị anwụrụ ọkụ nke e ji osisi rụọ ma jiri akpa nri ma ọ bụ ahịhịa kpuchie ya nke na-enye ohere ka mmiri dị n'etiti banye n'ime ala wee ruo mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ. Àkwà na-agba mmiri n'onwe ya nke a maara dị ka àkwà na'elu mmiri bara uru karịsịa na ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ ma na-emekarị ya site na ịtụgharị akpa buru ibu nke Intermediate (IBC). === Ihe eji arụ ọrụ === Osisi bụ ihe owuwu a na-ahụkarị maka ime àkwà dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri osisi e ji ọla kọpa arsenate ma ọ bụ CCA mee ihe (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị kemgbe 2004 na US na Europe ), a na-atụ aro iji plastik dị n'etiti osisi na ala ma ọ bụrụ na e bu n'uche ka a na-etolite ihe oriri. <ref>[http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ptype/treatwood/ccareg.html National Pesticide Information Center: Regulation of CCA Treated Wood]</ref><ref>[http://www.herinst.org/CCAtimber/regulations/Europe.html European Union: Restrictions on Use of CCA-Treated Timber]</ref> Ihe ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ eriri ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nke a makwaara dị ka ndị na-ehi ụra, jikọtara ya na mkpara ígwè iji jide ha ọnụ. Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iji blọk simenti, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị adị mma, ha dị ọnụ ala inweta ma dị mfe iji. N'ahịa ahụ, a na-enwekwa ihe ngwọta maka àkwà ubi e welitere nke a na-eme site na polyethylene na-adịte aka nke UV kwụsiri ike na ọkwa nri ka ọ ghara ịbapụta kemịkal ndị a na-achọghị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ mebie na ihe ndị ahụ. Mgbidi nwere akpụkpọ anụ abụọ na-enye akpa ikuku nke na-ebelata mgbanwe okpomọkụ na ịcha n'ala n'ogige ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji plastik doro anya kpuchie ogige ndị e buliri elu iji chebe ihe ọkụkụ pụọ na ifufe na mmiri ozuzo siri ike. Igbe ndị e mepụtara tupu e mepụta ihe ndina. E nwere ụdị osisi, ígwè, nkume na plastik. == Uru == Àkwà ndị e welitere na-emepụta uru dịgasị iche iche: ha na-agbatị oge ịkụ osisi, ha nwere ike belata ahịhịa ma ọ bụrụ na emepụtara ma kụọ ya nke ọma, ha na-ebelata mkpa iji ala ala ala na-adịghị mma. Ebe ọ bụ na onye na-elekọta ubi anaghị aga ije n'elu àkwà ndị e welitere, ala anaghị ejikọta ya na mgbọrọgwụ ya nwere oge dị mfe itolite. Àkwà ndị dị elu na-enyere ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ aka ịkụ akwụkwọ nri n'enweghị ike ịdọrọ iji lekọta ha.<ref name="Whiting">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWVH76wVNJgC&q=raised+bed+gardening&pg=PA42 | title=The desert shall blossom: a comprehensive guide to vegetable gardening in the Mountain West | publisher=Horizon | year=1991 | access-date=March 2, 2012 | author=Whiting, David E. | pages=41–42| isbn=9780882904184 }} {{ISBN|0-88290-418-3}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery widths="165px" heights="130px"> Usòrò:Picardo_Oct_03.jpg|alt=Picardo Farm, Wedgwood neighborhood, Seattle, Washington: A community allotment garden with raised beds for the physically disabled.|Ugbo Picardo, Obodo Wedgwood, Seattle, Washington: Obodoogige nkewanwere àkwà e welitere elu maka ndị nwere nkwarụ. Usòrò:Raised_bed.jpg|alt=Raised garden bed of lettuce, tomatoes, basil, marigolds, zinnias, garlic chives, zucchini.|Àkwà ubi e buliri elulettuce,tomato,ala dị larịị,Ihe mgbochi,Zinnias,garlic chives,zucchini. Usòrò:Hochbeet_aus_Naturstein.jpg|alt=Raised garden bed with natural stones of Salvia, Chives, and Parsley.|Àkwà ubi e buliri eluNkume okikenkeSalvia,Chives, naParsley. Usòrò:Green_lettuce_in_a_kitchen_garden.jpg|alt=Raised garden bed with lettuce in Don Det, Laos.|Àkwà ubi e buliri elulettucen'imeDon Det, Laos. Usòrò:2010_WiseWords_community_garden_NewOrleans_4855100893.jpg|alt=Raised garden beds with painted wooden edgings at Wise Words Community Garden in Mid-City, New Orleans.|Àkwà ubi e welitere elu nke nwere akụkụ osisi e sere ese na Wise Words Community Garden na Mid-City.New Orleans. Usòrò:Preparing_raised_flower-beds_1.jpg|alt=Preparing raised flower-beds in a private garden in Brastad, Sweden.|Ịkwadebe ihe ndina okooko osisi dị elu n'ogige onwe onye naObi ọjọọ, Sweden. Usòrò:FFM-Ginnheim_Hochbeetgarten_01.jpg|alt=Special raised flower bed, permitting gardening in a wheelchair, in Frankfurt, Germany.|Àkwà okooko osisi pụrụ iche e welitere elu, na-enye ohere ịkọ ubi naoche nkwagharị, naFrankfurt, Germany. Usòrò:Mirabilis_longiflora_-_Flickr_-_peganum.jpg|alt=Raised rock garden bed with Mirabilis longiflora in Small Dole, England.|A zụlitere yaogige nkumeàkwà na''Mirabilis longiflora''n'imeObere Dole, England. </gallery> == Ogige ndị mmiri riri == [[Usòrò:Hampton-Court-F.jpg|thumb|Ogige mmiri na Hampton Court PalaceObí Hampton Court]] ''Ogige waffle'' bụ ihe megidere àkwà e welitere elu ma bụrụ usoro ubi nke Ndị Zuni. N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe kpọrọ nkụ, a na-ewu mgbidi ụrọ gburugburu ebe a na-akụ ya ma na-agbanye osisi mmiri site na itinye "cell" n'àkwà.<ref>[https://civileats.com/2021/10/26/resurgence-waffle-gardens-helping-indigenous-peoples-thrive-amid-droughts-grow-food-less-water/ The Resurgence of Waffle Gardens Is Helping Indigenous Farmers Grow Food with Less Water]</ref> Okwu ogige miri emi na-ezo aka n'ogige ọdịnala Bekee ebe ogige ahụ dị ala karịa ala gbara ya gburugburu, ọ pụkwara inwe ọtụtụ ala gburugburu ya na steepụ na-eduga n'oghere ahụ.<ref>[https://grimsdyke.com/sunken-garden/ The Victorian sunken garden]</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ogige oghere]] * Ogige kichin * Ubi ogige * Ogige ọgwụgwọ * Osisi na-agba gburugburu * Waru Waru - Usoro ọdịnala Quechua, tupu Inca nke gụnyere àkwà e welitere elu  * Hügelkultur - Ụdị ihe ndina ọzọ e weliri elu  == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] omu4pummv8pt14hcee5sy3bzccgo2ps 0 50746 742548 698805 2026-11-03T08:14:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Grazing,_rotational.svg|thumb|Ihe osise nke ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-egosi ojiji nke paddocks, nke ọ bụla na-enye nri na mmiri maka anụ ụlọ maka oge ahọrọ]] N'ọrụ ugbo, ịta nri na-agbanwe agbanwe, n'adịghị ka ịta nri na-aga n'ihu, na-akọwa ọtụtụ usoro nke ịta nri, ebe a na-ebuga anụ ụlọ n'akụkụ ebe ịta nri, nke a na-akpọ padocks, ebe akụkụ ndị ọzọ zuru ike.[1]. Nkịta ọ bụla ga-enyerịrị mkpa anụ ụlọ niile dị ka nri, mmiri na mgbe ụfọdụ ndo na ebe obibi. Usoro a na-ebutekarị mpụta dị ala karịa ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ siri ike, mana ọ chọrọ ntinye dị ala, ya mere mgbe ụfọdụ na-ewepụta ego efu dị elu maka anụmanụ ọ bụla. == Ụzọ e si eme ya == [[Usòrò:NRCSMO02014_-_Missouri_(4753)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif|thumb|Ịzụ ehi na atụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na [[Mizurị|Missouri]] na ịta ahịhịa nke e kewara n'ime paddocks, nke ọ bụla na-ata ahịhịrị maka oge ma zuru ike]] N'ime anụ ụlọ na-ata ahịhịa, a na-ebugharị anụ ụlọ gaa n'akụkụ ebe ịta ahịhịhịa ahụ, nke a na-akpọ paddocks, ebe akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-ezu ike. Ebumnuche ya bụ ikwe ka ahịhịa na oge ala gbakee.<ref name="PastProfit">{{cite report |author1=Undersander, Dan |author2=Albert, Beth |author3=Cosgrove, Dennis |author4=Johnson, Dennis |author5=Peterson, Paul |date=2002 |title=Pastures for profit: A guide to rotational grazing |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1097378.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912150852/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1097378.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 12, 2015 |publisher=Cooperative Extension Publishing, University of Wisconsin |docket=A3529 |access-date=21 September 2019}}</ref> Ịgwọ ala ịta ahịhịa nwere ike ịchọ ngwakọta nke ọkụ na ịta ahịa na-agbanwe agbanwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/rotational-grazing-zm0z15amzcom.aspx|title=Rotational grazing for Pastured Livestock|accessdate=2015-03-12|archivedate=2015-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311154215/http://www.motherearthnews.com/homesteading-and-livestock/rotational-grazing-zm0z15amzcom.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1167363.pdf|title=Managing Your Pasture: Small scale solutions for your farm|accessdate=2018-03-21|archivedate=2022-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128092255/http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1167363.pdf}}</ref> Enwere ike iji ahịhịa na-ata ahịhịa dịka ehi, atụrụ ma ọ bụ ewu; A pụkwara iji ndị na-abụghị ruminants dị ka ezi. Ụmụ ehi na-ata otu akụkụ nke ahịhịa, ma ọ bụ padock, ebe ha na-ekwe ka ndị ọzọ gbakee. Ogologo oge a na-ata nri ga-adabere n'ụdị anụ ụlọ na nha nke paddock na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi. Ala izu ike na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ nwee ike itolite.[6] Ịta nri n'usoro na-adị irè karịsịa n'ihi na ndị na-azụ anụ na-eme nke ọma karịa n'osisi ndị dị nro karị. Usoro ndị a nwere ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịhapụ nje ndị nje n'azụ ka ha nwụọ, na-ebelata ma ọ bụ wepụ mkpa nke de-wormers, dabere ma ọ bụrụ na oge ntụgharị dị ntakịrị ma ọ bụ buru ibu karịa usoro ndụ parasitic. == Uru == Uru ahụike anụ ụlọ na-esite n'anụmanụ na-enweta ma ohere ma ikuku dị ọhụrụ. Nnwere onwe nke ijegharị n'ime paddock na-eme ka ahụ dịkwuo mma, nke na-egbochi ikike nke mmerụ ahụ na abrasion, na mgbe ụfọdụ dabere na usoro ahụ na-ebelata ikike nke ikpughe n'ọtụtụ dị elu nke ọrịa na-emerụ ahụ na-akpata microorganisms na ụmụ ahụhụ. N'ime ọrụ nri anụ ụlọ gbadoro anya, ọ bụ ihe dị mma maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke anụmanụ na-anọgide na-anọ obere mpaghara. N'iji ya tụnyere, site n'ịta nri a na-achịkwa, ụmụ anụmanụ na-enwe ike ibi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enwe obere ọrịa na ọrịa ụkwụ ole na ole, dabere na usoro ntụgharị a na-eji. Ịta nri ngbanwe a na-achịkwa bụ isi ihe na-eme ka usoro ọrụ ugbo na-emegharị ahụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nzaghachi nzaghachi mgbe niile.[7] A na-ekwu na ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ ebe ịta nri na-eme ụfọdụ ụdị ịhịa aka n'ahụ na-adịchaghị mfe maka mbuze nke ala. Paddocks nwere ike ịchọ ntinye ole na ole. A na-ekwu na oge ụfọdụ usoro ịhịa anụ ndị a na-adịwanye ike ma nwee ike ịzaghachi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe.[8] Ịta nri n'ọkpụkpụ nwere ike ibelata ikuku ikuku ikuku dị ka carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, na methane.[9] Otu nnyocha na-eleba anya n'ọgụ imecha tụrụ aro na ịhịa aka n'ahụ multi-paddock nwere ike ịkpata ụgbụ carbon sink.[10] Agbanyeghị, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ a dọọla aka na ntị na nsonaazụ ya nwere oke n'ihi na ha na-elele naanị otu ọkwa nke usoro nnwale. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ achọpụtawokwa na ụfọdụ ala nwere ike ị nweta oke ma ọ bụ karịa na-enweghị nri ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Haspel|first=Tamar|date=2022-09-30|title=Is carbon-neutral beef possible or a pipe dream? Soil may offer clues.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2022/10/03/beef-soil-carbon-sequestration/|accessdate=2024-05-30|work=Washington Post|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nsogbu == Otu isi ihe dị na ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ a bụ na ebe ọ bụla a na-ata nri ga-enwerịrị ihe niile achọrọ maka anụmanụ (isi iyi mmiri, dịka ọmụmaatụ) ma ọ bụ nri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri ga-ebugharị oge ọ bụla a na-akwagharị anụmanụ ahụ. Inwe ebe a na-eri nri ma ọ bụ ebe a na-enye mmiri nwere ike imeri akụkụ ntụgharị, na-eduga na mmebi nke ala gburugburu mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe oriri ma ọ bụrụ na e nyere ụmụ anụmanụ nri ọzọ. A ga-akpachapụ anya pụrụ iche iji hụ na ebe a na-eji ihe dị elu aghọghị ebe a na-agbasa ma ọ bụ na-agwa ndị mmadụ okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/grazing-systems/grazing-systems-handbook.pdf|title=Grazing systems planning guide|accessdate=2018-12-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809120315/http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/grazing-systems/grazing-systems-handbook.pdf|archivedate=2017-08-09}}</ref> Ọtụtụ nsogbu metụtara ndò n'ebe ịta nri. Ọ bụ ezie na onyinyo na-enye enyemaka site na okpomọkụ ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke nrụgide okpomọkụ, ụmụ anụmanụ na-agbakọta n'ebe ndị a nke na-eduga na ntinye nri, ịta nri na-adịghị mma, na mbuze ala. Ruminal tympany, nke a makwaara dị ka afọ ntachi, bụ nsogbu siri ike mgbe anụ ọhịa na-ata nri na ahịhịa ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị agwọ ya nwere ike ịnwụ. Nsogbu a na-eme mgbe ehi na-agbaze ụfụfụ na-emepụta ogige n'ime osisi, na-eme ka ụfụfụ na-etolite n'ime anụ anụmanụ ma ghara ikwe ka anụmanụ na-agbanye gas nke ọma.[2][14]. Anụmanụ na-enwekarị ike ịfụ ụfụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-akwaga ha n'ebe ịta nri ọhụrụ mgbe agụụ na-agụ ha karịsịa na ndị na-eto eto, nke ọhụrụ na nke dị mmiri mmiri. Ya mere ọ dị mkpa ijide n'aka na ìgwè ehi na-eri nri nke ọma na njedebe nke ntụgharị mgbe nri nri ga-adị ụkọ karị, na-egbochi ikike ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịkwanye onwe ha mgbe ha tụgharịrị na paddocks ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke bloat site na iji nlezianya na-elekọta ntụgharị, na-amịpụta ụdị legume Europe na-adịghị agba agba Lotus corniculatus na ala ịta ahịhịa, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahịhịa / ịba ụba ahịhịa, na-enye nri mgbakwunye zuru oke na nri ọzọ mgbe ọ na-atụgharị na paddocks ọhụrụ, na-ebelata. Oke paddock mgbe a na-atụgharị anụ ụlọ na mbụ, na nri kwa ụbọchị nke onye na-egbochi ụfụfụ poloxalene na-agwakọta nke ọma n'ime nri nri.<ref name="PastProfit" /> == Nchịkwa ahịhịa == Sistemụ ịta nri a na-achịkwa nke ọma nwere nguzobe ahịhịa dị ala n'ihi na ọtụtụ niche ejupụtalarị n'ụdị nri a na-achị achị, na-eme ka ọ na-esiri ahịhịa ike ịsọ mpi wee guzobe.[13]. Iji ọtụtụ ụdị na ebe ịta nri na-enyere aka ibelata ahihia. Osisi forage guzosiri ike na sistemụ ịta nri na-agbanwe agbanwe na-adị mma yana enweghị nchekasị n'ihi oge "izu ike", na-eme ka uru asọmpi nke nri nri na-abawanye. Na mgbakwunye, ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmepụta mkpụrụ ọka, ọtụtụ osisi ndị a ga-ewere dị ka ahịhịa anaghị enwe nsogbu na ịta ahịhịa. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka ùkwù na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, bụ ndị na-adịghị eri nri ma ọ bụ na-egbu egbu nye ndị na-ata nri. Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ndị a agaghị eri anụ ma nwee ike mata ya n'ihi na ha jupụtara na usoro ịta ahịhịa. Nzọụkwụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ahịhịa na usoro ịta ahịhịhịa ọ bụla bụ njirimara. Ozugbo a chọpụtara ụdị ndị a na-achọghị n'ime usoro ịta ahịhịa, enwere ike itinye usoro nchịkwa jikọtara ọnụ iji chịkwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịhịhịa. Enweghị otu ụzọ maka njikwa ahịhịa ga-eme ka ahịhịhịa ghara ịta ahịhụ; ya mere, enwere ike ijikọta usoro nchịkwa ọdịbendị, igwe, na kemịkal dị iche iche na atụmatụ njikwa ahụhịa. Nchịkwa ọdịbendị gụnyere: izere ịgbasa nsị na-emetọ mkpụrụ ahịhịa, ịsacha ngwá ọrụ mgbe ị rụchara ọrụ n'ebe ahịhịhịa jupụtara, na ijikwa nsogbu ahịhịrị na [[Mgbidi ugbo|fencerows]] na ebe ndị ọzọ dị nso n'ebe ịta nri. A pụkwara iji njikwa igwe mee ihe dị ka ịkpụchasị ugboro ugboro, ịkpụchasị, na ịkpụcha aka iji jikwaa ọrịa ahịhịa site n'ime ka osisi ahụ ghara ịdị ike. A ga-etinye usoro ndị a n'ọrụ mgbe a na-emechi okooko osisi ahịhịa ma ọ bụ na-amalite imeghe iji gbochie mmepụta mkpụrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụzọ abụọ mbụ a na-ebelata mkpa maka ọgwụ herbicides, nsogbu ahịhịa ka nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe usoro ịta ahịhịhịa na iji ọgwụ herbicide nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Ojiji nke herbicides nwere ike igbochi ojiji nke ahịhịa maka oge ụfọdụ, dabere na ụdị na ọnụọgụ nke kemịkal eji eme ihe. Ugboro ugboro, ahịhịa na usoro ịta ahịhịhịa dị iche iche, ya mere enwere ike iji ọgwụgwọ ahịhịrị mee ihe dị ka usoro dị ọnụ ala nke ịchịkwa kemịkal. <ref name="PastProfit" /> == Ọnụnọ nke ihe oriri na ala na-eme nri == Ọ bụrụ na a na-akụ ihe karịrị 40% legumes n'ime usoro ịta ahịhịa, nitrogen fatịlaịza azụmahịa adịghị mkpa maka uto osisi zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berntsen|first=J.|title=Nitrogen cycling in organic farming systems with rotational grass-clover and arable crops|journal=Soil Use and Management|date=June 2006|volume=22|issue=2|pages=197–208|doi=10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.00016.x}}</ref> Legumes nwere ike idozi nitrogen ikuku, si otú a na-enye nitrogen maka onwe ha na osisi ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-azụ anụ na-ewepụ ihe na-edozi ahụ site na usoro ịta ahịhịa mgbe ha na-eri nri na isi nri, a na-eweghachi ihe na-etozi ahụ ìgwè atụrụ ahụ riri na usoro ịkpa anụ site na nsị. N'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke anụmanụ kwa [[Hectare|hekta]], a ga-ekesa nsị n'otu n'otu gafee usoro ịta ahịhịa. Ihe na-edozi ahụ dị n'ime ebe nsị ndị a kwesịrị ezu iji gboo ihe ndị a chọrọ, na-eme ka fatịlaịza azụmahịa ghara ịdị mkpa. A na-ejikọkarị usoro ịta ahịhịa na mmụba nke Ala na-eme nri nke na-ebilite n'ihi na nsị bụ isi iyi bara ọgaranya nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke na-eme ka ahụike nke ala dịkwuo elu. Na mgbakwunye, usoro ịta ahịhịa ndị a anaghị enwe ike ịba n'ihi na ala ahụ nwere ala na-aga n'ihu n'afọ niile. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke fatịlaịza na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri bụ nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara usoro ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, usoro ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke na-apụ n'ugbo nke nwere ike ịkpata [[Environmental degradation|Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]]. A na-etinye usoro ndị a na isi mmalite nke ugbo, ọ naghịkwa enwe ike ịpụ mmiri ma e jiri ya tụnyere fatịlaịza azụmahịa. Tụkwasị na nke a, usoro ahụ anaghị enwe ike imeju ihe oriri gabigara ókè, yabụ a na-eji ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe oriri ndị a na-etinye n'ime usoro ahụ site na nsị eme ihe maka uto osisi.<ref name="Blanchet, K. 2003">Blanchet, K., Moechnig, H., and DeJong-Hughes, J. 2003. [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/components/DI7606.pdf Grazing systems planning guide] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618055354/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/components/DI7606.pdf |date=2013-06-18 }}. USDA-NRCS and University of Minnesota Extension and University of Minnesota Water Resource Center</ref> Usoro ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide nwekwara usoro mgbọrọgwụ nri miri emi, nke a kwadoro nke ọma nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'inweta ihe oriri site na profaịlụ ala. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == [[Usòrò:Concentrated_Animal_Feeding_Operations_diagram.svg|thumb|Ọrụ mgbochi na-esikwu ike, na-emepụta ihe dị elu maka ala ahụ mana na-achọ ntinye dị elu site na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na ọrụ na ígwè ọrụ ndị ọzọ, yabụ ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-emekarị ka ehi ọ bụla nweta ego dị ukwuu.]] Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ara ehi na-adịkarị ala na usoro ntụgharị, ego a na-enweta n'ugbo maka ehi ọ bụla na-adịkarịghị ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ mgbochi. Nke a bụ n'ihi ụgwọ ndị ọzọ metụtara ahụike ìgwè atụrụ na nri ndị a zụrụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu na usoro ịta nri na-agagharị agagharị. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ejikọta mgbanwe gaa na ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọnụahịa mmalite na mmezi dị ala. Ihe ọzọ a na-atụle bụ na ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta ehi ọ bụla dị obere, ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi ọ bụla n'ime acre n'ebe ịta nri nwere ike ịbawanye. Mmetụta ngụkọta bụ mmepụta ihe karịa kwa acre na ọnụ ala. Ihe ndị bụ isi na-efu na mgbanwe ntụgharị ịta ahịhịa bụ ịzụta mgbidi, fencers, na ihe ndị na-enye mmiri.<ref>2005. Electric fencing for serious grazers. USDA-NRCS.</ref><ref>Watering systems for grazing livestock. Great Lakes Basin Grazing Network and Michigan State University Extension.</ref> Ọ bụrụ na a nọgidere na-ata ahịhịa n'oge gara aga, o yikarịrị ka etinyelarị ego na mgbidi na usoro onye na-agba égbè. A pụkwara ịchọpụta ego [[Ikpa anumanu|ndị na-azụ anụ]] na-efu mgbe mmadụ na-atụle na ọtụtụ n'ime ego ndị metụtara ọrụ anụ ụlọ na-agafe ndị na-ata anụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-azụ anụ na-ewepụta ihe oriri nke ha maka akụkụ nke afọ ebe ịta nri ga-ekwe omume. Nke a na-apụta na ọnụ ala maka mmepụta nri na owuwe ihe ubi, nke bụ mgbalị siri ike. Usoro ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-adabere na ndị na-ata ahịhịhịa iji mepụta ihe na-eme ka ahịhụ site na nsị ha. Enweghịkwa mkpa maka nchịkọta, nchekwa, njem, na itinye nsị, nke niile na-ejikwa mmanụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, iji fatịlaịza n'èzí na-enye aka na ọnụahịa ndị ọzọ dị ka ọrụ, ọnụahịa ịzụta. Ịzụ anụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-eme ka a chekwaa oge n'ihi na ọtụtụ ọrụ nke nwere ike ịchọ ọrụ mmadụ na-agafe n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. == Nkatọ == Ndị njikwa achọpụtala na usoro ịta ahịhịa na-agbagharị agbagharị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ maka ebumnuche nchịkwa dị iche iche, mana nnwale sayensị egosila na ụfọdụ usoro ịta nri na-agba gburugburu anaghị arụ ọrụ mgbe niile maka ebumnucha gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Briske|first=D.D.|title=Origin, Persistence, and Resolution of the Rotational Grazing Debate: Integrating Human Dimensions Into Rangeland Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rangeland-ecology-and-management_2011-07_64_4/page/325|journal=Rangeland Ecology & Management|date=July 2011|volume=64|issue=4|pages=325–334|doi=10.2111/REM-D-10-00084.1}}</ref> Arụmụka a sitere na nnukwu ọdịiche abụọ dị na ntụgharị ịta ahịhịa, njikwa iwu na njikwa mgbanwe. Ọrụ nke usoro ịta ahịhịa na-egbochi n'otu aka ahụ site na ọtụtụ mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha dabere na ịdị irè nke ụdị njikwa ndị ahụ. Dabere na ihe nlereanya njikwa, e gosipụtara mmepụta osisi ka ọ hara nhata ma ọ bụ karịa na-aga n'ihu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịta ahịhịa na 87% nke nnwale.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Briske|first=D.D.|title=Rotational Grazing on Rangelands: Reconciliation of Perception and Experimental Evidence|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_rangeland-ecology-and-management_2008-01_61_1/page/3|journal=Rangeland Ecology & Management|date=January 2008|volume=61|issue=1|pages=3–17|doi=10.2111/06-159R.1}}</ref> == Ihe mkpali == === United States === Na United States, a na-achọta ihe mkpali maka ọrụ ịta ahịhịa na-achịkwa n'ime Iwu Ugbo, ngwugwu omnibus nke iwu gọọmentị etiti gafere ihe dịka otu ugboro n'ime afọ ise ọ bụla. N'ime ngwugwu a, mmemme nchekwa dị ka Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP) na Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP) na-elekwasị anya n'inye nkwado ego na teknụzụ maka ala na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka ranches.<ref name=":0"/> A na-etinye ịta ahịhịa na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka usoro nchekwa ruru eru maka ego n'okpuru EQIP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Harris|first=Jenileigh|date=January 20, 2023|title=MANAGED ROTATIONAL GRAZING POLICIES: An Overview of Farm Bill Programs to Support Regenerative Agriculture|url=https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2023-01/Managed-Rotational-Grazing.pdf|accessdate=February 1, 2023|work=Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School|archivedate=January 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126204257/https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2023-01/Managed-Rotational-Grazing.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2023">Harris, Jenileigh (January 20, 2023). [https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2023-01/Managed-Rotational-Grazing.pdf "MANAGED ROTATIONAL GRAZING POLICIES: An Overview of Farm Bill Programs to Support Regenerative Agriculture"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230126204257/https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2023-01/Managed-Rotational-Grazing.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-arịọ arịrịọ ga-enwerịrị atụmatụ ịta ahịhịa a kwadoro, nke ndị na-eme atụmatụ ịta nri a kwadoro ma kwado.<ref>A.R. Rissman, A. Fochesatto, E.B. Lowe, Y. Lu, R. Hirsch, and R. Jackson, Grassland and Managed Grazing Policy Review (manuscript in revision for publication 2023). </ref> Omume ịta ahịhịa kachasị n'okpuru mmemme a bụ nhazi nchịkwa ịta ahụ na njirimara nke ihe ndị dị mkpa, ịta ahọhịa a tụrụ aro nke gụnyere ntụgharị anụmanụ na ezumike ịta ahịa, na ọgwụgwọ igwe iji melite ọnọdụ ala na osisi.<ref>Grazing Management, USDA, https://www.nrcs . usda.gov/getting-assistance/other-topics/ organic/nrcs-assistance-for-organic-farmers/ livestock-and-pasture-management (last visited Nov. 14, 2022).</ref><ref>USDA, 528-CPS-1, Conservation Practice Standard: Prescribed Grazing Code 528 (2017).</ref><ref>Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment, USDA, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guidesand-instructions/grazing-land-mechanicaltreatment-ac-548-conservation-practice (last visited Nov. 16, 2022).</ref> N'ụzọ dị iche, CSP bu n'uche inye "ugbo dum" enyemaka ego na teknụzụ nye ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikọta ọrụ nchekwa dị mkpa na ntinye aka dị ukwuu.<ref name=":0"/> Mgbasawanye ịta ahịhịa ruru eru maka ego CSP gụnyere:<ref>CSP Enhancements And Bundles, USDA, https:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/csp-enhancements-andbundles-0#Abundles (last visited Nov. 16, 2022).</ref> * Nchịkwa Nchịkọta Nchịkọta * Ịtinye mgbidi eletrik na waya iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe maka njikwa ịta ahịhịa * Nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa nke na-eme ka mmiri dị mma ma ọ bụ na-echekwa mmiri, ebe obibi pollinator, ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa * Ịta ahịhịa nke na-echebe ebe ndị dị nro site na mbuze nke ndagwurugwu yana mmiri dị n'elu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru ala site na ihe oriri * A haziri atụmatụ ịgba ọkụ maka nkesa ịta ahịhịa na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa * Ịta ahịhịa iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ n'oké ọhịa * Nchịkwa ịta ahịhịa ka mma n'ebe ịta ahụhịa maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na ahụike na ọrụ nlekota * Idebe nri dị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ahụike anụmanụ na mmepụta ihe Ihe omume ndị ọzọ nke Farm Bill nke nwere ike imetụta ihe na-akpali ịta nri: <ref name=":0"/> * Usoro Nchekwa Nchekwa (CRP) * Usoro Nchebe Ọrụ Ugbo (ACEP) * Nchịkọta Ala Ịta ahịhịa (GLCI) == Hụkwa == * Mgbidi eletrik * [[Ebe a na-anọghị n'efu]] * Ọrụ ugbo * Anụ ọkụkọ a na-azụ n'ebe a na-ata ahịhịa * Nchịkwa Rangeland * Nchekwa ala * Ịgafe Ụmụ Mmadụ * Ịrụ ụlọ == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1crin91380v34w4sd9avurzi5a1f4d6 0 50766 742768 183184 2026-11-03T09:34:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742768 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụlọ ndò bụ ihe owuwu horticultural nke na-enye ngwakọta nke ndò na ìhè iji nye ọnọdụ kwesịrị ekwesị maka osisi na-ahụ ndò, ma ọ bụ iji belata okpomọkụ n'okpuru mkpuchi. Ọ ga-enwe etiti nke na-akwado akwa akwa ma ọ bụ lath osisi. Enwere ike iji ụlọ ndo na-azụ ahịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi vine vanilla chọrọ ndò 50% na, na mpaghara ndị a na-egbutu ọhịa nke Mexico, a na-enye nke a site na ụlọ ndò nke 1,000 - 10,000 square mita. Ndị a nwere ogwe nkwado dịka osisi ma ọ bụ osisi dị ndụ n'ezie. Site na ndị a, a na-akwụsịtụ mgbidi akwa ndò dị mita 3-5 n'ịdị elu ma ndị a bụ oji ma ọ bụ ọbara ọbara iji belata ìhè ahụ site na ọkara. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist|refs=}} jq36pyrk9chg8cmu2nefwrp0w2z0foh 0 50767 742533 725487 2026-11-03T08:12:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Farm Security Administration nke ezinụlọ na-egbutu ahịhịa site na ogho na nso White Plains, na Georgia, US (1941) ]]   Sharecropping bụ usoro iwu kwadoro nke onye nwe ala na-ekwe ka onye nwe ụlọ (sharecropper) jiri ala ahụ nweta òkè nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-emepụta n'ala ahụ. A gaghị ejikọta oke ihe ọkụkụ na ọrụ ugbo nke onye nwe ụlọ, na-enye onye nwe ụlọ ọkwa akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị elu. Sharecropping nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na enwere ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche na ụdị nkwekọrịta ejirila ụdị usoro ahụ. Ụfọdụ na-achị site n'ọdịnala, ndị ọzọ bụ iwu. Metayage French, Catalan masoveria, Castilian mediero, Slavic połownictwo na izdolshchina, Italian mezzadria, na usoro Islam nke muzara'a (المزارعة), bụ ihe atụ nke usoro iwu kwadoro ịkekọrịta ihe. == Nchịkọta == N'okpuru usoro nkekọrịta ihe, ndị nwe ala na-enye òkè nke ala nke onye na-eketa ihe ga-arụ ọrụ, ma na-enyekarị ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa dị ka ụlọ, ngwá ọrụ, mkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ.[1] Ndị ahịa mpaghara na-enyekarị onye na-eketa nri na ihe ndị ọzọ na kredit. N'ịgbanwe ala na akụrụngwa, onye na-akụ mkpụrụ ga-akwụ onye nwe ya òkè nke ihe ubi na njedebe nke oge, dịka ọkara ma ọ bụ ụzọ atọ. Onye na-akụ mkpụrụ ji òkè ya kwụọ onye ahịa ahụ ụgwọ ha ji.[2] Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ego fọdụrụnụ, onye na-akụ mkpụrụ na-edebe ya—ma ọ bụrụ na òkè ha eruteghị ihe ha ji, ha nọgidere n’ụgwọ. Usoro kredit ọhụrụ, ụgwọ ihe ubi, nwere njikọ chiri anya na ịkekọrịta ihe. N'okpuru usoro a, onye na-akụ ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-ere ahịa gbatịpụrụ ahịrị kredit nye onye na-eketa ihe mgbe ọ na-ewere ihe ubi nke afọ dị ka ihe nkwekọrịta. Onye na-eketa ihe nwere ike ise ihe oriri na ihe oriri n'afọ niile. Mgbe e gbutere ihe ubi, onye na-akụ ihe ma ọ bụ ndị na-ere ahịa na-ere ihe were were were kwụọ onye na-eke òkè ihe ubi ma kwụọ ụgwọ ya. Ọkachamara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Jeffery M. Paige mere ka ọ dị iche n'etiti ịkekọrịta ihe n'etiti etiti a na-ahụ n'ugbo owu na ikesa ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ enweghị isi. Ihe e ji mara nke mbụ bụ ogologo oge na-adịte aka. A na-ejikọta ndị nwe ụlọ na onye nwe ụlọ site na ụlọ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ. Ụdị oge a na-achọ ka ụgwọ ọnwa akwụ ụgwọ dochie ya ka ahịa na-abanye. Ịkekọrịta ihe na-enweghị isi na-agụnye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ọ bụla maka onye nwe ụlọ: ala na-agbasasị agbasa, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ejikwa ọrụ nke aka ha ma ndị nwe ala anaghị arụpụta ihe ọkụkụ. Ụdị oge a na-emekarị mgbe ahịa na-abanye.<ref>Jeffery Paige, ''Agrarian Revolution'', page 373</ref> A na-akpọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị na-akọ ala nke ndị ọzọ mana nwere inyinya mule na ịkọ ubi nke ha bụ ndị a na-akpọ ndị ọrụ ubi; ha ji onye nwe ala ụgwọ dị nta nke ihe ubi ha, n'ihi na onye nwe ala na-enyeghị ha ihe dị ukwuu n'ụzọ ihe oriri. == Ntinye site na mpaghara == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ikere òkè mere nke ukwuu na Scotland, Ireland na Africa colonial. A chọpụtakwara na iji usoro ihe nkesa ihe na England (dị ka omume nke "ọrụ ugbo ruo ọkara").[4] A na-eji ya eme ihe na ndịda United States n'oge oge nrụgharị (1865-1877) nke sochiri agha obodo America, bụ nke na-emebi akụ na ụba na steeti ndịda.[5]. A ka na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ogbenye ime obodo nke ụwa taa, ọkachasị na Pakistan, India, na Bangladesh. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sanval|first=Nasim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbOPCwAAQBAJ&dq=sharecropping+pakistan&pg=PA4|title=Optimal groundwater management in Pakistan's Indus Water Basin|date=2016-01-15|publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chaudhuri|first=Ananish|date=2000-01-01|title=Sharecropping contracts in rural India: A note|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330080000071|journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–107|doi=10.1080/00472330080000071|issn=0047-2336}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Byres|first=T. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulGQAgAAQBAJ&dq=sharecropping+bangladesh&pg=PA67|title=Sharecropping and Sharecroppers|date=2005-08-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-78003-6|language=en}}</ref> === Afrịka === N'ebe ndị bi n'Africa na-achị, ịkekọrịta ihe bụ akụkụ nke ndụ ọrụ ugbo. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-acha ọcha, bụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ ala ahụ, anaghị enwekarị ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbo ha niile n'ihi enweghị ego. Ya mere, ha nwere ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrịka ka ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na usoro ịgha mkpụrụ. Na South Africa, Iwu Ala nke 1913 machibidoro ndị Afrịka nwe ala n'ebe ndị a họpụtara maka ndị ọcha ma belata ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ekere òkè na ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ubi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/native-land-act-passed|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095049/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/chronology/thisday/1913-06-19.htm|title=The Native Land Act is passed &#124; South African History Online|archivedate=14 October 2010|work=Sahistory.org.za|accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1960, enyemaka dị ukwuu nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha pụtara na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugpo nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ugbo ha niile, na ịkekọrịta ọrụ. Ndokwa ahụ apụtala ọzọ na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka n'oge a, gụnyere [[Ghana]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. <ref name="nyambara"/> Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na ụba bụ Pius S. Nyambara kwuru na ngwaọrụ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme Ebe Eurocentric dị ka "feudalism" ma ọ bụ "ohu" nke a na-ejikarị prefixes dị ike dịka "semi-" ma ọ bụ" "quasi-" eme ihe anaghị enyere aka n'ịghọta mmalite na ọrụ nke sharecropping na Africa.<ref name="nyambara">{{Cite web|title=Rural Landlords, Rural Tenants, and the Sharecropping Complex in Gokwe, Northwestern Zimbabwe, 1980s–2002|url=http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf|author=Pius S. Nyambara|year=2003|accessdate=2006-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326145652/http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf|archivedate=2006-03-26}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPius_S._Nyambara2003">Pius S. Nyambara (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060326145652/http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf "Rural Landlords, Rural Tenants, and the Sharecropping Complex in Gokwe, Northwestern Zimbabwe, 1980s–2002"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/zimbabwe/sym1b.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-18</span></span>.</cite>, Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe and Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, March 2003 (200Kb PDF)</ref> === United States === [[Usòrò:Arkansas_tenant_farmers_evicted_January_1936.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ụzọ mgbe a chụpụrụ ha maka ịbụ ndị otu Southern Tenant Farmers Union (Jenụwarị 1936) ]]   Tupu Agha Obodo, a maara na sharecropping dị na [[Mississippi]] ma kwenyere na ọ dị na [[Tennessee]]. <ref name="TennesseeEncyclopedia.net">Robert Tracy McKenzie, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1193 Sharecropping]", ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture''.</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọgba aghara akụ na ụba nke [[Agha Obodo America]] kpatara na njedebe nke ịgba ohu n'oge na mgbe Reconstruction gasịrị ka ọ gbasara na South.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Sharon Monteith|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of the American South|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPMAXuWaArgC&pg=PA94|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge U.P.|isbn=9781107036789}}</ref><ref name=":3">Joseph D. Reid, "Sharecropping as an understandable market response: The postbellum South." ''Journal of Economic History'' (1973) 33#1 pp. 106–130. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117145 in JSTOR]</ref> A na-eche na nkesa na United States malitere na Natchez District, nke dị na Adams County, Mississippi na oche ya, Natchez.<ref>Ronald L. F. Davis "The U. S. Army and the Origins of Sharecropping in the Natchez District—A Case Study" ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 62, No.1 (January, 1977), pp. 60–80 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717191 in JSTOR]</ref> Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị etiti weghaara ubi na ala ndị ọzọ dị na South. Na Jenụwarị 1865, General William T. Sherman wepụtara Special Field Orders No. 15, nke mara ọkwa na ọ ga-enye ezinụlọ ndị a tọhapụrụ ọhụrụ 40 acres nke ala a weghaara n'àgwàetiti na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]]. Ọtụtụ kwenyere na a ga-agbatị iwu a na ndị niile bụbu ndị ohu na ezinụlọ ha dị ka ụgwọ maka mmeso ha na njedebe nke agha. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1865, Onye isi ala Andrew Johnson, dị ka otu n'ime omume mbụ nke Reconstruction, kama nyere iwu ka e weghachite ala niile dị n'okpuru nchịkwa gọọmentị etiti nye ndị nwe ya bụ ndị e weghaara ya. [[Usòrò:Audie_Murphy_American_Cotton_Museum_July_2015_05_(early_20th_century_Texas_sharecropper's_home_diorama).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise ụlọ nke onye na-ere ahịa na [[Texas]] na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 na Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum, na Greenville, Texas 2015]] Ndị nwe ala ndịda ahụ si otú a hụ onwe ha nwere nnukwu ala mana enweghị akụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọrụ. Ha nọgidekwara na-enwe "nkwenye na òtù ndị omempụ na-enye ụzọ kachasị mma nke nhazi ọrụ", ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile bụbu ndị ohu guzogidere. N'ịhọrọ "ịhazi onwe ha n'ime ìgwè ndị ikwu", yana "ibelata ohere maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ojii site n'iwepụ ndị ikwu nwanyị ha n'ebe ọrụ ndị ọcha na-elekọta nke ọma", ndị ojii ndịda "kpebisiri ike iguzogide ụzọ ohu ochie".<ref>Jones, Jaqueline. ''[[iarchive:laboroflovelabor0000jone|Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present]]''. Basic Books, 1985.</ref> Ọ bụghị n'ọnọdụ, ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị ohu, ndị a na-akpọ ugbu a ndị nweere onwe ha, enweghị ala ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ nke ha, chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ iji kwado ezinụlọ ha. Usoro nkwekọrịta nke dabeere na ogho, nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ ego, mepụtara n'ihi ya. E kewara nnukwu ubi n'ime ala ndị ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ. Na mbido, ndị na-ekere òkè na South America bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile bụ ndị ohu ojii, mana n'ikpeazụ, a na-etinye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha na-enweghị ego n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":1">Ronald L. F. Davis "The U. S. Army and the Origins of Sharecropping in the Natchez District—A Case Study" ''The Journal of Negro History'', Vol. 62, No.1 (January 1977), pp. 60–80 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717191 in JSTOR]</ref><ref name="Eva O 2007">Eva O'Donovan, ''Becoming Free in the Cotton South'' (2007); Gavin Wright, ''Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War'' (1986); Roger L. Ransom and David Beckham, ''One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation'' (2nd ed. 2008)</ref> N'oge Reconstruction, Federal Freedmen's Bureau nyere iwu ndokwa maka ndị a tọhapụrụ ma dee ma mee ka nkwekọrịta ha dị irè.<ref name=":2"/> Ndị America na-arụ ọrụ n'otu akụkụ nke ubi ahụ n'onwe ha, na-akụkarị ogho, ụtaba, [[Oskàpà|osikapa]], [[Ńnú odẹne|shuga]], na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ, ma nata ọkara nke mmepụta nke ngwugwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Woodman, Harold D.|title=New South – New Law: The legal foundations of credit and labor relations in the Postbellum agricultural South|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-8071-1941-5|url=https://archive.org/details/newsouthnewlawle0000wood}}</ref> Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na-enwetakarị ngwá ọrụ ugbo ha na ngwongwo ndị ọzọ niile site n'aka onye nwe ala ha nwere nkwekọrịta.<ref name=":0">Mandle, Jay R. Not Slave, Not Free: The African American Economic Experience Since the Civil War. Duke University Press, 1992, 22.</ref> Ndị nwe ala na-ekwu mkpebi ndị metụtara ngwakọta ihe ọkụkụ, ndị na-ekere òkè na-enwekarị nkwekọrịta iji ree òkè ha nke ihe ọkụkụ nye onye nwe ala, si otú a na-etinye ha n'okpuru ọnụahịa a na-achịkwa.<ref name="Temple University Press"/> Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ndị nwe ala, na-eyi egwu na ha agaghị emezigharị nkwekọrịta ahụ na njedebe nke oge uto, nwere ike itinye nrụgide na ndị bi na ha.<ref name="Temple University Press" /> Sharecropping na-egosipụtakarị nsogbu akụ na ụba, ebe ndị nwe ala nwere ikike akụ na ụba dị ukwuu.<ref>Ransom, Roger L., and Richard Sutch. ''One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation''. 2nd edition. Cambridge England ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 149.</ref> [[Usòrò:Frank_Tengle,_Bud_Fields,_and_Floyd_Burroughs,_cotton_sharecroppers,_Hale_County,_Alabama.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-ekere òkè n'ogwe, Hale County, [[Alabama]], 1936]] N'oge Reconstruction Era, sharecropping bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ ole na ole maka ndị nweere onwe ha na-enweghị ego iji kwado onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha. Ihe ngwọta ndị ọzọ gụnyere [[usoro njikọ ihe ọkụkụ]] (ebe onye ọrụ ugbo na-agbatị ụgwọ maka mkpụrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ site n'aka onye ahịa), usoro ọrụ ịgbazite (ebe onye ugbo na na-akwụ ụgwọ ala ma na-edebe ihe ọkụkụ ha niile), na usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ (onye ọrụ na-enweta ụgwọ a kapịrị ọnụ mana ọ dịghị nke ihe ọkụkụ ya). A na-ewere ọrụ nkesa dị ka nke a na-eme n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na South America ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-arụpụta ihe karịa usoro osisi ndị òtù na-eji ndị ọrụ ohu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị arụpụta ihe karịa teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo nke oge a.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Gregorie, Anne King|title=History of Sumter County, South Carolina, p. 274|publisher=Library Board of Sumter County|year=1954}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGregorie,_Anne_King1954">Gregorie, Anne King (1954). ''History of Sumter County, South Carolina, p. 274''. Library Board of Sumter County.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Larry J. Griffin|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780820317298|title=The South As an American Problem|publisher=U. of Georgia Press|year=1995|isbn=9780820317526}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sharecropper's_cabin,_Lake_Providence,_LA_IMG_7385.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ Sharecropper gosipụtara na [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] State Cotton Museum na Lake Providence, Louisiana (foto nke 2013) ]] Sharecropping nọgidere na-abụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ steeti ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1930, e nwere nde ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha 5.5, ndị na-ekere òkè, na ndị ọrụ ugodi / ndị ọrụ na United States; na nde ndị isi ojii 3.<ref>The Rockabilly Legends; They Called It Rockabilly Long Before they Called It Rock and Roll by Jerry Naylor and Steve Halliday DVD</ref> Na Tennessee, ndị na-ekere òkè na-arụ ọrụ ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo niile dị na steeti ahụ n'afọ ndị 1930, na ndị ọcha mejupụtara ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ anọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke ndị na-ere òkè.<ref name="TennesseeEncyclopedia.net"/> Na Mississippi, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, 36% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha niile bụ ndị bi na ya ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekere òkè, ebe 85% nke ndị ọrụ ubi ojii bụ. Na Georgia, ihe na-erughị ugbo 16,000 bụ ndị nwe ala ojii na 1910, ebe, n'otu oge ahụ, ndị Africa-America na-elekọta ugbo 106,738 dị ka ndị bi na ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/sharecropping|title=Sharecropping|author=Geisen|first=James C.|date=January 26, 2007|work=New Georgia Encyclopedia|accessdate=April 23, 2019}}</ref> N'oge a, ndị na-ekere òkè malitere ịmepụta òtù ọrụ na-eme ngagharị iwe megide mmeso ọjọọ, malite na Tallapoosa County, Alabama na 1931 na Arkansas na 1934. Ndị otu Southern Tenant Farmers Union gụnyere ma ndị isi ojii ma ndị ọcha dara ogbenye, ndị jiri nzukọ, ngagharị iwe, na Ọgbaghara ọrụ mee ihe iji kwalite ọgwụgwọ ka mma. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke omume ndị a tụrụ ndị nwe ụlọ egwu ma were iwe, bụ ndị jiri usoro ime ihe ike zaghachi. A katọrọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ala na-alụ ọgụ megide usoro òkè, na-enye ha nsogbu site na iwu na iwu na-akwadoghị, ma na-awakpo ha site n'aka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị ọrụ ndị nwe ala, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike, ndị iwe ji. Ọgbaghara nke ndị Sharecroppers na Arkansas na Missouri Bootheel, ọgbaghara nke 1939 Missouri Sharecropers, edere na akụkọ Oh Freedom After While.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsreel.org/main.asp|title=California Newsreel - Film and Video for Social Change Since 1968|work=Newsreel.org|accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> A tụlere nsogbu nke onye na-ere ahịa na abụ Sharecropper's Blues, nke Charlie Barnet na ndị egwú ya dere na 1944. Usoro nkwekọrịta na US mụbara n'oge Great Depression site na ịmepụta ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akwụ ụgwọ na-esote ọdịda nke ọtụtụ obere ugbo n'ime Dustbowl. Nchịkọta ọdịnala dara mgbe igwe nke ọrụ ugbo ghọrọ mmalite akụ na ụba na ngwụcha afọ 1930 na mmalite afọ 1940. <ref name="TennesseeEncyclopedia.net"/><ref>Gordon Marshall, "[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-sharecro.html Sharecropping]," ''Encyclopedia.com'', 1998.</ref> N'ihi ya, a manyere ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, wee kwaga n'obodo ukwu iji rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ ghọọ ndị ọrụ na-akwaga na Western United States n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1960, òkè na-apụ n'anya na United States.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Akụrụngwa na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba === Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị na-ekere òkè bụ ndị ọcha, ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ojii. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ime ndị ogbenye, haziri maka ọnọdụ ka mma. Ndị Southern Tenant Farmers Union jikọtara agbụrụ mere ka ndị na-ekere òkè nweta uru n'afọ ndị 1930. Sharecropping belatara na 1940s n'ihi Great Depression, ugbo machineration, na ihe ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharecropping|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/|work=[[Slavery by Another Name#Film adaptation|Slavery by Another Name]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=7 December 2021}}</ref> == Mmetụta == [[Usòrò:Sharecropper's_commissary_in_Lake_Providence,_LA_IMG_7383.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ ahịa ma ọ bụ ụlọ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị na-ekere òkè na Lake Providence, Louisiana, dị ka ọ pụtara na narị afọ nke 19]] Sharecropping nwere ike imerụ ndị bi na ya ahụ, na ọtụtụ ikpe nke ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa dị elu, owuwe ihe ubi a na-apụghị ịkọwapụta, na ndị nwe ala na ndị ahịa na-enweghị ụkpụrụ na-emekarị ka ezinụlọ ndị bi na ugbo nwee nnukwu ụgwọ. Ụgwọ ahụ na-agbakwunye kwa afọ na-ahapụ onye ọrụ ugbo n'ihe ize ndụ maka egwu na mmebi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharecropping {{!}} Slavery By Another Name Bento {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/|work=Sharecropping {{!}} Slavery By Another Name Bento {{!}} PBS}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, o yiri ka ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere, na-enweghị ihe ọzọ dị njọ ọ gwụla ma ndị ọrụ ugbo hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rufus B. Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6wfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130|title=At Ease in Zion: Social History of Southern Baptists, 1865-1900|publisher=University of Alabama Press|year=1967|isbn=9780817350383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Johnny E. Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_F2iBzFKjMC&pg=PA73|title=African American Religion and the Civil Rights Movement in Arkansas|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|year=2008|isbn=9781604731866}}</ref> Ndị nwe ala na-ahọrọ ịkekọrịta iji zere ụgwọ nchịkwa na izere nke na-eme na ubi na haciendas. A na-ahọrọ ya karịa ịgbazite ego n'ihi na ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ na-ewere ihe ize ndụ niile, na ọdịda ọ bụla nke owuwe ihe ubi ga-emerụ ha ahụ ọ bụghị onye nwe ụlọ ahụ. Ya mere, ha na-achọkarị ụgwọ dị ala karịa ndị na-ekere òkè.<ref name="tjbyres">Sharecropping and Sharecroppers, T J Byres</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ekwuola na ịkekọrịta ihe abụghị iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi dị ka a na-ahụkarị ya. John Heath na Hans P. Binswanger dere na "ihe akaebe sitere gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ịkekọrịta ihe na-abụkarị ụzọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere onyinye dị iche iche iji jikọta ihe onwunwe maka uru ibe ha, imeri ihe mgbochi ụgwọ ma nyere aka ijikwa ihe ize ndụ".<ref> {{Cite book|author=Heath|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/agricultureenvir0000unse/page/32|title=Agriculture and the Environment: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural Development|date=October 1998|publisher=[[The World Bank]]|isbn=0-8213-4249-5|editor=Lutz|location=[[Washington, DC]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/agricultureenvir0000unse/page/32 32]|chapter=Chapter 3: Policy-Induced Effects of Natural Resource Degradation: The Case of Colombia|accessdate=2011-04-01|chapterurl=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/07/24/000094946_99030406232959/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf#page=32}} </ref> # Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịgbazite ala site n'aka onye nwe ya maka ego ụfọdụ ma debe ihe ọkụkụ niile. # Ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ala ma na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ site n'aka onye nwe ala mana ha na-edebe ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ. # Ọ dịghị ego na-agbanwe aka mana onye ọrụ na onye nwe ala na-ejide òkè nke ihe ọkụkụ. Dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Edward Royce si kwuo, "ndị na-agbaso usoro Neoclassical" kwuru na ịkekọrịta ihe na-akpali ndị ọrụ site n'inye ha mmasị na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ. Ubi osisi ndị America na-akpachara anya maka ọdịmma a, n'ihi na ha chere na nke ahụ ga-eduga na ndị Africa America na-achọ ikike nke mmekọrịta. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ojii gọnahụrụ ikike otu onye nke ndị nwe ala nwere olileanya inweta, na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị nwe ala na ndị na-ekere òkè sie ike.<ref name="Temple University Press">{{Cite book|author=Royce|first=Edward|title=The Origins of Southern Sharecropping|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofsouther0000royc|date=1993|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=9781566390699|editor=Royce|pages=[https://archive.org/details/originsofsouther0000royc/page/181 181]–222|chapter=The Rise of Southern Sharecropping}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRoyce1993">Royce, Edward (1993). "The Rise of Southern Sharecropping". In Royce, Edward (ed.). ''The Origins of Southern Sharecropping''. Temple University Press. pp.&nbsp;181–222. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781566390699|<bdi>9781566390699</bdi>]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bt3nz.9 j.ctt14bt3nz.9].</cite></ref> Sharecropping nwere ike ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịnweta [[ala a na-akọ ugbo]], ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị dị ka ndị nwe ya, n'ebe a na-enye naanị ụmụ nwoke ikike nwe ya. == Echiche akụ na ụba nke òkè == [[Usòrò:Mrs._Handley_and_some_of_her_children,_Walker_County,_Alabama,_8b35778.jpg|thumb|Ezinụlọ na-ekere òkè na Walker County, Alabama (ihe dị ka 1937) ]] Echiche nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta bụ nke Alfred Marshall na-ewu ewu n'okpuru akwụkwọ nke isii, Isi nke X.14 nke Ụkpụrụ ebe o gosipụtara adịghị arụ ọrụ nke nkwekọ ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Alfred Marshall|title=Principles of Economics|url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP.html|year=1920|edition=8th|publisher=London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd}}</ref> Steven N.S. Cheung (1969), mara echiche a aka, na-egosi na na asọmpi zuru oke na enweghị ụgwọ azụmahịa, nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ga-aha ka ahịa ọrụ asọmpi ma ya mere rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/466658|title=Transaction Costs, Risk Aversion, and the Choice of Contractual Arrangements|journal=Journal of Law & Economics|year=1969|first=Steven N S|author=Cheung|volume=12|issue=1|pages=23–42|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jlecono12&div=6&id=&page=|accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref><ref>Formalized in {{Cite journal|title=Sharecropping, Production Externalities and the Theory of Contracts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-agricultural-economics_1979-11_61_4/page/640|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|year=1979|first=James|author=Roumasset|volume=61|issue=4|pages=640–647|doi=10.2307/1239911}}</ref> O gosikwara na n'ihu ụgwọ azụmahịa, enwere ike ịhọrọ nkwekọrịta òkè karịa nkwekọrịta ụgwọ ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ịgbazite - n'ihi mbelata nke ọrụ na inye nkwekọrịta ịkekọrịta ihe ize ndụ. Joseph Stiglitz (1974,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Incentives and Risk Sharing in Sharecropping|journal=The Review of Economic Studies|year=1974|first=Joseph|author=Stiglitz|authorlink=Joseph Stiglitz|volume=41|issue=2|pages=219–255 j|doi=10.2307/2296714|url=http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d03/d0353.pdf|accessdate=2019-07-06}}</ref> 1988),<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Principal And Agent|journal=Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School – Discussion Paper|year=1988|first=Joseph|author=Stiglitz|authorlink=Joseph Stiglitz|issue=12|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/fth/priwdp/12.html|accessdate=2009-06-14}}</ref> tụrụ aro na ọ bụrụ na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta bụ naanị nkwekọrịta ọrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ naanị nkwenye abụọ na mgbanwe ala ga-eme ka arụmọrụ ọha na eze dị mma site n'iwepụ mkpa maka nkwekọrịta ndị ọrụ na mbụ. Reid (1973), Murrel (1983), Roumasset (1995) na Allen na Lueck (2004) nyere echiche ọnụahịa azụmahịa nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, ebe ịgbazite bụ mmekọrịta karịa nkwekọrịta ọrụ na ma onye nwe ụlọ na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na-enye ọtụtụ ntinye.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0022050700076476|title=Sharecropping As An Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-history_1973-03_33_1/page/106|journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]]|date=March 1973|first=Joseph D. Jr.|author=Reid|authorlink=Joseph D. Reid|volume=33|issue=1|pages=106–130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Economics of Sharing: A Transactions Cost Analysis of Contractual Choice in Farming|journal=[[The Bell Journal of Economics]]|date=Spring 1983|first=Peter|author=Murrell|volume=14|issue=1|pages=283–293|doi=10.2307/3003555}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The nature of the agricultural firm|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-behavior-organization_1995-03_26_2/page/161|journal=[[Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization]]|date=March 1995|first=James|author=Roumasset|volume=26|issue=2|pages=161–177|doi=10.1016/0167-2681(94)00007-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Douglas W.|title=The Nature of the Farm: Contracts, Risk, and Organization in Agriculture|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|year=2004|pages=258|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2-BwHyuU3QC&q=nature+of+the+farm|isbn=9780262511858}}</ref> A rụkwara ụka na enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ọrụ na-ekere òkè site na ihe ndị dị ka enweghị nkwekọrịta ihe ọmụma (Hallagan, 1978; Allen, 1982; Muthoo, 1998), Ihe ize ndụ omume (Reid, 1976; Eswaran na Kotwal, 1985; Ghatak na Pandey, 2000), mgbanwe ọnụahịa (Sen, 2011) ma ọ bụ obere ibu ọrụ (Shetty, 1988; Basu, 2001; Bupta ).<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/3003586|title=Self-selection by contractual choice and the theory of sharecropping|journal=Bell Journal of Economics|year=1978|first=William|author=Hallagan|volume=9|issue=2|pages=344–354}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/3003473|title=On share contracts and screening|journal=Bell Journal of Economics|year=1982|first=Franklin|author=Allen|volume=13|issue=2|pages=541–547}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00050-9|title=Renegotiation-proof tenurial contracts as screening mechanisms|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_1998-06_56_1/page/n6|journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]]|year=1998|first=Abhinay|author=Muthoo|authorlink=Abhinay Muthoo|volume=56|pages=1–26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/450897|title=Sharecropping and agricultural uncertainty|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-development-and-cultural-change_1976-04_24_3/page/549|journal=[[Economic Development and Cultural Change]]|year=1976|first=Joseph D. Jr.|author=Reid|volume=24|issue=3|pages=549–576}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=A theory of contractual structure in agriculture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-economic-review_1985-06_75_3/page/352|journal=American Economic Review|year=1985|first=Mukesh|author=Eswaran|volume=75|issue=3|pages=352–367}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00116-4|title=Contract choice in agriculture with joint moral hazard in effort and risk|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_2000-12_63_2/page/303|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=2000|first=Maitreesh|author=Ghatak|authorlink=Maitreesh Ghatak|volume=63|issue=2|pages=303–326}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00144-9|title=Intertemporal discounting and tenurial contracts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_2001-04_64_2/page/417|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=2001|first=Jaideep|author=Roy|volume=64|issue=2|pages=417–436}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sen|first=Debapriya|year=2011|title=A theory of sharecropping: the role of price behavior and imperfect competition|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14898/1/MPRA_paper_14898.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization]]|volume=80|issue=1|pages=181–199|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2011.03.006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0304-3878(88)90068-5|title=Limited liability, wealth differences, and the tenancy ladder in agrarian economies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_1988-07_29_1/page/n6|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=1988|first=Sudhir|author=Shetty|volume=29|pages=1–22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0304-3878(92)90026-6|title=Limited liability and the existence of share tenancy|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=1992|first=Kaushik|author=Basu|authorlink=Kaushik Basu|volume=38|pages=203–220|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/295593/files/WP61.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00444-0|title=Limited liability, moral hazard and share tenancy|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_1997-04_52_2/page/393|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=1997|first=Kunal|author=Sengupta|volume=52|issue=2|pages=393–407}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00163-8|title=Limited liability, contractual choice and the tenancy ladder|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-development-economics_2001-10_66_1/page/289|journal=Journal of Development Economics|year=2001|first=Tridip|author=Ray|volume=66|pages=289–303}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b6kq8axrrr6xr8cr5ejb8v2n2gswvvp 0 50768 742468 719321 2026-11-03T08:01:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Usdaeinkorn1_Triticum_monococcum.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Spikelets nke Ọka wit Einkorn, ''Triticum monococcum'']] [[Usòrò:Raps2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ịchụpụ n'ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye dehiscence nke mkpụrụ osisi tozuru etozu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ''Brassica napus''.]] N'ọrụ ugbo, ihe na-akụrisị bụ ịgbasa mkpụrụ osisi mgbe ha chara. Site n'echiche ọrụ ugbo, nke a bụ usoro na-adịghị mma, na n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ọkụkụ, ọtụtụ ọganihu dị mkpa emetụtawo ngbanwe n'osisi ihe ọkụkụ nke belatara nbibi - kama a na-agbasasị mkpụrụ osisi ozugbo ha chara, a na-ejigide ihe ọkụkụ nke mutant. mkpụrụ ahụ ruo ogologo oge, nke mere ka owuwe ihe ubi dị irè karị. phenotype na-adịghị emebi emebi bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ịzụlite osisi karịsịa mgbe a na-ewebata àgwà bara uru sitere na ụdị ọhịa dị iche iche nke anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tang|first=H.|date=2013|title=Seed shattering in a wild sorghum is conferred by a locus unrelated to domestication|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2013-09-24_110_39/page/15824|journal=PNAS|volume=110|issue=39|pages=15824–15829|doi=10.1073/pnas.1305213110|pmid=24019506}}</ref> Mgbanwe dị mkpa nke ahọpụtara n'oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ ugbo wepụrụ nsogbu "rachis na-agbaji" na ọka wit.[2] Isi chara acha ("ntị") nke ụdị ọka wit na-adị mfe gbajie n'ime nkeji mgbasa mgbe a na-emetụ ya aka, ma ọ bụ na-efe ya site na ifufe, n'ihi na n'oge chara acha usoro nke abscission n'ígwé ụdị nke na-ekewa rachis n'ime obere akụkụ, nke ọ bụla na-ejikọta ya na otu. spikelet (nke nwere 2-3 grains tinyere igbogbo ọka). Ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro mgbawa na-agụnye dehiscence nke mkpụrụ osisi tozuru etozu, nke na-ahapụ mkpụrụ. A na-ewepụta rapeseed na ụdị sesame na-agbaji agbaji tupu mkpụrụ ahụ etozuo nke ọma, nke mere na pods anaghị ekewa ma wụda mkpụrụ ahụ. Nchịkọta ihe na-emebi ụdị sesame na-agụnye ikpuchi osisi ndị a pịrị apị tupu nhazi.<ref name="Oplinger">{{citation |author=E. S. Oplinger, D. H. Putnam, A. R. Kaminski, C. V. Hanson, E. A. Oelke, E. E. Schulte, and J. D. Doll |chapter=Sesame |title=Alternative Field Crops Manual |publisher= |url=https://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Crops/Sesame.aspx |date= |accessdate=16 June 2024}}</ref> Ihe nchọpụta ndị a na-ebute ụzọ ugbu a iji ghọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mgbawa gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ ndị a: * Barley<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kandemir, N.|year=2000|title=Molecular marker assisted genetic analysis of head shattering in six-rowed barley|url=https://archive.org/details/theoretical-and-applied-genetics_2000-07_101_1-2/page/203|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=101|issue=1|pages=203–210|doi=10.1007/s001220051470}}</ref> * Buckwheat<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://fagopyrum.22web.org/Fagopyrum/Fagopyrum/Each/Fag(23)/Fag(23)-7.pdf|first=Ivan N.|author=Fesenko|year=2006|title=Non-shattering accessions of ''Fagopyrum tataricum'' Gaertn. carry recessive alleles at two loci affecting development of functional abscission layer|journal=Fagopyrum|volume=23|pages=7–10|archive-date=2023-12-22|access-date=2024-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222160716/http://fagopyrum.22web.org/Fagopyrum/Fagopyrum/Each/Fag(23)/Fag(23)-7.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Amaranth grain<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-104.html|author=Brenner|first=D.M.|year=2002|chapter=Non-shattering grain amaranth populations|pages=104–106|editor=Janick|title=Trends in new crops and new uses|publisher=ASHS Press|location=Alexandria, VA.}}</ref> * Oilseed rape (''Brassica napus'')<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Braatz, J.|title=The effect of ''INDEHISCENT'' point mutations on silique shatter resistance in oilseed rape (''Brassica napus'')|date=2018|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|volume=131|issue=19|doi=10.1007/s00122-018-3051-4}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Soil nitrogen dynamics during an oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) growing cycle in a humid Mediterranean climate|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-50347-1|journal=Scientific Reports|date=2019-09-25|issn=2045-2322|pages=13864|volume=9|issue=1|doi=10.1038/s41598-019-50347-1|language=en|author=N. Villar, M. Aranguren, A. Castellón, G. Besga, A. Aizpurua}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} l1btstn8dnsddzr48bm0mcbo5dyv909 0 50793 742501 699052 2026-11-03T08:06:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742501 wikitext text/x-wiki Solarization nke ala bụ usoro na-abụghị kemịkalụ na gburugburu ebe obibi iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ site na iji ike anyanwụ na-eme ka okpomọkụ ala dị elu ruo n'ókè nke a ga-egbu ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ebute ala ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ daa mbà. A na-eji solarization nke ala na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'obere ntakịrị n'ime ubi na ugbo organic. Igwe solarization nke ala na-ebelata ma na-egbu fungi, nje bacteria, nematodes, na ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ na ahịhịa dị n'ime ala site n'ịkwasa ala ma kpuchie ya na tap, na-ejikarị mkpuchi polyethylene na-egbuke egbuke iji jide ike anyanwụ. Ike a na-ebute mgbanwe anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na nke ndu na obodo ala.[2] Mwepụta nke ala na-adabere na oge, okpomọkụ, na mmiri ala.[1] A pụkwara ịkọwa ya dị ka ụzọ e si emetọ ala ma ọ bụ ịmepụta ala na-ekpochapụ site n'iji ìhè anyanwụ..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mgbasawanye nke ala == Solarization nke ala bụ usoro hydrothermal nke disinfecting ala nke ụmụ ahụhụ, nke a rụzuru site na ike anyanwụ (nke a na-akpọ okpomọkụ anyanwụ nke ala na mbipụta mbụ) ma bụrụ usoro ọhụrụ nke disinfestation nke ala, nke mbụ Katan kọwara na nkọwa sayensị zuru ezu na 1976. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katan|first=J.|date=1976|title=Solar Heating by Polyethylene Mulching for the Control of Diseases Caused by Soil-Borne Pathogens|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_phytopathology_1976-05_66_5/page/683|journal=Phytopathology|volume=66|issue=5|pages=683|doi=10.1094/phyto-66-683|issn=0031-949X}}</ref> Ụzọ ọrụ maka sollarization nke ala dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-agụnye iji okpomọkụ dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu maka ụmụ ahụhụ ala site na iji tarps polyethylene na-apụta ìhè.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Mihajlovic|first=Milica|date=2017|title=Methods for management of soilborne plant pathogens|journal=Pesticidi I Fitomedicina|volume=32|issue=1|pages=9–24|doi=10.2298/pif1701009m|issn=1820-3949}}</ref> Iji mee ka ịdị irè nke okpomọkụ anyanwụ dịkwuo mma, ọ chọrọ okpomọkụ kachasị mma n'oge okpomọkụ dị elu na radiation anyanwụ, na ọnọdụ ala mmiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Katan|first=J|date=September 1981|title=Solar Heating (Solarization) of Soil for Control of Soilborne Pests|journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=211–236|doi=10.1146/annurev.py.19.090181.001235|issn=0066-4286}}</ref> Okpomọkụ ala dị ala mgbe ọ na-ebelata n'omimi ala ma ọ dị mkpa ịga n'ihu na usoro mulching iji chịkwaa pathogens. Omume sollarization nke ala chọrọ ka okpomọkụ ala ruo 35-60 degrees Celsius (95 ruo 140 ° F), nke na-egbu pathogens n'elu 30 sentimita nke ala. Solarization anaghị eme ka ala ghara ịdị ọcha kpamkpam. Solarization nke ala na-eme ka ala dịkwuo mma iji kwalite microorganisms bara uru.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Raaijmakers|first=Jos M.|date=2008-02-23|title=The rhizosphere: a playground and battlefield for soilborne pathogens and beneficial microorganisms|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=321|issue=1–2|pages=341–361|doi=10.1007/s11104-008-9568-6|issn=0032-079X}}</ref> Solarization nke ala na-emepụta obodo microbe bara uru site na igbu ihe ruru 90% nke pathogens. <ref name=":2" /> Karịsịa, otu nnyocha kọrọ mgbe ụbọchị asatọ nke anyanwụ gasịrị 100% nke ''[[V. dabliae]]'' (a fungus nke na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ na-emebi ma nwụọ) nwụrụ na omimi nke 25 sentimita.<ref name=":12" /> Solarization nke ala na-akpata mbelata nke microbes bara uru, agbanyeghị nje bacteria bara uru dị ka ụdị Bacillus nwere ike ịdị ndụ ma na-eto eto n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu na ala solarized.<ref name=":2" /> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ akọwakwala mmụba nke ''Trichoderma harzianum'' (mkpochapụ fungicide) mgbe anyanwụ gachara. <ref name=":2" /> Solarization nke ala na-enye ohere maka mmeghachi omume nke ụmụ ahụhụ bara uru na asọmpi site na ịmepụta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stapleton|first=J.J.|date=June 1986|title=Soil solarization: a non-chemical approach for management of plant pathogens and pests|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_crop-protection_1986-06_5_3/page/190|journal=Crop Protection|volume=5|issue=3|pages=190–198|doi=10.1016/0261-2194(86)90101-8|issn=0261-2194}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje ndị bara uru na-abawanye ka oge na-aga ma na-eme ka ala ndị na-acha odo odo na-eguzogide pathogens.<ref name=":2" /> Ihe ịga nke ọma nke anyanwụ abụghị naanị n'ihi mbelata nke pathogens ala, kamakwa maka mmụba nke microbes bara uru dị ka Bacillus, ''Pseudomonas'', na ''[[Talaromyces flavus]]''.<ref name=":02" /> E gosipụtara na anyanwụ na-egbochi nje n'ala ma na-akpata mmụba nke uto osisi. Ala ndị a na-egbochi egbochi na-akwalite Rhizobacteria ma gosipụta na ha na-amụba oke mmiri na sugar beets site na okpukpu 3.5. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Stapleton|first=J.J.|date=January 1985|title=Soil solarization: Effects on soil properties, crop fertilization and plant growth|journal=Soil Biology and Biochemistry|volume=17|issue=3|pages=369–373|doi=10.1016/0038-0717(85)90075-6|issn=0038-0717}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara na uto osisi na-akwalite rhizobacteria na sugar beets a gwọrọ na sollarization mere ka mgbọrọgwụ gbasaa okpukpu 4.7. <ref name=":3" /> Solarization nke ala bụ ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa maka mgbochi pathogen nke ala. == Ihichapụ ala == Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2008 jiri cell anyanwụ mepụta oghere eletrik maka mgbazigharị electrokinetic (EK) nke ala mebiri emebi nke cadmium. Igwe anyanwụ nwere ike ibugharị electromigration nke cadmium n'ime ala emetọtọ, na mwepụta arụmọrụ nke cell enwetara bụ nke a na-enweta site na ikenye ọkụ.<ref name="pmid18656308">{{Cite journal|author=Yuan S|title=Use of solar cell in electrokinetic remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil|journal=J. Hazard. Mater.|volume=162|issue=2–3|pages=1583–7|date=June 2008|pmid=18656308|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.038}}</ref> Na Korea, a tụlere ụzọ mgbazigharị dị iche iche nke slurry ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala nke benzene metọọ na saịtị ọdụ mmanụ emerụrụ emerụ, gụnyere sistemụ ọkụ na-ebugharị nke anyanwụ, yana usoro oxidation dị elu dị iche iche (AOP). Usoro ngbanwe kachasị mma jikọtara usoro ìhè anyanwụ na TiO2 slurry na sistemụ H2O2, na-enweta mbibi benzene 98%, mmụba dị ukwuu na mwepụ nke benzene.<ref name="pmid18161562">{{Cite journal|author=Cho IH|title=The potential and realistic hazards after a solar-driven chemical treatment of benzene using a health risk assessment at a gas station site in Korea|journal=J Environ Sci Health a Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng|volume=43|issue=1|pages=86–97|date=January 2008|pmid=18161562|doi=10.1080/10934520701750090}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   Agbalịrị iji ike anyanwụ maka ịchịkwa ndị na-ebute ọrịa n'ime ala na n'ihe ọkụkụ nke dịlarị na mmepeanya oge ochie nke India[ntụgharị chọrọ]. N'afọ 1939, Groashevoy, onye ji okwu ahụ bụ "ike anyanwụ maka mkpochapụ ájá", na-achịkwa Thielaviopsis basicola mgbe ọ na-ekpocha ájá ahụ site n'ikpughe ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}. Mwepu nke ala bụ ụzọ nke atọ maka ikpochapụ ala; ụzọ abụọ ndị ọzọ isi abịarute, ala steaming na fumigation; e mepụtara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19. Echiche nke anyanwụ dabeere na ihe ndị ọrụ ndọtị na ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na ndagwurugwu Jọdan na-ekpo ọkụ, bụ́ ndị chọpụtara na a na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ nke ala polyethylene mulched. Edere ntinye aka nke usoro nchịkwa ihe ndị dị ndụ na njikwa pathogen na ihe ndị nwere ike ịpụta na mbipụta mbụ, na-achọpụta mmetụta dị ogologo nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ. Na 1977, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị America na Mahadum California dị na Davis kọrọ njikwa Verticilium na ubi owu, dabere na ọmụmụ malitere na 1976, si otú a na-egosi, maka oge mbụ, enwere ike itinye usoro a n'obosara. Ojiji nke polyethylene maka solarization ala dị iche n'ụkpụrụ site na iji ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala ya. Site na iji anyanwụ, a na-agbakọta ala n'oge ọnwa kacha mma (kama oyi, dịka ọ dị na plastik omenala nke a na-eme iji chebe ihe ọkụkụ) iji mee ka okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu na mgbalị iji nweta ọkwa okpomọkụ na-egbu egbu. N'ime afọ 10 mbụ na-esochi mbipụta 1976 nwere mmetụta, a na-enyocha solarization ala na opekata mpe mba 24 [11] ma etinyere ya ugbu a karịa 50, ọkachasị na mpaghara ọkụ, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa. Nnyocha egosila ịdị irè nke solarization na ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, gụnyere akwụkwọ nri, ihe ọkụkụ ubi, ihe ịchọ mma na osisi mkpụrụ osisi, megide ọtụtụ nje, ahịhịa na arthropod ala. Achọpụtakwara nje ndị ahụ na-akpata ọrịa na ahihia nke anwụghị anwụ na-achịkwa. Mgbanwe nke ndu, kemịkalụ na anụ ahụ nke na-eme n'ime ala solarized n'oge na mgbe a nyochachara anyanwụ, yana mmekọrịta nke anyanwụ na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke njikwa. Achọpụtara mmetụta dị ogologo oge gụnyere njikwa ndu na nzaghachi uto na-abawanye na mpaghara ihu igwe dị iche iche na ala, na-egosipụta n'ozuzu ojiji nke solarization. Emepụtala ụdị ịme anwansị kọmpụta iji duzie ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ndị na-akụ osisi ma ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha dabara adaba maka anyanwụ. A na-eme nchọpụta banyere mmelite nke solarization site na ijikọta ya na ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ site na ịcha ọkụ n'ime ụlọ enyo mechiri emechi, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ gbasara ngwa azụmahịa site na ịmepụta igwe mulching. Ojiji nke sollarization na ubi mkpụrụ osisi dị ugbu a (dịka ịchịkwa ''Verticillium'' na ubi pistachio) bụ ihe dị mkpa site na usoro nhazi nke ọkọlọtọ ma kọọrọ ya na mbido afọ 1979. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} q8vm79fttvvwvzgos4z2zb1y7p5ixqw 0 50796 742480 719325 2026-11-03T08:03:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Eragrostis_minor_(6124344114).jpg|thumb|Ahịhịa ole na ole nke Eragrostis]] Sprigging bụ ịkụ osisi sprigs, akụkụ osisi ndị e bepụrụ site na rhizomes ma ọ bụ stolons nke gụnyere okpueze na mgbọrọgwụ, n'oge dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ime oghere ma ọ bụ oghere. Dabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, enwere ike ime nke a site na aka ma ọ bụ jiri igwe na-akụ ahihia.[1][2] Sprigging anaghị eji ala na osisi ahụ eme ihe, ọ bụkwa ihe ọzọ na-akụ mkpụrụ (ịkụ mkpụrụ ozugbo), nkwụnye (ịkụnye plọg nwere ala na mgbọrọgwụ na-adịghị emebi emebi), na sodding (ịtinye mpempe akwụkwọ nke sod). <ref name="Brede2000">{{Cite book|author=Brede|first=Doug|title=Turfgrass Maintenance Reduction Handbook: Sports, Lawns, and Golf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJgaza9GmHEC&pg=PA159|date=15 March 2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-57504-106-3|pages=155–160|accessdate=1 November 2016}}</ref> Stolonizing bụ n'ezie na-agbasa sprigging, na-eji ịkpụ stolons na rhizomes gbasa otu n'otu n'otu n'otu ebe ma ọ bụ n'aka, kpuchie ya na ala ma ọ bụ tinye n'ime ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche.<ref name="Brede2000"/><ref name="tva">{{Cite book|author=Tennessee Valley Authority|title=Natural Resource Plan: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia: Final Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 1|url=http://www.tva.com/environment/reports/nrp/pdf/finals/nrp_feis_volume1.pdf|year=2011|accessdate=22 December 2013|archive-date=3 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403031022/http://www.tva.com/environment/reports/nrp/pdf/finals/nrp_feis_volume1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hydrosprigging, nke yiri hydroseeding, bụ iji ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịhịa na rhizomes na-egbu egbu na nsị nke fatịlaịza, mulch, na ihe na-ejikọta, nke a na-eji hose na-agbanye n'elu ebe a chọrọ. Nke a nwere ike ịdị irè n'ebe ndị na-emetụta nsogbu ala, dị ka ebe ndị na-agbada n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ugwu ma ọ bụ ndagwurugwu ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche iche, ma ọ bụ na ọwa ntụgharị.<ref name="tva"/> Enwere ike ịwụsa slurry n'elu 1,000 feet (300 site na 1.5 in (3.8 hose.<ref name="utextension">{{cite report | title=Turfgrass Establishment: Sprigging | year=2007 | publisher=The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture | author=University of Tennessee Extension | url=https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W160-D.pdf | work=UT Extension Publications | accessdate=22 December 2013 | archive-date=4 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904073236/https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W160-D.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} 1o8ljvj5pi7y8a4zqj9c47t56sg9470 0 50831 742431 183626 2026-11-03T07:51:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Australian_Federation_of_Women_Voters_3rd_conference.jpg|thumb|Ndị nnọchiteanya na 3rd Triennial Inter-state Conference of the Federation, Melbourne, May 1930]] Australian Federation of Women Voters ('''AFWV''') bụ nke mbụ Australian Womens Register na 1921 ghọrọ AFWV na 1924. A makwaara ya dị ka The Australian Federation of Women's Societies for Equal Citizenship e hiwere ya dị ka otu ndị na-akwado mba maka ọdịmma nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị mgbe nhọpụta gasịrị Ọ bụ ruo afọ iri atọ ka ọ nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụBanyere mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu na Australia. Federation nwere mbipụta gọọmentị, nke isiokwu ya bụ ụtụtụ, nke dị site na 1918. Ihe ndị a rụzuru na Federation . .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0117b.htm|title=Australian Federation of Women Voters|publisher=The Australian Women's Register|work=www.womenaustralia.info}}</ref>. <ref name="FindingAid"/>: <ref name="FindingAid" /> * Inweta nnọchiteanya nke nwanyị mbụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Australia na Nzukọ nke Njikọ Mba na 1922 * N'inweta nhọpụta nke ndị otu ya na Nzukọ Njikọ Mba na 1928, 1935 na 1936. * N'afọ 1937, Federation ahụ chịkọtara ihe ncheta banyere Ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-egosi na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị bụ ihe a ma ama na iwu Australia. E tinyere akụkọ ahụ dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na akụkọ gọọmentị kwadebere n'otu isiokwu ahụ ma zigara ya na odeakwụkwọ nke Njikọ Mba. N'afọ 1947, Federation kwadebere akwụkwọ nke abụọ gbasara ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. == Ntọala na ọchịchị == Nke mbụ a tụlere na nzukọ mba nke Women's Christian Temperance Union na Perth na 1918, e guzobere Federation ozugbo nzukọ ọzọ na Melbourne na 1921. A họpụtara Bessie Rischbieth (Western Australia) dịka onye isi ala na Elizabeth Nicholls (South Australia), Annie Carvosso (Queensland) na Mary Jamieson Williams (New South Wales) dịka ndị osote onye isi ala. Ndị isi ala mechara gụnyere onye ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze Amy Grace Wheaton onye bụ onye isi ala site na 1951 ruo 1954. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Melbourne|first=The University of|title=Wheaton, Amy Grace - Woman - The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia|url=https://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0102b.htm|accessdate=2022-03-31|work=www.womenaustralia.info|language=en-gb}}</ref> Njikọ ahụ dị ruo n'afọ 1974, ndị Women's Electoral Lobby nọchiri ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'afọ 1972. <ref name="FindingAid">{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Records of the Australian Federation of Women Voters|url=http://www.nla.gov.au/ms/findaids/2818.html|work=Catalogue - Manuscripts collection|publisher=[[National Library of Australia]]|accessdate=10 May 2014|date=2002}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nla.gov.au/ms/findaids/2818.html "Guide to the Records of the Australian Federation of Women Voters"]. ''Catalogue - Manuscripts collection''. [[Óbá akwukwo goomenti Australia|National Library of Australia]]. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Australian Federation of Women Voters na ''The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia'' * [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1850710 Ihe ndekọ nke Australian Federation of Women Voters] na National Library of Australia (onyinye ịchọta) {{Authority control}} 2k505ni0rths87g6hibbjgmnh8tun4s 0 50858 742403 183690 2026-11-03T07:45:14Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742403 wikitext text/x-wiki   Confectionery Workers'Union of Australia (CWUA) bụ otu ndị ahịa Australia nke dị n'etiti 1925 na 1992. Ruo 1986, a maara ya dị ka Federated Confectioners' Association of Australia (FCA). N'ime oge niile ọ dị adị, ọ nọchitere anya ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ confectionery, gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụkwa ihe ama ama maka itinye aka ya na esemokwu Sweets Dollar ama ama. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọgwụgwụ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, mmepụta confectionery gbasaara nke ukwuu na Australia. Ewubere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka MacRobertsons. Mgbe Federation of Australia gachara, ụlọ ọrụ ndị a toro ka ha nwetara ahịa mba. Mgbe e mesịrị, Agha Ụwa Mbụ hụrụ òkè Britain na-ekere n'ahịa na-ebelata ngwa ngwa ka e mebiri ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri. Ka ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ na-eto eto, mmepụta ihe na-esiwanye ike, na nhazi nke ndị ọrụ gbanwere n'ihi ya. Mgbe n'ime 1880s, confectionery bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwoke na-achị, site na 1900 ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ruru ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị ọrụ confectionery niile. Ka ọ na-erule 1920, ha karịrị ndị nwoke na ụmụ nwoke abụọ na otu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brigden|first=Cathy|date=2014|title=Organising and Representing Women: the historical case of the Female Confectioners Union|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2013.846112|journal=Women's History Review|volume=23|issue=1|pages=45–46|doi=10.1080/09612025.2013.846112|issn=0961-2025}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-adịkarị njọ n'oge a. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ dị ka Macpherson Robertson kwụpụrụ maka nkwado ha maka ọnọdụ ọrụ na nchekwa ezi uche dị na ya, a ka nwere nchegbu ọha na eze maka ọnọdụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya. N'afọ 1917, "ọsụsọ" (ya bụ nrigbu siri ike) nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na ụlọ ọrụ confectionary bụ isiokwu nke Royal Commission..<ref name=":1">Brigden, 2014, p. 46.</ref> N'ịzaghachi mgbanwe ndị a n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe n'Australia, e guzobere òtù abụọ dị mkpa. Nke mbụ bụ Female Confectioners' Union, nke e guzobere na 1916 na nzaghachi nye echiche ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado njikọ ahụ na njikọ ndị nwoke na-achịkwa n'oge ahụ anaghị anọchite anya ọdịmma ha.<ref name=":2"/> Onye ọzọ bụ Federated Confectioners' Association of Australia (FCA), onye bu CWUA ụzọ, nke edebanyere aha na 1925.<ref name=":9"/> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Mmalite nke Federated Confectioners' Union of Australia === Njikọ ndị na-eri nri.[4] Ọ bụ ezie na e dekọrọ mgbalị iji jikọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge dị ka 1880, [6] FCA bụ onye mbụ guzobe nzukọ na-adịgide adịgide na ọkwa mba..<ref name=":0">Brigden, 2014, p. 45.</ref> N'echiche, nrụrịta ụka n'ụbọchị ahụ metụtara otu ahụ maka uru iguzobe "One Big Union"[7]. Onye na-ahụ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe IWW mere ka echiche a pụta ìhè n'ọtụtụ mba, mana n'Australia ọ nwetakwara mmasị n'ime otu ndị ọrụ nchekwa karịa dịka Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ọstrelia.[8] Ndị na-agbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ echiche nke Otu Big Union rụrụ ụka na, ka ụlọ ọrụ na-esiwanye ike ma na-emekọ ihe ọnụ, ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ịgbaso ihe nlereanya ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-anọgide na-enwe ike. Otú ọ dị, nkwụsi ike nke FCA na ụkpụrụ One Big Union ga-abụ isi iyi nke esemokwu na Female Confectioners' Union, bụ ndị ruo mgbe 1945 siri ọnwụ na nhazi dị iche iche.<ref name=":3">Brigden, 2014, 50ff.</ref> === Òtù Ndị Nwanyị Na-eme Nri === [[Usòrò:MacRobertsons_Factory_3.png|thumb|469x469px|Ndị ọrụ na-etinye ihe oriri na MacRobertson's Factory na Fitzroy, Victoria.]] E hiwere Òtù Ndị Nlekọta Nwanyị na Victoria na 1916. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke pụtara na Victoria na-esote ihe ịga nke ọma nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na 1908. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brigden|first=Cathy|date=2012|title=Tracing and Placing Women Trade Union Leaders: A Study of the Female Confectioners Union|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185611435468|journal=Journal of Industrial Relations|volume=54|issue=2|doi=10.1177/0022185611435468|issn=0022-1856}}</ref> E guzobere ya n'ihi nchegbu n'etiti ndị ọrụ na-emepụta ihe oriri na isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Victorian United Confectioners' Society, anaghị anọchite anya ọdịmma ha.<ref>Brigden, 2014, p. 44.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ nọ n'oge a bụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ, Victorian United Confectioners' Society nọgidere na-abụ ndị ikom. Oge nkwụsịtụ maka nkụda mmụọ nke ndị na-eme achịcha ụmụ nwanyị bịara na 1914, mgbe ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ aka nwoke bịanyere aka na mkpebi ụgwọ ọrụ nke Victorian Wages Boards mere nke mebiri ụgwọ ọrụ na ọnọdụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":1"/> A họpụtara Isaac Johnston, nwoke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, dị ka odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke otu ụmụ nwanyị (ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'etiti òtù ndị yiri ya n'oge ahụ). <ref name=":4">Brigden, 2014, p. 47.</ref> Ọkwá ndị ọzọ niile bụ ndị inyom nwere.<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa na ndị otu a na-ahọpụtabeghị na-arụ ọrụ ka ukwuu n'ọrụ nzukọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cathy Brigden|date=2013|title="A Fine and Self-Reliant Group of Women": Women's Leadership in the Female Confectioners Union|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/labourhistory.104.0049|journal=Labour History|issue=104|pages=49–64|doi=10.5263/labourhistory.104.0049|issn=0023-6942}}</ref> Margaret Wearne, onye ga-emesị bụrụ onye isi na-eme ka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ndị ọrụ, bụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa na otu ahụ. N'otu oge, o jisiri ike debanye aha 95% nke ndị ọrụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ MacRobertson na Melbourne.<ref>{{Cite book|author=D'Aprano|first=Zelda|title=Kath Williams: The Unions and the Fight for Equal Pay|publisher=Spinifex Press|year=2001|location=Australia|pages=31}}</ref> Njikọ ahụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ihu. E nwere mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwa ndị ndu n'ime otu ahụ, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ụkpụrụ ọha na eze nke ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di ga-apụ n'ọrụ.<ref>Brigden, 2013, pp. 55-56.</ref> N'agbata afọ 1916 na 1922, ụmụ nwanyị iri atọ na anọ dị iche iche bụ ndị otu kọmitii, nke naanị anọ n'ime ha lụrụ di.<ref name="Brigden, 2013, p. 56">Brigden, 2013, p. 56.</ref> N'ihi otu ihe ahụ, ndị ọrụ nọ na ngalaba ahụ n'ozuzu ha bụ ndị na-eto eto: 80% nke ndị ọrụ na-emepụta ihe nracha ụmụ nwanyị erubeghị afọ 25, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu a dị n'agbata afọ 10 na 19.<ref>Brigden, 2013, p. 55.</ref> Ọzọkwa, njikọ ụmụ nwanyị na-esokarị na njikọ ndị ikom na-achịkwa. Otu ihe kpatara esemokwu bụ nnọchiteanya na Victorian Wages Board, nke na-ekpebi ụgwọ ọrụ na ngalaba ahụ. Ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị ikom na Wages Board, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'echiche ndị a na-ahụkarị, nwere atụmatụ dị ala banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere iji zụọ ahịa maka onwe ha.<ref name=":4"/> Òtù ụmụ nwanyị, n'ụzọ dị iche, tụrụ egwu na òtù ụmụ nwoke agaghị anọchite anya ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị, egwu nke a kwadoro ọzọ na 1919 mgbe ndị nnọchi anya òtù ụmụ nwoke tụụrụ vootu megide mmụba nke ụgwọ ọnwa ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name="Brigden, 2013, p. 56" /> Ọnọdụ ahụ ka njọ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na Isaac Johnston nọchitere anya otu ụmụ nwoke ahụ, bụ onye a chụpụrụ n'òtù ndị na-emepụta ihe n'oge a n'ihi ebubo nke omume na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na ego na-ekwekọghị.<ref>Brigden, 2013, pp. 54-56.</ref> N'echiche, Female Confectioners' Union kwadoro echiche nke One Big Union, ma n'oge dị iche iche na-enwe mmekọrịta ọrụ na ndị otu ndị ikom na-achịkwa. N'afọ 1925, o yiri ka ha ga-agbakọta na FCA; Otú ọ dị, mkparịta ụka dara ọzọ n'ihi enweghị nkwekọrịta banyere nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị na Wages Board.<ref>Brigden, 2014, pp. 51-52.</ref> Òtù ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-anọgide na-ahazi onwe ha ruo afọ iri abụọ ọzọ ruo mgbe ha na FCA jikọtara na 1945. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Confectioners - Archives - ANU|url=http://archives.anu.edu.au/exhibitions/forgotten-trades-selected-records-early-australian-trades/confectioners|accessdate=2020-11-03|work=archives.anu.edu.au|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://archives.anu.edu.au/exhibitions/forgotten-trades-selected-records-early-australian-trades/confectioners "Confectioners - Archives - ANU"]. ''archives.anu.edu.au''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Esemokwu Na-atọ ụtọ nke Dollar === N'afọ 1985, ndị otu ahụ sonyere na esemokwu ụlọ ọrụ na iwu na Dollar Sweets, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe n'oge Victoria. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akọwa ihe ewerewo ya dị ka ikpe dị ịrịba ama.<ref name=":5"/> Esemokwu ahụ mere na ndabere nke Prices and Incomes Accord, nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti ACTU na gọọmentị Australian Labor Party nke Bob Hawke duziri. Nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ mgbalị iji mee ka Australia pụọ na nsogbu stagflation nke na-emetụta akụ na ụba ụwa n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=Chris F|date=2014|title=The Prices and Incomes Accord: Its significance, impact and legacy|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185613517476|journal=Journal of Industrial Relations|volume=56|issue=2|pages=264–272|doi=10.1177/0022185613517476|issn=0022-1856}}</ref> Usoro nke nkwekọrịta ahụ kwuru na òtù ndị ọrụ ga-eme ka ụgwọ ọrụ ha dị nro, ma kwuo ọnọdụ ole na ole ha nwere ike ime ihe n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro; na nzaghachi, gọọmentị kwere nkwa na ụgwọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ ga'abụ nke a ga-ejikọta ma tinye ya na ịrị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ParlInfo - Statement of accord by the Australian Labor Party and the Australian Council of Trade Unions regarding economic policy|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22library/partypol/992745%22|accessdate=2020-11-06|work=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> FCA so n'òtù ole na ole jụrụ ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ.<ref name=":6"/> Ọtụtụ n'ime òtù ndị a nwere njikọ na obere akụkụ aka ekpe nke Labour Party, nke onye isi Victoria nke FCA bụ Carlo Frizziero bụ onye otu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bongiorno|first=Frank|title=The Eighties: The Decade that Transformed Australia|publisher=Black Inc. Books|year=2015|location=Victoria|pages=134}}</ref> N'afọ 1983, onye nwe Dollar Sweets, Fred Stauder, nyere ndị ọrụ ya ụgwọ mmụba dịka ndị a kwadoro n'etiti n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ahụ, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na njikọ ahụ abụghị onye bịanyere aka. Ndị ọrụ ahụ ji otu olu kweta.<ref name=":7">Peter Costello. ''In Search of the Magic Pudding: The Dollar Sweets [https://www.hrnicholls.com.au/archives/vol5/vol5-5.php Story].'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20080719125131/http://www.hrnicholls.com.au/archives/vol5/vol5-5.php Archived] 19 July 2008 at the [[Wayback Machine]]. Published by the [[H.R. Nicholls Society]], Accessed 13 November 2020.</ref> N'afọ 1985, ndị otu na ụlọ ọrụ Dollar Sweets rịọrọ ka e belata awa ọrụ site na 38 ruo 36 kwa izu n'enweghị mbelata ụgwọ ọrụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2006-07-26|title=The sweets of a famous victory|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-sweets-of-a-famous-victory-20060726-gdo1fn.html|accessdate=2020-11-06|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-sweets-of-a-famous-victory-20060726-gdo1fn.html "The sweets of a famous victory"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 26 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Stauder kwuru na nke a megidere nkwekọrịta gara aga, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ ma ya mere ọ dara n'èzí usoro nkwekọrịta ahụ.<ref name=":7"/> Stauder kwusiri ike na ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ ya chọrọ ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ ha dị ugbu a, ha ga-abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta na-enweghị ọgbaghara; Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ (15 n'ime 27) tụgharịrị vootu a. Stauder chụpụrụ ndị ọrụ iri na ise ahụ tụụrụ vootu "Mba" ma jiri ndị ọrụ na-abụghị ndị otu dochie ha.<ref name=":7" /> Ndị ọrụ a chụpụrụ n'ọrụ guzobere mkpesa gburugburu elekere nke saịtị ahụ nke were ụbọchị 143.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Humphrys|first=Elizabeth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004383463|title=How Labour Built Neoliberalism|date=2019|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-38346-3|location=Leiden|pages=187|doi=10.1163/9789004383463|authorlink=Elizabeth Humphrys}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHumphrys2019">[[Elizabeth Humphrys|Humphrys, Elizabeth]] (2019). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004383463 ''How Labour Built Neoliberalism'']. Leiden: Brill. p.&nbsp;187. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/9789004383463|10.1163/9789004383463]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3|<bdi>978-90-04-38346-3</bdi>]]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158060138 158060138].</cite></ref> Ndị otu ahụ hapụrụ atụmanya nke mbelata n'ime awa, ma chọọ ka e weghachite ndị ọrụ.<ref>Bongiorno, 2015, p. 134.</ref> Dị ka Peter Costello, onye nọchitere anya Stauder dị ka onye ọka iwu dị ala n'oge esemokwu ahụ, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe jiri usoro agha dịgasị iche iche mee ihe, na-egbochi ọ bụghị naanị ndị ọrụ na-anwa ịbanye na saịtị ahụ kamakwa ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na-anwa ibubata ihe.<ref name=":7"/> E wepụrụ eriri Telex na ụlọ ahụ, ndị ọrụ telivishọn wee tinye aka na mkpagbu nke abụọ site n'ịjụ ịgafe akara mkpesa iji rụzie ya.<ref name=":5"/> N'ọnwa Ọktoba, Kọmitii Nkwekọrịta na Arbitration nyere ndị ọrụ iwu ka ha kwụsị ime ngagharị iwe.<ref>''Dollar Sweets Pty Ltd and The Federated Confectioners Association of Australia'' [1985] [http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/AIRC/1985/403.html AIRC 403] (22 October 1985), [[Australian Industrial Relations Commission]].</ref> Esemokwu ahụ so n'ọgụ iwu dị ogologo ma dị ilu, nke mere ka ndị otu ahụ kwụọ $ 175,000 maka mmebi ego na Dollar Sweets maka mfu ego kpatara n'oge mkpesa ahụ.<ref name=":6"/> Tupu esemokwu ahụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka otu ndị Australia ka iwu obodo manyere ha ịkwụ ụgwọ ego na ụlọ ọrụ. Ya mere, o setịpụrụ ihe dị mkpa n'iwu.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5"/> N'ịghọta mkpa ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara Ikike Ọhụrụ na-apụta na Australia gbakọtara gburugburu esemokwu ahụ, na-enye Stauder nkwado ego, ndụmọdụ iwu, na mgbasa ozi.<ref name=":8"/> Ụlọ ọrụ Dollar Sweets na-akwụ ụgwọ iwu site na Melbourne Chamber of Commerce.<ref>Cahill, 2010, p. 14.</ref> Onye osote onye isi oche nke Australian Chamber of Commerce Andrew Hay bụ onye na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Hay|first=David|date=2017-03-15|title=Vigorous fighter for the conservative cause|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/vigorous-fighter-for-the-conservative-cause-20170315-guyey1.html|accessdate=2020-11-13|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> Esemokwu ahụ malitekwara ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ya. Peter Costello, onye kwadoro Stauder n'ụzọ iwu n'oge esemokwu ahụ, ga-aga n'ihu bụrụ Treasurer n'oge ọchịchị Howard; Michael Kroger, onye ọka iwu ọzọ, nwetakwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ime Liberal Party.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":5"/> Esemokwu ahụ metụtakwara mmekọrịta otu ahụ na ACTU na Gọọmentị Hawke Labor. Ndị otu abụọ nke ikpeazụ ahụ lere esemokwu ahụ anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, atụmatụ akụ na ụba nke ALP, na n'ikpeazụ ikike nke ha.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Cahill|first=Damien|date=2010|title=Business Mobilisation, the New Right and Australian Labor Governments in the 1980s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.7|journal=Labour History|issue=98|pages=7–24|doi=10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.7|issn=0023-6942}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCahill2010">Cahill, Damien (2010). [http://dx.doi.org/10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.7 "Business Mobilisation, the New Right and Australian Labor Governments in the 1980s"]. ''Labour History'' (98): 7–24. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.7|10.5263/labourhistory.98.1.7]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-6942 0023-6942].</cite></ref> ALP na ACTU gbochiri nkwado maka njikọ ndị na-eme achịcha ma kewapụ onwe ha n'ihu ọha na esemokwu ahụ, na-enye ihe nlereanya maka njikọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịtụle ịhapụ nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta nke nkwekọrịta ahụ gosipụtara. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị ALP na ndị otu ọrụ gosipụtara nchegbu na mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu setịpụrụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ ndị otu ahụ.<ref>Humphrys, 2019, 185ff.</ref> == Njikọ na ihe nketa == N'afọ 1986, FCA gbanwere aha ha ka ọ bụrụ Confectionery Workers Union of Australia. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=ATUA Project Team|first=University of Melbourne Archives|title=Confectionery Workers Union of Australia - Trade Union entry - Australian Trade Union Archives|url=https://www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0379b.htm#related|accessdate=2020-11-03|language=en-gb}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFATUA_Project_Team">ATUA Project Team, University of Melbourne Archives. [https://www.atua.org.au/biogs/ALE0379b.htm#related "Confectionery Workers Union of Australia - Trade Union entry - Australian Trade Union Archives"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1992, CWUA jikọtara ya na Food Preservers Union of Australia iji guzobe Confectionery Workers & Food Preserves Union of Australia. <ref name=":9" /> Njikọ ọhụrụ a jikọtara ya na Automotive Metals & Engineering Union na 1994 iji guzobe Automotive Food Metals & Engineer Union, na onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ CWUA Carlo Frizziero na-ebute ụzọ na ngalaba nri na ihe oriri ọhụrụ. <ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-05-13|title=Nestle's boilover of the vanities|url=https://www.afr.com/companies/nestles-boilover-of-the-vanities-19960513-kb069|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1995, njikọ a etinyela ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị iche iche n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke Automotive Food Metals Engineering Printing &amp;amp; Kindred Industries Union, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Australian Manufacturing Workers Union (AMWU). Taa, AMWU nwere Kọmitii Ụlọ Ọrụ Nri nke Mba nke na-anọchite anya ọdịmma nke ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nri na ihe oriri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Branches|url=https://www.amwu.org.au/branches|accessdate=2020-11-15|work=Australian Manufacturing Workers' Union}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7dh24kowfu94fcscvkuvb2gte04ldxg 0 50887 742425 183784 2026-11-03T07:50:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742425 wikitext text/x-wiki Òtù Women'smụ nwanyị Brazil ma ọ bụ Federationmụ nwanyị Brazil (Federação de Mulheres do Brasil) bụ ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị na Brazil na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti 1949 na 1957. Dị ka ọtụtụ ọrụ 'leftist feminist' ndị ọzọ nke 1930s na 1940s na Brazil, [1] Federation nwere. mkpakọrịta siri ike na pati Communist Brazil (PCB. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Maria Aparecida Schumaher|title=Dicionário Mulheres do Brasil: De 1500 até a atualidade biográfico e ilustrado|date=October 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90YqZDSxeRYC|isbn=9788537802151}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Alice Tibiriçá na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-akwado ọchịchị Kọmunist tọrọ ntọala Federation mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.[3] Na 1945 ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Brazil gara International Congress of Women na Paris, ihe omume ntọala nke Soviet Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) na-akwado. Site na nkwado nke otu ndị Kọmunist Brazil, Tibiriçá gara nzukọ kansụl 1947 WIDF na Prague dị ka onye isi oche nke otu ọhụrụ Women's Federation of Brazil, na nzukọ ahụ sonyeere WIDF na 1947.[4][5] Iji nye Federation ọnụnọ mba, e hiwere alaka na steeti ọ bụla.[4] Na 1949, nke a na-enyekarị dị ka afọ ntọala Federation,[3] nwere nzukọ mba mbụ nke ndị nnọchi anya steeti gara. Dị ka mmegharị populist ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ, nzukọ ahụ jikọtara netwọk mba nke ndị nnọchiteanya steeti, ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ, na ndị agbata obi na-etinye uche na nri, mmiri na ụlọ. Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Federation kwadoro antifascism na udo.<ref name="Miller1991"/> Mgbe a machibidoro ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị PCB na Mee 1947, Federation chere nrụgide na-arịwanye elu nke ndị Kọmunist ihu. N'afọ 1952, a jụrụ ndị nnọchiteanya chọrọ ịga nzukọ WIDF na Moscow visa. N'afọ 1956, Juscelino Kubitschek kwụsịtụrụ Federation ahụ, ma mesịa machibido ya iwu.<ref name="Miller1991">{{Cite book|author=Francesca Miller|title=Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXiTQpR3crwC&pg=PA119|year=1991|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-0-87451-558-9|pages=119–120}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrancesca_Miller1991">Francesca Miller (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sXiTQpR3crwC&pg=PA119 ''Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice'']. UPNE. pp.&nbsp;119–120. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-87451-558-9|<bdi>978-0-87451-558-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Na ngwụcha afọ iri ahụ, nnukwu ngagharị iwe mere ememe ncheta afọ iri nke Federation. <ref name="KeenHaynes2012">{{Cite book|author=Benjamin Keen|title=A History of Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZIJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT598|year=2012|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-70932-9}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nzukọ ahụ enweghịzi ike ịkwado onwe ya, dịka [[Branca Fialho]] gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ozi nke 1962:   == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} pguvxyo114icgr5jtgmj1ovmcfwk9bi 0 50934 742437 697568 2026-11-03T07:52:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742437 wikitext text/x-wiki Caucus Women's Vancouver bụ ọgbakọ nwanyị Canada na-arụ ọrụ site na 1968 ruo 1971.[1] Otu a tọrọ ntọala mgbasa ozi gbasara ite ime nke gụnyere Caravan ite ime. Otu a bụkwa ọrụ maka imechi nzuko omeiwu nke mbụ na akụkọ ntolite Canada. Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ịnabata ọgbakọ udo n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Indo-Chinese.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ si Mahadum Simon Fraser dị na Burnaby, British Columbia guzobere otu ahụ na 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/herstory/early-days/|title=Beginnings of Women's Caucus|date=2017-08-23|work=Vancouver Women’s Caucus|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-17}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Caucus ụmụ nwanyị Vancouver (VWC) malitere n'oge ọkọchị nke 1968 dị ka klọb ụmụ nwanyị niile akpọrọ Feminist Action League. N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, a kpọgharịrị ìgwè ahụ aha Caucus ụmụ nwanyị Vancouver.[4] Ha nwere mmasị na mbụ ịnye ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ha rụrụ bụ inye ụmụ nwanyị ozi gbasara mgbochi ọmụmụ na ite ime. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ahụike ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ wepụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọmụmụ ọmụmụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na Mahadum McGill mere, VWC ebipụtakwara obere mgbasa ozi n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, The Peak, nke nyere ozi nke otu ahụ gbasara njikwa ọmụmụ na ime ime.[5] Mgbasa ozi ahụ kpaliri ọtụtụ oku ekwentị, ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya na Saskatchewan;[4] nke a nyeere ndị òtù VWC aka iche echiche ka ukwuu karịa naanị okwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ha.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis|last1=Wasserlein|first1=Frances Jane|title='An arrow aimed at the heart' : the Vancouver Women's Caucus and the abortion campaign, 1969-1971|date=1990|url=https://summit.sfu.ca/item/4914|s2cid=73118477}}{{pn|date=October 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, otu ahụ si n'ogige mahadum kwaga n'etiti obodo Vancouver. Nke a mere ka otu ahụ nwee ike ịnabata ọtụtụ ndị otu. Site n'ebe ahụ, otu ahụ malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya akpọrọ The Pedestal, nke bụ otu nke lekwasịrị anya n'ọtụtụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stettner|first=Shannon|title='We Are Forced to Declare War': Linkages between the 1970 Abortion Caravan and Women's Anti-Vietnam War Activism|journal=Histoire sociale|date=2013|volume=46|issue=92|pages=423–441|id={{Project MUSE|534567}}|doi=10.1353/his.2013.0054}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> VWC tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na nzukọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka metụtara Mahadum Simon Fraser. VWC nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na New Left ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma nwee mmasị n'ọtụtụ okwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Otu a nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Women's Liberation Movement na Vancouver n'oge ahụ nke ejikọtakwara na inwe echiche ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime mmemme nke otu ahụ dere na 1969, ha depụtara ebe ha kwenyere na ha nyere aka na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Mpaghara ndị a gụnyere ọrụ, ikike agụmakwụkwọ nhata na ikike ịhọrọ n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0" /> === Isikwopụ afọ ime na ikike ịmụ nwa === Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe ndị a. Na SFU, ha nwere ndụmọdụ na ntụziaka ha maka ite ime, ebe ha nyeere ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na kọleji aka ndị hụrụ onwe ha na ime na-achọghị, yana inye, ozi gbasara igbochi ọmụmụ. Ha nyekwara aka hazie Abortion Caravan, nke bụ akụkụ nke mkpọsa Abortion Campaign. Ndị na-esoghị n'ụgbọ njem ahụ nọrọ na Vancouver ebe ha nyere ndị nta akụkọ akụkọ banyere ngagharị iwe ahụ ma mee ka mmasị dị elu. N'ime caucus e nwere Kọmitii Ọrụ Mmụta. Kọmitii a lekwasịrị anya n'ime ka a mara na enweghị nhata ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu ọ bụghị naanị mgbe ha na-aga akwụkwọ, kamakwa ka ha na-anwa ịchụso ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha nyere aka mepụta otu panel maka nzukọ na Mahadum nke British Columbia lekwasịrị anya n'ịhazi ndị nkuzi. == Nlekọta gọọmentị == N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara ókè gọọmentị Canada debere otu ahụ n'okpuru nlekota.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Sethna|first=Christabelle|title=Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women's Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_canadian-historical-review_2009-09_90_3/page/463|journal=Canadian Historical Review|date=September 2009|volume=90|issue=3|pages=463–496|id={{Project MUSE|316900}}|doi=10.3138/chr.90.3.463}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSethnaHewitt2009">Sethna, Christabelle; Hewitt, Steve (September 2009). "Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women's Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP". ''Canadian Historical Review''. '''90''' (3): 463–496. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3138/chr.90.3.463|10.3138/chr.90.3.463]]. </cite><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSethnaHewitt2009">[[Ọrụ Muse|Project&nbsp;MUSE]]&nbsp;[https://muse.jhu.edu/article/316900 316900].</cite></ref> N'agbanyeghị nlekota ahụ, ndị uwe ojii ka na-akwadoghị maka ngagharị iwe Abortion Caravan mgbe ọ rutere Ottawa. Nke a nyere ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ohere ịkpaghasị usoro na House of Commons, n'ikpeazụ mechie ụlọ omebe iwu.<ref name=":2" /> == Ndị otu == Ndị otu ahụ, ọkachasị na mbido, mejupụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọcha, ụmụ nwanyị Canada ndị nwere ma ọ bụ na-agbaso agụmakwụkwọ post-secondary. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ahụ enweghị ụmụ, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ole na ole mere. Ndepụta zuru ezu nke ndị otu ahụ ka ga-apụta, ya mere ndepụta dị n'okpuru ebe a ezughi oke. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/|title=Vancouver Women's Caucus|work=Vancouver Women’s Caucus|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-01-17}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.vancouverwomenscaucus.ca/ "Vancouver Women's Caucus"]. ''Vancouver Women’s Caucus''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0" /> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} iccg8oxchv7dujvmhrtae2cym6oa0zd 0 50954 742428 725622 2026-11-03T07:51:28Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742428 wikitext text/x-wiki   The Women Association maka Promotion na Endogenous Development (French: Association des femmes pour la Promotion et le Développement Endogène; AFPDE) bụ nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị na Democratic Republic of congo (DRC). Ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ikike ụmụaka na mmepe gafee ọtụtụ mpaghara n'ime mba ahụ. Isi ụlọ ọrụ nzukọ ahụ dị na n ° 94 na Avenue Isiro, Q. Nyamianda, n'obodo Uvira nke Uvira Territory, nke dị na South Kivu Pr Mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke DRC. [1] .<ref name=":0"/> ..AFPDE na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike, ịkwalite ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị, na ịkwado mmepe na-adigide site na ọtụtụ atụmatụ na mmemme. Ndị a gụnyere mpaghara dịka agụmakwụkwọ, nlekọta ahụike, ike akụ na ụba, nkwado, na mmepe obodo. [1].... <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Who Are We?|url=https://www.afpde.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Flyer-AFPDE-asbl.pdf|accessdate=2023-06-10|work=Women's Association for the Promotion and Endogenous Development (AFPDE)|publisher=Women's Association for the Promotion and Endogenous Development (AFPDE)|language=English}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.afpde.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Flyer-AFPDE-asbl.pdf "Who Are We?"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Women's Association for the Promotion and Endogenous Development (AFPDE)''. Uvira, Uvira Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Women's Association for the Promotion and Endogenous Development (AFPDE). p.&nbsp;1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=GLORIAMUNDI – FREE COMMUNICATION SUPPORT {{!}} AFPDE RD Congo|url=https://fondationgloriamundi.org/realisations/afpde-rdc-congo/|accessdate=2023-06-10|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-24|title=Dans les propos de Liliane : " Grâce à l’appui de l’Association des Femmes pour la Promotion et le Développement Endogène (AFPDE), dans le cadre de son programme avec ONU Femmes, j’ai pu recevoir les soins nécessaires à notre survie. "|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/fr/news-and-events/stories/2020/08/in-the-words-of-liliane|accessdate=2023-06-10|work=ONU Femmes – Afrique|language=fr}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere AFPDE na October 16, 1999, n'oge Agha Congo nke Abụọ, site n'aka otu ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike si Kiliba. Nzukọ ahụ pụtara dị ka nzaghachi maka ọnọdụ na-ebibi ihe dị n'oge agha ahụ, na-ezube idozi [[Ihe ndị dị mkpa|mkpa dị ngwa]] nke sitere na esemokwu ahụ. AFPDE lekwasịrị anya na mgbalị ya na mpaghara South Kivu nke agha mebiri emebi, ebe ndị mmadụ tachiri obi nke ukwuu n'ihi Esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na mmebi ikike mmadụ zuru ebe niile. N'ịghọta ịdị njọ nke ọnọdụ ahụ, nzukọ ahụ kpebisiri ike ime ihe iji nwee mmetụta dị mma. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, AFPDE lekwasịrị anya n'ịlụso mmụba nke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ ọgụ, okwu nke kpatara ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'etiti esemokwu ahụ ahụhụ. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=AFPDE - ASPDE Association des Femmes pour la Promotion et le Développement Endogène organisation {{!}} Bizcongo|url=https://www.bizcongo.com/rubrique-entreprise/afpde|accessdate=2023-06-10|work=www.bizcongo.com|language=fr}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, AFPDE na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na mpaghara South Kivu, yana mpaghara ahọpụtara nke mpaghara atọ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ DRC. Òtù ndị otu ahụ emeela ọtụtụ ọrụ na-emetụta ihe iji gboo mkpa dị mkpa. Ọzọkwa, AFPDE na-akwalite ịgụ na ide ma na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na mmemme ọzụzụ dị iche iche nke na-eme ka nnwere onwe akụ na ụba ha dịkwuo mma. Tụkwasị na nke a, nzukọ ahụ na-etinye [[mmiri]], ịdị ọchaịdị ọcha nhicha, gụnyere iwu ụlọ mposi na nkesa nke ihe ndị dị ọcha maka ịhụ nsọ. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-30|title=À propos|url=https://www.afpde.org/a-propos/|accessdate=2023-06-10|work=Association des Femmes pour la Promotion et le Développement Endogène|language=fr-FR}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.afpde.org/a-propos/ "À propos"]. ''Association des Femmes pour la Promotion et le Développement Endogène'' (in French). 2022-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-10</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Pasent iri ise nke ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla Dynamic]] * [[Ọ dịghị Ihe Na-enweghị Ụmụ nwanyị]] * [[Netwọk nke Ụmụ nwanyị maka ikike na udo|Network of Women for Rights and Peace]] * [[Ọganihu nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọka iwu]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} co9sseu0kkzg3iylkkgadr33dur780r 0 50965 742434 184064 2026-11-03T07:52:28Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sara_Christie.jpg|thumb|Sara Christie, onye guzobere na onye isi oche mbụ nke ''Høyrekvinners Landsforbund'' ]] <ref name="focus"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arkivportalen.no/side/aktor/detaljer?aktorId=no-a1450-01000000134856|title=Høyrekvinners landsforbund|publisher=Riksarkivet|accessdate=7 May 2017|language=Norwegian}}</ref>Norwegian Conservative Party's Women's Association (Norwegian: Høyrekvinners Landsforbund) was founded in 1925 to represent the interests of women members of the Conservative Party. In June 1994 it was dissolved, to be replaced by Høyres Kvinneforum (Conservative Party's Women's Network).[1][2] Òtù ụmụ nwanyị ahụ wuru na ahụmịhe nke Høirekvinneklubben (Conservative Women's Club) nke Elise Heyerdahl guzobere na 1910. Site na nguzobe nke njikọ ahụ na 1925, a tụrụ anya na site na ime ka ọrụ ha dị ọhụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwe ike ịrụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè karị.<ref name="focus">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fokuskvinner.no/en/About-FOKUS/Member-organizations/The-Conservative-Partys-Womens-Network/|title=The Conservative Party's Women's Network|publisher=FOKUS: Forum for Women and Development|accessdate=7 May 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.fokuskvinner.no/en/About-FOKUS/Member-organizations/The-Conservative-Partys-Womens-Network/ "The Conservative Party's Women's Network"]. FOKUS: Forum for Women and Development<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndị isi Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị (1925-1994) == * 1925 Sara Christie * 1927 Augusta Stang * 1937 [[Judith Gram Skarland]] * 1945 Johanna Thorén * 1958 Claudia Olsen * 1966 Berte Rognerud * 1975 Karin Hafstad * 1979 Mona Røkke * 1985 Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg * 1989 Siri Frost Sterri * 1993 Erna Solberg == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} roboytc5hedmzpulnni7rfd5arzufa1 0 51005 742413 706374 2026-11-03T07:48:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742413 wikitext text/x-wiki Mouvement de libération des femmes (MLF, transl.   Women's Liberation Movement) bụ otu ndị France kwụụrụ onwe ha, otu nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na nwanyị na-akwado nnwere onwe nke ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ama obodo ndị nna ochie aka. E hiwere ya na 1970, na nsochi nke American Women's lib movement na ihe omume nke May 1968.[1] [2] Ngagharị ahụ na-ama aka n'ụdị ndị agha ọdịnala: ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na nzuko izugbe, obere ndị nwere ike ịgbagha ma nwee akụkọ nke mmemme ndị ọzọ dị ka nhazi ihe omume, imepụta na ịbịanye aka na arịrịọ, ijide ọgbakọ ọha, wdg. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'August 26, 1970, ndị ọrụ iri na abụọ a na-amaghị aha tọrọ okpueze n'okpuru Arc de Triomphe iji too nwunye nke onye agha amaghi ama. Ndị inyom itoolu na-eduzi omume a, gụnyere Cathy Bernheim, Christine Delphy, Monique Wittig, Christiane Rochefort na Namascar Shaktini. Ọkọlọtọ ha gosipụtara akpaokwu a: "Enwere onye amabeghị karịa onye agha amaghị: nwunye ya"[3] [ntụgharị aka okirikiri]. Ndị uwe ojii nwụchiri ha ozugbo, mana n'echi ya, ndị nta akụkọ mara ọkwa "ọmụmụ MLF" Na mmalite ya, MLF abụghị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: ọ dịghị onye ndú a kwadoro. Ndị otu na obere obere mejupụtara mmegharị ahụ. Ndị agha nwanyị na-achọ ịlụ ọgụ n'akụkụ niile, dabere n'ụkpụrụ na "ihe nzuzo bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". Ha na-ajụ echiche nke ịma mma nke diktat nke nna ochie, na-ekwu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, rịọ ndị mmekọ ha ka ha kesaa ọrụ ụlọ. Mgbanwe mmekọahụ agafewo na ya: ha na-akatọ mmeko nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị na mmegide mmekọahụ, na-alụ ọgụ maka ite ime. Otu n'ime ihe ndị mbụ nke òtù ahụ mere bụ ịkwado nnupụisi ahụ n'etiti maka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma dị ime site na Plessis-Robinson, ndị dị n'agbata afọ 13 na 17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telerama.fr/television/1971-la-revolte-de-filles-perdues,138917.php|title="Elles... Les filles du Plessis"|author=Poitte|first=Isabelle|date=8 March 2016|work=Télérama|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1971, ndị bi ebe ahụ malitere, site n'enyemaka nke MLF, na-eme ngagharị iwe agụụ iji jụ akara aka a manyere ha: a chụpụrụ ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha, ndị ezinụlọ ha wepụrụ, mmeso ọjọọ. N'ịbụ onye MLF dọrọ aka ná ntị, Simone de Beauvoir gara izute ha, ya na ndị nta akụkọ. == ''Nnyocha uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'' == Psychanalyse et politique, ma ọ bụ Psych et po, bụ otu nyocha MLF nke Antoinette Fouque guzobere. <ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Moses|first=Claire Goldberg|date=1998|title=Made in America: "French Feminism" in Academia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178697|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=241–274|doi=10.2307/3178697|issn=0046-3663}}</ref> Otu ahụ bụ mmalite nke Éditions des Femmes, magazin Des femmes en movements, akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Quotidien des femmes, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na Paris, Marseilles na Lyon.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|author=Stewart|first=Danièle|date=1980|title=The Women's Movement in France|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173940|journal=Signs|volume=6|issue=2|pages=350–354|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na Fouque, ndị otu ama ama gụnyere Hélène Cixous na Luce Irigaray. <ref name=":1"/>   Ọ bụ Onye na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ doro anya, Psych et po tinyere aka n'ọtụtụ esemokwu ya na ndị otu MLF ndị ọzọ, dị ka ndebanye aha nke aha mouvement de libération des femmes na 1979.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Fouque|first=Antoinette|title=Génésique: féminologie III|date=|publisher=Des femmes-Antoinette Fouque|year=2012|isbn=978-2-7210-0622-6|series=Essai|location=Paris|chapter=Qu’est-ce qu’une femme?}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFouque2012">Fouque, Antoinette (2012). "Qu'est-ce qu'une femme?". ''Génésique: féminologie III''. Essai. Paris: Des femmes-Antoinette Fouque. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-2-7210-0622-6|<bdi>978-2-7210-0622-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Stewart|first=Danièle|date=1980|title=The Women's Movement in France|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173940|journal=Signs|volume=6|issue=2|pages=350–354|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Moses|first=Claire Goldberg|date=1998|title=Made in America: "French Feminism" in Academia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178697|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=241–274|doi=10.2307/3178697|issn=0046-3663}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Moses, Claire Goldberg (1998). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178697 "Made in America: "French Feminism" in Academia"]. ''Feminist Studies''. '''24''' (2): 241–274. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3178697|10.2307/3178697]]. [[Hdl (ihe njirimara)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:2027/spo.0499697.0024.203|2027/spo.0499697.0024.203]]</span>. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-3663 0046-3663].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Duchen|first=Claire|title=Feminism in France: from May '68 to Mitterand|url=https://archive.org/details/feminisminfrance0000duch|date=1986|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|isbn=978-0-7102-0455-4|location=London}}</ref> == Ọganihu akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ụmụ nwanyị nke nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị gbanwere ọha mmadụ na ụkpụrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'oge ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ha gbara ume ka a gbanwee nke ukwuu n'echiche nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị mgbanwe na njikwa ọmụmụ, nha nhata nke ndị ọkachamara na ndị nne na nna, na iwu gbasara ịha nhata. <ref>''Le siècle des féminismes'', [[Éliane Gubin]] (dir.), préface de [[Michelle Perrot]], [[éditions de l'Atelier]], 2004, 464 pages.</ref><ref>Sylvie Chaperon, « La radicalisation des mouvements féminins Français de 1960 à 1970 », ''[[Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoire|Vingtième Siècle : Revue d'histoiree]]'', Persée, <abbr>vol.</abbr> 48, <abbr>no</abbr> 1, 1995, <abbr>p.</abbr> 61-74 ([[Digital Object Identifier|DOI]] 10.2307/3770213)</ref><ref>''Génération MLF 1968-2008'', [[éditions des femmes]], 616 pages</ref> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} 28ahkxlu894sjovk8957aotw0qbtb55 0 51007 742555 208458 2026-11-03T08:15:51Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Logo_npns.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe ngosi nke otu ahụ]] Ni Putes Ni Soumises (nke na-asụgharịkarị ka ọ bụghị akwụna ma ọ bụ ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru) bụ òtù ndị inyom French, hiwere na 2002, bụ nke nwetara nkwado nke ndị nta akụkọ French na National Assembly nke [[France]]. Ọ na-adaberekarị na ego ọha. Ọ bụkwa aha akwụkwọ Fadela Amara dere, otu n'ime ndị isi otu ahụ, site n'enyemaka nke onye nta akụkọ Le Monde Sylvia Zappi. N'afọ 2005, òtù a kpaliri okike nke otu a na-akpọ Varken Hora eller Kuvad na [[Sweden]].<ref name="vlt3February2017">{{Cite news|title=Identitetspolitiken måste bort|url=http://www.vlt.se/kultur/amineh-kakabaveh-identitetspolitiken-maste-bort|accessdate=3 February 2017|publisher=Vestmanlands Läns Tidning|language=Swedish|date=2 February 2017}}</ref> A họpụtara Fadela Amara ka ọ bụrụ onye nta akụkọ maka amụma obodo na ọchịchị mbụ François Fillon na May 2007. Ọ hapụrụ gọọmentị na 2010, ma bụrụ onye nlekọta France na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na January 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Fadela Amara nommée inspectrice générale des affaires sociales|work=Le Monde|language=French|date=2011-01-05|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2011/01/05/fadela-amara-nommee-inspectrice-generale-des-affaires-sociales_1461414_3224.html|accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref> Ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị France na-eto eto, gụnyere Samira Bellil, hibere NPNS na nzaghachi maka ime ihe ike a na-eduzi ha na mpaghara ndị Alakụba kwabatara nke ukwuu (banlieues) na ụlọ ọha (obodo) nke obodo ndị dị ka Paris, Lyon na Toulouse. ebe a na-akpọ ndị omekome a haziri ahazi dị ka ndị njem nlegharị anya, ma ọ bụ “gafere gburugburu".<ref name="Ireland 131–141"/><ref name="Hron 2010"/> == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ == Ni Putes Ni Soum na-alụ ọgụ megide ime ihe ike na-elekwasị anya n'ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ndina n'ike, yana nrụgide ọha na eze. Ikpo okwu nke òtù ahụ maka ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ụlọ na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ ha aka ịgbanahụ ọnọdụ ndị dị ize ndụ ma na-akwado ha n'ịrụzigharị ndụ ha mgbe ihe ahụ gasịrị. Ndị na-akwado ya bụ ndị ọka iwu, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na onye ndụmọdụ iwu. Ni Putes Ni Soumises na-akwadokwa White Ribbon Campaign, nke na-aga site na 25 Nọvemba ruo 6 Disemba kwa afọ, ma jiri nke a dị ka ohere iji kwalite 3919, enyemaka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ. [[Usòrò:Ni_Putes_Ni_Soumises_White_Ribbon_Campaign_poster.jpg|thumb|Ọ dịghị mgbe a na-etinye ya ma ọ bụ na-eweli ya elu White Ribbon Campaign poster]] Ni Putes Ni Soumises na-emekwa nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe na-eme ka a mara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gbaa ụmụ akwụkwọ ume iche echiche banyere ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị ma mebie usoro nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. N'ụzọ dị otú a, mmegharị ahụ nwere ike iru ụmụ akwụkwọ 950 na 2016. Okwu mkpagharị a na-eji pụtara ma ịwụ akpata oyi ma na-achịkọta ọnụ. Ndị otu na-eme ngagharị iwe megide mgbanwe akparamagwa n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na-ekwu na enwekwu mmetụta nke extremism nke [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na mpaghara France ndị nwere nnukwu ndị mbata. Otu ihe na-emetụ n'ahụ bụ mmeso ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba. Ndị otu na-ekwu na enwere ike ịmanye ha iyi mkpuchi, ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ịlụ di na nwunye n'oge.[5] Otú ọ dị, mmegharị ahụ na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị sitere n'okpukpe niile na agbụrụ agbụrụ, ndị niile nwere ike ịchọta onwe ha na ịda ogbenye na ghettoisation nke cités. Nsụgharị nke isi ihe nke arịrịọ mba NPNS na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya: <ref>[http://www.niputesnisoumises.com/ Ni Putes Ni Soumises - Le Site Officiel -]</ref> * Enweghị omume ọma: ọnọdụ anyị emebiwo. Mgbasa ozi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị emeghị ihe ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ obere ihe, maka anyị. * Enweghị ihe ọjọọ ọzọ. Ike gwụrụ anyị na ndị mmadụ na-ekwu maka anyị, na a na-emeso anyị n'ụzọ nlelị. * Enweghị ihe ọzọ mere anyị ji mee mmegbu n'aha ikike ịbụ ihe dị iche na nkwanye ùgwù maka ndị na-amanye anyị ịkwatu isi anyị. * Enweghịzi ịgbachi nkịtị na arụmụka ọha na eze banyere ime ihe ike, ịda ogbenye na ịkpa ókè. == Akụkọ mmalite == === Samira Bellil na Sohanne Benziane === Ikpe abụọ a ma ama nyere NPNS ihe mkpali pụrụ iche n'afọ 2003. Nke mbụ bụ nke Samira Bellil, onye bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ Dans l'enfer des tournantes ("In Gang Rape Hell"). <ref name="Ireland 131–141">{{Cite journal|author=Ireland|first=Susan|title=Textualizing Trauma in Samira Bellil's Dans l'enfer des tournantes and Fabrice Génestal's La squale|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=Winter 2007|volume=81|pages=131–141}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIreland2007">Ireland, Susan (Winter 2007). "Textualizing Trauma in Samira Bellil's Dans l'enfer des tournantes and Fabrice Génestal's La squale". ''Dalhousie French Studies''. '''81''': 131–141. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837893 40837893].</cite></ref><ref name="Hron 2010">{{Cite book|author=Hron|first=Madelaine|title=Translating Pain: Immigrant Suffering in Literature and Culture|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-9324-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqVDa-3RIqEC&pg=PT197}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHron2010">Hron, Madelaine (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pqVDa-3RIqEC&pg=PT197 ''Translating Pain: Immigrant Suffering in Literature and Culture'']. University of Toronto Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-4426-9324-1|<bdi>978-1-4426-9324-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'omenala nke banlieues, a na-akpọ ndị otu a haziri ahazi dị ka tournantes, ma ọ bụ "pass-arounds".<ref name="Ireland 131–141" /><ref name="Hron 2010" /> N'akwụkwọ ya, Bellil na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya dị ka nwa agbọghọ n'okpuru la loi des cités (iwu nke ghetto) ebe e dinara ya n'ike karịa otu oge, oge mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, na-atụ egwu ikwu okwu, ma mesịa hụ ya naanị dị ka ihe mmekọahụ, nke ezinụlọ ya na ụfọdụ ndị enyi ya chepụrụ.<ref name="Ireland 131–141"/><ref name="Hron 2010"/> Ikpe nke abụọ bụ nke Sohanne Benziane dị afọ iri na asaa, onye a na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ onye ndú obere oge gbara ọkụ. === Ngagharị iwe === N'ihi ihe omume ndị a, ndị otu Ni Putes Ni Soumises mere ngagharị iwe gafere France, nke malitere na Febụwarị 2003 wee gafee ihe karịrị obodo 20 tupu ọ rụchaa na ngagharị iwe 30,000 na Paris na 8 Machị 2003. A na-akpọ njem ahụ la Marche des femmes des quartiers contre les ghettos et pour l'égalité (Njem nke ụmụ nwanyị site na ụlọ ọha na eze megide Ghettoes na maka ịha nhata). Ndị nnọchi anya Ni Putes Ni Soumises natara Praịm Minista France Jean Pierre Raffarin. E tinyekwara ozi ha n'ime emume gọọmentị nke Bastille Day 2003 na Paris, mgbe a kwụnyere nnukwu ihe ngosi 14 nke ọ bụla n'ime nwanyị nke oge a yi uwe dị ka Marianne, ihe nnọchianya nke French Republic, na ogidi nke Palais Bourbon, ụlọ nke Assemblée nationale (ụlọ ala nke ndị omeiwu France). Gọọmentị France nabatara aro ise na-esonụ: # Mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ntuziaka agụmakwụkwọ na-ekwu maka nkwanye ùgwù, nke a ga-ekesa na ọrụ ụlọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ. # Ntọala nke ụlọ nchekwa n'ebe dị anya site na ọrụ ụlọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị nọ na nsogbu ozugbo, ebe ha nwere ike ịdị nchebe na amaghị aha. # Ịmepụta ebe nyocha isii ebe ụmụ nwanyị ga-enwe ike ịnụ olu ha. # Nhazi nke nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ọzụzụ maka ụmụ nwanyị iji zụlite ike ha pụrụ iche. # Ndokwa pụrụ iche e mere n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii maka ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị e mere ihe ike. === Ụlọ Mixité === Mmeghe nke Maison de la Mixitié, ụlọ ọrụ nke òtù ahụ na 20th arrondissement nke Paris, mere na 2006. Onye isi ala Jacques Chirac na onye ga-abụ onye isi ala [[François Hollande]] gara ihe omume ahụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya == N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2016 Ni Putes Ni Soumises họpụtara otu ndị ndu ọhụrụ, ya na Stéphanie Rameau, onye na-eje ozi ogologo oge na onye na-eme ihe ike na mmegharị ahụ, họpụtara onye isi ala. Na Mee 2017 Ni Putes Ni Soumises kwagara n'ụlọ ọhụrụ ya na 80 rue de Paris na Montreuil, mpaghara ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Paris. == Nkatọ == Ni Putes Ni Soumises akatọwo ya site n'aka ndị France dị iche iche na ndị edemede aka ekpe (Sylvie Tissot, Elsa Dorlin, Étienne Balibar, Houria Bouteldja, wdg), bụ ndị kwuru na ọ kpuchiri ọrụ nke ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ọ kwadoro Islamophobic instrumentalisation nke ụmụ nwanyị site na French Right.<ref name="Tissot">Sylvie Tissot, [http://www.gisti.org/spip.php?article1072 Bilan d’un féminisme d’État], in ''Plein Droit'' n°75, December 2007</ref> Houria Bouteldja ruru eru Ni Putes ni Soumises dị ka Ideological State Apparatus (AIE). A ga-ahụ arụmụka n'etiti ndị French Left banyere iwu 2004 gbasara ụwa na akara okpukpe doro anya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke a na-elekwasị anya na ''Hijab'', n'okpuru ìhè a.<ref name="Tissot"/> Ha na-emesi ike na, nke mbụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị abụghị kpọmkwem maka ndị mbịarambịa, omenala French n'onwe ya abụghị nke na-enweghị ịkpa ókè nwanyị, na nke abụọ, na ilekwasị anya na omume mgbasa ozi na ime ihe ike na-agafe n'okpuru ịgbachi nkịtị na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịdị mma. <ref name="Tissot" /> Sylvie Tissot dere na Amara sooro Cercle de l'Oratoire rụkọọ ọrụ, Mohammed Abdi, onye isi oche nke NGO ugbu a, bụ onye otu echiche a. == Hụkwa == * Mmekọahụ na France * Alakụba na France === Ọchịagha === * Islam na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ * Ụmụ nwanyị na Alakụba * Madonna–whore complex - Enweghị ike ịnọgide na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ime mmekọrịta ịhụnanya == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n9uzfc88o1ftqvdi2jqnq0ehmcs7url 0 51113 742654 699070 2026-11-03T08:56:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742654 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Bakweri_cocoyam_farmer_from_Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Onye ọrụ ugbo Bakweri na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi [[Ede|taro]] ya na ndagwurugwu nke Ugwu Cameroon, 2005]] [[Usòrò:Subsistence_Farmers_Trying_To_Sell_Their_Produce.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ere ihe ha na-emepụta, 2017]] Ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri na-eme mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ n'obere ebe iji gboo mkpa nke onwe ha na ezinụlọ ha.[1] Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri na-elekwasị anya na mmepụta ugbo maka nlanarị yana maka ihe ndị mpaghara chọrọ. Mkpebi ihe ọkụkụ na-eme n'ụzọ bụ isi na-eleba anya n'ihe ezinụlọ ga-achọ n'ime afọ na-abịa, na nke abụọ na ọnụ ahịa ahịa.[1] Tony Waters, bụ́ prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na-akọwa "ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri" dị ka "ndị na-akụ ihe ha na-eri, na-ewu ụlọ nke ha, na-ebikwa n'azụghị ihe mgbe nile n'ọma ahịa.".<ref name="Waters"/>: 2  N'agbanyeghị afọ ojuju onwe onye na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri na-ekerekwa òkè n'ahịa ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa ahịa ha dị ka a tụrụ na ego dị obere karịa nke ndị na-azụ ahịa na mba ndị nwere ahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ, ha na-eji ahịa ndị a na-enwetakarị ngwa ahịa, ọ bụghị iji nweta ego maka nri; ngwa ahịa ndị a anaghị adị mkpa maka nlanarị ma nwee ike ịgụnye shuga, akwa mkpuchi igwe, igwe igwe, uwe eji eme ihe, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị nwere kọntaktị azụmaahịa dị mkpa na ihe azụmaahịa ha nwere ike imepụta n'ihi nka pụrụiche ha ma ọ bụ ohere pụrụ iche iji nweta akụrụngwa akpọrọ ihe n'ọma ahịa..<ref name="AmJAgriEcon1968Maypp292-310"/> Ọrụ ugbo taa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe.<ref name="AmJAgriEcon1968Maypp292-310">{{Cite journal|first=Marvin P.|author=Miracle|title=Subsistence Agriculture: Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-agricultural-economics_1968-05_50_2/page/292|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|year=1968|volume=50|issue=2|pages=292–310|doi=10.2307/1237543}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMiracle1968">Miracle, Marvin P. (1968). "Subsistence Agriculture: Analytical Problems and Alternative Concepts". ''American Journal of Agricultural Economics''. '''50''' (2): 292–310. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/1237543|10.2307/1237543]]. [[JSTOR (ihe njirimara)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1237543 1237543].</cite></ref> Ọrụ ugbo na-adịkarị mkpa: obere ego / ego achọrọ, ihe ọkụkụ ngwakọta, obere ojiji nke agrochemicals (dịka ọgwụ ahụhụ na [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]]), ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ na-adịghị mma, obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla maka ire ere, iji ngwá ọrụ na-enweghị isi / ọdịnala (dịka oghere, mma, na cutlasses), ọkachasị mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ, obere ala, ịdabere na ọrụ a na-amaghị ama (mgbe ndị ezinụlọ), na (n'ozuzu) obere ihe ọkụkụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Subsistence agriculture was the dominant mode of production in the world until recently,{{When|date=May 2023}} when market-based capitalism became widespread.<ref name="pubs.aeaweb.org"/> Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide na-apụ n'anya na Europe site na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọ malitere ibelata na North America site na mmegharị nke ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akwụ ụgwọ site na South America na Midwest n'oge 1930s na 1940s.<ref name="Waters">{{Cite book|author=Waters|first=Tony|title=The persistence of subsistence agriculture : life beneath the level of the marketplace|date=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-5876-0|oclc=839303290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THsUDPl-bP4C|accessdate=2023-03-19}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWaters2008">Waters, Tony (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=THsUDPl-bP4C ''The persistence of subsistence agriculture : life beneath the level of the marketplace'']. Lexington Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-7391-5876-0|<bdi>978-0-7391-5876-0</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/839303290 839303290]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230405181952/https://books.google.com/books?id=THsUDPl-bP4C Archived] from the original on 2023-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite></ref>   [peeji dị mkpa] Na Central na Eastern Europe, ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide pụtara ọzọ n'ime akụ na ụba mgbanwe mgbe 1990 gasịrị mana ọ belatara n'ihe dị mkpa (ma ọ bụ pụọ n'anya) n'ọtụtụ mba site na ịbanye na EU na 2004 ma ọ bụ 2007. == Omume nke oge a == Ọrụ ugbo na-aga n'ihu taa n'akụkụ buru ibu nke ime obodo Africa, na akụkụ nke Eshia na Latin America.<ref name="Hyden">Goran Hyden. ''Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry''. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980.</ref> N'afọ 2015, ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 2 (ihe karịrị 25% nke ndị bi n'ụwa) n'ime nde ezinụlọ 500 bi n'ime ime obodo nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-adị ndụ dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo "obere", na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru [[Hectare|hekta]] 2 (5 [[Acre|acres]]) nke ala.<ref name="UN_FAO_report">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5251e.pdf|title=The economic lives of smallholder farmers|author=Rapsomanikis|first=George|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|date=2015|accessdate=2018-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504123249/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5251e.pdf|archivedate=2016-05-04|pages=9|quote=About two-thirds of the developing world's 3 billion rural people live in about 475 million small farm households, working on land plots smaller than 2 hectares.}}</ref> Ihe dị ka 98% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo China na-arụ ọrụ na obere ugbo, China na-akpata ihe dị ka ọkara nke ngụkọta ugbo ụwa.<ref name="UN_FAO_report" /> Na [[Ndia|India]], 80% nke ndị ọrụ ugbo niile bụ ndị ọrụ ugpo; [[Ethiopia]] na Eshia nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 90% ịbụ obere; ebe [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] na Brazil dekọrọ 50% na 20% ịbụ obere.<ref name="UN_FAO_report" /> Mpaghara ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo taa, dị ka India na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị n'Eshia, ahụla mbelata na nso nso a na omume ahụ. Nke a bụ n'ihi usoro ndị dị ka ime obodo, mgbanwe nke ala n'ime ime obodo, na njikọta nke ụdị ọrụ ugbo nke isi obodo. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Majumdar|first=Koustab|date=2020-04-09|title=Rural Transformation in India: Deagrarianization and the Transition from a Farming to Non-farming Economy|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X20912631|journal=[[Journal of Developing Societies]]|volume=36|issue=2|pages=182–205|doi=10.1177/0169796x20912631|issn=0169-796X|accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref> Na India, mmụba nke mmepụta ihe na mbelata nke ọrụ ugbo ime obodo emeela ka enweghị ọrụ n'ime obodo na ịrị elu ịda ogbenye maka ndị nọ n'òtù ndị dị ala. Ndị nwere ike ibi ma rụọ ọrụ n'ógbè ndị mepere emepe nwere ike ịbawanye ego ha na-enweta ebe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ime obodo na-ebelata nke ukwuu, nke bụ ihe mere na enweghị mbelata dị ukwuu na ịda ogbenye. Nke a na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị dị ala na ndị dị elu gbasaa ma mee ka o sie ike maka ndị nọ n'ime ime obodo ịkwaga n'ọkwá. Oge a bụ oge ndị ọrụ ugbo na-egbu onwe ha na "obodo na-apụ n'anya".<ref name=":5" /> === Ime mgbanwe maka okpomọkụ ụwa === A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'ọtụtụ mba na-emepe emepe nke dị na ihu igwe okpomọkụ. Mmetụta na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ nke [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] kpatara ga-adịwanye ike na mpaghara ndị a ka oke okpomọkụ na-ejikọta ya na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ dị ala. A manyere ndị ọrụ ugbo imeghachi omume na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu site na ihe ndị dị ka ala na ọrụ na-abawanye nke na-eyi mmepụta ihe ogologo oge egwu.<ref name="pubs.aeaweb.org">{{Cite journal|author=Aragón|first=Fernando M.|date=2021-02-01|title=Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat|url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20190316|journal=American Economic Journal: Economic Policy|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–35|doi=10.1257/pol.20190316|issn=1945-7731|accessdate=2022-04-10}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAragónOteizaRud2021">Aragón, Fernando M.; Oteiza, Francisco; Rud, Juan Pablo (2021-02-01). [https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/pol.20190316 "Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers' Response to Extreme Heat"]. ''American Economic Journal: Economic Policy''. '''13''' (1): 1–35. [[ArXiv (ihe njirimara)|arXiv]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[arxiv:1902.09204|1902.09204]]</span>. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1257/pol.20190316|10.1257/pol.20190316]]. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7731 1945-7731]. [[S2CID (ihe njirimara)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85529687 85529687]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220730110254/https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20190316 Archived] from the original on 2022-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ịnagide usoro na nzaghachi maka ihu igwe dịgasị iche iche nwere ike ịgụnye ibelata nri a na-eri kwa ụbọchị na ire anụ ụlọ iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mbelata mmepụta ihe. Nzaghachi ndị a na-eyi ọdịnihu nke ugbo ezinụlọ egwu n'oge ndị na-esonụ dịka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-ere anụmanụ eji arụ ọrụ ma rie mkpụrụ echekwara maka ịkụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thorlakson|first=Tannis|date=December 2012|title=Reducing subsistence farmers' vulnerability to climate change: evaluating the potential contributions of agroforestry in western Kenya|journal=Agriculture & Food Security|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=15|doi=10.1186/2048-7010-1-15|issn=2048-7010}}</ref> Ịtụle oke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu siri ike ịchọpụta dịka obere ugbo bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dị iche iche. Ebe dị iche iche nwere usoro mgbanwe dị iche iche dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morton|first=John F.|date=2007-12-11|title=The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-12-11_104_50/page/19680|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=104|issue=50|pages=19680–19685|doi=10.1073/pnas.0701855104|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18077400}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta maka ihe ọkụkụ, dị ka ọka wit, oats, na ọka anọwo na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mmetụta okpomọkụ na uto ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bita|first=Craita E.|date=2013|title=Plant tolerance to high temperature in a changing environment: scientific fundamentals and production of heat stress-tolerant crops|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=4|doi=10.3389/fpls.2013.00273|issn=1664-462X|pmid=23914193}}</ref> Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo gbanwee gaa na ihe ọkụkụ na-anabata okpomọkụ iji nọgide na-arụpụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eyshi Rezaei|first=E.|date=October 2015|title=Adaptation of crop production to climate change by crop substitution|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11027-013-9528-1|journal=Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change|language=en|volume=20|issue=7|pages=1155–1174|doi=10.1007/s11027-013-9528-1|issn=1381-2386|accessdate=2022-04-10}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ maka ihe ndị ọzọ na-anabata okpomọkụ na-egbochi ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche a na-akụ n'ugbo ndị na-eto eto. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ ugbo iji gboo mkpa nri kwa ụbọchị, nke a nwere ike imetụta nri na nri na-edozi ahụ n'etiti ọtụtụ ezinụlọ na-arụzi ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Habtemariam|first=Lemlem Teklegiorgis|date=March 2017|title=Impact of climate change on farms in smallholder farming systems: Yield impacts, economic implications and distributional effects|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308521X16302529|journal=Agricultural Systems|language=en|volume=152|pages=58–66|doi=10.1016/j.agsy.2016.12.006|accessdate=2022-04-10}}</ref> == Ụdị ọrụ ugbo == === Mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo ===   N'ụdị ọrụ ugbo a, a na-ewepụ ala ọhịa site na njikọta nke igbu osisi (ịkpụ ala) na ọkụ, a na'akụkwa ihe ọkụkụ. Mgbe afọ abụọ na atọ gasịrị, uto nke ala ahụ malitere ịda, a gbahapụrụ ala ahụ ma onye ọrụ ugbo ahụ na-aga ịsacha ala ọhụrụ n'ebe ọzọ n'ime ọhịa ka usoro ahụ na-agbaso.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Community Forestry: Forestry Note 8|url=http://www.fao.org/3/u4390e/U4390e02.htm|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601112108/http://www.fao.org/3/u4390e/U4390e02.htm}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a hapụrụ ala ahụ n'efu, oké ọhịa ahụ na-etolite ọzọ n'ebe a kpochapụrụ ma weghachite Ala na-eme nri na biomass. Mgbe afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa gasịrị, onye ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịlaghachi n'ala mbụ. Ụdị ọrụ ugbo a na-adịgide adịgide na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ala, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu chọrọ mkpocha ugboro ugboro nke na-egbochi ala na-eme nri, na-emeghe ọtụtụ okpokoro ọhịa, ma na-agba ume ka a na-egbutu osisi na nnukwu osisi, na-emecha na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa na mbuze ala.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|journal=Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment|title=Soil Erosion from Shifting Cultivation and Other Smallholder Land Use in Sarawak, Malaysia|volume=4|issue=42|author=De Neergaard|first=Andreas|date=2008|doi=10.1016/j.agee.2007.12.013}}</ref> A na-akpọ ọrụ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe ''dredd'' na India, Lagos na Indonesia na ''jhumming'' na North East India. === Ọrụ ugbo na-anọkarị otu ebe ===   === Ịkpa anụ na-akwagharị akwagharị === N'ụdị ọrụ ugbo a, ndị mmadụ na anụmanụ ha na-akwaga n'otu ebe gaa n'ọzọ na-achọ nri anụ ụlọ ha. N'ozuzu, ha na-azụ ehi, atụrụ, ewu, camel na/ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri maka mmiri ara ehi, akpụkpọ anụ, anụ na ajị anụ.[16] Ụzọ ndụ a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ Eshia, India, ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Africa na ugwu Eurasia. Ọmụmaatụ bụ Bhotiyas na-akwagharị na ndị Gujjars nke Himalaya. Ha na-ebu ihe ha nwere, dị ka ụlọikwuu, na ihe ndị ọzọ, n’azụ ịnyịnya ibu, ịnyịnya na kamel.[17] Na mpaghara ugwu, dị ka Tibet na Andes, a na-azụ yak na llama. Reindeer bụ anụ ụlọ na mpaghara arctic na sub-arctic. Atụrụ, ewu na kamel bụ anụmanụ nkịtị, ehi na ịnyịnya dịkwa mkpa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Miggelbrink, Judith.|title=Nomadic and indigenous spaces : productions and cognitions|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-59843-7|oclc=953047010}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|author=Miggelbrink|first=Judith|title=Nomadic and indigenous spaces : productions and cognitions|date=15 November 2016|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-138-26721-3|oclc=1010537015}}</ref> === Ọrụ ugbo na-arụsi ọrụ ike === N'ọrụ ugbo siri ike, onye ọrụ ugbo na-akọ obere ala site na iji ngwá ọrụ dị mfe na ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Vaughn|first=Sharon|date=May 2014|title=Intensive Interventions in Reading for Students with Reading Disabilities: Meaningful Impacts|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_learning-disabilities-research-practice_2014-05_29_2/page/46|journal=Learning Disabilities Research & Practice|volume=29|issue=2|pages=46–53|doi=10.1111/ldrp.12031|pmid=24910504|issn=0938-8982}}</ref> Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nwere ọtụtụ ụbọchị na anwụ na ala na-eme nri, na-enye ohere ịzụlite ihe karịrị otu ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ n'otu ala ahụ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji obere ala ha emepụta ihe zuru ezu maka oriri ha n'ógbè ahụ, ebe a na-eji ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ eme ihe maka mgbanwe megide ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-eme ka a na-emepụta nri karịa kwa acre ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ kachasị njọ, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ọbụna ịmepụta ala dị n'akụkụ ugwu iji kọọ ubi osikapa. A na-ahụ ubi ndị dị otú ahụ n'akụkụ ndị mmadụ jupụtara na Eshia,dị ka na Philippines. Ha nwekwara ike ịbawanye site na iji nsị, ịgba mmiri na nsị anụmanụ dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]]. Ọrụ ugbo siri ike na-adịkarị n'ógbè ndị mmadụ jupụtara na mpaghara ndịda, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia.<ref name=":2" /> == Mbelata ịda ogbenye == Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri dị ka atụmatụ ibelata ịda ogbenye, kpọmkwem dị ka ụgbụ nchekwa maka oke ọnụ ahịa nri yana maka nchekwa nri. Mba ndị dara ogbenye na-ejedebe na ego gbasara ego na ụlọ ọrụ nke ga-eme ka ha nwee ike ịnwe ịrị elu na ọnụ ahịa ụlọ yana ijikwa mmemme enyemaka ọha na eze, nke na-abụkarị n'ihi na ha na-eji ngwá ọrụ amụma ezubere maka mba etiti na nnukwu ego. 20] Mba ndị na-enweghị ego na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 80% nke ndị ogbenye nọ n'ime ime obodo na ihe karịrị 90% nke ezinụlọ ime obodo nwere ohere ịnweta ala, ma ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ogbenye bi n'ime ime obodo enweghị nri zuru oke.[20] Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri na mba ndị nwere obere ego dị ka akụkụ nke nzaghachi amụma maka nsogbu nri n'oge dị mkpirikpi na nke ọkara, ma na-enye nchekwa nchekwa maka ndị ogbenye na mba ndị a.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=de Janvry|first=Alain|date=2011-06-01|title=Subsistence farming as a safety net for food-price shocks|journal=Development in Practice|volume=21|issue=4–5|pages=472–480|doi=10.1080/09614524.2011.561292|issn=0961-4524}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo na-aga nke ọma karịa ọrụ ndị na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo na ịlụso ịda ogbenye ọgụ na mba ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-amaghị.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Christiaensen|first=Luc|date=2018-09-01|title=Agriculture, structural transformation and poverty reduction: Eight new insights|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=109|pages=413–416|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.027|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọkwa ịda ogbenye ị ga-ama iji lekwasị anya n'ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ndị na-ege ntị ziri ezi nọ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Christiaensen|first=Luc|date=November 2011|title=The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction—An empirical perspective|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304387810001252|journal=Journal of Development Economics|language=en|volume=96|issue=2|pages=239–254|doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.10.006|accessdate=2022-12-17}}</ref> Ọrụ ugbo dị mma iji belata ịda ogbenye n'etiti ndị na-enweta $ 1 kwa ụbọchị karịa ndị na-enye $ 2 kwa ụbọchị n'Africa.<ref name=":9" /> Ndị na-enweta ego dị ala nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-amaghị nke ọma ma nwee ohere ole na ole; ya mere, ha na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, dị ka ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":9" /> Ndị na-eme $ 2 nwere ohere ka ukwuu ịrụ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị na-abụghị ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":9" /> == Hụkwa ==   == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] 6lww9qtkyissw9ewdzcm02rbqybqmf4 0 52407 742525 741510 2026-11-03T08:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742525 wikitext text/x-wiki Filomena Clarice Steady (nke bụbu Filomina Chioma Steady) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na mba Sierra Leone dabere na United States bụ ọkachamara na njikọta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Steady was born in Sierra Leone,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=8 August 2021|first=Marta|author=Romero-Delgado|title=Feminismos negros|url=https://culturaypensamientodelospueblosnegros.com/feminismos-negros/|work=Cultura y Pensamiento de los Pueblos Negros|accessdate=3 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808143610/https://culturaypensamientodelospueblosnegros.com/feminismos-negros/|archivedate=8 August 2021}}</ref> studied in the US and England, and currently{{when|date=September 2022}} lives in the US.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Filomina Steady {{!}} Professor Emerita of Africana Studies|url=http://www.wellesley.edu/africana/faculty/steady|accessdate=3 April 2022|work=Wellesley College}}</ref> O nwere nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Smith, nzere masta na Mahadum Boston, yana PhD na social anthropology na Mahadum Oxford.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=18 September 1991|title=28 March 1992|pages=20|work=[[Wisconsin State Journal]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98200497/wisconsin-state-journal/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Steady rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na dịka onye nduzi ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum California State, Sacramento . <ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 1992, ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ na mahadum wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ dị elu maka ụmụ nwanyị na okike na United Nations.<ref name=":1" /> O mechara rụọ ọrụ na Wellesley College ebe o nwere utu aha Prọfesọ Emerita nke Africana Studies ugbu a.<ref name=":2"/> A maara Steady maka ọrụ ya na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, <ref name=":0"/> na maka ịkwado maka "mmadụ nwanyị" nke gụnyere ikike na mkpa ụmụaka yana ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Lindah|author=Mhando|title=Theorizing African Identities and Multiple Modernities: Questions Revisited|url=https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-808-1079/acasbulletin72.pdf|journal=ACAS Bulletin|date=Winter 2005|issn=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225011551/https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/210-808-1079/acasbulletin72.pdf|archive-date=2025-02-25|access-date=2024-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * "An Investigative Framework for Gender Research in Africa in the New Millennium" E debere ya na Wayback Machine, na O. Oyewumi (ed.), African Gender Studies: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues, 2005, New York: Palgrave<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-09009-6_17|editor=Oyěwùmí|chapter=An Investigative Framework for Gender Research in Africa in the New Millennium|first=F. C.|author=Steady|title=African Gender Studies a Reader|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2005|pages=313–331|doi=10.1007/978-1-137-09009-6_17|isbn=978-1-4039-6283-6}}</ref> * The Black Woman Cross-Culturally, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1981, Schenkman Publishers, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rowland Chukwuemeka Amaefula|date=Jan 2021|title=AFRICAN FEMINISMS: PARADIGMS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS|url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/111724/1/Feminismos_37_12.pdf|journal=Feminismo/S|volume=37|pages=293–305|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712170501/https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/111724/1/Feminismos_37_12.pdf|archive-date=2024-07-12|access-date=2024-09-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>  * Women and Collective Action in Africa, 2005, Palgrave Macmillan, <ref name=":2"/>  * Women and the Amistad Connection: Sierra Leone Krio Society, 2011, Schenkman Publishers, <ref name=":2" />  * Ụmụ nwanyị na idu ndú na West Africa: Ịmata Mba na Ịdị Mma nke Steeti, 2011, Palgrave Macmillan <ref name=":2" />  == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220323140931/https://www.wellesley.edu/sites/default/files/steady_c.v_academic_2018.pdf CV nke Mahadum Wellesley kwadoro] * "Filomina Steady" African Women's Leadership through the Ages", Wellesley College, 28 Machị 2018. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Steady, Filomina Clarice}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nbda0jtaxxf7wkab722twc4dnv8rb1w 0 52912 742606 693249 2026-11-03T08:49:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} AFL Evolution bụ egwuregwu vidiyo dabere na AFL nke Wicked Witch Software mepụtara na Tru Blu Entertainment bipụtara na 2017 maka PlayStation 4, Xbox One na Microsoft Windows. Ewepụtara ihe ngosi nwere ihe ọkpụkpọ na ngwa otu egwuregwu na Eprel 5, 2017.[1] E wepụtara egwuregwu ahụ na Mee 5, 2017 maka PlayStation 4 na Xbox One na Microsoft Windows site na Steam na July 21.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afl.com.au/news/2017-04-06/afl-evolution-set-for-may-release|title=AFL Evolution Set for May Release|work=afl.com.au|date=6 April 2017|accessdate=2017-04-06}}</ref> == Egwuregwu == AFL Evolution nwere ụdị ọrụ atọ dị iche iche: ndị egwuregwu nwere ike ịmalite dị ka onye nchịkwa, onye ọkpụkpọ edepụtara, ma ọ bụ agwa emepụtara.[1] Ụdị onye nchịkwa na-agbagharị n'ịgba otu egwuregwu mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro ọzụzụ, ego na njikwa ndị ọrụ.[1] E wezụga igwu egwu otu egwuregwu megide AI, ihe ruru ndị egwuregwu anọ nwere ike igwu egwu n'ịntanetị n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu.<ref name="FOX">{{Cite web|date=May 6, 2017|first=Max|author=Laughton|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/afl/review-how-good-is-new-footy-video-game-afl-evolution/news-story/7b68e96ccbfddb7eae11e80bc7d162d3|title=Review: How good is new footy video game AFL Evolution?|work=[[Fox Sports]]|accessdate=January 25, 2020}}</ref> 'Bụrụ ụdị pro"- n'egwuregwu dịka FIFA na NBA 2K na-enye onye ọkpụkpọ ohere ịmepụta agwa ma duzie ha site na ọrụ ha. Ị nwere ike ịmalite dị ka onye na-erubeghị afọ iri na asatọ, rụọ ọrụ n'elu, kpọọ egwu na VFL ma mesịa bụrụ onye otu AFL bịanyere aka. onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ ga-enwe ike ịhapụ mgbe oge ahụ gasịrị ma ọ bụrụ na ha achọghị ka ndị otu ahụ tinye àgwà ha, ebe ha nwekwara ike ịmalite ọrụ dị ka onye ọkpịsị aka dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ zere usoro niile tupu AFL kpamkpam ma banye ozugbo na asọmpi ndị isi. Nlaghachi site na [[Australian Football League|AFL]]_Live_2" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="AFL Live 2">AFL Live 2 bụ ọnọdụ ọrụ njikwa, nke yiri nke 'ịbụ onye ọkachamara' n'ụzọ ị nwere ike ịmalite site na U18 TAC Cup ma rụọ ọrụ n'ụzọ gị, ma ọ bụ ị nwere ike ịbanye na AFL. Ọnọdụ ọrụ njikwa na-ewepụkwa ndị na-egwu egwuregwu karịa egwuregwu na-enye ha ohere ijikwa otu ahụ site na idepụta na ịzụ ahịa nke ndị egwuregwu, ụgwọ ọrụ, ọzụzụ, ụlọ ikpe na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọnọdụ ịntanetị na-enyere ndị egwuregwu aka ịga n'ihu n'asọmpi na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ịntanetị. N'oge egwuregwu ahụ, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ịdọrọ Speckies, nke a na-egosi na nwayọ na-aga site n'ọtụtụ akụkụ.<ref name="RedBull">{{Cite web|date=May 12, 2017|first=Stephen|author=Farelly|url=https://www.redbull.com/au-en/afl-evolution-we-explore-its-pros-cons|title=AFL Evolution's pros and cons, or goals and misses|work=[[Red Bull]]|accessdate=January 26, 2020}}</ref> Enwere anya anya igwefoto abụọ a ga-ahọrọ site na: ndabara na njedebe na njedebe na nhọrọ abụọ na mkpọchi na ike. Nhọrọ dị ike na-eme ka ntụgharị gbanwee, dabere na ihe bọọlụ nwere ugbu a. Na ala nke ihuenyo ahụ, enwere ike ịchọta obere map nke nwere ihe ngosi ebumnuche.<ref name="Yahoo"/> Dị ka egwuregwu ahụ nwere ikike AFL zuru ezu, AFL Women's, TAC Cup na Victorian Football League na-abanye n'ime nhọrọ otu.[1] Emegharịrị egwuregwu niile n'ikwesị ntụkwasị obi, yana mgbasa ozi na ndị nkwado. Na mgbakwunye na nke ahụ, AFL Evolution na-eji eserese akara Seven Network na nkọwa sitere n'aka Dennis Cometti na Matthew Richardson. <ref name="RedBull" /> <ref name="Yahoo">{{Cite web|date=May 4, 2017|first=Glenn|author=Valencich|url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/afl-evolution-review-fun-but-no-revolution-on-ps4-xbox-one-35296945.html|title=AFL Evolution review: Fun but not quite a revolution|work=[[Yahoo Sports]]|accessdate=January 25, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFValencich2017">Valencich, Glenn (4 May 2017). [https://au.sports.yahoo.com/afl-evolution-review-fun-but-no-revolution-on-ps4-xbox-one-35296945.html "AFL Evolution review: Fun but not quite a revolution"]. ''[[Egwuregwu Yahoo|Yahoo Sports]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ntọhapụ == Na 3 Mee 2018, Wicked Witch Software weputara ngwugwu oge nke gbakwunyere Western Australian Football League, South Australian National Football League na North East Australian Football League. Ọ gbakwụnyere ama egwuregwu Perth, Kardinia Park emelitere, ndị otu na ndị agha. == Nnakwere == Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, AFL Evolution nwetara nyocha dị iche iche. Press Start Australia nyere egwuregwu ahụ 6/10. Fox Sports Australia nyere egwuregwu ahụ 6/10 na 7Sport nyere egwuregwu ahụ 6.5/10. == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} daqze77ho7xkt4aogh6ypd3ricrwu5q 0 53037 742449 190021 2026-11-03T07:58:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Úrsula Pueyo Marimon''' (amụrụ 21 Disemba 1983 na Palma de Mallorca ) <ref name="Sochi2014.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-ursula-pueyo-marimon|title=Ursula PUEYO MARIMON|work=Sochi2014.com|publisher=Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi|accessdate=18 April 2014|archivedate=19 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319230042/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/paralympic/athlete-ursula-pueyo-marimon}}</ref> <ref name="Paralimpicos.es">{{Cite web|url=http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2014SOCPI/participantes/datosbiografia.asp?idatleta=43150787G|title=URSULA PUEYO MARIMON|language=Spanish|work=Paralimpicos.es|publisher=Comité Paralímpico Español - Juegos Paralímpicos Sochi 2014|accessdate=18 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419094443/http://www.paralimpicos.es/web/2014SOCPI/participantes/datosbiografia.asp?idatleta=43150787G|archivedate=19 April 2014}}</ref> bụ LW2 nkewapụrụ skier para-alpine na Spain nke na-efunahụ ụkwụ. Ọ gbara aka na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup na ihe omume European Cup. Ọ gbakwara asọmpi n'asọmpi IPC Alpine Skiing World Championship, asọmpi mkpọnwụ oyi nke afọ 2010, na egwuregwu oyi nke Paralympic Sochi 2014 . <ref name="Sochi2014.com" /> <ref name="Paralimpicos.es" /> == Nkeonwe == Site na Majorca, <ref name="frommallorda">{{Cite web|author=Diario de Mallorca|url=http://www.diariodemallorca.es/deportes/2010/03/02/ursula-pueyo-aspira-top-ten-gigante-o-eslalon/549707.html|title=Ursula Pueyo aspira al 'top ten' en gigante o eslalon – Diario de Mallorca|publisher=Diariodemallorca.es|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> <ref name="biscarey">{{Cite web|author=(Aragón) DEPORTES,ESQUI|url=http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=335737|title=Santacana y Cohí vencen en gigante del Campeonato de España Adaptado – ABC.es – Noticias Agencias|work=ABC|date=21 January 2013|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228064532/http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=335737|archivedate=28 December 2013}}</ref> Pueyo nwere nkwarụ anụ ahụ, <ref name="eurochamps"/> ụkwụ na-efu efu, <ref name="missingleg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.as.com/mas-deporte/articulo/juegos-olimpicos-invierno-competiciones-deportivas/20100302dasdaimas_4/Tes|title=Lissavetzky admite que España "no evoluciona" – Vancouver 2010 &#124; Juegos Olímpicos de invierno|publisher=AS.com|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> bụ ihe kpatara ihe mberede ụgbọ ala mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise. <ref name="motorcycle">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2010/03/01/mas_deportes/otros_deportes/1267456254.html|title=Jon Santacana lidera el equipo paralímpico español que competirá en Vancouver|work=Marca|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> <ref name="born1987"/> == Ịgba ski == Pueyo bụ skier LW2 . <ref name="born1987">{{Cite web|author=Olalla Cernuda|url=http://www.rtve.es/deportes/20100310/deportistas-paralimpicos-espanoles-instalados-villa-olimpica/323186.shtml|title=Los deportistas paralímpicos españoles, instalados en la Villa Olímpica|publisher=RTVE.es|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlalla_Cernuda">Olalla Cernuda. [http://www.rtve.es/deportes/20100310/deportistas-paralimpicos-espanoles-instalados-villa-olimpica/323186.shtml "Los deportistas paralímpicos españoles, instalados en la Villa Olímpica"] (in Spanish). Spain: RTVE.es<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> onye na-asọ mpi n'otu ọkwa. <ref name="didntfinish"/> Andrés Gómez na-azụ ya. <ref name="arrivedgames">{{Cite web|url=http://www.marca.com/2010/03/09/mas_deportes/jjoo_invierno/jjpp_invierno/1268169740.html|title=El equipo paralímpico español ya se encuentra en Whistler|work=Marca|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> N'agba nke ikpeazụ nke European Cup na March 2008, ihe omume emere na La Molina, Spain, Pueyo bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya Spanish skiers na-asọmpi na mmemme ahụ. <ref name="oneofseveral">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/4816/Final-del-campeonato-de-Europa-en-La-Molina/|title=Final del campeonato de Europa en La Molina – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=27 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Ọ gụchara oge 2007/2008 European Cup n'ọkwa nke iri. <ref name="europeanseason">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/5011/Jon-Santacana-Subcampeon-de-Europa/|title=Jon Santacana Subcampeón de Europa – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Ọ gụchara oge 2007/2008 European Cup n'ọkwa nke iri. <ref name="171points">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/03/31/solidaridad/1206960349.html|title=El español Jon Santacana, subcampeón de la Copa de Europa de Esquí para Discapacitados|publisher=el mundo|date=31 March 2008|accessdate=4 February 2013|language=es}}</ref> Na mmemme IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup izizi na oge ski 2008/2009, ọ kwụsịrị otu n'ime agbụrụ ya. <ref name="firstracecup">{{Cite web|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/interstitial/volver/acierto/sociedad/noticias/972880/01/09/Deportes-jon-santacana-y-anna-cohi-lideran-la-copa-del-mundo-de-esqui-alpino-para-discapacitados.html|title=Deportes. jon santacana y anna cohí lideran la copa del mundo de esquí alpino para discapacitados – EcoDiario.es|work=El Economista|date=15 January 2009|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Na mmemme iko mba ụwa nke Paralympic nke February 2009, ọ nwetara nrite ọla ọcha atọ na ọla kọpa. <ref name="moredetails">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cocemfe.es/noticias/vernoticia.php?id=5333|title=Éxito de los esquiadores españoles en la I Copa Paralímpica del Mundo de Invierno|publisher=Cocemfe.es|accessdate=18 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707135824/http://www.cocemfe.es/noticias/vernoticia.php?id=5333#|archivedate=7 July 2012}}</ref> <ref name="winterowrldcup">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6160/Exito-espanol-en-la-1-copa-paralimpica-del-mundo-de-invierno/|title=Exito español en la 1ª copa paralímpica del mundo de invierno – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=18 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Na March 2009, ọ gbara asọmpi na European Cup ski alpine maka ndị nwere nkwarụ. Ọ gbachara ọsọ ya mana o meghị ihe nrite, jiri isi 458 mechaa nke anọ n'ozuzu ya. <ref name="eurochamps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138|title=Solidaridad Digital – Anna Cohí, campeona de Slalom y Gigante en la Copa de Europa de Esquí|publisher=Solidaridaddigital.es|date=30 March 2009|accessdate=18 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322052507/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138|archivedate=22 March 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140322052507/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138 "Solidaridad Digital – Anna Cohí, campeona de Slalom y Gigante en la Copa de Europa de Esquí"] (in Spanish). Spain: Solidaridaddigital.es. 30 March 2009. Archived from [http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=5138 the original] on 22 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'ịsọ mpi na asọmpi IPC Alpine Skiing World nke 2009 na South Korea, a chụpụrụ ya na ọsọ mbụ ya n'otu mmemme. N'ọsọ ọzọ, ọ gbara nke iri abụọ na asatọ. <ref name="didntfinish">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6213/Comienzo-poco-brillante-del-equipo-espanol-en-Corea/|title=Comienzo poco brillante del equipo español en Corea – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6213/Comienzo-poco-brillante-del-equipo-espanol-en-Corea/ "Comienzo poco brillante del equipo español en Corea – Esquí Adaptado"] (in Spanish). Spain: Nevasport.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="finishedseixth">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/02/23/solidaridad/1235395750.html|title=Santacana gana su primer oro en la supercombinada &#124; Solidaridad|work=El Mundo|date=23 February 2009|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Ọ bụ asọmpi mba ụwa nke mbụ ọ meriri na ya. <ref name="firstworlds">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/6199/Once-espanoles-en-el-mundial-de-esqui-alpino-para-discapacitados/|title=Once espanoles en el mundial de esquí alpino para discapacitados – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2009, ọ gara mmemme na Madrid nke Programa de Alto Rendimiento Paralímpico (Programa ARPA) haziri dịka akụkụ nke nkwadebe maka Egwuregwu Vancouver. <ref name="inadvancevancouver">{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=6932|title=Solidaridad Digital – Los esquiadores paralímpicos se concentran en Madrid con la mirada puesta en Vancouver 2010|publisher=Solidaridaddigital.es|date=10 November 2009|accessdate=21 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216012222/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=6932|archivedate=16 December 2013}}</ref> Na-eso nke a, ọ sonyere na ọzụzụ otu ndị ọzọ na Centro de Deportes de Invierno del Valle de Arán (Lérida). <ref name="inadvancevancouver" /> . <ref name="fiveregions">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nevasport.com/adaptado/art/7162/Campeonato-de-Cataluna-Open-de-Esqui-Alpino-Adaptado-en-La-Molina/|title=Campeonato de Cataluña Open de Esquí Alpino Adaptado en La Molina – Esquí Adaptado|publisher=Nevasport.com|date=27 January 2010|accessdate=27 January 2013|language=es}}</ref> Ọ gụchara nke anọ na ihe omume slalom na ihe omume European Cup nke atọ emere na La Molina na ngwụcha Jenụwarị 2010. <ref name="wongoldmolina">{{Cite web|url=http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=7676|title=Solidaridad Digital – El equipo español acaba con doce medallas en la Copa de Europa de Esquí Alpino de La Molina|publisher=Solidaridaddigital.es|accessdate=26 January 2013|language=es|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216012256/http://www.solidaridaddigital.es/SolidaridadDigital/Noticias/Deportes/DetalleNoticia.aspx?id=7676|archivedate=16 December 2013}}</ref> Na Aramón Cerler na Eprel 2010, asọmpi ikpeazụ nke oge nke Campeonato de España de Esquí Alpino adaptado haziri mere. Ọ gụchara mbụ na mmemme ịnọ ọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Super G. <ref name="supergiantstanding">{{Cite web|url=http://www.skiamosmagazine.com/noticias/ultima-prueba-de-esqui-adaptado-celebrada-en-cerler-aramon/|title=Última prueba de esquí adaptado celebrada en Cerler Aramón|publisher=Ski Amos Magazine|language=es|date=7 April 2010|accessdate=28 January 2013|archivedate=10 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180425/http://www.skiamosmagazine.com/noticias/ultima-prueba-de-esqui-adaptado-celebrada-en-cerler-aramon/}}</ref> == Ntụaka ==  gbara aka na IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup na ihe omume European Cup. Ọ Galicia, Catalonia, Madrid na mba Basque. Ọ nọchitere{{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1msxkw92ea5rcrvruikindlrmv55ann 0 54124 742731 692731 2026-11-03T09:28:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox school|name=Alliance Girls' High School|former_name=African Girls' High School|other_name=AGHS|image=schoolgate.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Main gate of the school|established={{start date and age|1948}}|founder=Alliance of Protestant Missions|motto=Walk in the light|type=[[Public school (government funded)|Public]] [[Education in Kenya|national]] boarding school|gender=[[Single-sex education|Girls]]|principal=Jedidah Mwangi|location=[[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]], Kiambu County|country=Kenya|coordinates={{Coord|-1.2663 |36.6627|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|colours=Green and white {{colorbox|green}}{{colorbox|white}}|sister_school=[[Alliance High School (Kenya)|Alliance High School]]|website={{URL|http://www.alliancegirlshigh.sc.ke}}}}Alliance Girls' High School (AGHS) bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mbata ọha maka ụmụ agbọghọ dị nso na obere obodo Kikuyu na Kiambu County, 20 km site na Nairobi. Tọrọ ntọala na 1948 dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Africa, ọ nọ n'ebe dị anya site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Alliance High School. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Tọrọ ntọala na 1948 site na Alliance of Protestant Missions, Alliance Girls High School bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị izizi maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa na Kenya, wee jee ozi n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Kenya nke na-anabata naanị ụmụ nwanyị Europe n'oge ahụ. Tupu nnwere onwe Kenya a na-akpọ ya ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Alliance Girls High School na-anọdụ ala acres 71 na Kiambu County, nke Presbyterian Church nke East Africa nyere na mbụ.. Onye isi akwụkwọ mbụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Jean Wilkinson (née Ewan), bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Scotland. Joan Waithaka, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Africa mbụ na 1969. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na kọmitii 1976 Gachathi Report nke tụrụ aro ka gọọmenti Kenya na-eme atụmatụ nke ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè ọ bụghị nanị na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu kama nakwa na sayensị na ngalaba ndị nwoke na-achị na mba ahụ. Ụmụ agbọghọ iri mbụ nabatara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ rutere na 28 February 1948 wee si na mpaghara dị iche iche dị na Kenya dị ka ọ dị taa. Na 1961, Alliance Girls High School bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ise mbụ n'Africa na-enye Asambodo Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Higher (n'oge ahụ, ihe nhata nke ọkwa A na ihe achọrọ maka ịbanye mahadum).[1] Tupu e hiwe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Alliance Girls, ụmụ agbọghọ ole na ole anabatara na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ndị nwoke na-enwekarị. Otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ ikpeazụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ebe ahụ bụ onye edemede Rebeka Njau bụ onye mechara kụziri na Alliance Girl High School.[2][3] Ụlọ akwụkwọ abụọ a ka na-enwe mmekọrịta chiri anya. === Ndị bụ isi === * Jean Wilkinson, 1948-54 * Mary Bruce, 1955-1968 * Joan Waithaka, 1969-1984 * Rebecca Karanja, 1985-2002 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * J. N. Mbugua 2004-2008 * Dorothy Kamwilu 2008-2016 * Catherine K. Irungu (H.S.C) 2017 * Virginia Gitonga 2017-2022 * Oriakụ Jedidah Mwangi - 2023 (nke ugbu a) == Aha agụmakwụkwọ == [[Usòrò:Newhouse2.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọhụrụ, otu n'ime ụlọ iri ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ]] Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere aha dị ka ebe agụmakwụkwọ dị mma na Kenya. Ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ mbụ n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Kenya na nsonaazụ KCSE nke 2011 ma nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke atọ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị niile nke Kenya. Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na AGHS na-aga na mahadum ndị Kenya na-eduga nakwa nke mba ụwa. A họpụtakwala ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ka ha gaa African Leadership Academy. == Ntinye aka == Ntinye bụ asọmpi siri ike. Naanị ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere arụmọrụ dị elu na Kenya Certificate of Primary Education ka a na-ahọrọ ịga. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-esokwa na usoro mba nke na-ahụ nguzozi na nnabata nke ụmụ akwụkwọ si na mpaghara Kenya niile. N'afọ 2015, Alliance Girls High School dọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ mba niile na akwụkwọ 156,347, Alliance High School sochiri ya na 154,417 na Mangu High School na 148,594. == Akara ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụcha == Akara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ọkụ ọkụ na-acha odo odo na-acha ọcha nke a na-etinye n'elu St. Andrew's Cross na ndabere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Mbido AGHS dị n'elu akara ahụ, ebe ụkpụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ "Na-agagharị n'ìhè" dị n'okpuru ya, ha abụọ edere na odo. Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ si kwuo, ụcha odo na-anọchite anya ìhè nke oriọna, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi ndụ nke ìhè nyere, na ọcha na-anọchi anya ngwaahịa nke ndụ a. Uwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosipụta uto ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu. Ruo afọ ole na ole, ejiji ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ maroon na agba. E wepụrụ nke a, malite n'afọ 2005 site na ụdị otu klas sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ ahụ. == Ụlọ ekpere == Ụlọ ekpere ụlọ akwụkwọ, otu n'ime ihe ịrịba ama nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, dị n'ihu ụlọ nchịkwa. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ozi na Sunday, Tuesday na Thursday nke ụmụ akwụkwọ niile gara. Ọ bụkwa ebe a na-eme ụlọ akwụkwọ Barazas (ụlọ omebe iwu ụmụ akwụkwọ na nzukọ). Onye ụkọchukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ Reverend Dorcas Kamau onye nọchiri Reverend Marion Strain na 2011. == Ụmụ akwụkwọ ama ama == * Betty Gikonyo, onye ọchụnta ego ahụike, dọkịta na-ahụ maka ọrịa obi na onye ọrụ ahụike <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/artculture/Betty-Gikonyos-autobiograph/1954194-2058328-imautvz/index.html|title=Book review: The tale of a daring doctor|author=Kamencu|first=Kingwa|date=3 November 2013|work=Daily Nation|publisher=Nation Media Group|accessdate=21 July 2019}}</ref> * Lucy Kibaki, onye bụbu nwunye onye isi nke Kenya * Sally Kosgei, nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi ndị Ọrụ gọọmentị Kenya <ref name="Mungai">Mungai, Christine (17 June 2015). [http://m.mgafrica.com/article/2015-06-08-africa-is-changing-and-this-is-how-you-know-a-career-day-at-an-elite-school-lupita-nyongo-and-the-opera "Africa is changing, and this is how you know: A career day at a high school, Lupita Nyong'o Effect, and the opera"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132747/http://m.mgafrica.com/article/2015-06-08-africa-is-changing-and-this-is-how-you-know-a-career-day-at-an-elite-school-lupita-nyongo-and-the-opera |date=22 June 2015 }}. ''[[Mail & Guardian]]''. Retrieved 22 June 2015.</ref> * [[Micere Githae Mugo|Micere Mugo]], onye na-ede uri, onye edemede na onye nkuzi * Juliet Obanda Makanga, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ, onye na'ahụ maka akwara na onye na-eme nchọpụta ọgwụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/pharmacy/images/2018/Dr.%20Juliet%20Makanga-CV.pdf|title=Curriculum Vitae of Juliet Obanda Makanga, PhD|publisher=[[Kenyatta University| Kenyatta University School of Pharmacy]]|author=Kenyatta University|accessdate=20 July 2019|date=3 December 2018|archivedate=4 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204101849/http://www.ku.ac.ke/schools/pharmacy/images/2018/Dr.%20Juliet%20Makanga-CV.pdf}}</ref> * [[Nyiva Mwendwa]], nwanyị mbụ bụ minista na Kenya <ref name="Mungai" /> * Charity Ngilu, nwanyị mbụ Kenya na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala <ref name="Mungai" /> * Asenath Bole Odaga, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na onye edemede <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/Storyteller-Asenath-Odaga-takes-her-last-bow/-/1220/2546000/-/15editn/-/index.html|title=A tribute to Asenath Bole Odaga: The queen of folklore|author=Aduda|first=David|date=6 December 2014|work=[[Daily Nation]]|accessdate=21 July 2019}}</ref> * [[Margaret Ogola]], onye edemede na dọkịta ụmụaka * Effie Owuor, onye ọka ikpe nwanyị mbụ nke Kenya * Kagure Wamunyu, onye injinia obodo na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo <ref name="top40">{{Cite web|date=September 2018|author=Nation Media Group|url=https://cdn.nation.co.ke/pdfs/Top40under40Women2018.pdf|publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]|accessdate=20 July 2019|title=Top 40 Under 40 Women In Kenya, 2018|archivedate=29 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080021/https://cdn.nation.co.ke/pdfs/Top40under40Women2018.pdf}}</ref> * Charity Wayua, onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na onye nchọpụta <ref name="top40" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 0sl1z25xq4f1lpx9aolyeiacj0kb3rt 0 54404 742397 199751 2026-11-03T05:41:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:E._Champourcin_y_E.Checa.jpg|thumb| Ernestina de Champourcin na 1996]] '''Ernestina de Champourcín Morán de Loredo''' (10 Julaị 1905 na Vitoria-Gasteiz - 27 Maachị 1999 na Madrid ) bụ onye na-ede uri [[Spain]]. Ya na ọgbọ nke '27 kacha emekọrịtara ya. [1] == Ndụ mbido == Ernestina Michels de Champourcín Morán de Loredo, amụrụ n'ime ezinụlọ Katọlik na ndị omenala, <ref name="edith">{{Cite web|url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero9/e_champ2.html|title=Edith Checa: Ernestina de Champourcín - nº 9 Espéculo}}</ref> <ref name="writers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.escritores.org/biografias/200-ernestina-de-champourcin-moran|title=De Champourcín Morán, Ernestina}}</ref> nke nyere ya ọzụzụ nke ọma (a kụziiri ya ọtụtụ asụsụ dị iche iche) dịka akụkụ nke ọnọdụ ezinaụlọ na omenala. <ref name="edith" /> <ref name="urtasun">{{Cite book|first=Rosa|author=Fernández Urtasun|title=Ernestina de Champourcin: mujer y cultura en el siglo XX|date=2006|isbn=84-9742-601-0}}</ref> Nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu nke echiche ndị eze, na n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ nnwere onwe-conservative, Antonio Michels de Champourcín nwere aha baron nke Champourcín, aha nke na-arụtụ aka na ezinụlọ nna ya si na Provence. Nne Ernestina, Ernestina Morán de Loredo Castellanos, mụrụ na Montevideo, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa nwanyị nke onye agha, sitere na agbụrụ Asturian, bụ onye ya na ya na-agakarị Europe. <ref name="urtasun"/> N'ihe dị ka afọ 10, Champourcín kwagara, ya na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ, na Madrid, bụ ebe e debanyere ya na College of Sacred Heart, nwetara akwụkwọ nkuzi nkeonwe, ma nyochaa ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'efu. na Instituto Cardenal Cisneros. Akwụsịla ọchịchọ ya ịgụ akwụkwọ na mahadum n'ihi mmegide nna ya, n'agbanyeghị nkwado nne ya. Nne ya dị njikere iso ya gaa klaasị, iji kwado ụkpụrụ dị adị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-erubeghị afọ. <ref name="writers"/> <ref name="urtasun"/> N'otu afọ ahụ, Champourcín bipụtara ọrụ ya ''En silencio'' na Madrid ma zigara Juan Ramón otu, na-echere ikpe onye na-ede uri na nkatọ nke ọrụ mbụ ya. N'agbanyeghị na ọ nataghị azịza, ọ hụrụ Jiménez na nwunye ya - [[Zenobia Camprubí and Aymar|Zenobia Camprubí]] - n'Ugbo nke San Ildefonso. Site na ohere a nwere ọbụbụenyi bilitere n'etiti ha abụọ nke mere ka ọ were ya na ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ya, dị ka ọ dị, obere oge ka e mesịrị, ya na ndị ọgbọ ha ndị ọzọ. <ref name="poetry"/> Site n'amata ya na ya, ọ kpọtụkwara ụfọdụ ndị otu ọgbọ nke '27 : Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda, Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas na Vicente Aleixandre . Na mgbakwunye, ekele maka onye ndụmọdụ ya, ọ batara na uri English oge ochie na nke oge a ( Keats, Shelley, [[William Blake|Blake]], Yeats ). <ref name="urtasun"/> Na 1927, Champourcín malitere otu ogbo nke o bipụtara ọrụ nkatọ edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ (karịsịa na ''Heraldo de Madrid'' na ''La Época (Madrid)'' . N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a e bipụtara tupu Agha Obodo Spanish ọ na-ekwu banyere okwu ndị dị ka ọdịdị nke abụ uri dị ọcha na ihe ịchọ mma nke "abụ uri ọhụrụ" nke ndị na-eto eto nke ọgbọ '27 na-arụ ọrụ. Ya onwe ya nwere mmetụta nke itinye aka na otu a, ebe ọ na-ekerịta otu echiche nke uri. <ref name="urtasun"/> <ref name="poetry"/> O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na Madrid - ''En silencio'' (1926), ''Ahora'' (1928), ''La voz en el viento'' (1931), ''Cántico inútil'' (1936) - nke mere ka amara ya nke ọma na ụwa agụmagụ nke isi obodo. Enwere ike ịchọpụta mgbanwe n'ọrụ ya site na mmalite ọgbara ọhụrụ na ndò Juan Ramón Jiménez gaa na uri nkeonwe nke akara isiokwu nke ịhụnanya jikọtara na oke agụụ. Ikekwe ọ bụ ya mere Gerardo Diego ji họrọ ya maka ''Anthology of Contemporary Spanish Poetry,'' site na 1934. <ref name="edith"/> <ref name="poetry" /> Na 1930, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe omume na Lyceum Club Femeino, tinyere ndị ọzọ nwere ọgụgụ isi nke abụọ Spanish Republic, ọ zutere Juan José Domenchina, onye na-ede uri na onye odeakwụkwọ nke Manuel Azaña, onye ọ lụrụ na 6 November 1936. <ref name="writers"/> == Agha Obodo na nchụpụ == N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu agha obodo ahụ amalite, Champourcín bipụtara ihe ga-abụ nanị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya: ''La casa de enfrente'' <ref name="writers"/> (mgbe nke a gasịrị, o dere nanị ihe odide maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-emechabeghị ''Mientras allí se muere'', bụ nke ọ na-akọ ahụmahụ ya n'ọrụ ya dị ka. onye nọọsụ n'oge agha obodo). Ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mere mgbe agha obodo malitechara, kpuchiri akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ a na-anọchi anya ihe dị mkpa dị ịrịba ama na akwụkwọ ndị inyom dere, dị ka onye edemede na-eji onye na-agụ akụkọ-protagonist na-enye nyocha dị mma banyere nzụlite, agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta nke ụmụ agbọghọ bourgeois na iri afọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20. Ọrụ a na-enye anyị ohere ịtụle Ernestina de Champourcín dị ka onye edemede nwanyị na-emeru ihe n'ókè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abretelibro.com/foro/viewtopic.php?f=51&t=73633|title=La casa de enfrente - Ernestina de Champourcin - ¡¡Ábrete libro!! - Foro sobre libros y autores|accessdate=2024-10-25|archivedate=2020-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173542/https://www.abretelibro.com/foro/viewtopic.php?f=51&t=73633}}</ref> N'oge Agha Obodo Spanish, Juan Ramón na nwunye ya, Zenobia Camprubí, na-eche banyere ụmụ mgbei ma ọ bụ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, tọrọ ntọala otu kọmitii a na-akpọ "Junta de Protección de Menores". Ernestina de Champourcín sonyeere dị ka nọọsụ, ma n'ihi nsogbu ụfọdụ ndị agha ọ ga-ahapụ ma banye n'ụlọ ọgwụ Lola Azaña na-elekọta dịka onye enyemaka nọọsụ. <ref name="writers"/> Otu n'ime ihe si na ọrụ di ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Azaña bụ na di na nwunye ahụ enweghị nhọrọ ma ọ bụghị ịhapụ Madrid, na-abanye na njem nke mere ka ha gaa Valencia, Barcelona na [[France]], bụ ebe ha nọ na Toulouse na Paris, ruo mgbe, n'ikpeazụ. 1939, a kpọrọ ha [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] site n'aka onye nnọchiteanya na onye edemede Alfonso Reyes, onye bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi nke [[Casa de España in Mexico|Casa de España na Mexico]] . Obodo a wee bụrụ ebe a chụpụrụ ya n'ezie. <ref name="writers"/> <ref name="cervantesdos">{{Cite web|url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/marzo_11/07032011.htm|title=CVC. El Trujamán. Historia. Traduciendo desde el exilio (1): Ernestina de Champourcín, por Josefina Cornejo|access-date=2024-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512103725/https://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/marzo_11/07032011.htm|archive-date=2023-05-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na na mbụ Champourcín dere ọtụtụ amaokwu maka magazin ndị dị ka ''Romance'' na ''Rueca'', ọrụ okike ya belatara n'ihi mkpa akụ na ụba ya. N'oge a ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị maka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ Mexico Fondo de Cultura Económica na onye ntụgharị maka "Association of Technical Staff of International Conferences". <ref name="urtasun"/> Agbanyeghị, ọnụnọ ya na Mexico mechara bụrụ otu n'ime usoro izizi ya kacha amị mkpụrụ, o wee bipụta ''Presencia a oscuras'' (1952), ''Cárcel de los sentidos'' (1960) na ''El nombre que me diste'' (1960) n'oge a. <ref name="writers"/> Onye ndụmọdụ ya, Juan Ramón Jiménez, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Spain dị na United States, na ndị ọzọ so n'ìgwè nke 27 gbagara America, dị ka ihe mere Emilio Prados na Luis Cernuda. <ref name="urtasun"/> N’oge mgbanwe ahụ niile, ndụ ha adịghịrị ha mfe. Di na nwunye ahụ enweghị ụmụ, ha na-edikwa ikewapụ ha na mgbọrọgwụ ha n'ụzọ dị nnọọ iche. Di Ernestina, Juan José Domenchina, emeghị ka ndụ ọhụrụ ya dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma nwụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1959; <ref name="istmo">{{Cite web|url=http://istmo.mx/2002/11/ernestina_de_champourcin_poetisa_de_la_generacion_del_27/|title=Ernestina de Champourcin, poetisa de la Generación del 27|date=26 November 2002}}</ref> ya, n'aka nke ya, bịara nwee mmetụta siri ike nke ịdị n'otu na "ala nna" ọhụrụ a. <ref name="urtasun" /> N'oge a, ọrụ ya weere ihe omimi a na-achọpụtabeghị, na 1952 ọ rịọrọ ka ọ sonyere Opus Dei . <ref name="urtasun" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Balló|first=Tània|title=Las Sinsombrero. Sin ellas, la historia no está completa|date=January 2017|publisher=Espasa Libros|isbn=978-8-467-04603-8}}</ref> N'oge a, o dere ''Hai-kais espirituales'' (1967), ''Cartas cerradas'' (1968) na ''Poemas del ser y del estar'' (1972). == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Champourcin nwụrụ na Madrid na 27 Maachị 1999. <ref name="urtasun"/> A na-echekwa ebe nchekwa nke onwe ya na Archivo General nke Mahadum Navarra ma nwee ohere mepere emepe. Dị ka Emilio Lamo de Espinosa, prọfesọ nke sociology na Universidad Complutense de Madrid na nwa nwanne Champourcín si kwuo, otu n'ime ihe kpatara ịgbachi nkịtị banyere ọrụ onye edemede Spanish a bụ ihe omimi ya. Maka onye edemede a, mmekọrịta chiri anya nke ọrụ ya na ibuwanye ibu nke uri okpukpe pụtara na a naghị echebara ya echiche ma ọ bụ n'ihi ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze ya na ntinye aka ya n'ihe gbasara Republic ma ọ bụ maka ọrụ ya na-akwado nkwado nke ikike nke a ga-emeso ụmụ nwanyị dịka ndị enyi ha nwoke. <ref name="speech">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unav.edu/web/centro-de-estudios-josemaria-escriva/biblioteca-virtual/high.raw?id=0000012918&name=00000001.original.pdf&attachment=Homenaje+a+Ernestina+de+Champourcin..pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=9 May 2020|archivedate=7 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307041457/https://www.unav.edu/web/centro-de-estudios-josemaria-escriva/biblioteca-virtual/high.raw?id=0000012918&name=00000001.original.pdf&attachment=Homenaje+a+Ernestina+de+Champourcin..pdf}}</ref> Enwere ike ịsị na de Champourcín tara ahụhụ ọjọọ nke a na-akpọ " ''ụzọ nke atọ'' ", ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị n'ụzọ doro anya na aka nri ma ọ bụ aka ekpe, dị ka ọ dịkwa n'ọnọdụ dị nnọọ iche, na Ortega y Gasset, bụ onye a jụrụ ajụ. site n'aka ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-ekweghị na Chineke na ndị ọzọ dị ka onye elitist, na n'out oge ebubo na ha nọ n'aka nri na ịnọ n'aka ekpe. <ref name="poetry"/> Emilio Lamo d'Espinosa na-atụlekwa na ọnọdụ Champourcín nwekwara ike ịpụta na ọ bụ àgwà nke ya, nnwere onwe ya, na ọchịchọ ya agaghị egosipụta, ekewa, ma ọ bụ megharịa ya. <ref name="poetry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.poesiadigital.es/index.php?cmd=documento&id=32|title=PoesíaDigital}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na anyị nwere ike ịtụle Champourcín dị ka nanị nwanyị nke nọ n'ọnọdụ nhata n'ezie na ndị ọzọ na-ede uri taa a na-akpọ ọgbọ nke '27, <ref name="poetry"/> ya na Spain na-eji nwayọọ na-abịa. Ndị na-ahụ ya n'anya kwesịrị ichere ruo 1989, mgbe e nyere ya Euskadi Prize for Literature in Castilian in the Poetry modality e nyere ya (1989), nke sochiri ya na ihe nrite Nwanyị Na-aga n'ihu, nhọpụta ya na Onye Ọchịchị Asturias Prize for Letters. na 1992 na Nrite maka Artistic Merit nke Madrid City Council na 1997. <ref name="writers"/> <ref name="urtasun"/> == Nkeji na uri ya == === Nzọụkwụ mbụ: uri nke ịhụnanya mmadụ === E kewara ọrụ Ernestina ụzọ atọ, nke abụọ n’ime ha doro nnọọ anya. [12] <ref name="cervantes_1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/poetas-del-novecientos-entre-el-modernismo-y-la-vanguardia-antologiatomo-ii-de-guillermo-de-torre-a-ramon-gaya--0/html/000de8d0-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_14.html|title=Poetas del Novecientos : entre el Modernismo y la Vanguardia: (Antología).Tomo II: De Guillermo de Torre a Ramón Gaya / edición de José Luis García Martín {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|date=30 April 2018|author=Cervantes|first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de}}</ref> Oge mbụ, nke uri nke ịhụnanya mmadụ, gụnyere akwụkwọ anọ e bipụtara tupu agha obodo: site na ''En silencio'' (1926) ruo ''Cántico inútil'' (1936). N'ime ọrụ ndị a, onye edemede ahụ sitere na mmalite nke a pụrụ ịkọwa dị ka ihe gbasara oge-ihụnanya na modernism na "abụ uri dị ọcha" dị nso na nke Juan Ramón Jiménez . <ref name="cervantes_1" /> === Nkeji nke abụọ: uri nke ịhụnanya Chineke === Ekewapụrụ ọkwa a na ọkwa gara aga site n'oge e ji ọdịiche dị n'ihe odide ya na mmalite nke ije biri na Mexico, sitere na mkpa ọ dị ịrụ ọrụ iji nweta ihe e ji ebi ndụ. Mgbe oge a nke ịgbachi nkịtị agụmagụ bịara ogbo nke uri nke Chineke ịhụnanya (1936–1974). Nke a na-amalite na Presencia a oscuras (1952), ọrụ nke na-anọchi anya ihe ọhụrụ a na-elekwasị anya na uri ya. Isiokwu ahụ si n'ịhụnanya mmadụ gaa n'ịhụnanya Chineke. N'ime oge a, onye protagonist nke ''El nombre que me diste ...'' (1960), ''Cárcel'' (1964), ''Hai-kais espirituales'' (1967), ''Cartas cerradas'' (1968) na ''Poemas del ser y del estar'' (1972), na-ekwupụta nchegbu okpukpe miri emi. <ref name="cervantes">{{Cite web|url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/marzo_11/07032011.htm|title=CVC. El Trujamán. Historia. Traduciendo desde el exilio (1): Ernestina de Champourcín, by Josefina Cornejo.|date=30 April 2018|access-date=25 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512103725/https://cvc.cervantes.es/trujaman/anteriores/marzo_11/07032011.htm|archive-date=12 May 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Agba nke atọ: uri nke ebe nchekwa ịhụnanya === Ogbo nke uri nke ncheta ịhụnanya (1974-1991) na-amalite na nlọghachi ya site n'ala ọzọ, n'oge ahụ nchegbu ọhụrụ bilitere maka onye edemede: ya bụ inwe ike ime mgbanwe maka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ ya, na ijikọta ya na ebe abụọ. mara na nke a na-apụghị ịmata. Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya, dị ka ''Huyeron todas las islas'' (1988), bụ ebe nchekwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ uri nke nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na nke gafere. <ref name="cervantes"/> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''En silencio'' . Madrid, Espasa-Calpe, 1926. * ''Ahora'' . Madrid, Imprenta Brass, 1928. * ''La voz en el viento'' . Madrid, Compañía Ibero-Americana de Publicaciones, 1931. * ''Cántico inútil'' . Madrid, Aguilar, 1936. * ''Presencia na oscuras'' . Madrid, Rialp, 1952. * ''Ekele dịrị m.'' . . México, Finisterre, 1960. * ''Cárcel de los sentidos'' . México, Finisterre, 1964. * ''Hai-kais epirituales'' . México, Finisterre, 1967. * ''Cartas ceradas'' . México, Finisterre, 1968. * ''Abụ del ser y del estar'' . Madrid, Alfaguara, 1972. * ''Prer exilio'' . Madrid, Rialp, 1978. * ''Poemillas navideños'' . Mexico, 1983. * ''La pared transparente'' . Madrid, Los Libros de Fausto, 1984. * ''Huyeron todas las islas'' . Madrid, Caballo Griego para la Poesía, 1988. * ''Antología poética'', (okwu mmalite nke Luz María Jiménez Faro). Madrid, Torremozas, 1988. * ''Ernestina de Champourcín'' . Málaga, Centro Cultural de la Generación del 27, 1991. * ''Los encuentros frustrados'' . Málaga, El Manatí Dorado, 1991. * ''Poesía a través del tiempo'' . Barcelona, Anthropos, 1991. * ''Del vacío y sus dones'' . Madrid, Torremozas, 1993. * ''Presencia del pasado (1994-1995)'' . Málaga, Poesía circulante, núm. 7, 1996. * ''Cántico inútil'', ''Cartas cerradas'', ''Primer exilio'', ''Huyeron todas las islas'' . Málaga, Centro Cultural de la Generación del 27, 1997. * ''Epistolario (1927–1995)'' (2007). Correspondencia na Carmen Conde . Edición a cargo de Rosa Fernández Urtasun. . * ''Poesía esencial'' (2008). Ụlọ ọrụ Banco Santander. Colección Obra isi. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-84-89913-90-5|978-84-89913-90-5]] . * ''Al fin de la tarde'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j3p7j6hs00njhb4j6a8yq6am7xcdwts 0 54772 742544 193508 2026-11-03T08:13:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742544 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Plantains.jpg|thumb|Osisi ndị a na-ere ere]] [[Usòrò:Bunch_of_cooking_bananas_(guineos)_and_one_loose_plantain.jpg|thumb|Ìgwè unere na-esi nri (''guineos'') n'aka ekpe, na otu plantain na-enweghị isi n'aka nri site na Morovis, Puerto Rico]] unere na-isi nri [1] bụ otu ụdị unere na-atọ ụtọ n'ụdị Musa nke a na-eme ihe na-esi asụsụ.  A naghị eri ha na-esighị esi ma na-enwekarị starchy.[2]  A na-akpọ ọtụtụ unere nri dị ka plantain (/ˈplæntɪn/, /plænˈteɪn/ , /ˈplɑːntɪn / ) ma ọ bụ 'unere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'.[3]  N'ezi osisi eme ihe, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "plantain" eme ihe ikike maka ezigbo plantain, ebe a na-akpọ ụdị starch ndị ọzọ a na-esi nri "banana na-esi".  Ezigbo osisi bụ ụdị nri nke otu AAB, ebe unere na-esi nri bụ ụdị nri ọla nke otu A AB, AAA, ABB, ma ọ bụ BBB.  Aha mgbasa a nabatara ugbu a maka ụdị osisi ndị niile n'ìgwè ndị a bụ Musa × paradisiaca .  [4] A na-erikarị unere Fe'i (Musa × troglodytarum) sitere na Pacific Islands ka a na-esi ya esi ma ọ bụ sie ya esi, a na-akpọkwa ya "plantain", mana ha emepụta nke ụdị ọ blula.  nke osisi unere niile nke oge a sitere na ya. Unere bụ isi nri dị na West na Central Africa, nchọpụta Caribbean, Central America, na ugwu South America.[1]  Ndị otu Musa bụ ụmụ amaala mpaghara nke Ndịda Ọwụwa ntọala Eshia na Oceania.  [2] osisi osisi unere na-amịpụta n'afọ niile, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nri arịfụ na ya n'oge niile.<ref name="Pillay Tenkouano 2011 p. 22">{{Cite book|author=Pillay|first=M.|title=Banana Breeding: Progress and Challenges|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4398-0018-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l191eUt9FSUC&pg=PA22|accessdate=2022-06-07}}</ref> A na-emeso unere na-esi nri dị ka mkpụrụ osisi starch nwere ụtọ na-adịghị mma na ọdịdị dị nro mgbe a na-esi ya. Enwere ike iri unere na-esighị esi; Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikarị ha esi nri, sie ha, ma ọ bụ mee ha ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ ntụ ọka.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Plantain {{!}} Description, Uses, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/plantain|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Nkọwa ==   <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rodriguez|first=Hector|date=2020-03-25|title=The Right Way to Peel a Plantain|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-peel-a-plantain-2137843|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=The Spruce Eats|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701170205/https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-peel-a-plantain-2137843|archivedate=1 July 2019}}</ref> Plantain nwere starch na shuga dị ala ụfọdụ unere nri, n'ihi ya, a na-esikarị ha esi ma ọ bụ na-edozi ha n'ụzọ ọzọ tupu a rie ha.  A na-esikarị ha esi ma ọ bụ sie ha mgbe a na-eri ha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, mgbe a na'usoro, a iron ime ha ka ha ntụ ọka ma ọ ka ha ihe ndị e mere ma eleghị anya, ma eleghị anya.  na pancakes.  A isi plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ofe sie ike.[1]  osisi osisi plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-esikarị ike, na akpụkpọ ahụ na-esokarị ike nke na a ga-eji mma bepụ ya iji die ya. Enwere ike ịkpụcha plantain ndị tozuru etozu, ndị na-acha odo odo dị ka unere nri; anụ ahụ dị nro karịa nke na-eto eto, mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ụfọdụ n'ime starch agbanweela shuga. Enwere ike iri ha na-esighị esi, mana ha anaghị adị ụtọ dị ka unere, yabụ a na-esikarị ha esi. Mgbe a na-esi plantain na-acha odo odo, ha na-enwekarị caramelize, na-agbanwe ụcha ọla edo na-acha nchara nchara. A pụkwara isi ha, sie ha, mee ha ka ha sie ha, ma ọ bụ sie ha n'elu icheku ọkụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a pịrị ha ma ọ bụ na-enweghị akpụ ha.<ref name=":0"/> Plantain bụ nri a ma ama na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke ụwa, na-abụ nri nke iri kachasị mkpa n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pariona|first=Amber|date=2019-06-07|title=What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-important-staple-foods-in-the-world.html|accessdate=2024-03-12|work=[[WorldAtlas]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka ihe oriri, a na-emeso plantain n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka poteto, na-enwe ụtọ na ọdịdị na-anọpụ iche mgbe a na-esi mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-esighị ike site na ịṅụ mmiri, isi, ma ọ bụ isi nri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Albert|first=Steve|date=2009-07-01|title=Plantains: Kitchen Basics|url=https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=Harvest to Table|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817203035/https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/|archivedate=17 August 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlbert2009">Albert, Steve (1 July 2009). [https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/ "Plantains: Kitchen Basics"]. ''Harvest to Table''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210817203035/https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/ Archived] from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ha na-amị amị n'afọ niile, plantain bụ nri a nri na ya, na Mba ndị na-emepe nche na- nchekwa nri zuru oke, nchekwa, na njem njem.  N'Africa, plantain na unere na-enye ihe nsogbu 25 nke calorie nke mkpa maka ihe mkpa nde mmadụ 70. [1] Ubi osisi plantain nwere ike ibibi site na ifufe, n'ihi na Musa spp.  Ụdị ifufe nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Morse|first=Sarah|title=Banana Tree Wind Damage|url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/banana-tree-wind-damage-69162.html|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=Home Guides {{!}} SF Gate|date=27 March 2013|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014144747/http://homeguides.sfgate.com:80/banana-tree-wind-damage-69162.html|archivedate=14 October 2014}}</ref> Plantain nkezi na-enye ihe dị ka 920 kilojoules (220 kilocalories) nke Ike nri ma bụrụ ezigbo isi iyi nke potassium na eriri nri.[1]  osisi ahụ, yana osisi ahụ dum, nwere ike ike uwe na aka, ọ àmà isi ike ike ya.<ref name="El Nuevo Dia 2011">{{Cite web|title=La mancha de plátano|work=El Nuevo Dia|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/ciencia/ciencia/nota/lamanchadeplatano-940761/|language=es|accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Linnaeus na mbụ kewara unere n'ụdị abụọ iche na ojiji ha dị ka nri: Musa paradisiaca maka unere na Musa sapientum maka unere nri.  A maara ha abụọ a dị ka akwụkwọ n'etiti ụdị Musa acuminata (A genome) na Musa balbisiana (B genome).  A na-eji aha mbụ ebụ, Musa × paradisiaca, eme ihe ugbu a dị ka aha ihe àmà maka niile dị otú ahụ.  Ọtụtụ plantain nke oge a bụ triploids na-amị mkpụrụ mmetụta nke AAB Group, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka "Plantain group".  Ìgwè unere ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na-eri nri unere nke East African Highland (Mutika / Lujugira subgroup) nke AAA Group na plantain nke Pacific (gụnyere Popoulo, Maoli, na Iholena subgroups), nke AAB Group..<ref name="ploetz">{{Cite journal|author=Randy C. Ploetz|year=2007|title=Banana and plantain – an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars|journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry|url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref> Na Honduras, Venezuela na Central Colombia, a na-akpọ plantain e siri esi tajadas.  Ha bụ omenala n'ọtụtụ nri, dị ka pabellón criollo nke Venezuela.  Onye na-elekọta ma ọ bụ onye na-ere nri nri ike inye ha dị ka barandas (ama ụzọ okporo ụzọ ndị nche), n'asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-etinye ogologo akwụkwọ n'ụdị zuru ezu, ya  mere ọ dị ka nke a.  Mgbanwe ụfọdụ na-agụnye akụkụ ma ọ bụ shuga ma sie ya na bọta, iji nweta caramel ola edo;  egwuregwu ya nwere mmasị na dị ụtọ.  A mara otu ahụ ahụ dị ka amarillos na fritos maduros na Puerto Rico, Cuba, na Dominican Republic.  Na Panama, a na-eri tajadas kwa ụbọchị na osikapa, anụ na agwa, si otú a bụrụ mkpa nke nri nri Panama, dịka ọ dị na Honduras.  N'ụzọ dị iche, na Nicaragua, a na-esi tajadas esi na- isi, a na' ike ya na fritanga, na anụ ezị e siri esi ma ọ bụ carne asada, ma ọ bụ n'onwe ha na akwụkwọ unere.  akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ma ọ bụrụ na salad cabbage ma ọ bụ cheese ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ Nri e siri esi. Na Puerto Rico, a na-enye plantain e siri esi n ụzọ nri iche iche dị ka dị n'ụdị, nri ngwa ngwa, na nri bụ isi.  Nhọrọ ọzọ maka tostones bụ arañitas (obere udo).  Aha ahụ sitere na mpempe akwụkwọ plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na odo odo nke na-eme ka obere ụkwụ na-eke na friji n'onwe ya, nke na-emesị yie udo dị nro na efere.  Alcapurrias bụ nri na-atọ ụtọ nke nwere ntụ ọka masa nke e ji unere na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, yautía, jiri ngwaọrụ, annatto mee ka ọ dị ụtọ ma tinye ya na picadillo.  Alcaparrado de plátano nwere plantain ọzọ ozire na masa.  Mofongo bụ nri nri n'anya n'ịtọetiti ahụ na-eme emume ederede na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime nri mkpa mkpa na Puerto Ricos.  A na-esi plantain otu ugboro ma jiri galik, ozi (butter, akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ isiokwu oliv), Chicharrón ma ọ bụ becon, ma mee ka ọ bụrụ b ma rie ya na anụ ndị ọzọ, ofe, akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ  naanị ya.  pionono nke Puerto Rican bụ nri na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji akwụkwọ nke plantain na-acha odo odo, cheese, picadillo, na-ama njikọ akụ mee.  Ihe si na ya pụta bụ iko plantain na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji cheese, anụ ehi a gwa agwa agwakọta na ihe na-eme ka mmetụta dị nro.  Ralleno de plátano bụ nri na-atọ ụtọ nke papa rellena na-ewu ewu n'okporo ụzọ ámá na cuchifritos. Na Puerto Rico, a na-eme mofongo site n'iji chicharrón ma ọ bụ becon, galik, mkpụrụ oliv na-akpa plantain e ghere eghe n'ime ụrọ.  A anụ anụ ọ lụlụ, azụ, shellfish, akwụkwọ nri, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ịgụ.  A na-ahụ ahụ ahụ n'ime cylinders nke dị ihe dị ka aka abụọ ma rie ya na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ihe brọsh ọkụkọ.  A na-etinye Mofongo relleno na sauce creole n'elu ya kama iji broth ọkụkọ.  Creole sauce nwere ike ike anụ ehi, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ nri mmiri;  a na-awụnye ya n'ime oghere dị n'etiti, nke e ji spoon mee, na mofongo.  A na- nsogbu na yautias na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ masa, ihe a na-eme eme nri dịka alcapurria, nke bụ ụdị friji na-atọ ụtọ..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Fufu de platano bụ nri ehihie ọdịnala na nke a ma ama na Cuba, ma yie nke Puerto Rican mofongo.  Ọ bụ fufu a na-eme site n'isi plantain na mmiri ma jiri ndụdụ sie ya.  A na-agwakọta fufu na anụ ọkụkọ na sofrito, ofe e ji ụzọ, galik, yabasị, ose, tomato, mmanya na cumin mee.  yiri nke Cuban fufu mofongo a na-eri na Puerto Rico, mana a naghị eme ya ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ sie ya.  Fufu bụkwa nri nri a na-ama ekiri ọtụtụ awụ nke a na-eme na Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda sere na Central Africa.  A na-eme ya n'ụzọ yiri nke Cuban fufu, mana a na-akụrụ ya, ma nwee ihe siri ike, bụrụ nke yiri putty nke a na-emezi ka ọ gbalụ.  A na-eji akpu, yam ma ọ bụ plantain dinta ya na akpu eme fufu n'Ebe Ọdịda onye Afrịka..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nri ndị ọzọ === Ọ bụ ezie na unere na-esi nri bụ starchier ma na-ejikarị ya eme nri na-atọ ụtọ n'ihi ya, ọtụtụ nri na-esi ísì ụtọ na Philippines na-ejikwa unere na nri dị ka isi ihe, dị ka: * Banana cue - unere saba siri ike nke e ji shuga caramelized kpuchie. * ''Binignit'' - ofe nri na-atọ ụtọ nke osikapa na mmiri ara akị bekee na unere saba dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe ndị e ji mee. * ''Ginanggang'' - unere saba e siri esi nke e ji margarine na shuga kpuchie. * ''Maruya'' - unere na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji unere saba na batter mee. * ''Minatamis na saging'' - unere saba a na-esi n'ime mmiri na-atọ ụtọ. A naghị eri ya naanị ya, mana a na-eji ya eme ihe na nri ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ''halo''. * Pritong saging - unere saba siri ike. * ''Pinasugbo'' - unere a pịrị apị nke e ji shuga na mkpụrụ sesame kpuchie ma sie ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-abụ. * Saba con hielo - ihe oriri ice a kpụrụ akpụ nke na-ejikarị ''Minatamis na saging'' na mmiri ara ehi. * Turon - ụdị nri na-atọ ụtọ lumpia (mkpịsị akwụkwọ) nke e ji unere saba chara acha mee nke a na-ekpuchi na crepe dị nro ma sie ya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe ndụchara akpụkpọ ahụ, ekiri ike ike mfe osisi ahụ na-esighị ike ma sie ya n'ime ọkụ iji mgba chips.  A maara ụgbọ a dị nro nke plantain dị ka tostones, patacones ma ọ bụ plataninas na ụfọdụ mba Central America na South America, platanutres na Puerto Rico, mariquitas ma ọ bụ Chicharritas na Cuba na chifles na Ecuador na Peru.  Na Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Puerto Rico na Venezuela, tostones na-ezo aka na patties siri ike ugboro (lee n'okpuru).  Na Cuba, a na-akpọ osisi osisi plantain mariquitas.  A na-egbutu ha nke ọma, ma sie ha na-ekiri ruo mgbe ha na-acha ọla edo.  Ha bụ nri na-ewu ewu a na-eri na nri bụ isi.  Na Colombia, a mara ha dị ka platanites ma na-eri ha na suero atollabuey dị ka nri.  Tostada na-ezo aka na plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke na-esighị ike nke e bepụrụ n'ụdị iche iche, sie ya, sie ya ọzọ, ma mee ka ọ dị nnu.  A na-ihe tostadas ndị a eme ihe dị ka nri ma ọ bụ nri dị nro.  A mmasị ha dị ka tostones ma ọ bụ patacones n'ọtụtụ mba Latin America.  Na Honduras, a na-akpọ mmetụta osisi unere tajadas, nke a nwere ike ike mịcha n'ụzọ ọo-nne-nne a maara dị ka eriri plantain..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Chips e siri esi na isiokwu akị bekee ma wụsa nnu, nke a na-akpọ upperi ma ọ bụ kaya varuthhu, bụ nri dị nro na South India na Kerala.[1]  Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na sadya, oriri na-eri akwụkwọ nri a ihere n'oge ego na Kerala.  A na-akpọkarị chips "plantain chips" mgbe e ji plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee ha nke na-atọ ụtọ, dị ka poteto chips.  Na Tamil Nadu, a na-eji ụdị dị nro nke e ji osisi plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee iji mee chips e ji nnu, chili ntụ na Asafetida mee.  N'asụsụ egwuregwu / etiti India Marathi, a na-akpọ plantain Rajeli kela (nke ụdị "eze-sized" unere), a na-eme ya eme chips e siri esi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>{{Comparison of major staple foods}} == Ihe na-adịghị anabata ya == Ọrịa plantain na unere na-eme na njirimara ndị a na-ahụkarị nke nri na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ọrịa mkpụrụ osisi latex, <ref name="pmid9188921">{{Cite journal|author=Brehler|first=R.|title='Latex-fruit syndrome': frequency of cross-reacting IgE antibodies|journal=Allergy|volume=52|issue=4|year=1997|pages=404–10|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01019.x|pmid=9188921}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Biochem Soc Trans|year=2002|volume=30|issue=6|pages=935–40|title=The latex-fruit syndrome|pmid=12440950|doi=10.1042/bst0300935}}</ref> gụnyere ọnya na obere ọzịza nke egbugbere ọnụ, ire, ọnụ ma ọ bụ akpịrị, akpụkpọ ahụ, mkpesa afọ ma ọ bụ anaphylactic shock. N'etiti ihe karịrị 1000 protein achọpụta na ụdị ''Musa'' bụ ọtụtụ protein allergens akọwapụtara na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Electrophoresis|year=2013|volume=34|issue=2|pages=207–14|doi=10.1002/elps.201200389|title=In-depth proteomic analysis of banana (Musa spp.) fruit with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries|pmid=23161558}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ntuaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] humsg0b5dd8gr3gxo39q60qutk06qnc 0 54929 742422 210578 2026-11-03T07:50:28Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:World_Peace_Party_flyer.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke World Peace Party 1991]] The World Peace Party bụ oriri na ọṅụṅụ a na-eme na South Africa na Friday, 13 Septemba 1991. A na-ewere ya dị ka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe mbụ na Africa. E bụrụ ihe omume ahụ na South Africa, site na UFO Collective nke dị na Cape Town.  Ndị pastọ Carl Mason na Jesse Stagg ihe aka izi UFO (aha mkpirisi maka Unlimited Freak Out ma ọ bụ Unity of People, Freedom of Expression, Original Ideas).  Ihe omume ahụ egwu egwu dị ndụ na ndị na-eti egwu Zef punk-rave-rap nke MC sitere na UNCLE na ndị na'eti egwu rap nke mpaghara Organized Rhyme, $ O$ ($ell-Out $yndicate) na Krishna  na House Disc Jockeys DJ Giorgio na Rozzano (nke a mara ugbu a dị ka RealRozzano) na Nkwado nke DJ Tony Smith.  Ihe omume ahụ were awa iri na anọ ma ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,500 bịara. Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Nautilus soundstage na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ Paarden Eiland, [1] mpaghara dị na nstụtụ Cape Town, nke e si n'oké osimiri njikọ.  Ebe ahụ bịara na 40 ụkwụ site na 10 ụkwụ Infinity Curve, nke jere ozi dị ka ihe ndabere maka ihe osise mara mma nke na-egosi "njem nke ọdịdị" site na Africa site na Europe na West ma wepụ Africa n'ụdị UFO.  E sere ihe osise ahụ n'ụdị ihe osise hip hop nke sitere n'ike nsasị nke Mayan ma tinye ihe nkiri kọmputa Amiga na- ngwaọrụ dị mma na akara UFO ntụ iche.  ihe nka a bụ ihe a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'afọ ndị mbụ nke ihe nkiri rave mba ụwa. World Peace Party gosipụtara mpaghara dị n'ime na n'èzí zuru ezu na ogige ntụrụndụ ga-abụ ebe niile nke ụlọ elu ikuku, gyroscopes mmadụ na ndị na-ere nri ngwa ngwa na ihe ndị ọzọ. N'iburu-ahụ Sochiri nke oge ahụ n'uche, yana Ịkpa ókè-ka ka n'Ịkparị na Nelson Mandela ka nọ n'ihe ize, nchekwa bụ nnukwu, Ndị na-enyere ya kpọkọta otu nnukwu nke ndị ozi.  a onyeisi nke ọma, ndị ọrụ nchekwa dị iche iche, bụ ndị jiri nkà na-achịkwa m ndị nsụgharị iche iche na-ahụ ahụkebe, na-agbakọta ọnụ n'alụ dị otú ahụ  a kọrọ. N'isi ụtụtụ na-esote, ọtụtụ narị ndị sonyere n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ N1 ka ha na-aga kilomita 5 laghachi Cape Town. Dị ka nnukwu ìgwè dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta, ndị otu UFO mejupụtara otu ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe nlereanya, ndị injinia na ndị na-aga oriri. UFO gụnyere n'akụkụ: Nik Jevons, Brendan Smithers, Roger Young, Raymond na Andrew Mpolokeng, Nicole Abel, Toni Dorfman, Edward Petersen, Shukrie Joel na ndị ọzọ. Ndị otu mmepụta UFO gara n'ihu mepee ọtụtụ ebe na-adịgide adịgide iji kwalite egwu elektrọnik, ọkachasị klọb ịgba egwú mbụ raara onwe ya nye na kọntinent ahụ, Klọb Eden . <ref name="Vice"/> == Imebi ihe == N'oge mkpọsa ahịa a na-ahụkarị, akara ngosi ojii na-acha ọcha, nke e ji ihe osise 3D siri ike nke akara udo na naanị ụbọchị ahụ, Friday 13 September, mebiri na ágbá na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gafee obodo Cape Town. Ihe akaebe tụrụ aro na ọ bụ ọrụ nke otu ndị Kraịst, bụ ndị na-emegide ihe ịrịba ama udo, na-azọrọ mmetụta Setan.<ref name="Vice">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/read/youneedtohearthis-world-unknown-south-african-acid-house|title=World Unknown: South African Acid House|author=Haynes|first=Gavin|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=20 September 2013|accessdate=26 May 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHaynes2013">Haynes, Gavin (20 September 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123006/http://noisey.vice.com/en_uk/read/youneedtohearthis-world-unknown-south-african-acid-house/ "World Unknown: South African Acid House"]. ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị na-akwalite ya jiri esemokwu a mee ihe maka uru ha ma tinye ndị mgbasa ozi steeti ka ha kpọsaa ihe omume ahụ. == Summerluv == == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} {{Àtụ:Reflist}} puxjh5o0vdakebvf29j6yjw6ask2q9h 0 54942 742698 193936 2026-11-03T09:22:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742698 wikitext text/x-wiki   N'onwa September 2010, ugbelu conviasa 2350 bu ATR 42 eji ebu ndi no n'ine obodo ha site na Porlamar ruo na Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela, nwere Ihe mberede tupu oruo ala, nke gburu mmadu 17 n'ime mmadu 51 no n'ime ugboelu; mmadu 23 meruru ahụ.<ref name="BBC11289500">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11289500|title=Fourteen dead after plane crashes in eastern Venezuela while its main Captain Sr. Dena was away.|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=13 September 2010|date=14 September 2010}}</ref> == Ihe mberede == Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ kọrọ nsogbu nchịkwa obere oge tupu ha adaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Manuel Carlos Piar Guayana, na mpaghara Puerto Ordaz nke Ciudad Guayana. Ndị akaebe kwuru na ụgbọelu ahụ kụrụ eriri eletrik na ala dị ala na 09:59 oge mpaghara, <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.inac.gov.ve/template4.php?teno_id=139&subs_id=37&secc_id=4|title=AERONAVE DE CONVIASA SE PRECIPITA A TIERRA EN EL ESTADO BOLÍVAR|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Aernáutica Civil|accessdate=14 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918133457/http://www.inac.gov.ve/template4.php?teno_id=139&subs_id=37&secc_id=4|archivedate=18 September 2010}}</ref> wee gbadaa n'ógbè ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ebe a na-echekwa ihe eji eme ihe na igwe ígwè. <ref name="avherald1"/><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Plane Crash in Venezuela: 47 Passengers on Board Airline Conviasa's Domestic Flight|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Plane-Crash-In-Venezuela-47-Passengers-On-Board-Airline-Conviasas-Domestic-Flight/Article/201009215726628?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_15726628_Plane_Crash_In_Venezuela:_47_Passengers_On_Board_Airline_Conviasas_Domestic_Flight|accessdate=13 September 2010|work=Sky News|publisher=News.sky.com}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ si n'ebe a na-emepụta ígwè na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ dọtara ndị lanarịrị n'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe ahụ.<ref name="ap20100914">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hGKkCIQA-Z15JOWnAfrK_cc5C2dwD9I7C6A01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917123652/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hGKkCIQA-Z15JOWnAfrK_cc5C2dwD9I7C6A01|archivedate=17 September 2010|title=Plane carrying 51 crashes in Venezuela; 36 survive|author=Sanchez|first=Fabiola|date=14 September 2010|publisher=Associated Press|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> == Ụgbọelu == Ụgbọelu ihe mberede ahụ bụ ATR 42-320 nwere okpukpu abụọ na ndebanye aha Venezuelan YV1010, c/n 371. Ụgbọelu ahụ mere njem mbụ ya na 1994. <ref name="ASN130910">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=YV1010 Accident description|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100913-0|accessdate=13 September 2010|work=Aviation Safety Network|publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Gill Airways tupu ere ya Air Wales. Conviasa zụrụ ụgbọelu ahụ na Septemba 2006. <ref name="Flight">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/13/347254/crashed-conviasa-atr-42-identified.html|title=Crashed Conviasa ATR 42 identified|publisher=Flight International|first=Brendan|author=Sobie|date=13 September 2010|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> N'oge ihe mberede ahụ, ọ gbakọtara ihe karịrị awa ụgbọ elu 25,000 ma mechaa ihe karịrị 27,000.<ref name="Flight2"/> == Ndị njem na ndị ọrụ == Ndị njem iri anọ na asaa na ndị ọrụ anọ nọ n'ụgbọelu ahụ. Onye na achikwa ugboelu 2350 bu onyeisi Ramiro Cadena Cárdenas (odi afo 62), nwere onye na akwunyere ya bu onye iwu oji mbu aha ya bu Luis Alberto Albarrán(38). Ọ bụ ezie na a kọrọ na mbụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ 14, <ref name="avherald1">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=430e1137&opt=0|title=Crash: Conviasa AT42 near Puerto Ordaz on Sep 13th 2010, loss of control|publisher=Avherald.com|date=6 July 2001|accessdate=13 September 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://avherald.com/h?article=430e1137&opt=0 "Crash: Conviasa AT42 near Puerto Ordaz on Sep 13th 2010, loss of control"]. Avherald.com. 6 July 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> akụkọ ndị e mesịrị degharịa ya ruo 15 <ref name="guardian">{{Àtụ:Cite news|title=Plane carrying 51 crashes in Venezuela; 36 survive, 8th Ld-Writethru, LT|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9264043|work=The Guardian|accessdate=14 September 2010|date=14 September 2010}}</ref> ma mesịa ruo 17 ka ndị lanarịrị ihe mberede mbụ ahụ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ha nwere. <ref name="xinhua">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Venezuelan plane crash death toll rise to 17|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-09/15/c_13495160.htm|publisher=Xinhua|accessdate=15 September 2010|date=15 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106225848/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-09/15/c_13495160.htm|archivedate=6 November 2012}}</ref> Ngụkọta nke mmadụ 34 lanarịrị ihe mberede ahụ.<ref name="xinhua" /> E gburu ma onye isi ụgbọ mmiri ma onye isi ọrụ.<ref name="Flight2">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/14/347286/both-pilots-among-fatalities-in-conviasa-atr-crash.html|title=Both pilots among fatalities in Conviasa ATR crash|first=David|author=Kaminski-Morrow|publisher=Flight International|accessdate=14 September 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKaminski-Morrow">Kaminski-Morrow, David. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/14/347286/both-pilots-among-fatalities-in-conviasa-atr-crash.html "Both pilots among fatalities in Conviasa ATR crash"]. Flight International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Onye isi ala Venezuela Hugo Chávez kwupụtara ụbọchị atọ nke iru uju mba mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|date=13 September 2010|title=Miracle as 36 survive Venezuelan plane crash|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/miracle-as-36-survive-venezuelan-plane-crash/396047|accessdate=16 September 2010|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}</ref> N'ihi ihe mberede ahụ, na 13 Septemba 2010 ndị Civil Aviation Authority nke [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]] kwụsịtụrụ ọrụ Conviasa na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=Rampersad|first=Curtis|date=13 September 2010|title=T&T suspends V'zuela airline|url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/business/T_T_suspends_V_zuela_airline-102831224.html|accessdate=14 September 2010|work=[[Trinidad Express Newspapers]]}}</ref> Mgbe nkwụsịtụ ahụ gasịrị, enwere nchegbu banyere ndị bi na Trinidad nọ n'Agwaetiti Margarita. Conviasa, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2010, bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu na-enye ụgbọ elu kpọmkwem site na Trinidad gaa Margarita Island, na-enye abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ ụgbọ elu kwa izu.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|date=15 September 2010|title=Nationals may be stranded in Margarita|url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/0,127535.html|accessdate=16 September 2010|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Newsday]]}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2010, Gọọmentị Venezuela kwụsịrị ụgbọ elu Conviasa niile ka o wee nwee ike ịme nyocha teknụzụ nke ụgbọelu ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ kwuru na nkwụsịtụ nwa oge ga-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1 Ọktoba 2010, nakwa na n'oge mmechi, a ga-eburu ndị njem na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ndị ọzọ. <ref name="Flight347497">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/17/347497/conviasa-suspends-all-flights-for-operational-audit.html|title=Conviasa suspends all flights for operational audit|publisher=Flight International|first=David|author=Kaminski-Morrow|accessdate=17 September 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|title=Venezuela's airline halts flights after plane crash|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11353762|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=18 September 2010|date=17 September 2010}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Ọ bụ French Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA) nyere aka na nyocha ahụ. <ref name="Flight2"/> BEA nyere ndị nyocha abụọ, na Avions de Transport Regional (ATR) nyere ndị ndụmọdụ teknụzụ atọ.<ref name="bw20100913">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-13/venezuela-plane-crash-kills-15-leaves-36-injured.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916220227/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-13/venezuela-plane-crash-kills-15-leaves-36-injured.html|archivedate=16 September 2010|title=Venezuela Plane Crash Kills 15, Leaves 36 Injured|date=13 September 2010|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2014, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Ụgbọelu nke Venezuela bipụtara na ihe kpatara ihe mberede ahụ bụ mmebi nke usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke ndị ọrụ etiti na mmelite na-ezighị ezi nke usoro ịdọrọ aka ná ntị.Ihe ndị na-enye aka bụ adịghị ike nke njikwa ihe onwunwe nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu, enweghị ike ịmara ọnọdụ ha, nhazi ha na-ezughị oke n'oge usoro mkpebi iji dozie ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị mma na ụgbọ elu, amaghị ihe ọmụma ha banyere usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị, na ejighị njikwa ụgbọ elu.A na-efe ụgbọelu ahụ n'ọnọdụ abụọ na-adịghị mma, ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị na nkwụsị nke elevator nke ụgbọelu ahụ, na-achọ mgbalị mgbe niile site n'aka onye na-anya ụgbọelu iji nọgide na-achịkwa ụgbọelu ahụ.E nwere njikwa na-ezighi ezi nke ụgbọelu ahụ n'oge ikpeazụ nke ọdịda, nke mere ka onye isi ụgbọelu ahụ mee mgbalị dị ukwuu n'ịchịkwa ụgbọ elu ahụ tupu ọ daa.Ọdịdị na-adịghị mma nke onye isi agha, enweghị ndu, na njehie ikpe mere ka o mee mkpebi na-enweghị isi.Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu abụọ ahụ gosipụtara mgbagwoju anya, nhazi na-adịghị mma na oche ụgbọelu, nnukwu ọdịda na nkwurịta okwu, enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere usoro ụgbọelu na enweghị nghọta.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Video sobre "causa probable" del accidente de Conviasa en Puerto Ordaz|url=http://elfortindeguayana.com/94786-falla-en-la-computadora-causa-probable-del-accidente-de-conviasa-en-puerto-ordaz/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041530/http://elfortindeguayana.com/94786-falla-en-la-computadora-causa-probable-del-accidente-de-conviasa-en-puerto-ordaz/|archivedate=4 March 2016|accessdate=21 September 2015|work=The Guayana Fortress|language=es}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} crwnw0tsecjk1lpqdgtrzqx4ovipqft 0 54954 742707 687998 2026-11-03T09:24:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460 wreckage (3).jpg|thumb|Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460 ]] Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460 bu bu ugboelu na efe n'obodo di iche iche nke nwere Ihe mgberede mgbe ona Acho igbatu na Riyadh, Saudi Arabia n'ubochi 27 July 2010. Ma ndi na elekota ugboelu ahu, na ndi mmadu no n'ime ya weruru nani ahu mana ha di ndu.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.airlineindustry.co/lufthansa-md-11-crash-lands-at-riyadh/|title=Lufthansa MD-11 Crash Lands at Riyadh|publisher=AirlineIndustryReview.com|date=|accessdate=27 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602075149/http://www.airlineindustry.co/lufthansa-md-11-crash-lands-at-riyadh/|archivedate=2 June 2019}}</ref> == Ihe mberede == Ụgbọelu 8460 bụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke na-ebu ibu site na Frankfurt, Germany, gaa [[Hong Kong]] site na Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, na Sharjah, United Arab Emirates . <ref name="AIR"/> Ụgbọelu si Frankfurt gaa Riyadh enweghị nsogbu, ọnọdụ ihu igwe na Riyadh dị mma, na-ahụ anya zuru ezu.<ref name="AH42edca16"/><ref name="finalRep"/> Mgbe o rutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke King Khalid na Riyadh, ụgbọelu ahụ dara n'ụzọ siri ike, na-awụli elu ugboro ugboro, n'ikpeazụ na-agbaji ma na-agbadata n'okporo ụzọ. Ma Captain dị afọ 39 na First Officer dị afọ 29 nwere ike ịpụ n'ụgbọelu ahụ site na iji slide mberede, mana merụrụ ahụ. Mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị, ọkụ gbara n'etiti ụgbọelu ahụ tupu ndị ọrụ mberede nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu ejide ya. <ref name="finalRep"/> <ref name="aviationSafety"/><ref name="middleEastAv">{{Àtụ:Cite news|title=Lufthansa Cargo Crash in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.theaviatorme.com/airlines/business/content-62450|work=Aviation Business Middle East|date=27 July 2010|accessdate=22 February 2024}}</ref> == Ụgbọelu == [[Faịlụ:I-DUPB_MD-11_Alitalia_KIX_19MAY03_(8394884796).jpg|alt=D-ALCQ, when it was still in service with Alitalia|thumb|270x270px|D-ALCQ, mgbe ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ na Alitalia]] Ụgbọelu ahụ metụtara ihe mberede ahụ bụ McDonnell Douglas MD-11 edebanyere aha dị ka D-ALCQ, <ref name="AH42edca16">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=42edca16&opt=0|title=Accident: Lufthansa MD11 at Riyadh on Jul 27th 2010, cargo fire, broke up on landing|publisher=Aviation Herald|first=Simon|author=Hradecky|accessdate=15 August 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHradecky">Hradecky, Simon. [http://avherald.com/h?article=42edca16&opt=0 "Accident: Lufthansa MD11 at Riyadh on Jul 27th 2010, cargo fire, broke up on landing"]. Aviation Herald<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> MSN 48431, nọmba akara 534. E bugara ụgbọelu ahụ na Alitalia na 1993 dị ka I-DUPB ma mesịa gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ụgbọelu na-ebu ibu na 2004. <ref name="AIR">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.airlineindustryreview.com/lufthansa-md-11-crash-lands-at-riyadh/|title=Lufthansa Cargo MD-11 Crash Lands at Riyadh ( with Photos, Aircraft's History and Flight History )|publisher=Airline Industry Review|first=K|author=Flyer|accessdate=27 July 2010|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120723085421/http://www.airlineindustryreview.com/lufthansa-md-11-crash-lands-at-riyadh/|archivedate=23 July 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFlyer">Flyer, K. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201249/http://www.airlineindustryreview.com/lufthansa-md-11-crash-lands-at-riyadh/ "Lufthansa Cargo MD-11 Crash Lands at Riyadh ( with Photos, Aircraft's History and Flight History )"]. Airline Industry Review. Archived from [http://www.airlineindustryreview.com/lufthansa-md-11-crash-lands-at-riyadh/ the original] on 23 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ihe mberede ahụ, D-ALCQ emechaala okirikiri 10,073 ma nweta awa ụgbọ elu 73,247. A kwadebere ya na injin atọ General Electric CF6-80C2D1F.<ref name="Total">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.lhcargo.com/content.jsp?path=0,1,19141,114559,122121|title=Lufthansa Cargo plane accident in Riyadh, 27 JUL 4.15 p. m. LT FRA|publisher=Lufthansa Cargo|accessdate=27 July 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801002900/http://www.lhcargo.com/content.jsp?path=0,1,19141,114559,122121|archivedate=1 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Accident McDonnell Douglas MD-11F D-ALCQ, Tuesday 27 July 2010|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/321273|accessdate=2024-07-16|work=asn.flightsafety.org}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Final report D-ALCQ|url=https://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/FinalReports/2010/Report_10_2X003_MD11_Riyadh.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1|accessdate=16 July 2024}}</ref> == Nnyocha == General Authority of Civil Aviation meghere nyocha banyere ihe mberede ahụ. Akụkọ ikpeazụ chọpụtara na ihe kpatara ihe mberede ahụ bụ na ụgbọelu ahụ kụrụ ala nke ukwuu, nke mere ka ọ daa n'okporo ụzọ. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ amaghị ihe ahụ na-awụli elu ma meghachi omume n'ụzọ mere ka ụgbọelu ahụ sie ike. Mmetụta nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ siri ike nke na ọ mere ka fuselage azụ gbajie. <ref name="finalRep"/> <ref name="aviationSafety">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Accident Description|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100727-0|work=Aviation Safety Net|accessdate=16 April 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100727-0 "Accident Description"]. ''Aviation Safety Net''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.aviation-accidents.net/lufthansa-cargo-mcdonnel-douglas-md11f-d-alcq-flight-gec8460/|title=Accident report of Lufthansa Cargo – Mcdonnel Douglas – MD11F (D-ALCQ) flight GEC8460|date=2016-03-27|work=Aviation Accident Database|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-16}}</ref> Tupu ihe mberede a, e nwere 29 ndị ọzọ na-awụli elu ma ọ bụ na-ada n'ike n'ike na ụgbọ elu MD-11 nke kpatara nnukwu mmebi.<ref name="finalRep">{{Àtụ:Cite web|date=21 January 2012|title=Final Accident Report|url=http://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Investigation%20Report/2010/Report_10_2X003_MD11_Riyadh.pdf|accessdate=16 April 2016|work=|publisher=General Authority of Civil Aviation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.bfu-web.de/EN/Publications/Investigation%20Report/2010/Report_10_2X003_MD11_Riyadh.pdf "Final Accident Report"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. General Authority of Civil Aviation. 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2016</span> &#x2013; via German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation.</cite></ref> Ihe mberede yiri nke a mere na FedEx Express Flight 80 n'afọ gara aga, ebe ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri abụọ ahụ nwụrụ n'ịda. A maara na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu hụrụ MD-11 na-ada n'ike siri ike ịchọpụta.<ref name="finalRep"/> Akụkọ ikpeazụ ahụ nyere ọtụtụ aro iji melite ọzụzụ, usoro na ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ elu iji nyere ndị ọrụ aka ịnagide ọdịda.<ref name="finalRep" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 50xesz341xqk67gtwyn3xhoy5rztgiq 0 54955 742632 193978 2026-11-03T08:53:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742632 wikitext text/x-wiki Yanga derailment mere na 21 June 2010 mgbe ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-aga n'etiti Brazzaville na Pointe Noire na Republic of the Congo kwụsịrị ma daba na ndagwurugwu. &nbsp;A kọrọ na ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri isii nwụrụ na ọtụtụ narị ndị furu efu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ a tụrụ anya na ọ ga-arịwanye elu.<ref name="Republic of Congo train crash kills scores"/><ref name="60 killed in Congo train crash"/> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ arịgoola ruo mmadụ 76 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị merụrụ ahụ arịgooro ruo 745 site na 23 June 2010. <ref name="Congo train crash death toll rises to 76"/>&nbsp;&nbsp; A na-eji ihe yiri nke ahụ tụnyere ihe omume ahụ nke gburu mmadụ 100 ma merụọ mmadụ 300 ndị ọzọ ahụ na Republic of the Congo ihe omume kachasị njọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba ahụ laa azụ na Septemba 1991.<ref name="Republic of Congo train crash kills scores">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/7847776/Republic-of-Congo-train-crash-kills-scores.html|title=Republic of Congo train crash kills scores|date=22 June 2010|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=22 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/7847776/Republic-of-Congo-train-crash-kills-scores.html "Republic of Congo train crash kills scores"]</span>. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Telegraph Media Group. 22 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042750/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/congo/7847776/Republic-of-Congo-train-crash-kills-scores.html Archived] from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ndepụta oge nke ihe mberede ụgbọ okporo ígwè kemgbe 2002 nke The Daily Telegraph nyere na-egosi na nke a bụ ọdachi ụgbọ okporo ígwè kachasị njọ kemgbe 28 Eprel 2008 mgbe Ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 70 nwụrụ na China.<ref name="The world's worst rail accidents">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/7847786/The-worlds-worst-rail-accidents.html|title=The world's worst rail accidents|date=22 June 2010|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref>&nbsp; == Ihe mberede == Na 21 June 2010, ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Chemin de Fer Congo-Océan (CFCO) na-arụ ọrụ kwụsịrị na [[Yanga, Republic of the Congo|Yanga]], <ref name="Around 50 killed in Congo train crash">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUKTRE65L1ED20100622|title=Around 50 killed in Congo train crash&nbsp;– report|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102094628/https://www.reuters.com/article/amp/idUKTRE65L1ED20100622|archivedate=2022-01-02}}</ref> n'etiti Bilingi na Tchitondi, ihe dị ka kilomita 60 (37 mi) site na Pointe Noire. &nbsp;Ụgbọala anọ kwụsịrị. A kọrọ na ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri ise na otu nwụrụ n'oge ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ.<ref name="BBC10373571">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10373571|title=Train crash in southern Congo 'kills&nbsp;50'|publisher=BBC News Online|accessdate=22 June 2010|date=22 June 2010}}</ref> Ụgbọ oloko ahụ si Pointe-Noire gaa Brazzaville n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Republic of Congo train crash kills scores" /> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè anọ dara n'ime ndagwurugwu.<ref name="Sixty killed in Congo Republic train crash"/> A na-eburu ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ozu gaa ebe dị mkpa.<ref name="Train crash in southern Congo 'kills dozens'"/> Mmadụ iri na isii nọ n'ọnọdụ dị egwu.<ref name="Republic of Congo train crash kills scores"/> &nbsp;Foto nke ndị merụrụ ahụ na-egosi ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ aka na ụkwụ na ndị ọrịa na-eji oche nkwagharị eme ihe.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7035809.html|title=50 killed in train derailment in Republic of Congo|date=23 June 2010|work=[[People's Daily]]|accessdate=23 June 2010}}</ref> Ndị ezinụlọ gbakọtara na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Pointe Noire na Dolisie iji chọọ akụkọ banyere ndị ha hụrụ n'anya.<ref name="60 killed in Congo train crash">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0622/congo.html|title=60 killed in Congo train crash|date=22 June 2010|work=[[RTÉ News and Current Affairs]]|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|accessdate=22 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0622/congo.html "60 killed in Congo train crash"]. ''[[RTÉ News and Current Affairs]]''. [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]. 22 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190401093504/https://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0622/132498-congo/ Archived] from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> A na-ekwu na mmebi ihe onwunwe ahụ "dị oke njọ". <ref name="Train crash in Congo kills at least 60 people over 300 injured">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.nationalturk.com/en/train-crash-in-congo-kills-at-least-60-people-over-300-injured-6030060|title=Train crash in Congo kills at least 60 people over 300 injured|date=22 June 2010|work=National Turk|accessdate=22 June 2010}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 23 June 2010, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ arịgoola ruo mmadụ 76 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị merụrụ ahụ arịgooro ruo 745.<ref name="Congo train crash death toll rises to 76">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-train-idUSTRE65M1LG20100623|title=Congo train crash death toll rises to&nbsp;76|date=23 June 2010|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2 January 2022}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-train-idUSTRE65M1LG20100623 "Congo train crash death toll rises to&nbsp;76"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 23 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220102093819/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-train-idUSTRE65M1LG20100623 Archived] from the original on 2 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Enweghị ihe kpatara ihe mberede ahụ ozugbo, <ref name="Train crash in southern Congo 'kills dozens'">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://gbcghana.com/news/35115detail.html|title=Train crash in southern Congo 'kills dozens'|date=22 June 2010|work=[[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=22 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232720/http://gbcghana.com/news/35115detail.html "Train crash in southern Congo 'kills dozens'"]. ''[[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation]]''. 22 June 2010. Archived from [http://gbcghana.com/news/35115detail.html the original] on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị boro oke ọsọ. <ref name="Dozens Die As Train Plunges Into Ravine"/> Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ na-agba gburugburu n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Sixty killed in Congo Republic train crash">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65L17Y20100622|title=Sixty killed in Congo Republic train crash|date=22 June 2010|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=22 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65L17Y20100622 "Sixty killed in Congo Republic train crash"]. ''[[Reuters]]''. 22 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190401042823/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-train/sixty-killed-in-congo-republic-train-crash-idUSTRE65L17Y20100622 Archived] from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Nzaghachi == Ndị agha na ndị Red Cross gbara ọsọ gaa n'ógbè ahụ iji nye ndị njem ahụ nwere nsogbu enyemaka.[it]<ref name="Republic of Congo train crash kills scores"/> Onye isi ala Denis Sassou Nguesso zutere ndị isi nke ọchịchị ya mgbe ihe ahụ mere.<ref name="Train crash in southern Congo 'kills dozens'"/> Ndi isi ochichi obodo Congo mara iwu iru uju ubochi atọ. <ref name="Dozens Die As Train Plunges Into Ravine">{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=Winter, Andy|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Train-Crash-Kills-Dozens-In-Republic-Of-Congo-Speed-Blamed-For-Derailment-In-Central-Africa/Article/201006415653497|title=Dozens Die As Train Plunges into Ravine|date=23 June 2010|work=[[Sky News]]|accessdate=23 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWinter,_Andy2010">Winter, Andy (23 June 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100626173247/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Train-Crash-Kills-Dozens-In-Republic-Of-Congo-Speed-Blamed-For-Derailment-In-Central-Africa/Article/201006415653497 "Dozens Die As Train Plunges into Ravine"]. ''[[Sky News]]''. Archived from [http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Train-Crash-Kills-Dozens-In-Republic-Of-Congo-Speed-Blamed-For-Derailment-In-Central-Africa/Article/201006415653497 the original] on 26 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ili mmadu nke putara n'ihi Ihe mere bu ndi isi ochichi ala ha kwuru ugwo ya, ni gbakwasi ukwu na okwu di isi kwuru, e riri uju ha n'ubochi Saturday sotere ya.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/19-republic-of-congo-train-crash-kills-at-least-48-hh-03|title=Republic of Congo train crash kills at least 48|date=23 June 2010|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|publisher=[[Dawn Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=23 June 2010}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} qg8defwkfqgwen9ljdej6f1hluy40rw 0 54958 742595 364845 2026-11-03T08:47:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kyzylagash ali 2010080 2.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] Ọdịda nke Kyzyl-Agash Dam (Kazakh), mere na mmiri dị na mpụga obodo Kyzyl'Agash, Jetisu Region, [[Kazakhstan]]. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2010, mmiri ahụ gbawara, jupụta n'obodo ahụ. Ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 43 nwụrụ, mmadụ 211 merụrụ ahụ, ihe karịrị 1000 si n'obodo ahụ gbapụ.<ref name="AFP"/><ref name="Statesmen"/> Ndi na ekweghi kwuru na okwu maka nnukwu mmadu nwuru nu agutara. Ndi akwukwo nzisaozi n'ekweghi aha ya bu Svoboda Slova kwuru na mmadu 200 ma odi obere nwuru, nke ndi umuaka na ndi okenye kacha, mana ndi na ahazi ya megidere ikwu ezigbo onuogugu ndi nwuru . == Ọdịda == Ọdịda dị n'ime mmiri ahụ mere ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ gbawaa mgbe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo tinyere ịrị elu mberede nke okpomọkụ mere ka snow gbazee n'oge.<ref name="AFP">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=AFP: Kazakh president wants prosecutions over flooding|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] hosted by [[Google]]|accessdate=2010-03-15|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h_voEzPqVAaGf-zOCXEZNGmRUKrA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328065916/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h_voEzPqVAaGf-zOCXEZNGmRUKrA|archivedate=28 March 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100328065916/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h_voEzPqVAaGf-zOCXEZNGmRUKrA "AFP: Kazakh president wants prosecutions over flooding"]. [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] hosted by [[Google]]. Archived from [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h_voEzPqVAaGf-zOCXEZNGmRUKrA the original] on 28 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-15</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="RFERL"/> Mmebi nke mmiri ahụ kpughere mmiri na-asọsi ike nke dị ihe dị ka mita 2 (6.6 n'ịdị elu ma kpochapụ àkwà mmiri dị n'okporo ụzọ awara awara jikọtara Almaty na obodo Ust-Kamenogorsk dị nso n'ókè ya na Russia.<ref name="Statesmen">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/thousands-evacuated-after-severe-floods-destroyed-two-dams-in-the-south-of-kazakhstan/|title=Thousands evacuated after severe floods destroyed two dams in south Kazakhstan &#124; the Statesmen &#124; Media you can Believe in|author=Umeed|first=Ibn e|date=12 March 2010|publisher=The Statesmen|accessdate=2010-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912051237/http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/thousands-evacuated-after-severe-floods-destroyed-two-dams-in-the-south-of-kazakhstan/|archivedate=12 September 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFUmeed2010">Umeed, Ibn e (12 March 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120912051237/http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/thousands-evacuated-after-severe-floods-destroyed-two-dams-in-the-south-of-kazakhstan/ "Thousands evacuated after severe floods destroyed two dams in south Kazakhstan &#x7C; the Statesmen &#x7C; Media you can Believe in"]. The Statesmen. Archived from [http://www.thestatesmen.net/news/thousands-evacuated-after-severe-floods-destroyed-two-dams-in-the-south-of-kazakhstan/ the original] on 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-15</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Today"/> Ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ mberede 600 gara n'ógbè ahụ iji kpochapụ ihe mkpofu na inye ụlọikwuu na enyemaka dị mkpa maka ndị na-apụ apụ. E mere ka nchekwa dị n'ógbè ahụ dịkwuo elu iji gbochie ndị ohi.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6918729.html|title=Death toll from southern Kazakhstan floods rises to 35|date=14 March 2010|publisher=People's Daily Online|accessdate=18 March 2010}}</ref> E guzobere ogige nwa oge, nke nwere ụlọ ọgwụ n'ọhịa, iji lekọta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị si Kyzyl-Agash na ndị agha Kazakh zigara ndị agha n'ógbè ahụ iji nyere aka.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/60260_Floods_kill_at_least_28_in_south_Kazakhstan/|title=Floods kill at least 28 in south Kazakhstan|date=13 March 2010|publisher=The Financialb|accessdate=18 March 2010}}</ref> Praịm Minista Kazakhstan, Karim Massimov, gakwara n'ógbè ahụ iji jiri aka ya lekọta ọrụ enyemaka.<ref name="Today">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.todayonline.com/BreakingNews/EDC100313-0000161/Kazakhstan-flooding-death-toll-rises-to-30-as-recovery-efforts-pick-up-pace|title=Kazakhstan flooding death toll rises to 30 as recovery efforts pick up pace|date=13 March 2010|publisher=Today Online|accessdate=15 March 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100315085126/http://www.todayonline.com/BreakingNews/EDC100313-0000161/Kazakhstan-flooding-death-toll-rises-to-30-as-recovery-efforts-pick-up-pace "Kazakhstan flooding death toll rises to 30 as recovery efforts pick up pace"]. Today Online. 13 March 2010. Archived from [http://www.todayonline.com/BreakingNews/EDC100313-0000161/Kazakhstan-flooding-death-toll-rises-to-30-as-recovery-efforts-pick-up-pace the original] on 15 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010313135443279239.html|title=Dam burst destroys Kazakh village|date=14 March 2010|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref> Onye isi ala Nursultan Nazarbayev nyere iwu ka e mee nchọpụta banyere ihe merenụ, na-ewepụta nkwupụta nke o kwuru, sị: "Ndị ọkàiwu ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ime obodo kwesịrị imeghe nyocha mpụ megide onye nwe ọdọ mmiri ahụ. " <ref name="AFP"/> A ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ mmadụ. " Ministri nke Interior ekwuola na ndị uwe ojii Kazakh jidere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mpaghara, gụnyere onye isi obodo Kyzyl-Agash.<ref name="RFERL">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Kazakhstan_Detains_Officials_After_Deadly_Flood/1984015.html|title=Kazakhstan Detains Officials After Deadly Flood|date=15 March 2010|publisher=Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty|accessdate=15 March 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.rferl.org/content/Kazakhstan_Detains_Officials_After_Deadly_Flood/1984015.html "Kazakhstan Detains Officials After Deadly Flood"]. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. 15 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Gọọmentị wepụtara 600 nde tenge ($ 4.1 nde) iji nye ndị ọdachi ahụ metụtara ụgwọ ọrụ na iji dozie mmetụta ya.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n213307|title=RIA Novosti: Death toll from southern Kazakhstan flood rises to 37|date=16 March 2010|publisher=Focus Information Agency|accessdate=18 March 2010}}</ref> N'ụbọchị gara aga, mmiri ọzọ na-agba mmiri na Mpaghara Karatal dị nso. Mmiri rikpuru obodo Zhybulak, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na 820 nke ụlọ 140 nke idei mmiri ahụ kpọpụkwara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nso.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/03/15/kazakhstan-flood-kills-47-leaves-hundreds-homeless/|title=Kazakhstan: Flood Kills 47, Leaves Hundreds Homeless|author=Nurmakov|first=Adil|date=15 March 2010|publisher=Global Voices|accessdate=15 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://top.rbc.ru/incidents/12/03/2010/379181.shtml|title=Число жертв наводнения в Казахстане достигло 20 человек|date=12 March 2010|publisher=РосБизнесКонсалтинг|accessdate=8 June 2015}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} na7h2wuc9tb8tkt41x9a3gfx1ka5bov 0 54963 742619 193987 2026-11-03T08:51:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742619 wikitext text/x-wiki 2010 Dhaka fire bu oku nke gbara n'obodo Dhaka, Bangladesh na 3 June 2010, nke gburu ihe dika mmadu 124 ma odi obere( mmadu 117 nwuru ozigbo, ndi nke ozo nwuru n'uloogwu). Oku ahu nwuru na Nimtali nke Old Dhaka.<ref name="AFP117"/>.<ref name="bdnews1"/><ref name="BanglaNews24">{{Àtụ:Cite news|title=2nd anniversary of Nimtoli tragedy being marked|url=http://www.banglanews24.com.bd/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=37f4960c102124ed2af6ab2fa7f3f223&nttl=2012060543644|work=BanglaNews24|date=3 June 2012|accessdate=25 November 2012}}</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Ọkụ ahụ malitere mgbe transformer eletrik gbawara.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65257K20100603|title=At least 40 dead in Bangladesh fire|date=3 June 2010|accessdate=3 June 2010}}</ref> Onye isi nke ngalaba ọkụ ahụ kwuru na ọkụ ahụ sitere na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, kemịkal na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-ere ọkụ echekwara na ụlọ ahịa dị nso. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe obibi ahụ metụtara mere ka o sie ike maka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ iji kpochapụ ọkụ ahụ.<ref name="AFP"/> Ọzọkwa, okporo ụzọ ndị dị warara nke Old Dhaka na steepụ nke ụlọ ochie mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịma aka maka ngwá ọrụ ọkụ iji ruo ebe ahụ.<ref name="bdnews1">{{Àtụ:Cite news|date=4 June 2010|title=Death counts swell to 117|url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=163302&hb=1|work=bdnews24.com|accessdate=4 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120305093453/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=163302&hb=1 "Death counts swell to 117"]. ''bdnews24.com''. 4 June 2010. Archived from [http://bdnews24.com/details.php?cid=2&id=163302&hb=1 the original] on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndị nwụrụnụ == Ọkụ ahụ metụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ obibi na mpaghara Nimtoli, <ref name="BBC"/> ma jide ndị bi n'ime ụlọ. <ref name="AFP">{{Àtụ:Cite news|date=3 June 2010|title=85 dead, 100 injured in Bangladesh blaze: police|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hTxCoG19dN9NCBnfJoaRt2z3HIFg|accessdate=3 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100606041512/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hTxCoG19dN9NCBnfJoaRt2z3HIFg "85 dead, 100 injured in Bangladesh blaze: police"]. Agence France-Presse. 3 June 2010. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hTxCoG19dN9NCBnfJoaRt2z3HIFg the original] on 6 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ọkụ ahụ malitere n'elekere iri na atọ nke ehihie ma were ihe karịrị awa atọ.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/04/dhaka-fire-deaths|title=Dhaka fire kills at least 77, injures 100|author=Jones|first=Alice|date=4 June 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|date=3 June 2010|title=87 dead, 100 injured in Bangladesh blaze: police|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/18/20100603/twl-87-dead-100-injured-in-bangladesh-bl-5aa7274.html|publisher=Yahoo! News|accessdate=3 June 2010}}</ref> Ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 117 nwụrụ na ihe karịrị 100 merụrụ ahụ site na ọkụ ahụ.<ref name="AFP117">{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=Hossain|first=Farid|date=4 June 2010|title=Bangladesh fire races through buildings, kills 117|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jRRVZFAZMj1a5-YrOitc0jaF3JuQD9G4I4T80|accessdate=4 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHossain2010">Hossain, Farid (4 June 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100607073916/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jRRVZFAZMj1a5-YrOitc0jaF3JuQD9G4I4T80 "Bangladesh fire races through buildings, kills 117"]. [[Associated Press]]. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jRRVZFAZMj1a5-YrOitc0jaF3JuQD9G4I4T80 the original] on 7 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ọkụ ahụ metụtara oriri agbamakwụkwọ, nke mere ka ndị ahụ nwụọ ka njọ.<ref name="AFP" /> Otu n'ime ụlọ ndị ọkụ ahụ metụtara enweghị ụzọ mgbapụ ọkụ na windo ya kpuchiri ígwè.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10238855.stm|title=Dhaka: City of construction death traps|author=Dummett|first=Mark|date=4 June 2010|work=BBC News|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> A gwọrọ ndị merụrụ ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Dhaka Medical College Hospital, nke gbalịrị ịnagide ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrịa na-ata ahụhụ ọkụ na iku ume anwụrụ ọkụ.<ref name="AFP"/><ref name="TOI">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Midnight-fire-kills-at-least-77-in-Bangladesh-capital--/articleshow/6009323.cms|title=Midnight-fire kills at least 77 in Bangladesh capital|date=4 June 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 June 2010}}</ref> Dị ka otu dọkịta nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ si kwuo, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọnwụ ndị ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ kpatara ya kama ịgba ya ọkụ.<ref name="BBC">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10232918.stm|title=Bangladeshi housing-block fire kills dozens|date=3 June 2010|work=BBC News|accessdate=3 June 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/10232918.stm "Bangladeshi housing-block fire kills dozens"]. ''BBC News''. 3 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ nnapụta kwụsịrị na 4 June 2010. <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/04/dhaka-fire-bangladesh|title=Dhaka fire kills up to 150 in Bangladesh|author=Burke|first=Jason|date=4 June 2010|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == Sheikh Hasina, Praịm Minista, nyere iwu ka e nyochaa ọkụ ahụ. O nyekwara ndị ahụ merụrụ ahụ na ezinụlọ ha ọmịiko.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=Watts|first=Alex|date=4 June 2010|title=At Least 100 Dead in Bangladesh Fire|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Dhaka-At-Least-100-Dead-In-Bangladesh-Fire-In-Kayettuli/Article/201006115643207?lpos=Home_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15643207_Dhaka%3A_At_Least_100_Dead_In_Bangladesh_Fire_In_Kayettuli|publisher=[[Sky News]]|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> Gọọmentị mara ọkwa na 5 June 2010 ga-abụ ụbọchị iru uju.<ref name="RTE">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/0604/bangladesh.html|title=114 killed in Bangladesh fire|date=4 June 2010|publisher=RTÉ News|accessdate=4 June 2010}}</ref> Ndị otu cricket nke Bangladesh, bụ ndị gara n'ọgbọ egwuregwu n'ụbọchị ọkụ ahụ gasịrị n'oge njem ha na England, yi armbands ojii iji cheta ha. == Enyemaka ego == Mirza Ali Behrouze bụ onye isi oche nke M.M. Ispahani nyere ndị ahụ aka n'ụzọ ego. <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2017/01/24/162927|title=Behrouze Ispahani dead {{!}} FIRST PAGE {{!}} The financial express|accessdate=28 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044702/http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2017/01/24/162927|archivedate=2 February 2017}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 9juxdvh05c3vxpbrwtjpgts4mxwtu7l 0 54992 742362 194028 2026-11-02T22:09:52Z Andre Engels 66 Redirected page to [[Febụwarị 2010 Bọmbụ Khyber]] 742362 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Febụwarị 2010 Bọmbụ Khyber]] rflj0p4qagm4zoe1awwumjemnjhhzfe 0 55009 742618 194050 2026-11-03T08:51:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742618 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọkụ Binta Lake bụ Ọkụ ọhịa nke àmụ̀mà kpatara na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Burns Lake, British Columbia nke malitere na Wednesday, July 28, 2010, ma were ihe karịrị otu ọnwa. Ọ bụ ọkụ kachasị ukwuu na mpaghara ahụ na 2010. Ọkụ ahụ gbara ngụkọta nke 400 square kilomita (99,000 acres).<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/vancouver-sun/20110705/283794260426862|title=My Workplace|author=Hansen|first=Darah|date=2011-07-05|work=Vancouver Sun|accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.bcibic.ca/success-stories/cheslatta-carrier-nation/|title=Cheslatta Carrier Nation|work=Indigenous Business and Investment Council|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref> Ọkụ ahụ kpatara nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ n'ógbè ndị gbara ya gburugburu, iwu mwepụ na mpaghara ahụ, ma mebie osisi a na-ere ahịa. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.mwpr.ca/go6817a/BINTA_LAKE_FIRE_CHALLENGES_FIREFIGHTERS|title=Terrace Daily: BINTA LAKE FIRE CHALLENGES FIREFIGHTERS|work=www.mwpr.ca|accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref> == Mmalite == Ihe butere oku ahu bu amuma nke okochi butere ya na oke ikuku, nke ji Ike buo site na kilometer iri ano na isii otu elekere obula. <ref name=":0">{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=News|first=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-wildfire-scorches-40-000-hectares-1.887539|title=B.C. wildfire scorches 40,000 hectares|date=2010-08-22|accessdate=2020-04-10}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNews2010">News, CBC (2010-08-22). [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-wildfire-scorches-40-000-hectares-1.887539 "B.C. wildfire scorches 40,000 hectares"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite news|cite news]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;last=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.burnslakelakesdistrictnews.com/news/ongoing-binta-lake-forest-fire-rehab/|title=Ongoing Binta Lake forest fire rehab|date=2013-06-05|work=Burns Lake Lakes District News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-04-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.burnslakelakesdistrictnews.com/news/ongoing-binta-lake-forest-fire-rehab/ "Ongoing Binta Lake forest fire rehab"]. ''Burns Lake Lakes District News''. 2013-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.kitimatdaily.ca/go3424a/FOREST_FIRES_GROW_WITH_GUSTY_WINDS|title=Kitimat Daily: FOREST FIRES GROW WITH GUSTY WINDS|work=www.kitimatdaily.ca|accessdate=2020-04-10}}</ref> == Nsonaazụ ya == Ọkụ ahụ gbara hekta 9700 nke Timber Harvesting Landbase (THLB) na Lakes Timber Supply Area (TSA). 1.3 nde cubic mita nke osisi a na-ewepụta ihe furu efu.<ref name=":1"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} bp33gj5df7e15dl4w7zkq4mdleo5m70 0 55011 742633 194052 2026-11-03T08:53:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742633 wikitext text/x-wiki Usti nad labem derailment mere na 28 June 2010 mgbe CityElefant puru naa rail mgbe o no na Usti nad labem, Czech Republic. Onye na Anya ya nwuru tinye kwa mmadu iri na otu no n'ime ya. == Ụgbọ okporo ígwè == Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ metụtara bụ ČD Klas 471 ''CityElefant'' abụọ eletrik nke e mepụtara na 2001.<ref name="Ceskenoviny"/><ref name="Idnes"/> == Ịgbapụ == Na 16:47 CEST, ụgbọ oloko ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe ọ na-eru nso na nkwụsị ikpeazụ ya, Ústí nad Labem hlavní nádraží, na mpaghara ndịda nke Va sinov.<ref name="Ceskenoviny">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/zpravy/engine-driver-dies-11-injured-in-train-crash-in-czech-town/497324?id=497263|title=Při nehodě vlaku v Ústí jeden mrtvý a 11 zraněných|publisher=České Noviny|language=Czech|date=28 June 2010|accessdate=29 June 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/news/zpravy/engine-driver-dies-11-injured-in-train-crash-in-czech-town/497324?id=497263 "Při nehodě vlaku v Ústí jeden mrtvý a 11 zraněných"] (in Czech). České Noviny. 28 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)]]</ref> Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na njedebe nke njem ya site na Prague mgbe ihe mberede ahụ mere. Ụgbọala na-eduga na-akụtu mgbidi simenti mgbe ọ kwụsịrị. Onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ahụ nwụrụ ma merụọ ndị njem 11 ahụ, gụnyere abụọ nwere nnukwu mmerụ ahụ. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ mebiri n'ụzọ a na-apụghị idozi edozi, ebe ụgbọ okporo ígwè abụọ ndị ọzọ lanarịrị naanị obere ntụpọ. E mechiri ụzọ ahụ, nke bụ akụkụ nke ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè mba ụwa nke jikọtara Prague na Berlin, mgbe ihe mberede ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na e mechara meghee otu ụzọ maka okporo ụzọ ma chọọ iji Ụgbọ okporo ígwè dizel eme ihe ka wiring dị n'elu mebiri.<ref name="Idnes">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/strojvedouci-jel-ve-vanove-108-misto-50-km-h-inspektori-proveruji-brzdy-12o-/krimi.asp?c=A100629_071012_krimi_hv|title=Strojvedoucí jel ve Vaňově 108 místo 50 km/h. Inspektoři prověřují brzdy|publisher=Idnes|language=Czech|accessdate=29 June 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://zpravy.idnes.cz/strojvedouci-jel-ve-vanove-108-misto-50-km-h-inspektori-proveruji-brzdy-12o-/krimi.asp?c=A100629_071012_krimi_hv "Strojvedoucí jel ve Vaňově 108 místo 50 km/h. Inspektoři prověřují brzdy"] (in Czech). Idnes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)]]</ref> == Ihe kpatara ya == Ọ bụ ezie na a ka na-eme nnyocha, [ọ dị mkpa imelite] a kọọrọ na n'oge ihe mberede ahụ, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ na-aga na 108 kilomita kwa elekere (67 ebe oke ọsọ n'ebe ahụ bụ 50 kilomita kwa elekọ (31 . O yikarịrị ka ihe kpatara ọdachi ahụ bụ ma ọ bụ mmejọ nke brek ma ọ bụ enweghị uche nke onye ọkwọ ụgbọala.<ref name="Idnes"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 4unf0duumxhjureyt0l7vmqcygvcu0n 0 55015 742704 364056 2026-11-03T09:23:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Katekavia Flight 9357 bu ugboelu Antonov An-24 nke n'efe nani no obodo ahu bido na Krasnoyarsk ruo igarka no na Russia nke nwere Ihe mgberede mgbe o ru were na Fog n'isi ututu ubochi 3 nke August 2010, nke gburu mmadu iri na abuo n'ime mmadu iri na ise bara ugboelu ahu. Nnyocha ihe mberede ahụ kwubiri na ndị ọrụ ahụ nwara ịbịaru ala n'ọnọdụ ọhụụ dị njọ karịa nke a kwadoro maka ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ụgbọelu ahụ, ma ghara ime usoro ịbịaru nso n'oge tupu ụgbọelu ahụ akụ osisi na ala. == Ihe mberede == Ụgbọelu ahụ dara mgbe ọ na-eru nso ikpeazụ maka ọdịda n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Igarka, ihe dị ka mita 700 (2,300 na-erughị ụzọ ụgbọ elu.   A kọrọ na ọnọdụ dị n'oge ihe mberede ahụ na-ezo, na igwe ojii na égbè eluigwe n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe mberede ahụ mere n'ihe dị ka 01:40 oge mpaghara (17:40 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], 2 August). <ref name="AH42f1b7df">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Crash: Katekavia AN24 at Igarka on Aug 3rd 2010, impacted ground short of runway|url=http://www.avherald.com/h?article=42f1b7df&opt=0|work=The Aviation Herald|date=2 August 2010|accessdate=2 August 2010}}</ref> Otu ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, Federal Air Transport Agency, kwuru na "ụgbọelu ahụ tụgharịrị gaa n'aka nri nke ụzọ ọ na-ada wee kụọ n'ala n'ihu ụzọ ụgbọelu".<ref name="xinhua">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=11 out of 15 killed in Russian jet crash|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-08/03/c_13426945.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805043317/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-08/03/c_13426945.htm|archivedate=5 August 2010|work=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|accessdate=2 August 2010|date=2 August 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20100805043317/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-08/03/c_13426945.htm "11 out of 15 killed in Russian jet crash"]. ''[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]''. 2 August 2010. Archived from [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-08/03/c_13426945.htm the original] on 5 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Ụgbọelu == Ụgbọelu ahụ metụtara bụ Antonov An-24RV nwere ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ 47310003 na ndebanye aha Russia RA-46524. E wuru ya na 1974, n'oge ihe mberede ahụ, ụgbọelu ahụ ejirila ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ awa 54,000 na-efe efe.<ref name="ASN">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-24RV RA-46524 Igarka Airport|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100803-0|work=[[Aviation Safety Network]]|accessdate=2 November 2019}}</ref> == Ndị nwụrụnụ == Mmadụ iri n'ime ndị njem na otu onye ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ahụ, [aha a chọrọ] ebe atọ n'ime mmadụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu na otu onye njem lanarịrị.  Onye njem ahụ mechara nwụọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na 3 Ọgọst 2010, na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ ruo iri na abụọ. <ref name="upi" /> <ref name="xinhua"/><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Eleven dead in Russian airliner crash: ministry|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6RRIfIaKDTn6EpKTX3dVdnFbj6w|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806212810/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6RRIfIaKDTn6EpKTX3dVdnFbj6w|archivedate=6 August 2010|work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|accessdate=3 August 2010|date=2 August 2010}}</ref> Mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ lanarịrịnụ merụrụ ahụ naanị obere. Mmadụ atọ lanarịrịnụ bụ onye na-anya ụgbọelu, onye na-enyere ya aka, na onye injinia ụgbọelu.<ref name="upi">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Russian plane crash death toll rises to 12|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/International/2010/08/03/Russian-plane-crash-death-toll-rises-to-12/UPI-62821280838700/|publisher=UPI|accessdate=3 August 2010|date=3 August 2010}}</ref> Na mbụ, a na-ekwu na mmadụ niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ anwụọla; akụkọ ndị sochirinụ kwuru na mmadụ asaa nwụrụ tupu e guzobe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ nke iri na otu ma mesịa bụrụ iri na abụọ. <ref name="upi" /> <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=11 dead, 4 survivors in Siberian plane crash|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/08/02/russia.plane.crash/#fbid=Eb1KMsakVQk|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate=3 August 2010|date=2 August 2010}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} o6mm0oy2o8g93kncpx06b0dxdicpk4w 0 55016 742701 364865 2026-11-03T09:23:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dagestan Airlines Flight 372 crash site (from MAK report)-1.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] Ụgbọelu Dagestan Airlines Flight 372 bụ ụgbọ elu azụmahịa a haziri n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ elu Vnukovo nke Moscow na Makhachkala, Russia. N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2010, ụgbọelu Tupolev Tu-154 nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu ahụ kwụsịrị n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọelu mgbe ọ dabara na mberede n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Domodedovo, kilomita 45 (28 mi; 24 n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Vnukovo. Mmadụ abụọ nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ nwụrụ.<ref name="www.avherald.com"/><ref name="lenta.ru"/> == Ihe mberede == Ụgbọelu ahụ na-efe njem a haziri ahazi site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Vnukovo na Moscow gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Uytash na Makhachkala, Republic of Dagestan.<ref name="afp"/> Abụọ n'ime injin atọ nke ụgbọelu ahụ dara n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 14:07 oge mpaghara (11:07 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]); ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu kọrọ na injin furu efu mgbe ụgbọelu ahụ nọ n'ogo nke ihe dị ka mita 9,100 (29,900 . <ref name="www.avherald.com">{{Àtụ:Cite web|date=4 December 2010|title=Accident: South East T154 at Moscow on Dec 4th 2010, all engines out in flight|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=4342e2dc&opt=0|accessdate=4 December 2010|work=The Aviation Herald}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://avherald.com/h?article=4342e2dc&opt=0 "Accident: South East T154 at Moscow on Dec 4th 2010, all engines out in flight"]. ''The Aviation Herald''. 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> A rịọrọ ka a daa na mberede n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Domodedovo, ka ụgbọelu ahụ na-ada, injin nke atọ dara. <ref name="afp" /><ref name="www.avherald.com" /> Ụgbọelu ahụ bịarutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu 32R site n'aka nri n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ aka nri, na-efefe n'ọnụ ụzọ tupu ọ tụgharịa n'aka ekpe na mita 500 (1,600 n'aka aka ekpe nke ụzọ ụgbọ elu ma gafee n'elu, na-efegharị n'otu akụkụ ma n'aka nke ụzọ ụgbọelu.<ref name="report">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tu-154-crew-battled-power-loss-after-switching-off-fuel-pump-362508/|title=Tu-154 crew battled power loss after switching off fuel pump|publisher=Flightglobal.com|date=26 September 2011|accessdate=27 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930012245/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/tu-154-crew-battled-power-loss-after-switching-off-fuel-pump-362508/|archivedate=30 September 2011}}</ref> Ụgbọelu ahụ rutere mita 88 (289 n'aka nri nke etiti etiti, na naanị mita 350 (1,150 na njedebe, na-agbaji n'akụkụ atọ ka ọ na-ezu ike.<ref name="www.avherald.com" /><ref name="report" /><ref name="fg engines">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/12/04/350548/crashed-dagestan-tu-154-had-serial-engine-failure-mak.html|title=Crashed Dagestan Tu-154 had serial engine failure: MAK|publisher=Flightglobal.com|date=4 December 2010|accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/04/airplane-emergency-landing-moscow-two-killed|title=Two killed and 83 injured as airplane makes emergency landing at Moscow|work=The Guardian|date=4 December 2010|accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> == Ụgbọelu == Ụgbọelu na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu ahụ bụ Tupolev Tu-154M, nke edebanyere aha RA-85744, cn: 92A-927.<ref name="asn"/> E wuru ya na 1992, e mezigharịrị ya na 2009 ma Dagestan Airlines zụtara ya na Jenụwarị 2010. N'oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ gbanwere onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ South East Airlines, a na-ete RA-85744 ihe ọhụrụ. A kọrọ na ụgbọelu ahụ mezuru ụkpụrụ nchekwa niile dị mkpa na Europe, otu ọnwa tupu ihe mberede ahụ ejirila ya buru Ndị otu bọọlụ mba Belgium, ụgbọ elu nke chọrọ ịgbaso iwu Europe.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/pilot-error-probed-in-domodedovo-crash/425708.html|title=Pilot Error Probed in Domodedovo Crash|publisher=The Moscow Times|date=6 December 2010|accessdate=6 December 2010}}</ref> Ịda na mberede kpatara ọnwụ 2 na mmerụ ahụ 92, nke 39 n'ime ha dị njọ. <ref name="Interfax">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=206834|title=News Headlines|date=5 December 2010|accessdate=5 December 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206040053/http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=206834|archivedate=December 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/12/04/350546/dagestan-tu-154-crashes-at-moscow.html|title=Dagestan Tu-154 crashes at Moscow|publisher=Flightglobal.com|date=4 December 2010|accessdate=4 December 2010}}</ref> Otu n'ime mmadụ abụọ nwụrụ anwụ bụ nwanne Magomedsalam Magomedov, onye isi ala Dagestan.<ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B315Z20101205|title=Russia crash landing kills Dagestan leader's brother|publisher=Reuters|date=5 December 2010|accessdate=5 December 2010}}</ref> Onye nke ọzọ, nne onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Iwu nke Russia, ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kọrọ na mbụ na ọ nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi, <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite web|date=2010-12-04|title=На борту потерпевшего аварию Ту-154 находилось 172 человека|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=411510&tid=86153|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075912/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=411510&tid=86153|archivedate=2017-02-11|accessdate=2024-10-24|work=vesti.ru|language=ru}}</ref> mana akụkọ ikpeazụ kwubiri na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ.<ref name="lenta.ru">{{Àtụ:Cite web|date=2010-12-04|title=В Домодедово сел Ту-154 с отказавшими двигателями|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2010/12/04/noengines|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075912/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=411510&tid=86153|archivedate=2017-02-11|work=Lenta.RU|language=ru}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075912/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=411510&tid=86153 "В Домодедово сел Ту-154 с отказавшими двигателями"] &#x5B;Tu-154 lands at Domodedovo with failed engines&#x5D;. ''Lenta.RU'' (in Russian). 2010-12-04. Archived from [http://lenta.ru/news/2010/12/04/noengines the original] on 2017-02-11.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref><ref name="www.avherald.com"/> <ref name="afp">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iFSfTa3SppB7gIsFcIgOVnjeM19g?docId=CNG.f20a47ac6b3d8a573abdfa41c0b1c9ad.5f1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129081609/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iFSfTa3SppB7gIsFcIgOVnjeM19g?docId=CNG.f20a47ac6b3d8a573abdfa41c0b1c9ad.5f1|archivedate=January 29, 2014|title=Two killed as plane makes emergency landing in Russia|publisher=AFP|date=4 December 2010|accessdate=4 December 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140129081609/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iFSfTa3SppB7gIsFcIgOVnjeM19g?docId=CNG.f20a47ac6b3d8a573abdfa41c0b1c9ad.5f1 "Two killed as plane makes emergency landing in Russia"]. AFP. 4 December 2010. Archived from [https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iFSfTa3SppB7gIsFcIgOVnjeM19g?docId=CNG.f20a47ac6b3d8a573abdfa41c0b1c9ad.5f1 the original] on January 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> onuogugu mmadu nile bara ugboelu ahu ka ana amaghi, okwu nke mbu putara si ha di Ihe dika 163 na 172 mana mmadu 168, mmadu 8 na anya ugboelu, ka emechara kwete.<ref name="asn">{{Àtụ:Cite web|title=Accident description|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20101204-0|accessdate=4 December 2010|work=Aviation Safety Network|publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20101204-0 "Accident description"]. ''Aviation Safety Network''. Flight Safety Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} i0pq0ljmn1oz94vd9dvhkjteo75f4ko 0 55018 742695 368613 2026-11-03T09:22:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Туполев Ту-154 90A851, Москва - Внуково RP7965.jpg|thumb|Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] Alrosa Flight 514 bu Tupolev Tu-154 n'ebu ndi mmadu n'ime obodo ha kwadoro ipu bido na Udachny ruo Moscow, Russia, na ubochi 7 September 2010 nwere mgbatu nke oma na airstrip n'emepeghi emepe mgbe ha tachara afufu odida oku in-flight. Mmadu 81 puru n'ugboelu ahu na nweghi ihe mere ha. Tupolev nọ n'ụzọ n'elu ụgbọ mmiri mgbe ọdịda ahụ mere, nke mebiri usoro mmanụ ụgbọala na ngwá ọrụ redio niile, nke pụtara na ụgbọelu ahụ agaghị enwe ike iru ebe ọ na-aga. Ndị ọrụ ahụ kpebiri ịnwa ịdakwasị ngwa ngwa n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Izhma a na-ejighịzi eme ihe. Ụgbọelu ahụ gafere njedebe nke ụzọ ụgbọ elu wee zuru ike n'etiti ahịhịa, mebiri emebi mana ọ ka nọ n'ụgbọelu ya. E mechara chọọ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ elu 514 mma maka omume ha, a rụzikwara ụgbọelu ahụ nke ọma ma si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ pụọ iji maliteghachi ọrụ na Alrosa.<ref name="FG354735">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/video-test-pilots-extract-stranded-alrosa-tu-154-354735/|title=VIDEO: Test pilots extract stranded Alrosa Tu-154|first=David|author=Kaminski-Morrow|date=23 March 2010|accessdate=24 March 2011}}</ref> == Ihe mberede == Ụgbọelu 514 nọ n'elu Usinsk, <ref name="Vesti"/> n'ịdị elu nke mita 10,600 (34,800 (FL 348) mgbe a hụrụ ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke nsogbu na ihe dị ka 06:59 oge mpaghara (02:59 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ụgbọelu ahụ nwere ọdịda zuru oke nke usoro eletrik, nke mere ka usoro ụgbọ mmiri na mgbapụta mmanụ eletrik funahụ.<ref name="AH430a1d01"/> Mfu nke mgbapụta ahụ gbochiri mbufe mmanụ site na tankị nku gaa na tankị inye injin na fuselage, <ref name="Vesti" /> na-ahapụ ụgbọelu ahụ naanị 3,300 kilogram (7,300 nke mmanụ a na-eji eme ihe, [1] zuru ezu maka minit 30 nke ụgbọ elu. <ref name="ASN070910"/><ref name="Komi"/> N'ihe dị ka 07:47, a gwara ndị ọrụ mberede na Izhma na ụgbọelu ahụ nwere ike ịdakwasị na mberede n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu mpaghara. Izhma Airport bụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu ochie nke a na-eji ugbu a naanị maka helikọpta, <ref name="AH430a1d01">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=430a1d01&opt=0|title=Accident: Alrosa Mirny T154 at Izhma on September&nbsp;7, 2010, loss of electrics and landing on helicopter platform|work=The Aviation Herald|first=Simon|author=Hradecky|date=7 September 2010|accessdate=8 September 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHradecky2010">Hradecky, Simon (7 September 2010). [http://avherald.com/h?article=430a1d01&opt=0 "Accident: Alrosa Mirny T154 at Izhma on September&nbsp;7, 2010, loss of electrics and landing on helicopter platform"]. ''The Aviation Herald''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> na ụzọ ụgbọ elu 1,325-m (4,347 emechiela ma a gbahapụghị ya.<ref name="ASN070910">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100907-0|title=RA-85684 Accident description|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|accessdate=8 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911214958/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100907-0|archivedate=11 September 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100907-0 "RA-85684 Accident description"]. Aviation Safety Network. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100911214958/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20100907-0 Archived] from the original on 11 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Ogige ụgbọ elu ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ mechiri ụgbọelu na-akwụsi ike na 2003, anaghịzi enwe akara na Chaatị ụgbọelu. <ref name="Komi">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.bnkomi.ru/data/news/5731/|publisher=Komi|language=Russian|date=7 September 2010|accessdate=8 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912111954/http://www.bnkomi.ru/data/news/5731/|archivedate=12 September 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.bnkomi.ru/data/news/5731/ <bdi lang="ru">Следствие опечатает самолет в Ижме</bdi>] (in Russian). Komi. 7 September 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100912111954/http://www.bnkomi.ru/data/news/5731/ Archived] from the original on 12 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)]] [[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref><ref name="MT">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/pilots-called-heroes-after-crash-landing/415328.html|title=Pilots Called Heroes After Crash Landing|work=The Moscow Times|date=9 September 2010|accessdate=9 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909111627/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/pilots-called-heroes-after-crash-landing/415328.html|archivedate=9 September 2010}}</ref> A kpọgara ndị njem n'ihu ụgbọelu ahụ. Ọdịda eletrik ahụ mekwara ka usoro redio, flaps na slats laa.<ref name="Vesti" /> Mgbalị abụọ ịdakwasị kwụsịrị. Na mgbalị nke atọ, e mere ọdịda mberede nke ọma na 07:55 oge mpaghara. <ref name="ASN070910"/><ref name="AH430a1d01"/> Ụgbọelu ahụ gafere ụzọ ụgbọ elu site na mita 160 (520 , <ref name="Vesti">{{Àtụ:Cite web|url=http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=390975|publisher=Vesti|language=Russian|date=7 September 2010|accessdate=8 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908074125/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=390975|archivedate=8 September 2010}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=390975 <bdi lang="ru">Аварийная посадка в Коми: у самолета отказало всё оборудование</bdi>] (in Russian). Vesti. 7 September 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100908074125/http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=390975 Archived] from the original on 8 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)]] [[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref> ma nwee mmebi ụfọdụ na usoro ahụ. Ụgbọelu ahụ dara na ọsọ nke 350 ruo 380 kilomita kwa awa (190 ruo 210 , ngwa ngwa karịa ka ọ dị, n'ihi enweghị flaps. Ọ bụ ezie na flaps na-eji hydraulics eme ihe, switches na-arụ ọrụ ha bụ eletrik.<ref name="AH430a1d01" /> Ndị ọrụ itoolu na ndị njem 72 niile si n'ụgbọelu ahụ pụọ. Enweghị mmerụ ahụ a kọrọ.<ref name="AH430a1d01" /> == Ụgbọelu == Ụgbọelu na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu ahụ bụ Tupolev Tu-154M nwere ndebanye aha RA-85684 na nọmba serial 90A-851. E wuru ya na 1990. <ref name="ASN070910"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} etqy2amp5ebivb9e9j8l51cy173t7pl 0 55469 742547 698239 2026-11-03T08:14:20Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742547 wikitext text/x-wiki Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ma ọ bụ "ịzụ ahịa mmadụ" bụ iwere mmadụ n'ọrụ, n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ibugharị, inye ma ọ bụ nweta mmadụ maka tumadi ebumnuche nke ọrụ mmanye ma ọ bụ ịgba akwụna. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata ịzụ ahịa mmadụ bụ iwepụ akụkụ ahụ́, alụmdi na nwunye mmanye, na nrigbu ndị ọzọ.[1] South America bụ otu n'ime isi mmalite na ebe ebe a na-aga n'ụwa ma na-agbasi mbọ ike na okwu ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ. ILO na-eme atụmatụ na n'ime nde mmadụ 20.9 ndị e nwetara n'ịre ahịa mmadụ na 2012, nde 1.8 sitere na Latin America. Enwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, dị ka nnukwu ọchịchọ nke ndị ohu ụlọ, ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ịdị adị nke netwọk ịzụ ahịa eguzobelarị nke na-ejikarị ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụaka eme ihe, nrụrụ aka na gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu obodo. , enweghị mmasị gọọmentị na okwu a na enweghị ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị nọ na mpaghara South America ebe ịzụ ahịa na-eme. Ndị a na-erigbu n'ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-abụkarị ndị ogbenye, ndị òtù ụmụ amaala, ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị a na-emegbu emegbu, ndị na-agụghị akwụkwọ, ndị na-eji ọgwụ eme ihe, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ na-etinye aka n'òtù òtù. Nnyocha nke Ngalaba Ọchịchị United States achọpụtawokwa na ndị LGBTQ+ adịghị mfe ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.[2] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ bụ ihe kacha ebutere ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, na-eme pasenti 79 nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ niile. Nke a na-esote ọrụ mmanye na pasent 18. Ihe dị ka pasent 20 nke ndị a na-eme mgbere ahịa bụ ụmụaka.[3] Ebe izizi maka ịzụ ahịa na mbata na ọpụpụ iwu na-akwadoghị bụ United States, Spain, Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal na Canada.[2] Ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, ịkekete ego na àgwà ọha mmadụ na-akwado ma belata ihe mgbochi na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. == Akụkọ banyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ == Njikọ Mba kwetara na ọ na-eji ụmụ mmadụ eme ihe n'ahịa n'ime Latịn na [[South Amerika|South America]] kemgbe 1928. Ojiji azụmahịa nke ụmụ mmadụ na-abụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka. N'afọ 2000, ịzụ ahịa mmadụ nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu n'ihi Iwu Nchebe Ndị Ahịa nke [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. Ọ bụ ezie na iwu ahụ bụ iwu US, iwu ahụ na-agụnyekwa mbọ mgbochi ịzụ ahịa nke US na-eme iji kwụsị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na ndị agbata obi ya ndịda.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guinn|first=David E.|date=2008|title=Defining the Problem of Trafficking: The Interplay of US Law, Donor, and NGO Engagement and the Local Context in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2008-02_30_1/page/119|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|volume=30|issue=1|pages=119–145|doi=10.1353/hrq.2008.0008|issn=0275-0392}}</ref> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Latin America bụ ebe nke atọ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị a na-ere ahịa. E nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere ihe mere Central America, ọkachasị, ji hụ mmụba nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Otu echiche bụ na n'ihi ọgba aghara na ọgba agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mere mgbe ndị Spain lara, mpụ ndị dị ka ịgba ohu na mmegbu mmekọahụ mụbara n'ebughị ụzọ nyochaa ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1728&context=student_scholarship|title=The Rise of Human Trafficking in Central America|author=Ventura|first=Iris|date=2016|work=eRepository@Seton Hall|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=28 February 2020}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ mmezi nke mmegbu mmadụ nke a hapụrụ site na ọchịchị ndị agha. Nnakwere nke mmegbu mmadụ sitere n'omume nchụpụ dị ka Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name=":3"/> A na-azụlite ọnọdụ ndị nyere ohere maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Latin America site na mbata nke Ndị mmeri mbụ na narị afọ nke iri na isii. Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na ise, a nọwo na-aga n'ihu na-eji ala na ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ eme ihe na-aga nke ọma. Mbụ na ndị Spain, mgbe ahụ Ọchịchị aka ike nke dochiri, na nso nso a yana ndị ọchịchị aka ike bụ neoliberalism. Site na neoliberalism, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-akwụ ndị ọrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla na-akwụ ha ụgwọ mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ. N'ihi agha obodo gara aga, enweghị iwu gọọmentị, na oge ndị mebiri ikike mmadụ n'oge gara aga, Latịn na South America aghọwo ndị na-enweghị ntụkwasị obi na gọọmentị ha dị ugbu a. Ọnọdụ a na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ndị na-ere mmadụ na-ere ndị mmadụ. == Ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ == === Ahịa mmekọahụ === Ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ bụ omume nke ịtọrọ ndị mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụaka, ka a manye ha n'omume ịgba ohu mmekọahụ na ịgba akwụna. Ịzụ Ahịa mmekọahụ bụ ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ kachasị. Dị ka akụkọ UNODC si kwuo, pasent 79 nke ịzụ ahịa bụ maka ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-elekwasị ndị nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mwakpo mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na ndị bi na ịda ogbenye anya ma tọọrọ ha. Dị ka ndị ọrụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị si kwuo, a na-eme atụmatụ na a na-ere ọtụtụ iri puku ụmụ nwanyị Latin America kwa afọ, na-emekarị na mba ụwa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị a metụtara si [[Colombia]] ma ọ bụ Dominican Republic. Dị ka akụkọ nke United Nations mere na 2016, ọtụtụ òtù ndị omempụ, ezinụlọ ndị omempaka, na òtù ndị na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ na-arụ ọrụ na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ nke nwere ike ịgụnye ihe dị ka 480,500. A na-ere ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na ụmụaka ndị ọzọ n'ịgba akwụna, mana a pụkwara ịmanye ha ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ na-eyi uwe. [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]] bụ mba ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ụmụ nwanyị si Andes na ebe ụfọdụ na Caribbean, dị ka Dominican Republic na Panama bụ mba ndị ụmụ nwanyị si [[Colombia]] na Central America na-amanye ịrụ ọrụ na azụmahịa mmekọahụ. Ịzụ ahịa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ókèala dị na Central na [[South Amerika|South America]]. Mpaghara Mexico na Guatemala na-ewu ewu karịsịa n'ihi na ndị na-akwaga na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na-enwekarị ịgba akwụna. === Ọrụ mmanye === Ọrụ mmanye bụ omume nke imenye mmadụ egwu ịrụ ụdị ọrụ, site na iyi egwu ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike. ILO kọrọ na n'afọ 2012, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 1.8 na Latin America bụ ndị ọrụ mmanye. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a gụnyere ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ ihe dịka pasent 3.1 nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị agụnye ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ na mba ụwa. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ndị mmadụ na-achọ ndị ọrụ n'obodo ukwu ebe ịda ogbenye na enweghị ọrụ na-abịakwute ụmụ nwoke. Site na akụkọ UNODC nke afọ 2014 ụmụ nwoke mejupụtara ebe ọ bụla site na pasent 67 ruo pasent 70 nke ndị a na-ere ahịa maka ọrụ mmanye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Report of Trafficking In Persons 2014|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/GLOTIP_2014_full_report.pdf|author=|first=|date=|work=UNODC.org|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref> Ndị a na-ekwe nkwa ịkwụ ụgwọ dị mma maka ọrụ ma na-ebugharịkarị ndị ọrụ gaa n'ugbo na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Nke a bụ ihe a na-emekarị ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme n'ebe dị ka [[Peru]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], na [[Paraguay]] ebe a na-amanye ndị mmadụ ịrụ ọrụ n'ugbo ehi, ebe a na'ebe a na-egwupụta osisi, ebe a ga-egwuputa ihe na ubi ebe a na na-emepụta agwa soy, ogho na ọka. Mgbe ha rutere ebe ha na-aga, a gwara ndị ọrụ na ha nọ n'ụgwọ ugbu a, ma jide ha n'ụtụ ụgwọ. A gwara ha na a ga-ewepụ ụgwọ njem n'ụgwọ ọnwa ha. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a naghị akpọbata ndị ọrụ n'ebe ọrụ, kama ọ na-ada, ebe ha na-echere ụbọchị ma ọ bụ izu mgbe ụfọdụ ka ndị were ha n'ọrụ bịa buru ha. A na-ewepụ nri, ebe obibi na njem n'ụgwọ ọnwa ha, a na-ejikwa ha ruo mgbe a kwụrụ ụgwọ ha.<ref name="ilo.org">International Labor Organization (2014). Fighting Forced Labor in Latin America. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_075511/lang--en/index.htm</ref> Ụmụ amaala Latin America nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị a manyere ịrụ ọrụ mmanye. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ha na-ebi na ịda ogbenye ma na-ịkpa ókè na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ịgụ na ide na-arụ ọrụ megide ha, ha enweghị ezigbo ụzọ ha ga-esi mee mkpesa megide ndị ọrụ n'ụzọ dị irè.<ref name="ilo.org" /> A na-eme atụmatụ na kwa afọ, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 1.5 na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'oge niile bụ ndị si Latin America na Caribbean Islands na-emepụta ihe ubi na United States. E nweela mmegbu na-arịwanye elu n'ihi ọrụ mmanye n'ihi ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala, ọnọdụ ọrụ siri ike, enweghị nchebe iwu na ọchịchọ na-arị elu maka ọrụ dị ọnụ ala.<ref name=":4">Seelke, Claire Ribando. Fas.org. Congressional Research Service, 13 October 2016. Web. 4 March 2018.</ref> === Ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka === Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-ere ụmụaka na mba ndị nwere nnukwu ebe ndị njem nleta na ebe ndị njem mmekọahụ. Ụmụaka na-enweghị nne na nna bụ ndị kachasị ike ndị na-ere ahịa ga-eji mee ihe, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ikpe ebe ụmụaka a na-ere ere ka na-ebi na ezinụlọ ha, ma sonye na omume mmekọahụ azụmahịa iji nye ezinụlọ ahụ. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka nwatakịrị bụrụ onye a na-ere ahịa bụ ịda ogbenye, ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ugboro ugboro, itinye aka na mpụ, ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ ịṅụ mmanya, ma ọ bụ mmetọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ. A na-ere ụmụaka maka iji nkuchi iwu na-akwadoghị, ụmụaka ndị agha, ịgba ohu mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ maka otu ndị omempụ a haziri ahazi. Ndị ọrụ Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka nde ụmụaka 1 na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ụlọ na Latin America nakwa na pasent 70 ruo 80 nke ụmụaka na-enweghị onye na-eso ha na-agagharị na ndị na-ebubata ha. UNODC kwuru na ụmụaka mejupụtara pasent 30 nke ndị a na-ere ahịa na Amerịka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latin America's Success (and Struggles) in Fighting Human Trafficking|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/latin-america-success-unodc-human-trafficking/|author=Gagne|first=David|date=27 March 2017|work=InSight Crime|language=en-US|accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e ji wuo na-eme ka a zụọ ahịa mmadụ == === Njikọ na mpụ a haziri ahazi === Ndị omempụ na-azụ ahịa ndị mmadụ dịka òtù ndị omempụ ma ọ bụ òtù ndị omenkà. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ìgwè ndị omempụ a haziri ahazi na-ekere òkè na ahia mmekọahụ na ịzụ ahịa. Na Guatemala, ndị omempụ a haziri ahazi na-atọrọ ma na-ebugharị ụmụ nwanyị si mba ndị ọzọ, mgbe mgbe mba ndị ọzọ dị na Latin America, iji sonye na ịgba akwụna na ịgba ohu mmekọahụ. Dị ka Bilateral Safety Corridor Coalition si kwuo, e jidere ìgwè ndị omempụ a haziri ahazi sitere na Russia, [[Japan]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], Central America, [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na-anwa ịkwaga ndị mmadụ gafee ókèala US na Mexico. Ngalaba steeti ahụ kwuru na e nwere ihe akaebe na a na-amanye ụmụaka ime mpụ na [[Ecuador]], [[Chile]], na [[Brazil]]. === Nkwado na ọchịchọ nke akụrụngwa === Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ pụrụ iche n'ihi na ihe a na-enye na ihe a chọrọ bụ otu ihe. Nnukwu ọchịchọ maka ahụ mmadụ na-akpali mmegbu na mmegbu nke mmadụ. <ref name=":1"/> N'ime mbipụta SAGA, e nwere ihe dịka ijeri dollar 32 ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-emepụta kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/86866_book_item_86866.pdf|title=What is human trafficking|author=|first=|date=2012|work=us.sagepub.com|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=29 April 2020}}</ref> A na-enye na ọchịchọ maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'etiti ndị isi obodo ebe ndị na-azụ ahịa chere na ọ bụ ikike ha ịnata ọrụ ha kwụrụ ụgwọ. Inye ụmụ mmadụ uru ego, na-eme ka ndị na-ere ha hụ ha dị ka ihe na ihe onwunwe ha. N'ihi nnyefe na ọchịchọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, ebe ikpeazụ maka ndị a na-ere ahịa na-emetụta njem nleta. Njem nleta na mmegbu mmekọahụ nwere njikọ dị mma n'obodo ndị dị na Latin America.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The Development of Sex Trafficking in Central America|url=https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/CentralAmerica.pdf|author=Zdrojewski|first=Kate|date=|work=du.edu|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=30 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFZdrojewski">Zdrojewski, Kate. [https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/trafficking/CentralAmerica.pdf "The Development of Sex Trafficking in Central America"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''du.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ịkatọ mmadụ n'anya === Ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, ọrụ mmanye, na ịgba akwụna mmanye bụ ihere na àgwà ọha mmadụ nwere n'ihe gbasara ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Nnyocha nke Jo Bindman mere, na-ekwu na ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ozuzu ha na-eche ịkpa ókè dị elu site n'aka ndị mmanye iwu, ikike gọọmentị na ọha mmadụ. Nke a na-eweta nsogbu gbasara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ dịka ndị na-achọghị ka ha rụọ [[Sex work|ọrụ mmekọahụ]] nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma nke ịnata enyemaka n'ihi mkparịta ụka gbasara ọrụ mmekọahụ. === Enweghị nhata nke usoro === N'ihi enweghị nhata na ọdịiche nke sitere na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ na enweghị iwu, e nwere ụfọdụ ìgwè ndị na-enwekwu nsogbu karịa ndị ọzọ nke ịbụ ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ. Ìgwè ndị a gụnyere ma ọ bụghị nanị ndị dara ogbenye, ndị na-enweghị ohere ọrụ, ndị na'ụdị nwoke na nwanyị, na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-etinye aka na omenala ọdịnala na-emerụ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/what-fuels-human-trafficking/31692|title=What Fuels Human Trafficking?|work=UNICEF USA|language=en|accessdate=8 March 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/what-fuels-human-trafficking/31692 "What Fuels Human Trafficking?"]. ''UNICEF USA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị bi na ịda ogbenye ma ghara inwe ohere inweta ọrụ dị nchebe, nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù nwere ike ịnweta ụzọ aghụghọ, nke ndị na-ere mmadụ. N'enweghị olileanya ha, ndị mmadụ na-ahụ onwe ha n'usoro ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/publication/2387/trafficking-in-humans-sample-chapter-shozo.pdf|title=Trafficking in humans: social, cultural, and political dimensions|author=Cameron, Newman|first=Sally, Edward|date=1970–2008|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=6 March 2020}}</ref> === Ịkwaga mba ọzọ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị === Ụfọdụ ndị na-agakwuru ndị na-ere ahịa na-achọ ka a kpọbata ha n'obodo ọhụrụ, na-abụkarị iwu na-akwadoghị. Mba ndị a na-ebutekarị ndị mmadụ bụ United States, Britain, Italy, Canada, Spain na Netherlands. Mba ndị a adaberewo na ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ugbo, ihe owuwu, mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ụlọ maka ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala. N'ihi nchegbu banyere asọmpi ọrụ, nchekwa na ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ metụtara ịnara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị si mba ọzọ, nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ n'ime mba ndị a na-ewusi ike ma na-eme ka nchebe ókèala ha sie ike. Agbanyeghị na nke a butere ịrị elu mbata na ọpụpụ iwu na-akwadoghị. Ọtụtụ ndị si Guatemala na Belize na-esi Mexico na-aga n'ókè United States. N'ihi na nchekwa na-abawanye n'akụkụ ókèala, ndị na-ere ahịa ga-esi n'ụzọ ndị dị ize ndụ na-aga, nke na-eme ka ịzụ ahịa na-eri ego karị. Iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nke a, ndị na-ere ahịa ga-amanye ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ ịrụ ọrụ mmanye ma ọ bụ ịgba akwụna.[1] Dị ka Zdrojewski si kwuo, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị inyom na ụmụaka a na-ere ahịa na Central America sitere na Nicaragua, Dominica Republic na Guatemala. Ọtụtụ mbata na ọpụpụ sitere na ndịda ruo n'ebe ugwu, na United States.<ref name=":3"/> == Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji lụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ == Akọpụtaghị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-eme ka e nwee nnukwu data na-efu gbasara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Echiche abụọ dị n'azụ nke a bụ otu iwu ezughị oke gbara ya gburugburu yana enweghị akaebe sitere n'aka ndị ihe metụtara na ndị akaebe.[1] Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ a na-egosipụtachaghị na-adabere n'ụdị ọrụ mmanye, ịgba ohu n'ụlọ, alụmdi na nwunye mmanye, iwe ihe ubi na ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka.[2] N'afọ 2000, Protocol iji gbochie, igbochi, na ntaramahụhụ n'ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nke a makwaara dị ka Usoro ịzụ ahịa ahịa, na-agbakwụnye nkwekọrịta United Nations megide mpụ ahaziri ahazi. Onye e bu n'obi bụ igbochi na ịlụ ọgụ megide ịzụ ahịa mmadụ site n'ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa.[3] Kemgbe e mepụtara ụkpụrụ ahụ, mba ndị ọzọ na-emejuputa iwu na mbọ iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa mmadụ n'ihu.[2] Ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Latin America aghọghị ihe bụ isi okwu ruo ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, ka Iwu Nchedo Ndị Na-eme Ọkpụkpụ US na Trafficking Protocol sitere na United Nations. TVPA enyela ego iji kwado mbọ obodo megide ịzụ ahịa.<ref name=":3"/> Na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, enwere mmụba mmata banyere okwu a na otu esi akwado ndị nwere nsogbu. Enwere mmemme na-enye ndị mmadụ ọzụzụ ka ha mata na ilekọta ndị a na-ere ahịa mmadụ.[1] Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mba Latin America na-ahụ na ọ na-enwe ọganihu megide ịzụ ahịa n'ihi na ha enweghị akụrụngwa na ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji manye mmemme ndị dị ugbu a. Ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe ha na oge ha na-abanye n'okwu ndị ọzọ dị ka ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ na ime ihe ike nke òtù. Ọtụtụ mba na-enwekwaghị ebe nchekwa maka ndị a na-ere ahịa na-esochi atụmatụ mgbe a tọhapụrụ onye ahụ. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ikba2f8n7vgq3dhyz73ea274cuban13 0 55636 742625 197426 2026-11-03T08:52:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Caroline_Mwatha_Ochieng.jpg|thumb|Caroline Mwatha]] Na 6 February 2019, Caroline Mwatha Ochieng' dị afọ 37, onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Kenya na onye nchoputa nke Dandora Community Center (nke na-enyocha ma na-edekọ okwu gbasara ogbugbu ndị uwe ojii na Dandora), furu efu.[1] Achọtara ozu ya n'ụlọ ozu obodo Nairobi na 12 Febrụwarị ebe edebanyere aha ya n'aha dị iche. Akụkọ ndị uwe ojii gosipụtara na ọ nwụrụ na 7 February.[2][3] Nnyocha e mere mgbe a nwụsịrị chọpụtara na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ịgbapụ ya. Ihe kpatara ọbara ọgbụgba ahụ bụ mgbawa n'azụ akpanwa ya, nke a kọrọ na ọ bụ n'ihi ite ime na-adịghị mma. Ozu nwa ebu n'afọ ka dị n'afọ, ewezuga otu aka.<ref name="nati_This">{{Cite web|author=Mutanu|first=Bernardine|date=15 February 2019|title=This is what killed Caroline Mwatha — pathologist|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-post-mortem-report-out/1056-4982332-y9y689/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519040908/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-post-mortem-report-out/1056-4982332-y9y689/index.html|archivedate=19 May 2020|accessdate=22 February 2019|work=Daily Nation}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Nna ya na di ya gwara ndị nta akụkọ na ha ekwenyeghị na akụkọ ndị uwe ojii, ebe ọ bụ na ha amaghị na ọ dị ime.[1] Patrick Gathara nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Washington Post kwuru na ekwesịrị inwe obi abụọ ebe ọ bụ na ndị uwe ojii na-etinye aka na ikpuchi ogbugbu nke ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ n'oge gara aga.[2] Nke abụọ, nyocha nke onwe ya gosipụtara ihe kpatara ọnwụ.[3] Amnesty International Kenya kwuru, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na ogbugbu steeti egbughị Mwatha, usoro na-enye ohere ụlọ ọgwụ na-ete ime ka ọ dị adị n'ihi enweghị ike ịnye ọrụ ite ime na nchekwa. "<ref name="nati_Caro2"/> == Ihe si na ọnwụ ya pụta == E mere emume ncheta na 21 Febụwarị na Uhuru Park's Freedom Corner. Ndị bịara ha bụ Chief Justice Willy Mutunga, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Martha Karua]] na Nairobi Women Representative Esther Passaris.<ref name="nati_Caro2">{{Cite web|author=Kahongeh|first=James|date=23 February 2019|title=Caroline Mwatha to be buried today|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822134521/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/|archivedate=22 August 2019|accessdate=24 February 2019|work=Daily Nation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKahongeh2019">Kahongeh, James (23 February 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190822134521/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/ "Caroline Mwatha to be buried today"]. ''Daily Nation''. Archived from [https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Caroline-Mwatha-buried-today/1056-4995460-asbiabz/ the original] on 22 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Chọọchị Katọlik jụrụ Mas Requiem n'ihi mmegide ya megide [[Iwepu afọ ime|ite ime]].<ref name="the-_Anti">{{Cite web|author=Nyawira|first=Lyndsay|date=22 February 2019|title=Anti-abortion: Catholic Church declines to hold requiem Mass for Caroline Mwatha|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/22/anti-abortion-catholic-church-declines-to-hold-requiem-mass-for_c1898757|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223132732/https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019/02/22/anti-abortion-catholic-church-declines-to-hold-requiem-mass-for_c1898757|archivedate=23 February 2019|accessdate=26 February 2019|work=The Star, Kenya|quote=hold requiem Mass}}</ref> E liri ya na 23 Febụwarị na Asembo Bay, Siaya County nso n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya.<ref name="nair_Caro">{{Cite web|title=Caroline Mwatha tribute concert happening in Dandora|author=|work=Nairobi News|date=17 February 2019|accessdate=26 February 2019|url=https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/featured/caroline-mwatha-tribute-concert|archivedate=26 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234208/https://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/featured/caroline-mwatha-tribute-concert}}</ref> Ụmụ ya abụọ na di ya hapụrụ ya.<ref name="nati_Caro2" /> E jidere mmadụ asatọ n'ihi ebubo na ha na-etinye aka na ite ime, nke iwu na-akwadoghị na Kenya ọ gwụla ma ndụ nne ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="dw.c_Auto">{{Cite web|author=Oneko|first=Sella|date=13 February 2019|title=Autopsy finds Kenyan activist died during abortion attempt|url=https://www.dw.com/en/autopsy-finds-kenyan-activist-died-during-abortion-attempt/a-47505053|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403162331/https://www.dw.com/en/autopsy-finds-kenyan-activist-died-during-abortion-attempt/a-47505053|archivedate=3 April 2019|accessdate=22 March 2019|work=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Ụlọ ọgwụ ebe a na-eme usoro ahụ enweghị ikike ịrụ ọrụ.<ref name="nati_Mwat">{{Cite web|author=Githae|first=Wanjohi|date=13 February 2019|title=Mwatha's death: Clinic not registered|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Fresh-details-emerge-on-clinic-linked-to-Caroline-Mwatha-s-death/1056-4979560-2h5qj8z/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220105625/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Fresh-details-emerge-on-clinic-linked-to-Caroline-Mwatha-s-death/1056-4979560-2h5qj8z/index.html|archivedate=20 February 2020|accessdate=22 February 2019|work=Daily Nation}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ikpe ndị furu efu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ptwa8f5qzl7kakxttwdi0hnfcffwr59 0 55775 742562 199983 2026-11-03T08:41:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ngwómárí Obodo|native_name={{native name list|tag1=zh|name1=大清|tag2=zh-Latn-pinyin|name2=Dà Qīng|paren2=off}}|conventional_long_name=Great Qing|demonym=[[Chinese people|Chinese]]|ethnic_groups={{hlist|[[Han Chinese|Han]]|[[Hmong people|Hmong]]|[[Manchus]]|[[Mongols]]|[[Tibetans]]|[[Uyghurs]]|''[[Ethnic groups in Chinese history|others]]''}}|image_flag=Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|image_symbol=|symbol_type=|other_symbol='''Imperial seal'''<br />[[File:Seal of Qing dynasty.svg|85px]]|image_map=Qing dynasty in 1760.svg|anthem=<!-- <br />"[[Cup of Solid Gold]]" (1911–1912){{pb}}{{center|[[File:Gǒng Jīn'ōu.ogg]]}} -->|capital=[[Beijing]]|largest_city=Beijing|government_type=[[Absolute monarchy]]|legislature={{ubli|[[Deliberative Council]] {{nwr|(1636–1733)}}|[[Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)|Advisory Council]] {{nwr|(1910–1912)}}}}|population_estimate=426,000,000<ref name="Broomhall1907">{{Cite book |last=Broomhall |first=Marshall |title=The Chinese Empire: A General and Missionary Survey, Volumes 678–679 |publisher=Morgan at Scott |year=1907 |pages=2–3}}</ref>|population_estimate_year=1907|currency={{hlist|[[Qing dynasty coinage|Cash]]|[[Tael]]|[[Paper money of the Qing dynasty|Paper money]]}}}} <references /> '''Ọchịchị Qing''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|CHING}}), nke a na-akpọ Great Qing,{{efn|For other names, see [[Names of the Qing dynasty]].}} bụ usoro ndị eze ukwu Manchu nke China na alaeze ukwu nke oge a n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. test test test test test == __LEAD_SECTION__ == Ọchịchị eze ikpeazụ n'[[History of China|Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China]], ọchịchị Qing bu ụzọ site n'Ọchịchị Ming ma bụrụ nke Republic of China nọchiri testing this out to get 14px pixel. N'oge ike ya kachasị elu, alaeze ukwu ahụ sitere n'Oké Osimiri Japan n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'Ugwu Pamir n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na site na Mongolian Plateau n'ebe ugwu ruo n'Osimiri South China n'ebe ndịda. test test tes test test 607oawpshgwj76s0emo06jkxeyvza27 0 56333 742524 201056 2026-11-03T08:10:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742524 wikitext text/x-wiki Anya bụ ihe ndabere n'ile ụwa anya site na ihe echiche isiokwu na nke ụmụ amaala na echiche ụwa.  Ndị okenye Mi'kmaq, Albert D. Marshall na Murdena Marshall si Eskasoni First Nation, n'ụdị prọfesọ Cape Breton University (CBU) ihe ịhụ anya abụọ.[1]  Albert Marshall na-anya Two-Eyed Seeing dị ka ụzọ isi lee ụwa anya "site n'otu anya na ike nke ụzọ ndị obodo nke, na iji anya nke ọzọ hụ ike nke ụfọdụ ọgụ nke ihe, na iji abụọ anya ndị ọnụ".[2]  E bu ụzọbata Two-Eyed Seeing dị ka usoro iji gbaa ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum Mi'kmaq ume nkwadoso na nkwado.  ụdị mme ya, a na-alụso ojiji nke Anya-ahụ na akara dị iche iche, iwu, na nyọka, ụfọdụ n'ime ha akpọ Canadian Institute of Health Research. <ref name="Wright-2019">{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=A. L.|date=2019-01-01|title=Using Two-Eyed Seeing in Research With Indigenous People: An Integrative Review|journal=International Journal of Qualitative Methods|language=en|volume=18|pages=160940691986969|doi=10.1177/1609406919869695|issn=1609-4069}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Murdena na Albert Marshall, na Cheryl Bartlett, , ike iji gbaa ụmụ akwụkwọ ume isonye na mmemme mmemme na-ama igodo na CBU, site n'imepụta usoro usoro usoro nke Mi'kmaw na ihe ndị na-esonụ nke ụmụ amaala (IK) na ụzọ, na ihe ike / ike malite.  Usoro straick ahụ ewepu ọhụrụ a na-akpọ Mi'kmaw maka "ihe niile ọnụ" (MSIT) dị ka usoro nke usoro ọhụrụ a na'akpọ "Integrative Science" (na Mi'kmaq, Toqwa'tu'kl Kjijnnitaq maka "iweta ihe onye anyị ọnụ") dị ka - ya Bachelor nke of Community Studies (BScCS) na CBU.<ref name="Bartlett-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Bartlett|first=Cheryl|date=2012-11-01|title=Two-Eyed Seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8|journal=Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=331–340|doi=10.1007/s13412-012-0086-8|issn=2190-6491}}</ref> Dr. Murdena Marshall (1942-2018) bụ nne nke Muin (Bear) Clan na onye ndú ime ike maka Mi'kmaq.  Murdena nyere aka guzobe mmemme ogbugbu Mi'kmaw ma bụrụ onye nkuzi nke igbu Mi'Kmaw na CBU.  [1]Albert Marshall, di Murdena Marshall, sitere na Moose Clan ma bụrụ onye na-ekwu okwu na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị okenye Mi'kmaw na Unama'ki.  Albert, na 2004, bu mmuo ndu nke Seeing Two-Eyed.[2][3]  Ma Murdena na Albert enwetala ndị na-enye akwụkwọ ozi site na CBU na 2009 iji kwado ọrụ ha na-agba ume mere nke ụmụ amaala na-amata, ma, bụ́ ndị na-enye aka na njem ozi nke Integrative Science (IS) na CBU, n' watch Cheryl Bartlett.  Dr. Cheryl Bartlett bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ike na parasitology nke anụ anụ, na enyi Murdena na Albert.  Ha atọ arụkọwo ọrụ ọnụ n'ụzọ iji kpụzie ihe nkiri nke ụmụ amaala na-amata n'ime usoro ire na ọrụ.. <ref name="Tepi’ketuek Mi’kmaw Archives">{{Cite web|title=Murdena Marshall|url=https://mikmawarchives.ca/authors/murdena-marshall|accessdate=2023-04-16|work=Tepi’ketuek Mi’kmaw Archives|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bartlett-2012" /> Bartlett na Marshalls bụ ndị nne na nna nke mmemme njikọ Integrative Science, nke e chepụtara n'etiti afọ 1990 ma mee ka ọ pụta na 1999 na CBU.[1]  E mmemme Integrative Science iji mee ka ìhè dị mkpa ihe ebe saịtị n'echiche dị iche iche.  Mmalite pụtara mgbe Bartlett Murdena ihe mere na akara ndebanye aha Mi'kmaq;  nzaghachi ya: "Ọ dị mma, anyị Mi'kmaaka aanọwo ebe a ọtụtụ puku - echeghị na anyị na-akpala ihe gbasara osisi na anụmanụ?".  [2] Amụma egosipụta na-agbasa ma na-akpa ụwa, adaba na echiche ụwa nke Mi'kmaw, ya mere ihe ọzọ ihe ngosi ọkụ ọkụ n'obi site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ Mi'kmaq na-arụ ọrụ na nkwado.[2]  N'afọ 2001, Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission mmemme mmemme ahụ wee na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mmemme nzere ọmụmụ a, n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2001. N'afọ 2010, e kenyere mmemme ahụ na Ngalaba ikike Ụmụ Amaala ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ.  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2010, Albert, Murdena na Cheryl esoghịzi na mmemme otu nke Integrative Science mana ha gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ma na- nkà ihe nke nke Integrative Sciences..<ref name="Bartlett-2012" /> Echiche nke Two-Eyed Seeing (TES) / Etuaptmumk na-mụ eziokwu nke L'nu na- agbanwe mgbe niile dị ka mba n'ihi ndị na-anọ gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe mgbe niile nke ihe ha.  Anya egwu, dị ka echiche, adịla dị ka nke ụdị ụdị L'nu anụ ahụ oge.[1]  Ihe ọ bụla, nke a na-ebukarị na Anya obodo, bụ Trees Holding Hands, nke onye isi Mi'kmaw nke Acadia First Nation, Charles Labrador, kpọsara.  N'okwu Labrador, "ị na-ahụ birch, pine, maple. Lee n'okpuru ala ma ị ga-ahụ na osisi ndị ahụ niile na-ejide aka. dị ka ndị mmadụ ga-eme otu ihe ahụ.".<ref name="Broadhead-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Broadhead|first=Lee-Anne|date=2021|title=Confronting the contradictions between Western and Indigenous science: a critical perspective on Two-Eyed Seeing|journal=AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.1177/1177180121996326|issn=1177-1801}}</ref> == Ihe ịma aka == N'asụsụ Mi'kmaq, Toqwa'tu'kl Kjijitaqnn (Integrative Science) na-ewelite echiche nke ijikọ ihe site na iji mgbasa nke Anya ndị.  Ụzọ Anya bụ usoro njikọ n'ime Integrative Science nke na-ewere zuru oke, multidisciplinary, na trans-cultural nke ụwa okike na-anọ.  Ọganihu nke Integrative Sayensị nwere ike ibu ihe ịma aka ụfọdụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ndị na-eje ozi dị na njikere n'etiti ihe ụmụ amaala na nke ahụ,.<ref name="Hatcher-2009"/> Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe echiche ụfọdụ na nke ụmụ amaala nwere ike iduga na nsogbu mgbe ị na-anwa ụgbọ gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ihe abụọ, maka ma ndị mgbasa, ndị ọgụ, na ndị mgbochi.  Ndị ọkachamara na ndị na-alụ ọgụ a n'Ebe Ọdịda dị iche iche nwere ike n'ama ama ma ọ bụ n'amagwa ike ya n'ime nkewa iji echiche ahụ n'ime nkà ihe àmà na-egosi na ntọalaA, na-efu nke ihe ụmụ amaala dị ka mmiri, nke na- agbanwe agbanwe ma na-aga n'ihu.[1]  Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ozi nzaghachi iche iche iche na ngalaba na usoro, ụfọdụ n'ime ha asị nkụda ike na ndị agha na-ama n'otu ụzọ mgba.[2]  Enwere ike inwe akwụkwọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ amaala a ịhụ dị ka ndị irọ na isiokwu ma ihuenyo ha ka ha kesaa 'nkà' ha. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala dị ka ndụ na iku ume, dabere na ihe ọmụma "ogige" na ndị na-edebe ihe ọmụma dị ndụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnyefe ihe ọmụma site na akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na usoro mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ. Nlekọta ihe ọmụma na-egosipụta itinye ndị otu obodo, dị ka ndị okenye na ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ala, iji nyefee ihe ọmụma sitere n'ọgbọ na iji ihe atụ na nsogbu ndị na-egosipụtakarị ọdịmma nke ụmụ akwụkwọ, na obodo n'ozuzu.<ref name="Hatcher-2009">{{Cite journal|author=Hatcher|first=Annamarie|date=2009-07-01|title=Two-Eyed Seeing in the Classroom Environment: Concepts, Approaches, and Challenges|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14926150903118342|journal=Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=141–153|doi=10.1080/14926150903118342|issn=1942-4051}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHatcherBartlettMarshallMarshall2009">Hatcher, Annamarie; Bartlett, Cheryl; Marshall, Albert; Marshall, Murdena (2009-07-01). [[doi:10.1080/14926150903118342|"Two-Eyed Seeing in the Classroom Environment: Concepts, Approaches, and Challenges"]]. ''Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education''. '''9''' (3): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>153. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009CJSMT...9..141H 2009CJSMT...9..141H]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14926150903118342|10.1080/14926150903118342]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-4051 1942-4051]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144153257 144153257].</cite></ref> Enweghị ihe mmetụta na klas na-eme ka ihe ịma aka mgbe ị na-etinye usoro.  Maka ndị nkuzi bi na ya, ọrụ ike ike ego ogologo oge na dị mkpa, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe a maara nke ọma, iji ike ma tinye aka na ihe ahụ ma nye ndị òtù nke na-anabata ma ụzọ ndị obodo na ndị isi ego nke .  Na Canada's Nunavut Territory, e nwere ndị nkuzi K-12 Inuit ezu oke iji nchoe ụzọ Inuit nke ngwaọrụ na-eke, ya mere na-achọ ka ndị nkuzi na- መሪ ndị Inuit na- ngwaọrụ ngwaọrụ Inuit n' akwụkwọ, nke nwere ike iduga na ike na-enwe ezi nke ihe chọrọ ka a ma n'ihi ihe ọmụmụ ọmụmụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bentham|first=Morgan Skye|date=2017|title=The Changing Tides of Education in Nunavut: A Non-Inuit Perspective of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/76931}}</ref> == N'omume == Kemgbe e webatara ya, a matala TES ma tinye ya n'ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Canada, nyocha obodo, atụmatụ atụmatụ na iwu gọọmentị. <ref name="Sylliboy-2021"/> <ref name="Moorman-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Moorman|first=Lynn|date=2021-04-03|title=Envisioning indigenized geography: a two-eyed seeing approach|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2021.1872060|journal=Journal of Geography in Higher Education|volume=45|issue=2|pages=201–220|doi=10.1080/03098265.2021.1872060|issn=0309-8265}}</ref><ref name="Government of Canada-2016">{{Cite web|author=Government of Canada|first=Canadian Institutes of Health Research|date=2016-02-19|title=IAPH Strategic Plan 2014-18 - CIHR|url=https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/49589.html|accessdate=2023-04-16|work=cihr-irsc.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Government of Canada-2021"/> Ihe atụ ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Initiative Children's Hurt & Healing (ACHH).  ACHH bụ ihe atụ nke nchọcha a na-eme n'ime usoro TES iji chịkọta ma kesaa ihe ụmụ amaala maka nke imeziwanye ndị na-ahụ na-ahụ.  ACHH bụ ndị dị n'etiti Dr. Margot Latimer nke Mahadum Dalhousie / IWK Health na L'nu Eskasoni First Nation Health Director, Sharon Rudderham.  A, ụgwọ a n'ihi dị ala nke ngosi a na-egosi na ndepụta mgbe ọnụ mmadụ a na-enwe nnukwu ihe mgbu, ma e jiri ya አሻራ ndị na-eso ndị obodo.  Site na TES, MARỊLA ihe ihe ndị ,ama obodo ihe ihe mgbu na-eme na ndị ọrịa First Nation, na-eme ka ọ rụpụta mfe ngwaọrụ ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ na-azụ na-azụ usoro.  egwú na nke a, e izi ngwa [1] iji nyere ikike aka ikwupụta ihe mgbu na ahụ ahụ ha nye ndị ọrụ.  Site na TES, e-padare signal, n'oge na-egosi anya nke ndị obodo site na nkesa dị mfe nke ozi na ngwaọrụ, nke mezuru mkpa na ihe maka ma ndị mụrụ ụmụ na ndị na-eso ụmụ amaala.<ref name="Sylliboy-2021">{{Cite journal|author=Sylliboy|first=John R.|date=2021-01-01|title=Communities take the lead: exploring Indigenous health research practices through Two-Eyed Seeing & kinship|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2021.1929755|journal=International Journal of Circumpolar Health|volume=80|issue=1|pages=1929755|doi=10.1080/22423982.2021.1929755|pmid=34061729}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSylliboyLatimerMarshallMacLeod2021">Sylliboy, John R.; Latimer, Margot; Marshall, Elder Albert; MacLeod, Emily (2021-01-01). [[doi:10.1080/22423982.2021.1929755|"Communities take the lead: exploring Indigenous health research practices through Two-Eyed Seeing & kinship"]]. ''International Journal of Circumpolar Health''. '''80''' (1): 1929755. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/22423982.2021.1929755|10.1080/22423982.2021.1929755]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172214 8172214]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34061729 34061729].</cite></ref> Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke echiche nke TES a na-eji gụnyere Ngalaba Environment na Nunavut, nke ngalaba ahụ jiri TES jikwaa ala Arctic ha, na-eduzi ihe omume ogige maka ụmụ akwụkwọ, site na Ngalaba Education, iji jikọta ihe ọmụma Inuit na sayensị Western.  Ndị Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission ejiriwokwa TES mgbe ha na-anakọta ma na-enyocha ozi metụtara ọgbaghara nke ndị obodo na omenala mgbe a manyere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi.  A na-ejikwa usoro nduzi ahụ rụọ ọrụ na Canadian Institute of Health research - Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health (CIHR-IAPH) na n'ime atụmatụ atụmatụ IAPH's 2014, [2] na-egosipụta mkpa ọ dị na nyocha ahụike ụmụ amaala.[1]  Atụmatụ atụmatụ kachasị ọhụrụ, atụmatụ atụmatụ CIHR 2021-2031, [3] na-akọwapụta nkwa ha ịnọgide na-emejuputa njikọ nke ụzọ ụmụ amaala nke ịmara n'ime nyocha ahụike na mkpebi.. <ref name="Government of Canada-2021">{{Cite web|author=Government of Canada|first=Canadian Institutes of Health Research|date=2021-02-23|title=CIHR Strategic Plan 2021-2031 - CIHR|url=https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/52331.html|accessdate=2023-04-16|work=cihr-irsc.gc.ca}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2021">Government of Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2021-02-23). [https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/52331.html "CIHR Strategic Plan 2021-2031 - CIHR"]. ''cihr-irsc.gc.ca''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-16</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Government of Canada-2021" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 9abp7w6vx8kx2laquj4b37e4po9bnf3 0 56447 742621 741841 2026-11-03T08:51:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Goldenboughstudy01fraz 0011.jpg|thumb|Ọkụ Ọlaedo]] The Golden Bough: A Study in Comparative Religion (nke egosi The Golden Bigh: A Study on Magic and Religion na akara ya nke abụọ) bụ ọkụ sara mbara, nke ikpe ifo na Okpukpe, nke onye na- achọpụta mmadụ nke Scotland bụ Sir James George Frazer dere. E àgwà Golden Bough na so abụọ na 1890; na mpeka atɔ na 1900; na akara iri na nke akara atọ, nke e ndidi na 1906-1915. E bipụtakwala ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta iche iche nke otu ụdị. Ụbọchị ahụ bụ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntĩlị akwụkwọ na dị ka a kọrọ na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Thomas Bulfinch's The Age of Fable, ma ọ bụ Stories of Gods and Heroes (1855). egwu nke The Golden Bough na akwụkwọ na echiche nke oge a na Europe abụwo ihe dị ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Karbiener, K.|title=Encyclopedia of British Writers, 1800 to the Present|publisher=Infobase Publishing|date=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7pVTz46T3cC&pg=PA189|pages=188–190|isbn=9781438116891}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Frazer na-akpa ihe ndị a na-ekerịta nke nsogbu na-eche echiche, na- ndị na-eme ememe, ụmụaka n'àjà, chi na-anwụ anwụ, onye a na-egbu egbu, na ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ndị na-alụ ọgụ na-ejedebe afọ nke 20.[1]  Thesis ya bụ na ndị agha ndị kasị ochie bụ ofufe nke na-agba ofufe na àjà oge nke eze dị nsso dịka usoro nke oge si dị.  Frazer faịlụ aro na ụmụ mmadụ, ụwa okike na-aga n'ihu site na ebe saịtị na mkpa gaa n'iche echiche.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|editor=Hamel, Frazer|title=The Golden Bough|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Frazer, Sir James|title=The Golden Bough|url=https://archive.org/details/liang.goldenboughstudy0000fraz_p6y1|location=London|publisher=Wordsworth|date=1993}}</ref> E edemede Frazer n'ihe gbasara ihe mere na Virgil's Aeneid, ebe Aeneas na Sibyl nyere onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ ámá Hades ela edo e si n'aka dị nsso were iji ike.  Ihe omume ahụ site na ihe osise J. M. W. Turner nke 1834 The Golden Bough .  Frazer kwuru n'ụzọ na-ụlọ ezi na ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ na Nri, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ Lake Avernus n'ezie.[1]  Ɔdɔ mmirika Nemi, nke a dị ka "Diana's Mirror", bụ ebe a na-eme emume agha na "mmezu nke nkwa" nke ndị ozi na ndị eze. Frazer fa na thesis ya na onye-eze Rex Nemorensis, onye ụkọcha Diana na Lake Nemi, onye onyechiri ya gburugburu.  Eze ahụ bụ anụ ahụ nke chi na-anwụ anwụ ma na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ndụ, chi ndị nke ọmụmụ di na ọkụ dị omimi na chi nchọpụta nke ụwa, ọnwụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi wee nwetaghachi onwe ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi.  Frazer na-ekwu na ndị mmadụ ifo a nke ọkpara ọzọ bụ isi ihe nke nta ka ọ na-eme ifo niile nke ụwa.. Frazer dere n'okwu nke akara nke atọ nke The Golden Bough na ọ bụ ebe na ọ gụghị Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, enyi ya James Ward, na onye ọkà ihe J. M. E.Taggart, tụụrụ ya aro na Hegel echiche echiche ya "okike na ihe mere eme nke emu nke na-enye ihe".  Frazer ụgbọ ahụ dị ka na "ịhụ na n'ime ike nke uche nke ihe a ngosi oge ngosi bu oge nke usoro, nakwa na ndu n'etiti TV na ụmụ bụ na, ebe mgbasa ozi okike n'onwe ya, arịa LED ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site n'aka onye dị ike ụmụaka nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere aka na enyemaka".  Frazer asị ihe sitere na Hegel' akwụkwọ Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion (1832). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Frazer, James George|title=The Golden Bough. A Study in Magic and Religion. Part 1: The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings. Vol. 1|publisher=The Macmillan Press|location=London|year=1976|pages=ix, 423|isbn=0-333-01282-8}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == The Golden Bough wụrụ nsogbu na eze Britain akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe mbụ e edi ya, ebe ọ na-eme ndị nchọpụta ndị nchọpụta mbilite n'àmà na ọkụ ya.  Ndị nkatọ chere na otu a ma ama ka a Nwa-nkiri nke Chineke dị ka ihe nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ.  Maka akara nke atọ, Frazer achọpụta nsogbu ya mgbada Crucifixion na ihe mgbakwunye na-akọ nkwu, ebe ewepụrụ okpukpe ụka Iso ụzọ na-ahụta e ọkpụkpọ nke otu otu esi. <ref name="Leach">{{Cite journal|author=Leach, Edmund R.|title=Kingship and divinity: The unpublished Frazer Lecture|journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory|volume=1|issue=1|date=2011|pages=279–298|doi=10.14318/hau1.1.012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith, Jonathan Z.|title=When the bough breaks|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-religions_1973-05_12_4/page/342|journal=History of Religions|volume=12|issue=4|date=1973|pages=342–371|doi=10.1086/462686}}</ref> Frazer n'onwe ya kwetara na echiche ya bụ ịkọ nkọ nakwa na njikọ ndị o mere bụ ihe na-enweghị isi ma na-adabere naanị na myirịta. O dere, sị: "Akwụkwọ dị ka nke m, naanị ịkọ nkọ, ga-anọchi anya n'oge na-adịghị anya ma ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị (n'oge na'oge ka mma maka eziokwu) site na ntinye aka ka mma dabere na ihe ọmụma zuru oke. " N'afọ 1922, na mwepụta nke Frazer Lectureship na Anthropology, o kwuru, sị: 'Ọ bụ ọchịchọ m siri ike na a ga-eji nkuzi mee ihe naanị maka ịchụso eziokwu na-enweghị mmasị, ọ bụghị maka mgbasa na mgbasa nke echiche ọ bụla ma ọ bụ echiche nke onwe ya, ọ bụ ọbụna n'oge ndụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta Frazer nwere mmetụta nke onwe ya karịa nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma ọ bụla, ọ bụla, "Goldenzer nwere ike karịa"<ref name="Lienhardt">{{Citation|issn=0044-8370|volume=24|issue=1|year=1993|first=Godfrey|last=Lienhardt|title=Frazer's anthropology: science and sensibility|pages=1–12|journal=[[Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford]]}}</ref> Robert Ackerman dere na, maka ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya na Britain, Frazer ka bụ "ihe ihere" maka ịbụ "onye a ma ama n'ime ha niile" nsụgharị na ngalaba ahụ ụmụaka ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ya ugbu a.  Ọ bụ ebe na The Golden Bough "ọkpụkpọ òkù" dị ukwuu ma nwee ike "na-ama atụ" "n'ọtụtụ [nke ike apụta nke abụọ] ndị edemede okike", echiche Frazer "maka dị nta" n'ihe mere eme nke nkà ndị mmadụ na ibe ya.  Lienhardt n'onwe ya ụmụaka Frazer ndị na-oge ochie dị ka "ihe ụmụaka ihe ezi uche dị na ya nke [Frazer] n'onwe ha", ebe Ludwig Wittgenstein, na Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough (nke e fim na 1967), dere, sị: "Frazer bụ onye obi ọtụtụ ndịeme n'ime 'ndị na-eme obi eme ihe na-eme ka [ebe na-eme obi eme ihe na ya]  Kọl.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Collingwood|first=R.G.|title=The Principles of Art|date=1911|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> Na ịdị, mpe akwụkwọ ahụ na nkuzi na-akọwa na Anthropology zuru ebe niile.  Onye [[Poland]] na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Bronisław Malinowski kwuru amụma nnukwu ọrụ a, m mikpuru onwe m na ya Otú ma mee ya ohu. Achọpụtara m mgbe ahụ na anthropology, dị ka Sir James Frazer, bụ nnukwu ihe, nke ihe dị ka onye ya mkpa na ọkụ ihe ọrụ ezi ma agbụ m na onye ọrụ nke anthropology.  echiche Frazerlarị ịbụ nke oge gara aga": dị ka Godfrey Lienhardt si kwuo:   Edmund Leach, "otu n'ime ndị na- ndidi na-akatọ Frazer na akwụkwọ ya maka dị egwu", katọrọ ihe ọ pụtara dị ka ikike nka nke Frazer akwụkwọ na The Golden Bough: "Frazer jiri ihe ethnographic ya, nke o si ebe a, n'ebe ahụ oyi na ebe niile, iji kpatara ndị na-abịarutere tupu oge eruo site na ihe na-akpata ọrụ,ahụ, na ihe na-akpata oge eruo site mana, na ihe na-akpata nke oge eruo site mana.  mgbe ọ akụkọ [1]ghị!" René Girard, onye [[France]] na-akọ ihe mere eme, onye na-akọrọ akwụkwọ, na onye ọkà ihe nke ndị enyemaka ndị na ibe ya, "n'ụzọ jọgburu onwe ya" toro Frazer maka ihe àjà eze dị ka "ememe mbụ dị mkpa", mana ọ hardware ya nke ememe ahụ dị ka "nnukwu ikpe na- ike ezi na ethnology".  [1] Nkatọ nke Girard ebubo The Golden Bough dị ọtụtụ, ndị maka ịchọ Frazer bụ naanị nna nke ozi ifo mbụ-ememe na-ememe ka ihe ndị nke Gosphalite" nke Gosphaters "ihe" nke chi dị mkpa" nke Gospel nke Gosphetor" bụ "ihe nke chi dị ka ndụ" nke Gornals na-eme" nke Ginger..<ref name="Girard">{{Cite book|title=The Scapegoat|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1986|isbn=978-0-801-83315-1|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/thingshiddensinc0000gira_x8t8|first=René|author=Girard|authorlink=René Girard|year=1978|isbn=978-0-804-72215-5|publisher=Athlone Press}}</ref> == Mmetụta e dere n'akwụkwọ == N'agbanyeghị nke ọrụ ahụ, na-egosi ya n'etiti ndị ọkà njide ndị ọzọ, The Golden Bough kaadị ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ okike nke oge ahụ.  Onye na-ede uri Robert Graves echiche echiche Frazer eze na-anwụ anwụ nke a chụrụ n'àjà maka ụdị nke ahụ na echiche nke ikike nke onye na-ede abụ maka Muse-Goddess ya, dị ka egosiri n' akwụkwọ ya gbasara uri, emee, na-eme ifo, The White Goddess (1948).  William Butler Yeats na-ezo aka na thesis Frazer na uri ya "Sailing to Byzantium".  Ụlọ Golden ahụ, [1] na Lovecraft kwuru akwụkwọ ahụ na obere faịlụ ya "The Call of Cthulhu".  [2] T. S. Eliot akwụkwọ na o ji Frazer nke n'akwụkwọ ozi mbụ ya na uri ya The Waste Land.  William Carlos Williams na-ezo aka na The Golden Bough na Book Two, nke abụọ, nke Paterson.[3]  Frazer ọkụ na ndị edemede James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, William Gaddis na D. H. Lawrence. <ref name="Paglia Salon"/><ref name="Paglia Salon" /> Onye na-akọ asụsụ ifo bụ Joseph Campbell enwe The Golden Bough na The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), ebe ọ nabatara echiche Frazer na-eme ifo bụ mbụ iji ngwaọrụ ụwa nke okike, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-enwe ya naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ ziri ezi nke mere.[1]  Campbell mechara ọrụ Frazer dị ka "ihe ngosi".[2]  Onye na-amụ ụmụ ụmụ bụ Weston La Barre kaadị Frazer dị ka "onye ikpeazụ n'ime ndị na-akpọ oku" na The Human Animal (1955).  [3] A chị achị achị nke onye ọkà ihe ndị Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Golden Bough dị ka Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, nke Rush Rhees dezi rarraba, nke e na 1967 (mbipụta Bekee sochiri na 1979).  [4] Robert Ackerman, na The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists (1991), na-etinye Frazer n'ozi sara mbara nke ihe mere eme nke echiche.  Ozi ifo na ụlọ akwụkwọ emee ndị ọrụ Ozi Jane Harrison, Gilbert Murray, F. M. Cornford, na A.B.  Cook, ndị na- nkwado ọhụrụ nke add ifo na anthropology na akwụkwọ akụkọ na njedebe nke ọnwụ nke 19, na-emetụta akwụkwọ Modernist.    The Golden Bough ọrụ Sigmund Freud Totem na Taboo (1913), yana ọrụ nwa akwụkwọ Freud bụ Carl Jung. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clark, Ronald W.|title=Freud: The Man and the Cause|publisher=Jonathan Cape and Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=1980|location=London}}</ref><ref name="Paglia">{{Cite book|author=Paglia, Camille|title=Sex, Art, and American Culture: Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/sexartamericancu0000pagl|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|year=1993|isbn=0-14-017209-2}}</ref> .Onye nkatọ Camille Paglia akaraala The Golden Bough dị ka otu n'ime izi mkpa n' akwụkwọ ya Sexual Personae (1990).  [1] Na Sexual Personae, Paglia akwụkwọ "izizi mma" Frazer na The Golden Bough dị ka "ihe yiri njikọ na chi ndị na-anwụ anwụ", ọ bụ ebe na o kwuru na ọ "bụ nke na-eme ka ọ mba nna".[2]  Na Salon, ọ ndị ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ihe ihe nke ọma na-echeta nke ncheta ya na echiche efu."  Paglia ihe na "ọtụtụ dị na Frazer agbaghaala ma ọ bụ mkpa anya ya", mana o kwenyesiri ike na ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Frazer nke Cambridge nke anthropology oge ochie "ga- osisi na- . . . maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ịgbanahụ ọnọdụ na- ike isi nke taa".  Paglia ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, na mkpirisi nke The Golden Bough bụ "dị nro" kwesịrị "na<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|date=10 November 2009|title=Pelosi's victory for women|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=22 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501171608/http://www.salon.com/2009/11/11/pelosi_7/|archivedate=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Paglia Salon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|date=10 March 1999|title=In defense of "The Golden Bough"|work=[[Salon.com]]|first=Camille|author=Paglia|accessdate=28 April 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPaglia1999">Paglia, Camille (10 March 1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160512072038/http://www.salon1999.com/it/col/pagl/1999/03/10pagl.html "In defense of "The Golden Bough""]. ''[[Salon.com]]''. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> == Akụkọ mbipụta == === Mbipụta === * '''Mbipụta mbụ''', 2 mpịakọta., 1890. ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02fraz|Nke Abụọ]]) * '''Mbipụta nke Abụọ''', mpịakọta atọ., 1900. ([[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01frazuoft|M]] nke Mbụ, [[iarchive:goldenboughstud02frazuoft|Nke Abụọ]], [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy03frazuoft|Nke Atọ]]) * '''Mbipụta nke Atọ''', 12 mpịakọta., 1906–15. ** [[iarchive:TheGoldenBough-Part1-TheMagicArtAndTheEvolutionOfKingsVol.1|Mpịakọta 1 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi 1) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy02frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 2 (1911)]] : The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings (Nkebi nke 2) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstud03fraz|Mpịakọta nke 3 (1911)]] : Taboo na Ihe ize ndụ nke Mkpụrụ Obi''Taboo na Ihe Iche nke Mkpụrụ Obi'' ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy04fraz|Mpịakọta nke 4 (1911)]] : The Dying God''Chineke Na-anwụ Anwụ'' ** Mpịakọta 5 (1914): ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi 1) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907 ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy06frazuoft|Mpịakọta nke 6 (1914)]] : ''Adonis, Attis, Osiris'' (Nkebi nke 2) - Mbipụta mbụ e bipụtara na 1906 na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1907 ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy07fraz|Mpịakọta nke 7 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 1) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy08fraz|Mpịakọta nke 8 (1912)]] : ''Mmụọ nke ọka na nke Ọhịa'' (Nkebi nke 2) ** [[iarchive:goldenboughstudy09fraz|Mpịakọta nke 9 (1913)]] : The Scapegoat''Onye Scapegoat'' ** Mpịakọta 10 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi 1) ** Mpịakọta 11 (1913): ''Balder the Beautiful'' (Nkebi nke 2) ** Mpịakọta 12 (1915): ''Bibliography na General Index'' === Mgbakwunye === * [[iarchive:aftermathasupple025677mbp|1936]]: ''Ihe si na ya pụta: Mgbakwunye na Golden Bough'' === Ihe ndị e bipụtaghachiri === * Mbipụta nke atọ dum, gụnyere Aftermath, ka Macmillan Press bipụtara na mpịakọta 13 na 1951, 1955, 1963, 1966, 1976 na 1980.   === Mbipụta ndị dị mkpirikpi === * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, 1 mpịakọta., 1922. Mbipụta a ewepụghị ihe Frazer zoro aka na [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]]. ** 1995 Touchstone mbipụta,   ** 2002 Dover re-ebipụta nke mbipụta 1922,   * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi. 1925 bipụtara. Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan. [[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Enwere ya n'efu.]] * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Theodor H. Gaster dezigharịrị, 1959, nke akpọrọ ''The New Golden Bough: A New Abridgment of the Classic Work.'' * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Mary Douglas dezigharịrị na Sabine MacCormack belatara, 1978, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-385-14515-2|0-385-14515-2]] * Mbipụta dị mkpirikpi, nke Robert Fraser dezigharịrị maka Oxford University Press, 1994. Ọ na-eweghachi ihe gbasara Iso Ụzọ Kraịst e kpochapụrụ na mkpirisi mbụ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-19-282934-3|0-19-282934-3]] * Mbipụta mkpirikpi, nke Robert K. G. Temple chịkọtara maka Simon & Schuster, 1996, nke akpọrọ The Illustrated Golden Bough; A Study in Magic and Religion. Ihe osise ọzọ e sere n'akwụkwọ.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-684-81850-7|0-684-81850-7]] === Ihe odide n'efu n'ịntanetị === * Mbipụta 1922 nke The Golden Bough na Internet Sacred Text ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie Dị Nsọ n'Intanet * Nsụgharị 1894 na Internet Archive[[iarchive:goldenboughstudy01fraz/page/n9/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]] * Nkọwa 1925 (nke e belatara) na Internet Archive[[iarchive:cu31924021569128/page/n5/mode/2up|Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet]] == Hụkwa == * Nkatọ edemede * The Golden Bough (akụkọ ifo) * Mas nke Saint-Sécaire * Ọkụ Ọkụ * Rex Nemorensis * Ịchụpụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'oge uto == Ihe odide == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist|2}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''The Myth and Ritual School: J. G. Frazer na Cambridge Ritualists'' (Theorists of Myth) 2002.  {{ISBN|0-415-93963-1}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-415-93963-1|0-415-93963-1]].&nbsp; * Bitting, Mary Margaret. ''The Golden Bough: Nhazi nke Sir James George Frazer's The Golden Boux in Play Form'' (Vantage Press, 1987).  {{ISBN|0-533-07040-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-533-07040-6|0-533-07040-6]] * Csapo, Eric Theories of Mythology (Blackwell Publishing, 2005), peeji nke 36-43, 44-67.  {{ISBN|978-0-631-23248-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23248-3|978-0-631-23248-3]].&nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument (Macmillan, 1990; e wepụtara Palgrave 2001). * Smith, Jonathan Z. "When the Bough Breaks," na ''Map abụghị ókèala'', peeji nke 208-239 (The University of Chicago Press, 1978). == Njikọ mpụga == eedu1ary7jiytvfogqcfvo8ozew4yl7 0 56559 742527 687741 2026-11-03T08:11:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Also women participated in the slash and burn agriculture activities.jpg|thumb|Ịkpọ ọkụ omenala ]] Ọkụ omenala bụ usoro iji ọkụ a na-edepụta aha iji jikwaa odida obodo, usoro nke ụmụ amaala na-ejikarị eme ihe; Kpọmkwem ndị amaala Australia na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke North America[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ka achọpụtara iji usoro a eme ihe. Omume a mere ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ala na ndị mmadụ siri ike nke na osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ dabere na ọkụ ọkụ. Omume a buliri ụmụ amaala nke gburugburu ha gaa n'ụdị isi okwu dịka njikọ dị iche iche siri ike ka oge na-aga, [8] [7] nke bụ akụkụ ihe kpatara ụmụ amaala ka ji jikwaa 40-60% nke ihe nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi niile.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Lindenmayer|first=David|date=September 2022|title=Cultural burning, cultural misappropriation, over-simplification of land management complexity, and ecological illiteracy|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/emr.12564|journal=Ecological Management & Restoration|language=en|volume=23|issue=3|pages=205–208|doi=10.1111/emr.12564|issn=1442-7001}}</ref><ref name=":6"/>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> E wezụga ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, e nwekwara akụkụ ọdịbendị. Ụdị ndị kachasị adaba na ọkụ ahụ bụkwa ndị ụmụ amaala na-ejikarị eme ihe, dị ka California Black Oak . <ref name=":1"/> Ala ndị ụmụ amaala bi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme eme eme emeela ka usoro a nke obere ọkụ na-ere ugboro ugboro, mana anaghị agbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi niile na njikwa a.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=McKemey|first=Michelle|date=2021-08-12|title=Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea (|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135|journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire|language=en|volume=30|issue=10|pages=745–756|doi=10.1071/WF20135|issn=1049-8001}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMcKemeyBanbai_RangersPattersonHunter2021">McKemey, Michelle; Banbai Rangers, The; Patterson, Maureen (Lesley); Hunter, John; Ridges, Malcolm; Ens, Emilie; Miller, Cara; Costello, Oliver; Reid, Nick (2021-08-12). [https://www.publish.csiro.au/WF/WF20135 "Indigenous cultural burning had less impact than wildfire on the threatened Backwater grevillea ("]. ''International Journal of Wildland Fire''. '''30''' (10): <span class="nowrap">745–</span>756. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1071/WF20135|10.1071/WF20135]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-8001 1049-8001]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238682062 238682062].</cite></ref> == Uru == E mere nnyocha na Western Australia nke nyochara usoro nchịkwa ọkụ dị iche iche na otu ha si emetụta ụdị osisi dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke a maara dị ka Backwater grevillea. Ha jiri mmetụta dị iche iche nke usoro mgbochi ọkụ dị ugbu a tụnyere, ọkụ ọdịbendị na ọkụ ọhịa na ụdị a. Site na nsonaazụ ha, ha kwubiri na ọkụ ọdịbendị bụ ụdị njikwa kachasị mma maka nchekwa nke ụdị a.<ref name=":6"/> Mana ma e wezụga naanị iji ụdị osisi a mee ihe, ha chọpụtakwara na ọ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ibelata mgbasa na ọkụ ọhịa n'ógbè ahụ na-abara ụdị osisi na ndị ọzọ uru. A chọpụtakwara na itinye ọkụ ọdịnala nwere uru nke abụọ maka obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. Iweghachi njikọ ụmụ amaala na ala ahụ mepụtara ohere maka ihe ọmụma na ikwu nke osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ iji weghachite. Nke a bụ n'ihi nyocha nke ọma e mere na osisi iji chọpụta ike ọkụ kachasị adaba na usoro uto ha. Ihe ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kwubiri banyere ihe mere usoro nchịkwa a ji dị irè karị bụ na usoro nchịkwa ọkụ dị ugbu a bụ maka mkpokọta ma ghara iburu n'uche mmekọrịta na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na saịtị ahụ nwere njikọ ime mmụọ na ya, ha maara otú gburugburu ebe obibi ga-esi meghachi omume n'ọkụ ahụ ma nwee ike ịchịkwa ụzọ ya nke ọma.<ref name=":6" /> Na California ọkụ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa n'otú ndị obodo si elekọta ala ahụ. E gosipụtara na ebe ndị a na-achịkwa site na iji omume ụmụ amaala mepụtara ọhịa ndị meghere emeghe ma nwee ụdị osisi dị iche iche. Site na ọkwa mmanụ dị ala, ala ahụ nwere ike ịnabata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ụdị osisi. Nke a n'aka nke ya mere ka oké ọhịa ahụ na-eguzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọkụ site na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na obere ọkụ na-eme mgbe niile ọbụna na-ebelata ụmụ ahụhụ na pathogen n'oké ọhịa na-eduga n'ebe osisi dị mma.<ref name=":5"/> Enweghị ọkụ, oké ọhịa California na-enwe ugbu a na oke osisi conifer nke na-eme ka ụdị osisi dị iche iche ghara ịdị na ya ma na-egbochi ihe ịga nke ọma nke Black Oak. N'ihi enweghị ụdị dị iche iche, oké ọhịa ndị a na-enwekwu nsogbu maka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma nwee ike ịmepụta nnukwu ọkụ ọhịa ka mmanụ ahụ na-eto. Taa, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a iji weghachite ọkụ ọdịbendị n'oké ọhịa Californias iji mepụta oké ọhịa dị mma ma belata ọkụ ọhịa. North Fork Mono Tribe na Sierra National forests anọwo na-etinye usoro nke atọ nke e mere na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ na 2015. Nzọụkwụ mbụ bụ iwepu ọtụtụ ụdị ndị na-awakpo, obere osisi conifers, na isi mmalite mmanụ dị ka ị nwere ike site na saịtị tupu ịme ọkụ mbụ iji belata ọkwa mmanụ. N'oge nke abụọ, ha ga-anwa iwepụ ọtụtụ nnukwu osisi conifers dị ka o kwere mee na-elekwasị anya na osisi oak ojii na-esote ọkụ ọzọ. N'ọkwa ikpeazụ, ha ga-egbutu ma chọọ Black Oaks mma iji gbaa ọdịdị osisi nke ga-adị tupu osisi conifers ewere ya. Nke a ga-esochi ọkụ ọzọ dị ala. Mgbe ahụ, agbụrụ ahụ mere atụmatụ ịnọgide na-eme omume nchịkwa site na ọkụ ọkụ na ise osisi mgbe niile iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Long|first=Jonathan W.|date=2017-09-15|title=Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration|journal=Journal of Forestry|language=en|volume=115|issue=5|pages=426–434|doi=10.5849/jof.16-033|issn=0022-1201}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLongGoodeGutteriezLackey2017">Long, Jonathan W.; Goode, Ron W.; Gutteriez, Raymond J.; Lackey, Jessica J.; Anderson, M. Kat (2017-09-15). [[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|"Managing California Black Oak for Tribal Ecocultural Restoration"]]. ''Journal of Forestry''. '''115''' (5): <span class="nowrap">426–</span>434. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.5849/jof.16-033|10.5849/jof.16-033]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1201 0022-1201].</cite></ref> Ọhịa Plumas National na-arụkọ ọrụ na Greenville Rancheria iji tinye ọkụ ọkụ a tụrụ aro maka ebumnuche nke idebe oghere na ichekwa ọhịa Black Oak. Ha na-atụ anya iji saịtị ahụ maka ịnakọta acorns, ihe omume ọdịnala na mmepe nke ihe ọdịnala site na iji ahịhịa. Mgbalị mweghachi ndị a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị na ha na-emeziwanye ike nke gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe kamakwa ha na-enye ohere ndị ọzọ maka agbụrụ na obodo ndị na-enweta ego dị ala ka ha nwere ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa na uru ọdịbendị ugbu a. Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala ka na-adabere na ịnakọta na ịchọ nri iji tinye aka n'omume ọdịbendị ha na ibi ndụ nke onwe ha. Dị ka a manyere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị na California ibi na obere ebe obibi nwere oké ọhịa na-amị mkpụrụ n'akụkụ ya dị mkpa iji mee ka ọdịnala ha na ụzọ ndụ ha dị ndụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi enweghị ọkụ na oke oke ọhịa ịchọta osisi ndị dị mkpa iji mee ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọdịnala nwere ike isi ike ma ọ bụ ghara ikwe omume ịchọta. Igbochi ikike nke agbụrụ ndị a iji mee ọkụ ọdịbendị na-emecha mee ka oké ọhịa na-enye obere ọrụ ọdịbendị ya. N'ikpeazụ, agbụrụ ndị a agaghị enwe ike ịme ọrụ ọdịnala ha n'ihi na ha enweghịzi ike ijikọ na ala ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ ndị nna nna ha mere. Site na ịmanye Black Oaks ịsọ mpi na osisi conifer ha na-amanye ha itolite ogologo ma dị warara mgbe n'oge gara aga ha ga-enwe alaka dị ala na-agbasa ruo 30-40 ft. Na alaka ndị a dị ala ụmụaka ga-agba ọsọ ma kpọọ egwu mgbe ezinụlọ ha nwere ike ịnakọta ihe niile ha chọrọ n'ụzọ dị mfe.<ref name=":5"/> &nbsp;Ron Reed, onye otu Karuk Tribe si Northern California, akọwaala mkpa ọ dị inweta ihe onwunwe ndị a dị mkpa: "Ị nwere ike inye m akị niile dị n'ụwa, ị nwere ike inweta m ihe niile n'ụwa ahụ, ị nwere ohere ime ka m bụrụ onye India, mana ọ gaghị abụ otu ma ọ bụrụ na m na-apụ ma na-arụ ọrụ, na-apụ na-ewepụta onwe m, na-achịkọta onwe m. Echere m na ọ dị mkpa ka ewepụta ya na ọha mmadụ, na ọ bụghị naanị ihe onwunwu ndị a dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name=":5" /> 10 Ajụjụ Ndị A Na-ajụkarị Banyere Nchịkwa Ọkụ (Foto1): <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Prichard|first=Susan J.|date=December 2021|title=Adapting western North American forests to climate change and wildfires: 10 common questions|journal=Ecological Applications|language=en|volume=31|issue=8|pages=e02433|doi=10.1002/eap.2433|pmid=34339088|issn=1051-0761}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | (1) Mmetụta nke iwepụ ọkụ bụ nke a na-ekwukarị? Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, ọgwụgwọ ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị isi na ọbụna ihe na-adịghị arụpụta ihe? |Ihe akaebe sara mbara nke iwepụ ọkụ siri ike n'ofe ọzụzụ na usoro okike ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọkụ dị oke njọ bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ usoro ọkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugboro ugboro na oke ọkụ dị oke egwu n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga karịrị oke akụkọ ihe mere e ji gbanwee. |Hessburg et al. (2005), Reynolds et al. (2013), Stine et al. (2014) Safford and Stevens (2017), Stephens et al. (2020), Hagmann et al. |- | (2) Ọ bụ naanị imebi ọhịa zuru ezu iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa? |Ịnọcha naanị ya nwere ike ibelata oke ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mana site na mkpocha osisi fọdụrụnụ, nkụda mmụọ nke mmanụ ala, na mmụba nke ikuku na-aga n'elu n'enweghị mbelata mmanụ ala, ịnọcha nwere ike inye aka n'ọkụ dị elu na ọnwụ dị ukwuu. |Stephens et al. (2009), Fulé et al. (2012), Martinson and Omi (2013), Kalies and Yocom Kent (2016) |- | (3) Ịchụcha ọhịa na ọkụ ọkụ nwere ike idozi nsogbu ahụ? |Ọ bụ ezie na e gosipụtara na ọkụ ọkụ na-eme ka ọ dị irè nke ukwuu, ọ bụghị oké ọhịa niile kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọgwụgwọ a (dịka, ụdị dị nro nke a na-ahụkarị n'oké ọhịa na-ajụ oyi). Ụdị ọgwụgwọ mmanụ a adịghịkwa adaba maka ọzara na ebe ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ụzọ |DellaSala et al. (2004), Battaglia and Shepperd (2007), Reinhardt et al. (2008) |- | (4) Ọ ga-abụ na nlekọta ọhịa na-arụsi ọrụ ike, gụnyere imebi ọhịa, lekwasịrị anya na interface obodo ukwu ọhịa (WUI)? |Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime WUI ndị a họpụtara bụ ndị nwe onwe ha, ya mere ala ndị a na-esiri ike mgbe ụfọdụ karịa ala ọha na eze. Idozi oké ọhịa ndị kpọrọ nkụ na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ karịa ihe mgbochi WUI nwere ike ịgbanwe omume ọkụ ma gbanwee ike nke ọkụ na-abata na obodo |Kolden na Brown (2010), Bladon (2018), Hallema et al. (2018), Kolden na Henson (2019), Schultz et al. |- | (5) Ọkụ ọhịa nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmanụ n'onwe ya? |Ọkụ a na-atụghị anya ya nke na-agbanahụ mgbochi na-enwekarị ọkụ n'okpuru oke ọkụ ma nwee ike inwe mmetụta ọkụ ọhịa siri ike. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọkụ a tụrụ aro na ọkụ ọhịa a na-achịkwa n'ozuzu ya na-ere n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma ma na-enye aka na mmetụta ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mbelata mmanụ ala nke nwere ike ibelata oke ọkụ ọhịa n'ọdịnihu |Miller ''a'' Safford (2012), Parks et al. (2015a, 2016), Prichard et al. (), Stevens et al. |- | (6) Ọ bụ ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ ụgbọala iji nyere aka na nzaghachi na mgbochi ọkụ n'ọdịnihu? |Ọ bụ ezie na ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ ụgbọala nwere ike inye aka na ọrụ mgbochi, karịsịa iji ọgwụgwọ mmanụ ụgbọala iji gbochie ọkụ ọhịa n'ọdịnihu na-enye aka na ụkọ ọkụ ọhịa. Mgbanwe ọgwụgwọ na ala ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ezube iweghachi patch na ọrụ ala nke ọkụ dị ka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, belata mmetụta ọkụ na mkpa maka mgbochi siri ike mgbe ọkụ na-eme ọzọ |Reinhardt et al. (2008), Safford et al. (2012), Stephens et al. (2020) |- | (7) Ọgwụgwọ mmanụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru oke ọkụ? |Omume ọkụ metụtara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-adịgide adịgide, oké ifufe na mgbasa nke ogidi na-ejikọta ya na oke ọkụ dị elu n'ọhịa ọdịda anyanwụ North America. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe sayensị siri ike gafee oké ọhịa conifer kpọrọ nkụ na mmiri na-egosi ịdị irè n'ibelata oke ọkụ, mgbe mgbe ọbụna n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe ọkụ siri ike |Arkle et al. (2012), Yocom-Kent et al. (), Povak et al. (2020), Prichard et al. |- | (8) Ọdịdị nke nsogbu ahụ buru oke ibu? Anyị nwere ike ijide ya? |Ọganihu na oke ọgwụgwọ dị ugbu a ezughi oke iji weghachite ebe ọkụ na-eguzogide na ihu igwe. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe na-akwado n'ụzọ siri ike na ojiji gbasaa nke ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ nwere ike ịdị irè |Collins et ''a''. (2009), North et al. (2012), Parks et al. (A, 2016), Ager et al. |- | (9) Ịkụ osisi ndị ọzọ ga-ebelata mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọhịa wNA? |Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na oké ọhịa mmiri ozu ndị ọzọ nwere ikike ichekwa na ijide oke carbon nke oké ọhịa. Otú ọ dị, ịkụ osisi iji mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi na ịga n'ihu n'oké ọhịa ndị ọkụ na-enwu bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịnagide n'ihi nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ọkụ, ụkọ mmiri na-atụ anya ya na nsogbu ụkọ mmiri ozuzo |Thompson et al. (2007), Veldman et al. (2019), Holl and Brancalion (2020) |- | (10) Nchịkwa mgbe ọkụ gasịrị ọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi? |Enwere ike ịchọ njikwa ọhịa na mmanụ ụgbọala na-arụsi ọrụ ike karịa nzaghachi ọkụ mbụ iji kwalite ike ọgwụgwụ ọhịa n'ọdịnihu maka nsogbu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ihi mwepu ọkụ, osisi ndị nwụrụ anwụ nwere ike inye aka n'ịkụ ọkụ dị elu ka ha na-ada ma na-emepụta nnukwu mmanụ n'elu |Peterson et ''a''. (2015), Lydersen et al. (A), North et al. |} Ihe osise 1 sitere n'isiokwu na-atụle usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe a na-ewere ugbu a na Pacific Northwest nke United States. N'oge nyocha ha, ha rụrụ ọrụ iji zaa ajụjụ 10 ndị a iji chọpụta ma ọgwụgwọ ọkụ bụ usoro mgbanwe dị mma. Site na nyocha ha, ha kwubiri na ọkụ ọkụ na-ebute ụzọ egosila na ọ dị irè ma na-akpọkarị maka mmụba nke mgbalị ndị a na usoro nchịkwa iji soro ọkụ ọkụ ndị a. Ọkụ ọdịbendị kwesịrị ime mgbe niile ma nwee ike iji ya mee ka ọ kwekọọ na obere ihu igwe iji melite ịdị irè ya.<ref name=":5"/> Ọkụ omenala bụ usoro iji ọkụ a na-edepụta aha iji jikwaa odida obodo, nke ụmụ amaala na-ama ihe; Kpọmkwem ndị amaala Australia na mpaghara egwuregwu nke North America[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] ka ụzọ iji usoro eme ihe. Omume a mere ka ndị dị n'etiti ala na ndị mmadụ siri ike nke na osisi ndị dị n' ima ahụ dabere na ọkụ ọkụ. Omume a buli ụmụ amaala nke gburugburu ha gaa n'ụdị isi okwu dị ka dị iche iche siri ike ka oge na-aga, [8] [7] nke bụ ihe ihe ndị na-ahụ ụmụ amaala ka ji jikwaa 40-60% nke ihe nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi niile..<ref name=":3"/> A maara ụmụ amaala America nke mpaghara Olympic dị na Washington ka ha na-elekọta usoro okike ha maka ihe ọkụkụ bara uru dị ka Bear Grass nke a na-eji akwa nkata. Usoro nchịkwa a bụ ụdị ọkụ ọdịbendị nke na-eme ka usoro savannah na ala mmiri dị ala nke ala ala ala dị ala.N'afọ 2008, a chọpụtara na mgbe e wepụsịrị ọkụ ndị a, Douglas Firs emeela ka mpaghara ahụ bụrụ ọhịa na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Bear Grass.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Shebitz|first=D. J.|date=2009-09-01|title=Ecological and Cultural Significance of Burning Beargrass Habitat on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington|url=http://er.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.3368/er.27.3.306|journal=Ecological Restoration|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=306–319|doi=10.3368/er.27.3.306|issn=1522-4740}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShebitzReichardDunwiddie2009">Shebitz, D. J.; Reichard, S. H.; Dunwiddie, P. W. (2009-09-01). [http://er.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.3368/er.27.3.306 "Ecological and Cultural Significance of Burning Beargrass Habitat on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington"]. ''Ecological Restoration''. '''27''' (3): <span class="nowrap">306–</span>319. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3368/er.27.3.306|10.3368/er.27.3.306]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1522-4740 1522-4740]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85275224 85275224].</cite></ref> Isi iyi 5:Ijikọta usoro ọkụ Biophysical na Eco-Cultural na ogige ntụrụndụ na mpaghara ndị a na-echebe na Canada <ref name=":2"/> Ọkụ ọhịa bụ usoro dị mkpa maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Canada. Ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado obodo ahịhịa dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ site na ala ahịhịhịa na ala ahụhịa ruo n'ọhịa conifer na osisi deciduous.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Clifford A.|date=April 2011|title=Burning at the Edge: Integrating Biophysical and Eco-Cultural Fire Processes in Canada's Parks and Protected Areas|journal=Fire Ecology|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=74–106|doi=10.4996/fireecology.0701074|issn=1933-9747}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWhitePerrakisKafkaEnnis2011">White, Clifford A.; Perrakis, Daniel D. B.; Kafka, Victor G.; Ennis, Timothy (April 2011). [[doi:10.4996/fireecology.0701074|"Burning at the Edge: Integrating Biophysical and Eco-Cultural Fire Processes in Canada's Parks and Protected Areas"]]. ''Fire Ecology''. '''7''' (1): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>106. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FiEco...7a..74W 2011FiEco...7a..74W]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.4996/fireecology.0701074|10.4996/fireecology.0701074]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1933-9747 1933-9747]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56127392 56127392].</cite></ref> Ihe kpatara ọkụ ọhịa ndị a ka na-arụrịta ụka na ndị na-eme nchọpụta ọkụ ọhịa nke Canada ka na-ekwupụta na àmụ̀mà na-akụ ihe kpatara ya ekwenyeghị na ndị obodo nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe akaebe na-egosi na ndị obodo ahụ jiri ọkụ gbanwee usoro okike ha ma belata ibu mmanụ iji belata oke ọkụ ọhịa. N'afọ 2004, e ji usoro mgbochi ọkụ mee ihe iji chịkwaa ọtụtụ ọkụ ọhịa nke Canada. Nke a ga-agụnye nlekota ihu igwe, mmanụ, na data topographic nke mpaghara ahụ iji buo amụma mgbe na ebe àmụ̀mà nwere ike ime, na ebe ọ nwere ike ịga ozugbo ọ malitere. Ọ bụrụ na usoro ndị a anaghị arụ ọrụ, ha ga-egbutu osisi ma ọ bụ akụkụ dị warara nke ọhịa dị nso na obodo. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, usoro ogige ntụrụndụ nke Canada emeela mgbalị iji tinye ọkụ ọkụ a tụrụ aro. Ihe ha chọtara bụ mbelata nke ọkụ ọhịa n'ogige ntụrụndụ site na iji ọkụ ọkụ a tụrụ aro ya ọ bụ ezie na ha kpughere nsogbu ụfọdụ. N'ógbè ndị a tụrụ aro ka ha gbaa ọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-eri ahịhịa na-enwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma n'ihe gbasara ịpịsị osisi. Ihe ngwọta bụ ịmalite ọkụ ahụ ugboro ugboro iji nye osisi oge iji gbakee site na ịta ahịhịa. Nnyocha ahụ ghọtara site na nke a na ọtụtụ ihe atụ ndị ọzọ na iweghachi ọkụ chọrọ mweghachi zuru oke. Na iji nwee njikwa nke ọma ị ga-eburu n'uche ụdị dịgasị iche iche dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na ihe gbasara mmadụ ogologo oge na otu anyị si enye aka na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị <ref name=":2" /> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, 2022 egosila ọkụ ọhịa a na-enwetụbeghị mbụ na Australia nke na-eme ka usoro nchịkwa dị ugbu a nke mba ndị na-elekọta ọhịa. Ruo ugbu a, ọrụ njikwa lekwasịrị anya na ihe nlereanya mgbochi ọkụ n'ọnọdụ niile. Nke a mere ka e nwee mmanụ ụgbọala dị n'ala ọhịa nke a na-enweghị ike iji aka kpochapụ. Ka anyị ghara ikwu banyere mmụba nke osisi na njupụta nke belatara mkpuchi nke usoro okike ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide ọkụ. N'ile anya n'ihe ndị na-egosi ntụ ntụ n'ala Australia n'oge precolonial na oge a Mariani, Michela, na ndị ọzọ chọpụtara na ala dị n'oge tupu colonial nwere 51% ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa, 15% mkpuchi osisi, na 34% mkpuchi osisi. Nke a dị nnọọ iche na taa ebe ala ahụ nwere 35% ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa, 48% osisi kpuchiri, na 17% obere osisi kpuchiri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Mariani|first=Michela|date=June 2022|title=Disruption of cultural burning promotes shrub encroachment and unprecedented wildfires|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=292–300|doi=10.1002/fee.2395|issn=1540-9295}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMarianiConnorTheuerkaufHerbert2022">Mariani, Michela; Connor, Simon E; Theuerkauf, Martin; Herbert, Annika; Kuneš, Petr; Bowman, David; Fletcher, Michael-Shawn; Head, Lesley; Kershaw, A Peter; Haberle, Simon G; Stevenson, Janelle; Adeleye, Matthew; Cadd, Haidee; Hopf, Feli; Briles, Christy (June 2022). [[doi:10.1002/fee.2395|"Disruption of cultural burning promotes shrub encroachment and unprecedented wildfires"]]. ''Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment''. '''20''' (5): <span class="nowrap">292–</span>300. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022FrEE...20..292M 2022FrEE...20..292M]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1002/fee.2395|10.1002/fee.2395]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-9295 1540-9295]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246891908 246891908].</cite></ref> Ịkwado mkpuchi osisi ka ọ gbasaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Australia emeela ka ọkụ ọhịa dị ike ma na-agbasawanye. A na-ekwu na ihe kpatara mgbasawanye nke oké ọhịa ndị a bụ n'ihi mgbochi nke ọkụ ọdịbendị nke ndị obodo Australia mere. == Hụkwa == * Ịkpa ugbo * Ojiji ụmụ amaala America na-eji ọkụ eme ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi * Biochar * Ọkụ a na-achịkwa == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cc2pza6minl0drl0vcnn04ty0njtg3d 0 56578 742626 201411 2026-11-03T08:52:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742626 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọnwụ Dodo Soomro (Sindhi: دودي سومري جو موت, romanized: Doday Soomray Jo Maut) bụ egwu uri dabere na sindhi ballad oge gboo Dodo Chanesar nke onye Sindhi na-ede uri Shiekh Ayaz dere. Edere egwuregwu na 1970 ma nwee isiokwu nke dike, ịhụ mba n'anya na sufism.<ref name=":0"/> == Nsụgharị == Noor Ahmed Janjhi sụgharịrị akụkụ Bekee nke ọrụ ahụ na-ekpuchi isiokwu niile dị mkpa, bipụtara ya na 2021 (ya na ederede sindhi zuru ezu).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kermani|first=Sheema|date=2022-09-11|title=FICTION/ NON-FICTION: SHAIKH AYAZ’S DODO|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1709525|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKermani2022">Kermani, Sheema (2022-09-11). [https://www.dawn.com/news/1709525 "FICTION/ NON-FICTION: SHAIKH AYAZ'S DODO"]. ''DAWN.COM''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-15</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1"/> == Mmetụta == E dere ọnwụ Dodo Soomro iji metụta ma bulie nghọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị ntorobịa Sindhi. <ref name=":0"/> Ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya na ndị obodo ka na-eji usoro sitere na opera eme ihe. A popular couplet at the end of the play, when dodo is fallen and is taunted by chanesar that if he had abdicated in his favour, he never would have faced this fate. Dodo said: {{Verse translation|ڇا به چوين مان مڙڻو ناهيان ويس مٽائي ورڻو آهيان تو به چنيسر جو ڪجهه چاهين مون کان آگ ۾ ورڻو آهين نانو نئين سان، ويس بدل سان تنهنجي منهنجي جنگ ازل کان جاري آهي، جاري رهندي جاري آهي، جاري رهندي|Whatsoever you may say, I will not die away. I shall come back (with new attire) Whatever Chanesar you had desired (is not gonna fulfilled), (Laughing) You will die before my last breath. With new name and with different attire, It is the longstanding fight between us (Battle of good and bad) and it is and will continue to the end.}} A na-eji ahịrị ikpeazụ eme ihe (na obere mgbanwe) dị ka okwu mmeghe site n'aka ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya <ref>{{Cite web|title=جاري آهي جاري رهندي جنگ اسان جي جاري رهندي|url=https://www.facebook.com/|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> na nso nso a na Aurat March Sindh . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurat March Karachi Tweet|url=https://twitter.com/AuratMarchKHI/status/1237130245280534528|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=Twitter|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nnakwere == Prọfesọ Noor Ahmed Janjhi na mmalite nke akwụkwọ ya banyere opera kwuru banyere egwuregwu ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Correspondent|first=The Newspaper's|date=2022-01-03|title=Prof Janjhi launches sixth book on Shaikh Ayaz|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1667323|accessdate=2023-04-15|work=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref>:<blockquote>Ayaz gosipụtara echiche ya banyere nnwere onwe nke echiche na nsọpụrụ mmadụ ma gosipụta mwute na nhụjuanya nke Sindh na ndị a chụpụrụ. Ọ na-eji ịhụnanya akpọrọ ihe ma na-agbasa ịhụnanya ya na Sindh, ndị ya na ụwa dum.</blockquote>Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo kwuru na Opera Doday je Moat bụ ihe nkiri jupụtara na ihe nnọchianya. O nwere ihe odide ochie yana ihe odide nke oge a <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/DODOSMRDEATH|title=Dodo Soomro's Death - [Study of Opera Dodo Soomray Jo Moat By Sheikh Ayaz]|date=2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[iarchive:DODOSMRDEATH|''Dodo Soomro's Death - &#x5B;Study of Opera Dodo Soomray Jo Moat By Sheikh Ayaz&#x5D;'']]. 2021.</cite></ref>:<blockquote>Opera na-anọchite anya echiche abụọ banyere ndụ na ọnwụ n'ọhịa nke ọgụ mba. Otu echiche nke nwere egwu ọnwụ na mmasị na ndụ nke ukwuu nke na mmadụ chọrọ ibi ndụ na ịnụ ụtọ ndụ n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla. Ụkpụrụ niile nke nsọpụrụ na ihere ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ omume ndị ọzọ metụtara otu onye na-aghọ ihe na-enweghị isi nye ya. Echiche ọzọ nke nwere nnukwu ịhụnanya na mmetụta ịhụnanya maka ndụ enweghị nlekọta na enweghị uche n'ebe ọnwụ nọ nke na mmadụ na-ahọrọ ọnwụ maka ndụ. Ndị na-emetụta echiche abụọ ahụ chọrọ inwe ihe dị mma na nke mara mma nke ndụ.</blockquote> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJ7q3fz5ECg Ọnwụ Dodo Soomro (Audiobook) - Akụkọ Ali Izhar kọrọ] * [[iarchive:DODOSMRDEATH/mode/2up|Ọnwụ Dodo Soomro, Nnyocha nke opera]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} tvax2b4fl1jq9gyqa6wvu0zw2o8x0hs 0 56616 742528 201457 2026-11-03T08:11:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:La_curacion_del_ciego_El_Greco_Dresde.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Ọrụ ebube nke Jizọs gwọrọ nwoke kpuru ìsì site na ọmụmụ dị ka egosiri na El Greco's Healing of the Man Born Blind, 1567]]   Ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ - asọ mmiri na-emepụta ihe mbụ n'ụtụtụ, tupu nri ụtụtụ – bụ ọgwụgwọ e ji agwọ ndị mmadụ na Mediterenian oge ochie. E chere na Spittle na-agwọ ọtụtụ ọrịa. A na-ewerekarị ọgwụgwọ spittle ka ọ dị irè karị ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ọnụ mmiri na-ebu ọnụ.[1] Ihe mbụ e kwuru banyere uru ọgwụgwọ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye edemede Rom bụ Varro, onye kwuru na ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa akwụkwụ na ịta agwọ n'etiti ọrịa ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0"/> Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke okike nke Rom bụ Pliny kwuru na Natural History ya na ibu ọnụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịgwọ ophthalmia, nakwa na ibu ọnụ nke nwanyị bara uru karịsịa maka ịgwọ anya ọbara. Agba Ọhụrụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke Jizọs na-eji ọnụ dị ka ọgwụgwọ. Oziọma Mak dekọrọ na Jizọs na-agbọ agbọ kpọmkwem n'anya nwoke kpuru ìsì, na Oziọma Jọn dekọrọ Jizọs na-eji ngwakọta nke ọnụ na apịtị eme ọgwụ maka ịgwọ ìsì. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: Mark 7 - Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark%207&version=MOUNCE|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=Bible Gateway|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bible Gateway passage: John 9 - Mounce Reverse Interlinear New Testament|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%209&version=MOUNCE|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=Bible Gateway|language=en}}</ref>   Suetonius, Tacitus na Cassius Dio kwuru na Eze Ukwu Rom Vespasian na-agwọ ìsì n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=InsightOut: Healing Moistly in Ancient Times|url=https://stmikes.utoronto.ca/news/insightout-healing-moistly-in-ancient-times|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=University of St. Michael's College|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://stmikes.utoronto.ca/news/insightout-healing-moistly-in-ancient-times "InsightOut: Healing Moistly in Ancient Times"]. ''University of St. Michael's College''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tacitus kwuru na Vespasian gakwuuru ndị dọkịta tupu ya ejiri ọnụ ya gwọọ nwoke ahụ kpuru ìsì. Tacitus na-enyekwa nkọwa sitere n'okike, nke ahụike maka ọgwụgwọ, n'adịghị ka Suetonius na Cassius Dio bụ ndị na-ekwu na mmụọ karịrị nke mmadụ na-eweghachi anya onye kpuru ìsì.<ref>{{Cite web|author=thehistorianshut|date=2019-08-03|title=Multiple Ancient Historians Claimed Vespasian Was A Miraculous Healer Foretold By Oracles|url=https://thehistorianshut.com/2019/08/03/multiple-ancient-historians-claimed-vespasian-was-a-miraculous-healer-foretold-by-oracles/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20tale,%20the,that%20he%20could%20see%20again.|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=The Historian's Hut|language=en-US}}</ref> Talmud na-ezo aka na uru ọgwụgwọ nke asọ, ọkachasị nke nwa mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-28|title=Bava Basra 126b ~ The Healing Power of Saliva|url=https://www.talmudology.com/jeremybrownmdgmailcom/2017/5/17/bava-basra-126b-the-healing-power-of-saliva#:~:text=Vespasian,%20and%20others%20who%20healed,the%20partiality%20of%20the%20Gods.|accessdate=2025-01-31|work=Talmudology|language=en-US}}</ref>   == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === 3lozzxn0aw8bs5yls0lcviscaqfp0ly 0 56650 742620 201498 2026-11-03T08:51:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742620 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọkpụkpụ gallbladder ma ọ bụ sachaa imeju bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ọzọ metụtara ibu ọnụ, na-esochi ntinye nke nnu Epsom nnu, mmanụ oliv na mmiri mkpụrụ osisi grepu, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ejiri ihe ndị ọzọ dochie ya.[1]. Ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu na ọ ga-ekwe omume iwepụ ọ bụghị naanị nkume gallstones ndị a ma ama na gallbladder, kamakwa ihe a na-akpọ nkume intra-hepatic site na bile ducts nke imeju site na usoro a. E nwere usoro iwu dị iche iche, nke a na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ afọ. Mmadụ nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti "ihe oriri" sitere na ọgwụ ọdịnala na ndị a maara onye dere ya. Mgbe a na-enyocha ya na sayensị, a chọpụtara na "gallstones" nke otu ndị ọrịa mepụtara enweghị cholesterol, bilirubin, ma ọ bụ calcium, nke na-egosipụta ihe ndị dị na gallstones, mana kama ọ bụ 75% fatty acids.<ref name="AMR"/> N'ọnọdụ abụọ, nyocha kemịkal nke ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ gallstones nke a na-ewepụ n'oge ọ na-agbapụta gall bladder gosiri na ndị a abụghị ezigbo gallstones, kama "nkume ncha", nke bụ ihe ndị e mepụtara n'ime eriri afọ n'ihi mmeghachi omume nke mmiri na-agbari nri na ọgwụgwọ a na-eri.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=15836886|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66373-8|volume=365|title=Could these be gallstones?|year=2005|journal=The Lancet|author=Sies|first=CW|issue=9468}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=19718602|doi=10.1055/s-0029-1234016|volume=134|title=Flushing stones? 'Leberreinigung' und 'Gallenspülungen'|year=2009|journal=Dtsch Med Wochenschr|author=Ewald|first=N|issue=36|language=de}}</ref> == Ihe ize ndụ == Ndị na-anwa ọgwụgwọ a na-enwekarị ihe mgbu afọ na afọ ọsịsa.<ref name="AMR">{{Cite journal|author=Gaby|first=Alan R.|title=Nutritional Approaches to Prevention and Treatment of Gallstones|journal=Alternative Medicine Review|pmid=19803550|volume=14|year=2009|issue=3|pages=258–67}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGaby2009">Gaby, Alan R. (2009). "Nutritional Approaches to Prevention and Treatment of Gallstones". ''Alternative Medicine Review''. '''14''' (3): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>67. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19803550 19803550].</cite></ref> N'otu ihe a kọrọ, otu onye ọrịa nwere pancreatitis biliary mgbe ọ gbasịrị gall bladder. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} roee9fgwv5jv94a5pcx3p54gdscg23n 0 57259 742554 202294 2026-11-03T08:15:40Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Seán Ó Tuama|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|caption=|birth_date=1926|birth_place=[[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland|death_date=14 October 2006 (age 80)|death_place=}} Seán Ó Tuama (1926 - 14 Ọktoba 2006) bụ onye Irish na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/unsorted/migration/professor-sean-o-tuama-134781.html|title=Professor Sean O Tuama|publisher=Irish Independent|author=Nollaig O Gadhra|date=2006-09-17|accessdate=2009-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ó TUAMA, Seán (1926–2006)|url=https://www.ainm.ie/Bio.aspx?ID=1936|accessdate=2021-10-14|work=ainm.ie|language=Irish}}</ref> == Ndụ == Ewelitere na ndịda Cork wee gụrụ akwụkwọ na North Monastery (North Mon) School of University College Cork, Ó Tuama malitere ibipụta na 1950 akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Irish a na-akpọ Nuabhéarsáíocht 1939-1949..<ref name="rte"/> Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya gụnyere An Grá na Amráin na nDaoine, nyocha nke mmetụta European nke Renaissance na egwu Irish, nke ndị edemede gụnyere Liam Ó Muirthile na Gabriel Rosenstock bipụtara.[1]  An Duanaire: Poems of the Dispossessed, nchịkọta nke uri ndị Asiria nke Irish sitere na narị afọ nke 16 ruo 19 site n'aka Ó Tuama, nke Thomas Kinsella sụgharịrị gaa na Bekee, nke e bipụtara na 1981. Ó Tuama bụ Prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Irish na Mahadum College Cork, [1] Prọfesọ na Harvard, Oxford na Mahadum Toronto.  He is also onye isi oche nke Bord na Gaeilge ruo oge sakke, na onye otu Arts Council of Ireland. <ref name="rte">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0914/otuamas.html|title=Death of Seán Ó Tuama at 80|publisher=RTÉ News|date=2006-09-14|accessdate=2009-01-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0914/otuamas.html "Death of Seán Ó Tuama at 80"]. RTÉ News. 14 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/en/mandc/news/newsarchive/2008PressReleases/fullstory,51710,en.html|title=Áras Uí Thuama is officially opened at University College Cork (UCC)|accessdate=2008-01-24|publisher=University College Cork}}</ref> == Onyinye == * 1983 American Book AwardIhe nrite akwụkwọ America == Ọrụ == === Abụ uri === * ''Faoilean Na Beatha'' (Baile Átha Cliath, An Chlochomar Tta., 1962) * {{Cite book|title=Rogha dánta: Death in the Land of Youth: New and Selected Poems of Sean O Tuama|publisher=Cork University Press|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSFuVlLSI0sC&q=Se%C3%A1n+%C3%93+Tuama|isbn=978-1-85918-157-7}} === Egwuregwu === * {{Cite book|title=Gunna Cam agus Slabhra Oir. Drama Vearsaíochta Thrí Ghníomh (Baile Átha Cliath, Sairseal Agus Dill)|publisher=Folens and Co. Ltd|year=1973|isbn=978-0-902592-52-0}} * Arwu Linna, onye Longadáin * Moloney * Ọ bụ seo m'oilean * Corps Eoghain Uí Shúilleabháin * N'ime obodo a na-akpọ saphirt * Iúdás Iscariot na-agbanwe agbanwe * Scéal ar Phádraig === Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ === * An Grá na Amhráin na nDaoine (An Clochomhar T., 1960) * ''An Grá na bhFilíocht na nUaisle'' (1988) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme === * {{Cite book|title=An Duanaire: Poems of the Dispossessed|location=Dublin|publisher=Dolmen Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-85105-363-9|editor=Seán Ó Tuama}} * Coiscéim na hAoise Seo, akwụkwọ edemede nke narị afọ nke 20 na Irish === Ihe odide === * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * ''Nuabhéarsaíocht 1939-1949'' (dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Baile Atha Cliath, Sairseal agus Dill, 1950) * {{Cite book|title=The Facts About Irish|location=Coraigh|publisher=An Comhar Poiblí|year=1964}} * {{Cite book|title=The Gaelic League Idea|url=https://archive.org/details/gaelicleagueidea00sean|location=Cork|publisher=Mercier Press|year=1972|isbn=978-0-85342-245-7}} * {{Cite book|title=Repossessions, selected essays on the Irish literary heritage|publisher=Cork University Press|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46Mpy1uGjr0C&q=Se%C3%A1n+%C3%93+Tuama|isbn=978-1-85918-044-0}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20090717102354/http://www.irishwriters-online.com/seanotuama.html g9zfzblvsur0vtse7x2y99y5ac60xpa 0 57368 742552 202438 2026-11-03T08:15:20Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742552 wikitext text/x-wiki Mícheál Ó Ló公 (1836 - 1899) bụ onye edemede Irish-American, onye nchịkọta magazin, na onye nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke New York City.  Mgbe ọ na-ebi dị ka ndị nke ndị Irish diaspora na United States, Ó Ló 公 ikpe otu n'ime ndị na- , ọhụrụ nke mweghachi Gaelic na maka ma ichekwa ma alaabe ahia Irish na na- Ireland.  O ami ma Philo-Celtic Society na akwụkwọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ ozi nke oge a na Irish nwere ikike dị mkpa.  N'ihi nke a, nnyonye na-aga n'ihu maka aha Irish na ahia Celtic ndị ọzọ na-eyi egwu na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na usoro Ó Ló公t nyere aka bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ ụgwọ nke ihe nketa ya.  == Oge ọ malitere == Ụlọ akwụkwọ Ó Ló公 na 29 September 1836 na Curraghderry, Milltown, County Galway.  O pia ka nne ya bụ onye na-asụ Irish.  Ó Ló公 n'onwe ya mara ma Irish ma Bekee nke ọma.  Orị ka ọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ hedge mgbe ọ dị afụ pass, ruo 1854. == Ndụ na America == Ọ kwagara America ma nwee ike ike ọrụ mbụ n'ebe ahụ dị ka onye nkuzi na 1870. [1] N'afọ 1872, o degaara akwụkwọ ozi na The Irish World, akwụkwọ Irish-American, na-atụ aro "mkpa ọ dị ichekwa Irish iji ìhè mba Irish" ma na-atụ anya na a ga-esobe klas na ọha mmadụ iji nke a.  N'otu apụ ahụ, ya onwe ya akara klas Irish "Philo-Celtic" maka ndị okenye na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ dị na Brooklyn ebe ọ ediri ihe.[2]  Site na nke a ka Philo-Celtic Society nke Boston si bịa, na-esote isi ya na Brooklyn na Manhattan. N'afọ 1881, Ó Ló公t guzobere An Gaodhal, akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ abụọ nke Philo-Celtic Society. Ọ dịgidere ruo 1904 ma mee ka ọ dịghachi ndụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ruo mgbe e guzobere onye nọchiri ya, kpamkpam na Irish ma kpọọ ya An Gael, na 2009. Ó Ló公t dere ezigbo akwụkwọ maka An Gaodhal, a na-akọwa ụdị ya dị ka nke na-eme ihe ike na nke na-alụ ọgụ. N'agbata afọ 1878 na afọ 1899, e guzobere isi nke Philo-Celtic Society na America dum, ọ bụ ezie na Ó Ló公 na-enwekwu afọ ojuju n'ụzọ ha si nye ihe omume ọha na eze na-ebute ụzọ na asụsụ Irish. N'afọ 1891, onye ọkà mmụta Gaelic a ma ama Douglas Hyde gara United States. Ọ gara klas Philo-Celtic na Bowery wee hụ na ọ jupụtara na ndị na-asụ Irish nke ọma. Ihe ọ hụrụ n'ebe ahụ nwere ike imetụta ya mgbe o nyere aka chọta Njikọ Gaelic na Ireland na 1893. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Ó Ló公 nwụrụ na 1899 ma lie ya na Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn.<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 1999, e mere emume otu ụmụaka afụ nke ỌLọ n'obodo ya bụ Milltown, iji kwanyere ọrụ Irish nke obodo ahụ.  1999 mekwara otu akpan afɔ nke onye otu Ó Ló公 na onye a ma bụ Gael, Liam Beirne, ka a àmà ya ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe omume ahụ gụnyere Mas na Irish na St. Joseph's Church, Milltown nke ndị na-eti egwu ọdịnala Irish na-esote. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Ó Ló公, Fionnuala Uí Fhlannagáin, kwuru okwu, onye kọwara ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke asụsụ Irish na America.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Logan, Michael J. (Ó Lócháin, Micheál) {{!}} Dictionary of Irish Biography|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/logan-michael-j-o-lochain-micheal-a4873|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=www.dib.ie|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.dib.ie/biography/logan-michael-j-o-lochain-micheal-a4873 "Logan, Michael J. (Ó Lócháin, Micheál) | Dictionary of Irish Biography"]. ''www.dib.ie''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Ihe odide == Ó Buachalla, Breandán, "An Gaodhal i Me can" in Go Me pan Siar, Stíofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.). Otu Clóchomhar Teo. 1979 Ó Dochartaigh, Liam, 'Nótaí arugues not notacht na Gaeilge i Me pan, 1872 - 1891" na Go Me pan Siar, Stíofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.). Otu Clóchomhar Teo. 1979 Uí Fhlannagáin, Fionnuala. ''Mícheál Ó Ló公 agus "An Gaodhal"''. Otu Clóchomhar Teo. 1990 [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kh2yxyg5zjm1kid891uvcly4db5udg7 0 57577 742321 742029 2026-11-02T14:24:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=Betty Mould-Iddrisu|honorific-suffix=|image=Betty Mould-Iddrisu.jpg|imagesize=|smallimage=|caption=|order=|office=[[Minister&nbsp;for&nbsp;Education&nbsp;(Ghana)|Minister for Education]]|term_start=Jan 2011|term_end=Jan 2012|president=[[John Atta Mills]]|predecessor=[[Alex Tettey-Enyo]]|successor=[[Enoch Teye Mensah]]|order2=|office2=[[Attorney General of Ghana|Attorney General and Minister for Justice]]|term_start2=Feb 2009|term_end2=Jan 2011|president2=[[John Atta Mills]]|predecessor2=[[Joe Ghartey]]|successor2=[[Martin Amidu]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1953|03|22|df=yes}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|restingplace=|restingplacecoordinates=|birthname=Betty Mould|nationality=Ghanaian|party=[[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]|spouse=[[Mahama Iddrisu|Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu]]|relations=[[Alex Mould]] (brother)|children=|residence=|education=[[Achimota School]]<br/>[[Accra Academy]]|alma_mater={{unbulleted|[[University of Ghana]]|[[London School of Economics]]}}|occupation=|profession=[[Lawyer]]|cabinet=|committees=|portfolio=|signature=|website=|footnotes=|known_for=[[List of the first women holders of political offices in Africa#Ghana|First female Attorney General of Ghana]]}} Betty Nah-Akuyea Mould-Iddrisu (amụrụ 22 Maachị 1953[1] [2]) bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye Ghana. Onye otu National Democratic Congress (NDC), ọ bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na Ghana site na 2011 ruo 2012, [3] [4] ka ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka Attorney General na Minister for Justice site na 2009 ruo 2011.[5] [6] Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ ga-edu Ọfịs Attorney General na Ghana.[7] Tupu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụbu onye isi ihe gbasara iwu na iwu n'ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth na London. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theghanaianjournal.com/2008/04/10/betty-mould-iddrissu-disappointed/|title=Betty Mould Iddrissu Disappointed|accessdate=2009-02-28|author=Emmanuel K. Dogbevi|publisher=The Ghanaian Journal}}</ref> Mould-Iddrisu bụ otu n'ime ndị e chere na ọ ga-abụ onye a ga-ahọpụta maka Osote Onye isi ala nke Ghana na tiketi nke National Democratic Congress (NDC). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Betty Mould-Iddrissu ready to run with Mills|url=http://www.myzongo.com/2008/01/30/betty-mould-iddrissu-ready-to-run-with-mills/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312113241/http://www.myzongo.com/2008/01/30/betty-mould-iddrissu-ready-to-run-with-mills/|archivedate=March 12, 2008|accessdate=2009-02-28|publisher=MyZongo.}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ izizi ya na Ghana International School wee gaa Achimota School na Accra Academy maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.[1][2] O nwetara nzere bachelọ na iwu (LLB) na Mahadum Ghana, Legon n'etiti 1973 na 1976.[3][4] Nzuzu agụmakwụkwọ ya gụnyere nzere Master nwetara na 1978 site na London School of Economics. . == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara Mould-Iddrisu onye isi ngalaba nke Legal and Constitutional Affairs Division of Commonwealth Secretariat, otu gọọmentị etiti nwere steeti iri ise na atọ dabere na London. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị pụtara ìhè n'oge ya na Secretariat gụnyere ilekọta mmejuputa iwu na mpaghara mpụ gafere mba ụwa, mgbochi iyi ọha egwu na iwu mba ụwa. Ọ na-ahụ maka mmejuputa mmemme nke Secretariats na mgbochi nrụrụ aka, mgbake ihe onwunwe na ụkpụrụ ikpe. Na mgbakwunye, o mejuputa usoro iwu dị iche iche site na ndozigharị ikpe, idebe iwu na ikike iwulite ngalaba iwu na Commonwealth n'etiti ndị ọzọ..<ref name="Pioneer African Women in Law" />><ref>{{Cite web|title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Ghana|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/|accessdate=2024-07-26|work=www.peacefmonline.com|archivedate=2023-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107074106/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/}}</ref> Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ nye ndị isi ala, ndị minista ma a na-akpọkarị ya ka ọ nye ndụmọdụ dị elu nye gọọmentị, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị obodo. Ọ na-enyekwa mba ndị otu ndụmọdụ na mpaghara iwu mba ụwa, iwu iwu na ikike mmadụ ma na-ahazi nzukọ ndị minista na ndị isi. Ọ bụ onye isi nke ndị odeakwụkwọ nke Electoral Observer Group na ntuli aka [[Uganda|Ugandan]] nke afọ 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu Biography {{!}} Profile {{!}} Ghana|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=www.peacefmonline.com|archivedate=2023-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107074106/https://www.peacefmonline.com/ghana/people/politicians/betty_mould_iddrisu/biography/}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka In-house-Chief ndụmọdụ gbasara iwu nke Secretary General na Secretariat. N'ime ikike ahụ ọ na-ejikwa otu ndị ọka iwu sitere na nzụlite dị iche iche ma bụrụkwa maka ijikwa mmefu ego nke ngalaba ya na iwepụta akụrụngwa maka mmefu ego. Ọ na-enyekwara onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu na ndị nnọchi anya ya abụọ aka na njikwa nke Secretariat ma na-anọchite anya ndị odeakwụkwọ na Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe. N'agbata afọ 1990 na 2000, n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya na Ụlọọrụ Commonwealth nke dị na London, ọ kụziri na ngalaba iwu nke Mahadum Ghana, na-ebipụtakwa akwụkwọ na akụkọ dị iche iche gbasara ikike ọgụgụ isi..<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/PersonDetail.asp?personID=269|title=Moynihan Institute of global affairs -Betty Mould-Iddrisu|accessdate=2010-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112022714/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/PersonDetail.asp?personID=269|archivedate=2007-11-12}} </ref><ref name="Pioneer African Women in Law">{{Cite web|title=Pioneer African Women in Law|url=https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Betty-Mould-Iddrisu|accessdate=2021-02-05|work=African Women in Law|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120091124/https://www.africanwomeninlaw.com/african-women-in-law/Betty-Mould-Iddrisu|archive-date=2021-01-20|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''African Women in Law''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Attorney General nke Ghana === Onye isi ala John Evans Atta Mills, Onye isi ala nke Republic of [[Ghana]], ṅụrụ Mould-Iddrisu iyi na Febụwarị, 2009 dị ka Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Attorney General.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2009|title=First woman Attorney-General Sworn In|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/First-woman-Attorney-General-Sworn-In-158328|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara maka ọrụ ahụ na Ghana. === Ịgba arụkwaghịm === Mould-Iddrisu gbara arụkwaghịm na gọọmentị na Jenụwarị 2012 n'ihi ihe ndị ọha na eze na-amaghị. Onye isi ala Mills nabatara arụkwaghịm nke Mould-Iddrisu, n'echi ya <ref>{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Former A-G, Betty Mould-Iddrisu Resigns|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90518.php|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Peacefmonline - Ghana news|archivedate=2023-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729132908/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201201/90518.php}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dogbevi|first=Emmanuel|date=2012-01-24|title=President Mills accepts Betty Mould-Iddrisu's resignation Letter|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2012/01/24/president-mills-accepts-betty-mould-iddrisus-resignation-letter/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a bụ ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe onye nọchiri ya dị ka Attorney-General nke Onye isi ala chụpụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=President Mills Relieves Attorney-General Of His Post|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/general-news/10433-president-mills-relieves-attorney-general-of-his-post-|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422034630/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/general-news/10433-president-mills-relieves-attorney-general-of-his-post-|archivedate=22 April 2012|accessdate=25 January 2012|publisher=Ghana Government}}</ref> Ọ nọ n'okpuru nrụgide n'ihe gbasara ikpe mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Attorney-General.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=228421|title=Education Minister Betty Mould-Iddrisu resigns|work=General News|publisher=Ghana Home Page|accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref> Enoch Teye Mensah nọchiri ya na Ministry of Education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=E.T. Mensah Takes Over Education|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=228426|work=General News|publisher=Ghana Home Page|accessdate=25 January 2012|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070341/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=228426}}</ref> === Echiche banyere ọnọdụ na Ghana === N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, ọ jụrụ ajụjụ banyere mkpa ọ dị n'Ọfịs nke Ndị Ikpe Pụrụ Iche, na-atụ aro na gọọmentị National Patriotic Party (NPP) guzobere ya iji soro ndị ha na ha ekwekọrịtaghị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ gbakwụnyekwara na ọ na-ebelata ike nke ọfịs Attorney General.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 10, 2023|title=Betty Mould-Iddrisu questions relevance of OSP, says it was set up for political prosecutions|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1243491/betty-mould-iddrisu-questions-relevance-of-osp.html|work=ModernGhana}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Betty Mould-Iddrisu bụ nwunye onye bụbu Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa Mahama Iddrisu na nwanne nwanyị nke Alex Mould, onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Ghana National Petroleum Corporation. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-04|title=NDC presidential race: Betty Mould, husband support me – Iddrisu|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/NDC-presidential-race-Betty-Mould-husband-support-me-Iddrisu-657388|accessdate=2021-02-17|work=Ghanaweb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=When The Moulds, Re-Mould Our Lives|language=en-gb|work=Modern Ghana|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/382631/when-the-moulds-re-mould-our-lives.html|accessdate=2017-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-03-09|title=When The Moulds, Re-Mould Our Lives|language=en-US|work=News Ghana|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/when-the-moulds-re-mould-our-lives/|accessdate=2017-11-28}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mould-Iddrisu, Betty}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nhmcvpube5diatud9xjz1ggb2scw37j 0 58754 742326 705831 2026-11-02T15:29:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742326 wikitext text/x-wiki Borna Nyaoke bụ dibịa bekee na onye nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ, onye weghaara dị ka onye isi nyocha Mycetoma na 2023 site na ọnọdụ mbụ ya dị ka onye njikwa nke nnwale ụlọ ọgwụ na ọgwụ maka ọrịa a na-eleghara anya / Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (DNdi / GARDP).[1][2] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka onye njikwa nnwale Clinical na KAVI (Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Institute of Clinical Research, dabere na Mahadum Nairobi..<ref name="1R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.southcentre.int/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ReAct-Africa-Annual-Conference-2019-Final-Program.pdf|title=ReAct Africa and South Centre Conference 2019: Borna Nyaoke Biography|publisher=Southcentre.int|date=25 July 2019|author=South Centre|accessdate=28 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web|author=|date=2017|title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya|url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf|accessdate=28 June 2020|work=Business Daily Africa|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyaoke, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike ọha, ya na Dọkịnta Roselyne Okello, onye na-ahụ maka redio, Dọkịnta Nida Okumu, ọkachamara n'ọrịa na-efe efe na Dr. Achieng Aling, onye dibịa bekee na ọkachamara n'ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị, hiwere Hema Foundation, otu ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na Nairobi, na 2015. Ha anọ bụ ụmụ klas ha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Nairobi. Hema na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ agbọghọ ime obodo dị afọ 17 na ndị na-eto eto, nyocha maka ọrịa, ịgwọ ọrịa, na-agba ume akwụkwọ na nhọrọ isiokwu STEM; nakwa inye nduzi, ndụmọdụ na ndụmọdụ.<ref name="3R">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Meet the Founders of Hema Foundation|url=http://inourhands.org.ng/2018/09/19/meet-the-founders-of-hema-foundation/|publisher=In Our Hands Organization Nigeria|author=In Our Hands Organization|accessdate=28 June 2020|archivedate=17 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217121154/http://inourhands.org.ng/2018/09/19/meet-the-founders-of-hema-foundation/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Borna Nyaoke (1987) na [[Kenya]] ma ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Kenya maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na nke sekọndrị. A nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Nairobi, ebe ọ gụrụ ọgwụ mmadụ, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Medicine na Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB). Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Liverpool, na nzere Master of Public Health (MPH), ọkachamara na njikwa usoro ahụike. Ọ gakwara Global Clinical Scholars Research Training (GCSRT) Program na Harvard School of Medicine, ọkachamara na-eme nnwale ahụike.<ref name="2R" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere mbụ ya, Borna Nyaoke gara ụlọ ọgwụ Kenyatta National Hospital, wee gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Onye Ọgwụ ahụike na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nairobi. Kemgbe Febụwarị 2018, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na DNDi / GARDP, dị ka onye njikwa nke nnwale ahụike. Ọzọkwa, malite na Jenụwarị 2015, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Health and Wellness Solutions Limited, ọrụ ahụike onwe onye, na-enye ndị ahịa ya ihe ngwọta ahụike onwe ha na nke ụlọ ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, o bipụtara nchọpụta nke nyocha ya n'akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara, gụnyere ndị edepụtara na ntinye aka a.<ref name="4R">{{Cite web|title=Medical Publications By Borna Nyaoke|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Borna_Nyaoke|date=June 2020|accessdate=28 June 2020|author=Researchgate}}</ref> Nyaoke na-ekwu na ndị Kenya na-adịkarị ogologo ndụ, tupu ha amalite iri nri a kwadebere nke ọma ma na-ebi ndụ. Site n'ịgbasawanye, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọrịa ndị na-adịghị ebute ọrịa na obodo ahụ metụtara nri na mmega ahụ na / ma ọ bụ ọkwa enweghị ọrụ nke obodo ahụ.<ref name="5R">{{Cite web|title=Njonjo, Moi, Moody: Why These Wazee Are Still Up And Running|publisher=Diaspora Messenger|url=https://diasporamessenger.com/2019/04/njonjo-moi-moody-wazee/|date=24 May 2020|author=Eric Nyakagwa and Cheptoek Boyo|accessdate=28 June 2020|format=Also appeared in Sde.co.ke}}</ref> == Onyinye == * 2017: A kpọrọ ya "Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya" site na Nation Media Group.<ref name="2R" /> == Hụkwa == * [[Elizabeth Itotia]] * Esperance Luvindao * [[Shitsama Nyamweya]] * [[Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno]] == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyaoke-Anoke, Borna}} a2kcvoz1mw09qffmmdi9nxkya206shg 0 59037 742586 204547 2026-11-03T08:45:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742586 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asụsụ Lakes Plain''' bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Papuan, nke a na-asụ na Ọdọ Mmiri Indonesian New Guinea . Ha bụ ndị ama ama maka ịdị oke ụda na n'ihi enweghị consonants imi ha. == Nhazi == Stephen Wurm chịkọtara asụsụ ndị Lakes Plain na asụsụ Tor na atụmatụ Trans–New Guinea ya. Clouse (1997) jụrụ njikọ a na asụsụ Tor wee chịkọta ha na asụsụ Geelvink Bay . Malcolm Ross na-ekewa asụsụ ndị ahụ dị ka ezinụlọ nwere onwe ha, ọkwa nke Timothy Usher kwadoro. N'ihi myirịta ụda olu pụtara ìhè na ikekọrịta nke okwu ndị bụ isi kwụsiri ike dị ka 'olu', William A. Foley na-akọwapụta na enwere ike inwe mmekọrịta dị anya nke na-ekekọrịta n'etiti ezinụlọ [[Asụsụ ndị Skoo|Skou]] na Lakes Plain, mana ọnweghị ndụmọdụ gbasara njikọ ezinụlọ abụọ ahụ emere n'ihi enweghị akaebe zuru oke. <ref name="Foley-NWNG"/> Na mgbakwunye na dị ka Foley si kwuo, dabere na myirịta ụfọdụ okwu na ụda olu, asụsụ Keuw (nke na-edobebeghị ugbu a) nwekwara ike ịkekọrịta mmekọrịta miri emi na asụsụ Lakes Plain. Dịka East Cenderawasih Bay, Trans-New Guinea, na ezinụlọ asụsụ South Bougainville, asụsụ Lakes Plain nwere usoro akara ikpe na-ezighị ezi . N'ụzọ dị iche, ọtụtụ asụsụ dị na mgbago ugwu Papua New Guinea nwere sistemu ịka akara ikpe. <ref name="Foley-Typology">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|authorlink=William A. Foley|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=895–938|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> === Mmechi (1997) === Mmechi (1997, p.&nbsp;155) na-ekewa n'ime ezinụlọ Lakes Plain ka: <ref name="Clouse-LakesPlain"/>   Clouse kwubiri na asụsụ East Geelvink Bay bụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Lakes Plain, na-eji ya na-emepe ''Geelvink Bay phylum'' sara mbara. <ref name="Clouse-LakesPlain">{{Cite book|author=Clouse|first=Duane A.|year=1997|chapter=Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya|title=Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics|isbn=0858834421|editor=Karl Franklin|pages=133&ndash;236|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145737/1/PL-A85.pdf}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFClouse1997">Clouse, Duane A. (1997). "Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plain languages of Irian Jaya". In Karl Franklin (ed.). [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145737/1/PL-A85.pdf ''Papers in Papuan linguistics no. 2''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol.&nbsp;A-85. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">133–</span>236. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0858834421|<bdi>0858834421</bdi>]].</cite></ref> === Usher (2018) === Asụsụ Lakes Plain dịka nke Usher kewara bụ ndị a: {{clade|{{clade |label1=[[Wapoga River]] |1={{clade |1=[[Awera language|Awera]] |2=[[Kehu language|Kehu]] (Keuw) |3=[[Rombak River]]: [[Rasawa language|Rasawa]], [[Saponi language|Saponi]] }} |label2=West |2={{clade |1=[[Tause language|Tause]] |label2=[[Tariku River]] |2={{clade |1=[[Iau language|Edopi–Iau–Foi–Turu]] [a dialect cluster] |2=[[Fayu language|Fayu]] |3=[[Kirikiri language|Kirikiri]] }} }} |label3=Central |3=[[Sikaritai language|Sikaritai]], [[Eritai language|Eritai]], [[Papasena language|Papasena]] |label4=Duvle–East |4={{clade |1=[[Duvle language|Duvle]] |2=East Lakes Plain: [[Foau language|Foau]] (Abawiri), [[Taworta language|Taworta]] (Diebroud) }} }}|label1=Lakes Plains}}Agụnyeghị na nhazi ọkwa dị n'elu, Kaiy, Kwerisa, Doutai na Waritai bụ nke a na-eche na ọ bụkwa Central Lakes Plain; otu ahụ maka Obokuitai na Biritai . Clouse etinyela ha nso na Papasena na Eritai, n'otu n'otu, ha nwekwara ike iji asụsụ ndị ahụ mepụta ụyọkọ olumba. Enwere ajụjụ gbasara nsonye Saponi, Kehu na Tause. == Nkpọaha == Mkpọaha aha Ross na-ewughachi maka proto-Tariku bụ, Nnọchiaha nke "I" na "gị" kwekọrọ bụ proto–East Lake Plain ''*a, *do,'' Awera ''yai, nai'' (nke ikpeazụ sitere na ''*dai;'' tụnyerekwa ''e'' "anyị"), na Rasawa ''e-, de-.'' Saponi enweghị nnọchiaha ọ bụla n'ime ezinụlọ Lakes Plain; n'ezie nnochiaha ya ''mamire'' "I, we" na ''ba'' "gi" na-echetara proto-East Bird's Head ''*meme'' "anyị" na ''*ba'' "gị". Agbanyeghị, Saponi na Rasawa na-ekerịta ọkara nke usoro nkọwa okwu ya, Ross hapụrụ ya na ezinụlọ Lakes Plain na-eche nyocha ọzọ. A na-achịkọtakwa asụsụ Tause n'etiti otu Tariku nke asụsụ Ọdọ Mmiri. Ross bufere ya na isi nnụnụ East - asụsụ Sentani na ndabere nke nnọchiaha myirịta na-atụ anya na nke a ga-akwalite nyocha ọzọ. N'okpuru bụ nnọchiaha n'asụsụ Lakes Plain ahọpụtara dịka Foley (2018) nyere: <ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{Cite book|author=Foley|first=William A.|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=433–568|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoley2018">Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). ''The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide''. The World of Linguistics. Vol.&nbsp;4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">433–</span>568. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028642-7|<bdi>978-3-11-028642-7</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta mpaghara Papua maka ndepụta mpaghara na obodo nta nwere asụsụ dị iche iche == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-lakes-plain Proto-Lakes-Plain] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' . Site na (1) Mmechi, DA 1997. Maka nrụgharị na nhazigharị nke asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Irian Jaya. Na Franklin, K. (ed). Akwụkwọ dị na Papuan Linguistics Nke 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra. ; (2) Mmechi, DA 1993. Asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Iran, 21, 1–32. * [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-far-west Ọdọ mmiri Proto-Far West Lake] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' . Site na (1) Mmechi, DA 1997. Maka nrụgharị na nhazigharị nke asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Irian Jaya. Na Franklin, K. (ed). Akwụkwọ dị na Papuan Linguistics Nke 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra. ; (2) Mmechi, DA 1993. Asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Iran, 21, 1–32. * [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-tariku Proto-Tariku] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' . Site na (1) Mmechi, DA 1997. Maka nrụgharị na nhazigharị nke asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Irian Jaya. Na Franklin, K. (ed). Akwụkwọ dị na Papuan Linguistics Nke 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra. ; (2) Mmechi, DA 1993. Asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Iran, 21, 1–32. * [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-west-tariku Proto-West-Tariku] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' . Site na (1) Mmechi, DA 1997. Maka nrụgharị na nhazigharị nke asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Irian Jaya. Na Franklin, K. (ed). Akwụkwọ dị na Papuan Linguistics Nke 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra. ; (2) Mmechi, DA 1993. Asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Iran, 21, 1–32. * [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-central-tariku Proto-Central-Tariku] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' . Site na (1) Mmechi, DA 1997. Maka nrụgharị na nhazigharị nke asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Irian Jaya. Na Franklin, K. (ed). Akwụkwọ dị na Papuan Linguistics Nke 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra. ; (2) Mmechi, DA 1993. Asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Iran, 21, 1–32. * [http://transnewguinea.org/language/proto-east-tariku Proto-East-Tariku] . ''TransNewGuinea.org'' . Site na (1) Mmechi, DA 1997. Maka nrụgharị na nhazigharị nke asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Irian Jaya. Na Franklin, K. (ed). Akwụkwọ dị na Papuan Linguistics Nke 2. Pacific Linguistics: Canberra. ; (2) Mmechi, DA 1993. Asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Iran, 21, 1–32. {{Reflist}}ezinụlọ Skou na Lakes Plain, mana ọnweghị ndụmọdụ gbasara njikọ ezinụlọ abụọ ahụ emere n'ihi enweghị akaebe zuru oke. [1] Na mgbakwunye na dị ka Foley si kwuo, dabere na myirịta ụfọdụ okwu na ụda olu, asụsụ Keuw (nke na-edobebeghị ugbu a) nwekwara ike ịkekọrịta mmekọrịta mpaghara == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://transnewguinea.org/family/lakesplain Ebe nchekwa data asụsụ Lakes Plain na TransNewGuinea.org] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k9p2m4swyezr32wx2n7pkcbd2kb7yrl 0 59570 742343 578227 2026-11-02T20:19:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742343 wikitext text/x-wiki Christine Mukabunani bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Rwandan onye otu nzuko omeiwu na Rwanda. ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Social Party IMBERAKURI. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Christine Mukabunani|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/topics/christine-mukabunani|accessdate=2021-11-26|work=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Christine na-eje ozi dị ka onye omeiwu na Rwanda kemgbe 2018, ọ sonyere na ọzụzụ mmemme na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Social Party IMBERAKURI. ha nọbu na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke National Consultative Forum of Political Organizations (NFPO). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with MP Christine {{!}} The Golda Meir Mashav-Carmel International Training Center|url=https://mctc.mfa.gov.il/?q=content/interview-mp-christine|accessdate=2021-11-26|work=mctc.mfa.gov.il|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126110639/https://mctc.mfa.gov.il/?q=content/interview-mp-christine|archive-date=2021-11-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukabunani, Christine}} eh9evbga75uy08eyf7cvtl90b1z93zf 0 59633 742592 205446 2026-11-03T08:46:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742592 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọdọ Mmiri Beetle dị ka nwoke na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ''' ( Russian ) bụ akụkọ ifo ndị Rọshịa ( ''skazka'' ) nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Russia Dimitry M. Balashov chịkọtara. . Ọ na-ekwu maka alụmdi na nwunye dị n'etiti nwa agbọghọ mmadụ na [[Lake beetle|ebe ọdọ mmiri]] na-agbanwe ghọọ mmadụ aha ya bụ Osip. Nne nke dike na-egbu di ya na nwa agbọghọ na-akọcha ụmụ ya ka ha ghọọ nnụnụ na njedebe nke akụkọ ahụ. A na-ekewa akụkọ ahụ na [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] dị ka ụdị ATU 425M, "Snake dị ka nwoke na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ", ụdị nke metụtara gburugburu ụwa nke ''Animal dị ka onye na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ'', n'ihi na nwa agbọghọ na-alụ nwanyị na-alụ nwoke nwere ike iwere ọdịdị anụmanụ n'ihi ọbụbụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ ọdịdị mara mma ya. A na-ejikọta akụkọ ahụ na akụkọ Lithuania na Baltic nke ''Eglė, Queen of Serpents'', na ụdị dị iche iche anakọtara n'asụsụ Slavic ndị ọzọ, dị ka Russian, Belarusian na Ukrainian ( East Slavic ) na Polish . == Isi mmalite == Ọ bụ onye Russia bụ́ ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma Dimitry M. Balashov chịkọtara akụkọ ahụ na mbụ sitere n'aka Elisaveta Ivanovna Sidorova, nke sitere na mpaghara Tersky, na Oké Osimiri Ọcha, nke nwere aha "Озерный жук - жених" ("Lake Bettle - Groom"). <ref name="auto1"/> Ọkà mmụta Isidor Levin mechara sụgharịa akụkọ ahụ dị ka ''Der Seekäfer als Bräutigam'' . <ref name="auto2"/> == Nchịkọta == Agadi nwanyị nwere otu nwa nwanyị. Otu ụbọchị, nwa agbọghọ ahụ na ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ na-aga na-asa ahụ na ọdọ mmiri, na-ahapụ uwe ha n'ikpere mmiri. Mgbe ha lọghachiri iburu uwe ha, otu ebe pụtara n'uwe nwa agbọghọ ahụ ma rịọ ya. Ndị enyi ya na-eyiri uwe ya, chekwaa ya, bụ onye kwenyesiri ike ịnakwere atụmatụ ebe ahụ. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ nakweere atụmatụ anụmanụ ahụ wee weghachi uwe ya, ebe ebe ahụ na-awụghachi azụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee gbachie nkịtị banyere ihe ahụ merenụ. Otú ọ dị, n'otu abalị ahụ, nwa agbọghọ ahụ na nne ya nụrụ ka ụfọdụ na-akụ aka n'ụlọ ha, olu ndị na-ekwu banyere alụmdi na nwunye, nwa agbọghọ ahụ gwakwara nne ya ihe nile. N'abalị na-esote, otu olu ahụ kụrụ aka n'ọnụ ụzọ nwanyị ahụ wee rịọ nwunye. N'abalị nke atọ, nwanyị ahụ kpebiri inyefe ihe ha chọrọ, tinye nwa ya nwanyị na uwe olili ozu ma na-abụ abụ olili ozu, ka ọ na-anapụta nwa agbọghọ ahụ n'olu, na-ewere na ọ nwụrụ anwụ ebe ọ bụ na ọ bi ugbu a n'ọdọ mmiri. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na nwa agbọghọ ahụ lụrụ onye ọzọ "tọọrọ" bụ onye ya na "ndị ọdọ mmiri", aha ya bụ Osip Tsarevich. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ na Osip nwere ụmụ abụọ, otu nwoke na otu nwanyị. Otu ụbọchị, ọ na-atamu ntamu na ọ masịrị ya na ọ ga-aga eleta nne ya n'ala. Ndị ọdọ mmiri na-ekwe ka ọ bịa, ma Osip kuziri ya iwu: “Osip, Osip, kuru m” ka o were mee ihe mgbe ọ lọtara nleta ya. Nwata nwaanyị ahụ kpọrọ ụmụ ya gaa n’ụlọ nne ya. Obi tọrọ nwaanyị ahụ ụtọ ịhụ na nwa ya nwaanyị dị ndụ ma jụọ ya otú o si ebi n’ebe ahụ. Nwatakịrị nwanyị ahụ n'onwe ya na-agwa nne ya banyere iwu nzuzo nke na-enye ohere maka ịlaghachi, wee hie ụra. Ka nwa ya nwanyị na-arahụ ụra, nwanyị ahụ were anyụike gawa ọdọ mmiri, wee kpọọ Osip. Isi Osip si n'ọdọ mmiri pụta, nwanyị ahụ gbupụrụ isi ya, wee laghachi n'ụlọ hie ụra. N’echi ya, nwa agbọghọ ahụ sịrị nne ya gaa nke ọma ma soro ụmụ ya laghachi n’ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ọ na-ekwughachi iwu nzuzo ahụ, mana oke ifufe na-efe n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mmiri ahụ na-afụ ụfụ ọbara, na isi, nke Osip, na-ese n'elu elu, wee felie azụ azụ. Nwa agbọghọ ahụ na-atụgharị nwa ya nwoke ka ọ bụrụ nduru na ada ya nwanyị ka ọ bụrụ ilo ilo, wee fepụ, ebe ọ na-agbanwe onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-azụ anụ . Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na nne nwa agbọghọ ahụ chere na site na igbu Osip, na ọ ga-anọ n'elu ala, ma cuckoo bụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|author=Балашов|first=Дмитрий Михайлович|title=Сказки Терского берега Белого моря|location=Leningrad|publisher=НАУКА|date=1970|pages=137-138 (text for tale nr. 63), 422 (source)}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFБалашов1970">Балашов, Дмитрий Михайлович (1970). ''Сказки Терского берега Белого моря'' (in Russian). Leningrad: НАУКА. pp.&nbsp;137-138 (text for tale nr. 63), 422 (source).</cite> [[Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)]]</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|title=Zarensohn am Feuerfluss: russische Märchen von der Weissmeerküste|editor=Isidor Levin|publisher=Röth|date=1984|pages=76-78 (German text for tale nr. 7), 216 (classification)|isbn=9783876803371}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIsidor_Levin1984">Isidor Levin, ed. (1984). ''Zarensohn am Feuerfluss: russische Märchen von der Weissmeerküste'' (in German). Röth. pp.&nbsp;76-78 (German text for tale nr. 7), 216 (classification). [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783876803371|<bdi>9783876803371</bdi>]].</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Nyocha == === Ụdị akụkọ === A na-ekewa akụkọ ahụ, na nhazi akụkọ ọdịnala East Slavic ( Russian ), dị ka ụdị akụkọ SUS 425M, "Жена ужа (змея, гада)" ("Nwunye Agwo" ma ọ bụ "Nwunye Agwọ Ahịhịa"). Dị ka akwụkwọ mmụta ndị Russia si kwuo, ụdị akụkọ 425M na-ejikọta ya na ATU 703, " Snow-Maiden " n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche iche nke Russia. Ụdị East Slavic kwekọrọ, na International [[Ndepụta Aarne-Thompson-Uther|Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]], dị ka ụdị akụkọ ATU 425M, "Snake dị ka onye na-alụ ọhụrụ" (na mbụ, "Edobere uwe ụmụ nwanyị na-asa ahụ"): heroine na-aga igwu mmiri na ọdọ mmiri, ma mgbe ọ na-aga iji nweta uwe ya agwọ (ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ) na-anọdụ ala n'elu uwe ya; dike na-anabata, ma emesia di anụ ụlọ ya ga-aga kpọta ya; dike na di anụmanụ, nke na-aghọ mmadụ, nwere ụmụ; ọ na-akpọrọ ha gaa leta ezinụlọ ya ma mụta abụ nzuzo ma ọ bụ iwu nke na-enye ohere maka ịlaghachi; Umu-ndikom dike ahu emesia tupu ihe nzuzo nye ezinulo ya wee gbuo di ya; heroine na ụmụ ya na-agbalị ịlaghachi na di anụmanụ, ma chọpụta na ọ nwụọla; N'ikpeazụ, heroine na-akọcha ụmụ ya ka ha ghọọ osisi ma ọ bụ nnụnụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Uther|first=Hans-Jörg|authorlink=Hans-Jörg Uther|title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson|date=2004|publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica|isbn=978-951-41-0963-8}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Swahn|first=Jan Öjvind|title=The Tale of Cupid and Psyche|location=Lund|publisher=C.W.K. Gleerup|date=1955}}</ref> ==== Ukraine ==== Onye nyocha Galina Kabakova tụgharịrị wee bipụta ụdị dị iche iche sitere na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] akpọrọ ''Les coucous, les alouettes et les anụ ufe'' . O kwukwara na ụdị dị iche iche nke nwa nwanyị na-aghọ ''ortie'' ( nettle ) ma ọ bụ cuckoo, na nwa nwoke na-aghọ basilisk ma ọ bụ nightingale. Ọkà mmụta England bụ́ AH Wratislaw chịkọtara akụkọ ''banyere Mgbanwe ghọọ Nightingale na Cuckoo'' (Russian: ''Prevrastenye v Solovya i kukushku'' ) sitere na " Little Russia " n'ime ''akụkọ akụkọ iri isii ya sitere na isi mmalite Slavonic'' . N'akụkọ a, otu nwa agbọghọ mmadụ hụrụ agwọ n'anya ma ha abụọ bi n'obí dị n'okpuru ala nke ejiri kristal mee. Ọ na-aghọ nne ejima (nwa agbọghọ na nwa nwoke). Nne ya ochie jidere mmanye wee "gbaba n'ime obodo". Nwa agbọghọ ahụ “hụrụ na o kpugheere ọnwụ n’ihu ya” ma, site n’iwu ya, na-enye ụmụ ya iwu ka ha ghọọ nnụnụ: nwa nwoke a nightingale na nwa agbọghọ a cuckoo, na a na-ekwu na a nettle nwụrụ anwụ bụ ihe fọdụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Wratislaw|first=A. H.|title=Sixty Folk-Tales from Exclusively Slavonic Sources|location=London|publisher=Elliot Stock|date=1889|pages=160–161|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/48761/pg48761-images.html#chap30}}</ref> ==== Poland ==== Asụgharịla ụdị dị iche iche sitere na Poland gaa na Bekee nwere aha ''Egle na Zaltis'' . Dị ka agụmakwụkwọ si kwuo, ụdị dị iche iche anakọtara n'ebe ugwu Poland, n'ókèala oge ochie nke Yotvingians (Jatvings), na-egosi na a na-emesịa ata ụmụnna nwoke iri na abụọ nke Égle ahụhụ site n'aka chi égbè eluigwe Perkūnas nke Baltic. Bronisław Sokalski bipụtara ụdịdị Polish ọzọ nwere aha ''Król wężów'' ("Eze Agwọ"). N'akụkọ a, ụmụnne nwanyị atọ na-asa ahụ na mmiri. Ndị okenye abụọ ahụ na-apụ, ebe nke ọdụdụ, aha ya bụ Lilla, gbalịrị ịchọta uwe ya ma hụ agwọ n'elu ya. Anụ ahụ na-ekwe nkwa ịlụ ya maka uwe. N’echi ya, agwọ abụọ bịara n’ụlọ ya ka ha butere ya onyenwe ha. [ b ] Na akụkọ Polish nke a sụgharịrị dị ka ''Jegle na Eze nke ọdọ mmiri'', onye ọkụ azụ nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ wee gaa ịkụ azụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mgbe, na mberede, oké ifufe malitere iwe ọkụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-eyi egwu na ọ ga-erikpu nwoke ahụ. Otú ọ dị, a napụtara ya site n'aka nwoke dị omimi nke nwere ntutu isi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka Zaltis, Eze nke ọdọ mmiri. Onye na-akụ azụ̀ ahụ nwere ekele maka nnapụta ahụ wee jụọ ihe ọ ga-enyeghachi; Zaltis na-ekwu na ọ chọrọ ihe kacha baa uru nke onye ọkụ azụ, ma kwe nkwa inye ya azụ maka ndụ ya dum. Onye ọkụ azụ̀ ahụ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee chọpụta na nwunye ya amụla nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Jegle. Ọtụtụ afọ gafere, nwunye onye ọkụ azụ̀ nwụrụ ma Jegle gbapụrụ n'ụlọ mgbe nna ya na ụmụnne ya na-anọghị ya. Ọ na-amasị ya iji ụbọchị ya na-etinye ụkwụ ya na mmiri, nnukwu azụ̀ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egwuri egwu n'etiti ụkwụ ya. Ka e mesịrị, otu agadi nwanyị gara leta Jegle na-achọ ya, wee ghọọ nwanyị, na-ekwu na ọ na-eweta ozi sitere n'aka di Jegle, Zaltis, ma gwa nwa agbọghọ ahụ izute ya n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri n'echi ya. Jegle gara ọdọ mmiri ahụ izute Zaltis, onye dị n'ụdị mmadụ, wee kpọga ya n'obí ya dị n'okpuru mmiri. Ha na-ebi ndụ obi ụtọ ruo otu oge, ruo ụbọchị Jegle malitere ịhụ nna ya anya ma chọọ ileta ya. Zaltis kwetara ka ọ gaa na nke nna nwunye ya, ọ kpọbatara ya n'elu ụwa. Jegle nwere obi ụtọ ileta nna ya, mana ụmụnne ya na nzuzo kpebiri ịkpọghachi ya n'aka Eze nke ọdọ mmiri. Mgbe ọ gachara, Jegle gara na nsọtụ ọdọ ahụ chere di ya; ụmụnne ya na-eso ya chere Zaltis ka o si n’ọdọ mmiri pụta. Ozugbo eze lacustrine pụtara, ndị ọgọ ya nwoke gbalịrị ijide ya, ma anwansi ya na-eme ka ha ghọọ nkume. Zaltis kpọghachite Jegle n'obí ha, ma kọwaa na a ga-eme ka ụmụnne ya dịghachi mma mgbe obere oge gasịrị. ==== Belarus ==== Dị ka agụmakwụkwọ si kwuo, ọ bụ naanị otu ụdị [[Belarus|Belarusian]] nke akụkọ ahụ nwere mgbanwe nwa nwanyị ka ọ bụrụ frog. == Ihe odide ala ala peeji == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite journal|author=ДОБРОВОЛЬСКАЯ|first=В. Е.|title=ИСТОРИЯ ФИКСАЦИИ СКАЗКИ «ЖЕНА УЖА» (425 М) У РУССКИХ|journal=Традиционная культура|volume=16|issue=4 (60)|date=2015|pages=90-98|url=http://www.trad-culture.ru/en/article/history-recording-folktale-grass-snake-husband-bathing-girls-garment-kept-until-promise}} * {{Cite journal|first=Леонид Геннадьевич|author=Каяниди|title=СКАЗКИ ТИПА 425M «ЖЕНА УЖА» ИЗ СМОЛЕНСКОЙ И БРЕСТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЕЙ|journal=ЖИВАЯ СТАРИНА|issue=2 (102)|date=2019|pages=34-37|issn=0204-3432}} * {{Cite journal|author=Kayanidi|first=L.G.|date=2020|title=Структурно-семантическая типология метаморфозно-орнитологического сюжета восточнославянской сказки (СУС 425М)|journal=Фольклор: структура, типология, семиотика|volume=3|issue=1|pages=56–93|doi=10.28995/2658-5294-2020-3-1-56-93|url=https://www.academia.edu/121135174/Structural_and_semantic_typology_of_the_metamorphic_ornithological_plot_of_an_East_Slavic_tale_SUS_425%D0%9C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%A1_425%D0%9C_}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jla2q9l1t08v3saonhdgdyp22ttaopq 0 59740 742680 707906 2026-11-03T09:19:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya''' (ma ọ bụ '''ụgbọ mmiri a na-ahụbeghị''' ) na-ekwu na mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Europe rutere nso n’Ebe Ugwu America, Ndịda America, ma ọ bụ Australia, ọdịdị nke nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri ha dị nnọọ iche nye ndị obodo nke na ha apụghị ọbụna ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n’ihu ha. O yikarịrị ka ọ dabere na akụkụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Joseph Banks na-akọwa ọbịbịa HMS <nowiki><i id="mwCw">Endeavor</i></nowiki> na Botany Bay . Ụlọ akụ na-ede na ndị obodo ahụ eyighị ka ọ tụrụ ha n'anya ma ọ bụ na-echegbu onwe ha site n'ebe dị anya, ma n'adịghị ka akụkọ ifo ahụ, ozugbo ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere n'ala, ndị agha chere ha ihu. Ọ bụ ezie na nsụgharị akụkọ ifo ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ apocryphal, ọ bụghịkwa na sayensị, ndị New Age akwalitewo ya, bụ́ nke pụtara ìhè na fim 2004 ''bụ́ Gịnị Bleep Ka Anyị Maara!?'' == Ọdịiche == Enwere ọdịiche dị iche iche apọkrịfa na akụkọ ifo, nke niile na-agụnye ndị obodo enweghị ike ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri na-abịarute n'ihi nghọtahie . Na nsụgharị ụfọdụ, onye nyocha abụghị Captain Cook kama Ferdinand Magellan ma ọ bụ Christopher Columbus, ma ọ bụ ala ahụ bụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke North ma ọ bụ South America. <ref name="Hustwitt-2014"/> <ref name="ncj"/> <ref name="Ball-2015"/> Ejikọtala akụkọ a na ọrụ New Age . <ref name="ncj"/> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bruce|first=Alexandra|title=Beyond the Bleep: The Definitive Unauthorized Guide to What the Bleep Do We Know!?|publisher=Red Wheel Weiser|year=2005|isbn=9781934708354}}</ref> Otu ihe atụ pụtara ìhè bụ ihe nkiri 2004 ''Gịnị Ka Anyị Maara Bleep!?'' , nke otu New Age sec Ramtha's School of Enlightenment mebere. N'oge mkparịta ụka na ihe nkiri nke mmetụta nke ahụmahụ na nghọta, ọkà mmụta akwara ozi Candace Pert na-edepụta nsụgharị nke akụkọ ifo nke ndị America na-enweghị ike ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri Columbus n'ihi na ha anọghị na ahụmahụ nke ụmụ amaala. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-agbakwunye shaman na akụkọ ahụ, bụ onye malitere ịhụ ripples na mmiri ma mesịa nwee ike ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. Ozugbo ndị shaman malitere ịgwa ndị mmadụ banyere ha, ndị ọzọ malitekwara ịhụ ụzọ. == Ntọala akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Portrait_of_Sir_Joseph_Banks_by_Reynolds,_S.W._Wellcome_M0016205.jpg|thumb| Akaụntụ Joseph Banks maka ntinye HMS <nowiki><i id="mwQA">Endeavor</i></nowiki> na Botany Bay nwere ike bụrụ ihe ndabere maka akụkọ ifo ahụ.]] [[Faịlụ:HMS_Endeavour_off_the_coast_of_New_Holland,_by_Samuel_Atkins_c.1794_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Ihe osise nke ntọ ala nke Endeavor na Great Barrier Reef nke Australia na June 1770]] Akụkọ ifo ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya nwere ike dabere na akwụkwọ ndekọ nke botanist Joseph Banks, onye ya na Captain Cook mere njem na HMS wee dekọọ akụkọ ya banyere ụmụ amaala mgbe ọ na-abanye Botany Bay na Australia na Eprel 1770: <ref name="Hustwitt-2014">{{Cite book|author=Hustwitt|first=J. R.|title=Interreligious hermeneutics and the pursuit of truth|date=2014|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books]]|isbn=978-0-7391-8739-5|location=Lanham, Md.}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHustwitt2014">Hustwitt, J. R. (2014). ''Interreligious hermeneutics and the pursuit of truth''. Lanham, Md.: [[Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8739-5|<bdi>978-0-7391-8739-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Ball-2015">{{Cite book|author=Ball|first=Philip|title=Invisible: the dangerous allure of the unseen|url=https://archive.org/details/invisibledangero0000ball_a2i0|date=2015|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-23889-0|location=Chicago}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBall2015">Ball, Philip (2015). ''Invisible: the dangerous allure of the unseen''. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-226-23889-0|<bdi>978-0-226-23889-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref>   == Nkọwa == Dị ka nsụgharị dị iche iche nke akụkọ ifo ahụ si kwuo, ndị America ma ọ bụ ndị Australia apụghị ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ihi na ha enweghị echiche maka ihe dị otú ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ha adabaghị na ahụmahụ ha. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri adịghị ka obere ụgbọ mmiri ndị yiri ụgbọ epeepe ndị a maara nke ọma. Ọkà ihe ọmụma JR Hustwit dere na ọ bụrụ na ihe ndị a nke akụkọ ifo bụ eziokwu, "na ihe ndị a na-amaghị ama na-ekpuchi n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke ihe ọmụma Teflon ... mmụta agaghị ekwe omume". <ref name="Hustwitt-2014"/> N'ihe banyere Banks na nsụgharị ndị ọzọ nke akụkọ ifo, enweghị ike nke ndị obodo ahụ ịhụ ụgbọ mmiri adabereghị na ndị obodo na-akọwa echiche ha kama n'echiche nke ndị nchọpụta na-atụ anya nnabata dị iche. Bernie Hobbs nke ''ABC Science ,'' na-ede banyere ụdị dị na ''Gịnị Bleep Anyị Mara!?'' , rụtụrụ aka na ọ nweghị akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme a ma ama banyere echiche ụmụ amaala America, na ndị Amerịka n’oge ahụ enweghị asụsụ e dere ede iji dekọ ihe omume ahụ, Columbus amaghịkwa asụsụ ahụ ọ bụrụgodị na akụkọ ifo ahụ sitere na ya. <ref name="abc">{{Cite web|author=Hobbs|first=Bernie|date=30 June 2005|title=What the bleep are they on about?|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/06/30/2839498.htm|accessdate=28 September 2019|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Science]]|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|archivedate=3 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303194419/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2005/06/30/2839498.htm}}</ref> Barry Evans nke ''North Coast Journal'' na-atụ aro nkọwa nwere ike ịbụ na "ihe ọ bụla na-abụghị ihe iyi egwu ma ọ bụ na-emeghị ka ọ dịrị ha mma nwere ike ileghara ya anya" nakwa na mgbe a ghọtara ya dị ka ihe iyi egwu, ha na-etinye aka ozugbo. <ref name="ncj">{{Cite web|work=[[North Coast Journal]]|date=23 July 2009|url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/myth-of-the-invisible-ships/Content?oid=2129921|author=Evans|first=Barry|title=Myth of the Invisible Ships|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=28 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828013953/https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/myth-of-the-invisible-ships/Content?oid=2129921}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEvans2009">Evans, Barry (23 July 2009). [https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/myth-of-the-invisible-ships/Content?oid=2129921 "Myth of the Invisible Ships"]. ''[[North Coast Journal]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190828013953/https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/myth-of-the-invisible-ships/Content?oid=2129921 Archived] from the original on 28 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Hobbs nke ''ABC Sayensị'' ji atụnyere ahụmịhe nke ndị obodo ahụ na kpuru ìsì na-akpachapụghị anya na nlebara anya nhọrọ nke ule Invisible Gorilla gosipụtara nke Christopher Chabris na Daniel Simons mepụtara. Nnwale a na-ewere ụdị vidiyo nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-agafe basketball azụ na azụ ka ha na-agagharị na etiti. A gwara onye na-ekiri ka ọ gụọ ugboro ole ndị yi uwe ọcha gafere bọọlụ. N'etiti vidiyo ahụ, onye yi uwe gorilla na-esi n'otu akụkụ nke etiti ahụ gaa n'akụkụ nke ọzọ, mana ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri vidio ahụ anaghị ahụ gorilla n'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ha. <ref name="abc"/> N'otu aka ahụ, David Hambling dere na ''Fortean Times'' na ndị Europe "na-amabu ịbụ kpakpando na-adọrọ adọrọ ebe ọ bụla ha na-aga", na ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị iro na ya mere a naghị ekele ha nke ọma, nakwa na ikekwe "ndị Aborigine echeghị na ụgbọ mmiri a karịrị akarị bụ nnọọ 'pụrụ iche' dị ka Banks n'onwe ya mere ". <ref name="Hambling-2007">{{Cite web|author=Hambling|first=David|date=February 2007|title=I see no ships: Questioning perceptual blindness|url=http://www.forteantimes.com/strangedays/science/20/questioning_perceptual_blindness.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120703154902/http://www.forteantimes.com/strangedays/science/20/questioning_perceptual_blindness.html|archivedate=3 July 2012|work=[[Fortean Times]]}}</ref> Dị ka onye gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na National Museum of Australia onu akụkọ ihe mere eme oru ngo, ụmụ amaala Banks dere banyere nwere ike leghaara ndị na-eme nchọpụta n'ihi na "na Dharawal omenala, kọntaktị na ndị bịara abịa ma ọ bụ mmụọ si ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị kpatara ime mmụọ pụta na ọtụtụ ndị na-ezere site n'ozuzu obodo." <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Kamay – Botany Bay|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/endeavour-voyage/kamay-botany-bay|accessdate=17 August 2023|work=[[National Museum of Australia]]|language=en|archivedate=12 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712042459/https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/endeavour-voyage/kamay-botany-bay}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} ogbbf31n7z2zxylxi4whz4501c6vpna 0 60788 742622 210094 2026-11-03T08:51:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742622 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sirajo Harisu bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa si Kano Steeti, onye rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nnọchiteanya nke Dambatta/Makoda Federal Constituency na National Assembly. A họpụtara ya n'ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya n'okpuru Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) ma jee ozi ugboro abụọ n'usoro, site na 1999 ruo 2007 . <ref name=":0"/> == Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ S Plaza Harisu na Disemba 1956 na Kano Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kaduna Polytechnic, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-12-21|title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|accessdate=2025-01-07|work=web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221092347/http://www.nassnig.org/House/RepMembers2.htm|archivedate=2007-12-21}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Harisu na mbụ ka ọ nọchite anya Danbatta / Makoda Constituency na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya Federal, na-eje ozi site na 1999 ruo 2003. A họpụtara ya ọzọ na 2003 ma gaa n'ihu n'ọrụ ya ruo 2007. Ọ bụ onye otu Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-20|title=House of Representatives Member {{!}} Honourable Sirajo Harisu|url=http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm|accessdate=2025-01-07|work=web.archive.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020133715/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm|archivedate=2007-10-20}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071020133715/http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm "House of Representatives Member | Honourable Sirajo Harisu"]. ''web.archive.org''. 2007-10-20. Archived from [http://nassnig.org/House/Personaldata/Kano/sirajo.htm the original] on 2007-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m1oa6jv5hgotngfj7it0cerusuzsn7r 0 66136 742747 742077 2026-11-03T09:30:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742747 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Fulufhelo Vincent Nelwamondo''' (OMS) bụ onye injinia eletrik site na ọzụzụ, ma nwee PhD na Injinia Eletrik (Computational Intelligence) site na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, na South Africa. Ọ bụ onye kachasị nta natara Harvard-South Africa Fellowship Programme n'etiti nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha ya na ahụmịhe ya ekpuchiwo ọtụtụ mpaghara, gụnyere injinia ngwanrọ na ọgụgụ isi. Mmasị ya gụnyere usoro ndị dabeere na biometrics, igwupụta data na ngwaọrụ mmụta igwe.{{R|ORSSA}} == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Nelwamondo na 1982 n'obodo Lukau, n'ime obodo Lwamondo ka ukwuu na Venda, mpaghara Limpopo, South Africa. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Belemu ma banye na Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Mbilwi. Eskom nyere ya bursary iji mụọ injinia eletrik na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, wee nweta BEng (Electrical) ya na 2005.{{R|Presidency}} Ọ natara ikike site na Kansụl Injinịa nke South Africa na 2006 wee nweta PhD ya na 2008 n'okpuru nlekọta nke Tshilidzi Marwala . {{R|MGBio}} Nelwamondo bụ onye isi ọrụ nke National Research Foundation nke South Africa . Nelwamondo sonyeere Modelling and Digital Science unit (MDS) nke CSIR na 2008, wee bụrụ onye nduzi na-anọchite anya na 2014 na onye isi nchịkwa na 2016; tupu afọ 2008 ọ bụ onye isi nchọpụta na onye njikwa mpaghara maka Nchebe Ozi.{{R|CSIRSearch}} E nyere ya postdoctoral fellowship na Mahadum Harvard maka 2008-2009 dị ka akụkụ nke Harvard Centre for African Studies 'South African Fellowship Programme, na-aghọ onye kacha nta natara Harvard-South Africa Fellowsship Programme.{{R|Harvard}} N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2011, edepụtara ya dị ka onye isi nke IEEE.{{R|IEEE}} Ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Johannesburg (UJ) ma depụta ya dị ka onye nyocha na-eto eto na-ekwe nkwa na ndepụta UJ nke ndị nyocha NRF. {{R|UJAcademia}}{{R|UJNRF}} Ọ bụ onye otu ntọala nke South African Young Academy of Science . {{R|SAYAS}} N'afọ 2011, onye na-emepụta ọka nri ụtụtụ South Africa bụ Pioneer Foods gbara Nelwamondo ajụjụ ọnụ dị ka akụkụ nke usoro mgbasa ozi na-eme emume maka ndị South Africa na ọka nri ụnyaahụ ''ProNutro''.{{R|ProNutro}} == Onyinye == Na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ onyinye CSIR, Newlamondo enwetala ihe ndị a: * N'afọ 2017, Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma nyere Nelwamondo Order of Mapungubwe na Silver maka "onyinye ya magburu onwe ya na ngalaba sayensị, ọkachasị injinia eletrik. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka nnukwu ihe na-akpali ndị na-eto eto na South Africa. " * N'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ Operations Research Society of South Africa (ORSSA) nyere Nelwamondo ''Ihe nrite nke Atọ'', nke e nyere onye na-abụghị onye otu ORSSA maka onyinye pụtara ìhè n'ime ogologo oge * Na 2009/10 National Science and Technology Forum awards, e nyere ya National Research Foundation-sponsored TW Kambule award maka onye nchọpụta nwoke ojii a ma ama n'ime afọ 2-5 gara aga.{{R|NSTF}} * Nelwamondo gosipụtara na Mail & Guardian 200 Young South Africans na 2008{{R|MG2008}}, 2010{{R|MG2010}} na 2012.{{R|MG2012}} == Nzukọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ == Nelwamondo bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nyocha maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa na kọmitii mmemme nke ọtụtụ nzukọ mba ụwa. O bipụtara ihe karịrị 100 akwụkwọ nyocha na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọgbọ nyochara (dị ka SAIEE ), nzukọ na isi akwụkwọ.{{R|SAIEE}} Ụfọdụ n'ime nzukọ ndị o sonyere na ha gụnyere: * Nzukọ nke anọ nke mba ụwa na Machine Learning and Applications (2008) * Nzukọ Mba Nile na Cloud na Green Computing (2012) * Mmụta miri emi mbụ Indaba na South Africa, (2017) {{R|CSIRIndaba}} == Ihe odide == <references><ref name="SAYAS">{{cite web |title=Members: SAYAS |url=https://www.sayas.org.za/members/#bmem |website=South African Young Academy of Science |publisher=SAYAS.org |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Presidency">{{cite web |title=Prof Fulufhelo Nelwamondo |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/prof-fulufhelo-nelwamondo |website=The Presidency |publisher=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |accessdate=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510090517/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/prof-fulufhelo-nelwamondo |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Harvard">{{cite web |title=Harvard University Centre for African Studies |url=http://africa.harvard.edu/south-africa-fellowship-program/past-fellows/ |website=Harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University |accessdate=14 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109060114/http://africa.harvard.edu/south-africa-fellowship-program/past-fellows/ |archivedate=9 January 2017 |format=by The Wayback Machine |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="CSIRSearch">{{cite web |title=CSIR: Search results: Nelwamondo |url=https://www.csir.co.za/csir-search-page?search_api_views_fulltext=Nelwamondo |website=CSIR |publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218075747/https://www.csir.co.za/csir-search-page?search_api_views_fulltext=Nelwamondo |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="CSIRIndaba">{{cite web |title=Media release: CSIR, A ROLE-PLAYER IN FIRST DEEP LEARNING INDABA IN SOUTH AFRICA |url=https://www.csir.co.za/csir-role-player-first-deep-learning-indaba-south-africa |website=CSIR |publisher=Council for Scientific and Industrial Research |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="IEEE">{{cite web |title=IEEE - Search results |url=https://www.ieee.org/searchresults/index.html?q=Nelwamondo |website=IEEE |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="UJNRF">{{cite web |title=Full list of NRF-rated researchers |url=https://www.uj.ac.za/research/Documents/Full%20List%20of%20NRF-rated%20Researchers.pdf |website=uj.ac.za |publisher=University of Johannesburg |accessdate=15 February 2019 |page=9 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411210909/https://www.uj.ac.za/research/Documents/Full%20List%20of%20NRF-rated%20Researchers.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="NSTF">{{cite web |title=Winners of the 2009/2010 NSTF Awards |url=http://www.nstf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/09-Press-Release-DevV8_Low-Res-Final-1.pdf |website=www.nstf.org.za |publisher=The National Science and Technology Forum |accessdate=15 February 2019 }}</ref> <ref name="ORSSA">{{cite web |title=Category III Recognition Awards: Hall of Fame: Nelwamondo |url=http://www.orssa.org.za/wiki/uploads/Awards/Nelwamondo_Citation-updated.pdf |website=ORSSA.org.za |publisher=ORSSA: The Operations Research Society of South Africa |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142520/http://www.orssa.org.za/wiki/uploads/Awards/Nelwamondo_Citation-updated.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="MG2008">{{cite web |title=Mail & Guardian 200 Young South Africans (2008) |url=https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2008 |website=Mail & Guardian |publisher=M&G Media Ltd |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217201050/https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2008/ |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="MG2010">{{cite web |title=Mail & Guardian 200 Young South Africans (2010) |url=https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2010 |website=Mail & Guardian |publisher=M&G Media Ltd |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021157/https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2010/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="MG2012">{{cite web |title=Mail & Guardian 200 Young South Africans (2012) |url=https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2012 |website=Mail & Guardian |publisher=M&G Media Ltd |accessdate=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021343/https://200ysa.mg.co.za/2012/ |archive-date=18 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="SAIEE">{{cite journal |author1=Nelwamondo, F.V. |author2=Marwala, T. |title=Fuzzy Artmap and Neural Network Approach to Online Processing of Inputs with Missing Values |journal=South African Institute of Electrical Engineers |date=2007 |volume=98 |issue=2 |url=https://www.saiee.org.za/Search.aspx?search=Nelwamondo |accessdate=15 February 2019 |bibcode=2007arXiv0705.1031N |arxiv=0705.1031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217142324/https://www.saiee.org.za/Search.aspx?search=Nelwamondo |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="MGBio">{{cite web |last1=Mohlala |first1=Thabo |title=A passion for research |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-15-a-passion-for-research-1 |website=mg.co.za |publisher=Mail & Guardian |accessdate=14 February 2019 |date=15 Nov 2012}}</ref> <ref name="UJAcademia">{{cite web |title=Fulufhelo Nelwamondo |url=http://johannesburg.academia.edu/FulufheloNelwamondo |website=Academia |publisher=University of Johannesburg |accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name="ProNutro">{{Citation|last=ProNutroSA|title=Celebrating ProNutro SA Achievers - Fulufhelo Nelwamondo|date=2011-05-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3cYRPKykRs|accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Fulufhelo Nelwamondo na Google Scholar. * Fulufhelo Nelwamondo na [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fulufhelo_Nelwamondo ResearchGate]. {{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nelwamondo, Fulufhelo}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i32w7mu8wlfkxvi831eyyzwkrd4csjo 0 66694 742557 706525 2026-11-03T08:17:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742557 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Florence Eliza Allen''' (1876-1960) bụ onye America na-eme [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] na onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1907, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị nke abụọ natara Ph.D. na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison, na Ph.D nke anọ n'ozuzu site na ngalaba ahụ.<ref name=":02" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Florence Eliza Allen na October 4, 1876, na Horicon, Wisconsin, <ref name=":2" /> nke Eliza na Charles Allen. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=John W.|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GvwUAAAAYAAJ|title=Woman's who's who of America : a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915|date=1914|publisher=New York : American Commonwealth Co.|others=Harvard University}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLeonard1914">Leonard, John W. (1914). [[iarchive:bub_gb_GvwUAAAAYAAJ|''Woman's who's who of America : a biographical dictionary of contemporary women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915'']]. Harvard University. New York : American Commonwealth Co.</cite></ref> Nna ya, onye ọka iwu, nwụrụ na 1890 mgbe Allen dị afọ 14. O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya, Charles Allen, bụ onye dị afọ anọ ma bụrụ onye nta akụkọ ụlọikpe. Nne Allen nwụrụ na 1913. A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ Protestant, Allen bụ onye otu First Congregational Church na Madison, Wisconsin.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wis.)|first=First Congregational Church (Madison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DALnAAAAMAAJ&dq=florence+eliza+allen&pg=PP5|title=Year Book of the First Congregational Church, Madison, Wis|date=1901|publisher=The Church.|language=en}}</ref> == Mmụta == Njem agụmakwụkwọ Allen malitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison, ebe ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum na mgbakọ na mwepụ na 1900.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alumni directory, 1849-1911|publisher=University of Wisconsin|url=https://archive.org/details/alumnidirectory100univrich/page/58|year=1912}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ a ma ama, nke a nabatara na Phi Beta Kappa, ma sonye na ndụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-eje ozi n'ọkwa ndị ndu n'òtù na-ede akwụkwọ na-akwalite nka dị mma, yana n'òtle ọchịchị onwe onye na bọọdụ akwụkwọ afọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Morgan|first=Bayard Quincy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNwCAAAAYAAJ&dq=florence+eliza+allen+%22florence+eliza+allen%22&pg=PA3|title=Phi Beta Kappa: Alpha of Wisconsin; Catalogue|date=1917|publisher=University of Wisconsin|language=en}}</ref>[7] Allen gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Wisconsin, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na 1901 site na edemede akpọrọ "Abelian integrals nke ụdị mbụ n'elu Riemann. s = (z − a <nowiki> </nowiki>) <nowiki> </nowiki>5 6 <nowiki> </nowiki> (z - b) <nowiki> </nowiki>) <nowiki> </nowiki>5 6 <nowiki> </nowiki> (z - c) <nowiki> </nowiki>) <nowiki> </nowiki>2 6 <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle s= (z-a) ^{\tfrac {5}{6}} (z-b) ^{ \tfrac{5}{ 6}} (z) ^<nowiki>{{\tfrác {2}{6}}</nowiki>} <nowiki> </nowiki>. " == PhD na edemede == N'afọ 1907, Allen mere akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'ịghọ nwanyị nke abụọ, mgbe Charlotte Elvira Pengra gasịrị, ịnata PhD na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, nke akpọrọ "The Cyclic Involutions of Third Order Determined by Nets of Curves of Deficiency 0, 1, and 2," bụ nke Linnaeus Wayland Dowling lekọtara ma bipụta ya na Quarterly Journal of Mathematics na 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Florence Allen – The Mathematics Genealogy Project|url=https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=7942|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.mathgenealogy.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914024332/https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=7942|archive-date=2024-09-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ihe a ọ rụzuru gosipụtara ya dị ka onye nke anọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na PhD n'ozuzu ya site na ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ nke mahadum.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Florence Eliza Allen|url=https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/allen.htm|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=mathwomen.agnesscott.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mathwomen.agnesscott.org/women/allen.htm "Florence Eliza Allen"]. ''mathwomen.agnesscott.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref><blockquote>"A ga-enwe ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịga maka PhD. - ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọ ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa iji mee ka ha ruo eruo maka otu n'ime oge ụfọdụ - oge ụfọdụ - oghere na ọkwa kọleji na mahadum, ụfọdụ n'ime n'ihi ntụrụndụ ha nwere ike ịgbaso nchụso dị mma. Mana n'ozuzu, ahụghị m nnukwu agbamume a ga-enweta site na ahụmịhe na ihe ndị gara aga. "N'oge a, ọ bụ nnukwu ọdịnihu maka ụmụ nwanyị niile kpebiri ugbu a, dịka m, ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị niile na-etinye aka na mpaghara a pụrụ iche iche".[10]</blockquote> == Ọrụ == N'ịgbaso doctorate ya, Allen nọgidere na Mahadum Wisconsin, ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu onyinye o nyere n'ọhịa, ọ chere ihe ịma aka ihu n'ọganihu ọkachamara, ikekwe n'ihi amụma mgbochi ime mmụọ, n'ihi na nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama na ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum.[11] N'afọ 1945, mgbe afọ iri anọ na atọ nke ije ozi dị ka onye nkuzi gasịrị, e buliri Allen ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1947. <ref name=":02"/> Ogologo oge ọ nọrọ na mahadum ahụ gosipụtara site na nraranye na nkuzi na nyocha. Mgbe ọ nwesịrị edemede ya, akwụkwọ ya a ma ama gụnyere: * "A Certain Class of Transcendental Curves" (1915) E bipụtara ya na Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo ** E bipụtara ya na Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di PalermoRendiconti nke Circolo Matematico di Palermo * "Mkpọrọ nke Tangential Process on the Rational Plane Cubic" (1927) ** E bipụtara ya na American Journal of Mathematics Allen bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters ma sonye na òtù ndị ọkachamara dị iche iche, gụnyere American Mathematical Society na American Mathematical Association.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJw4FwFzsXQC|title=Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters|date=1907|publisher=Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters|language=en|pages=938, 998}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Members of the Society September, 1938|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mathematical-society-bulletin_1938-09_44_9/page/11|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|date=September 1938|volume=44|issue=9|pages=11–60|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1938-06837-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beckwith|first=Ethelwynn R.|title=The May Meeting of the Wisconsin Section|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|date=November 1936|volume=43|issue=9|pages=528–530|doi=10.1080/00029890.1936.11987892}}</ref> A naghị ahụkarị onyinye ya n'ọhịa ahụ, dịka ihe akaebe, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya amaghị banyere nzere doctorate ya, na-ezo aka na ya dịka "Miss Allen".[11] == Ndụ e mesịrị == N'èzí agụmakwụkwọ, edepụtara Allen na 1914 "Woman's Who's Who of America," ebe o gosipụtara nkwado ya maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":1"/> Allen na nne ya biri ruo 1913 mgbe nne ya nwụrụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ bụ naanị ya biri ma ọ bụ soro ndị ya bi n'ụlọ. N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, ọ nọgidere na-etinye aka na obodo ya na òtù ndị ọkachamara. Na Disemba 29, 1960, a nabatara Florence Allen n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Madison, Wisconsin. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nwụrụ na Disemba 31, 1960, mgbe ọ dị afọ 84. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=January 1, 1961|title=Florence Allen, Ex-U.W. Faculty Member, 84, Dies|url=https://basic.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-florence-eliza-a/37837765/|archivedate=2024-05-23|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=Wisconsin State Journal|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523194544/https://basic.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-florence-eliza-a/37837765/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Wisconsin State Journal''. January 1, 1961<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> E liri ya na Oak Hill Cemetery n'obodo ya bụ Horicon, Wisconsin. == Hụkwa == * [[Lillian Beecroft]] * [[Vermillion Thisson]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=Judy|title=Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's|url=https://archive.org/details/pioneeringwomeni0000gree|date=2009|publisher=American Mathematical Society|id={{ProQuest|2148436019}}|isbn=978-0-8218-4376-5}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Nkwupụta: "Mgbasawanye Cyclic nke Usoro nke Atọ nke Nets of Curves of Deficiency 0, 1, na 2"[https://books.google.com/books?id=7pBoGLtYYeAC&pg=PA258 "Njem Cyclic nke Usoro nke Atọ nke Nets nke Curves of Deficiency 0, 1, na 2"] * {{Cite journal|author=Allen|first=Florence Eliza|title=A certain class of transcendental curves|journal=Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo (1884-1940)|date=December 1915|volume=39|issue=1|pages=149–152|doi=10.1007/BF03015977}} * {{Cite journal|author=Allen|first=F. E.|title=Closure of the Tangential Process on the Rational Plane Cubic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1927-07_49_3/page/456|journal=American Journal of Mathematics|date=1927|volume=49|issue=3|pages=456–461|doi=10.2307/2370676}} * [https://www.wisconsinacademy.org/ Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters] {{authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rn9uzhuxm9tjsert5bbu2wrtccy5f1j 0 66697 742384 707382 2026-11-03T03:56:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ellen Dorothy Schulz Quillin''' (June 16, 1887 &#x2013; May 6, 1970)<ref name="steinfeldt" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fqu09|title=Quillin, Ellen Dorothy Schulz|author=Steinfeldt|first=Cecilia|date=June 15, 2010|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSteinfeldt2010">Steinfeldt, Cecilia (June 15, 2010). [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fqu09 "Quillin, Ellen Dorothy Schulz"]. ''Handbook of Texas Online''. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> bụ onye American botanist, onye ode akwụkwọ, na onye isi ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie onye nyere aka guzobe ebe ngosi nka Witte na San Antonio, Texas. Ọ bụ onye nduzi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka site na 1926 ruo 1960. Quillin dekwara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka gbasara ihe ọkụkụ na Texas. == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Ellen Dorothy Schulz na June 16, 1887, na Saginaw County, Michigan, nwa nwanyị nke William na Anna (Millfeld) Schulz.<ref name="steinfeldt" /> Ọ natara nzere MS na Mahadum Michigan na 1918 ma rụọ ọrụ postgraduate na Mahadim Texas site na 1920 ruo 1922. <ref name="steinfeldt" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fqu09|title=Quillin, Ellen Dorothy Schulz|author=Steinfeldt|first=Cecilia|date=June 15, 2010|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSteinfeldt2010">Steinfeldt, Cecilia (June 15, 2010). [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fqu09 "Quillin, Ellen Dorothy Schulz"]. ''Handbook of Texas Online''. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ lụrụ Roy W. Quillin, onye ọrụ Mobil na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na onye na'amụ banyere mmiri, na July 29, 1927. <ref name="steinfeldt" />[2] Di na nwunye ahụ enweghị ụmụ. == Ọrụ == Ellen Quillin kụziri na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze San Antonio site na 1916 ruo 1933; site na 1923 ruo 1933 ọ bụ onye nduzi nke ọmụmụ ihe okike na sayensị. <ref name="steinfeldt" /> Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na usoro ihe ọkụkụ maka Mahadum Texas n'oge oge okpomọkụ nke 1921-1923, na onye nkuzi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme site na 1927 ruo 1951.<ref name="steinfeldt" /> N'afọ ndị 1920, Quillin nyere aka n'ịhazi San Antonio Museum Association na ịkpata ego iji dobe nchịkọta nke ụdị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Henry Philemon Attwater. Mgbalị ndị a mechiri na mmeghe nke Witte Museum na October 8, 1926, n'okpuru akwụkwọ ikike nke òtù ihe ngosi nka. <ref name="steinfeldt"/> Witte raara onwe ya nye akụkọ ihe mere eme, akụkọ ihe mere mere eme nke Texas, na nka. A họpụtara Quillin ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi mbụ nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie, ọfịs ọ rụrụ ruo na Mee, 1960. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye nduzi emeritus, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1970. <ref name="steinfeldt" /> Afọ 1930 wetara Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba siri ike maka Witte na ndị na-akwado ya. Dị ka atụmatụ ịnakọta ego na nzaghachi, Quillin wuru ogige Reptile na ala ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, na-eji ọrụ na ihe ndị e nyere onyinye. A ga-egosipụta agwọ dị ndụ, nkata, ezé, na alligators.[3] Ihe a na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta meghere na June 8, 1933.<ref name="steinfeldt"/> N'agbanyeghị ngosipụta agwọ na agbụrụ mbe, ogige Reptile ghọrọ ebe nyocha maka nnwale mgbochi nsí ma dọta ndị ọkà mmụta mba ụwa. <ref name="steinfeldt" /> [3] Ogige Reptile mekwara ka ego Witte sie ike ruo afọ iri. Mgbe e mechiri ogige Reptile, e nyere San Antonio Zoo agwọ ndị dị ndụ.[3] Quillin jere ozi dị ka osote onye nduzi (1942-1950) na onye nduzi na-eme ihe nkiri (1950-1952) nke San Antonio Art Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke na-arụ ọrụ site na 1920s ruo 1992. <ref name="steinfeldt"/><ref name="curlee">{{Cite web|author=Curlee|first=Kendall|title=San Antonio Art Institute|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/klsuz|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> Ellen Quillin bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta, isiokwu, na ọrụ ndị a ma ama na botany mpaghara. Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a bụ 500 Wild Flowers of San Antonio and Vicinity na 1922, na foto nke onye dere ya. <ref name="steinfeldt"/> [5] Ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa, Texas Wild Flowers: A Popular Account of the Common Wild Flowors of Texas, pụtara na 1928. Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere akụkọ ọdịnala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke osisi ahụ, ojiji ha na akụ na ụba, na ebe ndị a na-ahụkarị.[5] Ya na Robert Runyon, o mepụtara Texas Cacti: A Popular and Scientific Account of the Cacti Native to Texas na 1931, wee soro nke ahụ na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cactus. Usoro akwụkwọ ụmụaka itoolu gbasara okike na sayensị pụtara n'afọ ndị 1930. [5][5] Quillin so dee The Story of the Witte Memorial Museum, 1922-1960 na 1966. <ref name="steinfeldt"/> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == Ellen Quillin nwụrụ na Mee 6, 1970, site na nkụchi obi, n'ụlọ ya na San Antonio. Di ya hapụrụ ya. A kpọrọ William A. Burns onye nọchiri ya dị ka onye nduzi nke Witte . <ref name="steinfeldt"/> == Nkwado na ihe nketa == Ellen Quillin bụ onye otu charter nke abụọ Texas Academy of Science. A kpọrọ ya onye otu na 1929 na onye na-asọpụrụ ndụ na 1949. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ na 1942.<ref name="steinfeldt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fqu09|title=Quillin, Ellen Dorothy Schulz|author=Steinfeldt|first=Cecilia|date=June 15, 2010|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=June 7, 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSteinfeldt2010">Steinfeldt, Cecilia (June 15, 2010). [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fqu09 "Quillin, Ellen Dorothy Schulz"]. ''Handbook of Texas Online''. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ward-mclemore">{{Cite web|author=Ward-McLemore|first=Ethel|title=Texas Academy of Science [1929-]|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/snt06|work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=7 December 2015}}</ref> N'oge ọ lara ezumike nká na Witte, obodo San Antonio họpụtara October 30, 1960 dị ka "Ellen Quillin Day". A na-asọpụrụ ya site na Mahadum Trinity, mkpebi sitere n'aka onye isi obodo, na oriri na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.<ref name="steinfeldt"/>[7] Ndụ na ọrụ Ellen Quillin, gụnyere ntọala nke Witte, gosipụtara na 1999 site na egwuregwu, A Gallery of Ghosts, nke Laura Dietrich.<ref name="alderman">{{Cite news|author=Alderman|first=Nathan|title=Weirdness at the Witte|url=http://www.sacurrent.com/sanantonio/weirdness-at-the-witte/Content?oid=2266580|accessdate=24 December 2015|work=San Antonio Current|date=31 October 2002}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * {{Cite book|author=Schulz|first=Ellen D.|title=500 Wild Flowers of San Antonio and Vicinity|location=San Antonio, TX|date=1922|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95340}} * {{Cite book|author=Quillin|first=Ellen S.|title=Texas Wild Flowers: A Popular Account of the Common Wild Flowers of Texas|publisher=Laidlaw Bros.|location=Chicago, IL|date=1928}} * {{Cite book|author=Quillin|first=Ellen S.|title=Texas Cacti: A Popular and Scientific Account of the Cacti Native of Texas|publisher=Texas Academy of Science|location=San Antonio, TX|date=1930|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001494936}} * {{Cite book|author=Schulz|first=Ellen D.|title=Cactus Culture|publisher=Orange Judd Publishing Co.|location=New York, NY|date=1932|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002009116}} * {{Cite book|author=Gable|first=Charles H.|title=The Book of Little Creatures with Many Legs|publisher=Albert Whitman & Co.|location=Chicago, IL|date=1944|series=Nature Science Books: Outdoor Adventures|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009927155}} * {{Cite book|author=Woolford|first=Bess Carroll|title=The Story of the Witte Memorial Museum, 1922-1960|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofwittememo0000wool|publisher=San Antonio Museum Association|location=San Antonio, TX|date=1966}} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Bonta|first=Marcia Myers|authorlink=Marcia Bonta|title=Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists|date=1991|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|location=College Station, TX|isbn=0-89096-489-0|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninfieldamer0000bont}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240708135230/https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?botanistid=24591 Mahadum Harvard Herbaria & Libraries] botanists database entry * [http://www.wittemuseum.org/about-the-witte/history Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Witte Museum] * Ellen Schulz QuillinnaChọta Ili * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/drtsa/00022/drt-00022.html Ntuziaka maka akwụkwọ echekwara] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gqbqpovnvlboovffwzg01ypkn3xk3fg 0 66918 742495 514577 2026-11-03T08:05:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742495 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ajyyhyt''' ('''Aysyt''', '''Ajsyt''' or '''Ajyhyt'''; Yakut: Айыыһыт, romanized: Ayııhıt; Turkish: Ayzıt) is a Turkic goddess of the Yakut people from the Lena River region of Siberia and is an important figure in Turkic mythology. The name means "birthgiver" and she may also be called the "mother of cradles".<ref name="Loar2010"/> Her full name is given as '''Айыыһыт Хотун''', meaning "birth-giving nourishing mother". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Aisyt brings the soul from heaven at the birth of a baby and records each one in the Golden Book of Fate. She is the daughter of Yer Tanrı. == Ọrụ == Ajysyt bụ onye na-eduzi mkpụrụ obi nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụrụ ruo mgbe a mụrụ ya ma na-agakwa ọmụmụ ọ bụla. Ụmụ nwanyị ga-eduzi Ajysyt, na-ekwere na ime nkeMgbe a na-ekwu banyere chi maka ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ, dị ka ehi ma ọ bụ ehi, a na-aghọta na okwu ayııhıt bụ nwoke. Otú ọ dị, mgbe a na-ekwu banyere ọmụmụ nke nne mare ma ọ bụ ehi, okwu ahụ bụ nwanyị. a ga-eme ka ihe mgbu nke ọmụmụ nwa ha belata.<ref name="Loar2010">{{Cite book|author=Julie Loar|title=Goddesses for Every Day: Exploring the Wisdom and Power of the Divine Feminine Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OturV0aQa-IC&pg=RA1-PA8|accessdate=3 January 2012|date=1 December 2010|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-950-4}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJulie_Loar2010">Julie Loar (1 December 2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=OturV0aQa-IC&pg=RA1-PA8 ''Goddesses for Every Day: Exploring the Wisdom and Power of the Divine Feminine Around the World'']. New World Library. p.&nbsp;1. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-950-4|<bdi>978-1-57731-950-4</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> O debere akwụkwọ ọla edo nke o dere nke ọ bụla. A na-ekwu na ọ biri n'elu ugwu n'ụlọ nwere okpukpu asaa, <ref name="Loar2010" /> ebe ọ nọ na-achịkwa akara aka nke ụmụ uwa. == Nsụgharị == Ndị Yakut na-asọpụrụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ayii. Ihe ngosi bụ isi, Ņelbey Yakut-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ayıı (Yakut: Ньэлбэй Айыытыт), bụ ihe kpatara ọmụmụ ụmụaka. Yakut-language romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Cöhögöy Toyon (Yakut: Дьөһөгөй Тойон) na-achịkwa ọmụmụ nke ịnyịnya, İhegey İeyiexsit) na-ahụ maka ehi, Noruluya na-ahụkwa maka nkịta na nkịta ọhịa.[1]<<ref name="Meletinskii">{{Cite book|editor=E. M. Meletinskii|title=Mefologicheskii slovar'|date=1990|publisher=Sovetskaya entsiklopediya}}</ref> about="#mwt64" data-ve-ignore="" href="./Category:Articles_containing_Yakut-language_text" id="mwLA" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/> Mgbe a na-ekwu banyere chi maka ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ ndị nwoke, dị ka ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ ehi, a na-aghọta na okwu ayııhıt bụ nwoke. Otú ọ dị, mgbe a na-ekwu banyere ọmụmụ nke nne ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ ehi, okwu ahụ bụ nwanyị.<ref name="Jordan2004">{{Cite book|author=Michael Jordan|title=Dictionary of gods and goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqDC5bwx4_wC&pg=PA10|accessdate=3 January 2012|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5923-2}}</ref> == Akụkọ ifo == One legend recalls how she appeared from the roots of the cosmic tree (alternatively the world pillar of Ürüñ Aar Toyon (Yakut: Үрүҥ Аар Тойон) to a pale young man; the tree stood beside a lake of milk. By [[Ị chu ara|suckling]] the youth she caused his strength to increase a hundredfold. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe ngosi nke oge a == Ajysyt bụ onye a ma ama na ntinye nke Judy Chicago The Dinner Party, a na-anọchite anya ya dị ka otu n'ime aha 999 dị na Heritage Floor.<ref name="AjysytBM">{{Cite web|author=|year=2007|title=Ajysyt|work=Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Ajysyt|publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]]|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/ajysyt.php|accessdate=3 January 2012}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 1f9o5ne90f81crdtn5hkyy3tzl0qqaz 0 66963 742363 621457 2026-11-02T22:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Daniel_B._Borenstein.jpg|thumb]] '''Daniel B. Borenstein''' bụ dọkịta ndị isi mgbaka nke Amerika bụ onye isi oche nke 129 nke American Psychiatric Association. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Borenstein na Silver City, New Mexico. Nne na nna ya bụ Isaac "Jack" na Marjorie E. Borenstein (onye a mụrụ Kerr). Jack nwere ma jikwaa Ụlọ Ahịa Ngalaba Borenstein Brothers nke e meghere n'afọ 1892, ma nọgide n'izụ ahịa ruo n'afọ 1960. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara == Borenstein gara New Mexico Military Institute (1953); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B. S. (1957); University of Colorado School of Medicine, M.D. (1962); Internal Medicine Internship, University of Kentucky (1963); Psychiatric Residency (1963-66); Chief Residency, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical Center (1965-66). Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ (1971) na Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society na Institute. Ọ bụ prọfesọ ụlọ ọgwụ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles Department of Psychiatry and Bio-behavioral Sciences kemgbe afọ 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dan Borenstein MD Home Page|url=http://dbb.bol.ucla.edu/|work=Ucla.edu|accessdate=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408154323/http://dbb.bol.ucla.edu/|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2000-2001, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke American Psychiatric Association . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sacks|first=Herbert S.|title=Daniel B. Borenstein, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Ninth President, 2000–2001|url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1603|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|accessdate=12 April 2018|pages=1603–1604|doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1603|date=1 October 2001|volume=158|issue=10}}</ref> == Ọrụ nyocha == N'afọ 1980, tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke APA, Borenstein dere edemede agụmakwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu ahụike uche dị mkpa ọ nwetara n'oge ọzụzụ ahụike. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1986, Na 1986, o nyere akaebe ọkachamara n'okwu ikpe nke onye lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, bụ ebe e boro onye agọnarị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ ebubo na "nkwutọ na ụma na-ebute nsogbu mmetụta uche"; [[:de:Ditlieb Felderer|Ditlieb Felderer]], bụ́ onye nkwusa Sweden, kpagburu onye ahụ lanarịrịnụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, bụ́ onye zigara akwụkwọ ndị gbara akwụkwọ nke gọrọ agọ ma ọ bụ kparị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ emo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Holocaust Survivor Wins Suit|work=The New York Times|date=18 January 1986|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/18/nyregion/holocaust-survivor-wins-suit.html|accessdate=12 April 2018|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2000, Borenstein gbara akaebe n'ihu Kọmitii Senate nke United States na Commerce, Science, and Transportation banyere mmetụta nke ime ihe ike na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ụmụaka: "Anyị kwenyesiri ike na ikpughe ugboro ugboro na ime ihe ike ntụrụndụ n'ụdị ya niile nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke ahụike ọha na eze".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Media Violence Can Harm Children, Borenstein Says|url=https://www.psychnews.org/pnews/00-10-06/media.html|accessdate=19 August 2024|work=Psychiatric News|date=6 October 2020}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Borenstein, DB, Cook, K. "Nchịkwa mmebi n'ime afọ ọzụzụ: mmemme ahụike uche ọhụrụ na UCLA". Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 247:2700‐2703, 1982. * Borenstein, DB. "Nweta nke ihe onwunwe ahụike uche maka ndị bi na ụlọ ọgwụ agụmakwụkwọ". Journal of Medical Education, 60:517‐523, 1985. * Borenstein, DB. "Ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ ndị dọkịta kwesịrị inye ndị isi ụlọ enyemaka nke isi mgbaka? Akụkọ banyere nchọpụta ndị dị mkpa nke mmemme prototype". ''The American Journal of Psychiatry'', 142:1053‐1057, 1985. == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Borenstein, Daniel B.}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dsuivkds63jkbgiir0yfj6uqcoodvpo 0 67001 742387 706626 2026-11-03T04:17:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742387 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gardenology.org-IMG_8089_qsbg11mar.jpg|thumb|Actephila collinsiae Hunter ex Craib. A na-akpọ ya iji sọpụrụ Emily Collins. Gardenology.org [http://www.gardenology.org/wiki/Main_Page]]] '''Elian Emily Collins''' (née '''Pemberton''' 4 Septemba 1858 - c.1945)bụ onye England botanist, onye na-ahụ maka ihe okike na onye nchịkọta oge mbụ nke ụdị osisi na Thailand. Ọ chọtara ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ọhụrụ na sayensị ma nwee ọtụtụ ụdị aha ya. Ebiziri ala ya na 1953 mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ya, Collinston gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya Britain. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Collins na British Burma na 4 Septemba 1858. Baptizim ya, 12 Eprel 1865, ka edere na Moulenin. Ọ lụrụ David John Collins, onye nyocha, wee soro ya gaa Thailand na 1877. <ref name="Blumea 1962" /> === Nchịkọta ọrụ === Collins bụ onye mbụ na-anakọta ụdị osisi na Thailand.<ref name="Dictionary 1994">{{Cite book|editor=Desmond|title=Dictionary Of British And Irish Botanists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbrit0000desm_c7i2|date=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis Ltd|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0850668438}}</ref> Ọ na-achịkọta osisi tumadi na mpaghara Chonburi (Si Racha) na Chanthaburi n'etiti 1902 na 1938. <ref name="Forest Herbarium">{{Cite web|title=Collections & Collectors, a history in Thailand|url=http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/Botany_Eng/Herbarium/herbariumCollectionCollector_Eng.html|work=Office of the Forest Herbarium|publisher=Office of the Forest Herbarium|accessdate=14 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227120059/http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/Botany_Eng/Herbarium/herbariumCollectionCollector_Eng.html|archivedate=27 December 2014}}</ref> Dr Arthur Francis George Kerr onye ọ zutere na Si Racha na Septemba 1911 gbara ya ume na mbọ ọ na-agba ịnakọta.<ref name="Blumea 1962" />{{Cite journal|author=Jacobs|first=M|title=Reliquiae Kerrianae|journal=Blumea|date=1962|volume=XI|issue=2|pages=428–485|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/566529|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref> Collins na-ezigakarị Dr Kerr ụdị nke etinyere na herbarium nkeonwe ya. A na-eme ihe ngosi ndị a ugbu a na Natural History Museum, London. Collins zigakwara ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ ihe atụ yana na Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ọ na-edegara Prọfesọ William Grant Craib, Regius Prọfesor of Botany na Mahadum Aberdeen na onye dere ''Florae Siamensis Enumeratio'' akwụkwọ ozi. Ọ matara Collins dị ka otu n'ime ndị nchịkọta abụọ dị mkpa nke nyere ihe atụ na Royal Botanical Gardens herbarium site na mpaghara Si Racha na Thailand. Onye nchịkọta nke ọzọ bụ Dr Kerr.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=RBGK Memorandum from W.G.[William Grant] Craib; 5 Feb 1913; one page memorandum comprising one image; folio 291|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.kdcas2556|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref> Collins na Sir Arthur William Hill, onye nduzi nke Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi. Na mgbakwunye na inye ihe atụ, o zigara foto na ozi gbasara aha ndị a na-ahụkarị na ojiji akụ na ụba nke osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ ọ chịkọtara ma nye Kew.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Letter and photographs from Emily [Mrs D.J.] Collins to Sir Arthur William Hill; from Sriracha, Siam [Si Racha, Thailand], via Bangkok; 3 Feb 1926; eighteen page item comprising eighteen images; folios 413 - 418|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.kdcas3668|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref> Ya na Sir David Prain na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ma site n'aka ya nye Trinity College, Dublin ihe atụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Letter from Ms Emily Collins to Sir David Prain; from Sriracha, Siam [Si Racha, Thailand]; c.Sep 1912; one page letter comprising one image; folio 287|url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.visual.kdcas2553|accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref> A na-edebe ihe atụ ya na Herbaria gburugburu ụwa gụnyere na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo Herbarium (BK), Bangkok, <ref name="Maxwell 1980">{{Cite journal|author=Maxwell|first=F. J.|title=Vegetation of Khao Khieo Game Sanctuary Chonburi Province, Thailand|journal=Natural History Bulletin Siam Society.|date=1980|volume=28|pages=9–24}}</ref> Harvard University Herbarium, The Natural History Museum, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium na New York Botanical garden Herbarium. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Index of Botanists|url=http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?botanistid=22802|work=Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries|publisher=Harvard University|accessdate=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405073704/http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?botanistid=22802|archive-date=5 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe Collins kwụsịrị ịnakọta na 1938, ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ ole na ole pụtara ịnakọta n'usoro n'ógbè a nke Thailand ruo n'etiti afọ 1970. <ref name="Maxwell 1980" /> Collins so na ndị otu mbụ nke The Natural History Society of Siam mgbe e guzobere ya na 6 Machị 1914. Nzukọ a ghọrọ ngalaba nke Siam Society na 1925. Collins nyere aka n'ịtọhapụ azụ anwụnta na-eri [[Gamusia]] n'ime mmiri Thailand na Jenụwarị 1929. <ref name="Blumea 1962" />{{Cite journal|author=Jacobs|first=M|title=Reliquiae Kerrianae|journal=Blumea|date=1962|volume=XI|issue=2|pages=428–485|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/566529|accessdate=15 April 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJacobs1962">Jacobs, M (1962). [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/566529 "Reliquiae Kerrianae"]. ''Blumea''. '''XI''' (2): <span class="nowrap">428–</span>485<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> === Onyinye === E mere Collins onye otu Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) na King's Birthday Honours List nke 1938. <ref name="Blumea 1962">{{Cite journal|author=Jacobs|first=M|title=Reliquiae Kerrianae|journal=Blumea|date=1962|volume=XI|issue=2|pages=428–485|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/566529|accessdate=15 April 2015}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJacobs1962">Jacobs, M (1962). [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/566529 "Reliquiae Kerrianae"]. ''Blumea''. '''XI''' (2): <span class="nowrap">428–</span>485<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> [[Faịlụ:Emily_Pemberton_Bangkok.jpg|thumb|Emily Collins n'ụlọ ya na Bangkok, na-eyi ihe nrite MBE ya. E nyere Gọọmentị Britain ụlọ ahụ ma ghọọ onye nnọchi anya Britain ruo oge ụfọdụ.]] === Ụdị ndị a kpọrọ aha na nsọpụrụ Collins === Ọtụtụ ụdị osisi nwere okwu nkọwa "collinsae" ma ọ bụ "collinsiae" n'aha ha iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref name="Blumea 1962"/> Ndị a gụnyere * ''[[Actephila collinsiae|Ugwu Actephila]]'' * ''[[Ardisia collinsae|Ugwu Ardisia]]'' * ''[[Lagerstroemia collinsae]]'' * ''[[Rivea collinsae|Ugwu Rivea]]'' * ''Eugenia collinsae'' * ''[[Stemona collinsiae|Ugwu Stemona]]'' * ''[[Tarenna collinsae|Ugwu Tarenna]]'' * ''[[Mitrephora collinsae]]'' * ''[[Zanthoxylum collinsae]]'' * ''[[Argyreia collinsae|Ugwu Argyreia]]'' * ''[[Phyllanthus collinsiae|Ugwu Phyllanthus]]'' === Ọnwụ === Ọ gara n'ihu biri na Thailand ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ oge ụfọdụ mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.<ref name="Blumea 1962"/> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jvrx72l389s2zevbuhehec6avluiq44 0 71744 742617 708401 2026-11-03T08:50:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} E kere ya dịka Green Fury, Beatriz Da Costa bụ nwaanyị dike mbụ sitere na Latin America n’akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe osise (comics) ama ama nke Amerịka. Ọ bụ dike Latin America nke anọ, mgbe El Gaucho (DC), White Tiger (Marvel), na Bushmaster (DC) gasịrị.gasịrị. Michelle Hurd mere Fire na ihe nkiri ụgbọelu nke 1997 Justice League of America . Natalie Morales gara site na aha "Green Fury" n'otu ihe omume nke usoro 2017 Powerless . == Akụkọ mbipụta == Ụdị ya mbụ pụtara na ''Super Friends'' #25 (Ọktoba 1979) ma E. Nelson Bridwell na Ramona Fradon kere ya. == Akụkọ ndụ onye e chepụtara echepụta == === Tupu Nsogbu === ==== Ndị Enyi Ukwu ==== '''Beatriz da Costa''', onye a na-akpọ Green Fury, bụ onye isi oche nke alaka Brazil nke Wayne Enterprises. N'ihi ihe omimi [[Brazil|Onye Brazil]], o nwere ọtụtụ ikike nke gụnyere ike iwepụta nnukwu ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọ pụkwara ife efe, gbanwee uwe ya na uche ya, ma gosipụta ikike dị nta iji mepụta nrọ efu. Na mpụta mbụ ya, ọ na-eche Superman ihu ma na-alụ ọgụ, onye "puppet master" Overlord, Sandor Fine na-achịkwa. N'ọhụụ ya ọzọ, Green Fury kpọrọ Super Friends ka ha nyere aka merie onye ọjọọ Green Thumb (Fargo Keyes), ma ọnwa ole na ole gachara, ọ gosiere ha '''akụkọ nzuzo banyere mmalite ya''' iji gbochie ndị mmụọ ọjọọ si Green. ==== Ndị Nche Ụwa ==== '''Green Fury''' ghọrọ otu n’ime '''Global Guardians''' mgbe '''Superman''', onye Doctor Mist kpọrọ, rịọrọ enyemaka iji chọta otu n’ime ọtụtụ ihe ochie ndị otu ndị amamihe ojoo nwere ike na-achụso. <ref name="dc-glob">{{Cite book|author=Greenberger|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Greenberger|chapter=Global Guardians|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/dccomicsencyclop0000unse|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}</ref> Ha lụrụ ọgụ na '''onye amamihe''' akpọrọ '''El Dorado''' n’ime '''obodo ochie zuru ezu n’ahịhịa''', nke dị n’ime ọhịa. Ha abụọ guzo n’ihu '''‘jaguars mmụọ’''' ma nwee mmetụta na ha tufuru ihe ochie ahụ, '''okpu eze''', nye onye amamihe ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, '''Costa''' nyere '''Superman''' na ndị ọzọ '''Guardians''' aka ịlụ ọgụ na ndị amamihe, gụnyere '''El Dorado''', na Easter Island. Ndị dike ahụ natara ohere mgbe ha mụtara na '''Superman gbanwere ihe ochie ndị ahụ na ihe atụ ụgha'''. Nke a gbochiri '''ịrị elu ike nke ihe ahụ ndị amamihe na-eso''', '''Thaumar Dhai'''. Ọ bụ ezie na Dhai enweghị ike dị ka e tụrụ anya, ọ ka bụ ihe egwu. '''Ike amamihe nke Green Fury''' bụ isi n’ịchụpụ ya. Mgbe Nsogbu na Infinite Earths gasịrị, a gbanwere akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. A gụgharịrị ya '''Beatriz Bonilla da Costa''', ọ malitere dị ka onye na-amụrụ ihe n'ụsọ osimiri nke Rio, wee ghọọ onye na-eme ihe ngosi na onye na-ese ihe nkiri tupu ya achọta onwe ya na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nzuzo maka SNI nke gọọmentị Brazil (Serviço Nacional de Informações - National Information Service), n'ezie ABIN (Agência Brasileira de Inteligência - Brazilian Intelligence Agency). N'otu n'ime ọrụ ya, Beatriz tọrọ n'ime mgbawa pyroplasmic nke na-enye ya ikike iku ume ọkụ. Ọ na-ewere njirimara nke Green Fury, wee gbanwee ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ Green Flame. Ọ sonyeere ndị otu dike mba ụwa bụ Global Guardians, nke ọ bụ onye otu ya ogologo oge. N'ihi nguzobe nke JustIce League International, a na-ewepụ ego nke ndị Guardians' United Nations. Beatriz mere ka onye otu ya na ezigbo enyi ya bụ Icemaiden kwenye isonyere ya itinye akwụkwọ maka ndị otu Justice League International. N'ihi arụkwaghịm Black Canary na ntọrọ nke ọtụtụ ndị otu, JLI na-adịghị aka ike na-eburu ha.<ref name="dc-ency"/> N'ikpeazụ, ọ gbanwere aha dike ya ọzọ, n'oge a ka ọ bụrụ Fire n'ikwekọ na mkpirisi nke Icemaiden nke aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Ice. N'ihi "bọmbụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa" nke ndị ala ọzọ Dominators gbagburu, ike Fire na-abawanye nke ukwuu, mana ọ bụghị ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ruo oge ụfọdụ. <ref name="dc-ency" /> Fire assumes a big sister role with Ice, watching out for her and her interactions with the "real" world. For example, Fire steps in when Ice does not realize she is being stalked by a delusional fan. However, Fire herself makes mistakes, such as torching the cash she'd just saved while foiling a bank robbery. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'ọgụ megide Doomsday, Beatriz tụfuru ike ya site n'ịkwụ ha ụtụ isi ruo n'ókè ha. Ọ nọgidere na ndị otu ahụ mana ka ọ na-alaghachi na Justice League America #88, oge agafeela iji nyere aka gbochie ọnwụ ezigbo enyi ya, ebe Onye Nlekọta ahụ gburu Ice.<ref name="dc-ency">{{Cite book|author=Jimenez|first=Phil|authorlink=Phil Jimenez|chapter=Fire|editor=Dougall|title=The DC Comics Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/dccomicsencyclop0000unse|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7566-4119-1|oclc=213309017}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJimenez2008">[[Phil Jimenez|Jimenez, Phil]] (2008). "Fire". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). ''The DC Comics Encyclopedia''. New York: [[Dorling Kindersley]]. p.&nbsp;121. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-4119-1|<bdi>978-0-7566-4119-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213309017 213309017].</cite></ref> Ka Beatriz na-anwa ịnagide ọnwụ a, ya na onye bụbu onye Ice hụrụ n'anya, Guy Gardner, na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya dị mkpirikpi. Mgbe Icemaiden mbụ, Sigrid Nansen, sonyeere Njikọ ahụ n'ọnọdụ Ice, Fire na-emete ya enyi. Otú ọ dị, ọbụbụenyi ha na-emetụta omume iru uju na-enweghị isi nke Bea, na mmasị ịhụnanya Sigrid na Bea. Mgbe Njikọ a dara, Beatriz laghachiri Brazil ma gbalịa iweghachi onwe ya dị ka onye isi na-echebe mba ahụ. Nke a na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche, nke ọ na-ata ụta maka Martian Manhunter na Southern hemisphere. Ọkụ mechara gbalịa ịla ezumike nká site n'ịbụ dike ma guzobe ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ mara mma n'ịntanetị mgbe Maxwell Lord na-agwa ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ bụbu ndị otu JLI okwu ka ha gbanwee dị ka otu "ndị dike maka mmadụ nkịtị" a na-akpọ "Super Buddies". Ọ na-ahụ onwe ya ka ya na Mary Marvel na-ekerịta ụlọ ma, n'ihe na-echetara mmekọrịta ya na Ice, ọ na-aghọ "onye na-elekọta nwa" maka onye na-eto eto na-amaghị nke a na-akọ. N'otu njem ya na Super Buddies, a na-enye Fire na ndị ọzọ ohere ịzọpụta mmụọ Ice na Hel (ma ọ bụ akụkụ yiri ya). Ma dị ka akụkọ ifo ndị Gris nke Orpheus na Eurydice, Ọkụ enweghị ike iguzogide ile anya n'azụ ya, nke na-eme ka mmụọ Ice pụọ. N'oge Super Buddies nọ na Hel, Etrigan the Demon na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Fire ka e mere ka ọ nwụọ kama Ice. Ka e mesịrị, n'oge ọ nọ n'òtù ahụ, ọ zutere ụdị ụwa ọzọ nke Ice. Ndị Super Buddies amaghị na Maxwell Lord bụkwa Eze ojii nke Checkmate na nzuzo. Mgbe ndị Buddies gbasara, Beatriz ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya Checkmate na-arụrụ Amanda Waller ọrụ, onye weghaara Checkmate mgbe Lord nwụsịrị.<ref name="dc-ency"/> Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke Fire bụ iweghachite Brother Eye, nke dara na [[Saudi Arabia]]. Sasha Bordeaux, onye bụkwabu nke Checkmate, mebiri atụmatụ a. Ọ pụtara mgbe e mesịrị, na-akatọ Booster Gold maka nkwalite onwe ya na-enweghị ihere ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-achọ ndị dike na-efu efu. Ọ nọkwa n'ebe ncheta maka nwunye Ralph Dibny bụ Sue. ==== Onye na-eme ntụle ====   Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe Nsogbu ahụ gasịrị, a gbanwere Checkmate n'okpuru nlekọta nke United Nations na Beatriz ghọrọ Black King's Knight.<ref name="dc-ency"/> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghịzi agwa Waller (onye e mere White Queen), Waller na-eji ihe akaebe megide nna ya ma manye ya igbu ọchụ nzuzo. A kpughere na, dị ka nwatakịrị, nna Bea zụrụ igbu ọchụ. N'agbanyeghị ihe gara aga ya, Beatriz kwupụtara ịkwa ụta maka isonye na ọrụ Checkmate nke na-akpata ọnwụ nke ihe ruru ndị ọrụ Kobra 50, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị Fire n'onwe ya gburu. ==== E jikọtara ya na Ice ==== Na Checkmate #16, Fire na Ice jikọtara ọnụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na peeji nke Birds of Prey . A na-ezo aka na mmekọrịta ha ọhụrụ ọzọ n'oge mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị dị n'etiti Ice na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Guy Gardner. Ice jụrụ arịrịọ ya ka ọ nọrọ na Oa, ka o kpebiri ijikọ ndụ ya n'ụwa, site n'enyemaka Beatriz. Gardner na-ekwu na Ọkụ na-achịkwa Ice. ==== Ọgbọ Ndị Furu ==== Ọkụ na-apụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na Justice League: Generation Lost, usoro maxi nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge ihe omume Brightest Day. Na mbido usoro ahụ, a na-akpọbata Fire dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu ìgwè ndị dike na-achụ nta onye guzobere JLI na onye gburu Ted Kord, Maxwell Lord. N'oge ya na Lord zutere n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Justice League nke New York, a sụgharịrị Fire n'amaghị onwe ya n'akụkụ Ice, Booster Gold, na Captain Atom. Ndị bụbu ndị otu Justice League tetara anya ịchọpụta na Onyenwe anyị ejirila ikike uche ya kpochapụ ịdị adị ya n'uche mmadụ ọ bụla nọ na mbara ala, ma e wezụga ndị nọ n'ụlọ nnọchiteanya. Mgbe ọ nwara ịgwa Wonder Woman banyere ogbugbu ya nke Onyenwe anyị, Wonder Woman jụrụ ikwere ya. Ọkụ na-achọpụta na Onyenwe anyị emetụtala ụwa n'uche ikwere na Checkmate achụpụla ya maka ọdịda nyocha uche ya. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Fire zutere Lord na isi ụlọ ọrụ JLI. Mgbe ọ chịsịrị Fire na Booster Gold iji gbochie ha ịkwụsị ya, ọ na-esi n'ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya JLI ochie laghachi na Checkmate. Tupu ha enwee ike ịchọpụta ihe ha ga-eme ọzọ, ndị Creature Commandos wakporo ntọala ahụ. E jidere ya mgbe a na-agbanyụ ya ike, a na-egosi na a gbagburu ya ọtụtụ ugboro. Ọkụ na-agwọ site na iji bandeeji nke Khalis, mana ọ nweghị ike igbochi Blue Beetle ka Maxwell Lord ghara ịtọrọ ya. Ka ndị otu ahụ na-emeso ọnwụ doro anya nke Blue Beetle, Fire na Gavril Ivanovich, Rocket Red nke ugbu a, na ha abụọ na-adịkwu nso, n'ikpeazụ na-esusu ọnụ. Na '''The New 52''' mbido ọhụrụ, '''Fire''' pụtara dịka otu n’ime '''Justice League International'''. '''Fire''' merụrụ ahụ na ngwụcha nke akụkọ mbụ ma e wezụga ya maka ihe fọdụrụ nke oge ahụ.i Na Absolute Power, Fire na Ice tụfuru ike ya n'aka ndị agha Amazo nke Amanda Waller. Mgbe e meriri ndị Amazos, ha abụọ weghachiri ike ha, mana ha gbanwere.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aguilar|first=Matthew|date=October 2, 2024|title=DC Reveals Big Superhero Powers Twist in Absolute Power Finale|url=https://comicbook.com/comics/news/dc-reveals-big-superhero-powers-twist-in-absolute-power-finale/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002234324/https://comicbook.com/comics/news/dc-reveals-big-superhero-powers-twist-in-absolute-power-finale/|archivedate=October 2, 2024|accessdate=October 28, 2024|work=[[ComicBook.com]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọkụ na Ice kpakpando na obere ihe nkiri Fire & Ice nke afọ 2024: Welcome to Smallville, ebe ha kwagara Smallville; na obere ihe omume Fire & Ice: When Hell Freezes Over nke afọ 2025, ebe Ọkụ n'amaghị ama na-eme ka onwe ya na Ice gbanwee ahụ mgbe ha chọrọ ka ụkwụ enwe weghachite ike ha dị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=McMillan|first=Graeme|date=August 25, 2023|title=DC's Fire & Ice: Welcome to Smallville - Everything you need to know about the new Dawn of DC series|url=https://www.thepopverse.com/fire-and-ice-welcome-to-smallville-dc-comics-comic-dawn-of/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426184806/https://www.thepopverse.com/fire-and-ice-welcome-to-smallville-dc-comics-comic-dawn-of/|archivedate=April 26, 2023|accessdate=July 22, 2025|work=Popverse|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Dar|first=Taimur|date=January 23, 2025|title=DC's favorite gal pals experience body swap shenanigans in FIRE & ICE: WHEN HELL FREEZES OVER miniseries|url=https://www.comicsbeat.com/fire-ice-when-hell-freezes-over-miniseries-announced/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123230708/https://www.comicsbeat.com/fire-ice-when-hell-freezes-over-miniseries-announced/|archivedate=January 23, 2025|accessdate=July 22, 2025|work=The Beat|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ha gachara Hel, Ọkụ na Ice weghachiri Mgbaaka Nabu ma nwetaghachi ahụ na ike mbụ ha. == Ike na ikike == Green Fury mbụ nwere ikike iku ume ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site n'ọnụ ya. O nwekwara ike ịmepụta ma jiri "ike okpomọkụ" ya mee ihe efu na ọkụ ọkụ ya na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ ọkụ oyi na-ajụ oyi. Ọkụ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere ikike anwansi iji gwọọ ma dozie uwe ya mgbe agha gasịrị. Batman zụkwara Beatriz n'ịlụ ọgụ aka na aka. Na-aga n'ihu mgbe ''Nsogbu'' gasịrị, Green Fury enwetụbeghị ike anwansi ndị a ma nwee mmalite ọhụrụ e degharịrị. Na ụdị '''Fire''' mgbe ''Crisis'' gasịrị, '''Fire''' nwere naanị ike iku ọkụ n’ụra ya n’ụzọ mbụ. N’oge mmemme ''Invasion!'' jikọtara akụkọ, '''bomba ndị Dominators''' kpalitere ikike '''Fire''', nyere ya ike ịgbanwe bụrụ '''mmụọ plasma dị ọcha''' ma bụrụ onye a pụghị imetụ aka. == Na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ == === Telivishọn === * Ọkụ pụtara na Justice League Unlimited, nke Maria Canals-Barrera kwuru. Nke a bụ onye otu Justice League. * Ọkụ pụtara na Batman: The Brave and the Bold, nke Grey DeLisle kwuru.<ref name="btva"/> Ụdị a na-eduzi ike ya site n'aka ya kama iji ọnụ ya ma bụrụ onye guzobere Justice League International . <ref>{{Cite web|date=July 24, 2008|title=BSR! EXCLUSIVE: Ben Jones Interview (Director of Batman: Brave and the Bold)|url=http://www.bigshinyrobot.com/reviews/archives/544|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218184524/http://www.bigshinyrobot.com/reviews/archives/544|archivedate=February 18, 2012|accessdate=January 16, 2011|publisher=Big Shiny Robot!}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ụdị ọzọ nke eluigwe na ala aha ya bụ Blaze na-apụta na-adịghị ekwu okwu na ihe omume "Deep Cover for Batman!" dị ka onye otu Injustice Syndicate. * Ọkụ na-apụta na Mad "Nke ahụ bụ ihe Super Friends Are For". * Ọkụ, dị ka "Green Fury", pụtara na Powerless, nke Natalie Morales gosipụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gerding|first=Stephen|date=February 2, 2017|title=DC Comics' Superhero Fire Joins Cast of NBC's Powerless|url=http://www.cbr.com/dc-comics-nbc-powerless-justice-league/|work=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]]}}</ref> Ọkụ pụtara na Justice League of America, nke Michelle Hurd gosipụtara. * Ọkụ pụtara na ''DC Universe Online'', nke Shawn Sides kwuru.<ref name="btva">{{Cite web|title=Fire Voices (DC Universe)|url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/DC-Universe/Fire/|accessdate=October 28, 2024|publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/DC-Universe/Fire/ "Fire Voices (DC Universe)"]. Behind The Voice Actors<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite> A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref> * Ọkụ na-apụta dị ka onye na-akpọ òkù na ''Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eisen|first=Andrew|date=October 2, 2013|title=DC Characters and Objects - ''Scribblenauts Unmasked'' Guide|url=https://www.ign.com/wikis/scribblenauts-unmasked/DC_Characters_and_Objects|accessdate=October 28, 2024|work=[[IGN]]|language=en}}</ref>'' === Ihe ndị ọzọ === ''<nowiki><b>Fire</b></nowiki> na-apụta na ndabere na-enweghị okwu na DC Super Hero Girls dịka <nowiki><b>ụmụakwụkwọ nke Super Hero High</b></nowiki>.'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] a06l82beuxoev53tgcbhl7f9911cmdn 0 72657 742331 707569 2026-11-02T16:47:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742331 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cairo Geniza''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Cairo ''genizah''''', bụ nchịkọta nke ihe dị ka 400,000 [1] iberibe akwụkwọ [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]] na akwụkwọ nchịkwa Fatimid nke edebere na genizah ma ọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke Ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra na Fustat ma ọ bụ Old Cairo, Egypt. Ihe odide ndị a gafere oge niile nke Middle-Eastern, North Africa, na Andalusian akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu n'etiti narị afọ nke isii na nke iri na itoolu <ref>{{Cite book|author=Burkitt|first=Francis Crawford|title=Fragments of the Books of Kings, According to the Translation of Aquila from a MS formerly in the Geniza at Cairo|date=1897|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofbooks00aquiuoft/page/n13/mode/2up|quote="From the style of the writing the MS must be dated in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD."}}</ref> OA, ma mejupụtara nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị dị iche iche nke ihe odide oge ochie n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Posegay|first=Nick|title=Searching for the Last Genizah Fragment in Late Ottoman Cairo: A Material Survey of Egyptian Jewish Literary Culture|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=2022|volume=54|issue=FirstView|doi=10.1017/S0020743822000356}}</ref> E dere ihe odide Genizah n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị Hibru, Arabic, na Aramaic, ọkachasị na vellum na akwụkwọ, kamakwa na papyrus na ákwà. Na mgbakwunye na inwe akwụkwọ okpukpe ndị Juu dịka akwụkwọ Baịbụl, Talmudic, na akwụkwọ ndị Rabbinic mechara (ụfọdụ n'aka ndị dere ya mbụ), Genizah na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ndụ akụ na ụba na omenala nke mpaghara Mediterenian, karịsịa na narị afọ nke 10 ruo nke 13. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Goitein|first=Shelomo Dov|title=A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza|url=https://archive.org/details/mediterraneansoc0001goit_u3j2|date=1967–1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-5202-2158-3}}</ref><ref name="JVL" /> A na-agbasa ihe odide sitere na Cairo ''geniza'' ugbu a n'etiti ọtụtụ ọbá akwụkwọ, gụnyere Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Cambridge, <ref name="MD" /> Jewish Theological Seminary of America, John Rylands Library, <ref <ref name="div" /> Bodleian Library, Mahadum Pennsylvania's Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, British Library, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, National Library of Russia, Alliance Israélite Universelle, Younes na Soraya Nazarian Library na Mahadum Haifa na ọtụtụ nchịkọta onwe onye gburugburu ụwa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jefferson|first=Rebecca J. W.|title=The Cairo Genizah and the Age of Discovery in Egypt|date=2022|publisher=I.B. tauris|location=London|pages=191–207}}</ref> Ọtụtụ iberibe ihe sitere n'ọnụ ụlọ geniza nke ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra, mana a chọtara iberibe ndị ọzọ n'ebe a na-egwu ihe n'akụkụ ụlọ nzukọ na n'ebe ili ozu Basatin n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Old Cairo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schechter|first=Solomon|title=Studies in Judaism: Second Series|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinjudaism00sche_0|date=1908|publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/studiesinjudaism00sche_0/page/2 1]–12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Hoffman|first=Adina|title=Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredtrashlostf0000hoff_u9q6|date=2011|publisher=Nextbook, Schocken|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sacredtrashlostf0000hoff_u9q6/page/39 39]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jefferson|first=Rebecca J. W.|title=Deconstructing "the Cairo Genizah": A Fresh Look at Genizah Manuscript Discoveries in Cairo before 1897|url=https://archive.org/details/jewish-quarterly-review_fall-2018_108_4/page/422|journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review|date=2018|volume=108|issue=4|pages=422–448|doi=10.1353/jqr.2018.0028}}</ref> Nchịkọta nke oge a nke Cairo Geniza gụnyere ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ochie nke ndị nchịkọta zụrụ n'Ijipt na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. == Nchọpụta na ebe ndị a nọ ugbu a == [[Faịlụ:Ben_Ezra_Synagogue-1.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra kachasị ọhụrụ, nke e wughachiri n'etiti 1889 na 1892]] === Ụlọ geniza === N'afọ 1890, geniza bụ ụlọ na-enweghị windo na ọnụ ụzọ, naanị site na ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra site na ịrịgo ubube gaa n'oghere dị na mgbidi. N'ịbụ nke buru ibu, ọ jupụtara na ihe odide na akwụkwọ ndị e biri ebi a tụbara n'ime oghere ahụ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, na-agbagọ agbagọ ma na-arapara n'otu n'otu, jupụta na uzuzu ma jupụta na ụmụ ahụhụ. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e zuola akwụkwọ ụfọdụ, ma eleghị anya site na beadles nke ụlọ nzukọ, ma ree ya dị ka ihe ncheta nye ndị njem nleta. === Nchọpụta === Onye Europe mbụ chọpụtara na nchịkọta ahụ bụ Simon van Gelderen (nwanne nna Heinrich Heine), onye gara ụlọ nzukọ Ben Ezra wee kọọ banyere Cairo Genizah na 1752 ma ọ bụ 1753. <ref name="JVL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/genizah-cairo|title=Cairo Genizah|work=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=October 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111070357/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/genizah-cairo|archivedate=November 11, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Jewish Virtual Library''. Archived from [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/genizah-cairo the original] on November 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Amitav|author=Ghosh|authorlink=Amitav Ghosh|title=In an Antique Land|url=https://archive.org/details/inantiqueland0000ghos_m9b3|location=New York|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1992|isbn=0-679-72783-3}}</ref> N'afọ 1864, onye njem na ọkà mmụta Jacob Saphir gara ụlọ nzukọ ahụ wee nyochaa Genizah ruo ụbọchị abụọ; ọ bụ ezie na ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla dị mkpa ọ tụrụ aro na ihe ndị nwere ike ịdị oké ọnụ ahịa nwere ike ịdị na nchekwa. Mgbe e mezigharịrị ụlọ nzukọ dị ukwuu, onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ ndị Juu bụ Elkan Nathan Adler bụ onye mbụ si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe ịbanye na geniza na 1896, mgbe ọ zụrụ akpa akwụkwọ, nke na-enweghị mmasị na ndị nchọpụta na England.<ref name="MG1">{{Cite book|author=Glickman|first=Mark S.|title=Sacred Treasure – the Cairo Genizah: The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic|publisher=[[Jewish Lights Publishing]]|year=2012|isbn=9781580235129|pages=28–29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ_i7ijhBkAC&pg=PA4}}</ref> N'afọ 1896, ndị ọkà mmụta Scotland na ụmụnne ejima Agnes S. Lewis na Margaret D. Gibson <ref>{{Cite book|first=Adina|author=Hoffman|title=Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredtrashlostf0000hoff_u9q6|publisher=[[Schocken Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8052-4258-4}}</ref> si Ijipt lọta na iberibe ihe sitere na Genizah ha weere dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị, wee gosi ha Solomon Schechter, "enyi ndị rabaị na-enweghị mgbochi" na Cambridge <ref name="MD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/biblicalarchaeology-topics/text-treasures-cairo-geniza/|title=Text Treasures: Cairo Geniza|author=Dospel|first=Marek|date=June 1, 2022|work=Biblical Archaeology Society|accessdate=October 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601130432/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/biblical-archaeology-topics/text-treasures-cairo-geniza/|archivedate=June 1, 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDospel2022">Dospel, Marek (June 1, 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220601130432/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/biblical-archaeology-topics/text-treasures-cairo-geniza/ "Text Treasures: Cairo Geniza"]. ''Biblical Archaeology Society''. Archived from [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/archaeology-today/biblicalarchaeology-topics/text-treasures-cairo-geniza/ the original] on June 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="div">{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=1364|title=The Cairo Genizah, the Largest and Most Diverse Collection of Medieval Manuscripts in the World|work=History of Information|accessdate=October 23, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705070817/https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=1364|archivedate=July 5, 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''History of Information''. Archived from [https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=1364 the original] on July 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Schechter, nke maralarị banyere Genizah ma ọ bụghị ihe ọ pụtara, ghọtara ozugbo mkpa ihe ahụ dị. Site n'enyemaka ego nke onye ọrụ ibe ya na enyi ya na Cambridge bụ Charles Taylor, Schechter mere njem nlegharị anya gaa Ijipt, ebe, site n'enyọ nke Chief Rabbi, ọ haziri ma wepụ akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ihe dị n'ime ụlọ Genizah. Agnes na Margaret sonyeere ya n'ebe ahụ n'ụzọ ha na-aga Sinai (nleta nke anọ ha n'ime afọ ise) ma gosi ha ụlọ ahụ Agnes kọrọ na ọ "naanị ihe a na-apụghị ịkọwa akọwa". [[Faịlụ:Solomon_Schechter_studying_the_fragments_of_the_Cairo_Genizah,_c._1898.jpg|thumb|Solomon Schechter na-arụ ọrụ na Cambridge University Library, na-amụ iberibe Cairo Genizah, c. 1898]] Ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị n'Ijipt bụ́ Count Riamo d'Hulst chọpụtara na Schechter, onye rụrụ ọrụ naanị ya, aghaghị ịnọ naanị ya n'ọrụ siri ike nke ịgụ ihe dị n'ime geniza, ọ rụchabeghịkwa ọrụ ahụ nke ọma, ọ meghịkwa nnukwu ihe e dere ede echekwara n'èzí n'ogige ụlọ nzukọ n'oge nrụzigharị ụlọ nzukọ n'afọ 1889-1892.<ref name="MG2">Glickman (2012), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ_i7ijhBkAC&pg=PA88 88]-90.</ref> Count d'Hulst dere na e ji akwụkwọ kpuchie ọtụtụ n'ime ogige ahụ otu mita n'ịdị elu.<ref name="MG2" /> A hapụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a n'èzí mgbe emechara ya, d'Hulst duziri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa abụọ ka e gwupụtara ala ahụ.<ref name="MG2" /> Ka ọ na-erule Mee 1898, o nwere ike iziga nnukwu akpa akwụkwọ 16 na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Bodleian.<ref name="MG2" /> === Ebe ndị dị ugbu a === A na-edebe iberibe Genizah ugbu a n'ọbá akwụkwọ dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. Nchịkọta Taylor-Schechter na Cambridge bụ nke kachasị ukwuu, site n'ụzọ dị anya, otu nchịkọta, nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iberibe 193,000 (137,000 shelf-mark). <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cairo Genizah Collection|url=http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/genizah|publisher=Cambridge Digital Library|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref> E nwere iberibe 43,000 ọzọ na Jewish Theological Seminary Library. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Library Special Collections|url=http://www.jtsa.edu/library-special-collections|accessdate=2021-07-28|work=www.jtsa.edu|date=2 February 2016}}</ref> Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum John Rylands dị na Manchester nwere nchịkọta nke ihe karịrị iberibe 11,000, nke a na-edepụta ugbu a ma bulite ya na ebe nchekwa ihe n'ịntanetị.<ref name="div"/> Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Bodleian na Mahadum Oxford nwere nchịkọta nke 25,000 Genizah folios. <ref name="bod" /> Westminster College dị na Cambridge nwere iberibe 1,700 nke Lewis na Gibson debere na 1896. <ref name="BBCFeb">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-21372839|title=Appeal to buy Lewis-Gibson Genizah Collection|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|accessdate=February 18, 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ọbá akwụkwọ abụọ nke Oxbridge, ọbá akwụkwọ Bodleian na Oxford na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Cambridge, sonyeere iji nweta ego iji zụta nchịkọta Westminster (nke a na-akpọzi nchịkọta Lewis-Gibson) mgbe a na-ere ya maka £ 1.2 nde. Nke a bụ oge mbụ ọbá akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ jikọtara aka maka mgbalị dị otú ahụ. <ref name="BBCFeb" /> <ref name="bod">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/historic-rivals-join-forces-to-save-1,000-years-of-jewish-history|title=Historic rivals join forces to save 1,000 years of Jewish history|date=8 February 2013|accessdate=23 February 2013|publisher=Bodleian Libraries|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423101355/http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/historic-rivals-join-forces-to-save-1%2C000-years-of-jewish-history|archivedate=23 April 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. Bodleian Libraries. 8 February 2013. Archived from [http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/historic-rivals-join-forces-to-save-1,000-years-of-jewish-history the original] on 23 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe dị n'ime ya na ihe ọ pụtara == [[Faịlụ:Fragment_of_the_Cairo_Genizah_-_The_Passover_Haggadah,_page_1_of_4.png|thumb|Iberibe haggada si na Cairo genizah]] Ọtụtụ n'ime iberibe ndị a hụrụ na Cairo Genizah nwere ike ịbụ na mmalite narị afọ nke puku afọ nke abụọ OA, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ihe ndị gara aga yana ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Ihe odide dị na Genizah gụnyere ihe dị nsọ na nke okpukpe yana ọtụtụ ihe odide ụwa. Ihe odide Genizah gụnyere ọtụtụ ọdịnaya. N'ime iberibe akwụkwọ, ụdị ndị kacha ewu ewu bụ akwụkwọ liturgical, ederede Baịbụl na ihe ndị yiri ya, na akwụkwọ ndị Rabaịk. E nwekwara ihe ndị nwere nkà ihe ọmụma, sayensị, ihe omimi, na asụsụ. N'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị akwụkwọ, e nwere akwụkwọ iwu na akwụkwọ ozi nkeonwe. Achọtakwara ihe omume ụlọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahịa, yana ndekọ obodo dị iche iche.<ref name="RB" /> Omume a na-emekarị maka genizot (pl. nke genizah) bụ iwepu ihe dị n'ime ya oge ụfọdụ ma lie ha n'ebe ili ozu. E dere ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a n'Asụsụ Aramaic site na iji Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru. Dị ka ndị Juu weere Hibru dị ka asụsụ Chineke, na ihe odide Hibru dị ka ihe odide nkịtị nke Chineke, a pụghị ibibi ihe odide ndị ahụ ọbụna ogologo oge mgbe ha mezuru ebumnuche ha. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roberts|first=Martin|title=Defending the Bible against "Christians"|date=2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=9781490824086|pages=52–53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V_pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|accessdate=7 January 2021}}</ref> Ndị Juu dere ihe ndị ahụ na Genizah maara omenala na asụsụ nke ọha mmadụ ha nke oge a. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bara uru dị ka ihe akaebe maka otu esi asụ ma ghọta asụsụ [[Arabic]] nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shohat|first=Ella|title=The Question of Judeo-Arabic|journal=The Arab Studies Journal|volume=23|issue=1|year=2015|pages=14–76}}</ref> Ha na-egosikwa na ndị Juu mepụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ọha mmadụ nke oge ha: ha na-eme otu azụmahịa ahụ dị ka ndị agbata obi ha bụ [[Àlakụ̀ba|Ndị Alakụba]] na [[Efefe Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]], gụnyere ọrụ ugbo; ha zụrụ, ree, ma gbazite ala. [[Faịlụ:Cairo_Genizah_Fragment.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi [[Maimonides]]" id="mwARk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham, nwa Maimonides bịanyere aka]] A pụghị imesi ike mkpa ihe ndị a dị maka iwughachi akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka oge dị n'etiti 950 na 1250. Onye ọkà mmụta ndị Juu Shelomo Dov Goitein mepụtara ndepụta maka oge a nke na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka mmadụ 35,000. Nke a gụnyere ihe dị ka 350 "ndị ama ama," n'etiti ha Maimonides na nwa ya nwoke Abraham, 200 "ezinụlọ ndị a maara nke ọma", na ịkpọ aha ọrụ 450 na ngwongwo 450. Ọ chọpụtara ihe sitere na Ijipt, [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]], [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]], Siria (ma n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọ bụghị Damaskọs ma ọ bụ Aleppo), [[Tunisia]], Sicily, na ọbụna na-ekpuchi azụmahịa na [[Ndia|India]]. Obodo ndị a kpọtụrụ aha sitere na Samarkand na Central Asia ruo Seville na Sijilmasa, [[Morocco]] ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; site na Aden n'ebe ugwu ruo Constantinople; Ọ bụghị naanị na obodo ndị dị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mediterenian nke Narbonne, Marseilles, Genoa na Venice na-anọchite anya Europe, kamakwa ọbụna Kiev na Rouen ka a na-ekwu maka ha mgbe ụfọdụ. Karịsịa, ihe ndekọ dị iche iche nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nye ndị ọrụ maka mmezi ụlọ na ụdị ihe yiri ya bụ nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke ihe ndekọ nke ụgwọ ọnwa ụbọchị n'ụwa Alakụba maka mmalite oge ochie, n'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike n'ịkọwa ego ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke data ahụ.<ref name="JVL"/> A na-ekwukarị na ha na mkparịta ụka banyere akụ na ụba Alakụba nke oge ochie kemgbe afọ 1930, mgbe a na-eme nchọpụta n'akụkụ a nke nchịkọta ahụ, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta French. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị na Cairo Genizah abụghị ihe odide zuru ezu, kama ọ bụ iberibe nwere otu ma ọ bụ abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha mebiri onwe ha. N'otu aka ahụ, peeji nke otu ihe odide na-ekewapụkarị. Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị ịchọta peeji nke otu ihe odide dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ atọ ma ọ bụ anọ dị iche iche nke oge a. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe odide ndị na-abụghị nke akwụkwọ na-efunahụkarị uru ha ka oge na-aga, a hapụrụ ha na Genizah mgbe ha ka dị mma.<ref name="RB">{{Cite journal|author=Brody|first=Robert|title=Cataloguing the Cairo Genizah|journal=Judaica Librarianship|date=Spring 1999 – Winter 2000|volume=10|issue=1–2|pages=29–30|doi=10.14263/2330-2976.1149}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBrody1999–2000">Brody, Robert (Spring 1999 – Winter 2000). [[doi:10.14263/2330-2976.1149|"Cataloguing the Cairo Genizah"]]. ''Judaica Librarianship''. '''10''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>30. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.14263/2330-2976.1149|10.14263/2330-2976.1149]]</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ndị ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ederede, gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ihe odide okpukpe ndị Juu na ọbụna iberibe akwụkwọ kor'an.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Connolly|first=Magdalen M.|title=A Survey of Personal-Use Qurʾan Manuscripts Based on Fragments from the Cairo Genizah|journal=Journal of Qurʾanic Studies|date=2021|volume=23|issue=2|pages=1–40|doi=10.3366/jqs.2021.0465}}</ref> Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa nye ndị ọkà mmụta Bible bụ ọtụtụ ihe odide na-ezughị ezu nke nsụgharị Hibru mbụ nke Sirach.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cowley|first=A. E.|title=The Original Hebrew of a Portion of Ecclesiasticus|url=https://archive.org/details/gtu_32400005376615|date=1897|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schechter|first=Solomon|title=Genizah Specimens: Ecclesiasticus|journal=Jewish Quarterly Review|date=1898|volume=10|issue=2|pages=197–206|doi=10.2307/1450712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jefferson|first=J. W.|title=A Genizah Secret: The Count d'Hulst and Letters Revealing the Race to Recover the Lost Leaves of the Original Ecclesiasticus|url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-the-history-of-collections_2009_21_1/page/125|journal=Journal of the History of Collections|date=2009|volume=21|issue=1|pages=125–142|doi=10.1093/jhc/fhp003}}</ref> Solomon Schechter chọpụtakwara iberibe abụọ nke Damaskọs Document, iberibe ndị ọzọ e mechara chọta n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ na Qumran.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Schechter|first=Solomon|title=Fragments of a Zadokite Work|date=1910|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Cairo Genizah echekwaala ihe karịrị iberibe 2,500 metụtara ọgwụ, gụnyere nsụgharị Judeo-Arabic nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike Grik na Arabic, ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ mbụ, ọgwụ ndị e dere, ihe ndị dọkịta dere, na akwụkwọ ndetu nke ndị dọkịta. Akwụkwọ ndị a na-enye nghọta pụrụ iche banyere akụkụ bara uru nke ọgwụ ndị Juu, na-ekpuchi isiokwu dị ka ọrịa anya, ọnọdụ akpụkpọ ahụ, ịdị ọcha ọnụ, ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị, na ọrịa oge. Otu iberibe dị otú ahụ gụnyere nsụgharị nke Jonah ibn Biklārish's ''Kitāb al-Mustaʿīnī'', akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọgwụ e dere maka ụlọ ikpe Hūd na Zaragoza. Ihe ndị na-abụghị akwụkwọ, nke gụnyere akwụkwọ ụlọ ikpe, ihe odide iwu, na akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị Juu nọ n'ógbè ahụ (dị ka Akwụkwọ ozi nke ndị okenye Karaite nke Ascalon), dị ntakịrị, mana ka na-adọrọ mmasị: Goitein mere atụmatụ na ha dị "ihe dị ka ihe 10,000 nke ogologo ụfọdụ, nke 7,000 bụ ihe ndị nwere onwe ha buru ibu iji were dị ka akwụkwọ nke uru akụkọ ihe mere eme. Naanị ọkara n'ime ndị a ka echekwara kpamkpam. Ọnụọgụgụ akwụkwọ ndị a gbakwunyere na Genizah gbanwere n'ime afọ ndị ahụ niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụọgụ akwụkwọ ndị a gbakwunyere dị obere n'etiti 1266 na ihe dị ka 1500, mgbe ọtụtụ ndị Juu kwagara n'ebe ugwu gaa n'obodo Cairo kpọmkwem, ha wee hụ mmụba ihe dị ka 1500 mgbe ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ si Spain mụbara obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ ha wetara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na Cairo nke mere ka a mata akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khazaria na Kievan Rus, ya bụ, akwụkwọ ozi Khazar, akwụkwọ ozi Schechter, na akwụkwọ ozi Kievan. <ref name="JVL"/> A nọgidere na-eji Genizah eme ihe ruo mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ na-achọsi ike maka ihe ya wepụrụ ya. Ọtụtụ genizot ndị ọzọ enyewo obere nchọpụta gafee Ụwa Ochie, ọkachasị ndị Itali dịka nke Perugia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://documentiebraici.unipg.it/galleriaENG.php|title=The Fragments of Hebrew Manuscripts discovered in the binding of books in the Biblioteca del Dottorato of the University of Perugia|publisher=[[University of Perugia]]|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref> A chọtara Geniza nke Afghanistan nke narị afọ nke iri na otu na 2011. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ancient manuscripts indicate Jewish communities once thrived in Afghanistan|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ancient-manuscripts-indicate-jewish-community-once-thrived-in-afghanistan/|accessdate=4 December 2013|work=[[CBS]]|date=3 January 2013}}</ref> Paul E. Kahle nyochara iberibe ''Cairo Geniza'' nke ọma, depụta ma sụgharịa ya. Blackwell bipụtara akwụkwọ ya, The Cairo Geniza na 1958, na mbipụta nke abụọ na 1959. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aU8AAAAYAAJ&q=en|first=Paul E.|author=Kahle|authorlink=Paul E. Kahle|title=The Cairo Geniza|publisher=Blackwell|year=1959|isbn=9780835779616|edition=2nd|accessdate=2014-01-10}}</ref> === Ịgụ Akụkọ === Ndị Juu na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ akụ na Cairo ochie jiri usoro nhazi akwụkwọ ego abụọ tupu e jiri ụdị dị otu a mee ihe na Itali, nke ihe ndekọ ya ka dị kemgbe narị afọ nke 11 AD, nke a chọtara n'etiti Cairo Geniza.. == Nnyocha == [[Faịlụ:Book_of_Josippon_(Add.1246)_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|15-16th c. iberibe ''Josippon'' na Yemen Judeo-Arabic site na Cairo Geniza, Cambridge University Library <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cairo Genizah : Book of Josippon|url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-01246|accessdate=2025-06-02|work=Cambridge Digital Library}}</ref>]] Nchịkọta Cairo Genizah na Mahadum Pennsylvania na n'Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Juu bụ isiokwu nke ọrụ sayensị ụmụ amaala na weebụsaịtị Zooniverse. A na-akpọ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ọrụ ahụ ka ha hazie iberibe Cairo Genizah nke e tinyere na dijitalụ, iji mee ka nnyocha dị mfe na iberibe ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zooniverse|url=https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/judaicadh/scribes-of-the-cairo-geniza|work=Scribes of the Cairo Geniza|accessdate=15 September 2017}}</ref> Ọrụ Friedberg Geniza dị oke mkpa maka nyocha n'ihi na ọ na-agụnye iberibe Genizah niile na data bibliographical metụtara ha. Kemgbe afọ 1986, [[Princeton Geniza Lab]] anọwo na-amụ ma na-edepụta ihe odide geniza. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Text Searchable Database|url=https://genizalab.princeton.edu/about/history-princeton-geniza-lab/text-searchable-database|work=Princeton Geniza Lab|publisher=Princeton University|accessdate=6 October 2023}}</ref> Ọrụ ha gụnyere Princeton Geniza Project, ebe nchekwa data nke ihe karịrị ndekọ 30,000 na ndetu ederede geniza 4,600. Na mbido 2021, n'okpuru nduzi nke onye nduzi Marina Rustow na mmekorita ya na Daniel Stoekl Ben Ezra, ụlọ nyocha ahụ malitere inyocha mmụta igwe dị ka ụzọ isi dee akwụkwọ geniza, site na iji ngwa njirimara ederede aka..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Handwritten Text Recognition|url=https://genizalab.princeton.edu/projects/handwritten-text-recognition|work=Princeton Geniza Lab|publisher=Princeton university|accessdate=6 October 2023}}</ref> == Mmetụta ọdịbendị == Ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na onye edemede India bụ́ Amitav Ghosh kọrọ akụkọ ya banyere iberibe Genizah metụtara onye ahịa Juu bụ́ Abraham Ben Yiju n'akwụkwọ bụ́ In an Antique Land <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hawley|first=John C.|title=Amitav Ghosh : an introduction|date=2005|publisher=Foundation Books|isbn=81-7596-259-3|location=Delhi|oclc=63679806}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Faịlụ:Fragment_MET_DP-12913-001.jpg Faịlụ:JRL_Gaster_ar._38.jpg Faịlụ:Education_(T-S_K5.13)_(cropped).jpg Faịlụ:Amulet_Cairo_Geniza.jpg Faịlụ:Book_of_Esther_a_part_of_Cairo_Geniza.jpg Faịlụ:Fragment_of_the_Cairo_Genizah_-_Legal_document.jpg Faịlụ:MS_HEB_d_41_4b_(2).jpg Faịlụ:Torah_Scroll_(MS_heb._a._4).jpg Faịlụ:Ms._Heb._e._39.78b.jpg </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Afghan Geniza, ihe ncheta yiri nke akwụkwọ okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie * Akwụkwọ Damaskọs * Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ * Ihe odide Dunhuang, ihe ncheta yiri nke okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie * Papyri Elephantine, ihe ncheta yiri nke akwụkwọ okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie * Herculaneum papyri, ihe ncheta yiri nke akwụkwọ okpukpe na nke ụwa oge ochie * Ihe odide Timbuktu * Solomon ben Semah * Yusuf ibn 'Awkal, onye ahịa a ma ama nke a chọtara akwụkwọ ozi ya na Cairo Geniza * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu n'Ijipt * Ụlọ nzukọ ndị dị na Cairo * Ọkachamara Europe == Edemsibia == {{Reflist|2}} * {{Cite book|author=Burkitt|first=Francis Crawford|title=Fragments of the Books of Kings, According to the Translation of Aquila from a MS formerly in the Geniza at Cairo|date=1897|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentsofbooks00aquiuoft/page/n13/mode/2up}} * {{Cite book|author=Goitein|first=Shelomo Dov|title=A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza|url=https://archive.org/details/mediterraneansoc0001goit_u3j2|date=1967–1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-5202-2158-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Hoffman|first=Adina|title=Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredtrashlostf0000hoff_u9q6|date=2011|publisher=Nextbook, Schocken|location=New York|isbn=978-0805242584}} * {{Cite journal|author=Posegay|first=Nick|title=Searching for the Last Genizah Fragment in Late Ottoman Cairo: A Material Survey of Egyptian Jewish Literary Culture|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|date=2022|volume=54|issue=FirstView|pages=423–441|doi=10.1017/S0020743822000356}} * {{Cite book|author=Rustow|first=Marina|title=The Lost Archive Traces of a Caliphate in a Cairo Synagogue|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|year=2020|oclc=1132420189|isbn=978-0-691-18952-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Soskice|first=Janet|title=The Sisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Discovered the Hidden Gospels|year=2009|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4000-3474-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n7PE-mujUkC|accessdate=2025-09-29}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Testament of Time, Isi nke iri na asatọ, Knopf. * {{Cite book|author=Glickman|first=Mark|title=Sacred Treasure - The Cairo Genizah: The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic|url=https://archive.org/details/sacredtreasureth00glic|date=2011|publisher=Jewish Lights Publishing|location=Woodstock, VT|isbn=978-1580234313}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ndụ Nzuzo nke ndị Juu nke Cairo", Book Review. * {{Cite book|author=Reif|first=Stefan C.|title=A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The History of Cambridge University's Genizah Collection|url=https://archive.org/details/jewisharchivefro0000reif|date=2000|publisher=Curzon|location=Richmond, Surrey|isbn=978-0700713127}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://fjms.genizah.org/ Òtù Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Ndị Juu Friedberg] * [https://geniza.princeton.edu/en/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Princeton Geniza Project] * [https://guides.library.jhu.edu/jewish-studies/genizah Cairo Genizah] na Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries[[Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Johns Hopkins Sheridan]] * Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit na Mahadum Cambridge * [https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/genizah-fragments Genizah Fragments Blog] nke Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Cambridge * [https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/genizah Nchịkọta Taylor-Schechter] na Cambridge Digital LibraryỌ́bá Akwụkwọ Digital nke Cambridge * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406014353/http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/genizah/ Penn/Cambridge Genizah Fragment Project] * [https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/judaicadh/scribes-of-the-cairo-geniza Ndị odeakwụkwọ nke Cairo Geniza] Project nke ịdepụta akwụkwọ site na iji ikpo okwu Zooniverse * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040415213647/http://www.tau.ac.il/taunews/97spring/medieval.html Window na-eduga na ndụ ndị Juu n'oge ochie] * [https://apcairogenizah.com/ Abụ Arabic na Cairo Genizah] * Cairo Geniza: General Survey and History of Discovery, Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, nke Stefan Reif, 2010, peeji nke 7 - 12 * Women of the Cairo Geniza Podcast ihe omume na-egosipụta ọnụnọ ụmụ nwanyị na ederede Geniza, Tzipora Weinberg na mkparịta ụka ya na Eve Krakowski * [https://smarthistory.org/cairo-geniza/ Smarthistory.org - Cairo Geniza] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lrk1k93vsgzhavb1in0ylti8nfn7r48 0 72673 742574 595772 2026-11-03T08:43:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742574 wikitext text/x-wiki N'asụsụ ogbi, handhape, ma ọ bụ dez, na-ezo aka na nhazi dị iche iche nke aka na-ewere dịka eji emepụta okwu.[1] Na okwu Stokoe a maara ya dị ka dez, mbiri nke onye nrụpụta. Ọkpụkpụ aka bụ otu n'ime akụkụ ise nke akara, yana ọnọdụ (taabụ), nghazi (ori), mmegharị (sig), na njirimara na-abụghị nke aka. Asụsụ ogbi dị iche iche na-eji ụdị aka dị iche iche eme ihe. == Ihe mgbochi == ụdị aka aka dị iche iche na ihe akwara ozi. Ndị agha evolushọn emewo ka ọdịdị aka ụfọdụ dị mfe ma ọ bụ karịa ka ụmụ mmadụ mepụta karịa ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchịkọta echiche ndị a dịka ndị a: <ref name=":0"/> # Mkpịsị aka ahọpụtara (agbatị) bụ ma ọ bụ mkpịsị aka ukwu ma ọ bụ nke mkpịsị ụkwụ # A na-ejikọta mkpịsị aka ndị agbata obi # Mkpịsị aka niile nwere otu ọdịdị Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2022 banyere ọdịdị aka ahụ chọpụtara na 85.6% nke mma mma n'asụsụ ogbi iri atọ na atọ kwekọrọ n'ọchịchọ ndị a. N'ịgbakwụnye, achọpụtara n'ụdị aka 35 nọchiri anya ya na 89.2% nke asụsụ 33 a nyochara. Ụdị aka na-adabaghị n'ụkpụrụ ndị a na-adịkarị n'ịsụpe mkpịsị aka. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mkpisiaka mkpisiaka bụ ihe sitere n'ọdịnala na mmụta doro anya kama ibilite n'ụzọ nkịtị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=How the hand has shaped sign languages|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=12|issue=1|pages=11980|date=July 2022|pmid=35831441|doi=10.1038/s41598-022-15699-1}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMiozzoPeressotti2022">Miozzo M, Peressotti F (July 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9279340 "How the hand has shaped sign languages"]. ''Scientific Reports''. '''12''' (1): 11980. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15699-1|10.1038/s41598-022-15699-1]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9279340 9279340]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35831441 35831441].</cite></ref> == N'Asụsụ Ogbi nke America == [[Faịlụ:Sign_language_interpreter.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|240x240px|Onye ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ogbi na ngosi. Ụdị aka abụọ ahụ bụ aka dị larịị (B) na aka dị mkpụmkpụ (O ma ọ bụ M).]] <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles.|publisher=Linstok Press|date=1976}}</ref> Asụsụ ogbi nke America na-eji akara aka 18 maka akara nkịtị, gbakwunyere n'akụkụ aka ekpe ole na ole ewepụtara na mkpụrụedemede akwụkwọ ntuziaka America maka mkpisi aka. [a chọrọ isi mmalite ka mma]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;</sup> Ọ bụghị ụdị mma niile na-eme na nghazi, mmegharị, ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla: enwere mgbochi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdị aka nke 5 na F (ụdị aka dị na mkpịsị aka 5 na F) na-eme ka kọntaktị na akụkụ ahụ ọzọ site na isi mkpịsị aka, ebe K na 8 (aka Y) na-eme ka ọ bụrụ kọntaktị site n'ọnụ mkpịsị aka etiti, na nkwonkwo aka X na mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] == Hụkwa == * Ụdị aka nke onye na-ekewa == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}}{{sign language navigation}} b2nnf6o0wb7ovq4ek5iivebnie4ffmr 0 72793 742316 620852 2026-11-02T13:01:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742316 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asụsụ Bahnaric''' bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ Austroasiatic dị ihe dị ka iri atọ nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 700,000 na-asụ na Vietnam, Cambodia, na Laos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bahnaric Branch|url=http://sealang.net/mk/bahnaric.htm#|work=SEALang|accessdate=4 November 2024}}</ref> . Paul Sidwell kwuru na asụsụ Austroasiatic/Mon-Khmer yiri asụsụ Bahnaric na Katuic n'ụzọ okwu, n'agbanyeghị alaka ezinụlọ ha, mana Bahnaric na Katuic enweghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla ha na-eme nke ga-egosi na ha abụọ na-etolite alaka nke ezinụlọ Austroasiatic, kama ha na-etolite alaka dị iche iche == Ihe dị iche iche dị n'ime == Ọdịiche dị n'ime obodo na-egosi na ezinụlọ ahụ kewara ihe dị ka afọ 3,000 gara aga. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-eji North Bahnaric mara ọdịiche dị n'etiti olu iku ume na olu modal, nke na Sedang aghọọla olu modal-creaky [[Asụsụ Kacoʼ|Lamam]] bụ aha ezinụlọ nke Tampuon na Kaco dị nso. Sidwell (2009) na-ekewa asụsụ Bahnaric n'ime alaka anọ, .ebe Cua (Kor) kewara n'onwe ya dị ka East Bahnaric . Asụsụ Bahnaric ndị a na-amaghị aha ha nke Cambodia gụnyere Mel, Khaonh, Ra'ong, na Thmon.   === Ebe Ugwu Bahnaric === North Bahnaric nwere usoro olumba a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu nke asụsụ Chamic. [[Faịlụ:North_bahnaric_language.jpg|thumb|Asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Bahnaric]]   Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu Bahnaric, nke a na-amaghị nke ọma iji kewaa ya, bụ [[Asụsụ Duan (Austroasiatic)|Duan]] na [[Asụsụ Katua|Katua]]. === Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Bahnaric === West Bahnaric bụ usoro asụsụ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke North Bahnaric, <ref name="draft">{{Cite web|url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2012-04-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611042638/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/Sidwell_ASJP_draft.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-11}}</ref> N'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ Bahnaric dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, asụsụ West Bahnarian nọ n'okpuru mmetụta Khmer karịa Chamic, yana asụsụ Katuic dị ka akụkụ nke Katuic-West Bahnaric sprachbund (Sidwell 2003).   Sidwell (2003) na-atụ aro ndị na-esonụ West Bahnaric otu, ebe Lavi na-ebu ụzọ gbasaa, [[Asụsụ Jru'|Jru']] / Laven, Su', na Juk dị ka ndị na-emepụta alaka nke gbasaa nke abụọ, na ndị ọzọ n'ime otu isi. Jru' na Brao nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ iri puku ndị na-asụ ya, ebe asụsụ ndị ọzọ enweghị ihe karịrị 1,000 ndị na-ekwu ya.   === Central Bahnaric === Central Bahnaric bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Chamic kewara, <ref name="draft"/> <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric-Central.html|title=Central Bahnaric languages|work=www.anu.edu.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706031743/http://www.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric-Central.html|archivedate=2007-07-06}} </ref> Bahnar, Mnong, na Sre (Koho) nke ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 ndị na-asụ ya.   Kassang bụ asụsụ Bahnaric (Sidwell 2003), ọ bụ ezie na Ethnologue depụtara ya dị ka Katuic. Sidwell (2002, nke e hotara na Sidwell 2003) na-enye nhazi ndị a maka asụsụ Central Bahnaric. Rịba ama na Sidwell (2009) mechara kewaa Cua dị ka alaka kwụụrụ onwe ya, ya bụ East Bahnaric.   === Ihe osise asụsụ === ==== Ebe Ugwu Bahnaric (2022) ====   == Ihe ọhụrụ e ji emepụta okwu == Paul Sidwell (2015:183) depụtara ihe ọhụrụ ndị na-esonụ nke Bahnaric lexical nke dochiri ụdị Proto-Austroasiatic mbụ. {| class="wikitable" !Nkọwa !Ụgbọ mmiri Proto-Bahnaric !Ebe Ọdịdị nke Austria |- |ọkpụkpụ |*Akwụkwọ |*cʔaːŋ |- |ọkụ |*ʔuɲ |*ʔus |- |ire |*lpiət |*lntaːk |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ edemede asụsụ Bahnaric Bahnaric na nkọwa ndị a họọrọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 42 Mahadum Mahidol na SIL International. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210611234412/https://www.academia.edu/1546654/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1] E debere Wayback Machine: West Bahnaric''. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu West Bahnaric''. Asụsụ nke ụwa, 21. München: LINCOM Europe. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/3-89586-558-3|<bdi>3-89586-558-3</bdi>]] &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418074726/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sidwell2002genetic.pdf Nchịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Asụsụ Bahnaric: nyocha zuru oke]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 32. Mahadum Mahidol, Thailand. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''[https://www.academia.edu/1540085/Proto_South_Bahnaric_a_reconstruction_of_a_Mon-Khmer_language_of_Indo-China Proto South Bahnaric: nrụzigharị nke asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke Indo-China]''. Pacific Linguistics, 501. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-85883-444-8|<bdi>0-85883-444-8</bdi>]] &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ntụziaka ụdaume nke Proto-North-Bahnaric. Ihe ọmụma asụsụ: usoro Asia-Pacific, nke 2. Santa Ana, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://sealang.net/sala/mk-class.htm SEALang SALA nke Mon-Khmer] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110305110023/http://people.anu.edu.au/~u9907217/languages/Bahnaric.html Asụsụ Bahnaric (2003)] * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-6711-8@view</nowiki> Asụsụ Bahnaric na RWAAI Digital Archive [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gufk6qo0qdq5ip0trk7apxv7hugc909 0 72796 742328 596153 2026-11-02T15:43:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742328 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Brao |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Brao people|Brao]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |62,000 (2009–2015)<ref name="e26">[[ethnologue:brb|Brao (was Lave)]] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span><br />[[ethnologue:krr|Krung]] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span><br />[[ethnologue:krv|Kavet]] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;">[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Bahnaric languages|Bahnaric]] ** [[West Bahnaric languages|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ]] *** '''Brao''' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Latin script|Latịn]], Khmer[[Khmer script|Ndị Khmer]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |N'ụzọ dị iche iche:<code>[[iso639-3:brb|brb]]</code> - Brao (bụ Lave) <code>[[iso639-3:krr|krr]]</code> - Krung<code>[[iso639-3:krv|krv]]</code> - Kavet<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />&nbsp;&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lave1249 lave1249]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/3968 Ịsa ahụ] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[File:Brao_language.jpg|frameless]] |} '''Brao''' bụ asụsụ Mọnde-Khmer nke Cambodia, Laos na Vietnam. == Ụdị dị iche iche == Dịka Ethnologue si kwuo, e nwere ụdị asụsụ anọ dị iche iche mana ha nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma, nke a na-ewere mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche: Lave (Brao kwesịrị ekwesị), Kru’ng (Kreung), na Kavet (Kravet), nke ikpeazụ bụ nke naanị puku ole na ole na-asụ.. Sidwell (2003) depụtakwara obodo anọ nke ndị na-ekwu okwu, atọ n'ime ha dị na Cambodia. * Laveh (Lave, Rawe): a na-asụ ya na Attapeu Province, Laos n'ebe ndịda isi obodo Attapeu. Laveh bụ aha gọọmentị Laotian nyere. * '''Krung''' (Krüng, "Krung 2"): a na-sụ ya gburugburu Ban Lung na Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia * '''Kavet''' (Kravet): a na-asụ ya na Voeun Sai District, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia * '''Brao''' (Brou, Palaw, Preou): a na-asụ n'ime na gburugburu obodo Taveng na Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia '''Lun''', nke a na-asụ na Stung Treng Province, Cambodia, nwere njikọ na Lave na Kavet (Philip Lambrecht 2012). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/khmer_khes_report_final.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2015-01-30|archivedate=2020-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719003306/https://li.payap.ac.th/images/stories/survey/khmer_khes_report_final.pdf}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Sidwell (2003) na-atụ aro na enwere ike inwe ngụkọta nke ndị ọkà okwu 50,000, ebe Bradley (1994:161) na-enye atụmatụ nke 35,000. Atụmatụ niile dị n'okpuru ebe a sitere na Sidwell (2003:30). * Laos: Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Laos na 1995 na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Laveh na 17,544. * Cambodia: Ụlọ akụ mmepe nke Eshia nyere atụmatụ nke ndị ọkà okwu 29,500 ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 2000. * Vietnam: Ihe dị ka 300 Brau bi n'obodo Đắc Mế, B color Y commune, Ngọc Trabal district, Kon Tum province (Đặng, et al. 2010:112). Parkin (1991:81) na-eme atụmatụ ọtụtụ narị Brao na Vietnam. * Thailand: Parkin (1991:81) na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Brao dị puku abụọ na narị ise na Thailand. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name="keller">{{Cite journal|author=Keller|first=Charles E.|title=Brao-Krung Phonology|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|date=April 1999|volume=31|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/keller2001brao.pdf|accessdate=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609091551/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/keller2001brao.pdf|archive-date=9 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! colspan="2" | !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Ezé na alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! rowspan="4" |Ihe Na-egbochi !voiceless |p |t |c |k |ʔ |- !aspirated |pʰ |tʰ |cʰ |kʰ |h |- !voiced |b |d |ɟ |g | |- !glottalized |ˀb |ˀd |ˀɟ |ˀg | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi !plain |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- !preaspirated |ʰm |ʰn | |ʰŋ | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ |w |l |j | | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric''. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe osise ụtọ asụsụ nke Brao, asụsụ Mon-Khmer. Grand Forks, N.D.: Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session. OCLC: 2915938 811c2hu5jvsofcnfc5wedykte9m81qd 0 72966 742611 596479 2026-11-03T08:49:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742611 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:2017_Davie_County_High_School_Auto-Tech_SkillsUSA_Car_Show_(33752268033).jpg|thumb|Ọgbọ nke iri na atọ Ford F-150 nke United States Marine Corps ji kwalite recruitment. A na-ere ọgbọ a nke Ford F-Series dị ka iji "aluminum nke ndị agha", n'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị ihe dị otú ahụ.]] Ọkwa ndị agha" (ma ọ bụghị "ọkwa ndị agha" ma ọ bụ "mil-spec") bụ okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ahịa na mgbasa ozi maka ngwa ahịa ndị ahịa. A na-ejikarị ya akọwa ihe ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke na-emezu ọkọlọtọ ndị agha United States, <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> na-ejikwa MIL-STD-810 maka Ule nrụgide; <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Military Grade? {{!}} Gateway Cable Company|url=https://www.tgccompany.com/what-is-military-grade/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=Gateway Cable|language=en-US}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikọkarị ya dị ka atụmatụ ahịa iji kọwaa ngwaahịa nke na'egbo ụkpụrụ agha ọ bụla n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọkọlọtọ na-eju afọ ma ọ bụla ịmalite), ma ọ bụ naanị nke na-eji ihe ndị a na-eji na teknụzụ agha site na Kevlar ruo aluminum.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> N'ahịa ahịa, a na-ekwu na "ọkwa agha" bụ iji gosipụta ma kpalite ọkwa siri ike, ogologo oge, arụmọrụ, na ịdị mma karịa ka ọ dị na mbụ, yana ihe na-egosi na ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ngwaahịa a nwalere ma "kwado" ya ma ọ bụ na ndị agha na-eji ya eme ihe mgbe niile ma tụkwasị ya obi - ọbụlagodi na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ eziokwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Hollings|first=Alex|date=2021-06-27|title='Military grade' doesn't mean what you think it means|url=https://www.wearethemighty.com/popular/military-grade-doesnt-mean-anything/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=We Are The Mighty|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHollings2021">Hollings, Alex (2021-06-27). [https://www.wearethemighty.com/popular/military-grade-doesnt-mean-anything/ "'Military grade' doesn't mean what you think it means"]. ''We Are The Mighty''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Bledsoe|first=Everett|date=2023-10-01|title=What Does Military Grade Mean? Find All the Answers Here|url=https://www.thesoldiersproject.org/what-does-military-grade-mean/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=The Soldiers Project|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBledsoe2023">Bledsoe, Everett (2023-10-01). [https://www.thesoldiersproject.org/what-does-military-grade-mean/ "What Does Military Grade Mean? Find All the Answers Here"]. ''The Soldiers Project''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=‘Military Grade’ Is Nothing but Marketing Bullshit|url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-does-military-grade-mean-marketing|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=MEL Magazine|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/what-does-military-grade-mean-marketing "'Military Grade' Is Nothing but Marketing Bullshit"]. ''MEL Magazine''. 2020-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere na ahịa dịka "ọkwa ndị agha" gụnyere ikpe ekwentị, ọkụ ọkụ, ngwá electronic, uwe anya, na uwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ndị agha na ndị agha ochie akatọla ojiji nke okwu ahụ n'ahịa, bụ́ ndị na-ekwu na ihe ndị bụ n'ezie "ọkwa agha"—dịka ndị agha nyere ndị ọrụ ha—na-azụkarị maka ọnụ ahịa dị mma ma ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ nke kacha mma na nke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi mgbe niile.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Schogol|first=Jeff|date=2022-05-04|title=Why 'military grade' is just another way of saying 'cheaply made junk'|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/culture/military-grade-products-junk/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=Task & Purpose|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchogol2022">Schogol, Jeff (2022-05-04). [https://taskandpurpose.com/culture/military-grade-products-junk/ "Why 'military grade' is just another way of saying 'cheaply made junk'"]. ''Task & Purpose''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Sheth|first=Sarang|date=2023-02-09|title=Terms like ‘military-grade’ and ‘aircraft-grade’ are NOT indicators of good quality. Here’s why - Yanko Design|url=https://www.yankodesign.com/2023/02/09/terms-like-military-grade-and-aircraft-grade-are-not-indicators-of-good-quality-heres-why/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=Yanko Design|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSheth2023">Sheth, Sarang (2023-02-09). [https://www.yankodesign.com/2023/02/09/terms-like-military-grade-and-aircraft-grade-are-not-indicators-of-good-quality-heres-why/ "Terms like 'military-grade' and 'aircraft-grade' are NOT indicators of good quality. Here's why - Yanko Design"]. ''Yanko Design''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Otú ọ dị, ekwesighi ịkọwapụta ojiji nke okwu ahụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama na ọ bụghị ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, dịka ụfọdụ ihe na-eji okwu ahụ nwere ike n'ezie na-eji ya eme ihe n'ezie (dịka ndị agha na-eji ha eme ihe n"ezie, ma ọ bụ ha yiri ndị agha). <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1"/> == Ojiji ndị a ma ama == * N'afọ 2015, mgbasa ozi maka ụgbọala Ford F-Series nke ọgbọ nke iri na atọ kọwara ya nke ọma dị ka nke ejiri "aluminom alloy dị elu, nke dị elu karịa nke ndị agha", n'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị ihe dị otú ahụ n'ezie. Naanị ihe dị adị n'etiti aluminom ejiri mee ihe na F-Series na ụfọdụ ụgbọ ala agha bụ ihe mejupụtara ha na ihe na-eme ka ha dị ọkụ. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=McIntosh|first=Jil|date=2018-09-25|title=What's in a Name? Truth vs Marketing|url=https://www.autotrader.ca/editorial/20180925/what-s-in-a-name-truth-vs-marketing/|accessdate=2023-10-09|work=AutoTrader.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=White|first=Addison|date=2019-12-22|title=Is Ford's Aluminum Really 'Military Grade'?|url=https://www.motorbiscuit.com/is-fords-aluminum-really-military-grade/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=MotorBiscuit|language=en-US}}</ref> * N'afọ 2023, esemokwu bilitere n'etiti Leonardo Helicopters na Lockheed Martin gbasara okwu ahịa eji eme ihe na mmemme New Medium Helicopter nke British Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sprenger|first=Sebastian|date=2023-09-13|title=In British helicopter race, war of words emerges over ‘military grade’|url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/13/in-british-helicopter-race-war-of-words-emerges-over-military-grade/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=Defense News|language=en}}</ref> Lockheed kwuru na ndị ọzọ na-asọmpi na mmemme ahụ, gụnyere AgustaWestland AW149 nke Leonardo rụrụ, emeghị ma ọ bụ dabara adaba maka iji agha (ya bụ, ọkwa agha), ebe Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk ha bụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sprenger|first=Sebastian|date=2023-09-12|title=Lockheed touts local links in Black Hawk-based helicopter pitch to UK|url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2023/09/12/lockheed-touts-local-links-in-black-hawk-based-helicopter-pitch-to-uk/|accessdate=2023-10-08|work=Defense News|language=en}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Azụmaahịa dị n'ezi * Ndị agha == Edensibia == <references /> 75xwhnydotbn7uj6ybye5ys0jgroxqq 0 73078 742649 596756 2026-11-03T08:56:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742649 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Ọrụ Asụsụ Ndị Nọ N'Ize Ndụ (ELP) ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Enwere ya na&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Asụsụ Dịgasị iche (7) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ntọala | class="infobox-data" |June 2012<ref name="manoa"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="118">[https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=5162 "Google partners with UH Manoa linguists on endangered languages project"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="119">[[University of Hawaiʻi]]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="121">2012-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="122"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-21</span></span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |URL | class="infobox-data url" |<span class="url">[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com www.endangeredlanguages.com]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a&nbsp; | class="infobox-data category" |Ịrụsi Ọrụ Ike |} Ọrụ Endangered Languages Project ('''ELP''') (ọrụ maka asụsụ ndị nọ n'ize ndụ) bụ njikọ aka zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti Òtù asụsụ ụmụ amaala, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ, ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị dị elu, na ndị mmekọ ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa iji mee ka Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ sie ike. Ntọala nke ọrụ ahụ bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ, nke malitere na Jun 2012. == Akụkọ Mmalite == E bidoro ELP na Jun 2012 na ebumnuche nke ịbụ "isi iyi ozi zuru oke, kwesịkwara oge a gbasara asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụwa" dị ka onye nduzi nke Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat), bụ Lyle Campbell, ọkammụta nke asụsụ na Maanoa College of Languages, Linguistics and Literature si kwuo. O kwuru na "... A chọrọ ebe ndekọ (katalọgụ) ahụ iji kwado ndetukọ na mmelite asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, iji mee ka ọha na eze na ndị ọkà mmụta mara, iji nyere ndị òtù asụsụ ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ aka, na iji dọta uche ndị mmadụ gaa n'asụsụ ndị kachasị nwee mkpa nchekwa ha. " Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nzukọ ahụ na-ekewa asụsụ Métis nke Canada bụ Michif dị ka nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya nke ọma na-ebelata n'ikè n'ike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wenz|first=John|date=September 1, 2020|title=The Fragile State of "Contact Languages"|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200901-the-fragile-state-of-contact-languages|accessdate=October 3, 2020|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Engraving_at_Batoche_Cemetery_(Michif_version).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|600x600px|Ihe atụ nke Michif na ihe osise dị na Batoche, Saskatchewan]] E nwere ndị mmekọ anọ so guzobe ya ndị hụrụ maka mmepe na mmalite nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ, gụnyere Kansụl Ọdịbendị Ndị Mbụ, Mahadum Eastern Michigan, ngalaba asụsụ nke Mahadum Hawai'i na Mānoa, yana na Google.org. Taa, ọ bụ abụọ n'ime ndị ahụ guzobere ya, na-edu ya: First Peoples' Cultural Council na Mahadum nke Hawai'i na Mānoa na nkwekọrịta ya na Kansul Nchịkwa ya.<ref name=":0"/> == Ebumnuche nke ọrụ ahụ == Ebumnuche nke ELP bụ ịkwalite nkekoọrịta ozi metụtara asụsụ ndị dị n'ihe ize ndụ na ime ka nnyocha na ndetukọ nke asụsụ ndị dị n'oké egwu dị ngwa, iji kwado obodo ndị na-echebe ma ọ bụ mee ka asụsụ ha dịghachi ndụ. Ndị ọrụ nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'itinye asụsụ ha n'ịntanetị site na itinye ozi ma ọ bụ ihe nlele n'ụdị ederede, ụda, njikọ gasị ma ọ bụ faịlụ vidiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/new-google-site-aims-to-save-endangered-languages-1.1130152|title=New Google site aims to save endangered languages|author=Kazi Stastna|publisher=CBC News|date=2012-06-26}}</ref> Ozugbo ebugoro ya na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ, ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịdebanye aha ha site na ụdị ihe onwunwe iji hụ na enwere ike ịchọ ha n'ụzọ dị mfe. Ụdị ihe onwunwe dị ugbu a gụnyere: # Nnyocha Asụsụ na Asụsụ # Mweghachi Asụsụ # Ihe Ndị Asụsụ # Mmụta Asụsụ # Nkwado Asụsụ na ime ka a mara asụsụ # Asụsụ, Omenala na Nkà # Asụsụ na Nkà na Ụzụ # Mgbasa ozi Asụsụ ndị dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ yana ozi egosiri banyere ha sitere na Catalogue of Endangered Languages (ELCat), nke ngalaba asụsụ na Mahadum Hawai'i na Mānoa yana Mahadum Eastern Michigan mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=Cataloguing the World's Endangered Languages|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|location=London}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke katalọgụ ahụ bụ ịnọgide na-emeziwanye. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ malitere site na mbipụta ndị dị adị, ELP chọrọ ndị ọkachamara iji mejupụta ntinye ndị na-ezughị ezu ma dozie njehie ọ bụla. A na-agba ndị ọrụ maara banyere otu asụsụ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ELCat ume ka ha nyefee ozi gbasara imeziwanye ma ọ bụ inyefe otu asụsụ etinyere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Catalogue of Endangered Languages|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7vQLUpU_2qcVEVqNzFKWFA2cUk/view|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|accessdate=10 October 2020}}</ref> Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke nzukọ ahụ na-enyekwa maapụ mmekọrịta iji gosipụta mmalite nke asụsụ ndị a na gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gottlieb|first=Benjamin|title=Google Fights for Endangered Languages|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/google-fights-for-endangered-languages/2012/06/21/gJQAXbs5sV_blog.html?noredirect=on|accessdate=9 October 2020|date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> == Ihe ịga nke ọma na nchọpụta nke ọrụ ahụ == Ka ọ na-erule 2020, ELP edepụtala ihe karịrị asụsụ puku atọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ELCat ya na-elekọta mba / mpaghara otu narị na iri asatọ n'ụwa niile. Ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ ndị a gụnyere [[Asụsụ Nubi|Nubi]], Irish, Orok, Welsh, Asụsụ ndị ogbi mba Sweden, na Boruca. E nwere asụsụ narị atọ na iri isiị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ edeturu na Australia, naanị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Languages|url=http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/region|work=Endangered Languages Project|accessdate=9 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413004855/http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/region|archivedate=2014-04-13}}</ref> ELP na-ekwu na "ihe karịrị pasent iri anọ nke ihe dịka asụsụ puku asaa n'ụwa niile nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịpụ n'anya".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Endangered Languages Project|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/about/|work=Endangered Languages Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/about/ "Endangered Languages Project"]. </cite></ref> N'afọ 2018, ndị otu ELCat bipụtara akwụkwọ banyere ọrụ ahụ, nke akpọrọ Cataloguing the World's Endangered Languages . <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Campbell|title=Cataloguing the world's endangered languages|date=30 June 2020|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9780367580902|edition=1|url=https://www.routledge.com/Cataloguing-the-Worlds-Endangered-Languages/Campbell-Belew/p/book/9780367580902|accessdate=22 December 2022|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|480x480px|Akwụkwọ Nsọ Welsh nke Mbụ site na 1588]] == Mmalite na ndị ọrụ == === Ndị ndu na Nhazi ndị isi òtù === Òtù ndị ọkachamara a kpọrọ òkù mejupụtara Kansụl Nchịkwa na Kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke na-elekọta òtù ahụ. Kansụl Gọọmenti ya nwere ndị òtù iri na otu ugbu a, gụnyere Lyle Campbell na Oliver Loode, nwere ahụmịhe na ọrụ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere òtù nnyocha asụsụ dị iche iche, mahadum gasị, na [[Google]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Endangered Languages Project|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/about/|work=About the Endangered Languages Project|publisher=Endangered Languages Project|accessdate=9 October 2020}}</ref> === Kansụl Ọchịchị === Kansụl ọchịchị na-arụsi ọrụ ike nwere ndị nnọchiteanya si [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [[Kánada|Canada]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], [[Estoniya|Estonia]], [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na [[Netherlands]]. Ọrụ ha bụ njikwa nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ, nlekọta nke mgbalị mgbasa ozi na atụmatụ ogologo oge maka ọrụ ahụ. === Ndị Njikọ Aka === Na mgbakwunye na òtù ndị na-achị achị edepụtara n'elu, njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke òtù ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji wusie ike ma chekwaa asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na-amalite site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ. A maara òtù a dị ka Alliance for Linguistic Diversity. Òtù a na Google na-arụkọ ọrụ iji rụọ ọrụ asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kushinka|first=Matthew|title=The Endangered Languages Project|url=https://www.redlinels.com/endangered-languages-project/|work=RedLine|publisher=RedLine Language Services|accessdate=9 October 2020|archivedate=3 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103180311/https://www.redlinels.com/endangered-languages-project/}}</ref> === Ndị ọrụ === ELP nwere ndị ọrụ oge niile abụọ ugbu a, ndị nkuzi mmeziwanye asụsụ anọ na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge, yana ndị na-amụ ọrụ anọ. Ndị ọrụ ELP na ndị na-amụ ọrụ ugbu a sitere na US, [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], [[Kánada|Canada]], [[China]], [[Ndia|India]], Ireland, [[Kenya]], [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]], na [[Peru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/18029214575062110/|title=Instagram}}</ref> == Ebemsidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Asụsụ Ndị Nọ N'Ize Ndụ] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q0tf5hy6yatzoko23in2csxk7byz937 0 73457 742349 696936 2026-11-02T21:19:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742349 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Confidence Staveley.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Confidence Staveley]]   Confidence Staveley bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] cybersecurity na ọkachamara na teknụzụ ozi <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-02|title=Confidence Staveley is impacting the cyber security industry|url=https://technext24.com/2022/11/02/confidence-staveley-cyber-security-industry/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-08|title=ISJ Influencer 2022: Confidence Staveley, Founder & Executive Director, CyberSafe Foundation|url=https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/confidence-staveley-cybersafe-foundation/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=internationalsecurityjournal.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://events.pcisecuritystandards.org/2022-asia-pacific/speakers/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=2022 PCI SSC Asia Pacific Forum|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere na onye isi nchịkwa nke Cybersafe foundation; otu na-abụghị maka uru nke na-akwalite mmata na agụmakwụkwọ nchekwa cyber n'ime obodo ndị kacha nwee nsogbu na Afrịka..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluka|first=Peter|date=2023-10-27|title=10 Influential Thought Leaders in Cybersecurity|url=https://techeconomy.ng/10-influential-thought-leaders-in-cybersecurity/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Tech {{!}} Business {{!}} Economy|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=These women are shaping cybersecurity in Africa|url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/these-women-are-shaping-cybersecurity-in-africa/|accessdate=2025-06-27|work=Businessday NG|date=30 January 2024|language=en-US}}</ref> Na onye guzobere MerkleFence; ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ nchekwa ngwa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://www.rsaconference.com/experts/Confidence%20Staveley|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=RSA Conference|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=World Economic Forum|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://nordicapis.com/speakers/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Nordic APIs|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-20|title=Confidence Staveley - Founder, MerkleFence, MerkleFence|url=https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/profile/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Infosecurity Magazine|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ihe omuma agụmakwụkwọ == Staveley nwere nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na teknụzụ ozi na sistemụ ozi azụmaahịa na Mahadum Middlesex, London. O nwetara nzere masta na njikwa teknụzụ ozi na Mahadum Bradford. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2022-08-06|title=Confidence Staveley: 'To embrace cybersecurity opportunities, women need to be open-minded'|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/confidence-staveley-to-embrace-cybersecurity-opportunities-women-need-to-be-open-minded/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Uduak|first=Happiness|date=2024-10-14|title=Confidence Staveley, Guardian of Africa's digital landscape.|url=https://thebenchmark.com.ng/confidence-staveley-guardian-of-africas-digital-landscape/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=thebenchmark.com.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu ntuli aka na cryptology n'oge nna ya ukwu gosipụtara mmasị ya maka cybersecurity.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=S. C.|date=2024-11-13|title=Turning Obstacles into opportunities: Confidence Staveley Tackles gender gaps in cybersecurity|url=https://www.scworld.com/feature/turning-obstacles-into-opportunities-confidence-staveley-tackles-gender-gaps-in-cybersecurity|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=SC Media|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ná mmalite ọrụ ya na 2011, Staveley rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ IT na onye enyemaka Executive n'ime gọọmentị steeti Cross River, ebe ọ kwadoro ọrụ IT nke ngalaba ọha. O mechara banye n'ụlọ akụ, sonyeere Lloyds Banking Group dịka onye ndụmọdụ ọrụ ndị ahịa na onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ akụ ekwentị. Na 2013, ọ malitere ọrụ dịka ọkachamara IT na Calabar International Convention Centre. Ka ọ na-erule 2015, ọ kwagara na InfoGraphics Nigeria, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ahịa teknụzụ na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Site na 2016 ruo 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha nchekwa cyber maka UIC Innovations Africa. Ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a họpụtara ya onye njikwa obodo maka DIGISS, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa kọmputa. N'otu oge ahụ ruo 2022, ọ na-edukwa Gidinerd, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye mmekọ njikwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahịa a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Koba|first=Melchior|title=Nigeria: Confidence raises awareness on cybersecurity|url=https://www.wearetech.africa/en/fils-uk/tech-stars/nigeria-confidence-raises-awareness-on-cybersecurity|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.wearetech.africa|language=fr-fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Confidence Staveley {{!}} Cyber Security Speaker Agent|url=https://cyber-security-speakers.com/speaker/confidence-staveley|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=The Cyber Security Speakers Agency|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Cybersafe Foundation === N'afọ 2019, Staveley guzobere ntọala Cybersafe, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwado nkewa dijitalụ site n'inye obodo ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na Africa cybersecurity na nkà AI. Nzukọ ahụ na-enye ọzụzụ bara uru na atụmatụ mmata iji melite nchekwa dijitalụ na itinye akụ na ụba. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Cybersafe Foundation Unveils Programme to Empower Girls – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/03/27/cybersafe-foundation-unveils-programme-to-empower-girls/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=[[This Day]]|date=27 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cybersafe Foundation {{!}} Devex|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/cybersafe-foundation-158268|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.devex.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-21|title=COVID-19: Nigeria's Cybersafe Foundation launches Project to Equip Digitally Vulnerable Groups, SMEs|url=https://www.inclusiontimes.com/covid-19-cybersafe-foundation-unveils-project-to-equip-digitally-vulnerable-groups-smes/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Inclusion Times|language=en|archivedate=2025-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711081049/https://www.inclusiontimes.com/covid-19-cybersafe-foundation-unveils-project-to-equip-digitally-vulnerable-groups-smes/}}</ref> Nke gụnyere CyberGirls Fellowship, mmemme ọzụzụ na ntụziaka maka ụmụ agbọghọ Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite web|author=MURIDI|first=ANISA|date=2023-03-26|title=CyberSafe Foundation rolls out cyber security fellowship for women Program|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2023/03/cybersafe-foundation-rolls-out-cyber-security-fellowship-for-women-program/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Capital Business|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bridging the Cyber Skills Gap|url=https://initiatives.weforum.org/bridging-the-cyber-skills-gap/case-study-details/cybergirls-fellowship/aJYTG0000000CM94AM|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=World Economic Forum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111133224/https://initiatives.weforum.org/bridging-the-cyber-skills-gap/case-study-details/cybergirls-fellowship/aJYTG0000000CM94AM|archive-date=2026-01-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Releases 2023 ISACA and CyberSafe Foundation Partner to Address Underrepresentation of Women in Tech|url=https://www.isaca.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/2023/isaca-and-cybersafe-foundation-partner-to-address-underrepresentation-of-women-in-tech|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=ISACA|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-04-11|title=3rd cohort of CyberGirls Fellowship program admits 500 cybersecurity enthusiasts - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/3rd-cohort-of-cybergirls-fellowship-program-admits-500-cybersecurity-enthusiasts/|accessdate=2025-06-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, nzukọ ya na ụlọ akụ etiti nke Naijiria jikọrọ aka nye ntinye aka cybersecurity mberede nke dugara na akwụkwọ ntuziaka cybersecurité mbụ nke Afrịka na egwu mmata cybersecuration Afrobeat #NoGoFallMaga . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blessing .A|date=2021-07-21|title=CyberSecurity: Central Bank of Nigeria Launches 'NoGoFallMaga' Campaign|url=https://newscentral.africa/cybersecurity-central-bank-of-nigeria-launches-nogofallmaga-campaign/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-15|title=#NoGoFallMaga: Cybersafe Foundation Launches Cybersecurity Awareness Handbook|url=https://techbuild.africa/nogofallmaga-cybersafe-foundation-launches-cybersecurity-awareness-handbook/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-09-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917075221/https://techbuild.africa/nogofallmaga-cybersafe-foundation-launches-cybersecurity-awareness-handbook/}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ntọala Cybersafe na mmekorita ya na Gọọmentị UK malitere Digital Access Program iji dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oluka|first=Peter|date=2024-03-11|title=65,000+ Women and Girls Benefit from UK Funded CyberSafe Foundation's DigiGirls Programme|url=https://techeconomy.ng/65000-women-and-girls-benefit-from-uk-funded-cybersafe-foundations-digigirls-programme/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Tech {{!}} Business {{!}} Economy|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Empowering Women in Nigeria: The UK Government's Digital Access Program and Cybersafe Foundation Collaboration|url=https://tfdmovement.com/empowering-women-in-nigeria-the-uk-governments-digital-access-program-and-cybersafe-foundation-collaboratio/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=The Female Designer Movement|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=ITEdgeNews|date=2022-03-10|title=Cybersafe Foundation empowers girls on digital skills in Nigeria|url=https://www.itedgenews.africa/cybersafe-foundation-empowers-girls-on-digital-skills-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=ITEdgeNews|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == Enyemaka Staveley nyere na cybersecurity enwetala nkwanye ùgwù zuru oke: na 2024 edepụtara ya n'etiti Top 40 Global Thought Leaders in Security and Safety, <ref>{{Cite web|author=APSM_admin|date=2024-07-01|title=Life Safety Alliance Names 40 Top Security and Life Safety Thought Leaders|url=https://www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com/life-safety-alliance-names-40-top-security-and-life-safety-thought-leaders/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Asia Pacific Security Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Life Safety Alliance Names Top 40 Global Thought Leaders in Security & Life Safety {{!}} SDM Magazine|url=https://www.sdmmag.com/articles/103338-life-safety-alliance-names-top-40-global-thought-leaders-in-security-and-life-safety|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.sdmmag.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Curtiss|first=Joy|date=2024-06-28|title=Life Safety Alliance Announces Top 40 Global Thought Leaders in Security and Life Safety|url=https://www.lifesafetyalliance.org/post/life-safety-alliance-announces-top-40-global-thought-leaders-in-security-and-life-safety|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Life Safety Alliance|language=en}}</ref> ma kpọọ ya otu n'ime "150 Fascinating Females Fighting Cybercrime" site na Women Know Cyber. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Magazine|first=Cybercrime|date=2024-05-20|title=Women Know Cyber: 150 Fascinating Females Fighting Cybercrime|url=https://cybersecurityventures.com/women-in-cybersecurity-list/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Cybercrime Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ọ nọ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 100 kachasị akpali akpali na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=#IWD: Owen Omogiafo, Lola Odedina, Ojy Okpe, Maryam Augie-Abdulmumin, Blessing Omakwu, Bolanle Austen Peters, Confidence Staveley, Weruche Opia, and more! These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women for 2022! – Leading Ladies Africa|url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/2022/03/08/iwd-owen-omogiafo-lola-odedina-ojy-okpe-maryam-augie-abdulmumin-blessing-omakwu-bolanle-austen-peters-confidence-staveley-weruche-opia-and-more-these-are-nigerias-100-most-inspirin/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, o mere ndepụta nke ABCD Africa's 50 Most Impactful Voices. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2023-03-08|title=ABCD Africa 50 Most Impactful Voices List released to mark 2023 International Women's Day|url=https://guardian.ng/features/abcd-africa-50-most-impactful-voices-list-released-to-mark-2023-international-womens-day/|accessdate=2025-06-27|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa nwanyị Naijiria mbụ a nabatara na Forbes Technology Council.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ibeh|first=Royal|date=2022-09-09|title=Forbes Technology Council Inducts Cybersafe Founder, Staveley|url=https://leadership.ng/forbes-technology-council-inducts-cybersafe-founder-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}</ref> A makwaara idu ndú ya na mba ụwa dị ka onye ndú Obama nke Afrịka nke afọ 2021, ma nweta IFSEC Global "One-to-Watch" na Security & Fire. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Obama|title=Leader Confidence Staveley from 2022 Leaders Africa.|url=https://www.obama.org/programs/leaders/africa/2022/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Obama Foundation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=James|date=2021-07-21|title=Revealed: The IFSEC Global influencers in security and fire 2021 {{!}} IFSEC Insider|url=https://www.ifsecglobal.com/global/influencers-in-security-and-fire-2021/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=IFSEC Insider {{!}} Security and Fire News and Resources|language=en-US}}</ref> === Onyinye === * Women in Tech Africa Awards - 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women in Tech® Africa Awards Program|url=https://womenintech-awards.com/women-in-tech-africa-awards-program/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Women in Tech Global Awards|language=en-US}}</ref> * ISC2 Global Achievement Award - 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISC2 Global Achievement Awards 2023 Recipients|url=https://www.isc2.org/about/award-programs/2023-award-winners|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.isc2.org|language=en}}</ref> * Cyber Security Experts Association of Nigeria Merit Awards - 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-02|title=Confidence Staveley is impacting the cyber security industry|url=https://technext24.com/2022/11/02/confidence-staveley-cyber-security-industry/|accessdate=2025-06-25|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Cyber Security Women Supporter of the Year Award - 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSWY2022|url=https://leadmind.inteligenca.com/cswy2022/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=leadmind.inteligenca.com|language=en}}</ref> * Meridian Global Citizen Award - 2022. * Nwanyị nchebe cyber nke afọ - 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CSWY2021|url=https://leadmind.inteligenca.com/cswy2021/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=leadmind.inteligenca.com|language=en}}</ref> * U.S. State Department International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) Impact Award - 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Initiative for Global Impact through the International Visitor Leadership Program|url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/new-initiative-for-global-impact-through-the-international-visitor-leadership-program/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Abisiga Mojeed Damilola * Kennedy Ekezie * [[Florence Seriki]] == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7yvi8hhkq31legcdm3tvvq3icuzma1p 0 73625 742341 597739 2026-11-02T19:26:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742341 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Asụsụ Chimbu-Wahgi''' bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke New Guinea. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye ha na atụmatụ Trans-New Guinea; Usher na-ejikọ ha na asụsụ Engan n'ezinụlọ Central New Guinea Highlands.<ref>NewGuineaWorld, [https://web.archive.org/web/20260124024239/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/central-new-guinea-highlands/start Central New Guinea Highlands]</ref> == Asụsụ == Enwere obere obi abụọ na ezinụlọ Chimbu-Wahgi dị mma. Asụsụ ndị a bụ: <ref>Usher, Timothy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260510090137/https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/central-new-guinea-highlands/simbu-western-highlands/start Simbu-Western Highlands]. ''New Guinea World''.</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Chimbu-[[Asụsụ Wahgi|Wahgi]], dị ka [[Asụsụ Nii|Nii]], Whgi, na Kuman, nwere ụdaume dị iche iche. Asụsụ Chimbu-Wahgi nwere ụda dị iche.<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{Cite book|author=Pawley|first=Andrew|editor=Palmer|date=2018|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide|chapter=The Trans New Guinea family|series=The World of Linguistics|location=Berlin|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|pages=21–196|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> == Aha nnọchiaha == Ndị nnọchiaha bụ: Abụọ *-l na ọtụtụ *-n na-egosipụta ụdị Trans-New Guinea. == Ọdịdị == [[Asụsụ Wahgi|Middle Wahgi]] reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma: <ref name="Pawley-TNG" /> * ama 'nne' < *am (a,i) * ''amu'' 'obi' < *amu * ''numan'' 'louse" < *niman * ''numan'' 'echiche, uche, ga-adị' < *n (o,u) * ''nwoke, muŋ'' 'mkpụrụ osisi, nut, apụl" * ''muŋgum'' 'nkụ" < *maŋgV 'ihe gbara gburugburu' * ''mundmuŋ'' 'obi' < *mundun-maŋgV * ''mokum, mokem'' 'mkpịsị aka, nkwonkwo" < *mo (k,ŋg) Vm 'nkwekọrịta' * ''mundun mo''- 'bụ pot bellied' < *mundun 'omume dị n'ime, afọ' * ŋaŋ 'obere nwa nwoke' < *ŋaŋ[a] 'nwa" * ''apa''- 'nwanne nne' < *apa 'nna' * ''embe (m) '' 'aha' < *imbi 'aha' * ''muk'' 'acha anụnụ anụnụ' < *muk * ''tuk''- 'chop' < *tVk- 'bepụ, bepụ' * ''na''- 'eri" < *na- * mek si- 'ịgbọ agbọ" * ''mek'' 'vomitus" < *makV[C] + t (e,i) - 'ịgbọ agbọ" == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe ndekọ Kaipuleohone nke [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/29514 Ihe ndekọ asụsụ Chimbu-Wahgi] {{Trans–New Guinea languages}} ntnwyif8n6w8hadrjabf9rg5nirs5n3 0 73759 742383 644372 2026-11-03T03:55:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Ella Onojuvwevwo''' (amụrụ na 25 Maachị 2005) bụ onye Naịjiria na-agba ọsọ. Na 2026, ọ ghọrọ onye nwere ndekọ n'ime ụlọ nke Afrịka maka mita 400. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/ella-onojuvwevwo-14888449|title=Ella Onojuvwevwo|work=World Athletics|accessdate=11 May 2024}}</ref> == YNdụ mbido == Na Nọvemba afọ 2022, o kwetara isonye na Mahadum Steeti Louisiana dị na mba Amerịka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportsnow.com.ng/ella-onojuvwevwo-joins-ofili-at-lsu/|work=Sportsnow|accessdate=11 May 2024|title=Ella Onojuvwevwo joins Ofili at LSU|date=6 November 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2021, o meriri ọlaedo dịka akụkụ nke mgbagharị {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbagharị {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} agwakọtara na asọmpi egwuregwu mba ụwa nke afọ 2021 na Nairobi . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/athletics/story/top-nigerian-ncaa-athletes-to-watch-out-for-in-2023-2023010417192326949|date=4 January 2024|title=Top Nigerian NCAA athletes to watch out for in 2023|work=Pulsports.ng|accessdate=11 May 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazettengr.com/team-nigeria-third-in-world-athletics-u20-with-four-gold-three-bronze/|work=Gazettengr|accessdate=11 May 2024|title=Team Nigeria third in World Athletics U20 with four gold, three bronze|date=23 August 2021}}</ref> Onojuvwevwo nwetara ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi Afrịka nke afọ 2022 na mgbagharị agba agba nke {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} na [[Mauritius]] ma meriekwa ọla nchara na asọmpi agba agba nke ụmụ nwanyị nke {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7147626?eventId=10229988|work=World Athletics|accessdate=11 May 2024|title=Mixed 4x400 Metres Relay Final|date=8 June 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/06/12/team-nigeria-review-2022-african-championships-day-5/|work=Making of Champs|accessdate=11 May 2024|title=Team Nigeria Review – 2022 African Championships Day 5|date=12 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303231752/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2022/06/12/team-nigeria-review-2022-african-championships-day-5/|archive-date=3 March 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ so n'òtù ndị otu Naịjirịa nke so na asọmpi agba agba nke mita 400 na mgbagharị agba agba nke {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} na asọmpi Commonwealth nke afọ 2022 na Birmingham, ebe ha ruru eru maka asọmpi ikpeazụ ma mechaa nke isii. Onojuvwevwo gbara ọsọ maka Naịjirịa dịka akụkụ nke ndị otu egwuregwu agba ọsọ {{Érèkọbalà|4 × 400 m}} na asọmpi egwuregwu mba ụwa nke 2023 na Budapest . <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=11 May 2024|date=9 August 2023|title=Amusan Out As AFN Unveils Team For World Championships|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/08/09/amusan-out-as-afn-unveils-team-for-world-championships/|work=Channelstv}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2024, o wedara ihe kacha mma ya n'ihe karịrị mita 400 ruo sekọnd 51.32 na Florida. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/04/14/ogazi-onojuvwevwo-blast-to-pbs-at-tom-jones-memorial-classic/|work=Making of Champs|accessdate=11 May 2024|title=Ogazi & Onojuvwevwo blast to PBs at Tom Jones Memorial Classic!|date=14 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511103301/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/04/14/ogazi-onojuvwevwo-blast-to-pbs-at-tom-jones-memorial-classic/|archive-date=11 May 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Onojuvwevwo so Naịjirịa zọọ mpi na asọmpi egwuregwu mba ụwa nke afọ 2024 na Nassau, Bahamas . <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 May 2024|work=Guarianng|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/ofili-okezie-made-our-job-easy-in-bahamas-says-afn/|title=Ofili, Okere made our jons easy in Bahamas says AFN|accessdate=11 May 2024}}</ref> Site na oge nke 3:12.87, otu egwuregwu 4x400m nke Naịjirịa nke Onojuvwevwo, Samuel Ogazi, [[Chidi Okezie]] na [[Esther Elo Joseph|Esther Joseph]] setịpụrụ [[Ndepụta nke ndekọ Naijiria na egwuregwu|ihe ndekọ mba Naịjirịa]] ọhụrụ na ndekọ Afrịka na mmemme ahụ na 5 Mee 2024. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/691378-two-nigerian-teams-qualify-for-olympic-games-relays.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=11 May 2024|date=5 May 2024|title=Two Nigerian teams qualify for Olympic Games Relays}}</ref> N'izu ụka sochirinụ, o wedara ike ya ruo sekọnd 50.57 na asọmpi SEC na Florida. Oge ahụ ruru ọkwa ntozu oke maka asọmpi Olympic nke 2024 ma mee ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị Naịjirịa kachasị ọsọ kemgbe [[Falilat Ogunkoya]] gbara ọsọ 50.50s na 2001, wee tinye nke ise na ndepụta ndị Nigeria kacha elu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2024|title=Onojuvwevwo runs fastest 400m by a Nigerian woman since 2001 to qualify for Paris 2024 Olympics!|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/05/11/onojuvwevwo-runs-fastest-400m-by-a-nigerian-woman-since-2001-to-qualify-for-paris-2024-olympics/|work=Making of Champs|access-date=19 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215232225/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/05/11/onojuvwevwo-runs-fastest-400m-by-a-nigerian-woman-since-2001-to-qualify-for-paris-2024-olympics/|archive-date=15 February 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ gbara asọmpi na Olimpiks Oge Okpomọkụ nke 2024 n'ihe karịrị mita 400 n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2024, wee ruo ọkara nke ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5840/women-s-400m-hurdles-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics#google_vignette|date=8 August 2024|accessdate=29 August 2024|work=Watch Athletics|title=Women's 400m Hurdles Results – Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/afn-lists-35-track-and-field-athletes-for-olympics/?amp|work=punchng.com|accessdate=7 July 2024|title=AFN lists 35 track-and-field athletes for Olympics|date=7 July 2024}}</ref> Ọ sokwara asọmpi na agba ọsọ <nowiki><span about="#mwt54" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Érèkọbalà&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Templeeti:Érèkọbalà&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;4 × 400 m&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwYQ" typeof="mw:Transclusion">4 × 400 m</span></nowiki> dị iche iche n'egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5829/4x400m-mixed-relay-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics|work=Watch Athletics|accessdate=28 December 2024|title=Mixed 4 x 400 Metres Relay – Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics|date=3 August 2024}}</ref> O ruru eru nke abụọ kachasị ọsọ maka agba ikpeazụ nke mita 400 na asọmpi egwuregwu mba ụwa nke afọ 2024 na Lima, Peru, tupu ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa nke ise na agba ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-u20-championships/lima24/news/report/day-two-afternoon-lima-24-reid-walaza-koscak-han-amidzovski|work=World Athletics|date=29 August 2024|accessdate=29 August 2024|title=Reid and Walaza win world U20 100m titles in Lima}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5916/women-s-400m-results-world-athletics-junior-u20-championships-2024|work=watch athletics|accessdate=24 November 2024|title=Women's 400m Results – World Athletics Junior U20 Championships 2024|date=29 August 2024}}</ref> N'ịsọ mpi maka Mahadum Steeti Louisiana, Onojuvwevwo meriri asọmpi ikpeazụ nke mita 400 n'ime sekọnd 50.92 karịa Dejanea Oakley na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke 2026 SEC. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.runnerspace.com/gprofile.php?mgroup_id=44531&do=news&news_id=674344|work=Runnerspace|accessdate=3 March 2026|title=ARKANSAS MEN, FLORIDA WOMEN HOIST TROPHIES AT SEC INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS|date=1 March 2026}}</ref> N'asọmpi na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke NCAA Division I nke 2026 na Machị, Onojuvwevwo gbara ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ nke mita 400 n'ime ụlọ Afrịka n'agba mbụ, na-agba sekọnd 50.28, tupu ọ nọrọ nke atọ na njedebe na sekọnd 50.76 n'azụ Oakley na Madison Whyte . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/864001-ncaa-indoors-nigerian-star-onojuvwevwo-sets-african-record-tops-world-list.html|title=NCAA Indoors: Nigerian star Onojuvwevwo sets African record, tops world list|date=March 14, 2026|accessdate=14 March 2026|work=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|Dejanea Oakley wins NCAA indoors 400m title|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2026/03/14/dejanea-oakley-wins-ncaa-indoors-400m-title/#google_vignette|date=14 March 2026|accessdate=15 March 2026|work=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/kaalund-tharp-ncaa-indoor-championships|date=14 March 2026|title=Kaalund and Tharp threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships|accessdate=14 March 2026|work=World Athletics}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Onojuvwevwo, Ella}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hqwa86omg0dk7kj8xrc3gwf6n5d7fgq 0 73978 742635 598608 2026-11-03T08:53:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742635 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọrịa a na-anabata bụ "nkwekọrịta a ma ama n'etiti usoro ahụike nke onye ọrịa na nke onye na-arịa ọrịa na-eche echiche." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> E gosipụtara na obodo ndị America nwere oke nnagide ọrịa, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ha na-enweta na usoro ahụike. Na psychopathology, nnagide nchekasị na-akọwa "ikike a na-eche na ọ nwere ike iguzogide mmetụta uche na-adịghị mma na / ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-adịghị asọ oyi". N'okike, egosila na usoro ahụike nke osisi na-echebe megide pathogens site na usoro nnagide. Nchebe a "na-ebelata ihe na-emetụta mmebi anụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ ụgwọ ahụike ndị ọzọ, nke pathogens ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume ahụike megide ha kpatara". == Ihe odide == <references></references> esqkab11edusjhwwzbfq0vrboqv3m30 0 73985 742629 698020 2026-11-03T08:52:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742629 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:HAV_prevalence_2005.png|thumb|Ọrịa imeju zuru ụwa ọnụ, 2005.]] '''Ọdịdị ala''' [[Health|ahụike]] bụ itinye ozi ala, echiche, na usoro maka ọmụmụ ahụike, ọrịa, na [[Nlekọta ahụike ma ọ|nlekọta ahụike]]. Ọdịdị ala ahụike, ngalaba nke, ma ọ bụ ngalaba nwanne nwanyị nke ọdịdị ala ahụ ike, na-elekwasị anya n'ịghọta usoro mpaghara nke ahụike na ọrịa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dị ka omenala si dị, e nwere mpaghara abụọ dị mkpa nke nyocha n'ime ala ahụike: nke mbụ na-ekwu maka nkesa oghere na ihe ndị na-ekpebi ọrịa na ọnwụ, ebe nke abụọ na-ekwu gbasara atụmatụ ahụike, omume ịchọ enyemaka, na inye ọrụ ahụike. == Nchịkọta == === Ọdịdị ala === A kọwawo mpaghara mbụ nke ọmụmụ ihe n'ime ọdịdị ala ahụike dị ka ọrịa na-efe efe ma ọ bụ ọdịdị ala ọrịa ma na-elekwasị anya na usoro na usoro nke ahụike na ọrịa. Enwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'ebe nyocha a site na nkuzi metụtara ya nke ọrịa na-efe efe n'ihi na ọ na-eji echiche na usoro sitere na ala, na-enye ohere maka echiche gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike nke na-atụle etu mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi si eme ka nsonaazụ ahụike a hụrụ. Mpaghara nke abụọ nke ọmụmụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya na atụmatụ na inye ọrụ ahụike, mgbe mgbe na-elekwasị anya na nhazi mpaghara nke usoro ahụike na nyocha nke otu ndokwa a si emetụta nnweta nlekọta. === Ọnọdụ ahụike === Nnyocha nke ọdịdị ahụike enweela mmetụta site na ịmegharị ọdịdị ahụ ike n'ime mpaghara nke ọdịdị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ihi mgbanwe gaa na ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na nlekọta ahụike, kama ịbụ ihe nlereanya ahụike. Nke a na-akwado ka a kọwaa ahụike na nlekọta ahụike site na mgbochi na ọgwụ ọrịa naanị na otu nke ịkwalite ọdịmma n'ozuzu. N'okpuru ihe nlereanya a, ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị gara aga (dịka, ọrịa uche) ka a na-amata dị ka nsogbu omume naanị, na ụdị ọgwụ ndị ọzọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ na-agbakwunye ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ọzọ na ọgwụ ọdịnala) ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-amụ, mgbe ụfọdụ site n'enyemaka nke ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-enweghị agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. Mgbanwe a na-agbanwe nkọwa nke nlekọta, na-ejighi ya na oghere dịka ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ọfịs dọkịta. Ọzọkwa, ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-ebute ụzọ na mkpakọrịta chiri anya nke a na-eme na oghere ndị na-abụghị omenala nke ọgwụ na nlekọta ahụike yana ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu dị ka ndị na-azụ ahịa ahụike. Usoro ọzọ a pụtara na a na-agbasawanye Ọdịdị ala ahụike iji tinye nkà ihe ọmụma dị ka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Marxian, structuralism, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Humanism, feminism na echiche nke nwoke. [[Faịlụ:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|alt=A black and white map John Snow's cholera map of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, with houses of infected people marked in black.|thumb|Map ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba nke John Snow nke ntiwapụ ọgbụba ọgbụnyụ na Broad Street na 1854.]] Relationships between place and [[health]] have long been recognized throughout human history, predating modern health delivery systems and providing insights into the transmission of infectious agents, well before the germ theory paradigm shift in the late 1800s. Throughout history, there have been many examples of place and location playing major roles in shaping perceptions of health and risk. The associations between geographical characteristics and health outcomes, which essentially form the foundation of modern medical geography, were recognized more than 2,000 years ago by Hippocrates in his treatise ’’On Airs, Waters, and Places’’ (c. 400 BC). The Industrial Revolution in the 1700s brought with it a plethora of novel public health issues stemming from rapid urban development and poor sanitation, conditions which fueled the development of disease mapping, or medical cartography. A precursor to medical geography, medical cartography arose from the need to communicate spatial discrepancies in risk for diseases of unknown cause, particularly urban outbreaks of cholera and yellow fever. One of the most prominent figures in both epidemiology and medical geography is John Snow, the physician who correctly identified the source of exposure during the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. Snow's famous 1854 map of the cholera outbreak graphically demonstrates that cases were clustered around the Broad Street pump, the source of contaminated water that fueled the epidemic. This map led Snow to identify the contaminated pump and conclude that cholera was a [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|waterborne]] illness, a remarkable feat given that bacteria were unknown to science at the time. While Snow's contributions to medical geography and epidemiology are irrefutable, the role of the map in this particular investigation is somewhat overstated. Dot maps of cases produced during the industrial period were powerful tools in communicating the findings of traditional epidemiological measures of association, but their role as analytic tools were restricted due to technological limitations. Ọdịdị ahụike nke oge a bilitere na United States n'afọ ndị 1950 site na ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ nke Jacques May, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na-awa ahụ na Thailand na Vietnam ma chọpụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti ahụmịhe ahụike nke ndị ọrịa ya n'ebe ndị a na Europe. Ọ bụ ezie na a ghọtara echiche ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta [[Health|ahụike mmadụ]] kemgbe Hippocrates, ọdịdị ala ahụike dị ka May chere na ọ dabeere n'echiche a, na-akọwa ọdịdị ala ọgwụ dị ka ịrụ ọrụ iji ghọta ọdịdị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nnyefe pathogen na ihe ndị metụtara ala. May malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya ịkọwapụta nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrịa na ịchọpụta ihe ọdịbendị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke metụtara nkesa ndị a. <ref name="Monmonier 1976">Mark S. Monmonier (1976) Jacques M. May, The Professional Geographer, 28:1, 93, DOI: 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1976.00093.x [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1976.00093.x?journalCode=rtpg20]</ref><ref name="Meade and Emch 2010">Meade, M. S. and M. Emch. 2010. Medical Geography. Guilford Press, New York.</ref> A na-ewere ọdịdị ahụike dị ka nkewa n'ime ihe abụọ dị iche iche. Nke mbụ n'ime ha lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara ọrịa na ahụike na-adịghị mma, na-agụnye nyocha nkọwa na-akọwa ọnụọgụ ọrịa na nkesa, yana nyocha nyocha na-emetụta ịchọta ihe njirimara na-eme ka onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ nwee ike ibute ọrịa. Nke a chọrọ nghọta nke ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ocaña-Riola|first=Ricardo|year=2010|title=Common errors in disease mapping|journal=Geospatial Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=139–54|pmid=20503184|url=http://www.geospatialhealth.unina.it/fulltext.php?f=pdf&ida=90|doi=10.4081/gh.2010.196}}</ref> Akụkụ nke abụọ nke ọdịdị ahụike bụ ọdịdị nke nlekọta ahụike, ọkachasị ebe ụlọ ọrụ, nnweta, na ojiji. Nke a chọrọ iji nyocha nke oghere ma na-agbaziri mgbe niile site na akụ na ụba omume.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/1353-8292(95)00002-4|title=Coming out: exposing social theory in medical geography|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-aging-and-health_1995-02_7_1/page/n21|journal=Health|date=1995|volume=1|issue=1|pages=5–14|first=Andréa|author=Litva}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-echegbu onwe ha banyere mgbasa nke ọrịa dị iche iche n'akụkụ dịgasị iche iche site na mpaghara ruo n'echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma na-enyocha ụwa okike, na mgbagwoju anya ya niile, maka njikọ dị n'etiti ọrịa na ebe. Nke a na-etinye ọdịdị ahụike n'akụkụ ngalaba ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-eji ngwá ọrụ nyocha nke oge a iji mee map nke mgbasa nke ahụike, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray|first=Emily T.|title=Measuring the health of people in places: A scoping review of OECD member countries|journal=Health & Place|date=2022|volume=73|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102731|pmid=34929525|language=en}}</ref> gụnyere ọrịa dị iche iche, ka ndị mmadụ na-agbasa ha n'etiti onwe ha, na gafee oghere sara mbara ka ha na-akwaga. Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-elekwa ụdị oghere niile anya dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike, site na Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, ime ihe ike, nrụgide, na ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ. [[Faịlụ:Coverage_by_Type_of_Health_Insurance-_2008_and_2009p25.pdf|thumb|Mgbakwunye mkpuchi ahụike]] Ọ bụ ezie na nlekọta ahụike bụ ihe bara uru ọha na eze, ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla na-enweta ya. Mkpa maka ọrụ ọha na eze na-arịwanye elu. Ndị mmadụ chọrọ ihe ọmụma na-aga n'ihu na teknụzụ amụma kachasị ọhụrụ, nke ahụike na-enye. Ihe atụ kachasị ọhụrụ nke teknụzụ dị otú ahụ bụ Telemedicine. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na United States enweghị ike ịnweta nlekọta ahụike kwesịrị ekwesị n'ihi enweghị nhata na mkpuchi ahụike na ụzọ isi nweta nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2016/02/money-quality-health-care-longer-life/|title=The costs of inequality: Money = quality health care = longer life|work=Harvard Gazette|accessdate=2017-02-19|language=en}}</ref> Mbugharị na nlekota ọrịa: Site na ọbịbịa nke teknụzụ mkpanaka na mgbasa ya, ọ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a iji nyochaa mmegharị nke onye ọ bụla. Site n'ịkọwa mmegharị nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu site na nyochaa ngwaọrụ site na iji ụlọ elu ịnweta ma ọ bụ usoro nsochi ndị ọzọ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a ikpebi na ọbụna ịchịkwa mgbasa ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na iwu nzuzo na-ajụ maka izi ezi nke nsuso ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ndị na-enye ọrụ mkpanaka azụmahịa na-eji usoro nzuzo ma ọ bụ na-enweta nhapụ gọọmentị iji nye ikike soro ndị mmadụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ụzọ e si eme ya == A na-eji usoro ozi ala (GIS) eme ihe nke ukwuu na ọdịdị ala ahụike iji hụ ma nyochaa data metụtara ahụike. Ihe omuma ihe omuma ndi a nwere ike ịbụ vector (isi, akara, ma obu polygon) ma obu raster (grid na-aga n'ihu) ma na-egosipụtakarị na map isiokwu. A na-ejikarị nsonaazụ ọrịa na njirimara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya anakọtara site na usoro nlekota na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ eme ihe dị ka isi iyi data na ọmụmụ ala ahụike. N'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrịa, data [[Lhu igwe|ihu igwe]] interpolated, nyocha ala, na ihe oyiyi dịpụrụ adịpụ bụ ihe atụ nke data eji amata njirimara gburugburu Ebe obibi nke usoro ọrịa. A na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ nyocha nke oghere iji nwalee echiche gbasara usoro ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta dị n'ime data ndị a, dị ka ihe onwunwe nke ịdabere na oghere (ihe ndị dị nso na oghere yiri ma ọ bụ metụtara karịa ihe ndị dị anya na oghere) ma ọ bụ ọdịiche dị iche iche (ebe dị iche iche na ebe ndị ọzọ). Ihe atụ ụfọdụ nke nyocha nke oghere eji eme ihe na ọdịdị ala na-agụnye nyocha nke akara, ule maka njikọ onwe onye nke oghere, ndaghachi azụ nke ala (GWR), modeling nke gburugburu ebe obibi, ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha oghere, na nyocha netwọk. == Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike == Ndị ọkà mmụta ahụike a ma ama gụnyere: * Sarah Curtis * William C. Gorgas * Kelvyn Jones * John Snow * Mei-Po Kwan * Nadine Schuurman * Kirsty Duncan == Hụkwa == * Ìgwè (epidemiology) * Ihe nlereanya mmekọrịta nke nkwarụ * Ọrịa na-efe efe * Iwu mbụ nke ala nke Tobler * Iwu nke abụọ nke Tobler banyere ala == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180329210742/http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/ Enweghị nhata na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171206092022/http://www.geohealth.canterbury.ac.nz/ ''GeoHealth Laboratory''] E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Navboxes|list={{Human geography}} {{Geography topics}}}}{{Authority control}} pqfblknv0zk6pj3di46fdkiw16j21kn 0 74409 742609 628802 2026-11-03T08:49:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:A_Handbook_of_the_Open_Air_Treatment_Wellcome_L0026793.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye ọrịa nọ na veranda nke ụlọ ihi ụra nwere windo mepere emepe na Hailey Sanitorium na Wallingford.]] '''Ọgwụgwọ ikuku''' na-emeghe bụ ojiji ọgwụgwọ nke ikuku ọhụrụ na anwụ. N'ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha, a pụrụ ime nke a site n'ịhụ na ikuku na-eku ume nke ọma n'ime ụlọ ebe ikuku na-efe efe ma ọ bụ site n'ịkpọbata ndị ọrịa n'èzí n'ụlọikwuu ma ọ bụ ụdị ebe obibi ndị ọzọ mepere emepe. Na narị afọ nke 20, e jiri ọgwụgwọ dị otú ahụ mee ndị nwere ọrịa iku ume na-efe efe dị ka influenza ma ọ bụ ụkwara nta.. N'afọ ndị 1960, ndị na-eme nchọpụta banyere agha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ chọpụtara na nje ndị dị ka ''Escherichia coli'' nwụrụ mgbe a na-ekpughe ha n'èzí mana nke ahụ, mgbe ha nọ n'ime ụlọ, ha ga-anọgide na-adị ndụ ogologo oge. Ha kpọrọ nke a ihe na-eme ka ikuku ghara ịdị ma ha enweghị ike ịchọpụta kpọmkwem usoro ma ọ bụ ihe na-egbu nje. E guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ ikuku n'ọtụtụ mba iji nye ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma, na-ekwusi ike na ikuku dị ọcha, nri dị mma na mmega ahụ. N'England, nke mbụ meghere na Bostall Wood na 1907 ma, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1930, e nwere ihe karịrị otu narị gafee mba ahụ. == Edemsibia == <references></references> [[Category:Determinants of health]] [[Category:Types of health care facilities]] 1o9sf1z2w3mb741lt5f8a3ytflbd0os 0 74491 742322 707890 2026-11-02T14:50:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742322 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" role="navigation" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;" | class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;" |Isiokwu a bụ akụkụ nke [[:Category:Black Power|usoro]] na |- ! class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" |[[Black power|Ike ojii]] |- | class="sidebar-image" |[[File:BLM_Fist.svg|class=skin-invert|113x113px]] |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Akụkọ ihe mere eme</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[Black Arts Movement|Òtù Black Arts]] * [[Black is beautiful|Ọcha mara mma]] * [[Black power movement|Mgbanwe nke ike ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black Power Revolution|Mgbanwe nke Ike Ojii]] * [[Kwanzaa]] * [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|1968 Olympic Black Power salute]] * [[1972 Olympics Black Power salute|1972 Olympic Black Power salute]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Echiche</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[African socialism|Ọchịchị Ọchịchịchị nke Afrịka]] * [[Africana womanism|Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị n'Afrịka]] * [[Afrocentrism]] * [[Anti-Americanism among African-Americans|Mmegide America]] * [[Black anarchism|Anarchism Black]] * [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]] * [[African-American leftism|Ndị isi ojii n'aka ekpe]] * [[Black nationalism|Ịhụ mba n'anya nke ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black pride|Mpako ojii]] * [[Black separatism|Nkewa nke ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black supremacy|Ịdị elu nke ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black theology|Nkà mmụta okpukpe ndị isi ojii]] * [[Intercommunalism|Mmekọrịta Obodo]] * [[Pan-Africanism]] * [[Garveyism]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Nzukọ</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[African People's Socialist Party|Òtù Ndị Ọchịchị nke Ndị Africa]] * [[Assata's Daughters|Ụmụ nwanyị Assata]] * [[Black Guerrilla Family|Ezinụlọ Ndị Agha Ojii]] * [[Black Liberators|Ndị Nnwere Onwe ojii]] * [[Black Liberation Army|Ndị Black Liberation Army]] * [[Black Panther Militia|Ndị agha Black Panther]] * [[Black Panther Party|Òtù Black Panther]] * [[Black Radical Congress|Nzukọ Ndị Ojii]] * [[Black Revolutionary Assault Team|Ndị Black Revolutionary Assault Team]] * [[Black Riders Liberation Party]] * [[Black Women's Defense League|Njikọ Nchebe Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]] * [[British Black Panthers|Ndị Black Panthers nke Britain]] * [[Conscious Community|Obodo Na-amaghị Ama]] * [[Five-Percent Nation|Mba dị pasent ise]] * [[George Jackson Brigade|Ndị agha George Jackson]] * [[Huey P. Newton Gun Club]] * [[League of Revolutionary Black Workers|Njikọ nke Ndị Ọrụ Ojii Mgbanwe]] * [[Lowndes County Freedom Organization]] * [[May 19th Communist Organization|May 19th Òtù Kọmunist]] * [[MOVE (Philadelphia organization)|Ịgagharị]] * [[Nation of Islam|Mba Alakụba]] * [[National Joint Action Committee|Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mba]] * [[New Black Panther Party|Òtù Black Panther Ọhụrụ]] * [[Republic of New Afrika|Republic nke New Afrika]] * [[Revolutionary Action Movement|Mgbanwe Ọchịchị]] * [[Revolutionary Black Panther Party|Òtù Black Panther nke Mgbanwe]] * [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|SNCC]] * [[Symbionese Liberation Army|Ndị agha nnwere onwe Symbionese]] * [[US Organization|Òtù US]] * [[Weather Underground|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'okpuru ala]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ndị mmadụ</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[Angela Davis]] * [[Assata Shakur]] * [[Donald DeFreeze]] * [[Elaine Brown]] * [[Eldridge Cleaver]] * [[Fay Bellamy Powell]] * [[Fred Hampton]] * [[George Jackson (activist)|George Jackson]] * [[Gloria Richardson]] * [[Hakim Jamal]] * [[Huey P. Newton]] * [[John Africa]] * [[Malcolm X]] * [[Marcus Garvey]] * [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] * [[Maulana Karenga]] * [[Malik Zulu Shabazz]] * [[Michael X|Michael nke Iri]] * [[Max Stanford]] * [[Obi Egbuna]] * [[Robert F. Williams]] * [[Rosa Parks|Ogige ntụrụndụ Rosa]] * [[Stokely Carmichael]] * [[Wadsworth Jarrell]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ọrụ</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * ''[[A Taste of Power|Mmasị nke Ike]]'' * ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation|Ike ojii: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nnwere onwe]]'' * ''[[Black Power and the American Myth|Ike Ojii na Akụkọ ifo nke America]]'' * [[Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)|Ihe Omume Iri]] * ''[[The Diary of Malcolm X|Akwụkwọ akụkọ Malcolm X]]'' * ''[[Revolutionary Suicide|Mgbanwe nke igbu onwe]]'' </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ihe ndị metụtara ya</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[Anarchism]] * [[Black Lives Matter|Ndụ Ndị Ojii Dị Mkpa]] * [[Black Power (New Zealand gang)|Òtù Black Power]] * [[Black Power in the Caribbean|Ike Ojii na Caribbean]] * [[Black Power movement in Montreal|Ike Ojii na Montreal]] * [[Communism|Ọchịchị Kọmunist]] * [[Feminism|Ịbụ onye inyom]] * [[Hutu Power|Ike ndị Hutu]] * [[New Left|N'aka ekpe Ọhụrụ]] * [[Political hip hop|Hip hop ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] * [[Red Power movement|Mgbanwe nke Red Power]] * [[Socialism|Ọchịchị Ọchịchị]] * [[The Troubles|Nsogbu Ndị Dị na Ya]] * [[Civil rights movement|Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States]] * [[White supremacy|Ike ndị ọcha]] * [[Youth rights|Ikike ndị ntorobịa]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #000000; border-bottom:1px solid #000000;" | * [[Portal:Politics|Portal ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&#x20;]]<span class="nowrap">[[File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg|alt=icon|border|class=noviewer|15x15px]]</span> |- | class="sidebar-navbar" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles> |} '''<big>Ihe omuma:</big>''' Dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii si kwuo, agbụrụ, okike, na ịkpa ókè klaasị bụ akụkụ nke otu usoro ọchịchị, nke Bell Hooks na-akpọ "onyeisi ọcha, onye isi ọchịchị"; n'ihi njikọ ha, ha na-ejikọta na-emepụta ihe karịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ n'onwe ha. Ahụmahụ nke ịbụ Black, dị ka ozizi si kwuo, enweghị ike ịghọta n'ihe gbasara ịbụ Black ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma a ghaghị ịkọwa ya site na intersectionality, [1] okwu nke ọkà mmụta iwu bụ Kimberlé Crenshaw chepụtara na 1989. Echiche a kwekọrọ na echiche Deborah K. King nke "ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ" nke na-azọrọ na ọ bụghị nanị na-eme ka njirimara, dị ka Crenphaw na-eduga n'ọtụtụ mmadụ, dị ka Crenphaw na-eduga n'ọtụtụ njirimara. ụdị mmegbu ka njọ megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2] Echiche ndị a na-atụ aro na njirimara ọ bụla - ịbụ oji na ịbụ nwanyị - kwesịrị ịtụle ma n'onwe ya na maka mmetụta ha jikọtara ya, nke njirimara jikọtara ọnụ na-ewusi ibe ya ike, ma nwee ike iduga n'ụdị ahaghị nhata.[3][4]. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States buru ụzọ jiri oghere nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghọta ka oke ndị ọcha na ndị nna ochie si kpakọrịta iji kpụzie ụfọdụ ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ndị na-eme oji na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi hiwere otu dị ka National Association of Colored Women (NACW) na National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). [1] Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghọrọ ndị a ma ama na 1960s, dịka ndị na-akwado ikike obodo chụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwá ọchịchị, ndị inyom na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ihe ha na-eme n'ihe metụtara ụmụ nwanyị etiti ọcha. Site na 1970s ruo 1980s, Black feminists hibere otu ndị kwuru gbasara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mba ojii, nnwere onwe nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, na nwanyị nke abụọ. [2] Alice Walker, mgbịrịgba nko, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Angela Davis, na Patricia Hill Collins apụtala dị ka ndị isi agụmakwụkwọ na Black Feminism, ebe ụfọdụ ndị isi ojii a ma ama akwadola mkparịta ụka dị egwu banyere nwanyị ojii.[3][4] == Akụkọ mmalite == === Narị afọ nke 19 === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii sitere n'ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu, malite n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a kpọtara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa America na America dị ka ndị ohu. Mmegbu a abụghị naanị nke anụ ahụ. Dị ka Patricia Hill Collins na-eme ka o doo anya, mmegbu "na-akọwa ọnọdụ ọ bụla na-ezighị ezi ebe, n'usoro na ogologo oge, otu ìgwè na-egbochi otu ọzọ ịnweta ihe onwunwe nke ọha mmadụ. "N'iburu nke a n'uche, ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America na-enwekwa mmegbu nke echiche ọgụgụ isi ha iji chekwaa akụkọ kachasị (acha ọcha, nwoke). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Feminist Thought, 30th Anniversary Edition|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003245650|publisher=Routledge|date=2022-03-17|location=New York|isbn=978-1-003-24565-0|first=Patricia Hill|author=Collins|doi=10.4324/9781003245650}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ojii achọtala ịghọta ọnọdụ ha n'ime usoro mmegbu, mgbe ahụ, a na-egosipụta nke a na okwu a ma ama nke Sojourner Truth na 1851 Women's Convention na Akron, Ohio. Okwu eziokwu lekwasịrị anya na mmeso na-ezughị oke nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, n'agbanyeghị ikike ha nwere ime otu ọrụ ahụ ma nagide otu ihe isi ike ahụ ụmụ nwoke. N'okwu ya, Sojourner Truth na-ekwu, "Enwere m ike dị ka nwoke ọ bụla, ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu dị ka nwoke niile. A kọwo m na-akọ ugbo ma na-ewepụta ma na-egbutu ma na-egbubi, ma nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ime ihe karịrị nke ahụ? . . Enwere m ike iburu ihe dị ka nwoke onye ọ bụla. " Okwu a kpọtụrụ arụmụka maka ikike nhata nke agbụrụ na, na-emesi mkpa maka ịha nhata ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3068311696|title=Sojourner truth: Part two: The speech and the sojourner truth legacy plaza by beth bartlett|author=Bartlett|first=beth|journal=Claremont|id={{ProQuest|3068311696}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Akwụkwọ A Voice from the South (1892), nke Anna Julia Cooper dere ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ na-egosipụta echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref name="Encyclopedia of feminist theories">{{Cite book|author=James|first=Stanlie M.|authorlink=Stanlie James|title=Encyclopedia of feminist theories|editor=Code|date=2003|origyear=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-13274-9|location=Abingdon and New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse/page/54 54–56]|oclc=43060471|chapter=Black feminism(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse/page/54}}</ref> Onye edemede na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke oge Cooper, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, tụrụ aro "ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ndị kachasị mkpa gbasara agbụrụ, okike, na ọrụ nke Reconstruction na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu". Dị ka Harper si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha chọrọ ikike ịtụ vootu maka agụmakwụkwọ, mana "ụmụ nwanyị ojii chọrọ ịtụ vootu, ọ bụghị dị ka ụdị agụmakwụkwọ. "<ref name="Hewitt2010">{{Cite book|title=No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/nopermanentwaves0000unse|author=Hewitt|first=Nancy|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0813547251|location=New Brunswick}}</ref> N'afọ 1890, Ida B. Wells, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe, ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka ịchọ eziokwu banyere igbu ndị isi ojii, isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ndị ọcha na-ezere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ida-b-wells-barnett|title=Ida B. Wells-Barnett|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-15}}</ref> === 1900 ruo 1960 === N'oge a na-esote ịgba ohu, ndị isi ojii nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, dị ka Sojourner Truth, Anna Julia Cooper, Ida B. Wells, Mary Church Terrell, na Frances Harper, setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị ga-abụ ihe ndabere maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref name="Patricia">{{Cite book|title=Black feminist thought : knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment|author=Patricia|first=Hill Collins|isbn=978-0415964722|edition=[2nd ed.]|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|oclc=245597448|year=2009}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a rụzuru ihe ndị a na-anụtụbeghị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, dị ka ikwu okwu ihu ọha, ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike ịtụ vootu, na inyere ndị chọrọ enyemaka aka mgbe Reconstruction gasịrị. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, esemokwu malitere n'etiti ndị ọcha na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ọbụna ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mwepụ, na ndị na-ahụkarị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Suffrage bụ otu n'ime mpaghara mbụ nke nkewa n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị ojii. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu nọ na-arị elu na njedebe 1800s na mmalite 1900s, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ahapụkarị ma na-eleghara anya site n'aka ndị ọcha feminists nke mmegharị ahụ. Agbanyeghị, nke a akwụsịghị ndị nwanyị ojii, bụ ndị ga-emecha mepụta ụzọ ha dị iche iche ọgụ maka ihe kpatara ya. Site na nke a, National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC) tọrọ ntọala na 1904, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) tọrọ ntọala na 1909, na National Association of Wage Earners tọrọ ntọala na 1921. Ndị edemede ojii nke mmalite afọ 1900 ndị na-eme isiokwu gụnyere onye nkuzi na onye na-eme ihe ike Mary Church Terrell na [[Zora Neale Hurston]]. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya A Colored Woman in a White World (1940), Terrell kọrọ ahụmahụ ya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shaw|first=Esther Popel|date=January 1941|title=Mary Church Terrell and H. G. Wells, A Colored Woman in a White World|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=26|issue=1|pages=108–110|doi=10.2307/2715052|issn=0022-2992}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọrụ Hurston bipụtara gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) nke gosipụtara nwanyị siri ike na Janie Crawford . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/zora-hurston|title=Zora Neale Hurston|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-15}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na afọ iri dị n'etiti Ndezigharị nke 19 na Iwu United States (1920) na 1960 adịghị ewere dị ka "efegharị" nke mmemme ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ oge dị mkpa karịsịa na mmepe nke ọrụ nwa nwanyị ojii.[1]. N'ime oge a, ndị inyom ojii ole na ole sonyeere ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist ma ọ bụ lekwasị anya na ọrụ otu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ha nile ka a kọwara dị ka ndị inyom, echiche ha gụnyere ọrụ bụ isi nke bụ isi n'echiche nke intersectionality - njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na klaasị. Na 1940, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Esther V. Cooper (née Esther Cooper Jackson) dere akwụkwọ edemede MA nke akpọrọ "The Negro Woman Domestic Worker in Relation to Trade Unionism" [2] Na 1949, Claudia Jones dere "Njedebe nke ileghara nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii anya" anya.[3] Mgbalị ndị ọzọ ụmụ nwanyị na nhazi mere gburugburu ikpe dị iche iche nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Esther Cooper na Rosa Parks haziri iji nyere Recy Taylor aka. N'afọ 1944, ndị otu dinara Taylor n'ike; Parks na Cooper nwara ime ka ndị ahụ kpụpụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—A New History of the Civil Rights Movement|url=https://archive.org/details/atdarkendofstree0000mcgu|author=McGuire|first=Danielle|publisher=Random House|year=2010|isbn=978-0307389244|location=New York City|pages=[https://archive.org/details/atdarkendofstree0000mcgu/page/3 3]–48}}</ref> Ndị Black feminist activists lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ndị ọzọ yiri ya, dị ka njide 1949 na ikpe ọnwụ e nyere Rosa Lee Ingram, onye a na-eme ihe ike mmekọahụ. Ndị na-agbachitere Ingram gụnyere onye Black feminist a ma ama Mary Church Terrell, onye bụ octogenarian n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City|url=https://archive.org/details/tostandfightstru0000mart|author=Biondi|first=Martha|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780674019829|location=Cambridge|pages=[https://archive.org/details/tostandfightstru0000mart/page/198 198]–199}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ịmalite ngagharị iwe, ịhazi na ịkpata ego, ịgwa ndị obodo okwu, na ịtọhapụ atụmatụ, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elegharakarị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ọchịchị anya site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka ikike obodo, bụ nke malitere n'ụzọ siri ike na 1950s.[1] Ọtụtụ mmemme, dị ka boycott ụgbọ ala Montgomery, gara nke ọma n'ihi ụmụ nwanyị na-agbasa okwu ahụ. N'oge boycott ụgbọ ala Montgomery, e mere akwụkwọ mpịakọta 35,000 ma nyefee ya mgbe e jidere Rosa Parks. Georgia Gilmore, mgbe a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ dị ka osi nri ma tinye ya n'ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Montgomery maka ntinye aka ya na boycott ahụ, haziri From Nowhere Club, otu ndị na-eme achịcha na nri iji kwado mgbalị ahụ.[2] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Afọ 1960 na 1970 === ==== Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ==== N'ime ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Black femism dị ka òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya sitere na mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke enweghị afọ ojuju na ma òtù ikike obodo na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke 1960s na 1970s. Otu n'ime nkwupụta ntọala nke Black-wing femism bụ "An Argument for Black Women's Liberation as a Revolutionary Force," nke Mary Ann Weathers dere ma bipụta ya na Febụwarị 1969 na magazin Cell 16 nke ụmụ nwanyị No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation . Weathers na-ekwu na ya kwenyere na "a ga-ewere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị dị ka atụmatụ maka njikọ aka na mgbanwe niile nke ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke, na ụmụaka mejupụtara", mana ọ na-ekwu nde "[ndị inyom ga-amalite ihe a na-agagharị" n'ihi na:[w]   Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-ede egwu dị ka Nina Simone, kwadoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị isi ojii ma nwee mmetụta na Civil Rights Movement, site na egwu dị ka Mississippi Goddamn.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1855945125|title="And I want you to walk down freedom's road": Rethinking resistance in the music of nina simone, 1958-1963|author=Tomlinson|first=Sarah|journal=Masters Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|1855945125}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Abụ ya, nke a na-eme n'ụdị mkpesa, na-eme ka mmegbu agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị na-emegide n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2515594360|title=The protest music of nina simone and buffy sainte- marie: Trauma, gender-based violence, and minority feminisms|author=Skaller|first=Samantha|journal=Masters Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|2515594360}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka Tammy Kernodle, na-ekwu na abụ ya na-ejikọta ya na ndị isi ojii na-alụ ọgụ karịa Civil Rights Movement, onyinye ya ka na-elekwasị anya na iguzogide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkwalite ikike maka ndị isi ojii. N'ozuzu, na-ekwupụta mkpa nke Civil Rights Movement.<ref name=":11" /> Ọbụghị naanị na otu ndọrọndọrọ ikike obodo lekwasịrị anya na mmegbu a na-emegbu ndị nwoke ojii, mana ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere oke ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị ihu na otu ndị nọbu n'ihu ọha, dị ka kọmitii nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ.[1]. N'ime mmegharị ahụ, ndị ikom nwere ọnọdụ dị ike. Ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị ojii achọghị ka mmegharị ahụ bụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwoke ojii naanị; ha chọrọ ịgụnye ikike ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2] Enwere ike ịhụ nke a n'okwu e nyere na 1963 na National Council of Negro Women Convention, ebe Pauli Murray kwuru na "Nwanyị Negro enweghịzi ike iwepụ ma ọ bụ gbochie ọgụ megide mmekọahụ na ọgụ maka ikike obodo mana ọ ghaghị ịnọgide na-alụ ọgụ n'otu oge".[3] Murray gara n'ihu n'arụ ụka na ntinye nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Civil Rights Movement bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịga nke ọma nke Movement na ọganihu nke ọha mmadụ ọ nọchiri anya ya.[3] Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii chere na ha kwesịrị inwe nzukọ nke ha n'ihi na iwe ndị na-ele ụmụ nwanyị ọcha dị iche na nke ha ma na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ọcha.[4] N'afọ ndị 1960, Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nhazi Ụmụ akwụkwọ (SNCC) na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma lekwasị anya n'inweta "usoro ikpe ziri ezi" site na usoro udo. Ọ bụ Ella Baker guzobere SNCC. Baker bụ onye otu National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) na Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) . Mgbe Baker jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke SCLC nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], a kpughere ya na usoro nhazi nke nzukọ ahụ. Baker jụrụ ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ime NAACP na SCLC ma chọọ ịmalite nzukọ nke ya na usoro nhata, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere ikwupụta mkpa ha.<ref name="Delaney">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theroot.com/dorothy-height-and-the-sexism-of-the-civil-rights-movem-1790879502|title=Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement|author=Delaney|first=Paul|work=The Root|date=May 12, 2010|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://objectofhistory.org/objects/extendedtour/lunchcounter/?order=11#:~:text=We%20affirm%20the%20philosophical%20or,of%20justice%20permeated%20by%20love.|title=The Object of History &#124; Behind the Scenes with the Curators of the National Museum of American History}}</ref> N'afọ 1964, na nzaghachi SNNC na Waveland, Mississippi, ndị otu ahụ kwurịtara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kwuo maka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị nke mere n'ime otu ahụ.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Urban|first=Dennis J.|date=2002|title=The Women of SNCC: Struggle, Sexism, and the Emergence of Feminist Consciousness, 1960–66|journal=The International Social Science Review}}</ref> Otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị nọ na SNCC (ndị e mesịrị mara dị ka ndị White allies Mary King na Casey Hayden) mara ụzọ e si emeso ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ha wepụtara "SNCC Position Paper (Women in the Movement) ". Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ depụtara ihe omume iri na otu ebe a na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru ụmụ nwoke. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na SNCC enweghị ohere ịghọ ihu nke nzukọ ahụ, ndị isi, n'ihi na e kenyere ha ọrụ ndị ụkọchukwu na idebe ụlọ, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-etinye aka na mkpebi. Mgbe a họpụtara Stokely Carmichael ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke SNCC na 1966, ọ tụgharịrị ụzọ nzukọ ahụ gaa na Black Power na Black nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/carmichael-stokely|title=Carmichael, Stokely|date=2017-04-25|work=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nọ na SNCC nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Carmichael, Carmichael họpụtara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ndị nduzi ọrụ n'oge ọ bụ onyeisi oche. Ka ọ na-erule ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ 1960, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ọrụ SNCC karịa n'oge ọkara mbụ. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị a, ndị ikom nọ n'ọkwá ndị isi SNCC n'oge niile ọ dị, nke mechiri na ọgba aghara n'ime afọ ole na ole mgbe Carmichael gbara arụkwaghịm n'òtù ahụ na 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/betterdaycoming00adam|author=Fairclough|first=Adam|publisher=Penguin|year=2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Angela-Davis-Mar-28-2006.jpg|thumb|[[Angela Davis]] na-ekwu okwu na Mahadum Alberta na Machị 28, 2006]] Ihe nnọchianya na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke Black femism na ngwụcha afọ 60, njikọta nke aka elu nke Black Power, na ihe nnọchianya nke kpakpando maka Venus, gosipụtara njikọ nke echiche nke Black Power na militant femism. E nwere echiche ụfọdụ, dị ka "nkatọ gbasara Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, malite na ịgba ohu". N'agbanyeghị nke a, ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị nweere onwe ha na mba ojii, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ si kwuo, n'ihi na ọ nwetara naanị niche n'ime usoro nwoke na nwanyị na nke nwoke nke mba ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaihs.org/black-power-and-the-gendered-imaginary/|title=Black Power and the Gendered Imaginary – AAIHS|date=April 26, 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weibaum|first=Alys Eve|title=Gendering the General Strike: W.E.B. Du Bois's Black Reconstruction and Black Feminism's "Propaganda of History"|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly}}</ref> ==== Ugboro nke Abụọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị ==== Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụtara n'afọ ndị 1960, nke Betty Friedan duziri. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere na ndị isi nke ngalaba ndị isi nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, nke na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ na mgbasawanye nke ikike ọmụmụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, inweta ike ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ abụghị ihe ụmụ nwanyị ojii rụzuru ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ga-arụ ọrụ n'ime na n'èstre ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ n'ihi ịda ogbenye.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Brenner|first=Mark|date=2006|title=Women and Class: What Has Happened in Forty Years?|url=http://monthlyreview.org/2006/07/01/women-and-class-what-has-happened-in-forty-years/|accessdate=August 13, 2015|work=Monthly Review}}</ref> Ebili nke abụọ nke ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị pụtara na 1960, nke Betty Friedan duziri, onye ọrụ ya bụ The Feminine Mystique lekwasịrị anya na "nsogbu a na-akpọghị aha" - na-ezo aka na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ohere ọrụ. Ụmụnwaanyị ndị isi ojii chere na a na-akpapụ ha n'otu n'otu n'otu n'ime ọha mmadụ na-achị achị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, ebe ọ bụ na a hụghị inweta ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ dịka ihe ọ rụpụtara; ịbụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ bụ nsogbu nke etiti, na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-arụ ọrụ n'ime na n'èzí ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ n'ihi ịda ogbenye. Frances Beale na-ede, sị, "Ọdịiche ọzọ dị mkpa bụ na nnwere onwe nke ndị inyom na-acha ọcha bụ isi na klas nke etiti. Ole na ole n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwetara nsogbu akụ na ụba nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-atachi obi kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụrụ na ha achọpụta ọrụ ụlọ na-eweda ala na enweghị ịhụnanya, ha nwere ike ịzụta nnwere onwe ha - na-emekarị site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ nwa agbọghọ ojii. [1] [2] Tụkwasị na nke a, dịka [[Angela Davis]] mechara dee, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị Afro-American na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nọ n'okpuru ọtụtụ [[Iwepu afọ ime|ite ime]] na-enweghị isi ma nwee afọ ime na nzuzo, ụmụ nwanyị Aflo-American na-ata ahụhụ site na mmemme ịwa ahụ nke a na-etinyeghị na mkparịta ụka banyere ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta Black Feminist dị ka Shirley Chisholm na Dorthy Roberts emeela ka a mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị Black na-emetụta n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị site na iwu ọmụmụ, ịmụ nwa, na ite ime. Tupu Roe v. Wade agafee na 1973, Chisholm bụ onye na-akwado ikike ịmụ nwa ma kwuo na "anyị ga-akwụsị ime ime iwu". N'afọ 1999, ọrụ Roberts lekwasịrị anya n'ịkatọ ihe a na-akpọ "ọrịa na-efe efe" nke mere ka ndị nne ojii dị ime bụrụ ndị omempụ ma tụọ ndị mkpọrọ - n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị nne ọcha nwere ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị karịa, itinye aka n'iji ọgwụ eme ihe mgbe ha dị ime. Ikpe ndị a mere ka a chịkwaa ikike ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe ọzọ na-anọchi anya ịtụ mkpọrọ, na ikpe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ikpe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ndị ọcha ibe ha. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta gbaghaara nkwupụta nke "ọrịa na-efe efe" dịka achọtabeghị ihe akaebe nke ọnọdụ ahụike na-emebi emebi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shirley Chisholm in Her Own Words|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520387003|publisher=University of California Press|date=2024-08-23|doi=10.1525/9780520387003|isbn=978-0-520-38700-3|editor=Fraser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty|url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj1265|journal=Science|date=2023-06-30|issn=0036-8075|pages=1329|volume=380|issue=6652|doi=10.1126/science.adj1265}}</ref> N'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ''[[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị]]'' ojii gbanwere n'ụzọ dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị. Na ngwụcha afọ 1900, ndị edemede ọhụrụ dị ka [[Alice Walker]] nwere mmetụta n'ebe ahụ, ndị akwụkwọ ha mere ka a kpọọ ya femininism, nke mesiri ike oke mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eche ihu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ma, maka ya, gụnyere "ịdị n'otu nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ".<ref name="Patricia"/> ==== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ==== Black lesbian feminism, as a political identity and movement, has emerged from a complex set of grievances related to race, gender, social status, and sexual orientation.[1] Black lesbian women have been marginalized within black-dominated organizations and have been marginalized not only in the second wave of feminism (as Betty Friedan, who resisted making women's rights a part of her political agenda, has demonstrated) but also within the feminist movement itself. Here, the problem is perhaps more than just race. Among white, middle-class feminists, the butch/femne form of sexuality, which is common among black and working-class women, has often been viewed as a subversion of masculinity.[2] N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara ngalaba nke ha nke ụmụ nwanyị na nzaghachi maka enweghị mmasị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ iji nabata ebumnuche ha. Ha mepụtara atụmatụ agha, na-ama homophobia aka n'ụzọ sara mbara ma na-achọ ebe a na-akwanyere ùgwù n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. Ụfọdụ na-akwado ma na-anwale nkewa zuru oke na ụmụ nwoke dịka o kwere mee. Echiche ndị a nkewa na-eme ka ndị Black lesbian femists na-etinye aka na Black Power movements ma na-emekarị ka mmetụta ha nke nke iche iche site na otu ndị ọcha na-eduzi. Dị ka Anita Cornwell kwuru, "Mgbe ịgba égbè na-amalite, Black ọ bụla bụ egwuregwu ziri ezi. mgbọ anaghị enye nsogbu ma mụ na nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwoke na-ehi ụra".<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lesbian-feminism|title=Lesbian Feminism – Dictionary definition of Lesbian Feminism {{!}} Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|work=www.encyclopedia.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-19}}</ref> N'afọ 1970, oge dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị nwere nwanyị ojii mere na Mgbakọ Ọchịchị Ndị Ọchịchị Black Panther's Revolutionary na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ọtụtụ ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị ojii zutere otu ndị ọcha nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị gbasara ihe ha hụrụ dị ka ebumnuche kewapụrụ agbụrụ. Ka emechara mmemme a, ọtụtụ otu bidoro tinye ma hazie ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Black Lesbian. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1973, e hiwere National Black Feminist Organisation wee tinye atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Na 1975, e hiwere Combahee River Collective site na ahụmịhe na mmetụta nke mmekọahụ na mmegharị Black Power na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegharị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị.[2]. Isi ihe ndị otu a lekwasịrị anya bụ ịgbagha ihe ha hụrụ dị ka usoro mmegbu nke jikọtara ọnụ na ime ka a mara usoro ndị a.[3] N'afọ 1978, e guzobere National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays.<ref name=":22"/> Na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ òtù ndị lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Black, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị edemede nyere aka na mmegharị a, dị ka [[Audre Lorde]], [[Barbara Smith]], Pat Parker, June Jọdan, Darlene Pagano, Kate Rushin, [[Doris Davenport (poet)|Doris Davenport]], Cheryl Clarke, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=This bridge called my back : writings by radical women of color|url=https://archive.org/details/thisbridgecalled0000unse|author=Moraga, Cherríe|isbn=9781438454399|edition=Fourth|publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) Press|location=Albany, NY|oclc=894128432|year=2015}}</ref> === Afọ 1980 na 1990 === ==== African Feminism na Black Feminist Thought ==== Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Amerịka na-enweta ihe ngosi site na mmegharị dị ka Combahee River Collective, omenala ọgụgụ isi na ndị na-eme ihe ike na-apụta n'ofe Afrịka. Mgbalị ndị a na-ama usoro ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na ndị inyom ọdịda anyanwụ aka nke na-emekarị ka epistemologies nke Afrịka ghara ịdị. Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 gaa n'ihu, Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) na Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN) ghọrọ isi ihe na-akọwapụta ụmụ nwanyị n'ìhè nke eziokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'Africa karịa usoro ndị si mba ọzọ. Ndị ọkà mmụta, gụnyere [[Amina Mama]], [[Filomina Clarice Steady|Filomina Chioma Steady]], na [[Molara Ogundipe|Molara Ogundipe-Leslie]], katọrọ mmeri nke Women-in-Development (WID), nke gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-anabata enyemaka na-enweghị isi, ma kama kpọọ maka nyocha ụmụ nwanyị dabere na ọnọdụ Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allan|first=Tuzyline Jita|date=1995|title=Review of Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820283|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=26|issue=2|pages=197–199|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> Mama kwusiri ike na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa ga-edozi nchụpụ na-aga n'ihu nke ụmụ nwanyị n"agbanyeghị ọtụtụ iri afọ nke iwu mmepe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mama|first=Amina|date=Sep 2011|title=What Does it Mean to Do Feminist Research in African Contexts?|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2011.22|journal=Feminist Review|language=en|volume=98|issue=1_suppl|pages=e4–e20|doi=10.1057/fr.2011.22|issn=0141-7789}}</ref> Steady kwuru na atụmatụ nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ ụwa na-etinye na-emekarị ka sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Afrịka site na ihe ndị dị mkpa na Eurocentric. N'otu oge ahụ, echiche Ogundipe-Leslie nke Stiwanism (Social Transformation Including Women in Africa) jikọtara nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na iwu mba na-ewu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allan|first=Tuzyline Jita|date=1995|title=Review of Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820283|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=26|issue=2|pages=197–199|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> Echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke Africa enyochala otú akụkọ ihe mere eme na omume ncheta si emepụta ncheta. Site n'idozi oghere na ịgbachi nkịtị n'ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'Afrịka achọtala iweghachite ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị nke e wepụrụ na akụkọ gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Trouillot|first=Michel-Rolph|title=Silencing the past: power and the production of history|url=https://archive.org/details/silencingpastpow0000trou_p7c2|date=2015|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-8053-5|location=Boston}}</ref> N'ihe ndekọ obodo, mmemme agụmakwụkwọ, na atụmatụ ihe ngosi nka, usoro ndị a na-emeso akwụkwọ dị ka ụdị ikpe ziri ezi na nlekọta otu, na-ekwusi ike na nlekọta mpaghara na ibu ọrụ omume iji nọchite anya akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Awumbila|first=Mariama|date=2006|title=Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41148110|journal=GeoJournal|volume=67|issue=2|pages=149–161|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9042-7|issn=0343-2521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8085387|title=Africa in Contemporary Perspective: A Textbook for Undergraduate Students|date=2013-12-29|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-49-0|editor=Manuh|doi=10.2307/jj.8085387.13}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a na ndị ọkà mmụta nọ na Ghana anọgidewo na-arụ ọrụ a site na idu ndú na ọchịchị ime obodo, agụmakwụkwọ, na omenala ọha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prah|first=Mansah|date=1996|title=Women's Studies in Ghana|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40004542|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=24|issue=1/2|pages=412–422|issn=0732-1562}}</ref> Omume ndị a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịbụ ndị na-emepe emepe kama dị ka ndị na-ekere òkè na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịnihu akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. N'echiche a, ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge dị ka agụmakwụkwọ na dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha, na-agbanwe ihe ndekọ ahụ site na ebe a na-ahapụ ya gaa na nke a na-ahụ anya na nlekọta. ==== Omenala hip-hop ==== Otu n'ime mmegharị kachasị emetụta maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na 1980 na 1990 bụ egwu hip-hop. Ihe nkiri hip-hop New York bụ ndị nwoke rapper na-achị ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-elekwasị anya na rappers dị ka Notorious B.I.G. na Sean "Diddy" Combs. Enwere ike ikwu na mpụta nke ụmụ nwanyị emcees na-agbasawanye ọnụnọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na egwu n'oge a; ndị nka na-ewu ewu na 1980 dị ka MC Lyte, Queen Latifah, na Salt-N-Pepa meghere ụzọ maka ndị na-ese nwanyị ojii. [1] N'ime 1980s na 1990s, e kewara ndị na-agụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ụzọ anọ, na-ejikọtakarị ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ọtụtụ aha. Ụdị ndị ahụ gụnyere "Nne Queen", onye maara ihe, Afro-centric, na nwa agbọghọ na-eme ihe ike; "Nwa agbọghọ Fly", nwa agbọghọ mara mma ma na-ekwu okwu nke nwere ụdị na àgwà dị iche iche; "Nwanne nwanyị nwere àgwà", nwa agbọghọ na-enupụ isi nke ukwuu nke na-agbagha echiche ndị nna ochie; na "Lesbian", nwa agbọghọ na-eme mgbanwe nke gbochiri echiche heteronormative.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na otu atọ mbụ pụtara na 80s, a naghị amata ụdị "Lesbian" ruo mgbe 90s, na-ewu ewu site na ntọhapụ nke abụ Queen Pen, "Enyi nwanyị;" ruo mgbe ahụ, e boro ndị na-ese hip-hop ebubo na ha bụ nwoke na nwanyị. Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eji ụdị ndị a, n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe oyiyi ha, iji dozie nsogbu ndị na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ịkwagide ókèala nke ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma na nke mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.[1] N'afọ ndị 1990, Lil'Kim, onye bịanyere aka na Biggie Smalls' Junior MAFIA. akara, mere ka a mara ozi ya.[1] O nwetara ihe oyiyi nke nnwere onwe na nkasi obi siri ike n'ime ahụ ya. Ọ gbara aka n'echiche ndị dị na hip-hop na ụmụ nwanyị nọ ebe ahụ iji merie ikike nwoke. N'ime omenala hip-hop, Lil'Kim gbara aka n'echiche bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị a na-apụghị imeri emeri n'ihi na "ihere adịghị eme ya igosipụta enweghị ntụkwasị obi na mgba ya".[2] Ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ụda hip-hop ọdịnala na-ajụ nkwupụta ihu ọha Lil'Kim na nkwupụta nke a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ. Lil'Kim guzoro n'okwu ya ma ọ dịbeghị mgbe ọ rịọrọ mgbaghara maka onye ọ bụ. Faith Evans bụ nwanyị ọzọ na-ese ihe mebiri ihe mgbochi na ụwa hip-hop. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 21, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ese ihe nke bịanyere aka na Bad Boy Records. Faith Evans nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ 20 na ụlọ ọrụ egwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị na nsogbu dị na ụlọ ọrụ ebe ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.[1] Hip-hop feminism, nke Joan Morgan chepụtara na 1999, ka a na-ewere dị ka alaka nke nwanyị ojii.[1] Onye edemede Gwendolyn D. Pough na-akọwa hip-hop feminism dị ka "nabata omenala hip-hop" ma na-akwado megide ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ime omenala. Ọ na-arụ ụka na hip-hop feminism nwere nna ochie na nwa nwanyị ojii na nke ọcha, na-ejikọta ọrụ na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke obodo abụọ ahụ ma mee ka ha abụọ nyochaa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike.[2]. Ndị edemede bụ ndị isi maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii dịka Joan Morgan, Denise Cooper, na ndị ọzọ sitere na Third Wave of Black femism jikọtara mmasị ha maka ọdịbendị hip-hop na ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na mmalite nke ụmụ nwanyị hip-hop.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Pough|first=Gwendolyn D.|date=2007|title=What It Do, Shorty?: Women, Hip-Hop, and a Feminist Agenda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/blacwomegendfami.1.2.0078|journal=Black Women, Gender + Families|volume=1|issue=2|pages=78–99|issn=1935-2743}}</ref> Mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke afọ 1980 na 1990 nyere aka mepụta ụmụ nwanyị hip-hop. N'ụzọ doro anya, iwepụ mmemme ọdịmma na omume nkwenye, mpụta nke ọrịa AIDS, na mmụba nke ọdịiche agbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ, dị iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii: ụmụ nwanyị hip-hop.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Stage Hip-Hop Feminism Built: A New Directions Essay|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668843|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=March 2013|issn=0097-9740|pages=721–737|volume=38|issue=3|doi=10.1086/668843|first=Aisha|author=Durham}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, usoro dijitalụ ọhụrụ agbanweela ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-emepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ime ihe ike. Dị ka Catherine Steele kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya Digital Black Feminism (2021), ịntanetị na usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta enyela ndị Black feminists ikike ịkwalite olu ha iji lekwasị anya na ndị ọzọ. Steele na-ekwu na oghere dijitalụ emeela "ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị" ebe ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ịbịakọta iji kwurịta ma kesaa ahụmịhe gbasara okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ na okike. Mgbalị dijitalụ a emetụtala òtù ndị dị ka #SayHerName. A na-eji mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta #SayHerName, nke a malitere site na African American Policy Forum eme ihe iji bulie akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị ndị ndị uwe ojii na-emegbu, ebe a na-elegharakarị akụkọ ha anya na mgbasa ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAY HER NAME|url=https://www.aapf.org/sayhername|accessdate=2024-11-01|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, ụmụ nwanyị ojii dijitalụ aghọwokwa omume sara mbara nke akwụkwọ obodo na nchekwa nchekwa. Ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Africa ekwusiwo ike etu teknụzụ dijitalụ nwere ike isi mee ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye na obodo ma chekwaa ncheta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8085387|title=Africa in Contemporary Perspective: A Textbook for Undergraduate Students|date=2013-12-29|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-49-0|editor=Manuh|doi=10.2307/jj.8085387.13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Awumbila|first=Mariama|date=2006|title=Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41148110|journal=GeoJournal|volume=67|issue=2|pages=149–161|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9042-7|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> N'ofe Ghana na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, òtù ụmụ nwanyị etinyela akụkọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ n'ime mmemme ndị na-edekọ ahụmahụ nke enweghị nhata na ntachi obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ofei-Aboagye|first=Esther|date=2004|title=Promoting Gender Sensitivity in Local Governance in Ghana|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030020|journal=Development in Practice|volume=14|issue=6|pages=753–760|doi=10.1080/0961452042000283987|issn=0961-4524}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị a na-ejikọta ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze site n'ịgbanwe ihe ndekọ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ihe onwunwe maka agụmakwụkwọ na nkwado. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'ozuzu, mmepe ndị a na-egosi etu ụmụ nwanyị ojii dijitalụ si arụ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị dị ka usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kamakwa dị ka ebe nchekwa dị ndụ nke ncheta na nlekọta, na-ejikọta òtù ụmụ nwanyị ụwa na nke Afrịka site na ọrụ dijitalụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'ịdabere n'ụzọ ndị a na-ahụ maka ihe ncheta na ihe ncheta, ikpo okwu n'ịntanetị na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka oghere dị ike maka ime ihe na ime obodo. Iji hashtags na ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na nyiwe dijitalụ emeela ka mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị ojii gbasaa ma mee ka ha nwekwuo ike. N'ihi ya, nyiwe ndị dị ka "Black Twitter" emepụtala oghere ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na ime ihe ike na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-akwalite mgbanwe usoro.  ==== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mgbasa ozi ==== Digital age femism gụnyere iji Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, [[YouTube]], Tumblr, na ụdị mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ iji kwurịta Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi. Dị ka NOW Toronto si kwuo, ịntanetị mepụtara omenala "ịkpọ oku", nke enwere ike ịkpọ oku nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ misogyny ma maa ya aka ozugbo n'ụzọ dị mfe. Mgbasa ozi ọha na eze bụ ụgbọ ala maka ndị nwanyị ojii iji gosipụta ekele ma ọ bụ enweghị afọ ojuju ha na nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Lizzo na-eji mgbasa ozi ọha, ọkachasị Instagram, iji kwalite ụdị ahụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-ekwukarị okwu megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nkwụghachi azụ ọ na-enweta dị ka onye na-egwu egwu nwanyị ojii siri ike, gbakwunyere nha. O kwuru, sị: "M na-eme Black music, period ... M na-eme nke a maka nnukwu ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ọdịnihu bụ ndị chọrọ ibi ndụ ha n'enweghị ikpe ma ọ bụ tinye n'ime igbe"[2]. Enweela oku maka "ikwado" omenala ndị ojii. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, foto foto Vogue Italia nke 2015 nke na-egosipụta ihe nlereanya Gigi Hadid nke yi uwe afro kpalitere azụ azụ na Twitter, Instagram na Facebook. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ekwuola na ọ bụ nsogbu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ maka onye na-abụghị onye ojii iyi uwe afro na tan adịgboroja iji nye ọdịdị Blackness mgbe magazin ejiji nwere ike were onye ojii were kama.[1]. Kearie Daniel dere na ndị ọcha na-eyi ụfọdụ edozi isi bụ isiokwu na-emetụ n'ahụ karịsịa na nwa nwanyị ojii n'ihi ụkpụrụ abụọ na mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-eyi ntutu isi ojii, a na-ewere ha dị ka "trendy" ma ọ bụ "edgy", ebe a na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii "ghetto" na ọ bụghị ọkachamara.[2]. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii ekwupụtakwala mkpa ọ dị ịbawanye "nnochite anya" ụmụ nwanyị ojii na telivishọn na ihe nkiri. Dị ka ọmụmụ 2014 nke Mahadum Southern California si kwuo, n'ime ihe nkiri 100 kachasị elu nke afọ, "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ime ihe odide niile dị ọcha," ka NPR na-akọ, na nanị 17 n'ime ihe nkiri 100 ahụ gosipụtara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị ndị ọcha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-adaba mgbe ị na-ele naanị ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, na-atụle naanị ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọrụ ikwu okwu bụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, [1] dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo. '''Ịgbaghara Ụmụ nwanyị''' Ụdị ọhụrụ nke nwa nwanyị ojii apụtala na mbipụta nke isiokwu bụ "Conjure Feminism: Toward a Genealogy" nke e bipụtara na mbipụta pụrụ iche na conjure feminism na Hypatia Journal na 2021. Echiche nwanyị na-agụnye ihe ọmụma ụmụ nwanyị ojii banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ Africa iji mee ka ndụ ha mara na US na ndị Africa n'ozuzu. Ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ojii bụ Kinitra Brooks, Kameelah Martin, na LaKisha Simmons kwadoro akụkọ Hypatia Journal's Women of Color ma dezie mbipụta pụrụ iche. Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na isiokwu nwanyị gụnyere Kameelah Martin's (2012) Conjuring Moments in African American books: Women, Spirit Work, and Other Other such Hoodoo na Envisioning Black Feminist Voodoo Aesthetics: Ime mmụọ Africa na American Cinema (2019); Onye na-agụ Lemonade (2019) nke Kinitra Brooks na Kameelah Martin deziri; na Patricia Coloma Peñate's The erotic dị ka ọmarịcha ezigbo paradigm: Hurston na Conjure Feminism (2023). ==== Ndụ Ndị Ojii Dị Mkpa ==== Ọ bụ Opal Tometi, [[Alicia Garza]], na Patrisse Kahn-Cullors guzobere òtù Black Lives Matter dị ka hashtag iji mee mkpọsa megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ndị Africa America na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/our-co-founders/|title=Black Lives Matter: Our Co-Founders|work=Black Lives Matter|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}</ref> Omume ahụ nyere aka n'ime ka a maliteghachi ma nyochaa ọzọ òtù ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Sarah J.|date=2016-10-01|title=(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication|volume=39|issue=4|pages=375–379|doi=10.1080/07491409.2016.1226654|issn=0749-1409|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1811&context=asc_papers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616185633/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1811&context=asc_papers|archive-date=2023-06-16|access-date=2026-03-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọnwụ nke ndị ikom ojii keere òkè dị mkpa na Black Lives Matter movement, Rekia Boyd, Michelle Cusseaux, Tanisha Anderson, Shelly Frey, Yvette Smith, Eleanor Bumpurs, Sandra Bland, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ka ndị uwe ojii gburu ma ọ bụ wakpo ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsey|first=Treva B.|title=A Love Letter to Black Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_black-scholar_2015_winter_45_4/page/n5|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=45|issue=4|pages=1–6|doi=10.1080/00064246.2015.1080911|year=2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a katọrọ Black Lives Matter maka ọdịda ya ikwusa obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na-eme ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ndị nwanyị ojii nọ na otu ahụ alụ ọgụ iji kpochapụ mmegbu nke usoro na-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi.[1][2] Mgbalị ndị isi ojii na-agba na Black Lives Matter gụnyere ngagharị iwe megide ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, na Hillary Clinton, ma jiri hashtags dị ka #oscarssowhite na #sayhername na-agbagha agbụrụ na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke nwoke na nwanyị.[3] Na mgbakwunye na ngagharị iwe ọdịnala, ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii ahazila ihe ọmụmụ obodo, akụrụngwa ahụike uche, na nkuzi nkuzi iji kwado maka mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị a bụ mbọ mgbasa ozi na-akwalite oghere nkwado ma na-enye ngwaọrụ iji gboo nsogbu ndị inyom ojii chere ihu.[4] == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na oghere dị nchebe == Enwere ike ịkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka mmata na nghọta nke njirimara onwe onye na iji ma ahụmahụ onwe onye na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nyere aka ịmepụta otu ndị nwere otu echiche na-achọ mgbanwe na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọha mmadụ.[1]. A pụkwara ịkọwa ya dị ka ịjụ usoro mmegbu nke na-emegbu otu ìgwè mmadụ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii bụ Patricia Hill Collins kwenyere na ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ "ndị ọzọ" n'ime ụlọ, ebe a na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị iche na ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị ọcha ma na-ekwu na ha na-achị ha.[1] Ha nwekwara nghọta dị iche iche banyere ahụhụ na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] N'ihi na ndị inyom na-acha ọcha na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'okwu ha, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ahụkarị onwe ha na-egosipụta ahụmahụ nke ịkpa ókè na inye ikike ndị ojii na ọha mmadụ.[1] N'iburu ahụmahụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ọ dị mkpa ka Collins na-ekwu maka ma kọwapụta akụkọ onwe onye banyere mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] Ọchịchị njirimara na-emejuputa agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike dị ka ngalaba dị ka ụzọ isi wepụ ndị na-adịghị ewere akụkụ nke otu ndị na-achị achị.[1] Mmetụta ndị a nke agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike bụ ihe nwanyị Kimberlé Crenshaw kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri ya mee ihe, ọ bụghị dị ka ụzọ mmegbu, kama dị ka ụdị nke ike na ọdịmma onwe onye.[1] Ileghara ndịiche ndị a anya na-ebute nkewa n'etiti mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mmegharị ndị ọzọ nke nwanyị, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ebe ụdị ime ihe ike jikọtara ya na ihe ndị dị ka agbụrụ na klaasị.[1]. Akụkụ ọzọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara bụ esemokwu dị n'etiti otu na oghere mgbaba maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] Na 1970s, ịrị elu nke ịgụ na mmuta n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii kwalitere ide na agụmakwụkwọ ka ụzọ e si anụ olu ụmụ nwanyị.[1]. N'ihi ya, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-achọ nkasi obi na ebe nchekwa nke nyere ha ohere ikwu okwu banyere mmegbu na ịkpa ókè, bụ nke na-akwalite ịdị n'otu na ụzọ ikpe ziri ezi.[1] Dị ka ndị nwanyị ojii na-akwado maka mkpochapụ ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara ma chọọ ebe nchekwa ọhụrụ iji kwupụta nchegbu ha.[1] Nke a bụ nnukwu arụmụka, ebe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ otu ndị a nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ndị pụrụ iche na ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa.[1] Ndị nọ n'ọchịchị, karịsịa ndị na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, hụrụ ebe ndị a dị nchebe dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha nọ n'ihu ọha na ya mere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu na ndị dị ike na-apụghị iru.[1]. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu nke okwu ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ojii, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke anabataghị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ojii.[1] Ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ ojii, dị ka Kwame Anthony Appiah, na-akwado echiche nke isi ojii ma jụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ụzọ nwere ike isi nweta ikpe ziri ezi. Maka ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara bụ ngwá ọrụ na-ewepụ omenala ojii na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka hip hop na jazz, nke na-egbochi nghọta na ohere nke ndị ọzọ.[1] Agbanyeghị, onye edemede Jeffery A. Tucker kwenyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na-eje ozi dị ka ntọala maka njirimara ojii nke a ga-emecha nweta ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya ma ghọta ya na ọha mmadụ.[1] == Nzukọ == E hiwere National Black Feminist Organization na 1973, ma gbasaa n'ihe dị ka afọ 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Black Feminist Organization collection|url=https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/portal/view/?id=BMRC.UIC.NATL-BLK-FEMINISTS.xml|accessdate=2024-03-09|work=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị a lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke ọtụtụ ajọ mbunobi ndị inyom Africa America na-eche ihu; na-ekwu na ebumnuche ha bụ ịkọwa ọdịdị onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ghara ịjụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. E nwere isi na obodo ukwu, nzukọ ahụ lụrụ ọgụ maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma mee ka a mara banyere mmegbu a na-emeso obodo ha. N'afọ 1975, [[Barbara Smith]], Beverly Smith, Cheryl L. Clarke, Akasha Gloria Hull, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike jikọtara ya na The Civil Rights Movement, Black nationalism, ma ọ bụ Black Panther Party guzobere, dị ka alaka nke National Black Feminist Organization, Combahee River Collective, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere National Black Feminist Organization na 1973, ma gbasaa n'ihe dị ka afọ 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Black Feminist Organization collection|url=https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/portal/view/?id=BMRC.UIC.NATL-BLK-FEMINISTS.xml|accessdate=2024-03-09|work=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị a lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke ọtụtụ ajọ mbunobi ndị inyom Africa America na-eche ihu; na-ekwu na ebumnuche ha bụ ịkọwa ọdịdị onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ghara ịjụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. E nwere isi na obodo ukwu, nzukọ ahụ lụrụ ọgụ maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma mee ka a mara banyere mmegbu a na-emeso obodo ha. N'afọ 1975, [[Barbara Smith]], Beverly Smith, Cheryl L. Clarke, Akasha Gloria Hull, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike jikọtara ya na The Civil Rights Movement, Black nationalism, ma ọ bụ Black Panther Party guzobere, dị ka alaka nke National Black Feminist Organization, Combahee River Collective, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị otu a nwere ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime The Civil Rights Movement, Anti-War movement, Labor Movement, na ndị ọzọ. Demita Frazier, onye guzobere Combahee River Collective, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a sitere na òtù ndị ọzọ hụrụ onwe ha "na-emegide enweghị nyocha ụmụ nwanyị ma n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ a hapụrụ ha na-enwe mmetụta nkewa megide [onwe ha]. " Combahee Osimiri Collective kwuru na 1974 na nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị ''ojii'' na-eweta nnwere onwe maka ndị mmadụ niile, ebe ọ ga-achọ njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, na mmegbu nke klas. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Combahee River Collective: A Black Feminist Statement – 1974|url=http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Black-Feminist-Statement.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326010648/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Black-Feminist-Statement.html|archivedate=March 26, 2016|accessdate=May 31, 2007}}</ref> N'ime ''Black Feminisms: Combahee River Collective Statement'' nke 1977, ha kwuru banyere otú ọ dị, "...ihe siri ike ike ike ikewapụ agbụrụ site na mmegbu mmekọahụ n'ihi na na na ndụ anyị [ndị isi ojii'], ha bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'otu oge".<ref name=":8" /> Combahee River Collective kwupụtara usoro mmegbu a na-ejikọta ọnụ nke dabeere na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, heterosexism, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ịkpa oke agbụrụ bụ n'ihi enweghị ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nyere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-alụ ọgụ maka ụmụ nwanyị dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-alụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na'ihi naanị ha chọrọ ịnagide otu ụdị mmegbu [sexism] na ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ya mere, ndị inyom ojii nke Combahee River Collective bu n'uche maka mmegharị zuru oke karịa naanị ya n'ihi na, "Isi ihe isi ike n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anyị bụ na anyị anaghị anwa ịlụso mmegbu ọgụ n'otu ihu ma ọ bụ ọbụna abụọ, kama anyị na-agbalị ịlụso ọtụtụ mmegbu ọgụ. Anyị enweghị agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ùgwù nke ịdabere na ya, anyị enweghị ọbụna obere ohere ịnweta ihe onwunwe na ike nke otu n'ime ụdị ihe ùgwù ndị a nwere. "[2] Dị ka otu nzukọ, a na-akpọ ha ndị na-akpata nsogbu, ọtụtụ ndị kwuru na onye ọcha na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị asị, na ha enweghị uche nke ha, nakwa na ha na-agbaso nzọụkwụ nwanyị ọcha. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, Combahee River Collective na-ezukọ kwa izu iji kwurịta okwu dị iche iche gbasara ndị inyom ojii. Ha mekwara ezumike n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ niile site na 1977 ruo 1979 iji nyere aka "ịmepụta ụmụ nwanyị ojii" ma mepụta "nkewa echiche site na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha".<ref name="Breines, Wini 2002">Breines, Wini. 2002. "What's Love got to do with it? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years". ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society'' 27: 1095–1133.</ref> Dị ka otu nzukọ, ha hibere ebe nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị a na-etigbu na mpaghara wee soro ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ofe obodo ahụ, ndị inyom na ndị nwoke, na ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị, na-arụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na ikike ọmụmụ.[1] Combahee River Collective kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na 1980 ma na-echeta ugbu a maka ịmepụta nkwupụta Combahee Lake Collective, akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwanyị ojii nke oge a na mmepe nke echiche nke njirimara. Nyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke Combahee River Collective n'ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Boston, nzukọ a ghọrọ "akara ngosi" maka mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ọdịnihu.[2]. === National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) === Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ha na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na uru, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị otu The National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO). NWRO, nke e guzobere na 1966, bụ njikọ nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọdịmma dị iche iche. Mgbe e kere ya, NWRO "na-anọchite anya nnukwu mgbalị mbụ iji wuo otu mba n'etiti ndị nne na-ahụ maka ọdịmma".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Reese|first=Ellen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnkrz|title=Backlash against Welfare Mothers: Past and Present|date=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24461-0|edition=1|doi=10.1525/j.ctt1pnkrz}}</ref> * National Association of Colored Women (NACW) * National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) == Akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị == [[Michelle Cliff]] kwenyere na enwere ịga n'ihu "n'ọrụ edere nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa America, ... ị nwere ike ịdọrọ ahịrị site na Akụkọ ohu nke Linda Brent ruo ndụ Elizabeth Keckley, gaa na ''Anya Ha Na-ele Chineke'' (nke [[Zora Neale Hurston]]) ruo na Coming of Age na Mississippi (nke Toni Morrison), gaa na ndị na-eri nnu (nke Toni Cade Bambara) iji too abụ maka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ (nke [[Paule Marshall]])." Cliff kwetara na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a niile, site na-ekwu na ha, site na 'M na-arụ ọrụ megide akụkọ ha, * 1970, Black Woman's Manifesto, nke Third World Women's Alliance bipụtara, rụrụ ụka maka mmegbu pụrụ iche megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii. N'ịbụ nke Gayle Lynch, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Maxine Williams, Frances M. Beal, na [[Linda La Rue]] bịanyere aka na ya, nkwupụta ahụ, na-emegide ma ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na akụrụngwa, kwuru na "nwaanyị ojii ahụ na-achọ usoro ọhụrụ nke nkọwa ụmụ nwanyị na ịnakwere onwe ya nke nwa amaala, enyi, na onye nzuzo, ọ bụghị onye na-eme ihe ọjọọ matriarchal ma ọ bụ onye na-emepụta nwa ọhụrụ. Njikọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado nkwenye nke nwoke na nwanyị, ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ bụla, ọ bụ onye Black B B B Bolded B B Bade ugbu a: On On On On, ọ bụ Black"<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Black Woman's Manifesto|journal=Duke Digital Collections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Black Woman An Anthology.|author=Toni Cade Bambara|date=2010|publisher=Washington Square Press|isbn=9781451604498|oclc=1085178505}}</ref> * 1979, [[Barbara Smith]] na Lorraine Betel dezigharịrị mbipụta Autumn 1979 nke Conditions. ''Ọnọdụ'' 5 bụ "nchịkọta mbụ e kesara n'ọtụtụ ebe nke ederede Black feminist na US" * 1992, ndị Black femists kwadoro "mzaghachi dị ịrịba ama nke mba" na Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas Senate Hearings na 1991, na-akpọ mgbalị ha African American Women in Defense of Ourselves. * 1994, Evelyn Hammonds: "Black (W) holes and The Geometry of Black Female Sexuality" Evelyn Hammonds malitere edemede ya site n'ịtụgharị uche, dị ka onye Black lesbian na onye edemede feminist, na "omume na-adịghị mma nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke" nke na-emepụta nsogbu dị ka ọnụnọ nke ndị edemede nke agba, isiokwu ndị e dere banyere mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke na-enyocha agbụrụ na nnọchiteanya nke okike, na ngosipụta nke ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Hammonds, 127). Hammonds na-akọwa etu Whiteness si kọwaa "ụdị, njirimara, na ọnọdụ isiokwu" nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke ma dabere na ịnọgide na-enwe ma na-atụle ụkpụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Hammonds, 128). * 2000, Alice Walker: "N'ịchọ ogige nne anyị" Nkwupụta a nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na nchegbu Hammonds banyere ịhụ anya na ịnụ nke mmekọahụ Black queer, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ mmekọahụ Black dị ka nke a na-adịghị ahụ anya ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ya, mgbe ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị Black na ndị edemede ga-eso dị ka ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya ugboro abụọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ agbaghawo mmekọahụ ndị ọcha dị ka mmekọahụ iwu, Hammonds na-eme ka ntinye aka ya dị ka ịgafe ókè nke nkatọ a maara nke ọma. Iji mee ka ikike nke Whiteness n'ime echiche Queer mara ya aka n'ụzọ dị irè, Hammonds na-ebo ebubo na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị enweghị nnukwu ọrụ nke iweghachite mmekọahụ ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmekọahụ ha wee debanye aha dị ka mmekọrịta dị ugbu a na ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ngosipụta nke okike na mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghọrọ akụkụ nke echiche na-eme n'ime ọmụmụ Queer (Hammonds, 131). * 2000, na mmeghe ya na mbipụta 2000 nke 1983 Black feminist anthology Home Girls, onye na-akụzi ihe na onye edemede Barbara Smith kwuru echiche ya na "ruo taa ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii achọghị itinye 'ịkwado agbụrụ' ha n'ihe ize ndụ (dị ka ndị ikom ojii si kọwaa) iji dozie eziokwu nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. " Smith kwukwara na "Ọbụna ole na ole dị njikere iwelite homophobia na heterosexism, nke nwere njikọ na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị".<ref name="Smith, Barbara 2000">Smith, Barbara. ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology'', Rutgers University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-8135-2753-8}}, p. xiv.</ref> * 2011, Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995 site na Cheryl Higashida na-ele ndị edemede nwanyị ojii na onyinye ha nyere na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Higashida|first=Cheryl|title=Black Internationalist Feminism Women Writers of the Black Left|url=https://archive.org/details/blackinternation0000higa|date=14 Dec 2011|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252036507|pages=264|chapter=Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995}}</ref> Higashida "na-egosi etu akwụkwọ si bụrụ oghere dị mkpa maka ịmụ ụmụ nwanyị Black Internationalist n'ihi na ndị edemede a nọ n'ihu n'iweta echiche na nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii iji mee ka ha ghara ịdị mma na ịgbachi nkịtị. " N'ọrụ ya gụnyere ndị edemede dịka Rosa Guy, Lorraine Hansberry, Audre Lorde, na Maya Angelou. * 2014, On Intersectionality nke Kimberlé Crenshaw. Nchịkọta nke edemede na isiokwu ndị na-agbasawanye na ịkọwa echiche nke intersectionality.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=On Intersectionality|date=2017|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781620972700}}</ref> Angela Davis, amụrụ na Jenụwarị 26, 1944, bụ onye a maara dị ka onye nkuzi, onye edemede, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3259436584|title=Black Feminist Resistance and the Authorial Power of the Presidents|author=Achelpohl|first=Milton|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|3259436584}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Site n'ihe odide ya, "Women, Race, & Class (1981)," ọ na-eweta echiche nke intersectionality, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị nke e chepụtara n'oge ahụ, na mmetụta ya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ndị nkatọ kwuru na ederede a enyeghị ozi zuru ezu banyere otu esi emeri ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, na-akpata mmechuihu; Otú ọ dị, ọ ka na-agwa ndị na-agụ ya banyere nchụpụ nke ahụmịhe ndị isi ojii n'ime Women's Movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/147564104|title=Race Against History: WOMEN, RACE & CLASS. By Angela Y. Davis. Random House. 271 pp. $13.50|author=Laurent|first=Anne|work=The Washington Post|id={{ProQuest|147564104}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> O dekwara, "Nnwere Onwe bụ Mgbalị Na-aga n'ihu," nke na-atụle mkpa mwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ejikọta na ụmụ nwanyị na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Davis na-akọwa mkpa ọ dị ịbụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike, onye na-eme ihe ike ruo ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Angela Y.|title=Freedom Is A Constant Struggle|url=https://archive.org/details/freedomisconstan0000davi|date=2016|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1608465644|edition=4th}}</ref> * "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action" (okwu) (1977).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lorde|first=Audre|date=1977|title=The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action|url=https://eprofiles.isucomm.iastate.edu/string/files/2019/01/The-Transformation-of-Silence-into-Language-and-Action.pdf}}</ref> Audre Lorde, onye ojii na-ede uri ụmụ nwanyị, chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa nke mere ka ọ tụgharịa uche na ịgbachi nkịtị ya, ịgbachi nkịtị nke mere ka o tụfuo onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Rebellion Against Suffering Women's Silence: The Transformation of Despair into Language for a Pastorally Helpful Eschatology|journal=Religions|date=2025-09-18|issn=2077-1444|pages=1195|volume=16|issue=9|doi=10.3390/rel16091195|language=en|first=Marjolaine|author=Legros-Hoffner}}</ref> Site na uri ya, "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action," ọ gbalịrị ịkụziri ụmụ nwanyị mkpa ọ dị ịnakwere njirimara gị, gụnyere mmekọahụ gị na mmegbu gị, site na olu.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304739467|title=The rhetoric of silence as a tool of empowerment in the life and works of audre lorde|author=Warner|first=Jessica|journal=Masters Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|304739467}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Nke a na-ekweta isiokwu nke ime ihe n'onwe ya, dịka Lorde na-akwado na mgbe anyị na ìgwè ndị dị iche iche na-ekwurịta okwu, anyị na-alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu. * "Ojiji nke Erotic: The Erotic dị ka Ike" (1978). Lorde dere na ịnye ịhụnanya na ike n'ime onwe anyị dị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na nke a ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike iso ndị ọzọ jikọọ. Mgbe ahụ, nke a ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ dịrị n'otu ma lụso mmegbu ọgụ, dị ka mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eche ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lorde|first=Audre|date=1978|title=Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power|url=https://www.centraleurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/audre_lorde_cool-beans.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 1972, "Welfare Is a Women's Issue" na Ms. Magazine. Johnnie Tillmon dere ahụmahụ ha dị ka nwanyị ojii na ọdịmma ma katọọ iwu ọdịmma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịmma ugbu a n'oge ahụ, na-ekwu maka Ronald Reagan na Aid to Dependent Children Program (ADC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tillmon|first=Johnnie|date=2021-03-25|title=Welfare Is a Women's Issue (Spring 1972)|url=https://msmagazine.com/2021/03/25/welfare-is-a-womens-issue-ms-magazine-spring-1972/|accessdate=2024-03-15|work=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-akụzi ihe na ndị edemede nyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Black femism gụnyere Moya Bailey na [[Trudy of Gradient Lair|Trudy nke Gradient Lair]], bụ ndị na-ede banyere mmegide Black na / ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ụmụ nwanyị Black, nke a makwaara dị ka misogynoir, okwu nke Bailey chepụtara na 2008. N'afọ 2018, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ a dere edemede akpọrọ "On Misogynoir: Citation, erasure and plagiarism", nke na-ekwu maka ọrụ nke ndị Black femists na-abụkarị ndị a na-ehichapụ ma ọ bụ na-ehicha n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ edemede, na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ejikọta ya na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395|title=On misogynoir: citation, erasure, and plagiarism|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=18|issue=4|pages=762–768|date=2018|author=Bailey|first=Moya}}</ref> Misogynoir dabeere na ozizi nke intersectionality. Ndị Black na-eme ihe n'oge a, dị ka Feminista Jones, na-ekwu na "Misogynoir na-enye echiche agbụrụ nke na-enweghị isi na ụmụ nwanyị na-ejide" nakwa na "e nwere otu misogyny nke a na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/oct/05/what-is-misogynoir|title=Misogynoir: where racism and sexism meet|author=Anyangwe|first=Eliza|date=2015-10-05|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-01-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> '''<big>Isiokwu ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ Black Feminist:</big>''' * 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Anti-Sracist Politics. A na-ewere akwụkwọ nzukọ iwu a dị ka ebe Kimberlé Crenshaw bụ onye mbụ mepụtara okwu intersectionality.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1989|title=Demarginalizing The Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum}}</ref> * "Mow to Now: Black Feminism Resets the Chronology of the Founding of Modern Feminism" (2018) nke [[Carol Giardina]] na-enyocha ụmụ nwanyị ojii na itinye aka ha na nhazi nke March 1963 na Washington maka Ọrụ na Nnwere Onwe (MOW). A na-elekwasị anya n'otú nke a si bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na mgbanwe nke nhazi ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1960. A maara ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, gụnyere [[Dorothy Height]], Pauli Murray, na Anna Arnold Hedgeman. N'ịbụ ndị na-eche ndị ikom dị ike ihu site na chọọchị ahụ, ha guzobere ụdị mkpesa ụmụ nwanyị nke ha mechara jiri mee ihe iji mee ka e guzobe National Organization for Women na 1966. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Giardina|year=2018|title=MOW to NOW: Black Feminism Resets the Chronology of the Founding of Modern Feminism|url=https://archive.org/details/feminist-studies_2018_44_3/page/736|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=44|issue=3|pages=736–765|doi=10.15767/feministstudies.44.3.0736}}</ref> * Ntinye aka nke Pat Parker na Black feminist movement gosipụtara n'ihe odide ya dị ka onye na-ede uri. Ọrụ ya kpaliri ndị ọzọ Black feminist poet dịka [[Hattie Gossett]]. * The Encyclopedia of African-American Women Writers (2007) na Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature (2006) depụtara Black Feminist Literatura. Ndị na-akatọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ekwu na nkewa n'akụkụ agbụrụ ma ọ bụ okike na-eme ka ike nke ndị inyom na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ghara ịdị ike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Epstein|first=Barbara|date=May 2001|title=What Happened to the Women's Movement?|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2001/05/01/what-happened-to-the-womens-movement/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|work=Monthly Review}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]] * Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Africa na America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị * Nwa agbọghọ ojii anwansi * Ọchịchị ndị isi ojii * Intersectionality * Misogyny na omenala hip hop ** ''Site na Black Power ruo Hip Hop: Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Ịhụ mba n'anya, na Ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya'' ** ''ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ ndị isi ojii: ndị Africa America, Mmekọahụ, na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ Ọhụrụ'' * PaVEM * Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na-esote ọchịchị ndị eze * Purplewashing * Ụmụ nwanyị nkewa * Ụmụ nwanyị nke Ụwa nke Atọ * Mmegbu okpukpu atọ == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * bell hooks, ọ bụghị m nwanyị? : Black Women and Feminism (1981) * [[Molara Ogundipe|Molara Ogundipe-Leslie]], Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations (1994) * {{Cite book|author=Muhs|first=Gabriella Gutiérrez y|title=Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia|url=https://archive.org/details/presumedincompet0000unse|publisher=University Press of Colorado|location=Boulder, Colorado|year=2012|isbn=978-0-87421-922-7}} * [[Patricia Hill Collins]], Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment E debere na March 11, 2021, na Wayback Machine (1990) na Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004316/https://b-ok.cc/book/849376/451e8a ebe a] E debere ya na March 11, 2021 na Wayback machine) (Routledge, 2005) * Third World Women's Alliance. ''[https://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01009/ Manifesto nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii]'' (1970) * ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210311003433/https://b-ok.cc/book/3582079/135d12 ebe a] E debere ya na Wayback Machine). Tebụl Kitchen: Women of Color Press, 1983; Reed. 2000 * ''Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back: Ihe odide nke Radical Women of Color'', ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004311/https://b-ok.cc/book/2039470/5d152c ebe a] echekwara na Wayback Machine) nke Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa dezigharịrị (Persephone Press, 1981; 2nd edn 1984, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004313/https://b-ok.cc/book/3396968/ba7e89 sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Spanish] Archived March 11, 2021, na wayback Machine na 2002 site na Cherríe Moraga, Ana Castillo, na Norma Alarcón) === Isiokwu === * {{Cite journal|author=Benard|first=Akeia A.F.|title=Colonizing Black female bodies within patriarchal capitalism|journal=[[Sexualization, Media, & Society]]|volume=2|issue=4|pages=237462381668062|doi=10.1177/2374623816680622|date=October–December 2016}} * Chapman, Erin D. "A historiography of black feminist activism" History Compass (2019) https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12576 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12576 abstract] * {{Cite journal|author=Harnois|first=Catherine E|title=Race, Gender and the Black women's Standpoint|journal=[[Sociological Forum]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=68–85|doi=10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01157.x|date=2010}} * {{Cite book|title=Black Feminist Anthropology|editor=McClaurin|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001}} * {{Cite journal|author=Springer|first=Kimberly|title=Third wave Black feminism?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_summer-2002_27_4/page/1059|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=27|issue=4|pages=1059–1082|doi=10.1086/339636|date=Summer 2002}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5fvyyid4fuiu2wcpcjoi3dll09ypgpy 0 74519 742623 621232 2026-11-03T08:51:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742623 wikitext text/x-wiki Nnyocha [[Lentils|Lens]]" data-linkid="8" href="./Icaria" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Icaria"> Ọmụmụ Ikaria bụ obere nnyocha nke Mahadum Athens School of Medicine banyere nri na ụzọ ndụ Ndị Gris karịrị afọ 80 n'àgwàetiti Ikaria.<ref name="stef"/> Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na nri ndị Ikarian gụnyere Mmanụ oliv, mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara, [[Fish|azụ]], [[kọfị]], tii ahịhịa, mmanụ aṅụ, poteto, agwa garbanzo, agwa anya ojii, lentil, na anụ, [[Ńnú odẹne|shuga]] na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, ma e wezụga mmiri ara ewu.<ref name="stef" /> Ihe omuma a gosiputara na ndi mmadu nọ na Ikaria nwetara nka nke oma site n'ibelata mmetuta nke mmetụta uche na nke uche ma na-akwado mmega ahụ n'oge agadi. Ọ na-echekwa na ehihie siesta na itinye aka na mmemme ọha bụ ihe ndị mere ka ndị Ikaria dịrị ogologo ndụ.<ref name="stef">{{Cite journal|pmid=21940302|url=http://www.hellenicjcardiol.org/archive/full_text/2011+52/5/2011_5_479.pdf|year=2011|author=Stefanadis|first=C. I|title=Unveiling the secrets of longevity: The Ikaria study|journal=Hellenic Journal of Cardiology|volume=52|issue=5|pages=479–80}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStefanadis2011">Stefanadis, C. I (2011). [http://www.hellenicjcardiol.org/archive/full_text/2011+52/5/2011_5_479.pdf "Unveiling the secrets of longevity: The Ikaria study"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Hellenic Journal of Cardiology''. '''52''' (5): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>80. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21940302 21940302].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Nri Mediterenian * Kọfị Ikarian == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|doi=10.4061/2011/219578|pmid=21197433|title=Fish Consumption Moderates Depressive Symptomatology in Elderly Men and Women from the IKARIA Study|journal=Cardiology Research and Practice|volume=2011|year=2011|author=Chrysohoou|first=Christina}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.4061/2011/679187|pmid=21403883|title=Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Statistics of Oldest Old People (>80 Years) Living in Ikaria Island: The Ikaria Study|journal=Cardiology Research and Practice|volume=2011|year=2011|author=Panagiotakos|first=Demosthenes B}} * {{Cite news|author=Buettner|first=Dan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=The Island Where People Forget to Die|work=The New York Times|date=October 24, 2012|accessdate=November 12, 2012}} 57jvxlysgwzc2pxox3bzwhtsxd41qrg 0 74903 742382 721072 2026-11-03T03:49:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742382 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Elizabeth Mpofu''' Ọ bụ obere onye ọrụ ugbo organic, onye edemede na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ nke bi na Zimbabwe. Ọ bụ onye nhazi izugbe nke Via Campesina, na n'afọ 2016 ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na Food and Agriculture Organisation nke United Nations (FAO) maka International Year of Pulses. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke ZIMSOFF (Zimbabwe Smallholder Organic Farmers Forum). == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Elizabeth Mpofu n'afọ 1959. O nwere ụmụ atọ na ụmụ ụmụ itoolu.<ref name="Naturally" /> Mpofu bụ obere onye ọrụ ugbo nke bi na Masvingo Province na [[Zimbabwe]] . <ref name="FoodTank">{{Cite news|title=20 Heroines Revolutionizing Food Activism|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2020/03/20-heroines-revolutionizing-food-activism-to-improve-the-planet/|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=Food Tank|date=5 March 2020}}</ref> O nwere ugbo ya dị hekta 10 n'ihi usoro mgbanwe ala malitere na 2000.<ref name="Doors">{{Cite news|author=L. Biron|first=Carey|title=Global recognition 'opens doors' for peasant groups, right to land|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20191218052844-hjd95|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=news.trust.org|date=18 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ na-akụ ọka, legumes na agwa ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Pulse">{{Cite news|author=Bafana|first=Busani|title=The Beating Pulse of Food Security in Africa|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/10/the-beating-pulse-of-food-security-in-africa/|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=www.ipsnews.net|date=16 October 2016}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Mpofu ghọrọ onye otu Association of Zimbabwe Traditional Environmental Conservationists na 1982. <ref name="RadioMundo" /> O mechara bụrụ onye otu ndị guzobere ZIMSOFF (Zimbabwe Smallholder Organic Farmers Forum). Na 2016, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche na Food and Agriculture Organization nke United Nations (FAO) maka Afọ Nkụcha Mba Nile. . <ref name="Naturally">{{Cite news|author=Davies|first=Sara|title=Elizabeth Mpofu, Africa’s Pulse Ambassador|url=http://naturallyzimbabwean.com/2016/12/31/elizabeth-mpofu-africas-pulse-ambassador/|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=Naturally Zimbabwean|date=31 December 2016|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810094456/http://naturallyzimbabwean.com/2016/12/31/elizabeth-mpofu-africas-pulse-ambassador/|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDavies2016">Davies, Sara (31 December 2016). . ''Naturally Zimbabwean''. Archived from on 10 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Mpofu bụ ugbu a (2020) General Coordinator nke Via Campesina, otu nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-anọchite anya ikike nke nde ndị ọrụ ugbo 200. <ref name="EAT">{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Mpofu|url=https://eatforum.org/contributor/elizabeth-mpofu/|work=EAT|accessdate=10 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310114434/https://eatforum.org/contributor/elizabeth-mpofu/|archivedate=10 March 2020}}</ref> Mpofu ghọrọ onye nhazi na 2013 ma na-eme mkpọsa na okwu ndị dị ka inweta ala na iwepụ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="RadioMundo">{{Cite news|title=Women are the Ones Who Take Care of Mother Earth|url=https://www.radiomundoreal.fm/6853-women-are-the-ones-who-take-care?lang=es|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=Radio Mundo Real|date=12 July 2013|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310114654/https://www.radiomundoreal.fm/6853-women-are-the-ones-who-take-care?lang=es|url-status=bot: unknown}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Radio Mundo Real''. 12 July 2013. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200310114654/https://www.radiomundoreal.fm/6853-women-are-the-ones-who-take-care?lang=es the original] on 10 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu weputara nkwupụta UN banyere Ihe Ndị Ruwere Onwe nke Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo na Ndị Ọzọ Na-arụ Ọrụ n'Ime Obodo na 2018, na-esote aro mbụ Via Campesina mere na 2008. Mpofu kwuru "Nke a abụwo ụzọ siri ike ma dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo, dị ka ndị hụrụ ihe kachasị njọ nke ịda ogbenye na ileghara anya, anyị sikwa ike ma anyị anaghị ada mbà".<ref name="CADTM">{{Cite news|title=UN Human Rights Council passes a resolution adopting the peasant rights declaration in Geneva|url=https://www.cadtm.org/UN-Human-Rights-Council-passes-a-resolution-adopting-the-peasant-rights|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=www.cadtm.org|archive-date=10 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310180822/https://www.cadtm.org/UN-Human-Rights-Council-passes-a-resolution-adopting-the-peasant-rights|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadoro nkwupụta ahụ n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.<ref name="Resilience">{{Cite news|author=A. Wise|first=Timothy|title=UN Backs Seed Sovereignty in Landmark Peasants’ Rights Declaration|url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2019-01-24/un-backs-seed-sovereignty-in-landmark-peasants-rights-declaration/|accessdate=10 March 2020|work=Resilience|date=24 January 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Elizabeth Mpofu (2016) 'Ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site na ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma' na Farming Matters.<ref name="Knowledge">{{Cite journal|first=Elizabeth|author=Mpofu|title=Women farm through knowledge sharing|journal=Farming Matters|date=23 March 2016|url=https://www.ileia.org/2016/03/23/opinion-women-farm-knowledge-sharing/|accessdate=10 March 2020}}</ref> * Elizabeth Mpofu & Ndabezinhle Nyoni (2017) 'Ọrụ nke pulses na obere ndị nwe ala na mgbanwe nke ọrụ ugbo Africa' na Nature & Faune . <ref name="NatureFaune">{{Cite journal|first=Elizabeth|author=Mpofu|title=Role of pulses and smallholders in the transformation of Africa's agriculture|journal=Nature & Faune|volume=31|issue=1|issn=2026-5611}}</ref> == Hụkwa == === Njikọ dị n'ime === * [[Via Campesina|Site na Campesina]] * [[Nkwupụta United Nations Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo|Nkwupụta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo]] * Guy Kastler * José Bové * [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi]] * Njem ndị ọrụ ugbo == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mpofu, Elizabeth}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5zwttgsi7uxzjqa9qxre2ye5150mf4q 0 75117 742455 631592 2026-11-03T07:59:27Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742455 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ṣọlá Olúlọde (amụrụ 1996) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Naịjirịa. Ọrụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ya na-emekarị mmekọrịta n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii ojii. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ṣọlá Olúlòde na [[London]] n'afọ 1996.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Ọ si n'ezinụlọ Naijiria. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 2018, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na bachelor's na Ihe osise dị mmana Mahadum Brighton . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=About Sola Olulode|url=https://studiovoltaire.org/current-studio-artists/sola-olulode/|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=Studio Voltaire|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://studiovoltaire.org/current-studio-artists/sola-olulode/ "About Sola Olulode"]. ''Studio Voltaire''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Murrell|first=Vanessa|date=2020-09-05|title=Interview with artist Sola Olulode|url=https://dateagle.art/sola-olulode-interview/|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=DATEAGLE ART|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMurrell2020">Murrell, Vanessa (2020-09-05). [https://dateagle.art/sola-olulode-interview/ "Interview with artist Sola Olulode"]. ''DATEAGLE ART''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ laghachiri London iji chụsoo ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == A maara Olúlòde maka ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na-ejikọta usoro na ihe dịka eserese, pastel, Ọnwụ okike, na wax.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ omenala akwa dị ka batik na [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] [[Adire (ihe osise)|Adire]] kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/> Ihe osise ya na-egosipụtakarị atụmatụ ụcha monochromatic.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Little|first=Liv|date=2023-08-09|title=Liv Little in Conversation with Sola Olulode on Burning, like the star that showed us to our love|url=https://www.polyesterzine.com/features/liv-little-in-conversation-with-sola-olulode-on-her-solo-exhibition-burning-like-the-star-that-showed-us-to-our-love|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=Polyester|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLittle2023">Little, Liv (2023-08-09). [https://www.polyesterzine.com/features/liv-little-in-conversation-with-sola-olulode-on-her-solo-exhibition-burning-like-the-star-that-showed-us-to-our-love "Liv Little in Conversation with Sola Olulode on Burning, like the star that showed us to our love"]. ''Polyester''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Isiokwu nke ọrụ Olúlòde gụnyere Queerness na ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii Britain na ndị na-abụghị ndị binary. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Sola Olulode|url=https://www.saparcontemporary.com/sola-olulode-1|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=Sapar Contemporary Art Gallery|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.saparcontemporary.com/sola-olulode-1 "Sola Olulode"]. ''Sapar Contemporary Art Gallery''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2023-08-16|title="Burning, like the star that showed us to our love": A shimmering, immersive exhibition by Sola Olulode|url=https://www.onart.media/events-centered-on-contemporary-african-art/burning-like-the-star-that-showed-us-to-our-love-a-shimmering-immersive-exhibition-by-sola-olulode/|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=On Art|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.onart.media/events-centered-on-contemporary-african-art/burning-like-the-star-that-showed-us-to-our-love-a-shimmering-immersive-exhibition-by-sola-olulode/ ""Burning, like the star that showed us to our love": A shimmering, immersive exhibition by Sola Olulode"]. ''On Art''. 2023-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-ekwusi ike na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na-atọ ụtọ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, na-adabere n'otu akụkụ na ahụmịhe nke ya dị ka nwanyị na-eme ihe ọ bụla. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=ARTPOWHER Contemporary|url=https://www.voltaartfairs.com/basel/exhibitors-2021/artpowher-contemporary|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=VOLTA Art Fairs|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jacob|first=Madeleine|date=2023-10-17|title=Sola Olulode's Personal Orbit|url=https://artreview.com/sola-olulode-burning-like-the-star-that-showed-us-to-our-love-ed-cross-london-review/|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=ArtReview|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Moloi|first=Nkgopoleng|date=2022-12-06|title=The Ethic of Love by Sola Olulode|url=https://theartmomentum.com/the-ethic-of-love-by-sola-olulode/|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=The Art Momentum|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nkà Olúlòde apụtala n'ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi U.K dị iche iche gụnyere Carl Freedman Gallery na Lisson Gallery.[1][2] Na 2022, o gosipụtara ihe nkiri solo "Ị nwere ike ịbụ ịhụnanya" na New York's Sapar Contemporary Gallery, sochiri ihe ngosi 2023 solo "ọkụ, dị ka kpakpando nke gosiri anyị ịhụnanya" na Ed Cross Art Gallery na London.[3] [4] Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya na Nigeria, "Stars Fell on Lagos," pụtara na Wunika Mukan Gallery na 2025.[2] N'afọ 2026, ihe osise Olúlòde gosipụtara na ihe ngosi "Ebe a: Nganga na Ịbụ n'ime Art Africa" na Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art na Washington, D.C.[1][2][3] Ọrụ ndị ahụ, Stitched to You (2022) na Ebighị Ebi (2020), gụnyere usoro akwa akwa batik.[1][4] == Njikọ mpụga == * [[Instagram]].com/solaolulode" id="mwnQ" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Ṣọlá Olúlòde na Instagram == Edemsibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] hdg7f0iho8uso5upxin8et7b5re14k0 0 75163 742660 631681 2026-11-03T08:57:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742660 wikitext text/x-wiki    Hanni Bay (1885-1978) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-eme ihe osise na Switzerland na onye na'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Hanni Bay na Belp na mpaghara nlekọta Bern-Mittelland nke Switzerland na 29 Septemba 1885. Ọ bụ nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ isii Rudolf na Luise Bay. Mgbe otu afọ gasịrị na Antwerp, Belgium (1901-1902) site na ebe ọ ga-alaghachi na Switzerland mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na mberede, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ textile, ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Applied Arts na Bern site na 1902 ruo 1904, wee kwaga Munich ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na studio Hermann Groeber. N'agbata 1906 na 1908 ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe Switzerland, Cuno Amiet na Oschwand na obodo Seeburg. Na 1908, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na Paris, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Académie Ranson n'okpuru Félix Vallotton, Pierre Bonnard, Edouard Vuillard na Maurice Denis. Na 1910, ọ lụrụ Albert Hitz. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, ndị a mụrụ na 1913, 1915, na 1917, ma ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1925. <ref name="Sikart"/> <ref name="Frauen">{{Cite book|title=100 Jahre Fauen·Power 1916–2016|date=2016|publisher=Art Dock Zurich|location=Bern|url=https://art-dock-zh.ch/uploads/doc/Frauenpower-2016-Biografien.pdf|accessdate=27 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Ask"/> N'agbata 1905 na 1910, Bay bụ akụkụ nke otu ìgwè ndị na-eto eto ugwu, n'etiti ha ndị na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu bụ Otto Morach, Arnold Brügger, na Johannes Itten, yana di ya n'ọdịnihu. Ịgba ugwu kpaliri ọtụtụ ihe osise ya. N'afọ 1907, ọ sonyeere ngalaba Oberhasli nke Swiss Alpine Club (SAC), ebe di ya bụ onye nchoputa nke Academic Alpine Club of Bern (AACB). Ọbụna n'oge ntorobịa ya, Bay rịgoro n'ugwu Bietschhorn na Schreckhorn siri ike<ref name="Sikart"/><ref name="Frauen"/> == Ọrụ == N'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọrụ ya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka ndị inyom na-ese ihe ngosi na Switzerland. Ya mere, na 1911, Bay sonyeere GSMBK (Society of Swiss Women Painters, Sculptors, and Applied Artists) ma mesịa sonye na ihe ngosi dị iche iche nke cantonal na nke mba na Bern na Neuchâtel. Bay na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmegharị ọrụ na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nke Switzerland, malite mgbe ọ bi na Chur n'etiti 1913 na 1917 wee gaa n'ihu mgbe ọ kwagara Zürich. N'afọ 1918, e nyere ya ọrụ ịrụpụta ihe osise n'ụlọ ọgwụ Chur Women's Hospital, bụ́ ndị na-adịbeghị ndụ. Na Zürich, ọ gara ikpe 1919 nke ndị malitere ịkụ ọkpọ izugbe Switzerland na 1918 na eserese ya ka ebipụtara dị ka ihe atụ na ọrụ olu abụọ The General Strike Trial of the Members of the Olten Action Committee n'ihu Ụlọikpe Ndị Agha 3 site na March 12 ruo Eprel 9, 1919.<ref name="Sikart"/><ref name="Frauen"/><ref name="Ask"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Oltener Aktionskomitee|title=Der Landesstreik-Prozess gegen die Mitglieder des Oltener Aktionskomitees vor dem Militärgericht 3 vom 12. März bis 9. April 1919|date=1919|publisher=Unionsdruckerei|location=Zurich|url=https://books.google.pt/books/about/Der_Landesstreik_Prozess_gegen_die_Mitgl.html?id=bDMBAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y|accessdate=27 February 2026}}</ref> Ruo ogologo oge, ibu ọrụ ezinụlọ ya na-ekpebi ihe ọ ga-ahọrọ maka isiokwu na ụzọ ọ ga-esi arụ ọrụ. O wepụrụ ihe nkiri ndụ ezinụlọ kwa ụbọchị n'ime akwụkwọ ndetu eserese. Otu n'ime ihe ndị o mere bụ imepụta mpempe akwụkwọ na-arịọ arịrịọ maka onyinye iji baara ndị agụụ na-agụ na Soviet Union uru. N'iji pensụl, unyi, mkpịsị akwụkwọ, na ink ojii na-ese ụlọ ụmụ mgbei, kichin ofe, na ebe mgbaba, o mepụtara akwụkwọ nke nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke 1920 na Switzerland. Ụlọ ọrụ ebere ga-ebipụta ndị a dị ka kaadị akwụkwọ ozi. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị alụkwaghịm, ọ zụrụ ụmụ ya n’onwe ya. Maka ihe gbasara ego, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ịse foto nke VIPs maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mba. Ọ na-esekwa ihe osise, eserese, na mgbidi ma, mgbe 1942 gasịrị, mgbe ọ laghachiri na Bern, na ụmụ ya niile tolitere, ọ na-etinyekwu onwe ya n'ọrụ na eserese ala, na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe osise dị n'akụkụ ebe gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Biel, Neuchâtel, na Geneva, na na Bernese Oberland, na na cantons nke Valais na Ticino. Ihe osise ndị a na-eji ngosipụta ezi uche dị na ya na ebe ndị ahụ na ụdị na-ejide ìhè na agba na-agbanwe n'ụbọchị na oge niile. O nwechaghị mmasị ire ọrụ ya, ọ bụkwa nanị site ná mgbalị nke ọdụdụ nwa ya nwanyị ka e ji hazie ihe ngosi na Switzerland. <ref name="Sikart"/> <ref name="Frauen"/><ref name="Ask"/> Ọ gara Paris ugboro ugboro ma gaa Ịtali, Gris, Ijipt, na Tunisia. Otu n'ime ihe ngosi ndị ọ gosipụtara bụ Les femmes artistes d'Europe, ihe ngosi nka mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na France, nke emere na Jeu de Paume na Paris na mbido 1937. Ọrụ ya dị ugbu a, n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ, site na Museum of Fine Arts Bern, ''Bündner Kunstmuseum'' na Chur, Volkshaus na Zürich, ''Kunsthaus Zürich'' Graphic Collection nke ETH Zurich, na Swiss National Library.<ref name="Sikart"/><ref name="Frauen"/><ref name="Ask"/><ref>{{Cite book|title="Les Femmes Artistes d'Europe exposent au Musée du Jeu de Paume" : catalogue d'exposition, Paris, Jeu de Paume des Tuileries, février 1937.|date=February 1937|accessdate=27 February 2020|publisher=Musée du Jeu de Paume|location=Paris|url=https://www.duchamparchives.org/cp/archive/component/FRM5050-X0031143894/fr/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Archive Catalogue|url=https://katalog.burgerbib.ch/detail.aspx?ID=56012|work=Burgerbibliothek of Bern|accessdate=27 February 2026}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Bay nwụrụ na Bern na 11 Machị 1978. Ọ bụ onye na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ikike ịtụ vootu, nke ụmụ nwanyị Switzerland nwetara naanị afọ asaa tupu ọnwụ ya. A na-enwe ihe onwunwe ọgụgụ isi ya na Bern Burgerbibliothek na ''ArchivArte'', kwa na Bern.<ref name="Sikart">{{Cite web|title=Hanni Bay|url=https://recherche.sik-isea.ch/en/sik:person-4023740:exp/in/sikart/actor/list|work=Sikart|accessdate=27 February 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://recherche.sik-isea.ch/en/sik:person-4023740:exp/in/sikart/actor/list "Hanni Bay"]. ''Sikart''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Ask">{{Cite web|author=Von Salis|first=Katharina|title=Hanni Bay – Artist Info|url=https://www.askart.com/bio/Hanni_Bay/11014818/Hanni_Bay|work=askArt|accessdate=27 February 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVon_Salis">Von Salis, Katharina. [https://www.askart.com/bio/Hanni_Bay/11014818/Hanni_Bay "Hanni Bay – Artist Info"]. ''askArt''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] nz6w9eo3t93num6bhiokwxd8louhvb7 0 75517 742775 742078 2026-11-03T09:43:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742775 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_1.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gabrielle Petit (1908) ]] '''Gabrielle Petit''' (née '''Mathieu'''; November 26, 1860 - 1952),Ọ bụ onye France na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-emegide ndị ụkọchukwu, onye na-akwado ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'agbanyeghị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị otu ọrụ na ndị na-akwado echiche Freethought. Ọ hiwere akwụkwọ akụkọ La Femme afranchie (Nwanyị E Nwere Onwe Ya) <ref name="Jablonka2022">{{Cite book|first=Ivan|author=Jablonka|date=3 February 2022|title=A History of Masculinity: From Patriarchy to Gender Justice|publisher=Penguin UK|pages=|isbn=978-0-14-199371-3|oclc=1308424789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CscZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT88}}</ref> ebe ọ katọrọ ịgba akwụna. Na nzukọ, ọ kwuru banyere [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]], [[Ibelata ịmụ ọtụtụ ụmụ|igbochi ọmụmụ]], ihe ọjọọ nke militarism, na nkwado maka ndị ọrụ. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Gabrielle Mathieu na Cayrols, na Nọvemba 26, 1860, <ref name="Maitron" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, na-enyere ndị mụrụ ya aka ma na-elekọta ewu.<ref name="1:frwp" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, Petit zutere iwu mbụ ya maka ịtụ nkume n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-agagharị; a tara ya na enyi ya ahụhụ. Ọ garaghị akwụkwọ, dịka o kwuru n'oge ikpe mbụ ya:— "Ruo mgbe m dị afọ iri abụọ, enweghị m onye nkuzi ọzọ karịa okike, ubi, ahịhịa na ọhịa maka ọbá akwụkwọ m, akwụkwọ ndụ, nke kachasị zuru oke na nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ nwere peeji ọhụrụ kwa ụbọchị. "<ref name="1:frwp">{{Cite news|first=Patrick|author=Schindler|title=Expressions - Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable : une femme affranchie|publisher=Le Monde libertaire|date=24 March 2011|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-libertaire.fr%2Fexpressions%2F14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ kwagara na US ebe ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke tupu ya na nna ya kewaa. Ọ laghachighị France ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 32, ebe ọ zụlitere nwa ya nwoke naanị ya. N'afọ 1897, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na asaa, ọ malitere itinye aka n'ịgbachitere na inyere ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka aka. === ''Nwanyị A tọhapụrụ'' === Mgbe ọ zutere Marguerite Durand, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ La ''Fronde'', Petit tinyere aka na ọrụ mgbasa ozi. N'ọnwa Eprel 1904, Petit guzobere La Femme affranchie, <ref name="2:frwp">{{Cite book|first=François-Olivier|author=Touati|title=Maladies, médecines et sociétés|year=1991|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PA-TAK2s4lMC&pg=PA291}}</ref> "otu akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ na-eche echiche n'onwe ha".<ref name="3:frwp">{{Cite journal|first=René|author=Bianco|title=100 ans de presse anarchiste|journal=La Femme Affranchie|language=fr|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fbianco.ficedl.info%2Farticle979.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ na-elekọta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo 1913 na mgbe ahụ n'ime afọ 1930. <ref name="4:frwp">{{Cite book|title=BERTRAND Julia, Marie, Victorine|publisher=Dictionnaire des anarchistes "Le Maitron"|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle153818#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ dabere na nkwado nke onye bụbu onye isi obodo, Jean Allemane, onye a chụpụrụ na New Caledonia, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ iji dozie okwu gbasara ego akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, nke gụnyere ndenye aha, ire ahịa n'okporo ámá, na ire ahịa nye ndị otu na ndị na-akwado ya. Site na 1904 ruo 1907, ọtụtụ ndị edemede kwadoro otu ahụ, gụnyere onye na-akwado udo na onye na-akwado ikike nwanyị bụ Odette Laguerre na Nelly Roussel, ndị si n'ezinụlọ Katọlik bourgeois, mana mgbe ha dị afọ 20, ha kwụsịrị ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ iji tụgharịa gaa na mgba nke ikike nwanyị.<ref name="5:frwp" /> N'etiti ọtụtụ isiokwu ndị e mepụtara, La Femme affranchie wepụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu iji katọọ ịgba akwụna.   Na mgbakwunye na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Gabrielle nwere nzukọ na France niile gbasara mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị na onye Neomalthusianist Paul Robin.<ref name="5:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Anne|author=Cova|year=2011|title=Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-54569-4|oclc=721829187|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCova2011">Cova, Anne (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&pg=PP74 ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'']. Harmattan. p.&nbsp;74. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-2-296-54569-4|<bdi>978-2-296-54569-4</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721829187 721829187].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ n'otu n'ime nzukọ ndị ahụ ka Petit zutere Julia Bertrand, onye mere ka ọ mata echiche nnwere onwe.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Site na 1904 ruo 1910, Petit nyere nkuzi 2,000 na ngalaba 58. O kwetara na ya nwere mmasị n'ezie na Louise Michel, na-eto ya mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1905. <ref name="5:frwp" /> === Ikpe nke mmegide agha === [[Faịlụ:Gabrielle_Petit_2.jpg|thumb|''Ndụmọdụ Nne'' (1904) ]] N'August 1, 1907, e jidere Petit na Granges, Vosges, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. N'oge ikpe ya, na Nọvemba 20, 1907, <ref name="7:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Jean|author=Rabaut|date=1 January 1996|title=Marguerite Durand (1864-1936): "La Fronde" féministe ou "Le Temps" en jupons|language=fr|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=978-2-296-32051-2|oclc=988951155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XARNwxgN7H4C&pg=PA106}}</ref> e boro ya ebubo na o kwuru Ugwu na-emegide agha n'oge nkuzi na nke, n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè, kpaliri ndị agha ka ha ghara inupụ isi ma zuo ngwá agha. Ọ nọgidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ruo na Febụwarị 1, 1908. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ ghọrọ onye "dị ize ndụ", onye uwe ojii ma ọ bụ onye uwe ojii so ya na njem ya niile. Mana nke ahụ egbochighị Petit ịga n'ihu na-agagharị na France iji nye nkuzi, mgbe ụfọdụ atọ n'ụbọchị. N'August 2, 1908, e jidere Petit ọzọ mgbe ọ na-akwado ndị ọrụ silk na-eme ngagharị iwe na Besançon, n'ihi na ọ na-eme mgbasa ozi na-emegide agha. Ikpe ahụ mere n'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ.<ref name="8:frwp">{{Cite web|title=Cartoliste. Procès de Gabrielle Petit - Besançon, 29 Août 1908|url=https://cartoliste.ficedl.info/article1097.html?lang=fr|work=cartoliste.ficedl.info|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116183426/https://cartoliste.ficedl.info/article1097.html?lang=fr|archive-date=16 January 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ, ma tọhapụ ya na Nọvemba 13, 1908.<ref name="9:frwp">{{Cite book|editor=Mayeur|author=Institut Marc Sangnier|year=2006|title=Le Sillon de Marc Sangnier et la démocratie sociale: actes du colloque des 18 et 19 mars 2004, Besançon|language=fr|publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|isbn=978-2-84867-159-8|oclc=1049140942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIsPGcK9ChYC&pg=PA80}}</ref> Na mbido 1913, Petit na Bertrand, na-eche egwu agha na-arịwanye elu, dere mbipụta pụrụ iche nke La Femme affranchie, ebe olu ndị na-ahụ mba n'anya na-aghọwanye ike na ime ihe ike megide ndị na-eme udo.<ref name="Ronsin1990">{{Cite book|editor=Ronsin|year=1990|title=Les Vosgiens célèbres: dictionnaire biographique illustré|language=fr|publisher=Editions G. Louis|isbn=978-2-907016-09-4|oclc=243717630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ZmAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> === Oge agha === N'afọ 1927, mgbe ọ bi na mpaghara Vosges, Lot, na Charente, onye uwe ojii na-ejikọta ya mgbe niile, e debara aha ya na Carnet B, site n'August 23, 1913. <ref name="10:frwp">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle [née MATHIEU Gabrielle] - Maitron|url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmaitron-en-ligne.univ-paris1.fr%2Fspip.php%3Farticle84307#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|work=archive.wikiwix.com|accessdate=16 January 2023}}</ref> Ọ maliteghachiri nkuzi ya banyere pacifism na ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu, ọbụlagodi na, dị ka onye na-akwado nnwere onwe, o weere na ọgụ a nwere njedebe ya.<ref name="1:frwp"/> Na mbido afọ 1930, ọ sonyere na Obodo nnwere onwe na Puch-d'Agenais, Lot-et-Garonne, nke "onye na-emebi iwu" [[Victor Coissac]] duziri. N'agbanyeghị afọ ndụ ya, ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ ugbu a, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọkachasị na ígwè obibi akwụkwọ.<ref name="12:frwp">{{Cite book|first=Diana|author=Cooper-Richet|year=1985|title=L'exercice du bonheur, ou, Comment Victor Coissac cultiva l'utopie entre les deux guerres, dans sa communauté de l'Intégrale|publisher=Editions Champ Vallon|language=fr|pages=237–|isbn=978-2-903528-51-5|oclc=1284525745|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSaRvvX2AOsC&pg=PA237}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Gabrielle Petit nwụrụ na 1952.<ref name="Maitron">{{Cite web|title=PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle|url=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307|publisher=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|date=6 August 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article84307 "PETIT Gabrielle, née MATHIEU Gabrielle"] (in French). Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier. 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * "La bonne belle-mere", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 4, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904">{{Cite book|title=Belgische bibliografie|date=1904|publisher=H. Manceaux|pages=173, 230|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwIDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA173|accessdate=16 January 2023|language=fr|chapter=LITTERATURE.}}</ref> * "Conte de Mai", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 5, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> * "Nwanyị nke ọdịnihu", na Les Cahiers Féministes, nke 8, 1904<ref name="Belgische1904" /> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * ''Gabrielle Petit, devant la Cour d'assises de Nancy, 21 novembre 1907'', in Christine Bard, Grégoire Kauffmann, ''Les insoumises, la révolution féministe'', Le Monde, 2013,  . (in French) * Anne Cova, ''Féminismes et néo-malthusianismes sous la Troisième République'', L'Harmattan, 2011,  , <small>[https://books.google.com/books?id=y5qtOAFZZSoC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PP74 online excerpts]</small>. (in French) * Christiane Demeulenaere-Douyère, ''Paul Robin. Un militant de la liberté et du bonheur'', Paris, Publisud, 1994, [https://books.google.com/books?id=CabaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22conduit+par+Gabrielle+Petit%22 p.320]. (in French) * Madeleine Laude, ''Gabrielle Petit, l'indomptable'', Éditions du Monde libertaire, 2010,  , <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904192701/http://www.editionsmondelibertaire.org/produit.php?ref=978-291551-4407&id_rubrique=17&PHPSESSID=dgh55upekfm00ebkh0gfkj2rn4 editor's note] Archived 2014-09-04 at the Wayback Machine</small>. (in French) * Florence Rochefort [fr], [[Michelle Zancarini-Fournel]], ''Le pouvoir du genre : laïcités et religions, 1905-2005'', Éditions Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NoKMOXMVXB0C&dq=%22Les+Filles+de+noce%22%22Gabrielle+Petit%22&pg=PA114 p.114],  . (in French) * Patrick Schindler, ''Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable : une femme affranchie'', Le Monde libertaire, n°1628, 24 mars 2011, <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140904025154/http://www.monde-libertaire.fr/expressions/14397-gabrielle-petit-lindomptable-une-femme-affranchie full text]</small>. (in French) * Georges Ubbiali, ''Une femme affranchie. Gabrielle Petit, l’indomptable'', revue électronique Dissidences, Bibliothèque de comptes rendus, septembre 2011, <small>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180427052533/https://revuesshs.u-bourgogne.fr/dissidences/document.php?id=1372 full text]</small>. (in French) * Daniel Vasseur, ''Les débuts du mouvement ouvrier dans la région Belfort-Montbéliard (1870-1914)'', Annales littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz9ogTq5pWQC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PA137 p.137],  . (in French) * Michelle Zancarini-Fournel, Florence Rochefort, Bibia Pavard [fr], ''Les lois Veil. Les événements fondateurs:Contraception 1974, IVG 1975'', Armand Colin, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wg2XZJxboUgC&q=%22gabrielle+petit%22&pg=PT30 biographical sketch]. (in French) [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kjls6znv88xx3tbhia97o50l9t0fb0j 0 75700 742339 707050 2026-11-02T18:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742339 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|30em}}'''akwụkwọ Chicana''' bụ ụdị akwụkwọ nke sitere na Chicana Feminist movement. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkọwapụta ụdị Chicana, na mgbalị inye ụdị dị mma maka Chicanas. Ndị edemede Chicana na-akọwa mmekọrịta ha na ihe Gloria Anzaldúa kpọrọ "Las Tres Madres" nke ọdịbendị Mexico (ya bụ, Our Lady of Guadalupe, La Malinche, na La Llorona), site n'igosi ha dị ka isi iyi nke ike na ọmịiko.[1] Dị ka Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society si kwuo, "Ihe odide ụmụ nwanyị nke Chicana nyere aka mepụta okwu na-emegide usoro Eurocentric. " Ihe odide Chicana sitere na Chicana feminism, site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị nke e guzobere kemgbe afọ 1960 - otu n'ime ha dugara na Norma Alarcón's Third Woman Press, nkwupụta nke Chicana feminist na edemede, na ngosipụta nke nsogbu okike na Chicano Movement na uri na akụkọ ifo nke ndị edemede Chicana. [2] == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Chicana Feminist movement, [[Chicana feminism|Xicanisma]], malitere site na iwepu nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị site na ebumnuche mbụ nke Chicano Movement. Dị ka ''The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature'' si kwuo, ọ bụ site na mmalite a nke ọgụ ahụ pụtara akwụkwọ bara ọgaranya nke malitere na ọgụgụ uri nke Chicanas, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri dị ka Las Cucarachas (The Cockroaches) nke San Francisco, yana ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ dị ka Lorna Dee Cervantes' * Mango na magazin dị ka Third Woman.[3] Okwu "chicana" bụ okwu ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ America sitere na Mexico. Ọtụtụ ndị edemede, dị ka Adalijiza Sosa Riddell, dere banyere ahụmahụ ndị ha na-enwe, yana okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ, bụ nke bịara na nkwụghachi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala. Dị ka Chicanas na El Movimiento si kwuo. Ihe odide Chicana sitere na feminism maka ngosipụta nke okwu okike. Na okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na-aghọ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke Chicana Movement mana ọ bụ akụkụ buru ibu na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Virgen de Guadalupe, ọ ghọrọ akara maka njirimara na omenala maka obodo chicana na na ndịda California, ọ bụ akara maka "ịchịkwa, ịkọwa ma ọ bụ ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị anya," dị ka Norma Alarcon si kwuo. La Virgen de Guadalupe bụ onye senti a na-eji na Chọọchị Katọlik. The Chicano Movement malitere iputa na 1960s. mgbe na njikọ na Civil Rights Movement (1955-65). Dị ka akụkụ nke mmegharị ahụ, Cesar Chavez na Dolores Huerta kwadoro National Farm Workers Association, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka United Farmworkers. Chavez na Huerta haziri ogbugbu mkpụrụ vaịn, ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eme ihe ike, agụụ agụụ, yana njem a haziri ahazi, iji meziwanye ọnọdụ ọrụ nke ndị Mexico na-akwaga mba ọzọ, na ndị ọrụ ugbo Mexico na America. Reies Lopez Tijerina mechara hazie Alianza Federal de Mercedes, otu nke mesiri akụkọ ihe mere eme Chicano ike wee kwalite iweghachi ala nye ndị tụfuru ya n'oge agha Mexico na America..Rudolfo Gonzales ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka Crusade for Justice, mmegharị nke gbanwere nlebara anya site n'ime ime obodo gaa n'obodo mepere emepe na ndị ntorobịa Chicano, na mbọ iji gbochie mmekọ ahụ ma nyere ndị ntorobịa Chicano aka ịnakwere ma nabata ihe nketa na omenala ha. ; Ụmụ nwoke Ndị Chicano nke afọ 1960 bụ ndị nwoke. N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọbụnakwa "na-echebara echiche na-amụba ịdị n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị. " <ref name="Lambers">{{Cite book|author=Lambers|first=Erin|url=http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects05/cf/credits.html|title=Chicana Feminism|publisher=University of Michigan|year=2005|accessdate=2007-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213094934/http://www.umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects05/cf/credits.html|archive-date=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Plan Espiritual de Aztlán (1969), nke bụ nkwupụta nke òtù Chicano, ji okwu ndị dị ka "nne, ụmụnne, mestizo, wdg. "A gụnyeghị ụmụ nwanyị n'asụsụ obodo nke akwụkwọ ahụ. Nzukọ Ndị Ntorobịa Denver nke 1969, kpalitere òtù Chicana Feminist. " [1] Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ na nwanyị Chicana achọghị ka a tọhapụ ya.[7] Chicana bụ nwanyị America, ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ, nke ndị Mexico.<ref name="Lambers"/> Feminism bụ òtù na-elekwasị anya na nkwenye na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="Lambers" /> "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ eziokwu na ịdị n'otu nke La Raza bụ ntọala bụ isi nke usoro Chicano, mgbe ụmụ nwoke Chicano na-ekwu maka idebe La Familia na 'ihe nketa ọdịbendị' nke La Raça, ha na-ekwu, n'ezie, maka idebe echiche ochie nke idebe nwanyị ahụ ọtọ, dị ime, na kichin. Na ndabere nke ịdị n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị, enweghị ike inwe ezigbo ịdị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ịdị n'ịdị n'otu a na-emepụta n'oge ha na-alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu ha karịa ka ndị Chican.<ref name="Lambers"/> Dị ka New Dictionary of the History of Ideas si kwuo, "E nwere ọtụtụ nkọwa nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta, ugbu a, na-ekwusi ike na a ga-eji okwu ahụ mee ihe n'ụdị ya dị iche iche, iji gụnye ebe mmekọrịta dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị", ma enwere ụzọ anọ Chicana feminism nwere ike isi dị iche na ụdị ndị ọzọ: akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, intersectionality, na njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[8] Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicana dị iche na nke ndị ọzọ si mba Amerịka kwabata, n'ihi na ha nwere ihe na-ekwu na ha sitere na Southwest. Ọdịbendị Chicano na-ekpebi ụzọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke a na-akọwa okike na mmekọahụ na obodo ndị Mexico na America. Intersectionality bụ echiche na Chicanas nọ n'ihe karịrị otu ìgwè a na-emegbu emegbu - agbụrụ, okike, na klas. N'ikpeazụ, njikọ a pụtara na Chicanas nwere ike isonyere ma ọtụtụ njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche jụ ya.[8] The Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society na-azọrọ na, "Otu n'ime ndị inyom Latina a ma ama bụ Gloria Anzaldúa, onye dere ọtụtụ ihe odide, gụnyere Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza. Dị ka onye edemede Chicana, Anzaldua emeela ọrụ nke na-egosi njikọ doro anya nke, mmekọahụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke njirimara agbụrụ" [2] == A kọwapụtara ụdị Chicana ndị na-emegbu mmadụ == Mmadụ atọ nke onye edemede na onye na-akụzi ihe Gloria Anzaldúa kpọrọ "Ndị Nne Anyị:" Virgen de Guadalupe, La Malinche na La Llorona. <ref name="La Frontera">{{Cite web|author=Anzaldúa|first=Gloria|title=La Llorona, La Malinche, y La Virgen de Guadalupe|url=https://gloriaanzalduaborderlands-blog.tumblr.com/post/21710630997/la-llorona-la-malinche-y-la-virgen-de-guadalupe|work=Borderlands: La Frontera|publisher=2005|accessdate=2021-03-24}}</ref> Ihe nnọchianya ndị a dị oke mkpa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị a ma ama na Mexico na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ United States, a na-ejikwa ha mee ihe, ka onye na-ekwu okwu Norma Alarcón, dị ka ihe ntụaka "maka ịchịkwa, ịkọwa, ma ọ bụ ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị" na ọdịbendụ Mexico-America.[9][10] [[Faịlụ:Virgin_of_Guadalupe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke nke Guadalupe]] Chọọchị Katọlik matara Virgen de Guadalupe, bụ́ onye senti nke America, n’oge na-adịghị anya mgbe otu nwa amaala, bụ́ Juan Diego, chọtara ya. Dị ka akwụkwọ bụ́ Encyclopedia of Global Religion si kwuo, "N'oge na mgbe mmeri ahụ gasịrị, a na-eji okpukpe Katọlik mee ka o doo anya na ohu anụ ahụ, nke mmetụta uche, na nke ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala ..." [bụ ndị e wedara n'ala ma bie ndụ n'enweghị olileanya. Omenala ndị a ma ama na-agwa anyị na n'etiti mbibi a, [Our Lady of Guadalupe] lere anya dị ka nsọpụrụ na ọchịchọ nke na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka iweghachite ọrụ ebube. ; Ọrụ Nwaanyị Anyị nke Guadalupe na Chicana Literature; E kere Virgin de Guadalupe site n'okpukpe Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na omenala Aztec, nke bụ onye nsọ mba.[11] N'ime ọrụ ụfọdụ Chicanas, gụnyere edemede a ma ama nke Cherríe Moraga, Loving in the War Years, La Virgen de Guadalupe na-anọchi anya mmegide nwoke na-emegide mmekọahụ na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị.[12] Gloria Anzaldúa anọwo na-ebute ụzọ na mgbalị iji degharịa Guadalupe, na-apụ n'aka nne dị ọcha, "zuru oke", nke Chọọchị Roman Katọlik doro nsọ, gaa n'aka chi nwanyị nwanyị, nke na-acha nchara nchara.[1] === Malinche === A na-eche na La Malinche sitere na akụkọ Doña Marina, ma ọ bụ La Malinches. Doña Marina bụ nwanyị obodo nke ndị Maya mere ohu ma nye Hernán Cortés n'oge Mmeri ndị Spain meriri Mexico (1519-21). [13] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị ya, ma mesịa mụọ nwa ya nwoke, Martin, onye ọtụtụ ndị na-ewere dị ka onye Mexico mbụ.[14] Ọ bụ Hernán Cortés ji ya mee ihe, ebe ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu ma kọwaa Nahuatl. Nahuatl bụ asụsụ a na-ahụkarị n'etiti Ndị Aztec. Akụkọ ndị ọrụ Mexico na-egosi Doña Marina dị ka onye sabo, ọtụtụ ndị na-ata ya ụta maka ọdịda nke ndị Aztec na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmeri ndị Spain.[7] A maara ya dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, onye kachasị elu na mba ya, n'ihi njikọ ya na Hernán Cortés. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ ka ukwuu lere La Malinche anya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, mmadụ ole na ole kwenyere na a katọrọ ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi. ; Ọrụ La Malinche na akwụkwọ Chicana Ụfọdụ ndị edemede Chicana nke oge a ejirila La Malinche, degharịa akụkọ ya dị ka otu n'ime nwanyị nwere obere nhọrọ n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị Cortés (a resịrị ya dị ka ohu), na onye jere ozi dị ka "onye ogbugbo n'etiti ndị Spain na ụmụ amaala". Ndị edemede Chican butere ụzọ ịkekọrịta akụkọ Dona Marina site n'echiche ya.[15] N'akwụkwọ ụfọdụ nke Chicana, a na-ahụ La Malinche dị ka nne ọdịbendị. La Malinche yiri Chicanas, ebe ọ bụ na ya onwe ya, ọ bụghị naanị na mba abụọ kamakwa o nwere mmetụta nke ọdịbendị abụọ. Otú ọ dị, La Malinche abụghị ohu nke ndị Spain ma mesịa bụrụ otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na ndị kasị ike na Mexico. === La Llorona === Nwanyị na-ebe ákwá: Akụkọ ọdịnala nke La Llorona bụ akụkọ nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche. N'ozuzu, akụkọ ahụ na-emetụta nwanyị onye onye ọ hụrụ n'anya na-eleda anya ma na-eme ara ma ọ bụ ịbọ ọbọ, mmiri na-egbu ụmụ ya. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a mara ya ikpe ịgagharị n'ụwa, na-eru uju ụmụ ya, na-anọkarị n'akụkụ osimiri. A na-akpọ ya La Llorona ("nwaanyị na-ebe ákwá"), n'ihi na a na-anụ ya ka ọ na-ebe iti ákwá, n'olu dara ụda, n'abalị, na-akwa ákwá ụmụ ya furu efu.[15] ; Ọrụ La Llorona na akwụkwọ Chicana Ọkà mmụta omenala bụ Jose Limon na-ekwu na "La Llorona [bụ] akara nke na-agwa akụkọ akụkọ Mexico [na Chicana / o] okwu ma na-eme ya maka ụmụ nwanyị, karịsịa, ma site n'asụsụ ụmụ nwanyị [ọ] na-egosipụtakwa ọchịchọ nke Utopia [maka ịha nhata na ikpe ziri ezi]". Sandra Cisneros ejirila akụkọ La Llorona nke oge a "Woman Hollering Creek" nye "olu nke nne Latina gbajiri agbaji na-alụ ọgụ megide ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na ịdabere na akụ na ụba na nke mmetụta uche". Dị ka omenala si dị, La Llorona bụ onye aghụghọ; ọ na-egbu ụmụ ya, n'omume aghụghọ ikpeazụ. Ọ bụ onye na-achọ naanị ọdịmma onwe ya; ọ ga-ahọrọ idebe onye ọ hụrụ n'anya karịa ụmụ ya. Ọ bụ onye isi mgbaka, a na-egosikarị ya dị ka nwanyị isi mgbaka.[16] N'ụdị ụfọdụ nke akụkọ ahụ, ọ naghị egbu ụmụaka ahụ mana ọ na-ahapụ ha.[13] Ọ na-abọ ọbọ; ọ na-egbu / na-ahapụ ụmụaka iji bọọ ọbọ maka obi ya gbawara agbawa.[15] N'ikpeazụ, ọ bụ onye nzuzu: ọ na-egbu ụmụaka ma na-akwa ụta maka ime otú ahụ, naanị mgbe oge gafechara. Ndị edemede Chicana dị ka Sandra Cisneros, Gloria Anzaldúa, Helena Maria Viramontes, na Ana Castillo "amalitela ịmepụta ọ bụghị nanị akụkọ bara ọgaranya na nke dịgasị iche iche nke ahụmahụ nwanyị, kamakwa nkọwa ọzọ nke omenala Chicano." A kọwara La Llorona (la Malinche) dị ka nwanyị na-emegide ikpe na-ezighị ezi (nke agbụrụ, okike, na klaasị). N'akụkọ Llorona nke oge a, a na-emesi ekwenyeghị ntụkwasị obi nke nwoke ọ hụrụ n'anya ike, dịka e gosipụtara ya dị ka "di na-anapụ ya mkpa akụ na ụba dị mkpa, kamakwa dị ka onye na-akwa emo, onye na-enweghị uche, onye na-akwa iko, na, nke kachasị njọ, onye na-eti ihe". La Llorona bụ, ugbu a, nne na-echebe, na-ahụ n'anya, onye siri ike na nke na-adịghị ekwe omume: "Cleofilas, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Mexico nke "Woman Hollering Creek," na-enwetaghachi olu ya site n'ịgbanwe onwe ya site na Llorona, onye na-akwa ákwá, na Gritona, onye agha na-eti mkpu." == Hụkwa == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Vivancos Perez|first=Ricardo F.|title=Radical Chicana Poetics|location=London and New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013|doi=10.1057/9781137343581|isbn=978-1-349-46578-1}} == Edensibia == == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Alarcón|first=Norma|title=This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color|publisher=Persephone|year=1982|isbn=978-0-930436-10-0|editor=Moraga|location=Watertown, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thisbridgecalle000mora/page/182 182–189]|chapter=Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-vision Through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/thisbridgecalle000mora/page/182}} * {{Cite book|author=Anzaldúa|first=Gloria|url=https://archive.org/details/borderlandslafro00anza|title=Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera|publisher=Spinsters / Aunt Lute|year=1987|isbn=978-0-933216-25-9|location=San Francisco}} * {{Cite book|author=Candelaria|first=Cordelia|title=Letting La Llorona Go or Re/reading History's Tender Mercies|year=1993}} * {{Cite journal|author=Carbonell|first=Ana Maria|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/467699|title=From La Llorona to Gritona: Coatlicue In Feminist Tales by Viramontes and Cisneros|journal=MELUS|year=1999|volume=24|pages=53–74|doi=10.2307/467699|issue=2}} * {{Cite book|author=Castañeda-Liles|first=Socorro|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe|publisher=Sage Reference|year=2012|isbn=9780761927297|editor=Mark Juergensmeyer|location=Los Angeles}} * {{Cite book|author=Herrera|first=Cristina|url=https://www.cambriapress.com/pub.cfm?bid=593|title=Contemporary Chicana Literature: (Re)Writing the Maternal Script|publisher=Cambria Press|year=2014|isbn=9781604978759|location=Amherst, NY}} * {{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|title=Chicana Feminisms|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|year=2005|isbn=0-684-31377-4|editor=Maryanne Cline Horowitz|location=Detroit}} * {{Cite book|author=Moraga|first=Cherríe|title=Loving in the War Years: Lo Que Nunca Paso por Sus Labios|url=https://archive.org/details/lovinginwaryears0000mora|publisher=South End|year=1983|isbn=978-0896086265|location=Boston}} * {{Cite journal|author=Petty|first=Leslie|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/468222|title=The 'dual'-ing Images of la Malinche and la Virgen de Guadalupe in Cisnero's The House on Mango Street|journal=MELUS|year=2000|volume=25|pages=119–132|doi=10.2307/468222|issue=2}} * {{Cite book|author=Pratt|first=Mary Louise|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2932214|title='Yo Soy La Malinche': Chicana writers and the poetics of ethnonationalism|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1993|pages=859–873|doi=10.2307/2932214}} * {{Cite book|author=Rosales|first=Arturo F.|title=Chicana Liberation|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0313339707|editor=Nicolás Kanellos|location=Westport, CT}} * {{Cite book|title=Feminism, Latina|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2008|isbn=9781452265865|editor=Schaefer|location=Thousand Oaks, CA}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j42ctp0b6bzgaoc36c0f2mywaytbfbb 0 75834 742333 689084 2026-11-02T17:39:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742333 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Caterina Magni.jpg|thumb|Caterina Magni na 2011]] '''Caterina Magni''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1966) bụ onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie na ụmụ mmadụ, onye na-amụ maka ọdịbendị Mesoamerica Tupu oge Columbus, ọkachasị ihe oyiyi, nka na akụkọ ifo na okpukpe nke mmepeanya Olmec. Site na 2001 Magni nwere ọkwa Maître de conférences na Mesoamerican archaeology na Mahadum Paris IV: Paris-Sorbonne, Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Caterina Magni|url=http://cerap.ehess.fr/index.php?265|accessdate=2024-10-22|work=cerap.ehess.fr|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126211826/http://cerap.ehess.fr/index.php?265|archive-date=2024-11-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Magni edeela ọtụtụ akụkọ na Olmec iconography maka akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, yana akwụkwọ abụọ Ọ bụ onye otu Société Archéologique du Midi de la France (SAMF). == Edemside == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == ; akwụkwọ ndị e dere -&#x2D; * {{Cite book|author=Magni, Caterina|year=1999|title=Archéologie du Mexique: les Olmèques|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions Artcom’|isbn=2-912741-24-6|oclc=43630189|language=fr}} * {{Cite book|author=Magni, Caterina|year=2003|title=Les Olmèques: des origines au mythe|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions du Seuil|isbn=2-02-054991-3|oclc=52385926|language=fr}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.etudiants.paris4.sorbonne.fr/fr/article.php3?id_article=2909 Curriculum vitae (MAGNI, Caterina)] [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] na Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV) (n'asụsụ French)   {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lul8ajglyf33x05b7bm7r9grln59411 0 75985 742722 739443 2026-11-03T09:26:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ụkwara Nta''' (/tjuːˌbɜːrkjuːˈloʊsɪs/ tew-BUR-kew-LOH-siss, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>also /ˌtjuːbər-/ TEW-bər-; '''TB'''), nke a maara n'ụzọ njakịrị dịka "'''ọnwụ ọcha'''", maọbụ '''oriri''',<ref name="Chambers-1998">{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary.|year=1998|publisher=Allied Chambers India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-86062-25-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pz2ORay2HWoC&pg=RA1-PA352}}</ref> dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si kpọọ ya bụ [[ọrịa na-efe efe]] nke na-abụkarị ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (MTB) bụ [[Bacteria|Nje Bacterịa]]<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-02-27|title=About Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/about/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> na-akpata ya. Ụkwara nta na-ebu ụzọ emetụta [[Akpa Nkuume|akpa nkuume]], mana o nwere ike gbasaa gaa n'akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025"/> Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ naghị egosi ihe mgbaama mgbe ọ dị mmadụ n'ahụ, nke n'ọnọdụ ahụ a na-akpọ ya [[Latent tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025" /> Nke ntakịrị n'ime ọrịa ndị ahụ na-ezo ezo na-agbagote ghọọ ọrịa siri ike, nke na ọ bụrụ na-agwọghị ya, o nwere ike ghọọ ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Ihe mgbaama ndị e ji mara ọrịa ụkwara nta gụnyere nnukwu [[ụkwara]] nke ya na [[Hemoptysis|ọrịa ịgbọ ọbara,]] [[Fever|ahụ ọkụ]], [[Night sweats|ọsụsọ n'abalị]], ya na [[Ibu ibu|ịta ahụ]] na-eso.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> [[ọrịa|Ọrịa ịba n'ahụ]] nke akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata ihe mgbaama dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="Adkinson-2010">{{Cite book|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/mandelldouglasbe0000unse_a4l9|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|edition=7th}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-agbasa [[:en:Human-to-human_transmission|site n'otu onye gaa n'onye ọzọ]] [[Mgbasa ozi n'elu|site na ikuku]] mgbe ndị nwere ụkwara nta dị n'akpa nkuume ha na-akwa ụkwara, na-agbụ asụ ọnụ, ekwu okwu, ma ọ bụ [[:en:Sneeze|ize uzere]].<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025"/><ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025"/> Ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo anaghị agbasa ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> Inwe ọrịa a nke zoro ezo nwere ike ịghọ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> E nwere isi ule atọ maka ọrịa ụkwara nta (TB): [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA), nnyocha [[:en:Tuberculin_skin_test|tuberculin skin test]], ya na [[:en:Nucleic_acid_test|nucleic acid amplification test]] (NAAT). <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-17|title=Testing for Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/testing/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-14|work=Centers for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="WHO-Rapid test-2010">{{Cite web|title=WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210115147/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/tb_test_20101208/en/index.html|archivedate=2010-12-10|accessdate=2026-05-17|work=World Health Organization}}</ref> Mgbochi nke ụkwara nta na-agụnye inyocha ndị ọ kacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a, nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ n'oge nke ndị na-arịa ya, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi [[:en:Bacillus_Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2014-12_78_4/page/650|journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews|volume=78|issue=4|pages=650–71|date=December 2014|pmid=25428938|doi=10.1128/MMBR.00021-14}}</ref> <ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008">{{Cite book|title=Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes|date=2008|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-154667-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUZXFCrlUaEC&pg=PA179|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Epidemiology of Tuberculosis|title=Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-8047-0|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJLEIvX4wzoC&pg=PA682|accessdate=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ndị ọkacha dị mfe na ha ga-ebute ọrịa a gụnyere ndị na-enwe mmetụta ha na ndị bu ọrịa a n'ezinụlọ, ebe ọrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ọha.<ref name="WHO_Strategy_2008" /> Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa a chọrọ iji ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje mee ihe ruo ogologo oge.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025">{{Cite web|date=14 March 2025|title=Tuberculosis (TB) Fact Sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis|access-date=2025-03-14|website=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ihe dịka ijeri mmadụ abụọ, nwere ụkwara nta dị jụụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2024|title=10 facts on tuberculosis|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/tuberculosis|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, ọrịa ụkwara nta metụtara nde mmadụ iri na ụma asaa ma kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ otu nde na puku iri abụọ na atọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe kacha ebute ọnwụ sitere na naanị otu ihe na-efe efe n'ụwa niile.<ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025"/> Ọrịa ụkwara nta anọwo n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ kemgbe Oge ochie.<ref name="Lawn-2011">{{Cite journal|date=July 2011|title=Tuberculosis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-2-8-2011_378_9785/page/57|journal=Lancet|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|pmid=21420161}}</ref> N'afọ ndị1800, mgbe a maara ya dị ka ''oriri'', ụkwara nta kpatara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnwụ ndị mmadụ niile e nwere na Europe.<ref name="Bloom-1994">{{Cite book|title=Tuberculosis: pathogenesis, protection, and control|year=1994|publisher=ASM Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-1-55581-072-6|url=https://archive.org/details/tuberculosispath0000unse}}</ref> Ma mmalite (ndị butere ya ọhụrụ) na mmụba ndị niile bu ya) nke ọrịa ụkwara nta belatara nke ukwuu n'oge narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi ịdị ọcha kawanyere mma, nchọpụta nke ọgwụ nje dị irè, na iwebata ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi BCG.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-W7ch1d6JOoC&pg=PA141|title=Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4587-6712-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, kemgbe afọ ndị 1980, iguzogide ọgwụ nje aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke dugara n'ọtụtụ Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ. <ref name="WHO_Factsheet_2025"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2024|title=Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies|url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/tuberculosis-drug-discovery-navigating-resistance-and-developing-new-therapies|accessdate=2025-03-15|work=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Tuberculosis.webm|thumbtime=1:00|thumb|303x303px|Video summary (script)]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Akụkọ Mmalite == [[Faịlụ:Mummy_at_British_Museum.jpg|thumb|A chọtara Ozu onye Ijipt na [[:en:British_Museum|Ọbanka Britain]]- a chọtara ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ ya.]] Ọrịa ụkwara nta (<small>RP:</small>/tjuːˈbɜːrkjuːˌloʊsɪs/ tew-BER-kew-loh-sis, kwa /ˌtjuːbərkjuːˈloʊsʊs/ tew -bər-kew -LOH-sis) adịla kemgbe oge ochie.<ref name="Buzic-2020">{{Cite journal|author=Buzic|first=Ileana|date=2020-04-30|title=he paleopathological evidence on the origins of human tuberculosis: a review|url=https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/view/1379|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=61|issue=1 Suppl 1|pages=E3–E8|doi=10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2020.61.1S1.1379|pmid=32529097}}</ref> Ọkpụkpụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'oge ndị ahụ ndị a na-ahụ na-egosi na ụfọdụ ụmụ mmadụ dịwara kemgbe gboo (4000 BC) nwere ụkwara nta, ndị na-eme nchọpụta achọpụtalakwa ọnya ụkwara nta n'ọkpụkpụ azụ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt nwụrụ anwụ]] a gbasịrị agbasị site n'afọ 3000 ruo 2400 BC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNAs from Egyptian mummies by spoligotyping|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-01_41_1/page/359|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=359–67|date=January 2003|pmid=12517873|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.1.359-367.2003}}</ref> Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa e mere na-atụ aro ọnụnọ nke nje bacteria yiri TB na South America site na AD 140.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Detection of mycobacterial DNA in Andean mummies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-12_40_12/page/4738|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=12|pages=4738–40|date=December 2002|pmid=12454182|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.12.4738-4740.2002}}</ref> === Mmata Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na Richard Morton guzobere ụdị ya na-emetụta akpa nkuume nwere njikọ ya na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Tubercle (anatomy)" class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="156">tubercles</a> dị ka ọrịa na 1689, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Richard Morton (1637–1698)|journal=Medical History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=166–74|date=April 1970|pmid=4914685|doi=10.1017/S0025727300015350}}</ref> n'ihi ụdị mgbaàmà ya dị iche iche, a maghị ụkwara nta dịka otu ọrịa ruo n'afọ 1820. Benjamin Marten chepụtara na 1720 na oriri bụ nje ndị mmadụ biketara onwe ha na-agbasa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A New Theory of Consumptions—More Especially a Phthisis or Consumption of the Lungs|date=1720|publisher=T. Knaplock|location=London, England|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ucm.5320214800&view=1up&seq=7|accessdate=8 December 2020}} P. 51: "The ''Original'' and ''Essential Cause'' ... may possibly be some certain Species of ''Animalcula'' or wonderfully minute living Creatures, ... " P. 79: "It may be therefore very likely, that by an habitual lying in the same Bed with a Consumptive Patient, constantly Eating and Drinking with him, or by very frequently conversing so nearly, as to draw in part of the Breath he emits from his Lungs, a Consumption may be caught by a sound Person; ... "</ref> N'afọ 1819, René Laennec kwuru na tubercles bụ ihe na-akpata ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=De l'auscultation médiate ...|date=1819|publisher=J.-A. Brosson et J.-S Chaudé|location=Paris, France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA20|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} From p. 20: ''"L'existence des tubercules dans le poumon est la cause et constitue le charactère anatomique propre de la phthisie pulmonaire (a). (a) ... l'effet dont cette maladie tire son nom, c'est-à-dire, la consumption."'' (The existence of tubercles in the lung is the cause and constitutes the unique anatomical characteristic of pulmonary tuberculosis (a). (a) ... the effect from which this malady [pulmonary tuberculosis] takes its name, that is, consumption.)</ref> J. L. Schönlein bipụtara aha "tuberculosis" (German: ''Tuberkulose'') na mbụ na 1832. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Allgemeine und specielle Pathologie und Therapie|date=1832|publisher=C. Etlinger|location=Würzburg, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAtbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103|language=de|accessdate=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>The word "tuberculosis" first appeared in Schönlein's clinical notes in 1829. See: {{Cite journal|title=Modern theory of tuberculosis: culturomic analysis of its historical origin in Europe and North America|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=22|issue=11|pages=1249–1257|date=November 2018|pmid=30355403|doi=10.5588/ijtld.18.0239}} See especially Appendix, p. iii.</ref> N'afọ 1865, Jean Antoine Villemin gosipụtara na ụkwara nta nwere ike ibufe ya site na ọgwụ mgbochi, site na ụmụ mmadụ gaa na ụmụ anụmanụ na n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cause et nature de la tuberculose|journal=Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine|date=1865|volume=31|pages=211–216|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103060562&view=1up&seq=215|language=fr|accessdate=6 December 2020}} </ref> John Burdon-Sanderson kwadoro nchọpụta Villemin na 1867 na 1868. [[Faịlụ:RobertKoch.jpg|thumb|Robert Koch chọpụtara nje ụkwara nta.]] Robert Koch chọpụtara ma kọwaa nje na-akpata ụkwara nta, ''M. tuberculosis n'abalị atọ n'ọna Maachị afọ 1882.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Robert Koch: Zentrale Texte|chapter=Die Ätiologie der Tuberkulose (1882)|series=Klassische Texte der Wissenschaft|origdate=1882|date=2018|chapterurl=https://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=610|pages=221–30|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-56454-7_4|isbn=978-3-662-56454-7|accessdate=15 June 2021|publisher=Springer Spektrum|location=Berlin, Heidelberg}}</ref><ref name="CDC-History-2025">{{Cite web|author=CDC|date=2025-02-19|title=History of World TB Day|url=https://www.cdc.gov/world-tb-day/history/index.html|accessdate=2025-12-26|work=World TB Day|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1905, e nyere ya [[Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiologi ma ọ bụ Medisin|Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine]] maka nchọpụta a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1905/summary/|accessdate=7 October 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210184150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/|archivedate=10 December 2006|work=www.nobelprize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọganihu nke ọgwụgwọ ya === Na Europe, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụkwara nta malitere ịrị elu na mbido afọ 1600 ruo n'ókè kachasị elu na afọ ndị 1800, mgbe ọ kpatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasentị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ niile.<ref name="Bloom-1994"/> Na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na nke iri na itoolu, ụkwara nta aghọwo ọrịa na-efe efe na Europe, na-egosi usoro na-eme kwa oge kwa oge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Tuberculosis. Part 1 – Phthisis, consumption and the White Plague|url=https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/|accessdate=26 February 2021|work=Journal of Military and Veterans' Health|archivedate=8 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408050305/https://jmvh.org/article/history-of-tuberculosis-part-1-phthisis-consumption-and-the-white-plague/}}</ref><ref name="Zürcher_2016">{{Cite journal|title=Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=11|issue=10|date=5 October 2016|pmid=27706149|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0162575}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta kpatara nchegbu ọha na eze na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ka ọrịa ahụ ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị ogbenye nọ n'obodo ukwu. N'afọ 1815, otu onye n'ime mmadụ anọ nwụrụ n'England bụ n'ihi "oriri". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1918, ụkwara nta ka nọ na-akpata otu onye n"ime mmadụ isii nwụrụ na France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Now|first=Circulating|date=2018-01-31|title=Revealing Data: Collecting Data about TB, ca. 1900|url=https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2018/01/31/collecting-data-about-tuberculosis-ca-1900/|accessdate=2026-01-18|work=Circulating Now from the NLM Historical Collections|language=en-US}}</ref> N'etiti 1838 na 1845, John Croghan, onye nwe [[:en:Mammoth_Cave|Ọgba Mammoth]] na Kentucky site na 1839 gaa n'ihu, kpọtara ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara nta n'ime ọgba ahụ na olile anya ịgwọ ọrịa ahụ site na okpomọkụ na ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ọgba ahụ; nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2004|title=Kentucky: Mammoth Cave long on history.|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813140746/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/02/26/mammoth.cave.ap/index.html|archivedate=13 August 2006|accessdate=8 October 2006|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Hermann Brehmer meghere ụlọ ọgwụ TB mbụ n'afọ 1859 na Görbersdorf (nke bụzi Sokołowsko) na Silesia.<ref name="McCarthy-2001">{{Cite journal|date=August 2001|title=The key to the sanatoria|url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=8|pages=413–17|doi=10.1177/014107680109400813|pmid=11461990|accessdate=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905144141/http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11461990|archive-date=5 September 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mgbe e kpebisiri ike na ụkwara nta na-efe efe, n'afọ ndị 1880, etinyere ya na ndepụta nke [[:en:List_of_notifiable_diseases|ọrịa ndị na-efe efe]] na Britain. Mgbasa ozi a nọ na-eme malitere gbochiendị mmadụ ịgbọ ọnụ nmmiri 'ebe ọha na eze, a "gbakwara ume kkandị ogbenye butere ọrịa bahụ anye n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị yiri ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ụlọ ọgwụ maka ndịknọ n'ogo ị n'etiti na nke dị n'elu nka e yere nlekọta dị mma na nlekọta ahụike mgbe niile.<ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> N'agbanyeghị uru nke "ikuku dị ọcha" na ọmbọ ndị a gbara 'ụlọ ọgwụ, ndị ahụ ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, , ọkara ke ndị batranna ya wụrụ n'ime afọ ise (ihe dị ka 1916). <ref name="McCarthy-2001" /> Robert Koch ekwenyeghị na ụkwara nta ehi na nke mmadụ yiri, nke mere ka a ghara ịmata mmiri ara ehi bu ọrịa ahụ dịka otu ebe e si ebute ya bụ ọrịa. N'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ ndị 1900, ihe ize ndụ nke nkesa ọrịa a site n'ụzọ a belatara nke ukwuu mgbe etinyechara usoro Pasteurization. Koch kwupụtara glycerin nke sitere na nje ụkwara nta dị ka "ọgwụ" maka ụkwara nta na 1890, na-akpọ ya "[[:en:Tuberculin|tuberculin]]". "Ọ bụ ezie na ọ rụghị ọrụ, e mesịrị nabata ya dị ka ule nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke ụkwara nta na-egosi mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=To stamp out 'so terrible a malady': bovine tuberculosis and tuberculin testing in Britain, 1890–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-history_2004-01_48_1/page/29|journal=Medical History|volume=48|issue=1|pages=29–48|date=January 2004|pmid=14968644|doi=10.1017/S0025727300007043}}</ref> A na-eme emume [[:en:World_Tuberculosis_Day|Ncheta Ụbọchị ụkwara nta N'Ụwa]] n'abalị ir abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Machị kwa afọ, ncheta nke ọkwa sayensị mbụ nke Koch. Mgbe e guzobere Kansụl Nnyocha Ahụike na Britain na 1913, ọ lekwasịrị anya na nnyocha ụkwara nta na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biomedicine in the twentieth century: practices, policies, and politics|year=2008|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-58603-832-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA233}}</ref> Albert Calmette na Camille Guérin nwetara ezigbo ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi megide ọrịa ụkwara nta n'afọ 1906, site na iji ụkwara nta nke e mere ka ọ ghara ịdị. A kpọrọ ya [[:en:BCG_vaccine|bacille Calmette–Guérin]] (BCG). A malitere inye ụmụ mmadụ ọgwụ mgbochi BCG na 1921 na France, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The 'experimental stable' of the BCG vaccine: safety, efficacy, proof, and standards, 1921–1933|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=36|issue=4|pages=696–721|date=December 2005|pmid=16337557|doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2005.09.003}}</ref> mana ọ nwetara nkwenye zuru oke na US, Great Britain, na Germany naanị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The International Tuberculosis Campaign: a pioneering venture in mass vaccination and research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1994-09_19_3/page/528|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=3|pages=528–40|date=September 1994|pmid=7811874|doi=10.1093/clinids/19.3.528}}</ref> N'afọ 1946, mmepe nke ọgwụ nje streptomycin mere ka ọgwụgwọ nke TB bụrụ ihe dị irè. Tupu iwebata ọgwụ a, naanị ọgwụgwọ dị bụ ịwa ahụ, gụnyere "usoro [[:en:Pneumothorax|pneumothorax]]", nke gụnyere ịkụkpọ akpa nkuume nwere ọrịa a iji "zuo ya ike" ma kwe ka mmerụ ahụ ụkwara nta gwọọ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEEHmpU-1wC&pg=PA792|title=General thoracic surgery|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7817-7982-1|edition=7th|location=Philadelphia}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ ndị 1950, ọnụọgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na Europe ejirila ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu belata. Ọganihu na ịdị ọcha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, na usoro ahụike ọha na eze ndị ọzọ malitere belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara nta ọbụna tupu mbata nke streptomycin na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ahụ nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ihe egwu.<ref>{{Cite book|author=McKeown|first=Thomas|url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854622|title=The Role of Medicine|date=1980-12-31|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400854622|isbn=978-1-4008-5462-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barberis|first=I.|date=March 2017|title=The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch's bacillus|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=58|issue=1|pages=E9–E12|issn=1121-2233|pmid=28515626}}</ref> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ === [[Faịlụ:Multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-without-extensive-drug-resistance1.png|thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ngụkọta ihe na-eme na mgbasa (ndị bu ya) na [[:en:Incidence_(epidemiology)|mmalite]] (ọnụ ọgụ ndị butere ya ọhụrụ kwa afọ) nke MDR-TB site na 1990 ruo 2021]] Afọ ole na ole mgbe ọgwụgwọ mbụ maka ụkwara nta na 1943, ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria malitere iguzogide ọgwụ ndị a na-ahụkarị (streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid, na isoniazid). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Keshavjee|first=Salmaan|date=2012-09-06|title=Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1205429|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|language=en|volume=367|issue=10|pages=931–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1205429|pmid=22931261|issn=0028-4793}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1970 na 1990, e nwere ọtụtụ ntiwapụ nke ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ mgbochina-agụnye ụdị ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa; a na-akpọ ụdị ndị a [[:en:Multidrug-resistant_tuberculosis|multi-drug resistant TB]] (MDR-TB). <ref name="Keshavjee-2012"/> Mwakpoghachị nke ụkwara nta, nke sitere n'otu akụkụ site na nguzogide ọgwụ nke ọrịa ahụ na akụkụ nke ọzọ site na ọrịa HIV, mere ka ụlọ ọrụ World Health Organization (WHO) kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 2022|title=The scientific response to TB - the other deadly global health emergency|journal=The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease|volume=26|issue=3|pages=186–189|doi=10.5588/ijtld.21.0734|pmid=35197158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nakajima|first=Dr Hiroshi|date=July–August 1993|title=Tuberculosis: a global emergency|url=https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/52639|journal=World Health, the Magazine of the World Health Organization|volume=46|issue=4|accessdate=26 December 2025}}</ref> Nguzogide ọgwụ nke ụkwara nta nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị abụọ: nke mbụ na nke abụọ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke mbụ ya na-esite na nnyefe nke nje TB na-eguzogide ọgwụ site na mmadụ nye mmadụ. Mmegide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọkwa mmegide ọgwụ a na-enweta enweta) na-etolite n'oge ọgwụgwọ TB. Onye nwere ọrịa TB na-anabata ọgwụ zuru oke nwere ike ịmalite iguzogide ọgwụ n'ụdị nke abụọ ya (nke e nwetara enweta) n'oge ọgwụgwọ n'ihi ọgwụgwọ ezughi oke, ịghara ịgbaso usoro e nyere maka ịnụ ọgwụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị (enweghị nrubeisi), ma ọ bụ iji ọgwụ ndị dị ala.<ref name="CDC-Overview-2025a">{{Cite web|date=6 January 2025|title=Clinical Overview of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-overview/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-disease.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=O'Brien|first=R. J.|date=June 1994|title=Drug-resistant tuberculosis: etiology, management and prevention|journal=Seminars in Respiratory Infections|volume=9|issue=2|pages=104–112|issn=0882-0546|pmid=7973169}}</ref> Iji chọpụta nguzogide ọgwụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma na-eduzi ịnata ọgwụgwọ, usoro [[:en:Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing|drug susceptibility testing]] (DST) na-ekpebi ọgwụ nwere ike igbu nje TB.<ref name="CDC-DST-2024">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2024|title=Lesson 4. Diagnosis of Tuberculosis - 5. Bacteriological Examination – Drug Susceptibility Testing|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/webcourses/TB101/page17050.html|accessdate=26 December 2025|work=TB 101 for Health Care Workers|publisher=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Ntuziaka WHO na-atụ aro nyocha ngwa ngwa, [[:en:GeneXpert_MTB/RIF|Xpert MTB/RIF]], iji chọpụta TB ma chọpụta mgbochi rifampicin n'otu oge.<ref name="Reuters-2010">{{Cite news|date=8 December 2010|title=WHO says Cepheid rapid test will transform TB care|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B71RF20101208|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="CDC_Xpert_20242">{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=Xpert MTB/RIF Assay - A Tool to Diagnose Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/php/laboratory-information/xpert-mtb-rif-assay.html|accessdate=2025-04-15|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> DST dị oké mkpa maka ịchọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi na iduzi ọgwụgwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jang|first=Jong Geol|date=2020-09-04|title=Diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science|language=English|volume=37|issue=4|pages=277–285|doi=10.12701/yujm.2020.00626|issn=2384-0293|pmid=32883054}}</ref> ''Rifampicin-resistant TB'' (RR-TB) na-eguxogide ọgwụ rifampicin. ''Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis'' (MDR-TB) ka a kọwara dịka nguzogide nye ụdị ọgwụ ụkwara nta abụọ bụ ndị kacha arụ ọrụ: rifampicin na isoniazid.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) or rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis-(mdr-tb)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> ''Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis'' (XDR-TB) na-eguzogide rifampicin (ma nweekwa ike iguzogide isoniazid), ma na-eguzogidekwa opekata mpe otu fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin maọbụ moxifloxacin) nakwa nye opekata mpe otu ọgwụ ọzọ so n'otu A (bedaquiline maọbụ linezolid).<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2024|title=Tuberculosis: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/tuberculosis-extensively-drug-resistant-tuberculosis-(XDR-TB)|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref><ref name="CDC-DST-2024"/> Nhazi ọzọ e mere ga n'ihu, ụkwara nta na-eguzogide ọgwụ kpamkpam, ka e jirila kọwaa ụdị ya ndị nwere nguzogide ọgwụ ọbụnadị karịa. Dịka ebe afọ 2025, e nweghị nkọwa ya ọbụla a nabatara, mana a na-akọwakarị ọtụtụ mgbe dịka 'nguzogide nye ọgwụ niile nọ na ndị na ndị nke abụọ e ji agwọ ụkwara nta'.<ref name="Cegielski-2012">{{Cite journal|author=Cegielski|first=Peter|date=November 2012|title=Challenges and controversies in defining totally drug-resistant tuberculosis|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=18|issue=11|pages=e2|doi=10.3201/eid1811.120526|issn=1080-6059|pmid=23092736}}</ref> E bu ụzọ hụ ya n'afọ 2003 na Italy,<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023">{{Cite web|date=21 July 2023|title=Global tuberculosis report 2023 - 2.4 Drug-resistant TB treatment|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2023/tb-diagnosis---treatment/drug-resistant-tb-treatment|accessdate=2025-06-11|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ekwusaghị maka ya ruo afọ 2012,<ref name="Cegielski-2012" /><ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024">{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2024 - 1.3 Drug-resistant TB|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2024/tb-disease-burden/1-3-drug-resistant-tb|accessdate=2025-06-12|work=World Health Organization|language=en}}</ref> mana ahụlakwa ya na Iran, India, na South Africa.<ref name="Parida2015">{{Cite journal|date=April 2015|title=Totally drug-resistant tuberculosis and adjunct therapies|url=|journal=J Intern Med|volume=277|issue=4|pages=388–405|doi=10.1111/joim.12264|pmid=24809736}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, WHO na-eme atụmatụ na pasent atọ na ụma abụọ nke ndị butere ọrịa TB ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile bụ RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB; nke si na pasent anọ gbadata na 2015.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024"/> N'etiti ndị a gwọrọla maka ụkwara nta n'oge gara aga, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwere RR-TB ma ọ bụ MDR-TB belatara site na pasent iri abụọ na ise n'afọ 2015 ruo atụmatụ pasent iri na isii na 2023.<ref name="WHO-Global-1.3-2024" /> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB chọrọ ọgwụgwọ site n'ịnye ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke abụọ, nke, n'ozuzu ya, anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ka na-egbu egbu, ma dị oke ọnụ karịa ọgwụ ndị nọ n'otu nke mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Millard|first=James|date=2015-02-26|title=Multidrug resistant tuberculosis|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h882|journal=BMJ|volume=350|pages=h882|doi=10.1136/bmj.h882|issn=1756-1833|pmid=25721508}}</ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo afọ abụọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnwa isii nke ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ ndị otu nke mbụ.<ref name="WHO-Global-2.4-2023"/> Ọgwụgwọ nke MDR-TB dị oke ọnụ karịa ịgwọ ọrịa TB a na-ahụkarị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK na 2013 e mere atụmatụ na ọnụahịa nke ọgwụgwọ TB ana-ahụkarị dị na £5,000 ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa nke ịgwọ MDR-TB karịrị okpukpu iri, site na £ 50,000 ruo £ 70,000 kwa onye ọrịa ọbụla.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lancet|first=The|date=2013-04-27|title=The ongoing problem of tuberculosis in the UK|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60910-1/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=381|issue=9876|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60910-1|issn=0140-6736|pmid=23622269}}</ref> Na Mba ndị na-enwechaghị ego, mmetụta nke MDR-TB na ezinụlọ nke ndị ọ na-arịa siri ike, na-emetụta mkpata ego, ahụike uche, na ọdịmma ọha na eze ha. Ezinụlọ nwere ike ịda ogbenye n'ihi nsogbu ego nke ọgwụgwọ MDR-TB, nke nnyocha e mere na-akọ na enwere ike iji akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ego ezinụlọ na-enweta na nlekọta ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van den Hof|first=Susan|date=2016-09-05|title=The socioeconomic impact of multidrug resistant tuberculosis on patients: results from Ethiopia, Indonesia and Kazakhstan|journal=BMC Infectious Diseases|volume=16|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12879-016-1802-x|issn=1471-2334|pmid=27595779}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Numpong|first=Samorn|date=2022-01-01|title=Confronting and Coping with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Life Experiences in Thailand|journal=Qualitative Health Research|language=EN|volume=32|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1177/10497323211049777|issn=1049-7323|pmid=34845946}}</ref> == Ihe ịrịba ama na Ihe Mgbaàmà == [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_symptoms.svg|thumb|A na-enye mgbaàmà ndị bụ isi nke ụdị na ọkwa nke ụkwara nta, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=eMedicine Health|date=15 January 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516075020/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/tuberculosis/page3_em.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> na ọtụtụ mgbaàmà na-agbakọta na ụdị ndị ọzọ, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ọzọ, mana ọ bụghị kpamkpam, maka ụdị ụfọdụ.]] [[Faịlụ:Tuberculosis_lip_(1).jpg|thumb|Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke egbugbere ọnụ, nke abụọ na ụkwara nta na-emeghe]] E nwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na-ewu ewu na ụkwara nta bụ naanị ọrịa nke akpa nkuume nke na-egosi dị ka [[:en:Cough|ịkwa ụkwara]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=2023|chapter=The Problem of Tuberculosis: Myths, Stigma, and Mimics|title=Tuberculosis|series=Integrated Science|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-15955-8_50|pages=1046–1062|isbn=978-3-031-15954-1}}</ref> ''Ọrịa ụkwara nta'' nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na akpa nkuume (nke a maara dị ka ụkwara nta akpa nkuume). <ref name="Adkinson-2010"/> [[:en:Extrapulmonary_tuberculosis|Ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị eme na akpa nkuume]] na eme mgbe ụkwara nta malitere n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị akpa nkuume; ọ nwere ike ịdị ya na ụkwara nta akpa nkuume.<ref name="Adkinson-2010" /> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà n'ozuzu ha gụnyere ahụ ọkụ,[[:en:Chills|oyi]], ọsụsọ n'abalị, enweghị agụụ, ịta ahụ, na Ike ọgwụgwụ.<ref name="Adkinson-2010"/> === Ọrịa ụkwara nta zoro ezo ===   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta anaghị egosi mgbaàmà, ọnọdụ a maara dị ka ụkwara nta na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ [[:en:Latent_tuberculosis|ụkwara nta zoro ezo]].<ref name="CDC-About-TB-2025"/> Ọnọdụ a anaghị efe efe, a pụkwara ịchọpụta ya site na Nnyocha nke ụkwara nta (TST) yana nnyocha [[:en:Interferon_gamma_release_assay|interferon-gamma release assay]] (IGRA); a ga-eme nnwale ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ohere nke ụkwara ume ọkụ. Ma enweghị ọgwụgwọ, a na-eme atụmatụ na pasent ise ruo pasent iri na isii nke ndị na-arịa ya ga-agafe banye na ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ onye ahụ.<ref name="Price_2024">{{Citation |title=Latent Tuberculosis |vauthors=Price C, Nguyen AD |date=11 January 2024 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599527/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=38261712 |archive-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413071638/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK599527/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Ọrịa akpa ume === Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta na-arụ ọrụ, ọ na-emetụtakarị akpa nkuume (n'ihe dị ka pasent iri itoolu n'ime ndị nwere ya).<ref name="Lawn-2011"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary Medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye Ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara na-adịte aka na-emepụta asọ mmiri nke nwere ike ịdị ọbara ọbara, ike ọgwụgwụ, okpomọkụ, enweghị agụụ, iwụpụ n'ike n'ike na ọrịa n'ozuzu. <ref name="Lawn-2011" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2023|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/tuberculosis-tb/|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=National Health Service|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịba n'ime akwara akpa ume ma ọ bụ [[:en:Rasmussen_aneurysm|Rasmussen aneurysm]], na-akpata nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba. <ref name="Adkinson-2010"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Thoracic surgery for haemoptysis in the context of tuberculosis: what is the best management approach?|journal=Journal of Thoracic Disease|volume=6|issue=3|pages=182–85|date=March 2014|pmid=24624281|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.25}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ọnyá nke akpa ume, nke ga na-aga n'ihu mgbe onye ahụ nwetachara ọgwụgwọ. Ndị lanarịrịnụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mgbaàmà iku ume na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ụkwara, mmepụta asọ mmiri, na iku ume elu elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=Chinese Medical Journal|volume=136|issue=16|pages=1923–1928|date=August 2023|pmid=37455331|doi=10.1097/CM9.0000000000002771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=Post-TB lung health: Lasting impact beyond treatment|url=https://www.breathingmatters.co.uk/our-findings/post-tb-lung-health-lasting-impact-beyond-treatment/|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory|language=en}}</ref> Pyopneumothorax bụ nsogbu a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma bụ ụdị siri ike nke ụkwara nta akpa ume, nke nwere oke ọrịa na ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bajpai|first=Jyoti|title=Pyopneumothorax Secondary to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Superadded by Congenital Factor XIII Deficiency: A Case Report|journal=Cureus Journal of Medical Science|date=19 October 2023|volume=15|issue=10|doi=10.7759/cureus.47350|pmid=38022233|issn=2168-8184}}</ref> Ọ na-esite na ikuku na abụ ị na-agbakọta na oghere pleural, n'otu oge ahụ na-akpata pneumothorax na Empeema, na-abụkarị n'ihi mgbawa nke subpleural caseous necrosis (nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nwụrụ anwụ dị n'ime granuloma). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Annareddy|first=Srinivasulareddy|title=A case of tubercular empyema with pyopneumothorax|journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care|date=June 2023|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2239_22|pmid=37636179|issn=2278-7135}}</ref> Mgbaàmà ndị mbụ gụnyere mgbu obi na mberede, oke ahụ ọkụ na oyi, oke [[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri|nsogbu iku ume]], na obere mgbu na nkwarụ na ụkwụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, pyopneumothorax nwere ike ịkpata nkụchi ọbara nke ga-eduga na ọrịa obi, gangrene na necrosis nke otu aka ma ọ bụ karịa, na-achọ ka a bepụ ya ọ gwụla ma a chọpụtara ya n'oge; ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta ma ọ bụrụ na a bepụghị aka gangrenous ahụ n'oge.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balasundaran|first=Pournami|title=A Curious Case of Black Limb in Tuberculosis|journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases|date=January 2024|volume=16|issue=1|pages=36–38|doi=10.4103/jgid.jgid_94_23|pmid=38680756|issn=0974-777X}}</ref> === Nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume === <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'ime pasent iri na ise ruo iri abụọ nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa a, ọrịa ahụ na-agbasa n'èzí akpa ume, na-akpata ụdị ụkwara nta ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549|year=2011}}</ref> A na-akọwa ndị a n'ozuzu ha dị ka ụkwara nta na-abụghị n'akpa ume.<ref name="Golden-2005">{{Cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-family-physician_2005-11-01_72_9/page/1761|journal=American Family Physician|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–68|date=November 2005|pmid=16300038}}</ref> Ọrịa ụkwara nta nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume na-apụtakarị na ndị nwere usoro ahụike na-adịghị ike nakwa n'ụmụaka. N'ime ndị nwere nje HIV, nke a na-eme n'ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị na-arịa ya.<ref name="Golden-2005" /> Ebe ndị a ma ama a na-ahụkarị ụdị a nke na-abụghị n'akpa ume gụnyere pleura (na pleurisy ụkwara nta), usoro akwara etiti ahụ (na meningitis ụkwara nta"), Usoro lymphatic (na scrofula nke olu), usoro genitourinary (na urogenital tuberculosis), nakwa na ọkpụkpụ na nkwonkwo (na Ọrịa Pott nke ọkpụkpụ azụ), n'etiti ndị ọzọ. A na-akpọ ụdị ụkwara nta nke nwere ike ịka njọ, nke a na-ahụkarị "ụkwara nta gbasara agbasa"; a makwaara ya dị ka ụkwara nta miliary.<ref name="Adkinson-2010"/> Miliary TB ugbu a mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ndị na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume.<ref name="Habermann-2008">{{Cite book|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789}}</ref> Mgbaàmà nke ụkwara nta na-abụghị nke akpa ume na-agụnyekarị ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà dịka e dere n'elu, yana mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ metụtara akụkụ ahụ nke ya bụ ọrịa metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-05-08|title=Clinical Symptoms of Tuberculosis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/hcp/clinical-signs-and-symptoms/index.html|accessdate=2025-03-17|work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụkwara nta urogenital na-egosipụtakarị n'ụzọ dị iche, ebe ngosipụta ya na-apụtakarị ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe ngwọta nke mgbaàmà akpa ume gasịrị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa ụkwara nta na-adịghị ala ala enweghị mgbaàmà akpa ume n'oge nchọpụta. Ọrịa ụkwara nta urogenital na-enwekarị 'ihe mgbaàmà nchekwa' nke nsị dị ka mmụba ugboro ugboro na / ma ọ bụ ịdị ngwa nke nsị, ihe mgbu n'akụkụ, ọbara ọgbụgba, na mgbaàmà ndị na-abụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ahụ ọkụ na ọrịa.<ref name="Figueiredo-2017">{{Cite journal|author=Figueiredo|first=André A.|date=2017-02-24|title=Urogenital Tuberculosis|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0015-2016|issn=2165-0497|pmid=28087922}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya == === Mycobacteria === [[Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|Nnyocha electron micrograph nke nje ụkwara nta ''M. tuberculosis'']] Nje bụ isi na-akpata ụkwara nta bụ Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), obere nje bacillus dị aerobic, dị n'ụdị osisi ma na-adịghị aga ije, .<ref name="Adkinson-2010"/> Ọ na-nkewa kwa awa iri na isii ruo iri abụọ ọbụla, nke dị nwayọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere nje bacteria ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ekewa n'ihe na-erughị otu awa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525|year=2011}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere envelopu Mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nnukwu abụba nke membrane dị n'èzí na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi siri ike na-enye aka na nguzogide ọgwụ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed.|url=https://archive.org/details/infectiousdiseas0000unse_b4m2|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-147722-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/infectiousdiseas0000unse_b4m2/page/104 104], 313–14|chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins|journal=Trends in Microbiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=109–16|date=March 2010|pmid=20060722|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na e mee Gram stain, MTB ma ọ bụghị na ọ ga-emetọ ka ọ ghara ịdị ike "Gram-positive" ọ bụrụ na ọ naghị ejide ihe na-acha n'ihi nnukwu lipid na mycolic acid nke di na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="Madison_2001">{{Cite journal|title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology|journal=Biotechnic & Histochemistry|volume=76|issue=3|pages=119–25|date=May 2001|pmid=11475314|doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB nwere ike iguzogide disinfectants na-adịghị ike ma dịrị ndụ n'ọnọdụ kpọrọ nkụ ruo ọtụtụ izu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Canada|first=Public Health Agency of|date=2012-09-13|title=Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/mycobacterium-tuberculosis-complex.html|accessdate=2025-12-27|work=www.canada.ca}}</ref> N'okike, nje bacteria ahụ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe na-ekesa ya, mana enwere ike ịzụlite ''M. ụkwara nta'' na n'ụlọ nnyocha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back)|journal=Molecular Biotechnology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=191–200|date=December 1999|pmid=10934532|doi=10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref> Okwu a bụ M. tuberculosis complex na-akọwa otu ụdị ''[[Mycobacterium]]'' nke nwere ike ịkpata ụkwara nta n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'etiti ndị otu ya bụ mycobacteria anọ ọzọ na-akpata TB: ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canettii'', na ''M. microti''.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Haobo|date=2022-09-07|title=The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in the environment on one health approach|journal=Frontiers in Public Health|language=English|volume=10|doi=10.3389/fpubh.2022.994745|issn=2296-2565|pmid=36159313}}</ref> ''M. bovis'' na-akpata ụkwara nta ehi ma bụrụkwa ihe a nọ na-ahụkarị na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ, mana mwebata mmiri ara ehi pasteurized fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ nke a dị ka nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze na mba ndị mepere emepe.<ref name="Kumar-2007">{{Cite book|title=Robbins Basic Pathology|url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1|edition=8th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=69672074}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 2006|title=The importance of Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=112|issue=2–4|pages=339–45|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.047|pmid=16387455}}</ref> ''M. africanum'' adịghị ebe niile, mana ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na-akpata ụkwara nta mmadụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium africanum subtype II is associated with two distinct genotypes and is a major cause of human tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2002-09_40_9/page/3398|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=40|issue=9|pages=3398–405|date=September 2002|pmid=12202584|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2003-06_41_6/page/2547|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=41|issue=6|pages=2547–53|date=June 2003|pmid=12791879|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003}}</ref> ''M. canettii'' dị ụkọ ma yie ka ọ bụ naanị na Horn of Africa ka a na-ahụ ya, ọ bụ ezie na a hụla ndị ole na ole n'arịa ya n'ime ndị Afrịka na-akwaga mba ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631–4|date=1998|pmid=9866740|doi=10.3201/eid0404.980414}}</ref> ''M. microti'' yiri ka ọ nwere ebe nchekwa ọnatarachi dị na obere ụmụ oke dịka òké na nnụnụ, mana ọ nwere ike ịrịa nnukwu anụ gasị. Ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma a na-ahụkarị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ime ndị na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ileghara mmụba ya anya nke ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984–989|date=August 2010|pmid=20488936|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.019372-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium microti: More diverse than previously thought|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-microbiology_2009-08_47_8/page/2551|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=47|issue=8|pages=2551–2559|date=August 2009|pmid=19535520|doi=10.1128/jcm.00638-09}}</ref> E nwere [[Mycobacterium|mycobacteria]] ndị ọzọ a maara nke na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume yiri TB. ''M. avium complex'' bụ microorganism gburugburu ebe obibi nke a na-ahụ n'ala na isi iyi mmiri n'ụwa niile, nke na-egosikarị dị ka Ọrịa na-efe efe na ndị nwere nsogbu ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MAC Lung Disease|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/mac-lung-disease|accessdate=2025-03-18|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium avium: an overview|journal=Tuberculosis|volume=114|pages=127–134|date=January 2019|pmid=30711152|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004}}</ref> A maghị ebe nchekwa nke M. kansasii, mana achọtala ya na mmiri pọmpụ; o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ebute ọrịa akpa ume ma ọ bụ ndị na-ese siga.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mycobacterium kansasii|journal=Microbiology Spectrum|volume=5|issue=1|pages=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7–0011–2016|date=January 2017|pmid=28185617|doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0011-2016}}</ref> A na-ahazi ụdị abụọ a dị ka "non-tuberculous mycobacteria". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=156|issue=2 Pt 2|pages=S1–S25|date=August 1997|pmid=9279284|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.atsstatement}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:TB_poster.jpg|thumb|Mgbasa ozi ahụike ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1920 gbalịrị ịkwụsị mgbasa nke ụkwara nta.]]  <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks toccolours offlinesidebox noprint"><span class="mw-empty-elt"><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles></span><div class="side-box-flex"><div class="side-box-image">[[File:MedLogoNoWiFi.svg|link=meta:Wiki_Project_Med/App|alt=|40x40px]]</div><div class="side-box-text plainlist">Enwere ike ile isiokwu nlekọta ahụike nke Wikipedia n'ịntanetị na ngwa Wikipedia Medical.</div></div></div> == Ọgwụgwọ == [[Faịlụ:Tubi_-_1234,0186.jpg|thumb|Ọgwụgwọ foto nke ụkwara nta na Kuopio, Finland, 1934]] [[Faịlụ:Treatment_of_tuberculosis_with_tuberculocidine,_by_Klebs._Wellcome_L0015672.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ edemede banyere ọgwụgwọ ụkwara nta (nke e dere n'afọ 1891) ]] A na-ekewa ọgwụ nje ndị a na-eji agwọ ụkwara nta dị ka nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Ọgwụgwọ ya na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ ndị mbụ (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, na Ethambutol) ka a na-ahọrọ; ha dị irè karịa, ma nwee mmetụta ọọọ dị ala. A na-eji ọgwụ ndị dị n'ahịrị nke abụọ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ụkwara nta nke mmadụ na-eme ka o nwee g [[Igbochi nje|nguzogide]] otu ma ọ bụ karịa ọgwụ ndị dị na mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị na-eguzogide ọgwụ.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014">{{Cite web|date=2014-12-15|title=TB Drugs|url=https://www.immunopaedia.org.za/treatment-diagnostics/tb-drugs/|accessdate=2025-12-21|work=Immunopaedia|language=en}}</ref> Ọgwụ ndị nke abụọ anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha nwere mmetụta ndị siri ike karị, a ghaghịkwa ịṅụ ha ogologo oge.<ref name="Immunopaedia-2014" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  == Hụkwa == == Ihe Ndị edeturu == == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> == Ebe e si nweta ya == == Ịgụrụ Gawa == * {{Cite book|author=Green|first=John|title=[[Everything Is Tuberculosis]]|publisher=Penguin Group|date=March 2025|isbn=978-0-525-55657-2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/default.htm|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|date=24 October 2018}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]]|title=Tuberculosis (TB)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705100742/http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/tb/menu.htm|archivedate=5 July 2007}} * [https://www.who.int/tb/global-tb-report-infographic.pdf?ua=1 WHO Global 2016 TB report (infographic)] * [https://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/ Nkọwa mba nke ụkwara nta nke WHO] * [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-1c1td9p67s "Ọrịa ụkwara nta n'etiti ndị Africa America"], 1990-11-01, ''Na Black America''; KUT Redio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress) * Òtù na-arụ ọrụ na ọgwụ ọhụrụ nke ụkwara nta, na-agbaso nnwale ahụike na ndị na-achọ ọgwụ [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r24tf4drjv1e177iwbp123rqlk8fefm 0 76099 742342 642321 2026-11-02T20:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742342 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Christiane Mora | native_name = | native_name_lang = | caption = | constituency = | order = Mayor of [[Loches]] | term_start = 1989 | term_end = 1995 | predecessor = | successor = | constituency1 = [[Indre-et-Loire]] | order1 = Member of the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] | termstart1 = 21 June 1981 | termend1 = 4 April 1992 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = {{ill|Jean-Jacques Descamps|fr}} | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|11|14}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|10|11|1938|11|14|df=y}} | party = | alma_mater = | occupation = politician | profession = }} '''Christiane Mora''' (14 n' ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1938 - 11 Ọktoba 2017) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị French nke jere ozi na National Assembly maka oge atọ, site n'afọ 1981 ruo afọ 1992 dị ka onye nnọchi anya Indre-et-Loire. N'agbata afọ 1989 n'afọ 1995, ọ bụ onyeisi obodo Loches. <ref>{{Cite news|title=L'ancienne maire de Loches Christiane Mora est décédée|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/actu/l-ancienne-maire-de-loches-christiane-mora-est-decedee|accessdate=17 October 2017|work=La Nouvelle Republique|date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014602/https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/actu/l-ancienne-maire-de-loches-christiane-mora-est-decedee|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mora nwụrụ na 11 n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017, mgbe ọ dị afọ 78.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Christiane MORA : Décès|url=http://carnet.sudouest.fr/deces/christiane-mora/51330307|accessdate=17 October 2017|work=Sud Ouest|date=12 October 2017}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{authority control}} fhnlouxoirwps4hima65ljhdvdkwvgx 0 76193 742600 652642 2026-11-03T08:48:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742600 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:RetbaLakeShore.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Retba]]   [[Faịlụ:LacRoseSatellite.jpg|thumb|392x392px|Cape Verde Peninsula (NASA, 22 Nov. 2004) ]] [[Faịlụ:Lac_Rose_in_Senegal.jpg|thumb|Ọdọ Mmiri Retba na [[Senegal]]]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Retba''', makwaara dị ka Lac Rose (nke pụtara ọdọ mmiri na-acha pink), dị n'ebe ugwu nke Cape Verde peninsula na [[Senegal]], ihe dị ka 35 km (22 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi obodo, Dakar. A na-akpọ ya maka mmiri ya na-acha pinki pinki nke ''Dunaliella salina'' algae kpatara ma mara ya maka [[Ńnú|nnu]] ya, ruo 40% n'ebe ụfọdụ.<ref name="huffingtonpost1">{{cite web|author=<!-- no byline -->|date=5 June 2012|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/06/05/lake-retba-senegal-giant-strawberry-milkshake_n_1570007.html|title=Lake Retba in Senegal Looks Like A Giant Strawberry Milkshake|website=[[HuffPost]]|location=UK|accessdate=2019-11-09}}</ref> Agba ya na-adịkarị ike site na ngwụcha Jenụwarị ruo mmalite Machị, n'oge ọkọchị. Idei mmiri na Septemba 2022 ọ bụghị naanị na ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi nnu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, kamakwa ọ mere ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ ghara inwe ụcha ya, na-akpata mmetụta ọjọọ na njem nleta. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2026, ọdọ mmiri ahụ enwetaghachila ụfọdụ ụcha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-25|title=Back in the pink: Senegal salt lake gets its colour back|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250325-back-in-the-pink-senegal-salt-lake-gets-its-colour-back|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dị ka nke Mee 2026, nọ n'okpuru nchebara echiche nke UNESCO dị ka Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa.<ref name="abc2023">{{cite web|title=Senegal's Lake Retba loses pink colour after flooding, putting livelihoods at risk|website=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=3 February 2023|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-04/senegal-lake-retba-loses-pink-colour-after-flooding/101921790|access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Lake_Retba_(Lac_Rose),_worker_is_digging_the_salt_in_the_lake.jpg|alt=worker is digging the salt in the lake|thumb|Onye ọrụ na-ewepụta nnu n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.]] == Nkọwasi == Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị kilomita 35 (mi 22) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Dakar,<ref name="whl">{{Cite web|title=Le Lac Rose|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=fr|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2080/|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> nkewapụrụ site na [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]] naanị site na ụzọ dị warara nke dunes, a na-akpọkwa ya maka mmiri ya na-acha pink pinki, nke ''Dunaliella salina'' algae kpatara. Algae na-emepụta ihe na-acha ọbara ọbara iji nyere ha aka ịmịkọrọ ìhè anyanwụ, enye ha ike iji mepụta ATP, nucleotide dị mkpa iji mepụta ike.<ref name="huffingtonpost1"/> A na-ahụ ụcha ahụ karịsịa n'[[oge ọkọchị]] ma ghara ịhụ ya n'oge mmiri ozuzo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=22 Epic Places You Didn't Know Existed|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/22-epic-places-you-didnt-know-existed_n_4151416|accessdate=2019-11-09|work=HuffPost|date=26 October 2013}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} h5qdg1tsny46jdtjjqabzvut7dn640r 0 76772 742364 720829 2026-11-02T22:39:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742364 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Faịlụ:Darren Kimura at US Japan Council 2013.jpg|thumb|Darren Kimura na 2013]] '''Darren T. Kimura''' (amụrụ na Septemba 10, 1974, Hilo, Hawaii) bụ onye ọchụnta ego America, onye na-emepụta ihe, na onye na-etinye ego. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye mepụtara teknụzụ micro concentrated solar power (CSP) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Niche Markets for micro-CSP Page|url=http://social.csptoday.com/emerging-markets/niche-markets-micro-csp|accessdate=2013-10-02}}</ref> nke a maara dị ka MicroCSP.<ref>{{Cite news|title=MicroCSP - Concentrating Solar Power|url=http://www.altenergymag.com/emagazine/2011/10/microcsp-concentrated-solar-power/1804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=United States Patent and Trademark Office Trademark MicroCSP|url=http://trade.mar.cx/US77241333/|accessdate=2013-10-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306041036/http://trade.mar.cx/us77241333|archivedate=2016-03-06}}</ref> == Ndụ == A mụrụ Kimura n'aka ndị nne na Ndị Japan America na Hilo, Hawaii ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Waiakea High School . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren T. Kimura Class of 1992|url=http://waiakeahigh.k12.hi.us/library/NaMea%20Pages/Darren%20Kimura.htm|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232448/http://waiakeahigh.k12.hi.us/library/NaMea%20Pages/Darren%20Kimura.htm}}</ref> O nwetara ọkwa nke Eagle Scout dị ka onye otu na Boy Scouts of America. Ọ gụrụ Computer Science na Business Management na Mahadum nke Hawai'i na Mānoa . O mechara gaa Mahadum Portland State, na-amụ injinia eletrik na Mahadum Stanford na-amụ sayensị kọmputa ma bụrụ Alumni si na Stanford Graduate School of Business . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stanford GSB Alumni Directory|url=https://alumni-gsb.stanford.edu/get/page/directory/profile/?qwe=6ACB13BAAA39F1D52AD9D87CA9469E95&returnto=results}}</ref> N'oge ọrịa na-efe efe nke afọ 2009, ''Newsweek'' kpuchiri ihe ịma aka Darren n'ịchọta Tamiflu n'ihi nchịkọta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Newsweek: Why individual stockpiling of anti-flu medication is a bad idea|url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2009/04/30/healthy-hoarders.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Kimura began his career as an entrepreneur bringing the sport of paintball to Hawaii while still in high school. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> When attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa he worked in the Information and Computer Sciences department, where he launched Nalu Communications, an internet service provider.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saipan Tribune Roundtable|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=60624&cat=1|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221545/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=60624&cat=1|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, o kere ma gbasaa Energy Industries Corporation. Site na nkwado nke Energy Industries o kere Energy Laboratories,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Laboratories|work=Energy Industries Corporation|date=21 May 2013|url=http://www.energylaboratories.com/?page_id=2}}</ref> as an incubator for start-up companies, and Enerdigm Ventures,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enerdigm Ventures|url=http://enerdigm.com/wp/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014732/http://enerdigm.com/wp/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> a venture capital firm to seed and support early to growth stage companies. MicroCSP Technology and Sopogy, Inc. began as a spin-off of at Energy Laboratories and was initially funded by Kimura and Enerdigm Ventures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy closes Series E funding|date=27 November 2012|url=http://www.altassets.net/private-equity-news/by-news-type/deal-news/us-solar-developer-sopogy-closes-series-e-funding-round.html}}</ref> Kimura and Enerdigm Ventures invested in the creation of [[LiveAction]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/02/11/darren-kimura-named-ceo-of-live-action.html|title=Darren Kimura named CEO of Live Action - Pacific Business News|work=bizjournals.com|accessdate=2018-08-01}}</ref> Kimura na Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego n'ichepụta Spin Technology a Data ndabere ngwaahịa maka Google Workspace or Microsoft 365,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://codingsocieties.com/spin-technology-names-darren-t-kimura-as-executive-chairman/|title=Spin Technology Names Darren T. Kimura as Executive Chairman|author=Kimura|first=Darren|date=2020-01-10|work=News Break|accessdate=}}</ref> and Kimura joined Open Source technology provider [[ZEDEDA]] as its president and Chief Operating Officer. After spending 4 years at the company and completing its Series B<ref>{{Cite news|title=ZededaE Closes $26M Series B Funding Round as Distributed Edge Market Soars|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220721005120/en/ZEDEDA-Closes-%2426M-Series-B-Funding-Round-as-Distributed-Edge-Market-Soars}}</ref> and $72 Million Series C,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Secures $72M in Growth Capital to Meet the Skyrocketing Demand for Edge AI and Computing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207876324/en/ZEDEDA-Secures-%2472M-in-Growth-Capital-to-Meet-the-Skyrocketing-Demand-for-Edge-AI-and-Computing}}</ref> Kimura joined AI Squared as its CEO. Ọ duziri imepụta na iwu nke ọrụ MicroCSP mbụ n'ụwa, nke a na-akpọ Holaniku na Keahole Point . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy inaugurates the World's first MicroCSP solar thermal plant using Sopogy's products|url=http://sopogy.com/blog/2009/12/10/sopogy-inaugurates-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-microcsp%E2%84%A2-solar-thermal-plant/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234444/http://sopogy.com/blog/2009/12/10/sopogy-inaugurates-the-world%E2%80%99s-first-microcsp%E2%84%A2-solar-thermal-plant/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy introduces new solar technology at NELHA|date=11 December 2009|url=http://www.hawaii247.com/2009/12/11/sopogy-introduces-new-solar-technology-at-nelha/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi na State of Hawaii Venture Capital fund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HSDC Annual Report|url=http://lrbhawaii.info/reports/legrpts/dbedt/hsdc/211f_15hrs_11.pdf|accessdate=2026-06-17|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042652/http://lrbhawaii.info/reports/legrpts/dbedt/hsdc/211f_15hrs_11.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ọ rụzuru n'azụmahịa emeela ka e gosipụta ya n'ihu ''MidWeek'', na ihu Pacific Edge, na Entrepreneur, na akwụkwọ 2007 The Greater Good: Life Lessons from Hawaii's Leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Midweek: The future's so bright|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Darren_Kimura_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Hawaii_/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pacific Edge: The Energy Within|url=http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/b9bdde2b#/b9bdde2b/1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Sara|title=Entrepreneur Magazine: Riding the Green Wave|work=Entrepreneur|date=21 August 2008|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/196570}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Greater Good: Crazy to Visionary|url=http://www.greatergoodbooks.com/The_Greater_Good-sneak_peek.pdf}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye ọbịa na Al Gore na The Climate Reality Project na 24 Hours of Reality - The Dirty Weather Report . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The World's Oceans & Hawaii|url=http://climaterealityproject.org/24hours2012/live-broadcast/hour-06-the-worlds-oceans/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114114340/http://climaterealityproject.org/24hours2012/live-broadcast/hour-06-the-worlds-oceans/|archivedate=2012-11-14}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya na nkwalite [[Ike na-adịgide adịgide|ike dị ọcha]] nke Ụlọ ọrụ eletrik Hawaiian, nke e gosipụtara n'oge APEC United States 2011 ma bụrụ onye edemede na blọọgụ Cisco na MedCity News.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaiian Electric Green Energy|work=[[YouTube]]|date=July 2010|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCGM5y07TNU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kimura|first=Darren|title=Author|url=https://blogs.cisco.com/author/darrenkimura|work=Cisco.com|publisher=Cisco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Future of AI in Healthcare Demands Transparency, Trust, and Human-Centered Design|date=23 May 2025|url=https://medcitynews.com/2025/05/the-future-of-ai-in-healthcare-demands-transparency-trust-and-human-centered-design/}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya maka echiche ya banyere isi ego na ọgụgụ isi aka na Silicon Valley Bank State of Enterprise Software Report na The Wall Street Journal na isiokwu gụnyere Immigration na AI Policy, na Newsweek na AI dị ka eji na kọleji.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Enterprise Software 2025|url=https://www.svb.com/trends-insights/reports/state-of-enterprise-software/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=www.svb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Carlton|first=Jim|date=May 25, 2025|title=Immigration Is the Only Thing Propping Up California's Population|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/california-population-growth-immigration-h-1b-visa-4b526478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Loten|first=Angus|date=July 9, 2025|title=After Setback, Tech Firms Renew Push for Federal AI Regulation|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-setback-tech-firms-renew-push-for-federal-ai-regulation-cc2b26d5?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Blake|first=Suzanne|date=Jul 31, 2025|title=Half of Students Say AI Is Most Important Skill They'll Learn in College|work=[[Newsweek]]|url=https://www.newsweek.com/half-students-say-ai-most-important-skill-theyll-learn-college-2107250}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Kimura malitere mkpọsa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook Daniel K. Inouye Honolulu International Airport Facebook Page|work=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/472213349509067}}</ref> iji gbanwee aha Honolulu International Airport ka ọ bụrụ Daniel K. Inouye International Airport, iji sọpụrụ onye omeiwu [[Hawaii]] nwụrụ anwụ Daniel Inouye nke e nwetara na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=KHON 2 Honolulu airport renamed after late Sen. Daniel Inouye|work=KHON2|date=29 April 2017|url=https://www.khon2.com/local-news/honolulu-airport-renamed-after-late-sen-daniel-inouye/}}</ref> === Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ike === Kimura malitere Energy Conservation Hawaii na 1994, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Future's So Bright…|url=http://archives.midweek.com/content/story/midweek_coverstory/Darren_Kimura_Energy_Conservation_and_Management_Hawaii_/}}</ref> site n'azụ SUV ya, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Success built on CEO's work ethic|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Nov/08/bz/FP611080319.html}}</ref> na-eji bọọdụ ya dị ka tebụl ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=From surfer to renewable energy entrepreneur|url=http://www.bizgym.com/2009/08/green-success-story-daren-kimura-trades-in-his-surfboard-for-a-thriving-renewable-energy-business/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230014/http://www.bizgym.com/2009/08/green-success-story-daren-kimura-trades-in-his-surfboard-for-a-thriving-renewable-energy-business/}}</ref> N'ime afọ ole na ole, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruru $ 50 nde na ego ha nwetara wee malite mgbasawanye mba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Success build on CEO's work ethic|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Nov/08/bz/FP611080319.html}}</ref> Kimura gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Energy Industries Corporation ịrịọ maka ahịa obodo ya, ma ọ ka bụ onye nwe oke. Echiche dị n'okpuru maka ịmepụta Energy Industries Corporation bụ iji nyere aka mee ka arụmọrụ ike dị mfe. N'ọrụ ya na Energy Industries Corporation, Kimura nyere Energy Star na ebe ndị dị ka Hawaii, Palau, Guam na Saipan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaii Business: Energy Savers|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/May-2001/Light-Savers/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005014137/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/May-2001/Light-Savers/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Star in Palau|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/27/energy-star-in-palau/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004232158/http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/27/energy-star-in-palau/|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Star in Guam|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/25/energy-star-in-guam/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000751/http://darrentkimura.com/2006/01/25/energy-star-in-guam/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Energy Division sponsors energy-saving workshop|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=60711|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004258/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?cat=1&newsID=60711|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, e gosipụtara ụlọ ọrụ Energy Industries Corporation na akụkọ The Wall Street Journal "Alternative State", banyere ọrụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe nke e mepụtara na Hawaii. <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Wall Street Journal Alternative State|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121432274606000209|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> === MicroCSP === Emepụtara echiche maka teknụzụ MicroCSP mgbe Kimura nwara ịwụnye ebe nchekwa ike anyanwụ na Kona, Hawaii. N'ịghọta na ọ bụ enweghị akụ na ụba na ọ bụghị ihe bara uru iji ụgbọ mmiri, wụnye ma rụọ ọrụ nnukwu ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ dị ka Hawaii, Kimura na-arụ ọrụ n'ibelata akụkụ nke onye na-anakọta anyanwụ bụ nke mere ka ọ gbanwee nkà na ụzụ na itinye ihe eji eme ihe. MicroCSP na-eji maka obodo-sized ike osisi (1 MW ka 50 MW), maka ulo oru, ugbo na n'ichepụta 'usoro okpomọkụ' ngwa, na mgbe nnukwu ego nke mmiri ọkụ dị mkpa, dị ka ebe igwu mmiri ọdọ mmiri, mmiri ogige, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-asa ákwà, sterilization, distillation na ndị ọzọ dị otú ahụ ojiji. MIT mụọkwara iji teknụzụ MicroCSP n'ọgbọ ike na-eji Organic Rankine Cycle. Kimura trademarked the term MicroCSP and later released the term for use in the public domain to help accelerate MicroCSP adoption. His [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] Patent on the idea (U.S. patent 20,080,127,967) served as the basis for other MicroCSP inventions. Companies producing MicroCSP technologies include GlassPoint Solar Abengoa Solar Aora Sun2Power Chromasun SolarLite NEP Solar Novatec Solar Industrial Solar Focal Point Energy SunTrough Focused Sun Heat 2 Power and Nanogen and Tamuz Energy. === Akụkọ ifo === Ụlọ ọrụ Solar Power Technology ma ọ bụ "Sopogy", bụ onye na-eweta teknụzụ okpomọkụ anyanwụ, e hiwere ya na 2002 na Honolulu, ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ dị ọcha nke dị na Hawaii nke a maara dị ka Energy Laboratories . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy Website|url=http://sopogy.com/company/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere nyocha ya na itinye uche na ike okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ iji mepụta uzuoku anyanwụ na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ maka absorption chillers ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ usoro mmepụta ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emepụtala ngwa ndị na-ejikọta ndị na-anakọta anyanwụ na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik na nsị. Kimura kere aha ụlọ ọrụ site na iwere akụkụ nke isi okwu gụnyere "SO" sitere na Solar, "PO" site na "Ike", na "GY" site na "Energy and Technology".<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Sopogy|url=http://sopogy.com/about/index.php?id=16#3|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108211657/http://sopogy.com/about/index.php?id=16#3|archivedate=2017-01-08}}</ref> Ndị otu OEM na ndị na-ere ahịa IPP dị na Honolulu tinyere nyocha na mmepe ya, na 2006 ọ gbasaa mmepụta ya, C&amp;amp;I, na ndị na'ere mmanụ na gas na ụlọ ọrụ Silicon Valley. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sopogy returns to Manoa Innovation Center|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/blog/2013/06/sopogy-inc-returns-to-original-office.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hawaii tech firms move offices and expand facilities to Mainland|url=http://sopogy.com/blog/2007/12/28/hawaii-tech-firms-move-offices-and-expand-facilities-to-mainland/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005022545/http://sopogy.com/blog/2007/12/28/hawaii-tech-firms-move-offices-and-expand-facilities-to-mainland/}}</ref> Sopogy etinyela 200 megawatts na China, na 360 megawatts Na Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy announced the installation of 200 megawatts of CSP in China|url=http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=269|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005043903/http://www.helioscsp.com/noticia.php?id_not=269|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy Lands 200MW China Project for Thermal Storage|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2010/12/sopogy-lands-200mw-china-project-for-thermal-energy-storage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy signs agreement on Thai solar project|url=http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/19449/sopogy-signs-agreement-on-thai-solar-project/}}</ref> Kimura na Sopogy, tinyere First Solar, gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Whole Foods Market Thrive. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Whole Foods features Sopogy and First Solar|work=[[YouTube]]|date=25 July 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDNavtgu9yc}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e nyere Sopogy ihe nrite APEC Business Innovation Award, ma gosipụta ya n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Los Angeles Times''. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy is APEC Honolulu technology showcase winner|url=http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/blog/2011/november/apec-business-spotlight-sopogy-apec-honolulu-technology-sho|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235416/http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/blog/2011/november/apec-business-spotlight-sopogy-apec-honolulu-technology-sho|archivedate=2013-10-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Darren Kimura, CEO of Sopogy, at the firm's solar facility on Hawaii's Big Island|url=http://www.latimes.com/lat-fi-green-haw_kw5gonc,0,2184478.photo#axzz2oPmanlY1|work=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=2013-10-05|access-date=2026-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075453/http://www.latimes.com/lat-fi-green-haw_kw5gonc,0,2184478.photo#axzz2oPmanlY1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sopogy rụzuru usoro ego E họọrọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2012 nke Mitsui &amp;amp; Co. na SunEdison, ụlọ ọrụ anyanwụ US, Sempra Energy, 3M, na ndị ọzọ duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sopogy strengthens its financial status|date=30 August 2022|url=http://www.csp-world.com/news/20121203/00635/sopogy-strengthens-its-financial-status|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225161917/http://www.csp-world.com/news/20121203/00635/sopogy-strengthens-its-financial-status|archivedate=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mara ọkwa na Darren Kimura agbahapụla dị ka onyeisi oche, onye isi nchịkwa na onyeisi oche na March 2013, na SunEdison tinye otu n'ime ndị isi ya dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sopogy Names SunEdison Exec to top leadership role|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/article/2013-03-19/arQyXkwW7p_k.html|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara oge, Darren Kimura hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Mee 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren Kimura Blog - What's next?|url=http://darrentkimura.com/2013/07/27/whats-next/|accessdate=2013-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023000825/http://darrentkimura.com/2013/07/27/whats-next/|archivedate=2013-10-23}}</ref> Hitachi Power Systems nwetara Sopogy na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=MicroCSP still looking good in Sopogy's wake|url=http://social.csptoday.com/markets/micro-csp-still-looking-good-sopogy%E2%80%99s-wake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520142539/http://social.csptoday.com/markets/micro-csp-still-looking-good-sopogy%E2%80%99s-wake|archivedate=May 20, 2014}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri Live === Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego na ntọala nke LiveAction, Inc., ụlọ ọrụ njikwa netwọkụ ụlọ ọrụ nke bụbu ọrụ gọọmentị kwadoro na 2007 na Referentia Systems, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ActionPacked Networks Rebrands and Launches as LiveAction|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/actionpacked_networks_rebrands_and_launches_as_liveaction/prweb11547284.htm}}</ref> and Kimura joined the company as chairman of the Board of Directors, Executive Chairman<ref>{{Cite web|title=LiveAction Leadership Team|url=http://actionpacked.com/company/team}}</ref> and later as chief executive officer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Darren Kimura joins LiveAction as Chief Executive Officer|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2014/02/11/darren-kimura-named-ceo-of-live-action.html}}</ref> The company is best known for its NetFlow visualization capabilities  and quality of service monitoring and configuration capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cisco: Rule the World of Application QoS|url=http://blogs.cisco.com/enterprise/rule-the-world-of-application-qos-with-cisco-avc-and-actionpacked-networks/|date=2013-06-11}}</ref> Kimura led LiveAction to achieve a place on the Cisco Solutions Plus Program  and completed LiveAction's Series A financing that included participation by Enerdigm Ventures,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140904006444/en/LiveAction-Secures-5.35-Million-Series-Financing-AITV|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from AITV and Cisco Investments|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en}}</ref> Sway Ventures,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-16|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from Sway Ventures and Cisco Investments|url=https://medium.com/@swayventures/liveaction-secures-5-35-b208c35b50d9|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Medium|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524185810/https://medium.com/@swayventures/liveaction-secures-5-35-b208c35b50d9|archive-date=2025-05-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> In-Q-Tel<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-27|title=LiveAction announces long-term behavioral analytics capabilities in its ThreatEye NV platform|url=https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2022/05/27/liveaction-threateye-nv-platform/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Help Net Security|language=en-US}}</ref> and Cisco Systems<ref>{{Cite web|title=LiveAction Secures $5.35 Million Series A Financing from AITV and Cisco Investments|work=VentureBeat|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/04/liveaction-secures-5-35-million-series-a-financing-from-aitv-and-cisco-investments/|date=2014-09-04|accessdate=2026-06-17|archivedate=2021-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202135323/https://venturebeat.com/2014/09/04/liveaction-secures-5-35-million-series-a-financing-from-aitv-and-cisco-investments/}}</ref> LiveAction expanded its capabilities in scale to achieve an industry leading 1 million flows per second  Under Kimura, LiveAction launched LiveAgent to extend visibility to the network end point<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/resources/solution-briefs/liveagent-solution-brief/|title=LiveAgent Solution Brief - The Endpoint Visibility Challenge|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801191755/https://www.liveaction.com/resources/solution-briefs/liveagent-solution-brief/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and LiveAction completed a $36 million Series B financing led by Insight Venture Partners, Cisco Systems and AITV in early 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160215005756/en/LiveAction-Secures-36-Million-Series-Financing-Insight|title=LiveAction Secures $36 Million Series B Financing from Insight Venture Partners, Accelerate-IT Ventures, and Cisco Investments {{!}} Business Wire|work=www.businesswire.com|accessdate=2016-03-01|date=2016-02-16}}</ref> In December 2017, Kimura led the acquisition of LivingObjects' Service Provider network monitoring platform<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-living-objects-network-monitoring-platform/|title=LiveAction Acquires LivingObjects' Network Monitoring Platform|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801193258/https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-living-objects-network-monitoring-platform/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and to the creation of the LiveSP business unit at LiveAction.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/launch-livesp-network-monitoring-solution/|title=LiveAction Bolsters Commitment to Global Managed Network Services Market with Launch of LiveSP Network Monitoring Solution|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414220829/https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/launch-livesp-network-monitoring-solution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2018, Kimura led the acquisition of Savvius<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-leading-packet-capture-savvius/|title=LiveAction Acquires Leading Packet Capture Savvius, Inc.|work=LiveAction|accessdate=2018-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801192026/https://www.liveaction.com/company/press-releases/liveaction-acquires-leading-packet-capture-savvius/|url-status=dead}}</ref> formerly known as WildPackets<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://betanews.com/2015/04/16/wildpackets-becomes-savvius-and-switches-focus-to-security/|title=WildPackets becomes Savvius and switches focus to security|work=betanews.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2015-04-16}}</ref> famous for their OmniPeek protocol analysis software. Kimura retired from LiveAction business operations in 2019. LiveAction was acquired by BlueCat Networks in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Devito|first=Stephen|date=2024-10-25|title=BlueCat acquires LiveAction to drive network modernization and optimization|url=https://bluecatnetworks.com/blog/bluecat-acquires-liveaction-to-drive-network-modernization-and-optimization/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=BlueCat Networks|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nkà na ụzụ Spin === N'afọ 2020, Enerdigm Ventures tinyere ego na Spin Technology, Inc., nke a maara dị ka SpinBackup ngwaahịa ndabere data maka G-Suite ma ọ bụ Office 365 na Kimura sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka onyeisi oche nke ndị nduzi na onye isi oche. ebe o mepụtara SpinOne, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ngwaahịa a na-akpọkwa Spin.ai. Nkà na ụzụ ahụ na-enye nchebe data dabeere na API maka azụmaahịa dị oke egwu SaaS na gburugburu G Suite na Office 365, nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ngwa na ndọtị maka G-Suite na Cyber Liability Insurance . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kimura|first=Darren|title=Cyber Liability Insurance|journal=Cyber Defense Magazine|date=September 2020|volume=September 2020|issue=September 2020|url=https://www.cyberdefensemagazine.com/e-magazines}}</ref> Spin.ai nwere ọkwa 4.9 n'ime 5 na ahịa G Suite. N'afọ 2022, Spin Technology mechiri ego ya nke Series A na Enerdigm Ventures na Kimura hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. === Zededa === N'afọ 2021, Kimura sonyeere Zededa, ihe ngwọta nhazi nke igwe ojii na-emeghe, nke a na-ekesa, dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Accelerates Growth with New Executive Hires, Opening of European Headquarters in Berlin|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210428005094/en/ZEDEDA-Accelerates-Growth-with-New-Executive-Hires-Opening-of-European-Headquarters-in-Berlin|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Zededa, Kimura dugara n'inweta $ 26 nde Series B na $ 72 nde Series C ego <ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Closes $26M Series B Funding Round as Distributed Edge Market Soars|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220721005120/en/ZEDEDA-Closes-26M-Series-B-Funding-Round-as-Distributed-Edge-Market-Soars|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}</ref> na $ 400 nde post-money valuation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Zededa Secures $72M in Growth Capital to Meet the Skyrocketing Demand for Edge AI and Computing|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240207876324/en/ZEDEDA-Secures-72M-in-Growth-Capital-to-Meet-the-Skyrocketing-Demand-for-Edge-AI-and-Computing|accessdate=2025-01-10|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-07|title=Startup Zededa Raises $72 Million to Power AI Tools|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/startup-zededa-raises-72-million-to-power-ai-tools?embedded-checkout=true|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=Bloomberg.com|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 4 nke ije ozi gasịrị, Kimura kwupụtara ọpụpụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Q4 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7246686477965795328/|title=Darren Kimura on LinkedIn: #edgecomputing #opensource #newbeginnings #thankyou #ai #edgecomputing… &#124; 51 comments}}</ref> === Margo === Mgbe ọ nọ na Zededa, Kimura jere ozi na kọmitii na-eduzi Margo, atụmatụ Linux Foundation maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na nsọtụ nke usoro mmepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Linux Foundation Launches Margo to Deliver Long-awaited Edge Interoperability|url=https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press/linux-foundation-launches-margo-to-deliver-long-awaited-edge-interoperability|accessdate=2025-01-10|work=www.linuxfoundation.org|language=en}}</ref> === AI Square === N'afọ 2024, a mara ọkwa Kimura dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ nke AI Squared, ụlọ ọrụ New Enterprise Associates kwadoro. <ref>{{Cite web|title=NEA Portfolio: AI Squared|url=https://www.nea.com/portfolio/ai-squared|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=www.nea.com|language=en}}</ref> A kwalitere Kimura ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche na Onye isi nchịkwa na Machị 2025. Ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na-eji eme ihe abụọ, AI Squared nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Nchebe US gụnyere onyinye na Naval Information Warfare Systems Command, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC), Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mmepe na Nnyocha (CRADA) na National Security Agency (NSA), na National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), na nkwekọrịta na Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab.<ref name="bh">{{Cite web|author=Harvey|first=Benjamin|date=2022-06-27|title=AI Squared raises $6M to help companies integrate AI into existing applications — Question &...|url=https://medium.com/@benjamin.harvey/ai-squared-raises-6m-to-help-companies-integrate-ai-into-existing-applications-question-2a58e0cf3a0c|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=AI Squared Raises $13.8M Series A To Improve Business Workflows With AI Insights|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/articles/ai-squared-raises-13-8m-series-a-to-improve-business-workflows-with-ai-insights/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-29|title=AI Squared Raises $13.8M Series A To Improve Business Workflows With AI Insights|url=https://peopleofcolorintech.com/articles/ai-squared-raises-13-8m-series-a-to-improve-business-workflows-with-ai-insights/|accessdate=2025-05-24|work=POCIT. Telling the stories and thoughts of the underrepresented in tech.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="bh" /> == Onyinye == Kimura natara onyinye 2002 SBA Young Entrepreneur of the Year. <ref>{{Cite news|title=No small success Page|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2002/03/12/business/index2.html}}</ref> A na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka 2007 Green Entrepreneur, ma nata onyinye Blue Planet Foundation na 2009. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Darren T. Kimura wins Green Entrepreneur of the Year Award|url=http://altenergymag.com/news_detail.php?pr_id=3246|accessdate=2013-10-02|archive-date=2013-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235612/http://altenergymag.com/news_detail.php?pr_id=3246|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Darren T. Kimura receives Blue Planet Foundation Award|url=http://social.csptoday.com/technology/sopogy-ceo-receives-blue-planet-foundation-award}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwara onyinye Hawaii Venture Capital Association Deal of the Year na 2012. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Entrepreneur, Deal of the Year awards announced|url=http://www.hawaiistar.com/2013/01/entrepreneur-deal-of-the-year-awards-announced/|archive-date=2023-06-05|access-date=2026-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605064609/https://www.hawaiistar.com/2013/01/entrepreneur-deal-of-the-year-awards-announced/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kpọrọ ya aha na 2010 Hawaii Business Magazine's "10 for Today", ya na onye na-egwu baseball Shane Victorino, na onye guzobere eBay, Pierre Omidyar, ma kpọọ ya aha na Pacific Business News's "10 to Watch in 2013", ya na onye mmepe egwuregwu vidio na onye na'ere egwuregwu Tetris Henk Rogers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hawaii Business Magazine: 10 For Today|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/March-2010/10-For-Today/|accessdate=2013-10-07|archive-date=2014-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113121212/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/March-2010/10-For-Today/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=10 to Watch: Hawaii business leaders face risks and rewards in 2013|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2013/01/04/10-to-watch-hawaii-business-leaders.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị na-abụghị uru == Kimura na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ obodo na ọrụ ebere na-elekwasị anya na Hawaii. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche na onye nduzi na Blue Planet Foundation, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue Planet Foundation Board of Directors|url=http://blueplanetfoundation.org/board-of-directors.html|date=2016-12-10|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004310/http://blueplanetfoundation.org/board-of-directors.html}}</ref> na osote onye nduzi ma onye nduzi dị na SEE-IT (Science Engineering Exposition of Innovative Technologies), <ref>{{Cite web|title=SEE-IT Foundation Board of Directors|url=http://see-it-hawaii.com/contact-us/|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005657/http://see-it-hawaii.com/contact-us/|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> Ọ nọkwa na bọọdụ ndị nduzi na PBS Hawaii, <ref>{{Cite web|title=PBS Hawaii Board of Directors|url=http://www.pbshawaii.org/about/about_boardofdirectors.php|accessdate=2013-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005021921/http://www.pbshawaii.org/about/about_boardofdirectors.php|archivedate=2013-10-05}}</ref> bụ onye ọchụnta ego bi na Punahou School, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Punahou Entrepreneur in Residence|url=http://www.punahou.edu/luke-center-for-public-service/entrepreneurs-in-residence/index.aspx|accessdate=2013-10-02|archivedate=2013-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005000557/http://www.punahou.edu/luke-center-for-public-service/entrepreneurs-in-residence/index.aspx}}</ref> ọ nọ na bọọdụ nduzi na Enterprise Honolulu, Oahu Economic Development Board, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Enterprise Honolulu|url=http://www.enterprisehonolulu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5|accessdate=2026-06-17|archivedate=2018-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182318/http://www.enterprisehonolulu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=5}}</ref> ma nọrọ na Dean's Council of University of Hawaii na Manoa's College of Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Engineering Dean's Council|url=http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/about/deans-council/|accessdate=2013-11-02|archivedate=2017-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417140346/http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/about/deans-council/}}</ref> Kimura na-akwado Hawaii Island Science Fair "Kimura Award for Innovations in Clean Energy " nke e nyere Felix Peng (2016) nke Waiakea High School, Ben Kubo (2017) nke Parker School, Cesar Rivera (2017) nke St Joseph School of Hilo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hidsef/status/705275037398409216|title=Twitter Hawaii Science Fair|author=|first=|date=2016-03-02|work=|publisher=|accessdate=2019-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hilo.hawaii.edu/affiliates/sigmaxi/documents/AwardsListing2016RESULTS.pdf|title=Hawaii Island Science Fair 2016|author=|first=|date=|work=|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 2017, Kimura gbasaa ihe nrite Hawaii Island Science Fair iji tinye "Kimura Award for Innovations in Computer Science" nke e nyere Ara Uhr nke Hilo High School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://darrentkimura.com/1333-2/|title=Kimura Award Winners for IT and Clean Energy 2017 {{!}} Darren T. Kimura|work=darrentkimura.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-01|date=2017-02-19|archivedate=2018-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190325/http://darrentkimura.com/1333-2/}}</ref> Kimura na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Japan Innovation Campus nke dị na Silicon Valley, Palo Alto CA nke Ministri akụ na ụba, azụmahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Japan na-akwado dị ka atụmatụ nke atụmatụ mmalite afọ ise nke gọọmentị Japan <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Information: Japan's new appetite for risk lures venture capital|url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/japans-new-appetite-for-risk-lures-venture-investors-to-tokyo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=JETRO Startup Development Five-year Plan|date=2025|url=https://www.jetro.go.jp/en/invest/investment_environment/ijre/report2023/ch3/sec10.html}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị metụtara ike na-agbanwe agbanwe * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ anyanwụ * [[SolarPACES|Ụzọ ndị na-esi eme ihe]] * Onye na-anakọta okpomọkụ anyanwụ * Intersolar == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9slg4f0zjjyaoa5bvbjs9oalzapmts3 0 77292 742314 671019 2026-11-02T12:54:04Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742314 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | name = Babatunde Ayi Olatundun | honorific_suffix = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]] | termstart1 = 18 March 2023 | termend1 = | deputy1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]<br>from Ilorin, Ilorin West Local Government | termstart2 = 18 March 2023 | termend2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|08|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Ilorin]], Ilorin West Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Administrator}} | education = | profession = | awards = | website = }} '''Babatunde Ayi Olatundun''' bụ onye nchịkwa na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria. Ọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara ugwu nke ndịda anyanwu nke ilorin, mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Ilorin West na Nzukọ nke iri nke Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Kwara . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=HON. BABATUNDE AYI OLATUNDUN|url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/|accessdate=2024-12-03|work=Kwara State House of Assembly|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205191523/https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-babatunde-ayi-olatundun/|archive-date=2024-12-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Azeez|first=Biola|date=2023-08-02|title=Women dialogue identifies factors impeding participation in politics|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/women-dialogue-identifies-factors-impeding-participation-in-politics/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-28|title=Kwara: Lawmakers call for more science teachers, laboratories in schools {{!}} Western Post|url=https://www.westernpost.ng/kwara-lawmakers-call-for-more-science-teachers-laboratories-in-schools/|accessdate=2024-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Babatunde n'ụbọchi iri na abụọ na ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1961 na [[Ilorin]], Mpaghara obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Gọọmenti nke Kwara Steeti Niajirịa. Ọ gara Oyun Baptist High School, Ijagbo, na Oyun wee nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Afrịkan na 1981. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == N'etiti afọ 1989 na 1994 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa na Kwara State Broadcasting Services (Radio Kwara) na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 2014, ógbè a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nwanyị nke People's Democratic Party na Buhari Support Organisation. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu nzukọ steeti nke na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ilorin North-West na Kwara State House of Assembly na ntuli aka nke afọ 2023. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kwara APC Wins 23 Assembly Seats, PDP Clinches 1|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/19/kwara-apc-wins-23-assembly-seats-pdp-clinches-1/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyekola|first=Tunde|date=2023-03-21|title=Five women get Kwara Assembly seats|url=https://punchng.com/five-women-get-kwara-assembly-seats/|accessdate=2024-12-27|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1961]] [[Otú:Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria]] lawohfo814tw3xub41uhanoqufr9d6p 0 77304 742598 719368 2026-11-03T08:47:46Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742598 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ọdọ Mmiri Mono''' (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) bụ Ọdọ Mmiri soda na Mono County, California, nke e guzobere ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 760,000 gara aga dị ka ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri endorheic. Enweghị ụzọ isi pụta na-eme oke nnu dị elu gbakọta n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke na-eme gore mmiri ya bụrụ alkaline.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2021|title=Water Chemistry|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160557/https://www.monolake.org/Learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/chemistry/|archivedate=Mar 28, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ọzara ahụ nwere usoro okike na-amịpụta ihe n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dabere na saline shrimp, nke na-eto eto na mmiri ya, ma na-enye ebe obibi dị oke egwu maka nde nnụnụ abụọ na-agagharị kwa afọ na-eri shrimp na alkali flies (''Ephydra hyans'').<ref name="mlcbirds">{{Cite web|title=Birds of the Basin: the Migratory Millions of Mono|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831011233/http://www.monolake.org/about/ecobirds|archivedate=2013-08-31}}</ref><ref name="carle">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Water in California|author=Carle|first=David|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=2004|isbn=0-520-24086-3|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520240865}}</ref> N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị obodo Kutzadika'a riri alkali flies' pupae, nke bi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi gburugburu ọnụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922024555/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/water-h2o--life/regeneration/mono-lake|archivedate=Sep 22, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Mgbe obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na iyi mmiri dị ọcha na-asọba n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara, na-etinye nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị n'ihe ize ndụ. Kọmitii Mono Lake guzobere na nzaghachi wee merie n'ọgụ iwu nke manyere Los Angeles imeju ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hart|first=John|title=Storm Over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future|url=https://archive.org/details/stormovermonomon00hart|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị n'ime Mono Basin, ọdọ mmiri endorheic na-enweghị ụzọ ọpụpụ na oké osimiri. N'ụzọ dị otú a, nnu ndị a gbazere agbaze na mmiri ahụ na-anọgide na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, na-ebuli pH na nnu nke mmiri ahụ. Ndị na-akwado Mono Lake gụnyere Lee Vining Creek, Rush Creek, na Mill Creek, nke na-agafe Lundy Canyon. Ike nke ala mepụtara ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ime nde afọ ise gara aga: ndagwurugwu na-agbatị na mgbawa ugwu na-ejikọta ya na mgbawa na ala Sierra Nevada. : 45 : 45  [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_sat_zoomed.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Mono Lake site na mbara igwe, 1985]] Site n'ihe dị ka nde afọ 4.5 ruo 2.6 gara aga, nnukwu oke [[:en:Basalt|basalt]] si n'ugwu mgbawa pụta gburugburu ebe a na-akpọ Cowtrack Mountain (n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke Mono Basin). Lava ndị a mechara kpuchie mpaghara dị ihe dịka square mile 300 (780 km²), ma n'ebe ụfọdụ, ọkpụrụkpụ ha ruru ihe dịka ụkwụ 600 (mita 180). Mgbe e mesịrị, n'etiti ihe dị ka nde afọ 3.8 na afọ 250,000 gara aga, e nwere mgbawa ugwu ọzọ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mono Basin. Ọrụ mgbawa a mere ka e nwee Aurora Crater, Beauty Peak, Cedar Hill (nke mechara bụrụ agwaetiti mgbe mmiri Mono Lake ruru ogo ya kachasị elu), na Mount Hicks. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọdọ Mmiri Russell bụ onye bu Mono Lake ụzọ, n'oge Pleistocene. Ụsọ mmiri ya ruru elu nke oge a nke 7,480 feet (2,280 , ihe dị ka 1,100 feet (330 karịa ọdọ mmiri nke oge a. Ka ọ na-erule nde afọ 1.6 gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'ime mmiri Walker River. Mgbe mgbawa ugwu Long Valley Caldera 760,000 afọ gara aga, Ọdọ Mmiri Russell na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Adobe n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, wee banye n'Owens River, ma mesịa banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Manly na Death Valley.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2002|title=Drainage reversals in Mono Basin during the late Pliocene and Pleistocene|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0991:DRIMBD>2.0.CO;2|first=MC|author=Reheis|journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin|volume=114|issue=8}}</ref> A na-ahụ akara ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri Russell, nke ndị ọkà mmụta ala na-akpọ strandlines, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono.<ref name="volcanoes">{{Cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|title=Mono Lake|work=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide|publisher=USGS|accessdate=2015-01-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229114402/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long_valley/long_valley_sub_page_16.html|archivedate=2014-12-29}}</ref>&nbsp; Mpaghara dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a. Ọrụ mgbawa ugwu nwere njikọ na Mono-Inyo Craters: mgbawa kachasị ọhụrụ mere afọ 350 gara aga, nke mere ka e nwee Agwaetiti Paoha . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mono–Inyo Craters|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131114723/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mono-inyo-craters/|archivedate=Jan 31, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-31|publisher=USGS}}</ref> Panum Crater (n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ) bụ ihe atụ nke jikọtara rhyolite dome na cinder cone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Long Valley Caldera Field Guide - Panum Crater|url=https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211123430/https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/long-valley-caldera/science/long-valley-caldera-field-guide-panum-crater|archivedate=Dec 11, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-29|publisher=USGS}}</ref>&nbsp;<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  == Ụlọ elu Tufa == Ọtụtụ ogidi limestone na-ebili n'elu elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Ụlọ elu limestone ndị a nwere ihe ndị dị ka calcium carbonate dị ka calcite (). A na-akpọ ụdị nkume limestone a [[Tufa]], okwu maka limestone nke na-etolite na okpomọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0012-8252(96)00030-X|author=Ford|first=T.D.|year=1996|title=A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-science-reviews_1996-11_41_3-4/page/117|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=41|pages=117–175|issue=3–4}}</ref>  === Ụlọ elu Tufa === Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere alkalinity dị elu nke ukwuu, nke a na-akpọkwa soda lake. Alkalinity bụ ikike mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta nwere ịnagide ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta nke asid. Ihe ndị dị ka carbonate (CO₃²⁻) na bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) bụ ụdị base, ya mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere nnukwu oke carbon na-adịghị ndụ gbazere n'ime ihe bekee kporo inorganic carbon. Mgbe calcium ion (Ca²⁺) batara n'ime mmiri ahụ, ọ na-ejikọta na carbonate wee mepụta mineral carbonate dịka calcite (CaCO₃), nke na-adaba ma na-anakọta n'ala ọdọ mmiri. Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na-abanye n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na obere isi iyi dị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mmiri ndị a nwere nnukwu oke calcium ion (Ca²⁺) gbazere n'ime ha. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu ọnụọgụ calcite na-etolite ma na-anakọta gburugburu ọnụ ebe isi iyi ndị ahụ si apụta.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=James|date=1953|title=The origin of the deposits of tufa in Mono Lake|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-sedimentary-petrology_1953-03_23_1/page/18|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology|volume=23|pages=18–23|doi=10.1306/d4269530-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d}}</ref> Tufa malitere na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ. O were ọtụtụ iri afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ, iji mepụta ụlọ elu tufa a ma ama. Mgbe ọdọ mmiri dara, ụlọ elu tufa ahụ bilitere n'elu mmiri ma guzo dị ka ogidi ndị a na-ahụ taa (lee Mono lake # Lake-level history maka ozi ndị ọzọ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/tufa/|title=Tufa|date=22 September 2020|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2023-05-29}}</ref> === Ọdịdị Tufa === [[Faịlụ:Thinolite_sketches.png|thumb|Ndị a bụ ihe osise mbụ nke thinolite nke Edward S. Dana mere site n'akwụkwọ ya site na 1884: Crystallographic Study of the Thinolite of Lake Lahontan . <ref name=":82"/>]] Nkọwa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tufa malitere na 1880s, mgbe Edward S. Dana na Israel C. Russell mere nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono tuf. <ref name="Russell1889">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1889|chapter=Quaternary history of Mono Valley, California|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 8th Ann. Rept. for 1886-1887|pages=261–394}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite book|author=Dana|first=ES|year=1884|title=A crystallographic study of the thinolite of Lake Lahontan|publisher=Government Printing Office}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDana1884">Dana, ES (1884). </cite></ref> Tufa na-apụta dị ka ụlọ elu tufa "nke oge a". E nwere akụkụ tufa site n'ikperé mmiri ochie, mgbe ọdọ mmiri dị elu. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta depụtara ọrụ ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na ọdịdị tufa ma James R. Dunn kwadoro ya na 1953. Enwere ike ịkewa ụdị tufa n'ụdị atọ dabere na ọdịdị:<ref name=":72"/><ref name="Russell1883">{{Cite book|author=Russell|first=IC|year=1883|chapter=Sketch of the geological history of Lake Lahontan|title=U. S. Geol. Survey 3rd Ann. Rept. for 1881-1882|pages=189–235}}</ref> * Lithoid tufa - buru ibu ma nwee oghere na ọdịdị dị ka nkume * Dendritic tufa - ihe owuwu alaka nke yiri obere osisi * Thinolitic tufa - nnukwu kristal, nke a kpụrụ nke ọma nke ọtụtụ sentimita Ka oge na-aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ewepụtala ọtụtụ echiche iji kọwaa otú nnukwu kristal thinolite (a na-akpọkwa glendonite) si malite n'ime thinolitic tufa. Ndị ọkà mmụta amatala na thinolite bụ pseudomorph nke calcite ya bụ, calcite dochiri kristal mbụ, mana ọ ka jigidere ọdịdị mbụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ruo ogologo oge, a maghị ụdị kristal mbụ ahụ. A chọpụtara ya naanị n'afọ 1963, mgbe a chọpụtara mineral a na-akpọ ikaite (CaCO₃·6H₂O). Ikaite bụ mineral na-adịghị akwụsi ike (metastable) ma na-etolite naanị n'okpomọkụ dị nso na ebe mmiri na-ajụ oyi (ihe dị ka ogo 0°C). Ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na ụfọdụ ihe ndị na-egbochi calcite ịmepụta ngwa ngwa, dịka phosphate, magnesium, na organic carbon, na-enyere aka ime ka ikaite dịgide nwa oge. Mgbe okpomọkụ biliri, ikaite na-agbaji ma na-agbanwe ghọọ ọtụtụ obere kristal calcite. N'ógbè Ikka Fjord dị na Greenland, ndị ọkà mmụta hụkwara na ikaite na-etolite n'ụdị ogidi ndị yiri tufa towers nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono. Nchọpụta a mere ka ha kweta na thinolitic tufa bụ ihe àmà na-egosi ụdị ihu igwe gara aga na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi na ebe ahụ nwere oge oyi siri ike nke ukwuu mgbe kristal ndị ahụ na-etolite.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Whiticar|first=MJ|title=The Cold Carbonate Connection Between Mono Lake, California and the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica|journal=Aquatic Geochemistry|volume=4|pages=429–454|year=1998|issue=3/4|doi=10.1023/A:1009696617671}}</ref> === Ọdịdị nke Tufa === N'afọ 1883, Russell nyochara ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke ụdị tufa dị iche iche dị na Lake Lahontan, bụ nnukwu usoro ọdọ mmiri nke dị n'oge Pleistocene, nke gbasara akụkụ nke California, Nevada, na Oregon. Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, a chọpụtara na tufa ndị ahụ bụ nke calcium oxide (CaO) na carbon dioxide (CO₂) ka ukwuu mejupụtara. Ma e nwekwara obere ọnụọgụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ, dịka: Magnesium oxide (MgO) – ihe dị ka 2% nke ịdị arọ, Iron na aluminium oxides (Fe/Al oxides) – n'etiti 0.25% na 1.29% nke ịdị arọ, Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) – ihe dị ka 0.3% nke ịdị arọ. Nke a na-egosi na ọ bụ ezie na CaO na CO₂ bụ ihe kachasị mejupụta tufa, e nwekwara obere mineral ndị ọzọ na-enye ya ụfọdụ njirimara pụrụ iche. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe == {{Weather box|collapsed=Y|width=auto|Jan record high F=66|Feb record high F=68|Mar record high F=72|Apr record high F=80|May record high F=87|Jun record high F=96|Jul record high F=97|Aug record high F=95|Sep record high F=91|Oct record high F=85|Nov record high F=74|Dec record high F=65|Jan high F=40.4|Feb high F=44.5|Mar high F=50.5|Apr high F=58.4|May high F=67.6|Jun high F=76.6|Jul high F=83.8|Aug high F=82.7|Sep high F=75.9|Oct high F=65.5|Nov high F=51.7|Dec high F=42.2|Jan low F=19.7|Feb low F=21.5|Mar low F=24.8|Apr low F=29.5|May low F=36.4|Jun low F=43.2|Jul low F=49.6|Aug low F=49.0|Sep low F=42.8|Oct low F=34.6|Nov low F=27.3|Dec low F=21.8|Jan record low F=-14|Feb record low F=-9|Mar record low F=1|Apr record low F=12|May record low F=16|Jun record low F=25|Jul record low F=27|Aug record low F=32|Sep record low F=18|Oct record low F=8|Nov record low F=2|Dec record low F=-8|Jan precipitation inch=2.17|Feb precipitation inch=2.21|Mar precipitation inch=1.38|Apr precipitation inch=0.66|May precipitation inch=0.57|Jun precipitation inch=0.36|Jul precipitation inch=0.55|Aug precipitation inch=0.45|Sep precipitation inch=0.63|Oct precipitation inch=0.64|Nov precipitation inch=1.96|Dec precipitation inch=2.32|Jan snow inch=15.5|Feb snow inch=15.3|Mar snow inch=11.4|Apr snow inch=3.1|May snow inch=0.4|Jun snow inch=0|Jul snow inch=0|Aug snow inch=0|Sep snow inch=0|Oct snow inch=0.7|Nov snow inch=7.6|Dec snow inch=12.0|single line=Y|location=Mono Lake, CA|precipitation colour=green|source 1=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca5779}} == Limnology == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_Tufa.JPG|thumb|Ebe "South Tufa" nke Mono Lake.]] limnology nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-egosi na o nwere ihe dịka tọn 280 nke nnu a gbazere agbaze, na nnu na-agbanwe agbanwe na mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'oge ọ bụla. Tupu 1941, nkezi salinity bụ ihe dịka gram 50 kwa liter (g / L) (ma e jiri ya tụnyere uru nke 31.5 g / L maka oké osimiri ụwa). Na Jenụwarị 1982, mgbe ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ọkwa ya kachasị ala nke 1,942 mita (6,372 , nnu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu abụọ ruo 99 g / L. N'afọ 2002, a tụrụ ya na 78 g / L ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-akwụsi ike na nkezi nke 69 g / L ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ jupụtara n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ.<ref name="mlcfaq">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake FAQ|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615160759/http://monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2010-06-15}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ihe a na-atụghị anya ya nke ịkwụsị ntụgharị mmiri bụ mmalite nke oge "meromixis" na Mono Lake.<ref name="Jellison1998">{{Cite journal|author=Jellison|first=R.|year=1998|url=http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_43/issue_4/0706.pdf|title=The onset of meromixis in Mono Lake: unintended consequences of reducing water diversions|journal=Limnology and Oceanography|pages=704–11|accessdate=2008-11-13|issue=4|volume=3|archive-date=2012-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207220721/http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_43/issue_4/0706.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> N'oge tupu nke a, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na-abụkarị "monomictic", nke pụtara na ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'afọ ọ bụla, mmiri miri emi na mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agwakọta nke ọma, si otú a na-eweta oxygen na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na mmiri miri emi. N'ime ọdọ mmiri meromictic, mmiri ndị miri emi anaghị enwe ngwakọta a; okpokoro ndị miri emi nwere nnu karịa mmiri dị nso n'elu, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara inwe ikuku oxygen. N'ihi ya, ịghọ meromictic na-agbanwe ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Melack|first=JM|year=2017|chapter=Mono Lake: Plankton Dynamics over Three Decades of Meromixis or Monomixis|editor=Gulati|title=Ecology of Meromictic Lakes|series=Ecological Studies|pages=325–351|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-49143-1_11|isbn=978-3-319-49141-7}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Mono enweela oge meromictic n'oge gara aga; ihe omume kachasị ọhụrụ nke meromixis, nke sitere na njedebe nke ntụgharị mmiri, malitere na 1994 wee gwụ na 2004. <ref name="Jellison2003">{{Cite web|author=Jellison|first=R.|date=June 2003|url=http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|title=Weakening and near-breakdown of meromixis in Mono Lake|accessdate=2008-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030045630/http://www.monolake.uga.edu/public/files/Mono_Lake_Mixing.pdf|archivedate=2008-10-30}}</ref> === Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdọ mmiri === Otu ihe dị mkpa nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri mechiri emechi, nke pụtara na ọ nweghị mmiri na-apụta. Mmiri nwere ike ịpụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ na Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala furu efu. Nke a nwere ike ime ka ọdọ mmiri ndị mechiri emechi bụrụ ndị nwere nnu. Nrụzigharị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mono Lake site na iji carbon na Oxygen isotopes ekpughere njikọ ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe edere nke ọma.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|author=Benson|first=LV|year=1990|title=Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaeogeography-palaeoclimatology-palaeoecology_1990-06_78_3-4/page/241|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|pages=241–286|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90217-U}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ụwa nwere oge mmụba nke glaciation a maara dị ka oge ice. A maara oge ice a dị ka Pleistocene, nke dịgidere ruo ~ 11 ka. Mmiri dị na Mono Lake nwere ike igosi etu ihu igwe si gbanwee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge Pleistocene, mgbe ihu igwe jụrụ oyi, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu n'ihi na e nwere obere [[mmiri ozuzo]] na [[mmiri ozuzo]]. Mgbe Pleistocene gasịrị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ala n'ozuzu ya n'ihi mmụba nke evaporation na mbelata mmiri ozuzo metụtara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref name=":15"/>&nbsp; Mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ agbanweela n'oge Holocene, kemgbe njedebe nke oge ice. Ebe kachasị elu nke Holocene dị na elu 6,499 feet (1,980.8 , ruru ihe dịka 1820 BCE.<ref name="holocene-levels">{{Cite journal|first=Scott|author=Stine|title=Late holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_palaeogeography-palaeoclimatology-palaeoecology_1990-06_78_3-4/page/333|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=78|issue=3–4|year=1990|pages=333–381|doi=10.1016/0031-0182(90)90221-R}}</ref> Ebe dị ala tupu ntụgharị nke oge a dị na elu 6,368 feet (1,940.9 , ruru na 143 OA.<ref name="holocene-levels" /> Ọnọdụ kachasị ala nke oge a n'ihi ntụgharị bụ na 6,372.0 feet (1,942.2 , ruru na 1980. <ref name="level">{{Cite web|title=Monthly Lake Levels|work=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204005132/http://www.monobasinresearch.org/data/levelmonthly.php|archivedate=4 February 2017}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Ndụ n'ime mmiri ===   Hypersalinity na alkalinity dị elu (pH=10, ma ọ bụ ya na 4 milligrams nke NaOH kwa liter nke mmiri) nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụtara na ọ dịghị azụ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.<ref name="carleton">{{Cite web|title=Living in an Alkaline Environment|publisher=Microbial Life Education Resources|url=http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|accessdate=2008-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121170852/http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/k12/alkaline/preparation.html|archivedate=2008-11-21}}</ref> Mgbalị nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa na Egwuregwu nke California iji chekwaa ọdọ mmiri ahụ dara.<ref name="monolake">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Mono Lake|work=www.monolake.org|accessdate=2017-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418210400/http://www.monolake.org/about/faq|archivedate=2017-04-18}}</ref>&nbsp; Usoro nri niile nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke algae planktonic nwere otu mkpụrụ ndụ dị na mpaghara photic nke ọdọ mmiri. Algae ndị a na-amụba ngwa ngwa n'oge oyi na mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe mmiri na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị na-eweta ihe oriri n'elu mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Machị, ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka ofe pea" na algae photosynthesizing.<ref name="Ecoscenario">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Ecoscenario|url=http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|accessdate=2007-01-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115927/http://www.fossweb.com/CA/modules3-6/Environments/activities/mono/content_old.html|archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Ọdọ mmiri a ma ama maka Mono Lake saline shrimp, ''Artemia monica'', obere ụdị saline shraimp, nke na-adịghị ukwuu karịa obere, nke dị na ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'oge ọnwa okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ puku iri na isii na-ebi n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Brine shrimp enweghị uru na-edozi ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ mana ha bụ ihe oriri maka nnụnụ na mpaghara ahụ. Mkpụrụ osisi saline shrimp na-eri obere algae.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Brine Shrimp|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075733/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/brineshrimp/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>&nbsp; Alkali flies, ''Ephydra hyans,'', na-ebi n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma na-egwu mmiri n'okpuru mmiri, na-ekpuchi n'ime obere ikuku ikuku, iji rie ma tụọ àkwá. Nnụnụ ndị a bụ ihe oriri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị na nke na-eme akwụ́.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Alkali Files|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075804/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/alkaliflies/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> A chọtara ụdị nematode asatọ na-ebi n'ime ala dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri: <ref name="Shih2019">{{Cite journal|author=Shih|first=Pei-Yin|date=2019-09-26|title=Newly Identified Nematodes from Mono Lake Exhibit Extreme Arsenic Resistance|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=19|pages=3339–3344.e4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.024|pmid=31564490|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/98870/2/1-s2.0-S0960982219310401-mmc1.pdf}}</ref> * <nowiki><i id="mwAa0">Auanema</i></nowiki> spec. , nke dị ịrịba ama maka oke arsenic resistance ya (na-adịgide na 500 ugboro karịa ụmụ mmadụ), nwere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na ịbụ viviparous.&nbsp; * [[Pellioditis|Pellioditis spec.]] * ''[[Mononchoides americanus]]'' * ''[[Diplogaster rivalis]]'' * ụdị nke ezinụlọ Mermithidae * ''[[Prismatolaimus dolichurus]]'' * Ụdị 2 nke usoro Monhysterida === Nnụnụ === [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_Area_(2013)_33.JPG|thumb|Nwaanyị Audubon's warbler on tufa in the "South Tufa" area.]] Ọdọ Mmiri Mono bụ ebe ezumike na iri nri dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ndị na-agagharị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma [[Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network]] amatala ya dị ka ebe dị mkpa na mba ụwa.<ref name="whsrn">{{Cite web|title=Mono Lake|work=Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network|url=http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|accessdate=2011-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727231259/http://www.whsrn.org/site-profile/mono-lake|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nnụnụ mmiri 2,000,000, gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ 35 dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ezu ike ma rie ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ nke afọ. Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị na-adabere na akụ na ụba nke Mono Lake gụnyere American avocets, killdeer, na sandpipers. Otu nde grebes ntị phalaropes nwere ntị na-eji Ọdọ Mmiri Mono eme ihe n'oge ogologo njem ha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=Birds|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010612/https://www.monolake.org/learn/aboutmonolake/naturalhistory/birds/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> Ná ngwụsị oge okpomọkụ ọ bụla, ọtụtụ iri puku Phalaropes nke Wilson na phalarops na-acha ọbara ọbara na-esi n'ebe ha na-anọ, ma na-eri nri ruo mgbe ha gara n'ihu na-aga [[South Amerika|South America]] ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="mlcbirds"/> Na mgbakwunye na nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị, ụdị ole na ole na-anọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na-akpa akwụ́ na Mono Lake. Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu nke California gulls, ''Larus californicus'', nke abụọ naanị na Great Salt Lake na Utah. Kemgbe ha hapụrụ Negit Island na ngwụcha afọ 1970, California gulls akwagala n'àgwàetiti ndị dị nso ma guzobe ebe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na echedoghị ya, ebe obibi. Mahadum Cornell na Point Blue Conservation Science anọgidewo na-amụ banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme akwụ́ na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono nke malitere afọ 35 gara aga. Snowy plovers na-abịakwa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Mono n'oge opupu ihe ubi ọ bụla iji mee akwụ́ n'akụkụ ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shuford|first=David|year=2016|title=Factors influencing the abundance and distribution of the Snowy Plover at Mono Lake, California|journal=Western Birds|volume=47|pages=38–49}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Mono-lake-tufa-1981-003.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] a na-ahụ anya na Mono Lake; South Tufa (1981).]] === Ụmụ amaala America === Ndị obodo Ọdọ Mmiri Mono sitere n'òtù Northern Paiute, nke a na-akpọ Kutzadika'a.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=LAWTON|first=HARRY W.|date=1976|title=Agriculture Among the Paiute of Owens Valley|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27824857|journal=The Journal of California Anthropology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=13–50|issn=0361-7181}}</ref> Ha na-asụ Asụsụ Northern Paiute.<ref name="infodome">{{Cite web|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926145711/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictdl.shtml|archivedate=2010-09-26|title=California Indians and Their Reservations: K|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=31 August 2010}}</ref> Ndị Kutzadika'a na-eri nri alkali fly pupae, nke a na-akpọ ''kutsavi'' n'asụsụ ha. Okwu "Mono" sitere na "Monachi", okwu Yokuts maka agbụrụ ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Nevada.<ref name="Farquhar1926">{{Cite book|title=Place Names of the High Sierra|first=Francis|author=Farquhar|year=1926|url=http://www.yosemite.ca.us/library/place_names_of_the_high_sierra/m.html|publisher=Sierra Club|location=San Francisco|accessdate=2011-05-28}}</ref> N'oge mkpakọrịta mbụ, onye isi mbụ a maara Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Paiute bụ [[Captain John (Paiute)|Captain John]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-004.pdf|journal=Anthropological Records|volume=2|issue=3|title=The Northern Paiute Bands|first=OC|author=Stewart}}</ref> Agbụrụ Mono nwere òtù abụọ: Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Ndị Eastern Mono sonyeere obodo nta ndị Western Mono kwa afọ na Hetch Hetchy Valley, Yosemite Valley, na n'akụkụ Osimiri Merced iji chịkọta acorns, ụdị osisi dị iche iche, na ịzụ ahịa. Ndị Western Mono na Eastern Mono na-ebi n'ebe ndịda etiti ogwu Sierra Nevada, gụnyere Historical Yosemite Valley.<ref name="SDSU2009">{{Cite web|title=California Indians and Their Reservations|work=SDSU Library and Information Access|accessdate=24 July 2009|url=http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726214650/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddictmp.shtml#monowest|archivedate=2010-07-26}}</ref> Taa,ala ndị e debere maka ndị Mono dị na Big Pine, Bishop, nakwa n'ọtụtụ ebe dị na Madera County na Fresno County, California. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji chekwaa === <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />Obodo [[Los Angeles]] wepụrụ mmiri site na Osimiri Owens gaa na Los Angeles Aqueduct na 1913. N'afọ 1941, Ngalaba Mmiri na Ike nke Los Angeles gbatịpụrụ usoro Aqueduct nke Los Angeles gaa n'ebe ugwu n'ime Mono Basin site na mmezu nke Mono Craters Tunnel <ref name="monobasinresearch">{{Cite web|title=Fortieth Annual Report of the Board of Water and Power Commissioners of the City of Los Angeles|url=http://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|accessdate=17 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414161147/http://monobasinresearch.org/historical/40thannualreport.pdf|archivedate=14 April 2016}}</ref> n'etiti Grant Lake Reservoir na Rush Creek na Upper Owens River. Mmiri buru ibu nke na n'oge na-adịghị anya, mmiri si n'ime mmiri gafere, na elu nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dara ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1982, e belatara ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruo 37,688 acres (15,252 hectare), 69% nke ala ya na 1941. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1990, ọdọ mmiri ahụ adaala mita 45 ma tụfuo ọkara ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa mmiri nke 1941 tupu ntụgharị.<ref name="monolake2017">{{Cite web|title=About Mono Lake|work=Mono Lake Committee|url=http://monolake.org/about/|accessdate=3 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308143123/http://www.monolake.org/about/|archivedate=8 March 2017}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ájá alkaline na ụlọ elu [[Tufa]] ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'oge gara aga kpughere, nnu mmiri ji okpukpu abụọ, na Negit Island ghọrọ peninsula, na-ekpughe akwụ́ nke California gulls maka ndị na-eri ibe ha (dị ka coyotes), ma na-amanye ndị gull colony ịhapụ ebe a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Protecting California Gulls|url=https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117075802/https://www.monolake.org/whatwedo/protection/californiagulls/|archivedate=Jan 17, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi David Gaines na nwa akwụkwọ ya David Winkler mụrụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono ma bụrụ ihe enyemaka n'ịdọ ọha na eze aka ná ntị banyere mmetụta nke ọkwa mmiri dị ala na ndepụta gburugburu ebe obibi Winkler nke Mono Basin na 1976.<ref name="mlchist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.monolake.org/mlc/history|title=History of the Mono Lake Committee|publisher=Mono Lake Committee|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206052125/http://monolake.org/mlc/history|archivedate=2011-02-06}}</ref> National Science Foundation kwadoro nyocha mbụ zuru oke nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono, nke Gaines na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ duziri. Na June 1977, Davis Institute of Ecology na Mahadum California bipụtara akụkọ, "An Ecological Study of Mono Lake, California", nke dọrọ California aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịdọrọ mmiri si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka iji obodo mee ihe.<ref name="mlchist" /> Gaines guzobere Kọmitii Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na 1978. Ya na Sally Judy, nwa akwụkwọ UC Davis, duziri kọmitii ahụ wee gaa njem ozi na California. Ha sonyeere Audubon Society n'ọgụ ụlọ ikpe a ma ama ugbu a, National Audubon Society v. Superior Court, iji chebe Mono Lake site na iwu ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze.<ref name="mlchist"/> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị ndị a emeela ka mgbanwe dị mma, elu ala ka dị n'okpuru ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ụsọ mmiri ndị a na-ahụ anya bụ isi iyi nke nnukwu ájá alkaline n'oge oge oké ifufe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dust Sources at Mono Lake|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604084819/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/timelines/alkali.php|archivedate=Jun 4, 2023|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Basin Research Clearinghouse}}</ref> Ọdọ Mmiri Owens, nke a na-emebu ụgbọ mmiri nke Osimiri Owens. Ọdọ Mmị ahụ nwere usoro okike dị mma, bụzi ọdọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ n'oge afọ ndị kpọrọ nkụ site na ntụgharị mmiri malitere na 1920s.Ọdọ Mmiri Mono chebere ihe a mgbe California State Water Resources Control Board (mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke ikpe) nyere iwu (SWRCB Decision 1631) iji chebe Mono Lake na iyi ya na Septemba 28, 1994. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sahagún|first=Louis|date=January 2, 2023|title=Conservationists fight to end Los Angeles water imports from Eastern Sierra's Mono Lake|url=https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2023-01-02/mono-lake-enviros-want-to-end-water-exports-to-los-angeles|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye isi oche SWRCB Board bụ Marc Del Piero bụ naanị onye na-ege ntị (lee D-1631). N'afọ 1941, elu ala ahụ dị na 6,417 feet (1,956 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level"/> Ka ọ na-erule Ọktoba 2022, Ọdọ Mmiri Mono dị na 6,378.7 feet (1,944 n'elu oke osimiri.<ref name="level" /> Ọdịdị ọdọ mmiri nke 6,392 feet (1,948 n'elu oke osimiri bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nke e mere iji hụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ ga-enwe ike iru ma nọgide na-enwe ọkwa dị ala nke a na-ekwenye n'ozuzu ka ọ bụrụ nke kacha nta maka idebe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Reznik|first=Bruce|date=2023-06-27|title=Opinion: A wet winter began to replenish Mono Lake. L.A. should let it be a lake again|url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-06-27/mono-lake-los-angeles-water-dwp|accessdate=2023-06-28|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-esiri ike karị n'oge ọtụtụ afọ nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na American West.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2020|title=State of the Lake|url=https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405010606/https://www.monolake.org/learn/stateofthelake/|archivedate=April 5, 2024|accessdate=2023-05-30|publisher=Mono Lake Committee}}</ref>   == N'omenala a ma ama == [[Faịlụ:Mono_Lake_South_Tufa_August_2013_014.jpg|thumb|"South Tufa, Mono Lake" (2013).]] === Ihe osise === N'afọ 1968, onye na-ese ihe Robert Smithson mere Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Non-Site (Cinders dị nso na Black Point) <ref name="mcasd">{{Cite web|work=Mono Lake Non-Site (Cinders near Black Point)|url=http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|title=Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, 1981.10.1-2|date=1968|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829202657/http://collection.mcasd.org/objects/3938/mono-lake-nonsite-cinders-near-black-point|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> site na iji pumice anakọtara mgbe ọ na-eleta Mono na July 27, 1968, ya na nwunye ya Nancy Holt na Michael Heizer (ha abụọ bụ ndị na-ese foto). N'afọ 2004, Nancy Holt mere ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ Ọdọ Mmiri Mono site na iji ihe nkiri Super 8 na foto nke njem a. A na-eji ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke Smithson na Heizer, abụ abụọ nke Waylon Jennings, na Michel Legrand's Le Jeu, isi isiokwu nke ihe nkiri Jacques Demy Bay of Angels (1963), mee ihe maka ụdaolu ahụ.<ref name="eai">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|title=Nancy Holt and Robert Smithson, ''Mono Lake'', 19:54 min, color, sound, Electronic Arts Intermix|date=1968–2004|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829163208/https://www.eai.org/titles/mono-lake|archivedate=2017-08-29}}</ref> The Diver, foto nke Aubrey Powell nke Hipgnosis wepụtara maka album Pink Floyd Wish You Were Here (1975), gosipụtara ihe yiri ka ọ bụ nwoke na-abanye n'ime ọdọ mmiri, na-emepụta ọ dịghị ebili mmiri. E sere foto ahụ na Mono Lake, ụlọ elu tufa bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ala ahụ. E mepụtara mmetụta ahụ n'ezie mgbe onye na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-eme ka aka guzo n'okpuru mmiri ruo mgbe ebili mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị.<ref name="mojo4music">{{Cite web|work=MOJO magazine|url=http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|title=Floyd Extra! How Wish You Were Here Went Up In Flames|date=September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013171248/http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2011/08/storm_thorgerson_interview.html|archivedate=2011-10-13}}</ref> === N'akwụkwọ === Mark Twain's Roughing It, nke e bipụtara na 1872, na-enye nkọwa mbụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono na ọnọdụ okike ya na 1860s. <ref name="TwainCh38">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 38|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=38&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref><ref name="TwainCh39">{{Cite book|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing It|publisher=University of Virginia Library: Electronic Text Center|chapter=chapter 39|year=1996|chapterurl=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=TwaRoug.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=39&division=div1|accessdate=2008-11-12|isbn=0-19-515979-9}}</ref> Twain chọpụtara na ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị "n'ọzara na-enweghị ndụ, na-enweghị osisi, nke jọgburu onwe ya... ebe owu na-ama n'ụwa" <ref name="TwainCh3839">{{Cite web|author=Twain|first=Mark|title=Roughing it Chapters 38 & 39|url=https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|publisher=Mono Basin Clearing House|accessdate=12 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043903/https://www.monobasinresearch.org/historical/twain.php|archivedate=13 September 2017}}</ref> === Na fim === E sere ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara ugwu mgbawa na ihe nkiri Fair Wind to Java (1953) na Ọdọ Mmiri Mono . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesheetnews.com/2015/03/19/mono-in-the-movies-fair-wind-to-java/|title=Mono in the movies: Fair Wind to java|first=Ken|author=Harrison|date=2015-03-19}}</ref> Ihe ka ukwuu n'ihe nkiri High Plains Drifter (1973) nke Clint Eastwood gbara n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda nke Mono Lake n'afọ ndị 1970. E wuru obodo dum ebe a maka ihe nkiri ahụ, ma mesịa wepụ ya mgbe agbachara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Howard|title=Aim for the Heart|url=https://archive.org/details/aimforheartfilms0000hugh|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84511-902-7}}</ref> === N'egwú === Vidio egwu maka egwu glam metal Cinderella's 1988 power ballad "Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone) " ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ mere.<ref name="Sweeney2011">{{Cite web|author=Sweeney|first=Mike|date=2011-07-19|title=Don't Know What You Got ('Till It's Gone)|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602215501/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-know-what-you-got-ti_b_903790|archivedate=June 2, 2023|accessdate=2014-01-12|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Bodie, Obodo mmụọ dị nso * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri dị na California * Ebe Nchekwa Ọdọ Mmiri Mono Tufa Steeti * Ebe Egwuregwu Mba nke Mono Basin * GFAJ-1, ihe dị ndụ sitere na Mono Lake nke nọ n'etiti esemokwu sayensị banyere arsenic na DNA. * Ndepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-akpọnwụ * Whoa Nellie Deli, nke dị na Lee Vining, California, na-ele Mono Lake anya * Monolake, ọrụ egwu eletrọniki nke dị na Berlin nke aha ya bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Akwụkwọ == * Jayko, A.S., na ndị ọzọ (2013). [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45331 Usoro na Ogologo Ogologo Ogige nke Nnyocha Geophysical, Mono Lake, California, 2009 ruo 2011.] Reston, Va.: Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime, U.S. Geological Survey. * {{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=C.D.|year=1982|title=Potential hazards from future volcanic eruptions in the Long Valley-Mono Lake area, east-central California and southwest Nevada: a preliminary assessment|journal=U.S. Geological Survey Circular|issue=877}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.monocounty.org/mono-lake/ Ihe ọmụma ndị nleta nke Mono Lake] * [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=514 Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Mono Lake Tufa State] * [http://www.monolake.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Mono Lake Committee] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170404195505/http://gocalifornia.about.com/od/casierraseast/a/mono_lake.htm Onye Nlekọta Ndị Nleta Mono Lake] * {{Cite web|title=World Lake Database entry for Mono Lake|url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B4%3Aload%3B|accessdate=2010-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722121543/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/LakeDB2/Lake.asp?LakeID=SNAM-096&RoutePrm=0:%3B4:load%3B|archivedate=2011-07-22}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516210442/http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/archive/f0001.html Foto Landsat nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mono] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614224852/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ca/pdf/bakersfield/geology.Par.56332.File.dat/ovm07_guidebook.pdf Geology na Mining History nke Owens Valley na Mono Basin] {{Sierra Nevada|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bkumw6ysz7e6iq68mfnj8n3ymy4vkvt 0 78162 742458 720391 2026-11-03T07:59:57Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742458 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:JJeffreyApapaneMosquito.jpg|thumb|Anwụnta na-ata nnụnụ [['Apapane]]' n'anya na Hawaii.]] Ọrịa '''Ịba nnụnụ''' bụ Ọrịa nje-efe efe nke nnụnụ, nke ụdị nje ndị sitere na ''Plasmodium'' na ''Hemoproteus'' (phylum Apicomplexa, klas Haemosporidia, ezinụlọ Plasmoiidae) kpatara. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Ricklefs|first=R. E.|date=2002-05-07|title=Diversification and host switching in avian malaria parasites|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=269|issue=1494|pages=885–892|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1940|issn=0962-8452|pmid=12028770}}</ref> Ọrịa a na-ebute site na dipteran vector gụnyere anwụnta n'ihe gbasara nje ''Plasmodium'' na midges na-ata ata maka ''Hemoproteus.'' Ihe mgbaàmà na mmetụta nke nje ahụ na nnụnụ ya dị nke ukwuu, site na ndị na-enweghị mgbaàmà ruo na mbelata dị nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ n'ihi ọrịa ahụ, dịka ọ dị na ndị na-elekọta mmanụ aṅụ Hawaii.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=van Riper|first=Charles|date=1986-02-01|title=The Epizootiology and Ecological Significance of Malaria in Hawaiian Land Birds|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecological-monographs_1986-12_56_4/page/327|journal=Ecological Monographs|language=en|volume=56|issue=4|pages=327–344|doi=10.2307/1942550|issn=1557-7015}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche nke nje dị ukwuu, ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dịka ọtụtụ nje dị ka e nwere ụdị ndị nnabata. Co-speciation na ihe omume mgbanwe nke onye ọbịa enyela aka na ọtụtụ ndị nnabata nke nje ndị a nwere ike ibute, na-eme ka ịba nnụnụ bụrụ ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke a na-ahụ ebe niile ma e wezụga Antarctica. == Ihe kpatara ya == Ihe kacha akpata ọrịa ịba nnụnụ bụ ''Plasmodium relictum'', protist nke na-ebute nnụnụ n'akụkụ niile nke ụwa ma e wezụga Antarctica. Penguins ndị a dọtara n'agha n'ebe ndị na-abụghị nke ala na-ahụkarị protozoa n'enweghị ka ha na ha na-emekọ ihe ma na-emetụta ọrịa karịsịa. Ngosipụta a na-ahụkarị nke ọrịa ahụ na penguins metụtara bụ ọnwụ siri ike. A na-akọ na ọrịa nke penguins ọhịa ma chọọ nghọta ka ukwuu banyere mkpa ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022|author=Ings|first=K.|title=Avian Malaria in Penguins: Diagnostics and Future Direction in the Context of Climate Change|journal=Animals|volume=12|issue=5|doi=10.3390/ani12050600|pmid=35268169}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ''Plasmodium'' ndị ọzọ na-emetụta nnụnụ, dị ka ''Plasmodium anasum'' na ''Plasmodium gallinaceum'', mana ndị a adịghị mkpa ma e wezụga, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, maka ụlọ ọrụ [[Ebe a na-azụ ọkukọ|ọkụkọ]]. A na-ahụ ọrịa a n'ụwa niile, ma e wezụga ndị dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=Nicholas|title=A review of global diversity in avian haemosporidians (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus: Haemosporida): new insights from molecular data.|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|date=2014|volume=44|pages=329–338|doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.004|pmid=24556563|issue=5}}</ref> Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ naghị egbu nnụnụ. Agbanyegh, n'ebe a malitere ịrịa ịba n'etiti nnụnụ ndị a mụrụ ọhụrụ, dị ka agwaetiti Hawai'i, ọ nwere ike imebi nnụnụ ndị na-anaghi anabata mgbanwe ka oge na-aga, dị ka ezinụlọ Mohoidae. == Ụdị nje == Ọrịa ịba nnụnụ bụ ọrịa a na-ebute site na protozoa na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na ''Haemoproteus''; nje ndị a na-amụpụta na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'ime nnụnụ ndị bi na ha na ma na-enweghị mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ ahụhụ ha, nke gụnyere anwụnta (Culicidae), na-ata ụkpara (Ceratopogonidae), na nnụnụ (Hippoboscidae). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Avian malarial parasites and other haemosporidia|author=Gediminas|first=Valkiunas|date=2005-01-01|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-30097-1|oclc=476614868}}</ref> Nje ndị na-egbu egbu nke ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na ''Haemoproteus'', na-agụnye otu pathogens dịgasị iche iche na nkesa zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bensch|first=Staffan|date=2004-07-01|title=Linkage between nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences in avian malaria parasites: multiple cases of cryptic speciation?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_2004-07_58_7/page/1617|journal=Evolution|volume=58|issue=7|pages=1617–1621|doi=10.1554/04-026|pmid=15341164|issn=0014-3820}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke usoro nje na ụdị dị iche iche nke nwere ike ịbụ onye na-elekọta ya na ikike pathogen maka mgbanwe na-eme ka ọmụmụ nke usoro a dị mgbagwoju anya.<ref name=":12"/> Mmekọrịta evolushọn n'etiti ndị ọbịa na nje ndị ahụ agbakwunyere mgbagwoju anya ma na-atụ aro na ọ dị mkpa iji kọwaa etu ihe omume cospeciation zuru ụwa ọnụ si eme ka ọrịa na-ebute na mmezi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche.<ref name="Ricklefs Fallon Eldredge">{{Cite journal|author=RICKLEFS|first=ROBERT|date=2004-02-01|title=Evolutionary Relationships, Cospeciation, and Host Switching in Avian Malaria Parasites|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_systematic-biology_2004-02_53_1/page/111|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=53|issue=1|pages=111–119|doi=10.1080/10635150490264987|pmid=14965906|issn=1063-5157}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na nke a, ikike nke nje ahụ ịgbasa nwere ike ịbụ nke nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị ma si otú a na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'usoro mgbasa ma gbanwee usoro mgbanwe nke nje.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pérez-Tris|first=Javier|date=2005-08-01|title=Dispersal increases local transmission of avian malarial parasites|journal=Ecology Letters|language=en|volume=8|issue=8|pages=838–845|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00788.x|issn=1461-0248}}</ref> Mmetụta nke onye nwe ya na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu ma e meela ọtụtụ mgbalị iji ghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmụba na àgwà ndị nwe ya dị ka ime ụlọ na ịdị elu nke nri, dimorphism mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ogologo oge nke nku. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a ghọtachaghị mmetụta nke ọrịa a n'etiti ndị bi n'ọhịa. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2015 site na iji ihe nlele ọbara sitere na ụmụ nnụnụ [[Malawi|Malawian]] chọpụtara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 80% n'ime ha butere ọrịa ịba ma ọ bụ alveolates ndị yiri ya. Ndị na-anọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-emechi emechi, dị ka ndị na-akpa ákwà na Cisticola, nwere ike ibute ''Plasmodium'' karịa nje ndị na-ebute n'ime ala dị ka ''Haemoproteus'' na ''Leucocytozoon''. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Engel|first=Joshua|title=Birds get malaria, too|url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/birds-get-malaria-too|publisher=Field Museum of Natural History|accessdate=25 February 2022|date=8 April 2015|archivedate=25 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225224404/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/birds-get-malaria-too}}</ref> N'otu nnyocha, ha achọpụtala na ụmụ nnụnụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ yana ọrịa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye. Nke a gosipụtara na afọ nnụnụ nwere ike itolite nwere ike igosi etu ọrịa ahụ siri sie ike. Ihe dị mkpa nke a bụ na ịba nnụnụ anaghị emetụta naanị nnụnụ ndị toro eto kamakwa ọ na-agbasa na nnụnụ na-eto eto. Nke a na-egbochi ha ịmụ nwa ma na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ha maka afọ na-esote nke na-eme ka mbelata nke ọnụọgụ nnụnụ ndị a n'ọdịnihu dị ngwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bensch|first=Staffan|date=2009-09-01|title=MalAvi: a public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages|journal=Molecular Ecology Resources|language=en|volume=9|issue=5|pages=1353–1358|doi=10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x|pmid=21564906|issn=1755-0998}}</ref> E nwere nnukwu arụmụka gbasara ihe kwekọrọ dị ka ụdị dị iche iche n'ime nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa ịba nnụnụ. Nkọwa Latin binomials eji akọwa ''Plasmodium'' na nje ''Hemoproteus'' dabeere na njirimara ọdịdị na mgbochi nke nje nke nnụnụ ha nwere ike ibute.<ref name="Ricklefs Fallon Eldredge"/> Ya mere, ịtụle ihe omume co-speciation ma ọ bụ ọbụna ụdị [[Biodiversity|ịdị iche iche]] maka nje ịba gbara ya gburugburu ọtụtụ nghọtahie. Ngwá ọrụ ndị na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ eduziwo nkewa na nkọwa phylogenetic nke usoro, dabere na ọdịiche nke usoro na ọnụọgụ nke ndị ọbịa nke enwere ike ịchọta nje. Ụdị dị iche iche nke nje ịba na haemosporidia ndị ọzọ buru oke ibu, na nyocha ndị gara aga achọpụtala na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje na-eru nso ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọbịa, yana ihe omume mgbanwe dị mkpa na ịkekọrịta nje.<ref name=":12"/> Ụzọ dị ugbu a na-atụ aro mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa cytochrome b nke nje ahụ na iwughachi usoro ọmụmụ dabere na ozi a. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke agbụrụ na ụdị dị iche iche, e mepụtara nchekwa data ọha na eze a na-akpọ MalAvi iji gbaa ndị a ume ịkekọrịta usoro ndị a ma nyere aka ịghọta ụdị dị iche nke nje ndị a.<ref name=":0"/> N'iburu n'uche na-emepụtabeghị akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ọzọ maka otu nje a, a chọpụtala ọdịiche dị n'usoro ~ 1.2-4% dị ka uru njedebe iji mee ka ọdịiche dị iche n'etiti ụdị nje dị iche iche.<ref name="Ricklefs Fallon Eldredge" /> Usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ enyela ohere iji ya tụnyere phylogenies na usoro ọmụmụ nke nje, a chọpụtakwara nkọwa dị mkpa dabere na ndakọrịta nke osisi phylogenetic dabere na ihe omume. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọdịdị nke ọrịa nje ịba === Enweghị ọdịdị pụrụ iche maka nje ịba nnụnụ na nje haemosporidian yiri ya. Agbanyeghị, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ịchọta nje ịba na anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ, nnụnụ na anụ na-enye nwa ara, ọ ga-ekwe omume ijikọta data sitere n'otu ndị a ma nwee nnukwu odịdị dị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Martinsen|first=Ellen S.|date=2008-04-01|title=A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (Plasmodium and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches|url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-phylogenetics-and-evolution_2008-04_47_1/page/261|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|pages=261–273|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012|pmid=18248741}}</ref> Ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, ndị na-ahụ maka nje na-ekewa nje ịba dabere na ọdịdị na akụkọ ndụ na data ọhụrụ na-egosi na ndị a nwere akara phylogenetic dị iche iche. Ụzọ dị ugbu a na-egosi na ụdị ''Plasmodium'' na-ebute nnụnụ na anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ bụ nke otu ìgwè, na agbụrụ ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara bụ nke otu ụdị dị iche. N'ihe gbasara ''Haemoproteus,'' a na-ekewa otu a n'uzọ odinaala dabere na onye na-ebute ya, ebe otu alaka na-esi n'aka ụmụ ijiji hippoboscid gaa n'ụdị nnụnụ columbiform na otu nke abụọ na-ebufe site na ndị na-ata ahụhụ gaa na ezinụlọ nnụnụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe omuma nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-akwado ụzọ a ma na-atụ aro ịhazigharị otu nke ikpeazụ dị ka ''Parahaemoproteous.''   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ịba nnụnụ === Ọ bụ eziokwu na ọrịa na-agbasa ebe niile, ihe kpatara ọrịa ahụ bụ ''Plasmodium relictum'' na agbụrụ ndị metụtara ya. Iji ghọta nke ọma na ihe gbasara ọrịa nje na nkesa ala, a na-eme nyocha nke ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gafee ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche site n'ileba anya na mkpụrụ ndụ ihnketa nuklia MSP1 (Merozoite surface protein) site na ''Plasmodium relictum'' <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hellgren|first=Olof|date=2015-08-01|title=Global phylogeography of the avian malaria pathogen Plasmodium relictum based on MSP1 allelic diversity|journal=Ecography|language=en|volume=38|issue=8|pages=842–850|doi=10.1111/ecog.01158|issn=1600-0587}}</ref>. Nchọpụta egosila na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche n'etiti agbụrụ sitere na Ụwa Ọhụrụ na Ụwa Ochie, na-atụ aro mmeghe dị iche iche nke nje ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, a chọtara nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti Europe na agbụrụ Africa, na-atụ aro usoro dị iche iche nke nnyefe maka ndị bi na mpaghara ọnụọgụgụ ebe okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a dị ọhụrụ, ịchọpụta ọdịiche dị na alelic ọ dị mkpa iji kpughee usoro Mbufe nje na ohere nke iwebata ndị ọhụrụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Vector == [[Faịlụ:Culexquinquefasciatus.png|thumb| Anwụnta Culex quinquefasciatus]] N'adịghị ka ihe ọmụma banyere mmekọrịta njeụnụ, mmekọrịta parasite na vector bụ nke a na-enyochaghị. MalAvi <ref name="Bensch-et-al-2009">{{Cite journal|author=BENSCH|first=STAFFAN|title=MalAvi: a public database of malaria parasites and related haemosporidians in avian hosts based on mitochondrial cytochrome b lineages|journal=[[Molecular Ecology Resources]]|volume=9|issue=5|date=2009-08-12|issn=1755-098X|doi=10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x|pages=1353–1358|pmid=21564906}}</ref> depụtara ọtụtụ vectors a maara ma dịka ọ dị n'afọ 2015 nke a ezughi ezu. N'ozuzu, a na-ebute ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nakwa efe efe site na ''Culex''.<ref name="Pigeault-et-al-2015">{{Cite journal|author=Pigeault|first=Romain|title=Avian malaria: a new lease of life for an old experimental model to study the evolutionary ecology of ''Plasmodium''|journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]]|volume=370|issue=1675|date=2015-08-19|issn=0962-8436|doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0300|pmid=26150666}}</ref> Ihe na-ebute ya na Hawai'i bụ anwụnta ''Culex quinquefasciatus'', nke e webatara na Hawaiian Islands n'afọ 1826. Kemgbe ahụ, ịba nnụnụ avipoxvirus jikọtara ọnụ mebie ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ ndị bi na ya, na-ebute ọtụtụ mkpochapụ. Hawai'i nwere ọtụtụ nnụnụ ndị na-adịghịzi adị karịa ebe ọ bụla ọzọ n'ụwa; kemgbe afọ 1980, nnụnụ iri pụrụ iche apụọla.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla nwere ike ibute ọrịa n'okpuru 4,000 feet (1,200 m) n'ịdị elu ka ọrịa ahụ kpochapụrụ. Anwụnta ndị a dị n'ebe dị ala, n'okpuru 5,000 feet (1,500 m) , site na okpomọkụ oyi nke na-egbochi mmepe nke igurube. Agbanyeghị, ha yiri ka ha na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-enweta ụkwụ n'ebe dị elu ma ebe ha nọ nwere ike ịgbasa elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.audubon.org/news/how-protect-hawaiis-rarest-birds-avian-malaria|title=How to Protect Hawaii's Rarest Birds From Avian Malaria|date=2015-11-16|work=Audubon|language=en|accessdate=2020-02-04|archivedate=2020-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204074919/https://www.audubon.org/news/how-protect-hawaiis-rarest-birds-avian-malaria}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, ọtụtụ nnụnụ ala Hawaii fọdụrụnụ nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mbibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liao|first=Wei|date=2017-01-06|title=Mitigating Future Avian Malaria Threats to Hawaiian Forest Birds from Climate Change|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0168880|issn=1932-6203|pmid=28060848}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime agwaetiti Hawaii nwere ike ịdị elu kachasị elu nke na-erughị 5,000 feet (1,500 , yabụ ewezuga agwaetiti Hawai'i na East Maui, nnụnụ obodo nwere ike ịpụ n'anya na agwaetiti ọ bụla ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na anwụnta nwere ike ibi n'ebe dị elu.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Ronald_Ross.jpg|thumb|266x266px|Ronald Ross]] A mụrụ Ronald Ross na Almora, India n'afọ 1857. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị mmasị n'ọgwụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ nabatara ọchịchọ nke nna ya ịhụ ka ọ banyere na Indian Medical Service. Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ọgwụ ya na St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London n'afọ 1874 wee nọrọ n'ule maka Royal College of Surgeons of England n'afọ 1879. Ọ were ọrụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ n'ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe Atlantic mgbe ọ na-amụ maka, ma nweta Ikike nke Society of Apothecaries, nke nyere ya ohere ịbanye na Indian Medical Service na 1881, ebe o nwere nhọpụta nwa oge na Madras, Burma, na Andaman Islands. N'afọ 1892, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ịba, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-enwe obi abụọ na nje ndị ahụ dị adị, ọ ghọrọ onye jị ịnu ọkụ n'obi kwere na nje ịba dị n'ọbara mgbe Patrick Manson gosipụtara ya nke a n'oge ezumike n'ụlọ na 1894. N'afọ 1895, Ross malitere ịchọ igosi echiche nke Alphonse Laveran na Manson <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1907/laveran/facts/|accessdate=2023-10-19|work=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> na anwụnta nwere njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya na mgbasa nke ịba. N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1897, Ross mere nchọpụta ya dị ịrịba ama na Secunderabad. Mgbe ọ na-enyocha anụ ahụ nke afọ nke anwụnta anopheline nke riri onye ọrịa na-arịa ịba ụbọchị anọ gara aga, ọ chọtara nje ịba, si otú a gosipụta ọrụ anwụnta ''Anopheles'' na nnyefe nke nje ịba n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na nyocha ya banyere ịba na India, na-eji ihe nnwale dị mfe - ịba na nnụnụ. N'afọ 1898, o gosipụtara na anwụnta nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-ebute ọrịa ịba. Mgbe ọ nyesịrị anwụnta nri n'ahụ nnụnụ ndị butere ọrịa, ọ chọpụtara na nje ịba nwere ike ịpụta na anwụnta ma kwaga na gland nke ọnụ mmiri ụmụ ahụhụ, na-enyere anwụnta aka ibute ọrịa nnụnụ ọzọ n'oge nri ọbara ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Prevention|first=CDC-Centers for Disease Control and|date=2017-03-28|title=CDC - Malaria - About Malaria - History - Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/ross.html|accessdate=2023-10-19|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> N'afọ 1902, e nyere Ross ihe nrite nke Nobel na ọgwụ maka nchọpụta ya gbasara nnyefe anwụnta nke ịba.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sinden|first=RE|date=2007|title=Malaria, mosquitoes and the legacy of Ronald Ross.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=85|issue=11|pages=894–896|doi=10.2471/blt.04.020735|pmid=18038083}}</ref> == Usoro ọrịa == Usoro ọrịa na-amalitekarị site na nje ndị na-etobeghị eto a maara dị ka sporozoites, nke a na-ebu n'ọnụ mmiri nke anwụnta nwanyị butere ọrịa, na ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche. Mgbe otu n'ime anwụnta ndị a tara ha, sporozoites ma ọ bụ banye n'ọbara ma ọ bụ na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ nnụnụ ahụ, na-awakpo Fibroblasts na macrophages ma na-etolite n'ụdị a na-akpọ Merozoites. N'ime awa 36 ruo 48, a na-ahapụ merozoites n'ime ọbara ma buru ha gaa na macrophages na ụbụrụ, imeju, ọkpụkpụ, akụrụ, na akpa ume. N'ikpeazụ, nje ndị ahụ na-amalite ịmụ nwa na-enweghị mmekọahụ, na-emepụta ụdị nke onwe ha. Ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke merozoites na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, ebe ha na-eto, na-amụba, ma mesịa mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ mepee. Ntọhapụ mberede nke nje na ọnwụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-akpata oke ọrịa. N'ime nnụnụ ndị nwere ike ibute ọrịa, a na-ahụkarị oge a site na [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]], nke na-esokwa mgbaàmà nke adịghị ike, ịda mbà n'obi, na enweghị agụụ. Nnụnụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ọbụna ịda mbà ma nwụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avian malaria {{!}} Bird Disease, Causes & Prevention {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/avian-malaria|accessdate=2023-10-26|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> == Usoro ọrịa na ọrịa na-efe efe == ''Plasmodium relictum'' na-amụba na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Ọ bụrụ na ibu nke nje ahụ dị elu nke ukwuu, nnụnụ ahụ na-amalite ịlafụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, na-akpata [[Ịdị ụkọ ọbara|ụkọ ọbara]]. N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie dị oke mkpa maka ịkwaga ikuku Oxygen n'ahụ, ọnwụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a nwere ike ibute na adịghị ike na-aga n'ihu na, n'ikpeazụ, ọnwụ.<ref name="USDI and USGS 2005">USDI and USGS 2005.</ref> Ọrịa ịba na-emetụtakarị nnụnụ na-efe efe. Na Hawaiʻi, nke a na-agụnye ọtụtụ n'ime Ndị na-eme mmanụ aṅụ na Hawaii crow. Ọrịa a na-emetụta ya dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ʻiʻiwi nwere ike ibute ịba ebe [['Apapane]] na-erughị ya.<ref name="USDI and USGS 2005" /> Nnụnụ ndị Hawaiian na-emetụta ọrịa ahụ karịa nnụnụ ndị e webatara ma gosipụta ọnụọgụ ọnwụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Riper III|first=Charles|date=1986|title=The Epizootiology and Ecological Significance of Malaria in Hawaiian Land Birds|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1942550|journal=Ecological Monographs|language=en|volume=56|issue=4|pages=327–344|doi=10.2307/1942550|issn=1557-7015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Atkinson|first=C. T.|date=1995|title=Wildlife disease and conservation in Hawaii: Pathogenicity of avian malaria ( Plasmodium relictum ) in experimentally infected Iiwi ( Vestiaria coccinea )|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S003118200007582X/type/journal_article|journal=Parasitology|language=en|volume=111|issue=S1|pages=S59–S69|doi=10.1017/S003118200007582X|pmid=8632925|issn=0031-1820}}</ref> Nke a nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ụmụ nnụnụ ala dinaa tinyere ''P. relictum'' a na-ata ụta maka mgbochi na mkpochapụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ na Hawai'i, ọkachasị nnụnụ ọhịa nke ebe obibi ọhịa dị ala ebe nje anwụnta na-adịkarị.{{Excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|Geographic range and distribution|paragraphs=2}}Ka ịba na-agbasa n'ebe a na-azụ ụmụ n'elu ugwu, ọ na-eyi ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọmụmụ ihe egwu ma na-ebelata ndụ nwa ọkụkọ. Nke a egbochi uto nnụnụ niile .<ref name="GaramszegI">{{Cite journal|author=GaramszegI|first=László Z|year=2011|title=Climate change increases the risk of malaria in birds|journal=Global Change Biology|volume=17|issue=5|pages=1751–1759|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02346.x}}</ref>Nnyocha nke ihe ngosi ihu igwe egosila na na-enweghị ntinye aka, mpaghara nnyefe ga-anọgide na-etolite elu nke na-ebelata ebe nsọ dị elu nke ọtụtụ ụdị ala na-adabere na ya maka ndụ.<ref name="Bustamante-Castillo2025">{{Cite journal|author=Bustamante-Castillo|first=Michelle|title=Avian malaria in wild birds within a tropical dry forest area in Guatemala|journal=Neotropical Biology and Conservation|date=2025|volume=20|issue=3|pages=205–219|doi=10.3897/neotropical.20.e153327}}</ref>Ọ bụrụ na nke a emee, nke a na-eduga n'ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ụmụ nnụnụ ala Hawaiian fọdụrụnụ ịghọ ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi. Nke a bụ ihe na-emebi ihe nye nnụnụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ka 'i'iwi ma ha agaghị enwe ebe ọ bụla ha ga-aga n'ebe dị ala, pasentị ịrị itoolu n'ime na-anwụkwa oge ha butere ọrịa ahụ.<ref name=":1"/> Na Mgbakwunye, nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'obodo ukwu [[California]] egosila na nje ''Plasmodium'' n'ime nnụnụ dị ka Dark-eyed Junco na-emetụta mmiri ozuzo karịa mmepe obodo n'onwe ya, ebe ọrịa sitere na ndị ọkachamara nje ''Haemoproteus'' na-ebelata nke ukwuu na gburugburu obodo mepere emepe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amaya-Mejia|first=Wilmer Stanley|date=2025|title=Haemosporidian Infection Risk Variation Across an Urban Gradient in a Songbird|journal=Ecology and Evolution|language=en|volume=15|issue=7|doi=10.1002/ece3.71770|issn=2045-7758|pmid=40641488}}</ref> Ọnụogụ ọrịa a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ n'ime afọ 70 gara aga. Ihe a ma ama n'etiti ụdị nnụnụ ndị kachasị emetụta bụ nza ụlọ, nnukwu tits, na Eurasian blackcaps. Tupu afọ 1990, mgbe okpomọkụ ụwa dị jụụ karịa ugbu a, ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke nza ụlọ (Passer domesticus) butere ọrịa ịba. Otú ọ dị, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ a amụbaala ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 30%. N'otu aka ahụ, kemgbe afọ 1995, pasent nke nnukwu ntutu na-arịa ọrịa ịba arịwo elu site na 3% ruo 15%. N'afọ 1999, ihe dị ka 4% nke blackcaps - ụdị nke ọrịa ịba nnụnụ adịghị emetụtabu - butere ọrịa. Maka ikwikwii tawny na UK, ihe na-eme site na 2-3% ruo 60% . <ref name="GaramszegI"/> IIhe nlere anakọtara site na nnụnụ ọhịa n'oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ na Guatemala afọ 2021 kpughere mmụba 38% nke ịba nnụnụ.<ref name="Bustamante-Castillo2025"/> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụ anya na ọrịa ọhụrụ na-efe efe ga-abụ nke ihe omume nke ụdị, nke na-aghọtaghị ezigbo ọnọdụ ahụ. Mgbanwe nke onye nlekọta ya bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nnụnụ Haemosporidians, gụnyere ihe ndị na-ahụ maka ịba nke nnụnụ. Ime Mgbanwe na ndị nleta ọ bụla dị n'ógbè ahụ yiri ka ọ dị mkpa nke abụọ.<ref name="Booth-2018">{{Cite book|author=Booth|first=Mark|title=Climate Change and the Neglected Tropical Diseases|series=Advances in Parasitology|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|date=2018-03-28|doi=10.1016/bs.apar.2018.02.001|pages=39–126|isbn=978-0-12-815169-3}}</ref> == Nchịkwa == Ụzọ bụ isi iji chịkwaa ịba nnụnụ bụ ịchịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta. Ịchụ nta na iwepụ ezì na-enyere aka, n'ihi na wallows sitere na Ezì ọhịa na oghere oghere nke hapu'u ferns na-enye mmiri ruru unyi ebe anwụnta na-amụ (USDI na USGS 2005). Gburugburu ụlọ, ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị nwere ike ịnweta mmiri na-enyere aka belata ebe anwụnta na-amụ (SPREP Undated). Agbanyeghị, na Hawai'i, mgbalị ịchịkwa anwụnta site na mbelata ebe obibi larval na iji larvicide ewepụbeghị ihe iyi egwu ahụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> O nwekwara ike ịchọta nnụnụ na-anaghi anabata ịba, na-achịkọta àkwá ma na-azụlite ụmụ nnụnụ ọhụrụ maka iwebata ha ọzọ n'ebe nnụnụ ndị na-anaghi anabata nje ahụ, na-enye ụdị nnụnụ ahụ ohere ịmalite na ịgbasa nguzogide. E nwere ihe akaebe maka evolushọn nke iguzogide ịba nnụnụ n'ụdị abụọ, O'ahu ʻamakihi na Hawai'i ʻamakihi. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ichekwa ụdị ndị ọzọ ruo ogologo oge, ha nwekwara ike ịmalite iguzogide. Otu usoro ga-abụ ime ka ebe ndị dị elu dị n'àgwàetiti Hawai'i, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'elu ebe mgbaba Hakalau n'ala nke Ngalaba Hawaiian Homelands na-elekọta. Nke a nwere ike inye nnụnụ oge ka ha mee mgbanwe tupu mgbanwe ihu igwe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe anwụnta ebute ịba nnụnụ na nnụnụ ikpeazụ fọdụrụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A tụkwara aro iwepụ anwụnta na Hawai'i site na iji nhazi CRISPR. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Isi nke nje ịba nnụnụ". Malaria Journal. 17 (1). BioMed Central: 212. doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2359-5. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 5975542. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (GV ORCID: 0000-0003-0594-0280).{{Cite journal|author=Valkiūnas|first=Gediminas|title=Keys to the avian malaria parasites|journal=[[Malaria Journal]]|volume=17|issue=1|date=2018-05-29|issn=1475-2875|doi=10.1186/s12936-018-2359-5|pmid=29843718}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=39&fr=1&sts= E debere ya na Wayback Machine * {{Cite web|title=''Plasmodium'' Infection in Poultry - Poultry|work=[[MSD Veterinary Manual]]|url=http://www.msdvetmanual.com/poultry/bloodborne-organisms/plasmodium-infection-in-poultry|accessdate=2022-01-07}} * {{Cite web|title=How Malaria Hurts Birds|work=[[National Audubon Society]]|date=2015-06-16|url=http://www.audubon.org/news/how-malaria-hurts-birds|accessdate=2022-01-07}} * {{Cite web|author=Cooperative Research Units|title=Avian Malaria|work=[[U.S. Geological Survey]]|date=2018-10-18|url=http://www.usgs.gov/diseases-of-terrestrial-wildlife/avian-malaria|accessdate=2022-01-07}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r2a2iwjgj1n3wtk65z8x9gc3o4prl7g 0 78166 742637 698973 2026-11-03T08:54:16Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742637 wikitext text/x-wiki Quartan fever bụ otu n'ime ụdị [[Iba|ịba]] anọ nke ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ibute. Ọ bụ ''Plasmodium'' malariae, otu n'ime ụdị isii nke ụdị protozoan Plasmodium na-akpata ya.   Ọrịa ahụ ọkụ Quartan bụ ụdị ịba ebe mmalite nke ahụ ọkụ na-ere mmadụ n'ime ụbọchị atọ ruo anọ, ya mere e jiri nye ya aha bụ "quartan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/quartan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414123956/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/quartan|archivedate=April 14, 2019|title=quartan|date=2019|work=English Oxford living Dictionaries|accessdate=29 March 2019}}</ref> A na-ebute ya site na ọtịta anwụnta nwanyị bu ọrịa nke ụdị ''Anopheles''. Mgbaàmà ọrịa a gụnyere ahụ ọkụ nke na-estite na ihe dịka Degrii 40-41 ma na-eme site n'oge ruo n'oge n'ime awa 72. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrịa ịba dị n'ụwa niile, ọrịa quartan na-emekarị na mpaghara okpomọkụ. A na-ewere ọrịa ịba Quartan dị ka ụdị ọrịa ịba na-adịchaghị njọ nke enwere ike ịgwọ site na Ọgwụ mgbochi ịba, a pụkwara igbochie ya iji zere ibute ọrịa a.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe ịrịba ama na ihe mgbaàmà == Ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke ịba quartan gụnyere inwe ntụpọ na-adịghị mma, ọzịza, na ahụ ọkụ akpụkpọ ahụ, mana nke a dabeere na otú onye ọ bụla si anabata ọtịta anwụnta, ọ nwekwara ike ọ gaghị apụta ìhè n'ahụ ụfọdụ ndị. Site na ịba anwụnta nke ''Anopheles'', welt agaghị apụta karịa ma enwere mmeghachi omume nfụkasị siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iamat.org/insect-bite-prevention|title=Insect Bite Prevention|date=25 January 2019|work=IAMAT|accessdate=13 May 2019|archivedate=17 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095922/https://www.iamat.org/insect-bite-prevention}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2026)">nkwenye dara ada</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ihe na-akpata ya == Anwụnta nwanyị ''bụ́ Anopheles'' bụ ihe na-ebufe nje iba quartan nke na-efe efe nye mmadụ. Anwụnta ndị tozuru okè na-ebu sporozoites uninucleate n'ime gland asọ mmiri ha; sporozoite ndị a na-abanye n'ọbara mmadụ mgbe anwụnta na-akpa nri n-anụ ahụ mmadụ. Sporozoites na-awakpo ma bie ndụ sel imeju parenchymal, nke a na-akpọ hepatocytes, iji too nke ọma. Ozugbo sporozoite ndị na-anaghị amị amị toro, sporozoite ndị ahụ na-aghọ merozoite ndị na-anaghị amị amị. Merozoite ndị na-enweghị ihe ọkpụkpụ na-etolite ruo n'ọkwa erythrocytic nke a na-akpọ schizonts nke nwere merozoites. Schizont, erythrocyte nke nwere ọrịa, na-agbawa iji wepụta merozoites ndị a; nke na-eduga n'ọrịa ndị ọzọ na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie. Merozoite ndị na-enweghị ike imepụta ihe nwekwara ike itolite ghọọ [[Gammetocyte|mkpụrụ ndụ ihe]] nketa nke nwere ike ịbanye ma bute anwụnta ndị ọzọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ''bụ́ Anopheles'' n'oge ha na-eri nri, si otú a gbasaa ọrịa ahụ nye ọtụtụ mmadụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">achọrọ ntụaka</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_Mosquito_feeding.webm|thumb| Anwụnta Anopheles Na-akpa nri (vidio e sere na County Durham, UK.)]] == Usoro Nchọpụta ọrịa == Ahụ ọkụ nke awa iri asatọ na abụọ na-eme ka ahụ ọkụ quartan dị iche na ụdị ịba ndị ọzọ ebe ahụ ọkụ na-adịru awa iri anọ na asatọ maọbụ mmụba ahụ ọkụ nke na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">achọrọ ntụaka</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Oge nchọpụta bụ oge mgbe nje nwere ike imetụta onye nwe ya na mgbe enwere ike ịchọpụta ha na fim ọbara. Maka ọrịa quartan, P. malariae nwere oge a pụrụ ịchọpụta ya nke bụ site n'ụbọchị iri isii ruo ụbọchị iri ise na itoolu. Karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ọrịa ahụ ọkụ quartan, mgbawa nke ọrịa imeju na-ewepụta merozoites. A maara ọkwa a nke usoro ndụ P. malariae dị ka oge "rịngị" ma bụrụkwa ọkwa mbụ nke enwere ike ịchọpụta na ọbara mmadụ maka nchọpụta.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Plasmodium malariae: Parasite and Disease|author=Collins|first=William E.|date=2007|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=20|issue=4|pages=579–592|doi=10.1128/CMR.00027-07|pmid=17934075}}</ref> === Usoro ọgwụgwọ nke na-achọpụta ọrịa ahụ ọkụ === * Enwere ike iji ọbara mee ihe iji chọpụta nje ndị dị n'ime sellụ ọbara ọbara ọbara, a na-ejikarị smear nke ọbara buru ibu eme ihe na mbụ iji chọpụta nje, mgbe ahụ, ọbara dị nro na-esochi ya nke nwere ike ịchọpụta nje ndị ahụ ka a na-echekwa ọdịdị nke erythrocytes site na usoro ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide/reduction/dx_rdt.html|title=Rapid Diagnostic Tests: How They Work|date=2018|work=CDC|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref> * Nnyocha ọbara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke nwere Ihe na-acha odo odo bụ usoro nnyocha ọbara eji achọpụta ọnụnọ nke Plasmodium malariae, ma chọpụta ọrịa quartan.<ref name=":4"/> * Nnyocha nchọpụta ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịchọpụta antigen ndị na-akpata ịba. A na-anakọta ọbara n'aka onye ọrịa ma tinye ya na kaadị nyocha. Mgbe nkeji iri na ise gachara, bands na-apụta na kaadị nnyocha ahụ, nke na-egosi ụdị ịba a kapịrị ọnụ nke onye ọrịa ahụ butere.<ref name=":1" /> * A na-eji nyocha serological n'ozuzu ya chọpụta ma onye ọrịa emepụtala ndị na-alụso nje virus ọgụ, <ref name=":1" /> ya mere, a na-eji ule serological chọpụta ihe ndị gara aga na nje ''Plasmodium'' karịa ikpe siri ike ebe onye ọrịa butere P. malariae ma nwee ọrịa quartan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/649/serologic-test|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202111614/https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/649/serologic-test|archivedate=December 2, 2018|title=AIDS info|work=HIV/AIDS Glossary|accessdate=9 May 2019}}</ref> * A na-eji mmeghachi omume polymerase (PCR) eme ihe iji chọpụta ''Plasmodium'' malariae, ihe na-akpata ahụ ọkụ, yana ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrịa na ụdị Plasmodium dị iche iche.<ref name=":4" /> == <ref name=":3"/>Usoro Mgbochi == Ụzọ iji belata ọtịta anwụnta ''Anopheles'' gụnyere: * Ọgbụgba e ji egbu anwụnta iji gbochie ịba site na Global Malaria Eradication Campaign. Ịgba ihe ọgbụgba bụ usoro eji achịkwa ọrịa ịba.<ref name=":3" /> * Ihe mkpuchi net ndị e ji ọgwụ chekwaa na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'igbochi ọtịta anwụnta ruo afọ atọ. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-echebe ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ịgbasa ọrịa ahụ ọkụ n'ime ndị mmadụ.<ref name=":3" /> * Onyinye ọgwụ Sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine (SP) nye ndị dị ime bụkwa isi iyi nke mgbochi iji belata ihe ize ndụ nke ụkọ ọbara mgbe nwanyị dị ime, ogo Ọdịdị dị ala, na ọnwụ n'afọ ime. SP na-ebelata mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ ọkụ quartan ebe ndị a mụrụ ụmụ ọhụrụ ma belata ọnụọgụ ọnwụ. A maara usoro mgbochi a dị ka chemoprophylaxis . <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Kayentao|first=K|date=23 February 2012|title=Intermittent preventive therapy for malaria during pregnancy using 2 vs 3 or more doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and risk of low birth weight in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=JAMA|volume=309|issue=6|pages=594–604|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.216231|pmid=23403684}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Anopheles_head_turning6314.ogv|thumb|''Anopheles'' anwụnta larvae, nke Steffen Dietzel sere]] * Imeziwanye ụlọ bụkwa usoro mgbochi. Ụlọ ọdịnala ndị e ji ihe ndị sitere n'okike wuo nwere ike inwe oghere ndị na-enye ohere nye Anopheles. Mmeziwanye ụlọ, nke gụnyere windo na ọnụ ụzọ mechiri emechi, na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke ịbịakwute anwụnta ndị butere ọrịa.<ref name=":3"/> * Nchịkwa isi iyi larval bụ njikwa na nlekota nke gburugburu ebe mmiri dọọ iji gbochie anwụnta ''Anopheles'' itolite n'ụzọ zuru ezu.<ref name=":3" /> Anwụnta chọrọ gburugburu mmiri na-adọ iji tozuo ma too n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ozugbo àkwá anwụnta ahụ pupụtara, igurube ahụ ga-ebi na mmiri ma ghọọ nwa anwụnta. Ọkwa pupa ahụ na-etolite ma ghọọ anwụnta zuru oke ma si n'ebe obibi ya pụta. Mgbe ị na-agbapụ ihe ọ bụla jupụtara na mmiri n'ógbè ahụ gbara ya gburugburu, ọ na-akwụsị usoro ndụ anwụnta ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta n'ime mpaghara ahụ gbara ya gburugburu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/mosquitocontrol/mosquito-life-cycle|title=Mosquito Life Cycle|date=13 March 2017|work=EPA|accessdate=3 May 2019}}</ref> Iyi Uwe nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ iji gbochie anwụnta iri nri n'anụ ahụ a na-ahụ anya, na iji ọgwụ ogbugbu anwụnta ma ọ bụ ihe na-egbochi agwọ àkwà na uwe nwere ike belata ohere nke anwụnta na-arịa ọrịa na-ata ma na-ebufe ọrịa quartan nye ndị mmadụ.<ref name=":3"/> * Izere ebe ndị nwere ọnụọgụgụ dị elu nke anwụnta, ọkachasị ndị nwere ụdị P. malariae nke na-akpata ọrịa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Prevention Efforts for Malaria|journal=Current Tropical Medicine Reports|volume=5|issue=1|pages=41–50|author=Tizifa|first=Tinashe A|date=8 February 2018|pmid=29629252|doi=10.1007/s40475-018-0133-y}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTizifa2018">Tizifa, Tinashe A (8 February 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879044 "Prevention Efforts for Malaria"]. ''Current Tropical Medicine Reports''. '''5''' (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>50. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s40475-018-0133-y|10.1007/s40475-018-0133-y]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879044 5879044]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29629252 29629252].</cite></ref> * Zere ịga njem n'ógbè ndị nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ iji gbochie ọrịa na mmepe nke ọrịa ahụ ọkụ quartan.<ref name=":3" /> * Ịmepụta usoro ịgba shuga na-enyere aka belata ọnụ ọgụgụ anwụnta Anopheles, ma mechaa belata ohere nke ijide ọrịa quartan. Ma anwụnta nwoke ma nke nwanyị na-eri nri na-adọrọ mmasị na-egbu egbu shuga (ATSB) ma na-eri obere ihe ize ndụ n'ọnụ, dịka boric acid. Nke a na-eduga n'ọnwụ anwụnta ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) methods decimate populations of Anopheles malaria vectors in arid environments regardless of the local availability of favoured sugar-source blossoms|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=11|pages=31|author=C Beier|first=John|date=1 February 2012|pmid=22297155|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-31}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] ay1rmogv1sdfckt4k2pb1xslkemv1sy 0 79303 742372 709209 2026-11-03T01:45:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 742372 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Barlonyo_memorial_ground_ogur.jpg|thumb|Ebe ncheta Barlonyo na Lira]] A makwaara Barlonyo Memorial Site dị ka Barlonyo Monument ma ọ bụ Barlonyo Massacre site <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-05|title=Barlonyo rises from grief to a symbol of peace and justice|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/reviews-profiles/barlonyo-rises-from-grief-to-a-symbol-of-peace-and-justice-1625586|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> bụ ili ọha ebe e liri ndị nkịtị 301 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lango honours Barlonyo massacre victims|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=200 people still missing 15 years after Barlonyo attack|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/200-people-still-missing-15-years-after-barlonyo-attack-1809214|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> ndị Lord Resistance Army gburu na Febụwarị 21, 2004. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-01|title=Massacre Memorial in Uganda Uses Knowledge to Prevent Future Atrocities|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/uganda/ugandan-towns-memorial-2004-massacre-hopes-knowledge-will-prevent-atrocities/|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=Global Press Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dominic|first=Ochola|date=2014-03-22|title=Ocampo offers to renew Barlonyo massacre probe|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1338944/ocampo-offers-renew-barlonyo-massacre-probe|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=New Vision}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=I will represent LRA war victims in ICC - Ocampo|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/i-will-represent-lra-war-victims-in-icc-ocampo--1568576|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-24|title=Barlonyo still awaits government pledges six years after massacre|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/barlonyo-still-awaits-government-pledges-six-years-after-massacre-1469890|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Barlonyo massacre commemoration postponed|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> E guzobere ihe ncheta ahụ iji cheta ndị e gburu. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-16|title=LRA insurgency: More human remains recovered near Barlonyo memorial site|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lra-insurgency-more-human-remains-recovered-near-barlonyo-memorial-site-1830444|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=Daniel|first=Akena|date=2022-02-22|title=Barlonyo Massacre Site; From The Dark Memory Of LRA War To A Booming Commercial Hub|url=https://news.explorer.co.ug/barlonyo-massacre-site-from-the-dark-memory-of-lra-war-to-a-booming-commercial-hub/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Explorer Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030145148/https://news.explorer.co.ug/barlonyo-massacre-site-from-the-dark-memory-of-lra-war-to-a-booming-commercial-hub/}}</ref> == Ebe == [[Faịlụ:Lira_Place_Uganda.png|thumb|Mpaghara Lira bụ mpaghara dị na mpaghara ugwu nke [[Uganda]] na mpaghara langoObodo lobes]] Ihe ncheta Barlonyo dị n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Barlonyo n'obodo Barlonyo, parish Orit, mpaghara Agweng ugbu a dị na mpaghara Lira. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-28|title=Water crisis hits Barlonyo in Lira|url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/water-crisis-hits-barlonyo-in-lira.html|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=93.3 KFM|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Barlonyo massacre victims still waiting for Museveni's pledge|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/barlonyo-massacre-victims-still-waiting-for-museveni-s-pledge-1785510|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-03-25|title=Ankunda: We'll Assist ICC Probe LRA Crimes|url=https://chimpreports.com/18519-ankunda-well-assist-icc-probe-lra-crimes/|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Chimp reports}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> Ebe ncheta Barlonyo dị kilomita 26 n'ebe ugwu nke Mpaghara Lira na Northern Uganda. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Ronald|first=Odongo|date=2019-02-22|title=Barlonyo Massacre Site to Become Tourist Attraction|url=https://www.ugandaradionetwork.net/story/barlonyo-massacre-site-to-become-tourist-attraction|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=Uganda Radio Network}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=MUSINGUZI|first=BAMUTURAKI|date=2013-01-20|title=Barlonyo massacre: nine years later|url=https://observer.ug/features-sp-2084439083/57-feature/23249-barlonyo-massacre-nine-years-later|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-06|title=Revisiting a bloody 20-year war through monuments, key sites|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/revisiting-a-bloody-20-year-war-through-monuments-key-sites--1315482|accessdate=2023-09-28|work=The East African|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> &nbsp;Ọ bụ Osimiri Moroto dị nso. <ref name=":13" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|author=Omulimo|date=2018-07-27|title=Cultural Safaris in Uganda: BARLONYO MEMORIAL SITE|url=http://culturalsafarisinuganda.blogspot.com/2018/07/barlonyo-memorial-site.html|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Cultural Safaris in Uganda}}</ref> == Mgbukpọ == Na 21 Febụwarị 2004 n'ihe dị ka elekere 17:00, ndị nnupụisi Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) nke Okot Odiambo na [[Dominic Ongwen]] nyere iwu <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=News in brief|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=New Vision|language=en}}</ref> wakporo ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Barlonyo ebe ndị mmadụ na-ebi ma gbuo mmadụ 300 n'enweghị onye ọ bụla.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-06|title=The Barlonyo Memorial Service|url=https://ayinet.org/the-barlonyo-memorial-service/|accessdate=2023-09-27|work=AYINET|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927212532/https://ayinet.org/the-barlonyo-memorial-service/|archive-date=2023-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-30|title=Mbabazi: RDCs Who Harass My Supporters Will Regret|url=https://chimpreports.com/mbabazi-rdcs-who-harass-my-supporters-will-regret/|accessdate=2023-10-20|work=Chimp reports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-01|title=ICC'S Bensouda Visiting Barlonyo Massacre Site Today|url=https://chimpreports.com/iccs-bensouda-visiting-barlonyo-massacre-site-today/|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=Chimp report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-11|title=LRA massacre videos in Barlonyo camp overshadow Kwoyelo's trial|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/lra-massacre-videos-in-barlonyo-camp-overshadow-kwoyelos-trial/|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị nnupụisi LRA yi uwe agha yiri nke ndị agha Amuka Aulliary bụ ndị e nyere ọrụ iche ogige ahụ nche, nke ndị ikom Langi nyere ndị agha Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF) aka ịrụ ọrụ ha. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":13" /> N'oge mwakpo ahụ, mmadụ 11,643 nọ n'ụlọ n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Barlonyo.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" /> Ndị nnupụisi LRA nọrọ ụbọchị atọ n'ogige ahụ na-egbu mmadụ, ma na-atọrọ ndị mmadụ; a na-eji ike egbupụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime ma wepụ ụmụ ha n'afọ ma kpọọ ha ọkụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /> A kpọrọ ụfọdụ ndị ọkụ ruo ọnwụ, ebe a na-eji mma na-egbu ndị ọzọ, jiri mma maa ha mma, jiri osisi na-akụ ha ihe, ma gbaa ha égbè.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị nnupụisi LRA tọọrọ mmadụ 206 <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":12" /> nke ụmụaka 29 n'ime ha si n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=200 people still missing 15 years after Barlonyo attack|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/200-people-still-missing-15-years-after-barlonyo-attack-1809214|accessdate=2024-01-11|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụmụaka itoolu nwere ike ịgbapụ ma laghachi n'ụlọ.<ref name=":4" /> E liri mmadụ 301 ndị LRA gburu n'ili ọha na eze e mere atụmatụ na ọ dị mita 200 n'ogologo, na-eduga n'ememe olili ozu nke Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, onye isi ala [[Uganda]], duziri.<ref name=":13" /> [[Faịlụ:Barlonyo_memorial_site_in_ogur_Lira_district.jpg|alt=Barlonyo memorial site in ogur Lira district|thumb|Ebe ncheta Barlonyo na ogur Lira district (2023) ]] === Arụmụka === E nwere nkwupụta dị iche iche banyere ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e gburu n’oge mwakpo ahụ. Gọọmentị Uganda kwuru na e gburu mmadụ otu narị na iri abụọ na anọ n’ozuzu ya,[1][2] ebe nke a dị iche na ọnụọgụ narị atọ ndị ọrụ ọchịchị mpaghara, ndị ọrụ enyemaka, na ndị bi na Barlonyo kwuru na e gburu. == Ọnọdụ dị ugbu a == Gọọmentị nke [[Uganda]] wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ọrụ aka Barlonyo Memorial nke ruru [[Ugandan shilling|UGX]] 100 nde iji cheta ndị e gburu n'ìgwè na Febụwarị 21, 2004, na iji mee ka ụmụaka nwere nsogbu nweta nkà ndụ ma nweta akụ na ụba. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":13" /> Gọọmentị Uganda wuru ụlọ ọrụ dịka Lira-Pader-Kitgum Highway nke dị kilomita 10 n'ogologo, isi iyi mmiri dị ka oghere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-eji anyanwụ eme ihe, àkwà mmiri Kaguta nke jikọtara Lira na Pader, Otuke na Alebtong district.<ref name=":13" />&nbsp; A na-eme emume ncheta nke ogbugbu Barlonyo kwa afọ na Febụwarị 21 iji cheta ndụ ndị e gburu na 2014-02-21.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2004-03-26|title=Memorial service for victims of Barlonyo attack|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/49293/uganda-memorial-service-victims-barlonyo-attack|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-21|title=Barlonyo {{!}} Justice and Reconciliation Project|url=http://www.justiceandreconciliation.com/tag/barlonyo/|accessdate=2023-10-23|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * St Mary's College Secondary School Aboke * Barlonyo * Ihe Ncheta Ụmụaka Arrow * Ịtọrọ mmadụ == Ihe odide == <references /> kuc2l8a7dbxwzcgt2qqrf1bu9xgsedf 0 79320 742692 708931 2026-11-03T09:21:49Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742692 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>   Ụgbọ elu Air West Flight 612 bụ ụgbọ njem ndị njem nke ụlọ ọrụ Air West na-arụ n’usoro oge, nke na-aga n’etiti Khartoum na Al-Fashir, ha abụọ dị na Sudan.[1]Na Jenụwarị 24, 2007, mgbe mmadụ otu narị na atọ nọ n’ime ụgbọ elu ahụ, nwoke otu onye tọọrọ ụgbọ elu ahụ obere oge ka ọ gbasịrị n’ala. Ụgbọ elu ahụ bụ ụdị Boeing 737-200.[1][2]Ụgbọ elu ahụ rutere n’udo na N’Djamena, Chad, ebe onye tọọrọ ya nyefere onwe ya n’aka ndị ọchịchị.[1] == Izu ohi == N'ụbọchị a tọọrọ ụgbọelu ahụ, ụgbọelu ahụ nwere ndị njem Sudan kpamkpam, naanị ndị ọzọ bụ nwa amaala Britain na onye agha Itali. Mohamed Abdu Altif (nke a na-akpọkwa Mohamed Abdelatif Mahamat <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 30, 2007|title=Sudanese arrested after attempted plane hijack|url=http://www.kilil5.com/news/7882_sudanese-arrested-after-attempte|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713150544/http://www.kilil5.com/news/7882_sudanese-arrested-after-attempte|archivedate=July 13, 2011|accessdate=October 29, 2010}}</ref>), onye dị afọ iri abụọ na isii si Al-Fashir, na North Darfur, banyere n'ụgbọelu ahụ na 09:00 oge mpaghara (0600 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), ihe dịka ọkara awa mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na Khartoum International Airport. O nyere onye na-anya ụgbọelu iwu ka ọ gaa Rome, Ịtali wee gaa London, England. A kọrọ na mbụ na ngwá agha nke onye ohi ahụ bụ égbè [[AK-47]], mana akụkọ ndị sochirinụ kwuru na ngwá agha ahụ bụ n'ezie égbè.<ref name="Townhall">[http://www.townhall.com/News/NewsArticle.aspx?ContentGuid=b6632e10-837d-47d7-bfd9-a31b7dd6a204 Sudan Plane Hijacker Surrenders in Chad] – Townhall.com – Retrieved April 18, 2007.</ref> Mgbe onye na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ kọwara na mmanụ ụgbọala ezughi ezu n'ụgbọ ahụ iji ruo London, o kwetara ifega Chad. O meghị egwu ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu ndị ọzọ nye ndị njem ahụ, ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ha matara na e weghaara ụgbọelu ahụ.<ref name="Townhall" /> Mgbe ụgbọelu ahụ banyere na mbara igwe nke Chad, ụgbọ elu agha French Mirage F-1 nke guzo na N'Djamena zutere ya, nke duuru ụgbọelu ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dara na N' N'Djamena International Airport na 0830 UTC, ebe Ndị agha Chad gbara ya gburugburu ozugbo. <ref name="france24">[http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/archives/news/2007/January/africa/20070123-plane-chad.html Troops seize hijacker of Sudan plane in Chad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185810/http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/archives/news/2007/January/africa/20070123-plane-chad.html |date=September 30, 2007 }} – [[France 24]] – Retrieved April 19, 2007.</ref> Minit iri abụọ nke mkparịta ụka sochiri, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye ohi ahụ hapụrụ ndị niile nọ n'ụgbọelu ahụ ka ha pụọ tupu ha enyefee onwe ha. <ref name="newsgd">[http://www.newsgd.com/news/world1/200701250006.htm Sudanese hijack ends, hijacker seized in Chad] – newsgd.com – Retrieved April 18, 2007.</ref> == Ihe omume ndị sochirinụ == Ndị njem na ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu mechara banyeghachi n'ụgbọelu ahụ, nke laghachiri na Khartoum International na 22:00 oge mpaghara (19:00 UTC). Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Sudan rịọrọ ka Interpol nyefee Muhammed, onye Sudan, ka e wee nwee ike ibo ya ebubo iyi ọha egwu, na-eyi nchekwa ndị njem egwu, na inwe ngwá agha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Chad kwupụtakwara ebumnuche ikpe ya ikpe. Minista na-ahụ maka akụrụngwa na Chad, Adoum Younousmi, mechara kwuo, sị: "Chad abụghị ebe ndị na-eyi ọha egwu. Ọ bụ onye na-eyi egwu ma anyị ga-akpọrọ ya n'ụlọ ikpe". Otu onye ọrụ Chadi mechara kọwaa ya dị ka onye "dị nso na" otu ndị nnupụisi nke Justice and Equality Movement. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụgbọelu na Sudan guzobekwara kọmitii dị iche iche iji nyochaa otu Muhammed si nwee ike isi nweta ngwá agha site na nchekwa na-enweghị nchọpụta.<ref name="france24" /> Mgbe e jidere Mohammed, a kpọgara ya n'isi ụlọ ọrụ National Security Agency maka ajụjụ ọnụ. N'ebe ahụ, ọ kpughere ebumnuche ya maka ịpụnara mmadụ ihe. Ọ chọrọ ịdọrọ uche gaa na esemokwu dị na Darfur, na-ekwu, sị: "Achọrọ m ịdọta echiche mba na nke mba ụwa na ihe na-eme na Darfur. "O kwuru na ọ chọrọ ibu ụzọ gaa Rome, wee gaa United Kingdom ịchọ Ebe mgbaba.<ref name="france24" /> "Abụghị m onye nnupụisi ma ọ bụ onye mmegide, mana Gọọmentị Sudan na-ekpochapụ ndị mmadụ site n'ịmepụta esemokwu n'etiti obodo dị iche iche ma kwuo na ọ bụ naanị nsogbu dị n'ime obodo, "ka o kwuru.<ref name="france24" /> * Ụgbọelu Turkish Flight 1476  == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 39cs1nolqls76uic6ddgb77d6y1d4qi 3 80781 742405 742024 2026-11-03T07:45:34Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742405 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |1 |1 |9 |0 |} 9cayogz40w7pz60d4dh6dmiiswztf2k 742409 742405 2026-11-03T07:48:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742409 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |2 |2 |10 |0 |} 3wg5rhfju5o642r1024gkd2y57pohe7 742412 742409 2026-11-03T07:48:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742412 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |3 |3 |11 |0 |} 94tzb2arax2dd3gz0g76824g2xrudmt 742415 742412 2026-11-03T07:49:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |4 |4 |14 |0 |} 8be39ktpamoag6ybfrd55xlyuy9ncgd 742418 742415 2026-11-03T07:49:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742418 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |5 |5 |16 |0 |} 95flzcf6mra9qog9395tic80182vtfh 742421 742418 2026-11-03T07:50:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742421 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |6 |6 |17 |0 |} nbeyyhq5gvnlw2esjtugcxzxhn4vg5t 742424 742421 2026-11-03T07:50:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742424 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |7 |7 |19 |0 |} 6jisw22rzv52dybin1dv6c4zibo33xy 742427 742424 2026-11-03T07:51:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742427 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |8 |8 |21 |0 |} m0xy97lrwojbixo4jbebvvcpowwo9yq 742430 742427 2026-11-03T07:51:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742430 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |9 |9 |23 |0 |} rfu21aoi5bldghvr6yneg7bh1s9w6dn 742433 742430 2026-11-03T07:52:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742433 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |10 |10 |24 |0 |} ij6tsmvx18m9b8t2ukpf01wo5u2boq7 742436 742433 2026-11-03T07:52:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742436 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |11 |11 |25 |0 |} 1zqht0t7fvak7tgtw0e8d5zkp4y9lr3 742439 742436 2026-11-03T07:53:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742439 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |12 |12 |28 |0 |} 00c0b3esirngqz2rwcopxldk3ru9otu 742442 742439 2026-11-03T07:56:58Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742442 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |13 |13 |30 |0 |} lb71f9uvg2ofgv10v9xvii5lwpki4tv 742445 742442 2026-11-03T07:57:28Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742445 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |14 |14 |32 |0 |} 0bq1n7teghu5fdgo1ce8151phqjxe3q 742448 742445 2026-11-03T07:58:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742448 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |15 |15 |34 |0 |} 14oteiiv1775qpv33v6lhha060vsiaa 742451 742448 2026-11-03T07:58:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742451 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |16 |16 |37 |0 |} 9w6hhyq0q8m6r17ul8i12x7kl68ueqg 742454 742451 2026-11-03T07:59:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742454 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |17 |17 |39 |0 |} 6ysdd7ganwjomovu0v5n4arua0kc2gh 742457 742454 2026-11-03T07:59:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742457 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |18 |18 |44 |0 |} 9gwigfxybdeqgxoq1839gcjzl30u5tq 742460 742457 2026-11-03T08:00:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742460 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |19 |19 |52 |0 |} numl7u36muos44tc6kqbzvdy43knszd 742463 742460 2026-11-03T08:00:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742463 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |20 |20 |54 |0 |} a0jrj5vyb4rns1hhfo4cbcc26h4pdvv 742467 742463 2026-11-03T08:01:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742467 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |21 |21 |55 |0 |} dn6trtjxv4fxgqho47ujk53rmhwtvwl 742470 742467 2026-11-03T08:01:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742470 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |22 |22 |57 |0 |} ptlxej12lfuplljh0sc2lbjxjeteied 742473 742470 2026-11-03T08:02:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742473 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |23 |23 |58 |0 |} 21ivbqydhzpe2pnjey7zgi5p2emhrqg 742476 742473 2026-11-03T08:02:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742476 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |24 |24 |61 |0 |} ay169q5hgp9ip4v3rqhs7cjo0xaf45l 742479 742476 2026-11-03T08:03:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742479 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |25 |25 |66 |0 |} gi5ix2znhal5t13cd4d6n5mtspz0ui6 742482 742479 2026-11-03T08:03:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742482 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |26 |26 |68 |0 |} hhhi92nlf0k6nfs6ltnfvamrxg5zmkd 742485 742482 2026-11-03T08:04:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742485 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |27 |27 |69 |0 |} tpy2gfjcdkjupsh4vbfrpxhqp0gq3li 742488 742485 2026-11-03T08:04:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742488 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |28 |28 |72 |0 |} 4pyh2g9iwkghogyomxtmnccms1qv8ma 742491 742488 2026-11-03T08:05:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742491 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |29 |29 |73 |0 |} to9mjka4dp95jkn6afc5dt144lkyjoj 742494 742491 2026-11-03T08:05:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |30 |30 |74 |0 |} 0ss2fvwhabuxve25npxj89srrewtxd2 742497 742494 2026-11-03T08:06:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |31 |31 |75 |0 |} c8t56iyafcyrw0u7jsle94trhamelje 742500 742497 2026-11-03T08:06:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742500 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |32 |32 |77 |0 |} t1udkatj0q4vbcgv9k0vqje87zyt2lq 742503 742500 2026-11-03T08:07:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742503 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |33 |33 |78 |0 |} c5s5q728y575npf14mj735cxxohkk5v 742506 742503 2026-11-03T08:07:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742506 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |34 |34 |79 |0 |} iy5k57ul2budjkvho473nolcb8scve6 742509 742506 2026-11-03T08:08:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742509 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |35 |35 |80 |0 |} lcdn4zanaa5r3uf81u9ganur27wwtvs 742512 742509 2026-11-03T08:08:47Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742512 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |36 |36 |81 |0 |} 90zmh3eb72cytcmbty4h0tigasofq6l 742515 742512 2026-11-03T08:09:17Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742515 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |37 |37 |94 |0 |} tn2iefo8cx0rjxa9os0fcb5qm4fd9fn 742561 742515 2026-11-03T08:41:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742561 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |38 |38 |95 |0 |} mdqosg65prxlh915q5ednqz16ugbzoo 742564 742561 2026-11-03T08:42:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742564 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |39 |39 |96 |0 |} 4kvsgzlzkigkmvlqyco3xymxhkuzfsk 742567 742564 2026-11-03T08:42:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742567 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |40 |40 |99 |0 |} gghk2rlexptje05t9lex6tnsuyefw9f 742570 742567 2026-11-03T08:43:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742570 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |41 |41 |101 |0 |} 10hr5eknt5loo1ctq9j20ipobn00gr6 742573 742570 2026-11-03T08:43:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742573 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |42 |42 |102 |0 |} mmmpe7u40v25xj2adz6zw0n3t2zxewi 742576 742573 2026-11-03T08:44:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742576 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |43 |43 |103 |0 |} cqxzej7xxzdm0la4gpogl80kncin868 742579 742576 2026-11-03T08:44:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742579 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |44 |44 |104 |0 |} 7nnfdw8fwzsg4kqlcqcsl6i2o3dunaf 742582 742579 2026-11-03T08:45:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742582 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |45 |45 |107 |0 |} ovv5w0cf7wpq3trx9wpi2h9nrw32sif 742585 742582 2026-11-03T08:45:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742585 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |46 |46 |110 |0 |} 0xdfqx2x5gzqixsdxyou015vrhe8xn0 742588 742585 2026-11-03T08:46:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742588 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |47 |47 |112 |0 |} er9vb0sf58xskdd0oh7sxzzlwlnrpr5 742591 742588 2026-11-03T08:46:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742591 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |48 |48 |114 |0 |} tfgh9yxlru3lo1yj4za091rjne7qj96 742594 742591 2026-11-03T08:47:06Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742594 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |49 |49 |116 |0 |} 25ce47gusyfly9bxmb0psjhraj93cnu 742597 742594 2026-11-03T08:47:36Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742597 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |50 |50 |121 |0 |} dhcyzg1vzodppsrzlcgw84eag2umkgt 742673 742597 2026-11-03T09:03:11Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742673 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |51 |51 |122 |0 |} o669uis6uvpy6nn47kbha39szggg1n1 742679 742673 2026-11-03T09:19:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742679 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |52 |52 |123 |0 |} 67qpetvwuqkwavht5hmx2zuhnqimr2f 742682 742679 2026-11-03T09:20:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742682 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |53 |53 |127 |0 |} b66srkc6au2bkguxl6aaeeck4m7lz8o 742685 742682 2026-11-03T09:20:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742685 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |54 |54 |132 |0 |} s5ag7rmqmmpiz3hoxkgo7tfhgegj9iv 742688 742685 2026-11-03T09:21:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742688 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |55 |55 |135 |0 |} klkht34m632rsh2n8p3oke0zcf2pawq 742691 742688 2026-11-03T09:21:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742691 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |56 |56 |136 |0 |} kvha1fg021t6bu3g403lo1ty5z9kkh5 742694 742691 2026-11-03T09:22:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742694 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |57 |57 |140 |0 |} kjwfs3khzmt77g63c9o3pi9q2avex1b 742697 742694 2026-11-03T09:22:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742697 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |58 |58 |145 |0 |} 2dlqre7h0h0oq62u5u6pqtizuxbfwmr 742700 742697 2026-11-03T09:23:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742700 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |59 |59 |148 |0 |} fku2yqbybyieo5xu3ohgj0fxf1anr15 742703 742700 2026-11-03T09:23:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742703 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |60 |60 |153 |0 |} c5qdjdtg2fkdaliegqntxls5rfuxo6i 742706 742703 2026-11-03T09:24:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742706 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |61 |61 |155 |0 |} doe11andxavo3doehkjpvdsk5o6clx5 742709 742706 2026-11-03T09:24:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742709 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |62 |62 |160 |0 |} i54clvi2b8l4qz238mhgzrqeqv51ilz 742712 742709 2026-11-03T09:25:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742712 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |63 |63 |161 |0 |} 7xmcg66aqjtpd4ax7e612geafdbt8sx 742715 742712 2026-11-03T09:25:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742715 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |64 |64 |162 |0 |} gawok57cz3yzgdgdd011zp0uyvsf34k 742718 742715 2026-11-03T09:26:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742718 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |65 |65 |163 |0 |} elw0s62f5vpc3857jnletdh8fa4rlty 742721 742718 2026-11-03T09:26:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742721 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |66 |66 |164 |0 |} pkm8jwyvihyrcan415t22ih0dxki4c4 742724 742721 2026-11-03T09:27:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742724 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |67 |67 |165 |0 |} 0gfr0e7ymdpa4bkrlnbjuong7lo9tkp 742727 742724 2026-11-03T09:27:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742727 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |68 |68 |166 |0 |} 9f7todc2lr1kstvr6vzbdo9yb80l7k4 742730 742727 2026-11-03T09:28:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |69 |69 |168 |0 |} enrnu61gsobe5n4vw27er4ovcudcau1 742733 742730 2026-11-03T09:28:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742733 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |70 |70 |170 |0 |} dmfavlfj5x6ce9qbyy4cqrpruqwjr6j 742736 742733 2026-11-03T09:29:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742736 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |71 |71 |172 |0 |} 4eshwfmtlsqa9r3tlvoaqk0xw3t3d3l 742739 742736 2026-11-03T09:29:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742739 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |72 |72 |173 |0 |} 8gd659pqejw8316yx5revyltq13rarp 742742 742739 2026-11-03T09:30:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742742 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |73 |73 |174 |0 |} j1bjjyvut6e5u2m454yaxm6m3m1fhvr 742745 742742 2026-11-03T09:30:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742745 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |74 |74 |176 |0 |} imojma0qgujh5lcy3h9cb7f9vs7h6xe 742749 742745 2026-11-03T09:31:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742749 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |75 |75 |177 |0 |} iob91befzgpycbvybim6f3nfwkf6l47 742752 742749 2026-11-03T09:31:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742752 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |76 |76 |178 |0 |} a2fv751r0p4e2k4pj94r1hukb3lo8ty 742755 742752 2026-11-03T09:32:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742755 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |77 |77 |179 |0 |} 0t5g8ehrryxtuaf328g9kwj27fqqe71 742758 742755 2026-11-03T09:32:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742758 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |78 |78 |181 |0 |} cpb9qnbnthzqx0l39ke4g805qzpy04f 742761 742758 2026-11-03T09:33:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742761 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |79 |79 |182 |0 |} m1whvzoi3zilxhtjlngd8rn3a547c0x 742764 742761 2026-11-03T09:33:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742764 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |80 |80 |183 |0 |} 8f9gel9esqojlk81j15k557ilg46gdq 742767 742764 2026-11-03T09:34:09Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742767 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |81 |81 |184 |0 |} cultpwzt98ot8xzajpyg4f4z5dxdd8o 742770 742767 2026-11-03T09:34:39Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742770 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |82 |82 |185 |0 |} mzuucb0kehcipghom8ru94fx4sn3dku 742774 742770 2026-11-03T09:41:32Z IgboRefBot 66663 Updated user page with logs 742774 wikitext text/x-wiki == Statistics == ''Please do not modify the table below.'' {| class="wikitable" ! Year-Month ! Articles checked ! Articles edited ! Repairs ! Failed |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/10|2026/10]] |908 |908 |1803 |0 |- |[[Ojiarụ:IgboRefBot/Log/2026/11|2026/11]] |83 |83 |191 |0 |} q9qjiz0rgbpeviquxudik89mxeo1rix 1728 81266 742345 742103 2026-11-02T20:42:52Z Geraldine Kene 23189 742345 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. | b9aq6c33dgjb619onie5pvm8vp1dy8j 742377 742345 2026-11-03T03:09:57Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742377 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. |Bata | |- |4. |Batara | |- |Banye Biri Buga Chịa Cheta Chịta Chịba Chinye Chipụta Chụpụ Chụọ Chọpụta Chuo Chute Chituo Ichu Ịchụ Ịchọ Dee odide ọdịda ịda Gbatuo pcdujefxi3vy486st3w5xeh613d2vpc 742381 742377 2026-11-03T03:47:25Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742381 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. |Bata | |- |4. |Batara | |- |5. |Banye | |- |6. |Biri | |- |7. |odide | |- |8. |Buga | |- |9. |Chịa | |- |10. |Cheta | |- |11 |ọdịda | |- |12. |ịda | |- |13. |Gbatuo | |- |14. |Chịta | |- |15. |Chịba | |- |16. |Chinye | |- |17. |Chipụta | |- |18. |Chụpụ | |- |19. |Chụọ | |- |20. |Chọpụta | |- |21. |Chuo | |- |22. |Chute | |- |23. |Chituo | |- |24. | |- |25. | |- |26. |Ichu | | Ịchụ Ịchọ|||| Dee m7orpnlra2t4f7mod6jl72ds6jakfyb 742385 742381 2026-11-03T03:57:52Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742385 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. |Bata | |- |4. |Batara | |- |5. |Banye | |- |6. |Biri | |- |7. |odide | |- |8. |Buga | |- |9. |Chịa | |- |10. |Cheta | |- |11 |ọdịda | |- |12. |ịda | |- |13. |Gbatuo | |- |14. |Chịta | |- |15. |Chịba | |- |16. |Chinye | |- |17. |Chipụta | |- |18. |Chụpụ | |- |19. |Chụọ | |- |20. |Chọpụta | |- |21. |Chuo | |- |22. |Chute | |- |23. |Chituo | |- |24. |Ichu | |- |25. |Ịchụ | |- |26. |Ịchọ | |- |27. |Dee | |- |28. |Gbadata | |- |29. |Gbaba | |- |30. |Gbasaa | |- |31. |Gbuo | |- |32. |Gbute | |- |33. |Igbu | |- |34. |igbu | |- |35. |jụọ | |- |36. |jụpụta | |- 6o93s2iknystl76hbxexqphwfvqbt8f 742386 742385 2026-11-03T04:05:22Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742386 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. |Bata | |- |4. |Batara | |- |5. |Banye | |- |6. |Biri | |- |7. |odide | |- |8. |Buga | |- |9. |Chịa | |- |10. |Cheta | |- |11 |ọdịda | |- |12. |ịda | |- |13. |Gbatuo | |- |14. |Chịta | |- |15. |Chịba | |- |16. |Chinye | |- |17. |Chipụta | |- |18. |Chụpụ | |- |19. |Chụọ | |- |20. |Chọpụta | |- |21. |Chuo | |- |22. |Chute | |- |23. |Chituo | |- |24. |Ichu | |- |25. |Ịchụ | |- |26. |Ịchọ | |- |27. |Dee | |- |28. |Gbadata | |- |29. |Gbaba | |- |30. |Gbasaa | |- |31. |Gbuo | |- |32. |Gbute | |- |33. |Igbu | |- |34. |igbu | |- |35. |jụọ | |- |36. |jụpụta | |- |37. |jụta | |- |38. |Kute | |- |39. | |- |40. |Kuru | |- |41. |Kee | |- |42. |kagbuo | |- |43. |jee | |- |44. |jide | |- |45. |Kụdaa kelee Kesaa Kutuo Kilie Ikili laa lọta nlọta ikele ikesa Kugbuo Ikugbu nleta nnyocha nlele iartxbts5ovqlwlg5om4jhlmqeykwnr 742389 742386 2026-11-03T04:26:38Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742389 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. |Bata | |- |4. |Batara | |- |5. |Banye | |- |6. |Biri | |- |7. |odide | |- |8. |Buga | |- |9. |Chịa | |- |10. |Cheta | |- |11 |ọdịda | |- |12. |ịda | |- |13. |Gbatuo | |- |14. |Chịta | |- |15. |Chịba | |- |16. |Chinye | |- |17. |Chipụta | |- |18. |Chụpụ | |- |19. |Chụọ | |- |20. |Chọpụta | |- |21. |Chuo | |- |22. |Chute | |- |23. |Chituo | |- |24. |Ichu | |- |25. |Ịchụ | |- |26. |Ịchọ | |- |27. |Dee | |- |28. |Gbadata | |- |29. |Gbaba | |- |30. |Gbasaa | |- |31. |Gbuo | |- |32. |Gbute | |- |33. |Igbu | |- |34. |igbu | |- |35. |jụọ | |- |36. |jụpụta | |- |37. |jụta | |- |38. |Kute | |- |39. | |- |40. |Kuru | |- |41. |Kee | |- |42. |kagbuo | |- |43. |jee | |- |44. |jide | |- |45. |Kụdaa | |- |46. |kelee | |- |47. |Kesaa | |- |48. |Kutuo | |- |49. |Kilie | |- |50. |Ikili | |- |51. |laa | |- |52. | |- |53. lọta nlọta ||||ikele ikesa Kugbuo Ikugbu nleta nnyocha nlele bfuh6pf2sfc5m9bett8jvj1t5qa5xui 742392 742389 2026-11-03T05:02:35Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742392 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |- |1. |Bịa | |- |2. |Buo | |- |3. |Bata | |- |4. |Batara | |- |5. |Banye | |- |6. |Biri | |- |7. |odide | |- |8. |Buga | |- |9. |Chịa | |- |10. |Cheta | |- |11 |ọdịda | |- |12. |ịda | |- |13. |Gbatuo | |- |14. |Chịta | |- |15. |Chịba | |- |16. |Chinye | |- |17. |Chipụta | |- |18. |Chụpụ | |- |19. |Chụọ | |- |20. |Chọpụta | |- |21. |Chuo | |- |22. |Chute | |- |23. |Chituo | |- |24. |Ichu | |- |25. |Ịchụ | |- |26. |Ịchọ | |- |27. |Dee | |- |28. |Gbadata | |- |29. |Gbaba | |- |30. |Gbasaa | |- |31. |Gbuo | |- |32. |Gbute | |- |33. |Igbu | |- |34. |igbu | |- |35. |jụọ | |- |36. |jụpụta | |- |37. |jụta | |- |38. |Kute | |- |39. | |- |40. |Kuru | |- |41. |Kee | |- |42. |kagbuo | |- |43. |jee | |- |44. |jide | |- |45. |Kụdaa | |- |46. |kelee | |- |47. |Kesaa | |- |48. |Kutuo | |- |49. |Kilie | |- |50. |Ikili | |- |51. |laa | |- |52. |lọta | |- |53. |nlọta | |- |54. |ikele | |- |55. |ikesa | |- |56. |Kugbuo | |- |57. |Ikugbu | |- |58. |nleta | |- |59. |nnyocha | |- |60. |nlele | |- |61. | | |- |62. | oxz8qyxsufu217vksj0wprbcb0pb746 742394 742392 2026-11-03T05:25:13Z Geraldine Kene 23189 /* Project worklist with links */ 742394 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Expanding verb entries on Igbo Wiktionary== ===Project Overview=== This project aims to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating new verb entries. It will involve identifying undocumented verbs, verifying their meanings and spellings, and adding relevant definitions, grammatical information, usage examples, and translations where appropriate. The project seeks to fill gaps in Igbo-language content, make Igbo vocabulary more accessible to speakers, learners, translators, and researchers, and support the preservation and digital development of Igbo in line with Wikimedia’s goals of expanding free knowledge and linguistic diversity. ===Project Goals=== The goal of this project is to expand Igbo language content on Wiktionary by creating 100 new verb entries. It aims to fill existing content gaps, improve access to reliable Igbo vocabulary resources, and support the preservation and digital development of the Igbo language. ===Project Timeline=== November 6–November 30, 2026 ===Project worklist with links=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !S/N !New verb created !Link |{{Doing}} |- |1. |Bịa | | |- |2. |Buo | | |- |3. |Bata | | |- |4. |Batara | | |- |5. |Banye | | |- |6. |Biri | | |- |7. |odide | | |- |8. |Buga | | |- |9. |Chịa | | |- |10. |Cheta | | |- |11 |ọdịda | | |- |12. |ịda | | |- |13. |Gbatuo | | |- |14. |Chịta | | |- |15. |Chịba | | |- |16. |Chinye | | |- |17. |Chipụta | | |- |18. |Chụpụ | |- |19. |Chụọ | |- |20. |Chọpụta | |- |21. |Chuo | |- |22. |Chute | |- |23. |Chituo | |- |24. |Ichu | |- |25. |Ịchụ | |- |26. |Ịchọ | |- |27. |Dee | |- |28. |Gbadata | |- |29. |Gbaba | |- |30. |Gbasaa | |- |31. |Gbuo | |- |32. |Gbute | |- |33. |Igbu | |- |34. |igbu | |- |35. |jụọ | |- |36. |jụpụta | |- |37. |jụta | |- |38. |Kute | |- |39. | |- |40. |Kuru | |- |41. |Kee | |- |42. |kagbuo | |- |43. |jee | |- |44. |jide | |- |45. |Kụdaa | |- |46. |kelee | |- |47. |Kesaa | |- |48. |Kutuo | |- |49. |Kilie | |- |50. |Ikili | |- |51. |laa | |- |52. |lọta | |- |53. |nlọta | |- |54. |ikele | |- |55. |ikesa | |- |56. |Kugbuo | |- |57. |Ikugbu | |- |58. |nleta | |- |59. |nnyocha | |- |60. |nlele | |- |61. | | |- |62. | d6fqtcbilvb119367qov6w5x9beyc11 4 81270 742719 741883 2026-11-03T09:26:19Z IgboRefBot 66663 Reference error corrected (bot) 742719 wikitext text/x-wiki Enweghị ike iji aha ụfọdụ maka ibe n'ihi mmachi dị na ngwanrọ [[MediaWiki]]. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (dị ka aha ndị kwesịrị iji mkpụrụedemede nta malite, dị ka [[eBay]]), enwere ike itinye 'template' n'ime edemede ahụ ka isiokwu ya pụta n'ụzọ a chọrọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ (dị ka aha nwere mkpụrụedemede ma ọ bụ akara ndị a machibidoro iwu), ọ dị mkpa iji aha dị iche ma gosipụta ya kama nke mbụ ahụ. Ibe a na-akọwa ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị isi jikwaa ọnọdụ ndị a. ==Mgbochi na ụzọ isi gafere ha== A depụtara ihe mgbochi gbasara aha peeji n'okpuru isiokwu bụ Ihe mgbochi na oke teknụzụ. Nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ na: *isiokwu enweghị ike iji mkpụrụedemede nta malite; *aha agaghị enwe mkpụrụedemede ụfọdụ amachibidoro. E nwere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi e nwere ike isi lebara ọnọdụ anya ebe aha a chọrọ inye peeji na-agaghị ekwe omume n'ụzọ teknụzụ: *Use the magic word [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] to change the way the title header is displayed on the page (although the stored page name is not affected). This is often done through a template, the most common one being {{tl|lowercase}}, which causes the title to be displayed with an initial lowercase letter, as in [[iPod]]. *If this is not possible (due to restrictions on DISPLAYTITLE), choose a different title for the page, and use a template such as {{tl|correct title}} to place a hatnote stating what the correct title should be. This is normally necessary in the case of restricted characters. These templates should never be [[Wikipedia:Template substitution|substituted (subst)]]. To see which articles have these naming problems you can click on "What links here" in the toolbox for each template. If the template is substituted, it will no longer be linked. Before declaring the current title to be "wrong" with the "correct title" template (or one of the more specific templates), please consider whether the title you are proposing as "correct" would really comply with Wikipedia conventions, particularly [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)]], [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (capital letters)]] and [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (trademarks)]]. In the case of a title which contains a restricted character or a restricted sequence of characters, a redirect that uses a character that [[unicode normalisation|normalizes]] to the restricted character should be created to facilitate searching. For example, typing "<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>" into the search bar will find [[Tilde Tilde Tilde]] because of the redirect [[～～～]]. Usually, the [[fullwidth]] characters <code>＃ ＜ ＞ ｜ ［ ］ ｛ ｝ ～ ： ． ／ ＿</code> are used for this purpose. ==Lowercase first letter== {{Shortcut|WP:NCLOWERCASEFIRST|WP:NCFIRSTLETTER}} The MediaWiki software is configured so that a page title on the English Wikipedia (as stored in the database) cannot begin with a lower-case letter, and links that begin with a lower-case letter are treated as if capitalized, i.e. <code><nowiki>[[foo]]</nowiki></code> is treated the same as <code><nowiki>[[Foo]]</nowiki></code>. Examples of articles affected by this problem are: *'''eBay''', located at [[EBay]] *'''{{nowrap|{{mvar|e}} (mathematical constant)}}''', located at {{nowrap|[[E (mathematical constant)]]}} *'''iOS''', located at [[IOS]] (and various articles beginning with: {{Search link|iOS}}) *'''man page''', located at [[Man page]] *'''pH''', located at [[PH]] *'''p:Machinery''', located at [[P:Machinery]] *'''uBlock Origin''', located at [[UBlock Origin]] *'''β-Carotene''', located at [[Β-Carotene]] *'''xkcd''', located at [[Xkcd]] Examples of categories affected by this problem are: *'''Category:x86 architecture''', located at [[Category:X86 architecture]] (and subcategories beginning with x86) Example of template affected by this problem: *'''Template:iPhone models''', located at [[:Template:IPhone models]] This also means that the page [[Long s]], on the character '''ſ''', cannot be moved to (or redirected from) [[ſ]], as it is a lowercase letter whose uppercase form is [[S]]. To fix this problem, you can place the {{tlx|lowercase title}} wiki markup at the top of the article, category or template page (and optionally at the top of their talk/discussion page). This will cause the page title to be displayed with the initial letter in lowercase, as at [[eBay]]. Note that it does not fix every occurrence, like Wikipedia search bar [[search suggest drop-down list]] feature and Search results, as well as the page history, edit, log pages, or the browser [[address bar]] (it only affects the page title on the rendered HTML page and tab/window title bars). ==Forbidden characters== {{Shortcut|WP:NCHASHTAG|WP:FORBIDDEN}} Due to clashes with various elements of the [[MediaWiki]] software, some characters (and "characters") are <em>not</em> allowed to be part of page titles (nor are they supported by [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]). ===Clashes with wiki markup/HTML syntax=== The following characters are forbidden due to clashes with [[Help:Wiki markup|wiki markup]] and [[HTML]] syntax: :<code># < > | [ ] { }</code> For articles about these characters, see [[number sign]], [[less-than sign]], [[greater-than sign]], [[vertical bar]], and [[bracket]] (covers several characters) respectively. If the desired title of an article contains any of these characters, then an alternative title must be used instead. Often, you can simply remove the characters (e.g. [[MARRS]] instead of ''M|A|R|R|S''). However, it may be necessary to spell out the character (e.g. [[C-sharp]] instead of ''C#'') or use another substitute. Note that the sharp sign ♯ (different from the keyboard # character) ''can'' be used, as in [[C♯ (musical note)]]. In any of these cases, a hatnote should be placed at the top of the article informing readers what the correct title is. This is done using one of the following template calls: *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}#}} for titles containing # *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}bracket}} for titles containing < > [ ] { } *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}vbar}} for titles containing |<br>Use {{tn|!}} to represent the | character within the correct title. *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''}} for cases not covered by any one of the above. Examples: * '''Song #3''' is located at [[Song 3]] * '''''Point #1''''' is located at ''[[Point No. 1]]'' * '''''Look Out for #1''''' is located at ''[[Look Out for Number 1]]'' * '''C# (programming language)''' is located at [[C Sharp (programming language)]] * '''Cygnus OB2 #12''' is located at [[Cygnus OB2-12]] * '''Red {an orchestra}''' is located at [[Red (an orchestra)]] * '''''[A→B] Life''''' is located at ''[[(A→B) Life]]'' * '''<|°_°|>''' is located at ''[[Robot Face]]'' * '''''While(1<2)''''' is located at ''[[While(1 Is Less Than 2)]]'' * '''''[title of show]''''' is located at ''[[Title of show]]'' (which displays as ''title of show'' thanks to partial support from DISPLAYTITLE) * '''''I am > I was''''' is located at ''[[I Am Greater than I Was]]'' * '''Minipops 67 [120.2]''' is located at ''[[Minipops 67 (120.2)]]'' ===Clashes with invalid-UTF-8 handling=== Titles cannot contain invalid [[UTF-8]] sequences (for our purposes, those that would decode to [[UTF-16]] [[Universal Character Set characters#Surrogates|unpaired surrogates]] or code points beyond U+10FFFF). Thus, titles like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%A0%80 %ED%A0%80] (contains a UTF-8 sequence decoding to code point U+D800, an unpaired surrogate) or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F6%80%80%80 %F6%80%80%80] (contains a UTF-8 sequence decoding to code point U+180000, beyond the U+10FFFF limit) are invalid. (These examples use percent-encoded URLs rather than wikilinks, as the "characters" themselves ''should'' be impossible to insert into wikitext without percent-encoding.) This also means that three ''valid'' UTF-8 sequences are forbidden in page titles (how these are displayed may vary depending on your browser and installed fonts): :<code>� � �</code> The first of these characters or "characters", the [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|replacement character]], is forbidden because the MediaWiki software uses the replacement character to represent invalid UTF-8 sequences, and cannot differentiate this use as a placeholder from an actual instance of the replacement character. The other two (the two [[Universal Character Set characters#Non-characters|noncharacters]] at the end of [[Plane (Unicode)|Unicode plane]] 0, the [[Plane (Unicode)#Basic Multilingual Plane|Basic Multilingual Plane]]) are forbidden because the MediaWiki software uses the replacement character as a placeholder for these, just as it does for invalid UTF-8 sequences. Note, however, that the other 64 Unicode noncharacters (a block of 32 from U+FDD0 through U+FDEF, plus the two at the end of each of planes 1 through 16 [totaling another 32]) are <em>not</em> forbidden in page titles, as can be seen in the following examples: :[[﷐|Noncharacter encoded at U+FDD0]] :[[􏿾|Noncharacter encoded at U+10FFFE]] ==Other problematic characters== ===Colons=== {{Shortcut|WP:NC-COLON|WP:NC-COLONS}} In general, article titles containing colons are fine, subject to the following exceptions: *Page names cannot begin with a colon. However, if the initial colon can be dropped to produce a satisfactory title, then this should be done, and the problem fixed with [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]. (This will not work with more than one initial colon.) This happens because an initial colon is used for the [[Help:Colon trick|colon trick]]. *Article titles should not begin with a standard [[WP:Namespace|namespace]] prefix ('''Talk:''', '''Help:''' etc.), as this will place them in the wrong namespace, which (among other problems) will exclude them from standard search results. In this case, another title must be found (it won't help to change the capitalization of the prefix or put spaces before or after the colon). For example, '''Help: A Day in the Life''' is located at [[Help!: A Day in the Life]]. A [[WP:Redirect|redirect]] is created at the original title (in this case at [[Help:A Day in the Life]], which is what the above title [[WP:Canonical|resolves]] to). *Article titles cannot begin with an [[Help:Interwiki linking|interwiki]] or [[Help:Interlanguage links|interlanguage]] prefix, or namespace [[Help:Namespace#Aliases|alias]]. Again, these are case-insensitive, and putting spaces before or after the colon will not help. Examples: **'''B: The Beginning''' is located at [[B – The Beginning]] ('''b:''' is a prefix for [[Wikibooks]]) **'''C:Real''' is located at [[C Real (Greek band)]] ('''c:''' is a prefix for [[Wikimedia Commons]]) **'''D:Ream''' is located at [[D Ream]] ('''d:''' is a prefix for [[Wikidata]]) **'''DK: King of Swing''' is located at ''[[DK King of Swing]]'' ('''dk:''' is one of the prefixes for the [[Danish Wikipedia]]; the other is '''da:''') **'''It: Welcome to Derry''' is located at ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' ('''it:''' is the prefix for [[{{#language:it|en}} Wikipedia]]) **'''Lad: A Dog''' is located at ''[[Lad, A Dog]]'' ('''lad:''' is the prefix for [[{{#language:lad|en}} Wikipedia]]) **'''Project: Mersh''' is located at [[Project Mersh]] ('''Project:''' is an alias for the [[Wikipedia:Project namespace|Wikipedia namespace]]) **'''Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!''' is located at [[Q. Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo!]] ('''q:''' is a prefix for [[Wikiquote]]) **'''TM:103 Hustlerz Ambition''' is located at [[TM103 Hustlerz Ambition]] ('''tm:''' is an alias for the [[Wikipedia:Template namespace|template namespace]] per {{Phab|T363757}}) **'''V: The New Mythology Suite''' is located at [[V – The New Mythology Suite]] ('''v:''' is a prefix for [[Wikiversity]]) **'''W:/2016Album/''' is located at ''[[:/2016Album/]]'', but displays as having the correct title ''W:/2016Album/'' ('''w:''' is a prefix for the [[English Wikipedia]]{{efn|Except on a foreign-language [[WP:SIS|sister projects]] where it links to the corresponding-language Wikipedia. See [[Help:Interwiki linking]].}}). :In the case of aliases a redirect can be created; as an example, "Project: Mersh" will be at [[Wikipedia:Mersh]], which is what it [[WP:Canonical|resolves]] to. Except in the case of initial colons and the w: and en: prefixes, DISPLAYTITLE will not work in the above situations. Use {{tlx|Correct title|''Correct title''|reason{{=}}:}}. ===Forward slashes and periods=== {{Shortcut|WP:NC-SLASH}}In [[WP:namespace|namespace]]s where the [[Help:Subpages|subpage feature]] is enabled, the forward slash (/) separates a subpage name from its main page name. However subpages are <em>disabled</em> in the [[WP:main namespace|main namespace]], so article names can contain slashes if appropriate, as in [[Providence/Stoughton Line]] – there is no need for such titles to be fixed. Be aware of the following side effects, however: * Subpages are still enabled in the talk namespace as they are widely used for archiving old discussions. Therefore, if an article has a forward slash in its name, its corresponding talk page may display an extraneous subpage level-up link at the top (for example, [[Talk:Providence/Stoughton Line]] has a link to [[Talk:Providence]] at the top). * If / is the first character of the title, then links to it from outside the main namespace will not work as expected (they will prepend the title of the current page); a workaround is to prepend a colon, or to use an HTML entity as the beginning of the link, e.g. <nowiki>[[:/pol/]]</nowiki>, <nowiki>[[&amp;#47;pol/]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[&amp;#x2f;pol/]]</nowiki> to get to [[:/pol/]]. {{Shortcut|WP:NC-PERIOD}}Page names consisting of exactly one or two periods (full stops), or beginning with '''./''' or '''../''', or containing '''/./''' or '''/../''', or ending with '''/.''' or '''/..''', are not allowed due to technical limitations.{{efn|A page name consisting of exactly one period and a disambiguator (e.g. [[. (album)]] or [[. (disambiguation)]]) is possible in principle. The [https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#target-size-minimum punctuation mark's small size] and [[WP:LINKCLARITY|potential ambiguity with]] sentence-ending full stops [https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#link-purpose-in-context in running text], however, are considered technical and [[WP:A11Y|accessibility limitations]] of their own. Discussion of one instance may be found at [[Talk:Period (album)]].}} As a result of this, the abbreviation of ''[[Slashdot]]'', '''''/.''''', does not redirect to the page. In most such cases [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] will not work, so {{tl|correct title}} should be used. This is done using one of the following template calls: *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''}}, or *{{tlx|Correct title|''Title''|reason{{=}}.}} for softer wording. Examples: * '''''.'' (album)''' is located at [[Period (album)]]. ===Percent and encoded characters=== A title can normally contain the character %. However it cannot contain % followed by two [[hexadecimal]] digits (which would cause it to be converted to a single character, by [[percent-encoding]]). Similarly a title cannot contain [[HTML character entities]] such as <code>&amp;#47;</code> and <code>&amp;ndash;</code>, even if the character they represent is allowed. In the unlikely event of such sequences appearing in a desired title, an alternative title must be constructed (for example by inserting a space after the %, or omitting a semicolon), and the title with encoding should be redirected to the adjusted title. ===Question marks and plus signs=== There is no reason why titles should not include ? or +. However, with such titles, attention is required when typing URLs into the address bar of a browser. Here, ? is interpreted as beginning a [[query string]], and a + in a query string is interpreted as a space. In URLs, ? and + should be replaced by their corresponding [[escape code]]s, %3F and %2B. (The same technique is necessary for many other special characters, depending on browser.) ===Spaces and underscores=== In [[Help:Link|links]], spaces ({{char|&#32;}}) and underscores ({{char|_}}) are treated equivalently. Underscores are used in URLs, spaces in displayed titles. Leading and trailing spaces/underscores are stripped, consecutive spaces/underscores are reduced to a single one, and page names consisting of only spaces and underscores are not allowed at all. Titles affected by this behavior can generally be made to display correctly using the [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]] magic word. However, this does not work for titles consisting of only spaces or underscores, which should use a parenthetical disambiguator e.g. [[_ (album)|''_'' (album)]] is located at [[(album)]]. Articles with underscores in titles are tracked in [[:Category:Articles with underscores in the title]]. ===Three or more consecutive tildes=== Titles cannot contain three or more consecutive [[tilde]]s (<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>), as four consecutive tildes are used to create standard editors' [[WP:Signatures|signatures]] on talk pages, while three consecutive tildes generates an undated signature. For this reason, '''<nowiki>~~~</nowiki>''' is located at ''[[Tilde Tilde Tilde]]''. When using {{tlx|Correct title}} and in all occurrences throughout the article, add nowiki tags around the sequence of tildes, as the software will otherwise convert these to a user-generated signature. ==Title length== {{Shortcut|WP:TITLELENGTH}} Titles, not including the namespace prefix, must be fewer than 256 bytes long when encoded in [[UTF-8]]. Therefore, the full titles of ''[[The Boy Bands Have Won]]'', ''[[Noisy Outlaws]]'', and ''[[When the Pawn...]]'' cannot be displayed properly, so they must be located under their common shorthand names. Non-ASCII characters can take up to 4 bytes to encode, so the total number of allowable characters may be lower. ==Italics and formatting== It is not possible for a title <em>as stored in the database</em> to contain formatting, such as italics or bolding. The double or triple apostrophes normally used to produce these effects in wiki markup are treated just as groups of apostrophes if they appear in titles. Other wiki markup or HTML-based formatting would require characters that are not permissible in titles (see [[#Forbidden characters|Forbidden characters]] above). It is technically possible to <em>display</em> formatting in titles using [[WP:DISPLAYTITLE|DISPLAYTITLE]]. A template, {{tl|italic title}}, exists to display the title in italics. For guidance on when this technique should be used, see [[WP:ITALICTITLE]]. ==Pictorial names== Titles cannot contain images (which would require forbidden characters in order to be displayed), only [[Unicode]] characters. For example, the recycling symbol [[&#9842;]] is encoded in Unicode as U+2672, so it can be included, but the [[:File:Pictogram NDB.svg|non-directional beacon symbol]] is not a Unicode character and cannot appear in a page title. ==Browser support limitations== Use [[precomposed character]]s when possible. Use the [[Unicode normalization|text normalization]] "Normalization Form C" (often abbreviated NFC). For more information, see the <span class="plainlinks">[https://www.w3.org/TR/charmod-norm/ W3C's Character Model for the World Wide Web]</span> and <span class="plainlinks">[https://unicode.org/reports/tr15/ Unicode's normalization forms]</span>. ==Restrictions on usernames== {{see also|Wikipedia:Username policy}} Usernames are subject to the same technical restrictions as page titles (see [[#Forbidden characters|Forbidden characters]] above). In particular, the symbols <code># < > [ ] | { }</code> are not allowed. There are also additional restrictions: * The username must not already exist in the [[WP:SUL|single unified login]] system. * It may not contain any of the symbols <code>/ @ : =</code>. * It may not start with <code>~2</code>, as this is reserved for [[WP:Temporary accounts|temporary accounts]]. * It may not contain various control characters, unusual whitespace, or [[Private Use Area]] characters: U+0080–U+009F, U+00A0, U+2000–U+200F, U+2028–U+202F, U+3000, or U+E000–U+F8FF. * It may not be an IP address, nor may it look like an IP address (for example, "564.348.992.800" is not a valid IP address, but since it looks like one, it is an invalid username). * It may not be one of a [[Wikipedia:Reserved usernames|list of configured reserved usernames]] (e.g. "[[User:MediaWiki default|MediaWiki default]]"). * It may not be more than 85 bytes long. The [[WP:AntiSpoof|AntiSpoof]] extension also enforces the following restrictions on usernames: * Usernames may not contain Unicode characters that resemble the [[forward slash]] (/), such as U+2044 ( ⁄, "Fraction slash") and U+FF0F ( ／, "Fullwidth solidus"). * Usernames may not contain characters from unusual scripts, such as [[Runes|Runic]] and [[Ugaritic]]. * Usernames may not contain characters from more than one non-Latin script (with an exception for the Japanese and Korean languages, which are natively written in multiple scripts) * Usernames may not contain [[emoji]]. However, having emoji in [[WP:SIGNATURE|signatures]] is perfectly allowed * Usernames may not contain only numbers and punctuation. There are also restrictions placed by the [[meta:Title blacklist|global title blacklist]], both the normal blacklisting rules and those tagged by <code><nowiki><newaccountonly></nowiki></code>. The title blacklist blocks some usernames deemed inappropriate by the username policy, such as those implying advanced permissions (e.g. "admin") or impersonating high-profile users. ==Ntụaka== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Iwu maka inye aha na Wikipedia|Mgbochi teknụzụ]] oea3n077cfj2fztfd44eb611ok6iujd 1728 81281 742346 2026-11-02T20:45:29Z Bigcee007 24507 Created event page 742346 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} [[{{{2|}}}|center|500px]] '''Expending igbo Content on Wikiquote ''', this project aims to expand Igbo-language content on Wikiquote by documenting and improving properly sourced Igbo quotations, sayings, and notable statements. The project will help preserve written expressions in Igbo and make them more accessible to Igbo speakers, students, researchers, and other Wikimedia users. It will also introduce new contributors to Wikiquote and encourage continued participation in the Igbo Wikimedia community. == Project Timeline == *Event Day- ''' Saturday 5th December 2026 **Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) ==Expectations== ==Worklist== [https://w.wiki/VSoG Work list] ==Outcome== This project brought about the following positive outcomes; * ==Photo speaks== <gallery> </gallery> ==See also== [[Òtù:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] 9l5zodnb5had6rzzb04yfrrjorkpijh 742347 742346 2026-11-02T21:06:43Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Expectations */ 742347 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} [[{{{2|}}}|center|500px]] '''Expending igbo Content on Wikiquote ''', this project aims to expand Igbo-language content on Wikiquote by documenting and improving properly sourced Igbo quotations, sayings, and notable statements. The project will help preserve written expressions in Igbo and make them more accessible to Igbo speakers, students, researchers, and other Wikimedia users. It will also introduce new contributors to Wikiquote and encourage continued participation in the Igbo Wikimedia community. == Project Timeline == *Event Day- ''' Saturday 5th December 2026 **Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1 ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746028800 Check your local time zone]) ==Expectations== At the end of this project the following expectations should be met: *Participants will own a global Wikimedia user account to assist in contributing to open knowledge. *New contributors will learn and explore the Wikiquote project. *New Wikiquote will be created on the Igbo Wikiquote, while existing entries will be improved accordingly. ==Worklist== [https://w.wiki/VSoG Work list] ==Outcome== This project brought about the following positive outcomes; * ==Photo speaks== <gallery> </gallery> ==See also== [[Òtù:Mmemme]] [[Otú:Mmemme 2026]] bkcnih9op7pn1n85hbnudcyrxhg1dnv 2 81282 742404 2026-11-03T07:45:24Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742404 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] jmtriii4w0lyrnqo00br6ev3e6ehtep 742408 742404 2026-11-03T07:48:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742408 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] l7ov03k64sghqavmy5zufbhvsmjwsyx 742411 742408 2026-11-03T07:48:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742411 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] gu3jw033ibxymhvmgv3mfsqaabmr0fb 742414 742411 2026-11-03T07:49:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742414 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] tq5fgn5b5y68a0cp7l89dgowuqpiket 742417 742414 2026-11-03T07:49:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742417 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] 5jipppofnsu88nvxrs7umvpejgnwz2n 742420 742417 2026-11-03T07:50:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742420 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] k4inwvooekri6roma7jarzg8p3loii6 742423 742420 2026-11-03T07:50:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742423 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] isadqni1yyq2easjlv92zlsmqjzk99n 742426 742423 2026-11-03T07:51:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742426 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] fwosxwkejhln8a663x5knbfe7w9ei58 742429 742426 2026-11-03T07:51:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742429 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] g5ckr0rtxn5tztt9oied5pzofgd1t7s 742432 742429 2026-11-03T07:52:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742432 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] 9spqy42e9n1sjgd1evh15bw68c9q7zm 742435 742432 2026-11-03T07:52:38Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742435 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] he2el1bgambb9fcc6jd3puouihriazw 742438 742435 2026-11-03T07:53:08Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742438 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] k3mfc6h4h8nve8qb0mn9boslna7ymb1 742441 742438 2026-11-03T07:56:48Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742441 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] s5bqjjewhtl3t38tsuvlp5c3bh69aux 742444 742441 2026-11-03T07:57:18Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742444 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] nom94da6o24xyfy8vhx01z42m4obv2t 742447 742444 2026-11-03T07:58:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742447 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] ogg7runwbobemvvrpz39t54ux48hkh0 742450 742447 2026-11-03T07:58:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742450 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] 2ryjh058c7f7yw7xme5wy0oyc34f8hx 742453 742450 2026-11-03T07:59:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742453 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] eu3yqpq2ns4e1kvv7mjb4t0qqzoyrde 742456 742453 2026-11-03T07:59:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742456 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] pth2bwp5502v2sal5moembmjjoq14aw 742459 742456 2026-11-03T08:00:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742459 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] qj9vjm8i78j1me717z8i69gseyf3oyu 742462 742459 2026-11-03T08:00:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742462 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] ee6nsndqqz3nqnwo2ltdgii12ycmfir 742466 742462 2026-11-03T08:01:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742466 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] 4mpomdab8f06nf38w34lbt28az2dtzf 742469 742466 2026-11-03T08:01:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742469 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] sl6v19wj9dvorac56q0l0fnxsuwvqsf 742472 742469 2026-11-03T08:02:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742472 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] r43rkliwu2k6vve8f8t49m4a1ijpojv 742475 742472 2026-11-03T08:02:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742475 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] 0ckre2jvef6j2gi6cver1qc8bh88xnw 742478 742475 2026-11-03T08:03:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742478 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] 9mnqw373o21agc3ltlr14dq74azg0wl 742481 742478 2026-11-03T08:03:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742481 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] rttqqceznuuya0015zvod87x2kt33w1 742484 742481 2026-11-03T08:04:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742484 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] 9scmsj4bxeq6sotz8gi0i2rqh9dj1se 742487 742484 2026-11-03T08:04:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742487 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] nkfh1ifq3xsh4lt7znkdkeeyi8h5z8o 742490 742487 2026-11-03T08:05:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742490 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] 86wpjal9kaqvm1xex5nuzr7tm890pi2 742493 742490 2026-11-03T08:05:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742493 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] d61kb5g6rluqyvuy1brxziorx6wn5s8 742496 742493 2026-11-03T08:06:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742496 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] tiqa5u13fveuqxug7y94d5tqrvrmqov 742499 742496 2026-11-03T08:06:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742499 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] scc4nc2ssymwdpi1vw6pg83mdoxnwhw 742502 742499 2026-11-03T08:07:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742502 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] 3lxtmfv2h2zelds83ayef03d3jinu09 742505 742502 2026-11-03T08:07:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742505 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] b4cd3f4kklhz388xvgaac6qi1uimbo9 742508 742505 2026-11-03T08:08:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742508 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] ehfev450ajhz2dhug9kpifpcmjtb5vn 742511 742508 2026-11-03T08:08:37Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742511 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] j8fqk9c7zacsz7l938yauz7tpbbuk9y 742514 742511 2026-11-03T08:09:07Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742514 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] t8s52iv9jj75qzg4mpuhguy5u5nlapl 742560 742514 2026-11-03T08:41:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742560 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] 8u6yf4mhwdmxunf3kf7nh6kqu58u4tq 742563 742560 2026-11-03T08:41:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742563 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] c87vctk2niopjo6eeh4pgy0pc30lbu3 742566 742563 2026-11-03T08:42:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742566 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] condwwezh3v1q98qigsbw86l8t8eu3x 742569 742566 2026-11-03T08:42:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742569 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] n1lcviolc7rhtkfzrbeuy1zgye52oyn 742572 742569 2026-11-03T08:43:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742572 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] 46p653im0bt5672v4n5s8onh84g8rmg 742575 742572 2026-11-03T08:43:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742575 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] 19ov3wihxzzi8ge5oaf9f6i911np3uz 742578 742575 2026-11-03T08:44:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742578 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] 3kio8gs0cxtqn3hb0pzx8t6v1tk6ii9 742581 742578 2026-11-03T08:44:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742581 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] rqgnz9epyznlmihw8mravce6f0ku8ui 742584 742581 2026-11-03T08:45:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742584 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] c1sddu06kboj61u5kbeibovrc908725 742587 742584 2026-11-03T08:45:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742587 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] ofetv6wwvp33c11cmu4an0dpg6tz7nz 742590 742587 2026-11-03T08:46:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742590 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] 3di2jzo23fgvjrfya04aoekrbd17z2o 742593 742590 2026-11-03T08:46:56Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742593 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] 8zbt4hnjv9fcricju4w8eg467o1q749 742596 742593 2026-11-03T08:47:26Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742596 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] 7wdv0ponruxqn497tgo0r3rtzbe5iup 742672 742596 2026-11-03T09:03:01Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742672 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] swhua0ggxqudlpb9y24b9cf1qlbuphz 742678 742672 2026-11-03T09:19:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742678 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] ml6au5e8x4ffpgb5go3sn5et7au5lxx 742681 742678 2026-11-03T09:19:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742681 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] nspe85ozr4bcs5gltmxpd33x2m3b27a 742684 742681 2026-11-03T09:20:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742684 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] pgupltb9al0tbvv31ztx6d5007yizgg 742687 742684 2026-11-03T09:20:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742687 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] 82adz5j6rwqvlbt8sq1k4drs1qtzel0 742690 742687 2026-11-03T09:21:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742690 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] 5mxinl0ab0864js2z4zyd3e7qj9zcyn 742693 742690 2026-11-03T09:21:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742693 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] mwksqh6fjtg3blouhlotht0fsbb4czs 742696 742693 2026-11-03T09:22:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742696 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] 1jpffwg0z43o9sia4vfrz4uy44f3bah 742699 742696 2026-11-03T09:22:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742699 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] lgmy8bxmps912kd2x8s7al44kgz9sx0 742702 742699 2026-11-03T09:23:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742702 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] ndukw2l1x7154adl9965an1howrojbe 742705 742702 2026-11-03T09:23:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742705 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] 6rmm3gp9pcsixqcfsq843jclpgqryei 742708 742705 2026-11-03T09:24:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742708 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] bn73iz59r4mlylkq4vzeavfi34o26b3 742711 742708 2026-11-03T09:24:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742711 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] rw9sd7bh4gjydjrhfbrn5y9ox75q2hm 742714 742711 2026-11-03T09:25:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742714 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] tqa3bgruua57ogiu22axekbn4logwqz 742717 742714 2026-11-03T09:25:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742717 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] ga4pxzpsq4amo2zktl1uz90ji5woine 742720 742717 2026-11-03T09:26:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742720 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] g07n041fjngbzpdm70vjsay5qdybart 742723 742720 2026-11-03T09:26:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742723 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] 2k07xwbv83pk5w8zdh6dhyz3r6hew5c 742726 742723 2026-11-03T09:27:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742726 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] 1qepodac8kqk6hkt9ba757g262020jo 742729 742726 2026-11-03T09:27:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742729 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] 4lrvq8co13lfitbetpumjx3h3idvh7u 742732 742729 2026-11-03T09:28:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742732 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] 7zom5or9i5kxth8dhn23tvb1kqc0oge 742735 742732 2026-11-03T09:28:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742735 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] 1ey4bj7uvya0xxfjiz1s47ij2yg2noy 742738 742735 2026-11-03T09:29:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742738 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] o3k3zfo5xam3bzq3uiy6td9w067j2ap 742741 742738 2026-11-03T09:29:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742741 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] roo7ky59w2kthqqgjdrsh2cobffssx1 742744 742741 2026-11-03T09:30:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742744 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] kiyisx5ugkzxxomy4hkv3i0cnwvlv9o 742748 742744 2026-11-03T09:30:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742748 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] foqq3c8d8j5z96ud5299238dq7te5fd 742751 742748 2026-11-03T09:31:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742751 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] 1udcr8r89dintldhbj8kzervyfhco3w 742754 742751 2026-11-03T09:31:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742754 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] r4tbgmqshq47ayh9m153eu8ypkn7fub 742757 742754 2026-11-03T09:32:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742757 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] *[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] 9e4shn0kk1dkgljdrhdre644ixx8v01 742760 742757 2026-11-03T09:32:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742760 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] *[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] *[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]] klze160gdvgyxcvd2noxysgc3sayfbv 742763 742760 2026-11-03T09:33:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742763 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] *[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] *[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]] *[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]] jwk852w5lx51rwv88p51sxae0ioahep 742766 742763 2026-11-03T09:33:59Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742766 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] *[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] *[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]] *[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]] *[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]] 9f75uww9mdc6f10n0esbnxqhmzgpmcg 742769 742766 2026-11-03T09:34:29Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742769 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] *[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] *[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]] *[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]] *[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]] *[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]] 3sbm6ln612sy3od62z9e4mvezdbtpwy 742773 742769 2026-11-03T09:41:22Z IgboRefBot 66663 Corrected a reference error (bot) 742773 wikitext text/x-wiki ==2026/11== *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_Na-emepụta_Nri_nke_Australia | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Nri nke Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ndị_Ọrụ_nke_Jamaica | Òtù Ndị Ọrụ nke Jamaica]] *[[Òtù_Njikọ_Maka_Nlekọta_Ọrịa_Ógbè | Òtù Njikọ Maka Nlekọta Ọrịa Ógbè]] *[[Òtù_nnwere_onwe_ụmụ_nwanyị | Òtù nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị]] *[[Òtù_Nọọsụ_nke_South_Africa | Òtù Nọọsụ nke South Africa]] *[[Òtù_Snitch:_Mmalite | Òtù Snitch: Mmalite]] *[[Òtù_Udo_Ụwa | Òtù Udo Ụwa]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Brazil | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Brazil]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_maka_Nkwalite_na_Mmepe_Endogenous | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị maka Nkwalite na Mmepe Endogenous]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Na-eme_ntụli_aka_na_Australia | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Na-eme ntụli aka na Australia]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Norwegian_Conservative_Party | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Norwegian Conservative Party]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_nke_Vancouver | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị nke Vancouver]] *[[Òtù_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Tibet | Òtù Ụmụ nwanyị Tibet]] *[[Ógbè_Udomelsky | Ógbè Udomelsky]] *[[Ókè_Benin_na_Naịjirịa | Ókè Benin na Naịjirịa]] *[[Úrsula_Pueyo | Úrsula Pueyo]] *[[حقوق_الإنجاب | حقوق الإنجاب]] *[[Ṣọlá_Olúlòde | Ṣọlá Olúlòde]] *[[Ịba_nnụnụ | Ịba nnụnụ]] *[[Ịchịcha | Ịchịcha]] *[[Ịchọta_Ụdị_dị_iche_iche | Ịchọta Ụdị dị iche iche]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_(ọrụ_ugbo) | Ịchụ nta (ọrụ ugbo)]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ala_na_Malaysia | Ịchụ nta n'ala na Malaysia]] *[[Ịchụ_nta_n'ụlọ_na_Mexico | Ịchụ nta n'ụlọ na Mexico]] *[[Ịchụgharị_(nri_ahịhịa) | Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)]] *[[Ịchụpụ_ihe | Ịchụpụ ihe]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_n'Ịtali | Ịda ogbenye n'Ịtali]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Galicia_nke_Austria | Ịda ogbenye na Galicia nke Austria]] *[[Ịda_ogbenye_na_Moldova | Ịda ogbenye na Moldova]] *[[Ịdị_mma_mmiri | Ịdị mma mmiri]] *[[Ịdị_n'Adị | Ịdị n'Adị]] *[[Ịdị_n'anya | Ịdị n'anya]] *[[Ịdị_n'elu_ala | Ịdị n'elu ala]] *[[Ịdị_Ogbenye | Ịdị Ogbenye]] *[[Ịdị_ọcha | Ịdị ọcha]] *[[Ịgba_mmiri | Ịgba mmiri]] *[[Ịgba_ohu_na_Naịjirịa | Ịgba ohu na Naịjirịa]] *[[Ọchịchị_ikike_mmadụ_mpaghara | Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara]] *[[Ọchịchị_Qing | Ọchịchị Qing]] *[[Ọdachi | Ọdachi]] *[[Ọdachi_Na-eme_ná_Ụjọ | Ọdachi Na-eme ná Ụjọ]] *[[Ọdachi_ndị_na-emere_onwe_ha_na_India | Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na India]] *[[Ọdịdị_aka | Ọdịdị aka]] *[[Ọdịdị_Isøy | Ọdịdị Isøy]] *[[Ọdịdị_pụrụ_iche | Ọdịdị pụrụ iche]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Anambra | Ọdọ Mmiri Anambra]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Asụsụ_dị_larịị | Ọdọ Mmiri Asụsụ dị larịị]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Chapala | Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Dị_ka_Nwoke | Ọdọ Mmiri Dị ka Nwoke]] *[[Ọdọ_Mmiri_Kyzyl-Agash_dara | Ọdọ Mmiri Kyzyl-Agash dara]] *[[Ọgbakọ_Otú_United_Nations_Fremewok_maka_Ngbanwe_Iru_igwe | Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe]] *[[Ụdị_Ọrụ_Ụmụaka_Kasị_Mma | Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_ndị_a_na-adịghị_ahụ_anya | Ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya]] *[[Ụgbọ_mmiri_Sun_Ra | Ụgbọ mmiri Sun Ra]] *[[Ụgbọ_okporo_ígwè_Guam | Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Guam]] *[[Ụgbọala_Ọchịchịrị | Ụgbọala Ọchịchịrị]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Air_West_612 | Ụgbọelu Air West 612]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Alrosa_514 | Ụgbọelu Alrosa 514]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Conviasa_2350 | Ụgbọelu Conviasa 2350]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Dagestan_Flight_372 | Ụgbọelu Dagestan Flight 372]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Katekavia_9357 | Ụgbọelu Katekavia 9357]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460 | Ụgbọelu Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Malawi | Ụgbọelu Malawi]] *[[Ụgbọelu_Somalia | Ụgbọelu Somalia]] *[[Ụkpụrụ_ikpachapụ_anya | Ụkpụrụ ikpachapụ anya]] *[[Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ_maka_inye_aha_(mgbochi_teknụzụ) | Wikipedia:Ụkpụrụ maka inye aha (mgbochi teknụzụ)]] *[[Ụkwara_Nta | Ụkwara Nta]] *[[Ụkwụ_Atọ_nke_Harding_County | Ụkwụ Atọ nke Harding County]] *[[Ụlọ_akwụkwọ_elementrị_Havasupai | Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Havasupai]] *[[Ụlọ_Akwụkwọ_Sekọndrị_Ụmụ_nwanyị_Alliance | Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sekọndrị Ụmụ nwanyị Alliance]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Nri_nke_Obodo_Ukwu | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Nri nke Obodo Ukwu]] *[[Ụlọ_Akụ̀_Sasfin | Ụlọ Akụ̀ Sasfin]] *[[Ụlọ_Alfred_E._Smith | Ụlọ Alfred E. Smith]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Tollemache | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Tollemache]] *[[Ụlọ_Almshouses_nke_Wilbraham,_Nantwich | Ụlọ Almshouses nke Wilbraham, Nantwich]] *[[Ụlọ_Atọ_n'Ime_Otu_nke_Leith | Ụlọ Atọ n'Ime Otu nke Leith]] *[[Ụlọ_ikpe_Benin_na_ihe_osise | Ụlọ ikpe Benin na ihe osise]] *[[Ụlọ_Injinia_Ọrụ_Ugbo | Ụlọ Injinia Ọrụ Ugbo]] *[[Ụlọ_itoolu,_Chester | Ụlọ itoolu, Chester]] *[[Ụlọ_Marcy | Ụlọ Marcy]] *[[Ụlọ_na_Azụmahịa_Bank | Ụlọ na Azụmahịa Bank]] *[[Ụlọ_ndò | Ụlọ ndò]] *[[Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe | Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe]] gq02blmqezgh7j7kzoz2g7dhchm516p